diff --git a/.github/workflows/cygwin.yml b/.github/workflows/cygwin.yml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..aff99434b8ed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/cygwin.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+name: Cygwin Tests
+
+on:
+  push:
+    branches:
+      - main
+      - maintenance/**
+  pull_request:
+    branches:
+      - main
+      - maintenance/**
+  workflow_dispatch:
+
+concurrency:
+  group: ${{ github.workflow }}-${{ github.head_ref || github.run_id }}
+  cancel-in-progress: true
+
+jobs:
+  cygwin:
+    name: Cygwin tests
+    runs-on: windows-latest
+    env:
+      SHELLOPTS: igncr
+      CHERE_INVOKING: 1
+      CYGWIN_NOWINPATH: 1
+      PYTHONPATH: /usr/local/lib/python3.9/site-packages
+    steps:
+      - run: git config --global core.autocrlf input
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+        with:
+          submodules: recursive
+      - uses: cygwin/cygwin-install-action@v2
+        with:
+          packages: >-
+            gcc-g++ gcc-fortran liblapack-devel libopenblas libmpfr-devel ccache swig libmpc-devel
+            libumfpack-devel libsliplu-devel libldl-devel libklu-devel libcxsparse-devel libcholmod-devel libamd-devel
+            python39-devel python39-pip python39-setuptools python39-wheel python39-numpy python39-cython
+            python39-pytest
+            meson ninja cmake make git
+      - name: Fix git config
+        shell: bash.exe -eo pipefail -o igncr "{0}"
+        run: /usr/bin/git config --system --add safe.directory /cygdrive/d/a/*/scipy
+      - name: pip cache
+        uses: actions/cache@v4
+        with:
+          path: 'C:\cygwin\home\runneradmin\.cache\pip'
+          key: ${{ runner.os }}-cygwin-pip3.9-${{ hashFiles('.github/workflows/cygwin.yml') }}
+          restore-keys: |
+            ${{ runner.os }}-cygwin-pip3.9-
+
+      - name: Install Python dependencies
+        shell: bash.exe -eo pipefail -o igncr "{0}"
+        run: |
+          mkdir builds
+          cd builds
+          python3.9 -m pip install --upgrade pip 'setuptools<60' wheel
+          python3.9 -m pip install --upgrade numpy cython pytest pytest-xdist pytest-timeout pybind11
+          python3.9 -m pip install --upgrade mpmath gmpy2 pythran threadpoolctl pooch click doit rich-click pydevtool
+          python3.9 -m pip uninstall -y nose
+          cd ..
+      - name: Check NumPy import
+        shell: bash.exe -eo pipefail -o igncr "{0}"
+        run: /usr/bin/env PATH="/bin:/usr/bin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/lib/lapack" python3.9 -c "import numpy as np; print(np.__version__)"
+      - name: Building SciPy
+        shell: bash.exe -eo pipefail -o igncr "{0}"
+        run: /usr/bin/env PATH="/bin:/usr/bin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/lib/lapack" python3.9 -u dev.py build --show-build-log
+      - name: Check SciPy installs
+        shell: bash.exe -eo pipefail -o igncr "{0}"
+        if: false
+        run: /usr/bin/env PATH="/bin:/usr/bin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/lib/lapack" python3.9 -m pip install -e .
+      - name: Testing SciPy
+        shell: bash.exe -eo pipefail -o igncr "{0}"
+        run: |
+          /usr/bin/env PATH="/bin:/usr/bin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/lib/lapack" python3.9 -u dev.py test --durations=10 -j2 -m fast -b numpy -- -rfEX --timeout=60 2>&1 | tee runtests.log
+          python3.8 tools/validate_runtests_log.py fast < runtests.log
diff --git a/scipy/special/_gufuncs.cpp b/scipy/special/_gufuncs.cpp
index 205ca839b3e7..8fe2ef1ce56f 100644
--- a/scipy/special/_gufuncs.cpp
+++ b/scipy/special/_gufuncs.cpp
@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
+#include <Python.h>
+#include "ufunc.h"
 #include "special/bessel.h"
 #include "special/legendre.h"
 #include "special/sph_harm.h"
-#include "ufunc.h"
 
 using namespace std;
 
diff --git a/scipy/special/_special_ufuncs.cpp b/scipy/special/_special_ufuncs.cpp
index 688c6b2bd6bc..657ccb6949d9 100644
--- a/scipy/special/_special_ufuncs.cpp
+++ b/scipy/special/_special_ufuncs.cpp
@@ -1,4 +1,8 @@
+#include <Python.h>
+#include "ufunc.h"
+
 #include <cmath>
+#include <complex>
 
 #include "sf_error.h"
 #include "special/airy.h"
@@ -22,7 +26,6 @@
 #include "special/trig.h"
 #include "special/wright_bessel.h"
 #include "special/zeta.h"
-#include "ufunc.h"
 
 // This is the extension module for the NumPy ufuncs in SciPy's special module. To create such a ufunc, call
 // "SpecFun_NewUFunc" with a braced list of kernel functions that will become the ufunc overloads. There are
diff --git a/scipy/special/_wright.cxx b/scipy/special/_wright.cxx
index 68ba3fc4ba45..4669232c321d 100644
--- a/scipy/special/_wright.cxx
+++ b/scipy/special/_wright.cxx
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
-#include <complex>
-
 #include "_wright.h"
 
+#include <complex>
+
 using namespace std;
 
 extern "C" {
diff --git a/scipy/special/ufunc.h b/scipy/special/ufunc.h
index 62781e2b8987..7faf9e387b7e 100644
--- a/scipy/special/ufunc.h
+++ b/scipy/special/ufunc.h
@@ -1,13 +1,14 @@
+#define PY_SSIZE_T_CLEAN
+#include <Python.h>
+
 #include <cassert>
+#include <complex>
 #include <cstring>
 #include <memory>
 #include <type_traits>
 #include <utility>
 #include <vector>
 
-#define PY_SSIZE_T_CLEAN
-#include <Python.h>
-
 #include <numpy/arrayobject.h>
 #include <numpy/npy_3kcompat.h>
 #include <numpy/ufuncobject.h>