diff --git a/_projects/2025/100575891/100575891.Rmd b/_projects/2025/100575891/100575891.Rmd new file mode 100644 index 00000000..62dab713 --- /dev/null +++ b/_projects/2025/100575891/100575891.Rmd @@ -0,0 +1,2155 @@ +--- +title: "Nation-Wide Blackout in Spain" +description: | + Tracking the generation and storage of energy in Spain April 28th, 2025. +categories: "2025" +author: Amelia Shuler +date: 2025-12-11 +output: + distill::distill_article: + self_contained: false +--- + +```{r setup, include = FALSE} +knitr::opts_chunk$set(out.width="100%", fig.align="center", fig.showtext=TRUE) +``` + +# Introduction + +On April 28th, 2025 starting at 12:33 CEST (local time), Spain, parts of Portugal, and parts of France suffered complete shutdown of the electricity grid which lasted roughly ten hours. Trains ceased to run, radio and cellular signals shut down, shops returned to a cash-based system, and Spain's nuclear power plants were taken off the grid automatically. The BBC estimates that the blackout caused a €1.6 billion hit to the economy. + +Hours after the collapse, constituents demanded answers and looked to Spain's sole Transmission System Operator (TSO), Red Eléctrica. The company is responsible for transmitting, organizing, and securing electrical supply to all of mainland Spain and the islands. On April 28th and the following days, there was a frenzy of press conferences, news announcements, and statements from Red Eléctrica to answer the question: how did this happen? + +Red Eléctrica has [publicly available generation data](https://demanda.ree.es/visiona/peninsula/nacionalau/acumulada/2025-04-28) that tracks types of generation and storage. The Europa Press quickly used this data [to create graphics](https://www.europapress.es/economia/noticia-graficos-asi-desplomo-energia-electrica-apagon-20250429111043.html#google_vignette) hoping to provide context to the blackout. On April 29th, they published an area graph of generation and storage of energy in Spain during the blackout. + +## Original Graph + +![Original chart. Source: ](images/original-chart.png){.external width="100%"} + +There are some obvious issues with this graph: it's density of information makes it difficult to read and comprehend. With 15 types of energy and storage being tracked, along with marking the blackout time and line of real demand, there is a lot of information here that is missing context. + +However, there are larger issues when the graph is studied in more detail. As seen later on, the data is manipulated (without disclosure). The lines pointing to "Turbinación bombeo" and "Consumo bombeo" do not align with their labels. There are a number of areas without labels, such as the light green part in the upper left hand corner. All of these leave much room for improvement, which will be seen after the recreation. + +# Libraries + +`Tidyverse` cleaned and modified the data. + +`Lubridate` handled the x axis which was date-time. + +`GGplot2` provided the graphics. + +`Scales` allows some styling of the scales. + +`Patchwork` is relevant for the improvement, as it allows graphs to be plotted side-by-side. + +`Grid` plots custom annotations outside the plot area. + +```{r libraries} +library(tidyverse) +library(lubridate) +library(ggplot2) +library(scales) +library(patchwork) +library(grid) +``` + +# Data + +## Data Access + +As mentioned before, Red Eléctrica [offers access](https://demanda.ree.es/visiona/peninsula/nacionalau/acumulada/2025-04-28) to their historical generation and storage data as convenient .csv files. While most of the data is contained in "Estructura de generación", "Estructura de almacenamiento" provided turbinación bombeo, consumo bombeo, entrega de baterías, and carga de baterías. "Seguimiento de la demanda de energía eléctria" provided the data for the "real demand" line. + +```{r data sets} +generacion <- read.csv(file = "100575891_files/data/Custom-Report-2025-04-28-Estructura de generación (MW).csv") +almacenamiento <- read.csv(file = "100575891_files/data/Custom-Report-2025-04-28-Estructura de almacenamiento (MW).csv") +demanda <- read.csv(file = "100575891_files/data/Custom-Report-2025-04-28-Seguimiento de la demanda de energía eléctrica (MW).csv") +``` + +## Issues with the Data Used in the Graph + +When looking at the original graph and the replicated graph, it is clear the data is not the same. + +| Original Graph | Replicated Graph | +|----|----| +| ![Original chart. Source: https://www.europapress.es/economia/noticia-graficos-asi-desplomo-energia-electrica-apagon-20250429111043.html](images/original-chart.png){.external alt="Original chart. Source: https://www.europapress.es/economia/noticia-graficos-asi-desplomo-energia-electrica-apagon-20250429111043.html" width="100%"} | ![Replicated chart.](images/replicated-chart.png){.external alt="Replicated chart." width="100%"} | + +The left half of the graph, the data before the blackout, is nearly identical between the original graph and the replicated graph. The right half of the graph, after the blackout, is starkly different. The prevailing theory is that the data was manipulated in the original graph in order to better distinguish the labeling. In the replicated graph, some areas are too small to properly label. However, the original graph makes no indication of this change in the graph or in the accompanying webpage. It also lists the x axis as the same time frames, and the y axis as the same scales. Since replicating the modification would be a game of trial and error - not to mention unethical - it was excluded from the replication. The replicated graph uses the original, unedited data gathered from Red Eléctrica. + +## Data Cleanup + +The original graph uses a subset of variables from the generation and demand data sets. These datasets were also combined into one using "Hora" or hour. + +```{r remove columns} +# -------- +# Remove Unnecessary Columns +# -------- + +generacion <- generacion |> + select( + Hora, + Marruecos.importación, + Portugal.importación, + Francia.importación, + Térmica.renovable, + Solar.térmica, + Solar.fotovoltaica, + Eólica, + Cogeneración.y.residuos, + Turbina.de.gas, + Motores.diésel, + Turbina.de.vapor, + Ciclo.combinado, + Carbón, + Nuclear, + Hidráulica, + Francia.exportación, + Marruecos.exportación, + Portugal.exportación, + Andorra.exportación) +demanda <- demanda |> + select(Hora, Real) + +# -------- +# Combining Data +# -------- + +full_data <- generacion |> + full_join(almacenamiento, by = "Hora") + +# -------- +# Pivot Longer +# -------- + +full_data <- full_data |> + pivot_longer( + cols = c( + Marruecos.importación, + Portugal.importación, + Francia.importación, + Térmica.renovable, + Solar.térmica, + Solar.fotovoltaica, + Eólica, + Cogeneración.y.residuos, + Turbina.de.gas, + Motores.diésel, + Turbina.de.vapor, + Ciclo.combinado, + Carbón, + Nuclear, + Turbinación.bombeo, + Entrega.de.baterías, + Hidráulica, + Carga.de.baterías, + Consumo.bombeo, + Francia.exportación, + Marruecos.exportación, + Portugal.exportación, + Andorra.exportación), + names_to = "Type", + values_to = "Rating") + +# -------- +# Filter Data +# -------- + +full_data <- full_data |> + filter(Hora >= as.POSIXct("2025-04-27 22:45", tz = "Europe/Madrid") & + Hora <= as.POSIXct("2025-04-29 01:15", tz = "Europe/Madrid")) + +demanda <- demanda |> + filter(Hora >= as.POSIXct("2025-04-27 22:45", tz = "Europe/Madrid") & + Hora <= as.POSIXct("2025-04-29 01:15", tz = "Europe/Madrid")) +``` + +The variable "Type" was set as a factor to properly order the areas as they appear in the graph. "Rating" was ensured to be numeric for the y graph, and "Hora" was set to a date-time variable with as.POSIXct(). + +```{r data_refinement} +# -------- +# Set Type as Factor +# -------- + +full_data$Type <- factor(full_data$Type, ordered = FALSE) +full_data <- full_data |> + mutate( + Type = fct_relevel(Type, + "Marruecos.importación", + "Portugal.importación", + "Francia.importación", + "Térmica.renovable", + "Solar.térmica", + "Solar.fotovoltaica", + "Eólica", + "Hidráulica", + "Cogeneración.y.residuos", + "Ciclo.combinado", + "Carbón", + "Nuclear", + "Turbinación.bombeo", + "Turbina.de.gas", + "Motores.diésel", + "Turbina.de.vapor", + "Entrega.de.baterías", + "Carga.de.baterías", + "Andorra.exportación", + "Marruecos.exportación", + "Portugal.exportación", + "Francia.exportación", + "Consumo.bombeo" + ) + ) + +# -------- +# Set Rating as Numeric +# -------- + +full_data$Rating <- as.numeric(full_data$Rating) + +# -------- +# Set Real as Numeric +# -------- + +demanda$Real <- as.numeric(demanda$Real) + +# -------- +# Set Hora as Date +# -------- + +full_data <- full_data |> + mutate( + Hora = as.POSIXct(Hora, format = "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M", tz = "Europe/Madrid") + ) +demanda <- demanda |> + mutate( + Hora = as.POSIXct(Hora, format = "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M", tz = "Europe/Madrid") + ) +``` + +In the end, full_data represents the energy production and storage. It consists of three variables: + +Hora \<- The date and time of the reading + +Type \<- The type of energy being generated. + +Rating \<- The rating of the type of energy. + +"Demanda" has the date and time of the energy demand, and the variable "real" represents the real demand for energy in megawatts. + +```{r data_print} +full_data +demanda +``` + +# Creating the Plot + +## Fonts + +The original fonts in the graph were Avenir Next. However, due to licensing and copyright, it was replaced with Roboto from Google fonts which has open licensing. + +```{r fonts} +sysfonts::font_add_google("Roboto", family="roboto") +showtext::showtext_auto() +``` + +## Geom Area + +GGplot was used to set the x axis as time, the y axis as Rating (in Megawatts), and fill to Type. The lines were colored to white to match the original graph. + +```{r basic_plot, fig.width = 6.82, fig.height = 6.37} +final <- ggplot() + + # area lines + geom_area( + data = full_data, + aes( + x = Hora, + y = Rating, + fill = Type), + color = "white", # line color + lwd = 0.1) # line width +final +``` + +## Scales + +Colors were manually set using scale_fill_manual. The legend and labels for the scales were removed. + +The limits for the y scale were set to -10,000 and 40,000 to match the graph. The separator for thousands, ",", was changed to "." to match the graph. + +The x scale limits were set in date and time format. The division was also set to 2 hours to have the correct number of breaks. Finally, the formatting was set to only show the time. + +```{r scaling, fig.width = 6.82, fig.height = 6.37} +final <- final + + # colors + scale_fill_manual(values = c( + Marruecos.importación = "#d68888", + Portugal.importación = "#91b086", + Francia.importación = "#809ad3", + Térmica.renovable = "#9e00ff", + Solar.térmica = "#ff0400", + Solar.fotovoltaica = "#e58401", + Eólica = "#70b026", + Cogeneración.y.residuos = "#d6a1d7", + Turbina.de.gas = "#ab2822", + Motores.diésel = "#92a59f", + Turbina.de.vapor = "#aa8f2e", + Ciclo.combinado = "#ffcc66", + Carbón = "#ad5a32", + Nuclear = "#474296", + Turbinación.bombeo = "#007cf8", + Entrega.de.baterías = "#2a6495", + Hidráulica = "#018fd1", + Carga.de.baterías = "#a3c0d8", + Consumo.bombeo = "#3b68bd", + Francia.exportación = "#0035a7", + Marruecos.exportación = "#b91017", + Portugal.exportación = "#006600", + Andorra.exportación = "#211e83") + ) + + # unhides annotations outside graph + coord_cartesian(clip = "off") + + # remove legend + guides(fill = "none") + + # remove labels for scales + labs(x = NULL, + y = NULL) + + # adds . to y scale + scale_y_continuous( + labels = label_number(big.mark = ".", decimal.mark = ","), + breaks = c(-10000, 0, 10000, 20000, 30000, 40000), + expand = expansion(mult = c(0.02, 0.10)) + ) + + # sets x scale + scale_x_datetime( + timezone = "Europe/Madrid", + breaks = seq( + from = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 00:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"), + to = as.POSIXct("2025-04-29 00:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"), + by = "2 hours" + ), + labels = function(x) format(x, "%H:%M"), + expand = c(0,0) + ) +final +``` + +## Theme + +The theme removed the plot's grid lines, changed the color of the axis, modified the tick length and color, and set a global default for the fonts. It also modified the padding in order to add space for the external annotations. + +```{r basic_theming, fig.width = 6.82, fig.height = 6.37} +final <- final + + theme( + # removes background grey + panel.background = + element_rect(fill = "white"), + # changes line color + panel.grid.major.y = + element_line(color = "#d6d6d6", linewidth = 0.2), + # remove axis tick y + axis.ticks.y = + element_line(color = "#ffffff"), + # changes axis tick color + axis.ticks.x = + element_line(color = "#b8b8b8", linewidth = 0.1), + # changes axis length + axis.ticks.length = + unit(.3, "cm"), + # changes axis line + axis.line = + element_line(color = "#b8b8b8", linewidth = 0.3), + # remove x grid + panel.grid.major.x = + element_line(color = "#ffffff00"), + # set global font family + text = + element_text(family = "roboto"), + # set title size and weight + plot.title = + element_text(size = 12, + face = "bold", + hjust = -0.2), + plot.title.position = "plot", + # set x and y axis color + axis.text = + element_text(color = "#b8b8b8"), + axis.text.x = + element_text(face = "bold"), + # set caption color + plot.caption = + element_text(color = "#b8b8b8"), + # padding of plot + plot.margin = margin(20, # top + 90, # right + 45, # bottom + 0 # left + ) + ) +final +``` + +## Internal Annotations + +The most difficult part of this graph were annotations set outside the plot of the graph. Four functions were attempted: `annotate()`, `annotation_custom()`, `grid.text()` and `geom_text()`. `Annotate()` worked well for annotations within the plot. However, it did not appear when the x and y values of the annotation were pushed beyond the limits of the plot. `Annotation_custom()` required the use of `unit(value, NPC)` as the x and y coordinate values. This meant that the text would respond to the preview panel size and not stay fixed to the graph. + +![Annotation Issues.](images/annotation-issues.gif){.external width="100%"} + +It also was struggling to work with `coord_cartesian(clip = "off")` meaning it would not appear even with clipping was off. `Grid.text()` was working with `coord_cartesian(clip = "off")`, however it still required the use of `unit(value, NPC)`, meaning it would respond with the browser size. + +Finally, `geom_text()` and `geom_segment()` were used to add lines and words outside of the plot. While this resulted in a file of 5.2 MB, it allowed the graph to annotations needed outside of the plot while maintaining the as.POSIXct x scale units. + +Each internal text annotation was given an x and y coordinate, a text color, a size, and a label. Each internal line annotation was given an x and y coordinate, an ending x and y coordinate, a line color of black, and a line width of 0.2. + +```{r internal_annotations, fig.width = 6.82, fig.height = 6.37} +final <- final + + # annotations + # demanda real line + geom_line( + data = demanda, + aes(x = Hora, y = Real), + color = "black", + linewidth = 0.3) + + # title + ggtitle("Estructura de generación y almacenamiento de energía en España durante el apagón") + + # apagón + geom_segment( + aes( + x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 12:32", tz = "Europe/Madrid"), + xend = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 12:32", tz = "Europe/Madrid"), + y = 35000, + yend = -13000), + linetype = "dashed", + linewidth = 0.6 + ) + + annotate( + "text", + x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 12:32", tz = "Europe/Madrid"), + y = 37000, + label = "Apagón", + color = "black", + size = 3.7, + fontface = "bold" + ) + + # demanda real + annotate( + "text", + x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 17:45", tz = "Europe/Madrid"), + y = 20500, + label = "Demanda real", + color = "black", + size = 3.7, + fontface = "bold" + ) + + annotate( + geom = "curve", + x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 17:35", tz = "Europe/Madrid"), + xend = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 19:35", tz = "Europe/Madrid"), + y = 19500, + yend = 11500, + color = "black", + arrow = arrow(length = unit(0.15, "cm"), type="closed"), + linewidth = 0.2 + ) + + annotate( + geom = "point", + x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 19:55", tz = "Europe/Madrid"), + y = 11250, + color = "black", + size = 1.5 + ) + + # francia importacion + annotate( + "text", + x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 15:20", tz = "Europe/Madrid"), + y = 14000, + label = "Francia \nimportación", + color = "#809ad3", + size = 2.7, + fontface = "bold", + hjust = 0.5, + lineheight = 0.8 + ) + + annotate( + "segment", + x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 15:35", tz = "Europe/Madrid"), + xend = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 18:35", tz = "Europe/Madrid"), + y = 12000, + yend = 8000, + color = "black", + linewidth = 0.2 + ) + + # Marruecos importación + annotate( + "text", + x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 22:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"), + y = 22500, + label = "Marruecos \nimportación", + color = "#d68888", + size = 2.7, + fontface = "bold", + hjust = 0.5, + lineheight = 0.8 + ) + + annotate( + "segment", + x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 22:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"), + xend = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 21:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"), + y = 21000, + yend = 15000, + color = "black", + linewidth = 0.2 + ) + + # francia exportacion + annotate( + "text", + x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 02:15", tz = "Europe/Madrid"), + y = -8700, + label = "Francia \nexportación", + color = "#0035a7", + size = 2.7, + fontface = "bold", + hjust = 0.5, + lineheight = 0.8 + ) + + annotate( + "segment", + x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 02:15", tz = "Europe/Madrid"), + xend = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 02:15", tz = "Europe/Madrid"), + y = -2000, + yend = -7200, + color = "black", + linewidth = 0.2 + ) + + # marruecos exportacion + annotate( + "text", + x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 08:05", tz = "Europe/Madrid"), + y = -8000, + label = "Marruecos \nexportación", + color = "#b91017", + size = 2.7, + fontface = "bold", + hjust = 1, + lineheight = 0.8 + ) + + annotate( + "segment", + x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 08:15", tz = "Europe/Madrid"), + xend = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 10:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"), + y = -7000, + yend = -5000, + color = "black", + linewidth = 0.2 + ) + + # portugal exportacion + annotate( + "text", + x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 11:15", tz = "Europe/Madrid"), + y = -11000, + label = "Portugal \nexportación", + color = "#006600", + size = 2.7, + fontface = "bold", + hjust = 1, + lineheight = 0.8 + ) + + annotate( + "segment", + x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 10:25", tz = "Europe/Madrid"), + xend = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 10:35", tz = "Europe/Madrid"), + y = -9000, + yend = -5000, + color = "black", + linewidth = 0.2 + ) + + # turbinacion bombeo + annotate( + "text", + x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 16:45", tz = "Europe/Madrid"), + y = -5000, + label = "Turbinación \nbombeo", + color = "#007cf8", + size = 2.7, + fontface = "bold", + hjust = 0.5, + lineheight = 0.8 + ) + + annotate( + "segment", + x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 19:45", tz = "Europe/Madrid"), + xend = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 19:45", tz = "Europe/Madrid"), + y = -4000, + yend = 1300, + color = "black", + linewidth = 0.2 + ) + + # Consumo bombeo + annotate( + "text", + x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 22:45", tz = "Europe/Madrid"), + y = -5000, + label = "Consumo \nbombeo", + color = "#007cf8", + size = 2.7, + fontface = "bold", + hjust = 0.5, + lineheight = 0.8 + ) +final +``` + +## External Annotations + +Each external text annotation was removed of data, given an x and y coordinate, a text color, a size, label, font family, line height, and horizontal adjustment (to ensure proper alignment). While line height, size, and font family could've been combined into a global class, preliminary investigations did not yield a straightforward way to do this. + +Each external line annotation was an x and y coordinate, an ending x and y coordinate, and a line width. Again, line width could've been combined into a global class, but preliminary investigations proved unfruitful. + +Finally, the title was treated with `ggtitle()` instead of `geom_text()`. Initially, `geom_text()` was struggling to push the title so far out of the y axis, and `ggtitle()` was working better. + +```{r external_annotations, fig.width = 6.82, fig.height = 6.37} +final <- final + + # termica renovable text + annotation_custom( + grob = textGrob( + "Térmica \nrenovable", + hjust = 0, + gp = gpar( + col = "#9e00ff", + fontsize = 8, + family = "roboto", + fontface = "bold", + lineheight = 0.8)), + xmin = as.POSIXct("2025-04-29 01:30", tz = "Europe/Madrid"), + xmax = as.POSIXct("2025-04-29 01:30", tz = "Europe/Madrid"), + ymin = 22500, + ymax = 22500 + ) + + # solar termica text + annotation_custom( + grob = textGrob( + "Solar \ntérmica", + hjust = 0, + gp = gpar( + col = "#ff0400", + fontsize = 8, + family = "roboto", + fontface = "bold", + lineheight = 0.8)), + xmin = as.POSIXct("2025-04-29 02:30", tz = "Europe/Madrid"), + xmax = as.POSIXct("2025-04-29 02:30", tz = "Europe/Madrid"), + ymin = 19000, + ymax = 19000 + ) + + # solar fotovoltaica text + annotation_custom( + grob = textGrob( + "Solar \nfotovoltaica", + hjust = 0, + gp = gpar( + col = "#e58401", + fontsize = 8, + family = "roboto", + fontface = "bold", + lineheight = 0.8)), + xmin = as.POSIXct("2025-04-29 02:30", tz = "Europe/Madrid"), + xmax = as.POSIXct("2025-04-29 02:30", tz = "Europe/Madrid"), + ymin = 16000, + ymax = 16000 + ) + + # eólica text + annotation_custom( + grob = textGrob( + "Eólica", + hjust = 0, + gp = gpar( + col = "#70b026", + fontsize = 8, + family = "roboto", + fontface = "bold", + lineheight = 0.8)), + xmin = as.POSIXct("2025-04-29 02:30", tz = "Europe/Madrid"), + xmax = as.POSIXct("2025-04-29 02:30", tz = "Europe/Madrid"), + ymin = 13500, + ymax = 13500 + ) + + # hidráulica text + annotation_custom( + grob = textGrob( + "Hidráulica", + hjust = 0, + gp = gpar( + col = "#018fd1", + fontsize = 8, + family = "roboto", + fontface = "bold", + lineheight = 0.8)), + xmin = as.POSIXct("2025-04-29 02:30", tz = "Europe/Madrid"), + xmax = as.POSIXct("2025-04-29 02:30", tz = "Europe/Madrid"), + ymin = 10500, + ymax = 10500 + ) + + # cogeneracion y residuos text + annotation_custom( + grob = textGrob( + "Cogeneración \ny residuos", + hjust = 0, + gp = gpar( + col = "#d6a1d7", + fontsize = 8, + family = "roboto", + fontface = "bold", + lineheight = 0.8)), + xmin = as.POSIXct("2025-04-29 02:30", tz = "Europe/Madrid"), + xmax = as.POSIXct("2025-04-29 02:30", tz = "Europe/Madrid"), + ymin = 8000, + ymax = 8000 + ) + + # Ciclo combinado text + annotation_custom( + grob = textGrob( + "Ciclo \ncombinado", + hjust = 0, + gp = gpar( + col = "#ab9559", + fontsize = 8, + family = "roboto", + fontface = "bold", + lineheight = 0.8)), + xmin = as.POSIXct("2025-04-29 02:30", tz = "Europe/Madrid"), + xmax = as.POSIXct("2025-04-29 02:30", tz = "Europe/Madrid"), + ymin = 0, + ymax = 0 + ) + + # caption text + annotation_custom( + grob = textGrob( + "Fuente: Red Elétrica - EpData 2025", + hjust = 1, + gp = gpar( + col = "#b8b8b8", + fontsize = 8, + family = "roboto", + lineheight = 0.8)), + xmin = as.POSIXct("2025-04-29 06:30", tz = "Europe/Madrid"), + xmax = as.POSIXct("2025-04-29 06:30", tz = "Europe/Madrid"), + ymin = -21500, + ymax = -21500 + ) + + # caption line + annotation_custom( + grob = linesGrob( + x = unit(c(0,1), "npc"), + y = unit(c(0.5,0.5), "npc"), + gp = gpar(col = "#e2e2e2", lwd = 0.5) + ), + xmin = as.POSIXct("2025-04-27 20:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"), + xmax = as.POSIXct("2025-04-29 06:30", tz = "Europe/Madrid"), + ymin = -20000, + ymax = -20000 + ) + + # title line + annotation_custom( + grob = linesGrob( + x = unit(c(0,1), "npc"), + y = unit(c(0.5,0.5), "npc"), + gp = gpar(col = "#000000", lwd = 0.5) + ), + xmin = as.POSIXct("2025-04-27 19:45", tz = "Europe/Madrid"), + xmax = as.POSIXct("2025-04-29 06:30", tz = "Europe/Madrid"), + ymin = 42500, + ymax = 42500 + ) + + # consumo bombeo line + annotation_custom( + grob = linesGrob( + x = unit(c(1,0), "npc"), + y = unit(c(0,1), "npc"), + gp = gpar(col = "#000000", lwd = 0.5) + ), + xmin = as.POSIXct("2025-04-29 01:15", tz = "Europe/Madrid"), + xmax = as.POSIXct("2025-04-29 01:30", tz = "Europe/Madrid"), + ymin = -4000, + ymax = -200 + ) + + # ciclo combinado line + annotation_custom( + grob = linesGrob( + x = unit(c(1,0), "npc"), + y = unit(c(0,1), "npc"), + gp = gpar(col = "#000000", lwd = 0.5) + ), + xmin = as.POSIXct("2025-04-29 00:45", tz = "Europe/Madrid"), + xmax = as.POSIXct("2025-04-29 02:15", tz = "Europe/Madrid"), + ymin = 4000, + ymax = 700 + ) + + # cogeneracion y residuos line + annotation_custom( + grob = linesGrob( + x = unit(c(1,0), "npc"), + y = unit(c(0,1), "npc"), + gp = gpar(col = "#000000", lwd = 0.5) + ), + xmin = as.POSIXct("2025-04-29 00:45", tz = "Europe/Madrid"), + xmax = as.POSIXct("2025-04-29 02:15", tz = "Europe/Madrid"), + ymin = 9900, + ymax = 8900 + ) + + # hidraulica line + annotation_custom( + grob = linesGrob( + x = unit(c(1,0), "npc"), + y = unit(c(0,1), "npc"), + gp = gpar(col = "#000000", lwd = 0.5) + ), + xmin = as.POSIXct("2025-04-29 00:45", tz = "Europe/Madrid"), + xmax = as.POSIXct("2025-04-29 02:15", tz = "Europe/Madrid"), + ymin = 13000, + ymax = 10500 + ) + + # eolica line + annotation_custom( + grob = linesGrob( + x = unit(c(1,0), "npc"), + y = unit(c(0,1), "npc"), + gp = gpar(col = "#000000", lwd = 0.5) + ), + xmin = as.POSIXct("2025-04-29 00:35", tz = "Europe/Madrid"), + xmax = as.POSIXct("2025-04-29 02:15", tz = "Europe/Madrid"), + ymin = 16500, + ymax = 13500 + ) + + # solar fotovoltaica line + annotation_custom( + grob = linesGrob( + x = unit(c(1,0), "npc"), + y = unit(c(0,1), "npc"), + gp = gpar(col = "#000000", lwd = 0.5) + ), + xmin = as.POSIXct("2025-04-29 01:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"), + xmax = as.POSIXct("2025-04-29 02:15", tz = "Europe/Madrid"), + ymin = 16500, + ymax = 16000 + ) + + # solar termica line + annotation_custom( + grob = linesGrob( + x = unit(c(1,0), "npc"), + y = unit(c(1,0), "npc"), + gp = gpar(col = "#000000", lwd = 0.5) + ), + xmin = as.POSIXct("2025-04-29 01:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"), + xmax = as.POSIXct("2025-04-29 02:15", tz = "Europe/Madrid"), + ymin = 16500, + ymax = 19000 + ) + + # solar termica renovable + annotation_custom( + grob = linesGrob( + x = unit(c(1,0), "npc"), + y = unit(c(1,0), "npc"), + gp = gpar(col = "#000000", lwd = 0.5) + ), + xmin = as.POSIXct("2025-04-29 00:45", tz = "Europe/Madrid"), + xmax = as.POSIXct("2025-04-29 02:15", tz = "Europe/Madrid"), + ymin = 16500, + ymax = 21000 + ) +final +``` + +# Improvement + +## Visual Critique of Existing Graph + +While an area graph is the correct choice for this kind of data - it shows how types of energy, represented as areas, are contributing to the whole of the production, the overarching area - there are too many variables in the graph to make sense of the data. + +The other issues with this graph - misplaced annotations and missing annotations - are addressed in the improvement. + +## Audience Analysis + +The original graph was [published by Europa Press](https://www.europapress.es/economia/noticia-graficos-asi-desplomo-energia-electrica-apagon-20250429111043.html#google_vignette), a Spanish news source. It is assumed this graph was intended for a general audience, with limited understanding of energy production and storage. The main goal is to understand what types of energy were being produced at the time of and shortly after the blackout. + +While usually the graph would be replicated and improved in Spanish to match the source, since this is an English-speaking masters program, the graph improvement was completed in English. + +## Variable Analysis + +The original graph replication was completed without detailed analysis of the variables. In order to improve the graph, the variables of the original data sets were analyzed to determine if any excluded would be relevant, and to determine how to better categorize the data. + +### Demanda + +Real \<- Real represents the actual demand for energy from Spanish households, businesses, municipal buildings, hospitals, and other constituents. This is measured using meters and sensors. + +Prevista \<- Prevista is the forecasted demand set by Red Eléctrica. This is predicted based on historical patterns, weather, and yesterday’s demand. + +Programada \<- Programada represents the planned demand in the market. This is the energy that has been planned and agreed upon by energy providers. It determines which plants will run and provide energy. + +### Almacenamiento + +Turbinación.bombeo \<- Pumped-hydro storage is a system with water stored at two heights. When energy needs to be generated, the system pushes water from the higher reservoir to the lower reservoir. This is called pumped-hydro generation (turbinación bombeo) and tracks the energy generated from the system. That is why it is positive or zero. + +Consumo.bombeo \<- Pumped-hydro storage is a system with water stored at two heights. When there is extra energy in the grid from other sources, the system pushes water from the lower reservoir to the higher reservoir. This is called pumping consumption (Consumo bombeo) and tracks the energy spent to store excess energy in this way. That is why it is always negative, since it is taking energy from the grid. + +Entrega.de.baterías \<- Battery energy storage systems (BESS) are similar to pumped-hydro storage. Battery discharge (entrega de baterías) means energy is being delivered to the system from storage. + +Carga.de.baterías \<- Excess energy is being stored in batteries. Both battery discharge and battery charging values are extremely low (-5 to 10), which means they will not be well represented in a plot with the other variables. + +### Generación + +Eólica \<- Eólica is the energy being generated by wind power. This makes up a large portion of Spain’s energy production. This is considered a renewable energy source. + +Nuclear \<- Nuclear is the energy being generated by nuclear power. While not the first or second energy source, it still makes up a large portion of Spain’s energy production. + +Carbón \<- Carbón is the energy being generated by coal. This is not a large energy source for Spain. + +Ciclo.combinado \<- Ciclo combinado represents the energy produced by gas power plants. This is a larger producer than nuclear, but not as productive as wind or solar. This is not considered a renewable energy source. + +Intercambios.int \<- This is the net exchange of energy between countries, however it does not equal the net exchange of imports and exports for Andorra, France, Morocco, and Portugal, so it must be including other countries. This is not an energy source, but rather represents a flow of energy. + +Solar.fotovoltaica \<- This is the energy produced by solar panels. It’s output can be volatile since it relies on sunshine. Around noon, this hit a peak production of 17,000 MW. It is a renewable energy. + +Solar.térmica \<- This is also solar energy, but with a different process. Mirrors are used to concentrate sunlight, use heat to produce steam, and use that steam to drive a turbine. This is a more stable type of solar energy, but its peak output was only 1,000 MW, much less than that of solar panels. + +Térmica.renovable \<- This is energy produced by burning biomass (agricultural waste or wood pellets), biogas (a renewable gas fuel produced when organic material, such as that in landfills, breaks down without oxygen), and renewable waste. The energy is then used to power a turbine. It is considered renewable since the fuel is replenished biologically. It is not a major energy source for Spain. + +Motores.diesels \<- This is the energy produced by diesel power plants, similar to ciclo.combinado, but represents a very small portion of Spain’s energy production. + +Turbina.de.gas \<- Gas turbine is a device that converts gas, usually natural gas, into mechanical energy that drives a generator and produces electricity. It also makes up a small portion of Spain’s energy production. + +Tubrina.de.vapor \<- Steam turbine is similar the gas turbine, but it uses thermal steam to power the generator. The source of the steam can be fossil fuels, nuclear energy, or solar power. It also represents a small portion of Spain’s energy production. + +Generación.auxiliar \<- This is energy produced by backup equipment in a facility, plant, or system. Since it is zero, we will remove it from the data set. + +Cogeneracion.y.residuos \<- This is similar to the process of Renewable thermal energy in that it burns a fuel source to produce heat that is converted to energy, however the process itself produces electricity and the sources do not have to be renewable. The sources burned could be natural gas, diesel, biomass, or municipal solid waste. This represents a larger portion of Spain’s energy production. + +Hidráulica \<- This energy is produced from a water-powered turbine, usually from a natural source such as a river or reservoir. This is a huge part of Spain’s energy production. + +Imports and Exports \<- Portugal, France, Andorra, and Morocco have variables for both imports and exports. The importation of energy is energy that is imported into the country to be used by the system. The exportation of energy is energy being sold or delivered out of Spain for use elsewhere. In this data set, the importation variables are all positive (or zero) and the exportation variables are all negative (or zero). + +## Data Changes + +Re-importing the data allows for reprocessing. + +```{r re_import_data} +# -------- +# Import Data +# -------- + +generacion <- read.csv(file = "100575891_files/data/Custom-Report-2025-04-28-Estructura de generación (MW).csv") +almacenamiento <- read.csv(file = "100575891_files/data/Custom-Report-2025-04-28-Estructura de almacenamiento (MW).csv") +demanda <- read.csv(file = "100575891_files/data/Custom-Report-2025-04-28-Seguimiento de la demanda de energía eléctrica (MW).csv") + +``` + +From this analysis, it is clear that two erroneous data points were included: consumo bombeo and carga de baterías. These are distinct from the rest of the included data points because they are not ways of producing energy, and represent one half of a process to store energy. The mixing of storage and production makes the original graph dense and difficult to interpret. These data points will not be included in the improved version. + +```{r remove_columns} +# -------- +# Remove Unnecessary Columns +# -------- + +generacion <- generacion |> + select(-Intercambios.int, -Generación.auxiliar) +demanda <- demanda |> + select(Hora, Real) +almacenamiento <- almacenamiento |> + select(-Carga.de.baterías, -Consumo.bombeo) + +# -------- +# Filter Data +# -------- + +generacion <- generacion |> + filter(Hora >= as.POSIXct("2025-04-27 22:45", tz = "Europe/Madrid") & + Hora <= as.POSIXct("2025-04-29 01:15", tz = "Europe/Madrid")) + +demanda <- demanda |> + filter(Hora >= as.POSIXct("2025-04-27 22:45", tz = "Europe/Madrid") & + Hora <= as.POSIXct("2025-04-29 01:15", tz = "Europe/Madrid")) + +``` + +Imports and Exports are represented by separate areas. However, they are two halves of the same data point and should be treated as such. Additionally, this can be confirmed by looking at the data itself, where a missing value from Andorra imports is made up for with a value in Andorra exports. See the example below. + +![Import and Export Values from Red Eléctrica.](images/import-export-issues.png){.external width="100%"} + +In the improved version, imports and exports are combined. + +```{r combine_imports} +# -------- +# Combining Imports with the Exports +# -------- + +generacion <- generacion |> + # andorra + unite(Andorra, Andorra.importación, Andorra.exportación, sep = "_") |> + mutate(Andorra = str_replace(Andorra, "0_0", "0")) |> + mutate(Andorra = str_replace(Andorra, "0_", "")) |> + mutate(Andorra = str_replace(Andorra, "_0", "")) |> + # morocco + unite(Marruecos, Marruecos.importación, Marruecos.exportación, sep = "_") |> + mutate(Marruecos = str_replace(Marruecos, "0_0", "0")) |> + mutate(Marruecos = str_replace(Marruecos, "0_", "")) |> + mutate(Marruecos = str_replace(Marruecos, "_0", "")) |> + # france + unite(Francia, Francia.importación, Francia.exportación, sep = "_") |> + mutate(Francia = str_replace(Francia, "0_0", "0")) |> + mutate(Francia = str_replace(Francia, "0_", "")) |> + mutate(Francia = str_replace(Francia, "_0", "")) |> + # portugal + unite(Portugal, Portugal.importación, Portugal.exportación, sep = "_") |> + mutate(Portugal = str_replace(Portugal, "0_0", "0")) |> + mutate(Portugal = str_replace(Portugal, "0_", "")) |> + mutate(Portugal = str_replace(Portugal, "_0", "")) +``` + +The general public will not care to make the distinction between Solar panels and solar processed with mirrors. Both solars are combined. + +```{r combine_solar} +# -------- +# Combine Solar +# -------- + +generacion <- generacion |> + mutate(Solar = rowSums(across(c(Solar.fotovoltaica, Solar.térmica))) ) |> + select(-Solar.fotovoltaica, -Solar.térmica) +``` + +These altered data points need to be converted to numerical variables. + +```{r convert_numeric} +# -------- +# Convert it to numeric +# -------- + +generacion$Andorra <- as.numeric(generacion$Andorra) +generacion$Portugal <- as.numeric(generacion$Portugal) +generacion$Marruecos <- as.numeric(generacion$Marruecos) +generacion$Francia <- as.numeric(generacion$Francia) +generacion$Solar <- as.numeric(generacion$Solar) +``` + +The same combining of data sets is completed as before. + +```{r combining_data} +# -------- +# Combining Data sets +# -------- + +combined_data <- generacion |> + full_join(almacenamiento, by = "Hora") +``` + +For the improvement, four graphs will be needed. One to combine Renewable, Non-renewable, stored energy, and imported energy sources and three others to break out the categories by sub-categories. + +![Improvement.](images/improvement.png){.external width="100%"} + +The below code combines the sub-categories into the broader categories of Renewable, non-renewable, stored energy use, and imported energy use. The data is then transformed to have tidy data, and refactored to set the correct order. + +```{r main_graph_data} +# -------- +# Data Subset 1 +# -------- + +subset1 <- combined_data |> + mutate(Renewable = rowSums(across(c(Hidráulica, Eólica, Solar, Térmica.renovable))) ) |> + select(-Hidráulica, -Eólica, -Solar, -Térmica.renovable) |> + mutate(Non_Renewable = rowSums(across(c(Ciclo.combinado, Nuclear, Cogeneración.y.residuos, + Motores.diésel, Carbón, Turbina.de.gas, Turbina.de.vapor))) ) |> + select(-Ciclo.combinado, -Nuclear, -Cogeneración.y.residuos, + -Motores.diésel, -Carbón, -Turbina.de.gas, -Turbina.de.vapor) |> + mutate(Stored_Energy = rowSums(across(c(Turbinación.bombeo, Entrega.de.baterías))) ) |> + select(-Turbinación.bombeo, -Entrega.de.baterías) |> + mutate(Imported_Energy = rowSums(across(c(Portugal, Francia, Andorra, Marruecos))) ) |> + select(-Portugal, -Francia, -Andorra, -Marruecos) + +# -------- +# Pivot Longer - Subset 1 +# -------- + +subset1 <- subset1 |> + pivot_longer( + cols = c( + Renewable, + Non_Renewable, + Stored_Energy, + Imported_Energy), + names_to = "Type", + values_to = "Rating") + +# -------- +# Refactor Subset 1 +# -------- + +subset1$Type <- factor(subset1$Type, ordered = FALSE) +subset1 <- subset1 |> + mutate( + Type = fct_relevel(Type, + "Renewable", + "Non_Renewable", + "Stored_Energy", + "Imported_Energy" + ) + ) + +# -------- +# Set Rating as Numeric - Subset 1 +# -------- + +subset1$Rating <- as.numeric(subset1$Rating) + +# -------- +# Set Hora as Date - Subset 1 +# -------- + +subset1 <- subset1 |> + mutate( + Hora = as.POSIXct(Hora, format = "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M", tz = "Europe/Madrid") + ) +demanda <- demanda |> + mutate( + Hora = as.POSIXct(Hora, format = "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M", tz = "Europe/Madrid") + ) +``` + +Pre-processing of the full_data data set is completed to be able to process it into smaller categories. + +```{r data_refinement2} +# -------- +# Pivot Longer +# -------- + +full_data <- combined_data |> + pivot_longer( + cols = c( + Térmica.renovable, + Solar, + Eólica, + Cogeneración.y.residuos, + Turbina.de.gas, + Motores.diésel, + Turbina.de.vapor, + Ciclo.combinado, + Carbón, + Nuclear, + Hidráulica, + Francia, + Marruecos, + Portugal, + Andorra, + Turbinación.bombeo, + Entrega.de.baterías), + names_to = "Type", + values_to = "Rating") + +# -------- +# Set Type as Factor +# -------- + +full_data$Type <- factor(full_data$Type, ordered = FALSE) +full_data <- full_data |> + mutate( + Type = fct_relevel(Type, + "Hidráulica", + "Ciclo.combinado", + "Eólica", + "Solar", + "Nuclear", + "Cogeneración.y.residuos", + "Turbinación.bombeo", + "Motores.diésel", + "Térmica.renovable", + "Carbón", + "Turbina.de.gas", + "Turbina.de.vapor", + "Entrega.de.baterías", + "Portugal", + "Francia", + "Andorra", + "Marruecos" + ) + ) + +# -------- +# Set Rating as Numeric +# -------- + +full_data$Rating <- as.numeric(full_data$Rating) + +# -------- +# Set Hora as Date +# -------- + +full_data <- full_data |> + mutate( + Hora = as.POSIXct(Hora, format = "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M", tz = "Europe/Madrid") + ) +``` + +The data is divided into four subsets in order to build the four smaller graphs. + +```{r data_subsets} +# -------- +# Renewable Subset +# -------- + +renewable_data <- full_data |> + filter (Type == "Hidráulica" | Type == "Eólica" | Type == "Solar" | Type == "Térmica.renovable") + +# -------- +# Non_renewable Subset +# -------- + +non_renewable_data <- full_data |> + filter (Type == "Ciclo.combinado" | Type == "Nuclear" | Type == "Cogeneración.y.residuos" + | Type == "Motores.diésel" | Type == "Carbón" | Type == "Turbina.de.gas" + | Type == "Turbina.de.vapor") + +# -------- +# Stored_Energy Subset +# -------- + +stored_energy_data <- full_data |> + filter (Type == "Turbinación.bombeo" | Type == "Entrega.de.baterías") + +# -------- +# Imported_Energy Subset +# -------- + +imported_energy_data <- full_data |> + filter (Type == "Portugal" | Type == "Francia" | Type == "Andorra" + | Type == "Marruecos") +``` + +## Main Plot + +```{r main_plot} +# -------- +# Main Plot +# -------- +combined <- + # data + ggplot() + + # area lines + geom_area( + data = subset1, + aes( + x = Hora, + y = Rating, + fill = Type), + lwd = 0) + # line width + geom_line( + data = demanda, + aes( + x = Hora, + y = Real), + color = "black", linewidth = 0.3) + # line width + coord_cartesian(clip = "off") + + # remove legend + guides(fill = "none") + + # remove labels for scales + labs(x = NULL, + y = NULL) + + # sets x scale + scale_x_datetime( + breaks = seq( + from = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 00:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"), + to = as.POSIXct("2025-04-29 00:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"), + by = "2 hours" + ), + labels = function(x) format(x, "%H:%M"), + limits = c( + as.POSIXct("2025-04-27 23:45", tz="Europe/Madrid"), + as.POSIXct("2025-04-29 00:30", tz="Europe/Madrid") + ), + expand = c(0, 0) + ) + + # colors + scale_fill_manual(values = c( + Renewable = "#4CB944", + Non_Renewable = "#246EB9", + Stored_Energy = "#D58936", + Imported_Energy = "#AA4465") + ) + +theme( + # removes background grey + panel.background = + element_rect(fill = "white"), + # changes line color + panel.grid.major.y = + element_line(color = "#d6d6d6", linewidth = 0.2), + # remove axis tick y + axis.ticks.y = + element_line(color = "#ffffff"), + # changes axis tick color + axis.ticks.x = + element_line(color = "#b8b8b8", linewidth = 0.1), + # changes axis length + axis.ticks.length = + unit(.3, "cm"), + # changes axis line + axis.line = + element_line(color = "#b8b8b8", linewidth = 0.3), + # remove x grid + panel.grid.major.x = + element_line(color = "#ffffff00"), + # set global font family + text = + element_text(family = "roboto"), + # set title size and weight + plot.title = + element_text(size = 14, face = "bold"), + plot.title.position = "plot", + # set x and y axis color + axis.text = + element_text(color = "#b8b8b8"), + axis.text.x = + element_text(face = "bold"), + # set caption color + plot.caption = + element_text(color = "#b8b8b8") +) + + annotate( + "text", + x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 13:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"), + y = 19000, + label = "Renewable Energy", + color = "#4CB944", + size = rel(2.5), + fontface = "bold", + hjust = 0, + lineheight = 0.8 + ) + + annotate( + "text", + x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 13:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"), + y = 6000, + label = "Non-Renewable \nEnergy", + color = "#246EB9", + size = rel(2.5), + fontface = "bold", + hjust = 0, + lineheight = 0.8 + ) + + annotate( + "text", + x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 13:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"), + y = 27000, + label = "Demand in Real Time", + color = "#000000", + size = rel(2.5), + fontface = "bold", + hjust = 0, + lineheight = 0.8 + ) + + geom_segment( + aes( + x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 12:32", tz = "Europe/Madrid"), + xend = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 12:32", tz = "Europe/Madrid"), + y = 35000, + yend = -10000), + linetype = "dashed", + linewidth = 0.6 + ) + + annotate( + "text", + x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 12:35", tz = "Europe/Madrid"), + y = 35500, + label = "Blackout", + color = "#000000", + size = rel(2.5), + fontface = "bold", + hjust = 0.5, + lineheight = 0.8 + ) + + # demand in real time + annotate( + "segment", + x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 12:25", tz = "Europe/Madrid"), + xend = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 12:45", tz = "Europe/Madrid"), + y = 27000, + yend = 27000, + color = "black", + linewidth = 0.2 + ) + + annotate( + "text", + x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 16:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"), + y = -4000, + label = "Stored Energy", + color = "#D58936", + size = rel(2.5), + fontface = "bold", + hjust = 0.5, + lineheight = 0.8 + ) + + annotate( + "text", + x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 20:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"), + y = -6000, + label = "Imported Energy", + color = "#AA4465", + size = rel(2.5), + fontface = "bold", + hjust = 0.5, + lineheight = 0.8 + ) + + # renewable + annotate( + "segment", + x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 12:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"), + xend = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 12:45", tz = "Europe/Madrid"), + y = 19000, + yend = 19000, + color = "black", + linewidth = 0.2 + ) + + # non renewable + annotate( + "segment", + x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 12:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"), + xend = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 12:45", tz = "Europe/Madrid"), + y = 6000, + yend = 6000, + color = "black", + linewidth = 0.2 + ) + + annotate( + "segment", + x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 16:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"), + xend = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 16:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"), + y = 1500, + yend = -3500, + color = "black", + linewidth = 0.2 + ) + + annotate( + "segment", + x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 20:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"), + xend = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 20:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"), + y = 500, + yend = -5500, + color = "black", + linewidth = 0.2 + ) +combined +``` + +## Renewable Plot + +```{r renewable} +# -------- +# Renewable Plot +# -------- +renewable <- + # data + ggplot() + + # area lines + geom_area( + data = renewable_data, + aes( + x = Hora, + y = Rating, + fill = Type), + lwd = 0) + # line width + coord_cartesian(clip = "off") + + # remove legend + guides(fill = "none") + + # remove labels for scales + labs(x = NULL, + y = NULL, + title = "Renewable Energy") + + # sets x scale + scale_x_datetime( + breaks = seq( + from = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 00:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"), + to = as.POSIXct("2025-04-29 00:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"), + by = "2 hours" + ), + labels = function(x) format(x, "%H:%M"), + limits = c( + as.POSIXct("2025-04-27 23:45", tz="Europe/Madrid"), + as.POSIXct("2025-04-29 00:30", tz="Europe/Madrid") + ), + expand = c(0, 0) + ) + + # colors + scale_fill_manual(values = c( + Hidráulica = "#4CB944", + Eólica = "#70c769", + Solar = "#94d58f", + Térmica.renovable = "#b7e3b4") + ) + + theme( + # removes background grey + panel.background = + element_rect(fill = "white"), + # changes line color + panel.grid.major.y = + element_line(color = "#d6d6d6", linewidth = 0.2), + # remove axis tick y + axis.ticks.y = + element_line(color = "#ffffff"), + # changes axis tick color + axis.ticks.x = + element_line(color = "#b8b8b8", linewidth = 0.1), + # changes axis length + axis.ticks.length = + unit(.3, "cm"), + # changes axis line + axis.line = + element_line(color = "#b8b8b8", linewidth = 0.3), + # remove x grid + panel.grid.major.x = + element_line(color = "#ffffff00"), + # set global font family + text = + element_text(family = "roboto"), + # set title size and weight + plot.title = + element_text(size = 14, face = "bold"), + plot.title.position = "plot", + # set x and y axis color + axis.text = + element_text(color = "#b8b8b8"), + axis.text.x = + element_text(face = "bold"), + # set caption color + plot.caption = + element_text(color = "#b8b8b8") + ) + + annotate( + "text", + x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 13:30", tz = "Europe/Madrid"), + y = 25000, + label = "Water-Powered Turbine", + color = "#000000", + size = rel(2.5), + fontface = "bold", + hjust = 0, + lineheight = 0.8 + ) + + annotate( + "text", + x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 13:30", tz = "Europe/Madrid"), + y = 22000, + label = "Wind", + color = "#000000", + size = rel(2.5), + fontface = "bold", + hjust = 0, + lineheight = 0.8 + ) + + annotate( + "text", + x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 13:30", tz = "Europe/Madrid"), + y = 19000, + label = "Solar", + color = "#000000", + size = rel(2.5), + fontface = "bold", + hjust = 0, + lineheight = 0.8 + ) + + annotate( + "text", + x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 13:30", tz = "Europe/Madrid"), + y = 7000, + label = "Renewable \nThermal", + color = "#000000", + size = rel(2.5), + fontface = "bold", + hjust = 0, + lineheight = 0.8 + ) + + annotate( + "segment", + x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 11:35", tz = "Europe/Madrid"), + xend = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 13:15", tz = "Europe/Madrid"), + y = 25000, + yend = 25000, + color = "black", + linewidth = 0.2 + ) + + annotate( + "segment", + x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 11:35", tz = "Europe/Madrid"), + xend = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 13:15", tz = "Europe/Madrid"), + y = 22000, + yend = 22000, + color = "black", + linewidth = 0.2 + ) + + annotate( + "segment", + x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 11:35", tz = "Europe/Madrid"), + xend = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 13:15", tz = "Europe/Madrid"), + y = 19000, + yend = 19000, + color = "black", + linewidth = 0.2 + ) + + annotate( + "segment", + x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 11:30", tz = "Europe/Madrid"), + xend = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 13:15", tz = "Europe/Madrid"), + y = 200, + yend = 7000, + color = "black", + linewidth = 0.2 + ) +renewable +``` + +## Non-Renewable Plot + +```{r non_renewable} +# -------- +# Non_Renewable Plot +# -------- +non_renewable <- + # data + ggplot() + + # area lines + geom_area( + data = non_renewable_data, + aes( + x = Hora, + y = Rating, + fill = Type), + lwd = 0) + # line width + coord_cartesian(clip = "off") + + # remove legend + guides(fill = "none") + + # remove labels for scales + labs(x = NULL, + y = NULL, + title = "Non-Renewable Energy") + + # sets x scale + scale_x_datetime( + breaks = seq( + from = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 00:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"), + to = as.POSIXct("2025-04-29 00:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"), + by = "2 hours" + ), + labels = function(x) format(x, "%H:%M"), + limits = c( + as.POSIXct("2025-04-27 23:45", tz="Europe/Madrid"), + as.POSIXct("2025-04-29 00:30", tz="Europe/Madrid") + ), + expand = c(0, 0) + ) + + # colors + scale_fill_manual(values = c( + Ciclo.combinado = "#16426f", + Nuclear = "#1d5894", + Cogeneración.y.residuos = "#246EB9", + Motores.diésel = "#508bc7", + Carbón = "#7ca8d5", + Turbina.de.gas = "#a7c5e3", + Turbina.de.vapor = "#d3e2f1") + ) + + theme( + # removes background grey + panel.background = + element_rect(fill = "white"), + # changes line color + panel.grid.major.y = + element_line(color = "#d6d6d6", linewidth = 0.2), + # remove axis tick y + axis.ticks.y = + element_line(color = "#ffffff"), + # changes axis tick color + axis.ticks.x = + element_line(color = "#b8b8b8", linewidth = 0.1), + # changes axis length + axis.ticks.length = + unit(.3, "cm"), + # changes axis line + axis.line = + element_line(color = "#b8b8b8", linewidth = 0.3), + # remove x grid + panel.grid.major.x = + element_line(color = "#ffffff00"), + # set global font family + text = + element_text(family = "roboto"), + # set title size and weight + plot.title = + element_text(size = 14, face = "bold"), + plot.title.position = "plot", + # set x and y axis color + axis.text = + element_text(color = "#b8b8b8"), + axis.text.x = + element_text(face = "bold"), + # set caption color + plot.caption = + element_text(color = "#b8b8b8") + ) + + annotate( + "text", + x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 01:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"), + y = 12000, + label = "Gas Power \nPlants", + color = "#000000", + size = rel(2.5), + fontface = "bold", + hjust = 0.5, + lineheight = 0.8 + ) + + annotate( + "text", + x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 06:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"), + y = 11000, + label = "Nuclear", + color = "#000000", + size = rel(2.5), + fontface = "bold", + hjust = 0.5, + lineheight = 0.8 + ) + + annotate( + "text", + x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 12:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"), + y = 10000, + label = "Combined Heat \nand Power", + color = "#000000", + size = rel(2.5), + fontface = "bold", + hjust = 0.5, + lineheight = 0.8 + ) + + annotate( + "text", + x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 15:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"), + y = 3000, + label = "Diesel \nPower \nPlants", + color = "#000000", + size = rel(2.5), + fontface = "bold", + hjust = 0.5, + lineheight = 0.8 + ) + + annotate( + "text", + x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 18:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"), + y = 8000, + label = "Coal", + color = "#000000", + size = rel(2.5), + fontface = "bold", + hjust = 0.5, + lineheight = 0.8 + ) + + annotate( + "text", + x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 20:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"), + y = 10000, + label = "Gas Turbine", + color = "#000000", + size = rel(2.5), + fontface = "bold", + hjust = 0.5, + lineheight = 0.8 + ) + + annotate( + "text", + x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 23:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"), + y = 12000, + label = "Steam \nTurbine", + color = "#000000", + size = rel(2.5), + fontface = "bold", + hjust = 0.5, + lineheight = 0.8 + ) + + # water turbine + annotate( + "segment", + x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 01:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"), + xend = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 01:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"), + y = 11500, + yend = 9000, + color = "black", + linewidth = 0.2 + ) + + # gas power plants + annotate( + "segment", + x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 06:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"), + xend = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 06:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"), + y = 10500, + yend = 5000, + color = "black", + linewidth = 0.2 + ) + + # nuclear + annotate( + "segment", + x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 12:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"), + xend = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 12:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"), + y = 9500, + yend = 2000, + color = "black", + linewidth = 0.2 + ) + + # combined heat and power + annotate( + "segment", + x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 15:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"), + xend = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 15:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"), + y = 400, + yend = 2500, + color = "black", + linewidth = 0.2 + ) + + # coal + annotate( + "segment", + x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 18:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"), + xend = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 18:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"), + y = 7500, + yend = 200, + color = "black", + linewidth = 0.2 + ) + + # gas turbine + annotate( + "segment", + x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 20:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"), + xend = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 20:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"), + y = 9500, + yend = 200, + color = "black", + linewidth = 0.2 + ) + + # steam turbine + annotate( + "segment", + x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 23:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"), + xend = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 23:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"), + y = 11500, + yend = 100, + color = "black", + linewidth = 0.2 + ) +non_renewable +``` + +## Stored Energy Plot + +```{r stored_energy} +# -------- +# Stored_Energy Plot +# -------- +stored_energy <- + # data + ggplot() + + # area lines + geom_area( + data = stored_energy_data, + aes( + x = Hora, + y = Rating, + fill = Type), + lwd = 0) + # line width + coord_cartesian(clip = "off") + + # remove legend + guides(fill = "none") + + # remove labels for scales + labs(x = NULL, + y = NULL, + title = "Stored Energy") + + # sets x scale + scale_x_datetime( + breaks = seq( + from = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 00:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"), + to = as.POSIXct("2025-04-29 00:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"), + by = "2 hours" + ), + labels = function(x) format(x, "%H:%M"), + limits = c( + as.POSIXct("2025-04-27 23:45", tz="Europe/Madrid"), + as.POSIXct("2025-04-29 00:30", tz="Europe/Madrid") + ), + expand = c(0, 0) + ) + + # colors + scale_fill_manual(values = c( + Turbinación.bombeo = "#D58936", + Entrega.de.baterías = "#e6b886") + ) + + theme( + # removes background grey + panel.background = + element_rect(fill = "white"), + # changes line color + panel.grid.major.y = + element_line(color = "#d6d6d6", linewidth = 0.2), + # remove axis tick y + axis.ticks.y = + element_line(color = "#ffffff"), + # changes axis tick color + axis.ticks.x = + element_line(color = "#b8b8b8", linewidth = 0.1), + # changes axis length + axis.ticks.length = + unit(.3, "cm"), + # changes axis line + axis.line = + element_line(color = "#b8b8b8", linewidth = 0.3), + # remove x grid + panel.grid.major.x = + element_line(color = "#ffffff00"), + # set global font family + text = + element_text(family = "roboto"), + # set title size and weight + plot.title = + element_text(size = 14, face = "bold"), + plot.title.position = "plot", + # set x and y axis color + axis.text = + element_text(color = "#b8b8b8"), + axis.text.x = + element_text(face = "bold"), + # set caption color + plot.caption = + element_text(color = "#b8b8b8") + ) + + annotate( + "text", + x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 7:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"), + y = 2300, + label = "Pumped-Hydro Generation", + color = "#000000", + size = rel(2.5), + fontface = "bold", + hjust = 0.5, + lineheight = 0.8 + ) + + annotate( + "segment", + x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 7:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"), + xend = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 7:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"), + y = 2250, + yend = 600, + color = "black", + linewidth = 0.2 + ) + + annotate( + "text", + x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 14:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"), + y = 1900, + label = "Battery Discharge", + color = "#000000", + size = rel(2.5), + fontface = "bold", + hjust = 0.5, + lineheight = 0.8 + ) + + annotate( + "segment", + x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 14:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"), + xend = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 14:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"), + y = 1850, + yend = 0, + color = "black", + linewidth = 0.2 + ) +stored_energy +``` + +## Imported Energy + +```{r imported_energy} +# -------- +# Imported_Energy Plot +# -------- +imported_energy <- + # data + ggplot() + + # area lines + geom_area( + data = imported_energy_data, + aes( + x = Hora, + y = Rating, + fill = Type), + lwd = 0) + # line width + coord_cartesian(clip = "off") + + # remove legend + guides(fill = "none") + + # remove labels for scales + labs(x = NULL, + y = NULL, + title = "Imported Energy") + + # sets x scale + scale_x_datetime( + breaks = seq( + from = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 00:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"), + to = as.POSIXct("2025-04-29 00:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"), + by = "2 hours" + ), + labels = function(x) format(x, "%H:%M"), + limits = c( + as.POSIXct("2025-04-27 23:45", tz="Europe/Madrid"), + as.POSIXct("2025-04-29 00:30", tz="Europe/Madrid") + ), + expand = c(0, 0) + ) + + # colors + scale_fill_manual(values = c( + Portugal = "#AA4465", + Francia = "#bb6984", + Andorra = "#cc8fa3", + Marruecos = "#ddb4c1") + ) + + theme( + # removes background grey + panel.background = + element_rect(fill = "white"), + # changes line color + panel.grid.major.y = + element_line(color = "#d6d6d6", linewidth = 0.2), + # remove axis tick y + axis.ticks.y = + element_line(color = "#ffffff"), + # changes axis tick color + axis.ticks.x = + element_line(color = "#b8b8b8", linewidth = 0.1), + # changes axis length + axis.ticks.length = + unit(.3, "cm"), + # changes axis line + axis.line = + element_line(color = "#b8b8b8", linewidth = 0.3), + # remove x grid + panel.grid.major.x = + element_line(color = "#ffffff00"), + # set global font family + text = + element_text(family = "roboto"), + # set title size and weight + plot.title = + element_text(size = 14, face = "bold"), + plot.title.position = "plot", + # set x and y axis color + axis.text = + element_text(color = "#b8b8b8"), + axis.text.x = + element_text(face = "bold"), + # set caption color + plot.caption = + element_text(color = "#b8b8b8") + ) + + annotate( + "text", + x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 13:30", tz = "Europe/Madrid"), + y = -3000, + label = "Portugal", + color = "#000000", + size = rel(2.5), + fontface = "bold", + hjust = 0, + lineheight = 0.8 + ) + + annotate( + "text", + x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 13:30", tz = "Europe/Madrid"), + y = -1750, + label = "France", + color = "#000000", + size = rel(2.5), + fontface = "bold", + hjust = 0, + lineheight = 0.8 + ) + + annotate( + "text", + x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 12:45", tz = "Europe/Madrid"), + y = 1000, + label = "Andorra", + color = "#000000", + size = rel(2.5), + fontface = "bold", + hjust = 0.5, + lineheight = 0.8 + ) + + annotate( + "text", + x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 13:30", tz = "Europe/Madrid"), + y = -500, + label = "Morocco", + color = "#000000", + size = rel(2.5), + fontface = "bold", + hjust = 0, + lineheight = 0.8 + ) + + # Portugal + annotate( + "segment", + x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 12:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"), + xend = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 13:15", tz = "Europe/Madrid"), + y = -3000, + yend = -3000, + color = "black", + linewidth = 0.2 + ) + + # France + annotate( + "segment", + x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 11:30", tz = "Europe/Madrid"), + xend = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 13:15", tz = "Europe/Madrid"), + y = -1750, + yend = -1750, + color = "black", + linewidth = 0.2 + ) + + # Andorra + annotate( + "segment", + x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 12:45", tz = "Europe/Madrid"), + xend = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 12:45", tz = "Europe/Madrid"), + y = 0, + yend = 900, + color = "black", + linewidth = 0.2 + ) + + # Morocco + annotate( + "segment", + x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 12:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"), + xend = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 13:15", tz = "Europe/Madrid"), + y = -500, + yend = -500, + color = "black", + linewidth = 0.2 + ) +imported_energy +``` + +## Combining the Plots + +In the original, there was only one ggplot needed to reconstruct the graph. This new version has four graphs laid out with a title across the top. Patchwork was utilized to combine the graphs. + +```{r side_rail} +siderail <- renewable / non_renewable / imported_energy / stored_energy +siderail +``` + +```{r improvement, fig.width = 8, fig.height = 7} +improved <- combined + siderail + + plot_layout(ncol = 2, widths = c(2,1)) + + plot_annotation( + title = str_wrap("Energy Production during the April 28th Blackout in Spain", width = 39), + theme = theme( + plot.title = element_text( + family = "roboto", + size = rel(2), + face = "bold", + hjust = 0 + ))) +improved +``` diff --git a/_projects/2025/100575891/100575891.html b/_projects/2025/100575891/100575891.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..d536a298 --- /dev/null +++ b/_projects/2025/100575891/100575891.html @@ -0,0 +1,3994 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Nation-Wide Blackout in Spain + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+

Nation-Wide Blackout in Spain

+ + +
+
2025
+
+ +

Tracking the generation and storage of energy in Spain April 28th, 2025.

+
+ +
+ + Amelia Shuler + +
2025-12-11 +
+ +
+

Introduction

+

On April 28th, 2025 starting at 12:33 CEST (local time), Spain, parts of Portugal, and parts of France suffered complete shutdown of the electricity grid which lasted roughly ten hours. Trains ceased to run, radio and cellular signals shut down, shops returned to a cash-based system, and Spain’s nuclear power plants were taken off the grid automatically. The BBC estimates that the blackout caused a €1.6 billion hit to the economy.

+

Hours after the collapse, constituents demanded answers and looked to Spain’s sole Transmission System Operator (TSO), Red Eléctrica. The company is responsible for transmitting, organizing, and securing electrical supply to all of mainland Spain and the islands. On April 28th and the following days, there was a frenzy of press conferences, news announcements, and statements from Red Eléctrica to answer the question: how did this happen?

+

Red Eléctrica has publicly available generation data that tracks types of generation and storage. The Europa Press quickly used this data to create graphics hoping to provide context to the blackout. On April 29th, they published an area graph of generation and storage of energy in Spain during the blackout.

+

Original Graph

+
+Original chart. Source: https://www.europapress.es/economia/noticia-graficos-asi-desplomo-energia-electrica-apagon-20250429111043.html + +
+

There are some obvious issues with this graph: it’s density of information makes it difficult to read and comprehend. With 15 types of energy and storage being tracked, along with marking the blackout time and line of real demand, there is a lot of information here that is missing context.

+

However, there are larger issues when the graph is studied in more detail. As seen later on, the data is manipulated (without disclosure). The lines pointing to “Turbinación bombeo” and “Consumo bombeo” do not align with their labels. There are a number of areas without labels, such as the light green part in the upper left hand corner. All of these leave much room for improvement, which will be seen after the recreation.

+

Libraries

+

Tidyverse cleaned and modified the data.

+

Lubridate handled the x axis which was date-time.

+

GGplot2 provided the graphics.

+

Scales allows some styling of the scales.

+

Patchwork is relevant for the improvement, as it allows graphs to be plotted side-by-side.

+

Grid plots custom annotations outside the plot area.

+
+
+
library(tidyverse)
+library(lubridate)
+library(ggplot2)
+library(scales)
+library(patchwork)
+library(grid)
+
+
+

Data

+

Data Access

+

As mentioned before, Red Eléctrica offers access to their historical generation and storage data as convenient .csv files. While most of the data is contained in “Estructura de generación”, “Estructura de almacenamiento” provided turbinación bombeo, consumo bombeo, entrega de baterías, and carga de baterías. “Seguimiento de la demanda de energía eléctria” provided the data for the “real demand” line.

+
+
+
generacion <- read.csv(file = "100575891_files/data/Custom-Report-2025-04-28-Estructura de generación (MW).csv")
+almacenamiento <- read.csv(file = "100575891_files/data/Custom-Report-2025-04-28-Estructura de almacenamiento (MW).csv")
+demanda <- read.csv(file = "100575891_files/data/Custom-Report-2025-04-28-Seguimiento de la demanda de energía eléctrica (MW).csv")
+
+
+

Issues with the Data Used in the Graph

+

When looking at the original graph and the replicated graph, it is clear the data is not the same.

+ ++++ + + + + + + + + + + + + +
Original GraphReplicated Graph
Original chart. Source: https://www.europapress.es/economia/noticia-graficos-asi-desplomo-energia-electrica-apagon-20250429111043.htmlReplicated chart.
+

The left half of the graph, the data before the blackout, is nearly identical between the original graph and the replicated graph. The right half of the graph, after the blackout, is starkly different. The prevailing theory is that the data was manipulated in the original graph in order to better distinguish the labeling. In the replicated graph, some areas are too small to properly label. However, the original graph makes no indication of this change in the graph or in the accompanying webpage. It also lists the x axis as the same time frames, and the y axis as the same scales. Since replicating the modification would be a game of trial and error - not to mention unethical - it was excluded from the replication. The replicated graph uses the original, unedited data gathered from Red Eléctrica.

+

Data Cleanup

+

The original graph uses a subset of variables from the generation and demand data sets. These datasets were also combined into one using “Hora” or hour.

+
+
+
# --------
+# Remove Unnecessary Columns
+# --------
+
+generacion <- generacion |>
+  select(
+    Hora,
+    Marruecos.importación,
+    Portugal.importación,
+    Francia.importación,
+    Térmica.renovable,
+    Solar.térmica,
+    Solar.fotovoltaica,
+    Eólica,
+    Cogeneración.y.residuos,
+    Turbina.de.gas,
+    Motores.diésel,
+    Turbina.de.vapor,
+    Ciclo.combinado,
+    Carbón,
+    Nuclear,
+    Hidráulica,
+    Francia.exportación,
+    Marruecos.exportación,
+    Portugal.exportación,
+    Andorra.exportación)
+demanda <- demanda |>
+  select(Hora, Real)
+
+# --------
+# Combining Data
+# --------
+
+full_data <- generacion |>
+  full_join(almacenamiento, by = "Hora")
+
+# --------
+# Pivot Longer
+# --------
+
+full_data <- full_data |>
+  pivot_longer(
+    cols = c(
+      Marruecos.importación,
+      Portugal.importación,
+      Francia.importación,
+      Térmica.renovable,
+      Solar.térmica,
+      Solar.fotovoltaica,
+      Eólica,
+      Cogeneración.y.residuos,
+      Turbina.de.gas,
+      Motores.diésel,
+      Turbina.de.vapor,
+      Ciclo.combinado,
+      Carbón,
+      Nuclear,
+      Turbinación.bombeo,
+      Entrega.de.baterías,
+      Hidráulica,
+      Carga.de.baterías,
+      Consumo.bombeo,
+      Francia.exportación,
+      Marruecos.exportación,
+      Portugal.exportación,
+      Andorra.exportación),
+    names_to = "Type",
+    values_to = "Rating")
+
+# --------
+# Filter Data
+# --------
+
+full_data <- full_data |>
+  filter(Hora >= as.POSIXct("2025-04-27 22:45", tz = "Europe/Madrid") &
+           Hora <= as.POSIXct("2025-04-29 01:15", tz = "Europe/Madrid"))
+
+demanda <- demanda |>
+  filter(Hora >= as.POSIXct("2025-04-27 22:45", tz = "Europe/Madrid") &
+           Hora <= as.POSIXct("2025-04-29 01:15", tz = "Europe/Madrid"))
+
+
+

The variable “Type” was set as a factor to properly order the areas as they appear in the graph. “Rating” was ensured to be numeric for the y graph, and “Hora” was set to a date-time variable with as.POSIXct().

+
+
+
# --------
+# Set Type as Factor
+# --------
+
+full_data$Type <- factor(full_data$Type, ordered = FALSE)
+full_data <- full_data |>
+  mutate(
+    Type = fct_relevel(Type,
+                       "Marruecos.importación",
+                       "Portugal.importación",
+                       "Francia.importación",
+                       "Térmica.renovable",
+                       "Solar.térmica",
+                       "Solar.fotovoltaica",
+                       "Eólica",
+                       "Hidráulica",
+                       "Cogeneración.y.residuos",
+                       "Ciclo.combinado",
+                       "Carbón",
+                       "Nuclear",
+                       "Turbinación.bombeo",
+                       "Turbina.de.gas",
+                       "Motores.diésel",
+                       "Turbina.de.vapor",
+                       "Entrega.de.baterías",
+                       "Carga.de.baterías",
+                       "Andorra.exportación",
+                       "Marruecos.exportación",
+                       "Portugal.exportación",
+                       "Francia.exportación",
+                       "Consumo.bombeo"
+    )
+  )
+
+# --------
+# Set Rating as Numeric
+# --------
+
+full_data$Rating <- as.numeric(full_data$Rating)
+
+# --------
+# Set Real as Numeric
+# --------
+
+demanda$Real <- as.numeric(demanda$Real)
+
+# --------
+# Set Hora as Date
+# --------
+
+full_data <- full_data |>
+  mutate(
+    Hora = as.POSIXct(Hora, format = "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M", tz = "Europe/Madrid")
+  )
+demanda <- demanda |>
+  mutate(
+    Hora = as.POSIXct(Hora, format = "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M", tz = "Europe/Madrid")
+  )
+
+
+

In the end, full_data represents the energy production and storage. It consists of three variables:

+

Hora <- The date and time of the reading

+

Type <- The type of energy being generated.

+

Rating <- The rating of the type of energy.

+

“Demanda” has the date and time of the energy demand, and the variable “real” represents the real demand for energy in megawatts.

+
+
+
full_data
+
+
# A tibble: 7,337 × 3
+   Hora                Type                    Rating
+   <dttm>              <fct>                    <dbl>
+ 1 2025-04-27 22:45:00 Marruecos.importación        0
+ 2 2025-04-27 22:45:00 Portugal.importación      1977
+ 3 2025-04-27 22:45:00 Francia.importación          0
+ 4 2025-04-27 22:45:00 Térmica.renovable          507
+ 5 2025-04-27 22:45:00 Solar.térmica              657
+ 6 2025-04-27 22:45:00 Solar.fotovoltaica         126
+ 7 2025-04-27 22:45:00 Eólica                    7182
+ 8 2025-04-27 22:45:00 Cogeneración.y.residuos   1672
+ 9 2025-04-27 22:45:00 Turbina.de.gas             102
+10 2025-04-27 22:45:00 Motores.diésel             347
+# ℹ 7,327 more rows
+
+
demanda
+
+
                   Hora  Real
+1   2025-04-27 22:45:00 27020
+2   2025-04-27 22:50:00 26895
+3   2025-04-27 22:55:00 26504
+4   2025-04-27 23:00:00 26404
+5   2025-04-27 23:05:00 26009
+6   2025-04-27 23:10:00 25700
+7   2025-04-27 23:15:00 25402
+8   2025-04-27 23:20:00 25400
+9   2025-04-27 23:25:00 25315
+10  2025-04-27 23:30:00 25256
+11  2025-04-27 23:35:00 24796
+12  2025-04-27 23:40:00 24708
+13  2025-04-27 23:45:00 24372
+14  2025-04-27 23:50:00 24133
+15  2025-04-27 23:55:00 23976
+16  2025-04-28 00:00:00 23921
+17  2025-04-28 00:05:00 23694
+18  2025-04-28 00:10:00 23620
+19  2025-04-28 00:15:00 23485
+20  2025-04-28 00:20:00 23618
+21  2025-04-28 00:25:00 23569
+22  2025-04-28 00:30:00 23456
+23  2025-04-28 00:35:00 23324
+24  2025-04-28 00:40:00 22976
+25  2025-04-28 00:45:00 22614
+26  2025-04-28 00:50:00 22613
+27  2025-04-28 00:55:00 22655
+28  2025-04-28 01:00:00 22606
+29  2025-04-28 01:05:00 22634
+30  2025-04-28 01:10:00 22374
+31  2025-04-28 01:15:00 22312
+32  2025-04-28 01:20:00 22330
+33  2025-04-28 01:25:00 22532
+34  2025-04-28 01:30:00 22182
+35  2025-04-28 01:35:00 22114
+36  2025-04-28 01:40:00 21857
+37  2025-04-28 01:45:00 21814
+38  2025-04-28 01:50:00 21699
+39  2025-04-28 01:55:00 21779
+40  2025-04-28 02:00:00 21741
+41  2025-04-28 02:05:00 21464
+42  2025-04-28 02:10:00 21455
+43  2025-04-28 02:15:00 21220
+44  2025-04-28 02:20:00 21303
+45  2025-04-28 02:25:00 21420
+46  2025-04-28 02:30:00 21311
+47  2025-04-28 02:35:00 21160
+48  2025-04-28 02:40:00 20942
+49  2025-04-28 02:45:00 21066
+50  2025-04-28 02:50:00 20928
+51  2025-04-28 02:55:00 21202
+52  2025-04-28 03:00:00 21014
+53  2025-04-28 03:05:00 20900
+54  2025-04-28 03:10:00 20944
+55  2025-04-28 03:15:00 20910
+56  2025-04-28 03:20:00 20830
+57  2025-04-28 03:25:00 20792
+58  2025-04-28 03:30:00 20909
+59  2025-04-28 03:35:00 20789
+60  2025-04-28 03:40:00 20810
+61  2025-04-28 03:45:00 20641
+62  2025-04-28 03:50:00 20629
+63  2025-04-28 03:55:00 20690
+64  2025-04-28 04:00:00 20729
+65  2025-04-28 04:05:00 20576
+66  2025-04-28 04:10:00 20646
+67  2025-04-28 04:15:00 20956
+68  2025-04-28 04:20:00 21009
+69  2025-04-28 04:25:00 20840
+70  2025-04-28 04:30:00 20855
+71  2025-04-28 04:35:00 20895
+72  2025-04-28 04:40:00 20777
+73  2025-04-28 04:45:00 20723
+74  2025-04-28 04:50:00 20666
+75  2025-04-28 04:55:00 20799
+76  2025-04-28 05:00:00 20984
+77  2025-04-28 05:05:00 21240
+78  2025-04-28 05:10:00 21354
+79  2025-04-28 05:15:00 21319
+80  2025-04-28 05:20:00 21394
+81  2025-04-28 05:25:00 21532
+82  2025-04-28 05:30:00 21797
+83  2025-04-28 05:35:00 21610
+84  2025-04-28 05:40:00 21631
+85  2025-04-28 05:45:00 21949
+86  2025-04-28 05:50:00 21958
+87  2025-04-28 05:55:00 22436
+88  2025-04-28 06:00:00 22581
+89  2025-04-28 06:05:00 23163
+90  2025-04-28 06:10:00 23577
+91  2025-04-28 06:15:00 23908
+92  2025-04-28 06:20:00 24117
+93  2025-04-28 06:25:00 24256
+94  2025-04-28 06:30:00 24411
+95  2025-04-28 06:35:00 24781
+96  2025-04-28 06:40:00 25091
+97  2025-04-28 06:45:00 25177
+98  2025-04-28 06:50:00 25461
+99  2025-04-28 06:55:00 25621
+100 2025-04-28 07:00:00 26125
+101 2025-04-28 07:05:00 26615
+102 2025-04-28 07:10:00 26939
+103 2025-04-28 07:15:00 27247
+104 2025-04-28 07:20:00 27316
+105 2025-04-28 07:25:00 27557
+106 2025-04-28 07:30:00 27717
+107 2025-04-28 07:35:00 27830
+108 2025-04-28 07:40:00 27865
+109 2025-04-28 07:45:00 28136
+110 2025-04-28 07:50:00 28293
+111 2025-04-28 07:55:00 28515
+112 2025-04-28 08:00:00 28551
+113 2025-04-28 08:05:00 28736
+114 2025-04-28 08:10:00 29136
+115 2025-04-28 08:15:00 29182
+116 2025-04-28 08:20:00 29169
+117 2025-04-28 08:25:00 29325
+118 2025-04-28 08:30:00 29255
+119 2025-04-28 08:35:00 29062
+120 2025-04-28 08:40:00 29003
+121 2025-04-28 08:45:00 28898
+122 2025-04-28 08:50:00 28963
+123 2025-04-28 08:55:00 28897
+124 2025-04-28 09:00:00 28913
+125 2025-04-28 09:05:00 28770
+126 2025-04-28 09:10:00 28758
+127 2025-04-28 09:15:00 28854
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+318 2025-04-29 01:10:00 16452
+319 2025-04-29 01:15:00 16326
+
+

Creating the Plot

+

Fonts

+

The original fonts in the graph were Avenir Next. However, due to licensing and copyright, it was replaced with Roboto from Google fonts which has open licensing.

+
+
+
sysfonts::font_add_google("Roboto", family="roboto")
+showtext::showtext_auto()
+
+
+

Geom Area

+

GGplot was used to set the x axis as time, the y axis as Rating (in Megawatts), and fill to Type. The lines were colored to white to match the original graph.

+
+
+
final <- ggplot() +
+  # area lines
+  geom_area(
+    data = full_data,
+    aes(
+      x = Hora,
+      y = Rating,
+      fill = Type),
+    color = "white", # line color
+    lwd = 0.1) # line width
+final
+
+

+
+

Scales

+

Colors were manually set using scale_fill_manual. The legend and labels for the scales were removed.

+

The limits for the y scale were set to -10,000 and 40,000 to match the graph. The separator for thousands, “,”, was changed to “.” to match the graph.

+

The x scale limits were set in date and time format. The division was also set to 2 hours to have the correct number of breaks. Finally, the formatting was set to only show the time.

+
+
+
final <- final +
+  # colors
+  scale_fill_manual(values = c(
+    Marruecos.importación = "#d68888",
+    Portugal.importación = "#91b086",
+    Francia.importación =  "#809ad3",
+    Térmica.renovable = "#9e00ff",
+    Solar.térmica = "#ff0400",
+    Solar.fotovoltaica = "#e58401",
+    Eólica = "#70b026",
+    Cogeneración.y.residuos = "#d6a1d7",
+    Turbina.de.gas = "#ab2822",
+    Motores.diésel = "#92a59f",
+    Turbina.de.vapor = "#aa8f2e",
+    Ciclo.combinado = "#ffcc66",
+    Carbón = "#ad5a32",
+    Nuclear = "#474296",
+    Turbinación.bombeo = "#007cf8",
+    Entrega.de.baterías = "#2a6495",
+    Hidráulica = "#018fd1",
+    Carga.de.baterías = "#a3c0d8",
+    Consumo.bombeo = "#3b68bd",
+    Francia.exportación = "#0035a7",
+    Marruecos.exportación = "#b91017",
+    Portugal.exportación = "#006600",
+    Andorra.exportación = "#211e83")
+  ) +
+  # unhides annotations outside graph
+  coord_cartesian(clip = "off") +
+  # remove legend
+  guides(fill = "none") +
+  # remove labels for scales
+  labs(x = NULL,
+       y = NULL) +
+  # adds . to y scale
+  scale_y_continuous(
+    labels = label_number(big.mark = ".", decimal.mark = ","),
+    breaks = c(-10000, 0, 10000, 20000, 30000, 40000),
+    expand = expansion(mult = c(0.02, 0.10))
+  ) +
+  # sets x scale
+  scale_x_datetime(
+    timezone = "Europe/Madrid",
+    breaks = seq(
+      from = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 00:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+      to   = as.POSIXct("2025-04-29 00:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+      by   = "2 hours"
+    ),
+    labels = function(x) format(x, "%H:%M"),
+    expand = c(0,0)
+  )
+final
+
+

+
+

Theme

+

The theme removed the plot’s grid lines, changed the color of the axis, modified the tick length and color, and set a global default for the fonts. It also modified the padding in order to add space for the external annotations.

+
+
+
final <- final +
+  theme(
+    # removes background grey
+    panel.background =
+      element_rect(fill = "white"),
+    # changes line color
+    panel.grid.major.y =
+      element_line(color = "#d6d6d6", linewidth = 0.2),
+    # remove axis tick y
+    axis.ticks.y =
+      element_line(color = "#ffffff"),
+    # changes axis tick color
+    axis.ticks.x =
+      element_line(color = "#b8b8b8", linewidth = 0.1),
+    # changes axis length
+    axis.ticks.length =
+      unit(.3, "cm"),
+    # changes axis line
+    axis.line =
+      element_line(color = "#b8b8b8", linewidth = 0.3),
+    # remove x grid
+    panel.grid.major.x =
+      element_line(color = "#ffffff00"),
+    # set global font family
+    text =
+      element_text(family = "roboto"),
+    # set title size and weight
+    plot.title =
+      element_text(size = 12,
+                   face = "bold",
+                   hjust = -0.2),
+    plot.title.position = "plot",
+    # set x and y axis color
+    axis.text =
+      element_text(color = "#b8b8b8"),
+    axis.text.x =
+      element_text(face = "bold"),
+    # set caption color
+    plot.caption =
+      element_text(color = "#b8b8b8"),
+    # padding of plot
+    plot.margin = margin(20, # top
+                         90, # right
+                         45, # bottom
+                         0 # left
+                         )
+    )
+final
+
+

+
+

Internal Annotations

+

The most difficult part of this graph were annotations set outside the plot of the graph. Four functions were attempted: annotate(), annotation_custom(), grid.text() and geom_text(). Annotate() worked well for annotations within the plot. However, it did not appear when the x and y values of the annotation were pushed beyond the limits of the plot. Annotation_custom() required the use of unit(value, NPC) as the x and y coordinate values. This meant that the text would respond to the preview panel size and not stay fixed to the graph.

+
+Annotation Issues. + +
+

It also was struggling to work with coord_cartesian(clip = "off") meaning it would not appear even with clipping was off. Grid.text() was working with coord_cartesian(clip = "off"), however it still required the use of unit(value, NPC), meaning it would respond with the browser size.

+

Finally, geom_text() and geom_segment() were used to add lines and words outside of the plot. While this resulted in a file of 5.2 MB, it allowed the graph to annotations needed outside of the plot while maintaining the as.POSIXct x scale units.

+

Each internal text annotation was given an x and y coordinate, a text color, a size, and a label. Each internal line annotation was given an x and y coordinate, an ending x and y coordinate, a line color of black, and a line width of 0.2.

+
+
+
final <- final +
+  # annotations
+  # demanda real line
+  geom_line(
+    data = demanda,
+    aes(x = Hora, y = Real),
+    color = "black",
+    linewidth = 0.3) +
+  # title
+  ggtitle("Estructura de generación y almacenamiento de energía en España durante el apagón") +
+  # apagón
+  geom_segment(
+    aes(
+      x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 12:32", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+      xend = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 12:32", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+      y = 35000,
+      yend = -13000),
+    linetype = "dashed",
+    linewidth = 0.6
+  ) +
+  annotate(
+    "text",
+    x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 12:32", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    y = 37000,
+    label = "Apagón",
+    color = "black",
+    size = 3.7,
+    fontface = "bold"
+  ) +
+  # demanda real
+  annotate(
+    "text",
+    x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 17:45", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    y = 20500,
+    label = "Demanda real",
+    color = "black",
+    size = 3.7,
+    fontface = "bold"
+  ) +
+  annotate(
+    geom = "curve",
+    x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 17:35", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    xend = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 19:35", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    y = 19500,
+    yend = 11500,
+    color = "black",
+    arrow = arrow(length = unit(0.15, "cm"), type="closed"),
+    linewidth = 0.2
+  ) +
+  annotate(
+    geom = "point",
+    x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 19:55", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    y = 11250,
+    color = "black",
+    size = 1.5
+  ) +
+  # francia importacion
+  annotate(
+    "text",
+    x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 15:20", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    y = 14000,
+    label = "Francia \nimportación",
+    color = "#809ad3",
+    size = 2.7,
+    fontface = "bold",
+    hjust = 0.5,
+    lineheight = 0.8
+  ) +
+  annotate(
+    "segment",
+    x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 15:35", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    xend = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 18:35", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    y = 12000,
+    yend = 8000,
+    color = "black",
+    linewidth = 0.2
+  ) +
+  # Marruecos importación
+  annotate(
+    "text",
+    x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 22:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    y = 22500,
+    label = "Marruecos \nimportación",
+    color = "#d68888",
+    size = 2.7,
+    fontface = "bold",
+    hjust = 0.5,
+    lineheight = 0.8
+  ) +
+  annotate(
+    "segment",
+    x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 22:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    xend = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 21:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    y = 21000,
+    yend = 15000,
+    color = "black",
+    linewidth = 0.2
+  ) +
+  # francia exportacion
+  annotate(
+    "text",
+    x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 02:15", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    y = -8700,
+    label = "Francia \nexportación",
+    color = "#0035a7",
+    size = 2.7,
+    fontface = "bold",
+    hjust = 0.5,
+    lineheight = 0.8
+  ) +
+  annotate(
+    "segment",
+    x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 02:15", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    xend = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 02:15", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    y = -2000,
+    yend = -7200,
+    color = "black",
+    linewidth = 0.2
+  ) +
+  # marruecos exportacion
+  annotate(
+    "text",
+    x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 08:05", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    y = -8000,
+    label = "Marruecos \nexportación",
+    color = "#b91017",
+    size = 2.7,
+    fontface = "bold",
+    hjust = 1,
+    lineheight = 0.8
+  ) +
+  annotate(
+    "segment",
+    x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 08:15", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    xend = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 10:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    y = -7000,
+    yend = -5000,
+    color = "black",
+    linewidth = 0.2
+  ) +
+  # portugal exportacion
+  annotate(
+    "text",
+    x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 11:15", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    y = -11000,
+    label = "Portugal \nexportación",
+    color = "#006600",
+    size = 2.7,
+    fontface = "bold",
+    hjust = 1,
+    lineheight = 0.8
+  ) +
+  annotate(
+    "segment",
+    x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 10:25", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    xend = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 10:35", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    y = -9000,
+    yend = -5000,
+    color = "black",
+    linewidth = 0.2
+  ) +
+  # turbinacion bombeo
+  annotate(
+    "text",
+    x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 16:45", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    y = -5000,
+    label = "Turbinación \nbombeo",
+    color = "#007cf8",
+    size = 2.7,
+    fontface = "bold",
+    hjust = 0.5,
+    lineheight = 0.8
+  ) +
+  annotate(
+    "segment",
+    x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 19:45", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    xend = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 19:45", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    y = -4000,
+    yend = 1300,
+    color = "black",
+    linewidth = 0.2
+  ) +
+  # Consumo bombeo
+  annotate(
+    "text",
+    x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 22:45", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    y = -5000,
+    label = "Consumo \nbombeo",
+    color = "#007cf8",
+    size = 2.7,
+    fontface = "bold",
+    hjust = 0.5,
+    lineheight = 0.8
+  )
+final
+
+

+
+

External Annotations

+

Each external text annotation was removed of data, given an x and y coordinate, a text color, a size, label, font family, line height, and horizontal adjustment (to ensure proper alignment). While line height, size, and font family could’ve been combined into a global class, preliminary investigations did not yield a straightforward way to do this.

+

Each external line annotation was an x and y coordinate, an ending x and y coordinate, and a line width. Again, line width could’ve been combined into a global class, but preliminary investigations proved unfruitful.

+

Finally, the title was treated with ggtitle() instead of geom_text(). Initially, geom_text() was struggling to push the title so far out of the y axis, and ggtitle() was working better.

+
+
+
final <- final +
+  # termica renovable text
+  annotation_custom(
+    grob = textGrob(
+      "Térmica \nrenovable",
+      hjust = 0,
+      gp = gpar(
+        col = "#9e00ff",
+        fontsize = 8,
+        family = "roboto",
+        fontface = "bold",
+        lineheight = 0.8)),
+    xmin = as.POSIXct("2025-04-29 01:30", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    xmax = as.POSIXct("2025-04-29 01:30", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    ymin = 22500,
+    ymax = 22500
+  ) +
+  # solar termica text
+  annotation_custom(
+    grob = textGrob(
+      "Solar \ntérmica",
+      hjust = 0,
+      gp = gpar(
+        col = "#ff0400",
+        fontsize = 8,
+        family = "roboto",
+        fontface = "bold",
+        lineheight = 0.8)),
+    xmin = as.POSIXct("2025-04-29 02:30", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    xmax = as.POSIXct("2025-04-29 02:30", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    ymin = 19000,
+    ymax = 19000
+  ) +
+  # solar fotovoltaica text
+  annotation_custom(
+    grob = textGrob(
+      "Solar \nfotovoltaica",
+      hjust = 0,
+      gp = gpar(
+        col = "#e58401",
+        fontsize = 8,
+        family = "roboto",
+        fontface = "bold",
+        lineheight = 0.8)),
+    xmin = as.POSIXct("2025-04-29 02:30", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    xmax = as.POSIXct("2025-04-29 02:30", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    ymin = 16000,
+    ymax = 16000
+  ) +
+  # eólica text
+  annotation_custom(
+    grob = textGrob(
+      "Eólica",
+      hjust = 0,
+      gp = gpar(
+        col = "#70b026",
+        fontsize = 8,
+        family = "roboto",
+        fontface = "bold",
+        lineheight = 0.8)),
+    xmin = as.POSIXct("2025-04-29 02:30", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    xmax = as.POSIXct("2025-04-29 02:30", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    ymin = 13500,
+    ymax = 13500
+  ) +
+  # hidráulica text
+  annotation_custom(
+    grob = textGrob(
+      "Hidráulica",
+      hjust = 0,
+      gp = gpar(
+        col = "#018fd1",
+        fontsize = 8,
+        family = "roboto",
+        fontface = "bold",
+        lineheight = 0.8)),
+    xmin = as.POSIXct("2025-04-29 02:30", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    xmax = as.POSIXct("2025-04-29 02:30", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    ymin = 10500,
+    ymax = 10500
+  ) +
+  # cogeneracion y residuos text
+  annotation_custom(
+    grob = textGrob(
+      "Cogeneración \ny residuos",
+      hjust = 0,
+      gp = gpar(
+      col = "#d6a1d7",
+      fontsize = 8,
+      family = "roboto",
+      fontface = "bold",
+      lineheight = 0.8)),
+    xmin = as.POSIXct("2025-04-29 02:30", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    xmax = as.POSIXct("2025-04-29 02:30", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    ymin = 8000,
+    ymax = 8000
+  ) +
+  # Ciclo combinado text
+  annotation_custom(
+    grob = textGrob(
+      "Ciclo \ncombinado",
+      hjust = 0,
+      gp = gpar(
+        col = "#ab9559",
+        fontsize = 8,
+        family = "roboto",
+        fontface = "bold",
+        lineheight = 0.8)),
+    xmin = as.POSIXct("2025-04-29 02:30", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    xmax = as.POSIXct("2025-04-29 02:30", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    ymin = 0,
+    ymax = 0
+  ) +
+  # caption text
+  annotation_custom(
+    grob = textGrob(
+      "Fuente: Red Elétrica - EpData 2025",
+      hjust = 1,
+      gp = gpar(
+        col = "#b8b8b8",
+        fontsize = 8,
+        family = "roboto",
+        lineheight = 0.8)),
+    xmin = as.POSIXct("2025-04-29 06:30", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    xmax = as.POSIXct("2025-04-29 06:30", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    ymin = -21500,
+    ymax = -21500
+  ) +
+  # caption line
+  annotation_custom(
+    grob = linesGrob(
+      x = unit(c(0,1), "npc"),
+      y = unit(c(0.5,0.5), "npc"),
+      gp = gpar(col = "#e2e2e2", lwd = 0.5)
+    ),
+    xmin = as.POSIXct("2025-04-27 20:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    xmax = as.POSIXct("2025-04-29 06:30", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    ymin = -20000,
+    ymax = -20000
+  ) +
+  # title line
+  annotation_custom(
+    grob = linesGrob(
+      x = unit(c(0,1), "npc"),
+      y = unit(c(0.5,0.5), "npc"),
+      gp = gpar(col = "#000000", lwd = 0.5)
+    ),
+    xmin = as.POSIXct("2025-04-27 19:45", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    xmax = as.POSIXct("2025-04-29 06:30", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    ymin = 42500,
+    ymax = 42500
+  ) +
+  # consumo bombeo line
+  annotation_custom(
+    grob = linesGrob(
+      x = unit(c(1,0), "npc"),
+      y = unit(c(0,1), "npc"),
+      gp = gpar(col = "#000000", lwd = 0.5)
+    ),
+    xmin = as.POSIXct("2025-04-29 01:15", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    xmax = as.POSIXct("2025-04-29 01:30", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    ymin = -4000,
+    ymax = -200
+  ) +
+  # ciclo combinado line
+  annotation_custom(
+    grob = linesGrob(
+      x = unit(c(1,0), "npc"),
+      y = unit(c(0,1), "npc"),
+      gp = gpar(col = "#000000", lwd = 0.5)
+    ),
+    xmin = as.POSIXct("2025-04-29 00:45", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    xmax = as.POSIXct("2025-04-29 02:15", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    ymin = 4000,
+    ymax = 700
+  ) +
+  # cogeneracion y residuos line
+  annotation_custom(
+    grob = linesGrob(
+      x = unit(c(1,0), "npc"),
+      y = unit(c(0,1), "npc"),
+      gp = gpar(col = "#000000", lwd = 0.5)
+    ),
+    xmin = as.POSIXct("2025-04-29 00:45", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    xmax = as.POSIXct("2025-04-29 02:15", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    ymin = 9900,
+    ymax = 8900
+  ) +
+  # hidraulica line
+  annotation_custom(
+    grob = linesGrob(
+      x = unit(c(1,0), "npc"),
+      y = unit(c(0,1), "npc"),
+      gp = gpar(col = "#000000", lwd = 0.5)
+    ),
+    xmin = as.POSIXct("2025-04-29 00:45", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    xmax = as.POSIXct("2025-04-29 02:15", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    ymin = 13000,
+    ymax = 10500
+  ) +
+  # eolica line
+  annotation_custom(
+    grob = linesGrob(
+      x = unit(c(1,0), "npc"),
+      y = unit(c(0,1), "npc"),
+      gp = gpar(col = "#000000", lwd = 0.5)
+    ),
+    xmin = as.POSIXct("2025-04-29 00:35", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    xmax = as.POSIXct("2025-04-29 02:15", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    ymin = 16500,
+    ymax = 13500
+  ) +
+  # solar fotovoltaica line
+  annotation_custom(
+    grob = linesGrob(
+      x = unit(c(1,0), "npc"),
+      y = unit(c(0,1), "npc"),
+      gp = gpar(col = "#000000", lwd = 0.5)
+    ),
+    xmin = as.POSIXct("2025-04-29 01:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    xmax = as.POSIXct("2025-04-29 02:15", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    ymin = 16500,
+    ymax = 16000
+  ) +
+  # solar termica line
+  annotation_custom(
+    grob = linesGrob(
+      x = unit(c(1,0), "npc"),
+      y = unit(c(1,0), "npc"),
+      gp = gpar(col = "#000000", lwd = 0.5)
+    ),
+    xmin = as.POSIXct("2025-04-29 01:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    xmax = as.POSIXct("2025-04-29 02:15", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    ymin = 16500,
+    ymax = 19000
+  ) +
+  # solar termica renovable
+  annotation_custom(
+    grob = linesGrob(
+      x = unit(c(1,0), "npc"),
+      y = unit(c(1,0), "npc"),
+      gp = gpar(col = "#000000", lwd = 0.5)
+    ),
+    xmin = as.POSIXct("2025-04-29 00:45", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    xmax = as.POSIXct("2025-04-29 02:15", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    ymin = 16500,
+    ymax = 21000
+  )
+final
+
+

+
+

Improvement

+

Visual Critique of Existing Graph

+

While an area graph is the correct choice for this kind of data - it shows how types of energy, represented as areas, are contributing to the whole of the production, the overarching area - there are too many variables in the graph to make sense of the data.

+

The other issues with this graph - misplaced annotations and missing annotations - are addressed in the improvement.

+

Audience Analysis

+

The original graph was published by Europa Press, a Spanish news source. It is assumed this graph was intended for a general audience, with limited understanding of energy production and storage. The main goal is to understand what types of energy were being produced at the time of and shortly after the blackout.

+

While usually the graph would be replicated and improved in Spanish to match the source, since this is an English-speaking masters program, the graph improvement was completed in English.

+

Variable Analysis

+

The original graph replication was completed without detailed analysis of the variables. In order to improve the graph, the variables of the original data sets were analyzed to determine if any excluded would be relevant, and to determine how to better categorize the data.

+

Demanda

+

Real <- Real represents the actual demand for energy from Spanish households, businesses, municipal buildings, hospitals, and other constituents. This is measured using meters and sensors.

+

Prevista <- Prevista is the forecasted demand set by Red Eléctrica. This is predicted based on historical patterns, weather, and yesterday’s demand.

+

Programada <- Programada represents the planned demand in the market. This is the energy that has been planned and agreed upon by energy providers. It determines which plants will run and provide energy.

+

Almacenamiento

+

Turbinación.bombeo <- Pumped-hydro storage is a system with water stored at two heights. When energy needs to be generated, the system pushes water from the higher reservoir to the lower reservoir. This is called pumped-hydro generation (turbinación bombeo) and tracks the energy generated from the system. That is why it is positive or zero.

+

Consumo.bombeo <- Pumped-hydro storage is a system with water stored at two heights. When there is extra energy in the grid from other sources, the system pushes water from the lower reservoir to the higher reservoir. This is called pumping consumption (Consumo bombeo) and tracks the energy spent to store excess energy in this way. That is why it is always negative, since it is taking energy from the grid.

+

Entrega.de.baterías <- Battery energy storage systems (BESS) are similar to pumped-hydro storage. Battery discharge (entrega de baterías) means energy is being delivered to the system from storage.

+

Carga.de.baterías <- Excess energy is being stored in batteries. Both battery discharge and battery charging values are extremely low (-5 to 10), which means they will not be well represented in a plot with the other variables.

+

Generación

+

Eólica <- Eólica is the energy being generated by wind power. This makes up a large portion of Spain’s energy production. This is considered a renewable energy source.

+

Nuclear <- Nuclear is the energy being generated by nuclear power. While not the first or second energy source, it still makes up a large portion of Spain’s energy production.

+

Carbón <- Carbón is the energy being generated by coal. This is not a large energy source for Spain.

+

Ciclo.combinado <- Ciclo combinado represents the energy produced by gas power plants. This is a larger producer than nuclear, but not as productive as wind or solar. This is not considered a renewable energy source.

+

Intercambios.int <- This is the net exchange of energy between countries, however it does not equal the net exchange of imports and exports for Andorra, France, Morocco, and Portugal, so it must be including other countries. This is not an energy source, but rather represents a flow of energy.

+

Solar.fotovoltaica <- This is the energy produced by solar panels. It’s output can be volatile since it relies on sunshine. Around noon, this hit a peak production of 17,000 MW. It is a renewable energy.

+

Solar.térmica <- This is also solar energy, but with a different process. Mirrors are used to concentrate sunlight, use heat to produce steam, and use that steam to drive a turbine. This is a more stable type of solar energy, but its peak output was only 1,000 MW, much less than that of solar panels.

+

Térmica.renovable <- This is energy produced by burning biomass (agricultural waste or wood pellets), biogas (a renewable gas fuel produced when organic material, such as that in landfills, breaks down without oxygen), and renewable waste. The energy is then used to power a turbine. It is considered renewable since the fuel is replenished biologically. It is not a major energy source for Spain.

+

Motores.diesels <- This is the energy produced by diesel power plants, similar to ciclo.combinado, but represents a very small portion of Spain’s energy production.

+

Turbina.de.gas <- Gas turbine is a device that converts gas, usually natural gas, into mechanical energy that drives a generator and produces electricity. It also makes up a small portion of Spain’s energy production.

+

Tubrina.de.vapor <- Steam turbine is similar the gas turbine, but it uses thermal steam to power the generator. The source of the steam can be fossil fuels, nuclear energy, or solar power. It also represents a small portion of Spain’s energy production.

+

Generación.auxiliar <- This is energy produced by backup equipment in a facility, plant, or system. Since it is zero, we will remove it from the data set.

+

Cogeneracion.y.residuos <- This is similar to the process of Renewable thermal energy in that it burns a fuel source to produce heat that is converted to energy, however the process itself produces electricity and the sources do not have to be renewable. The sources burned could be natural gas, diesel, biomass, or municipal solid waste. This represents a larger portion of Spain’s energy production.

+

Hidráulica <- This energy is produced from a water-powered turbine, usually from a natural source such as a river or reservoir. This is a huge part of Spain’s energy production.

+

Imports and Exports <- Portugal, France, Andorra, and Morocco have variables for both imports and exports. The importation of energy is energy that is imported into the country to be used by the system. The exportation of energy is energy being sold or delivered out of Spain for use elsewhere. In this data set, the importation variables are all positive (or zero) and the exportation variables are all negative (or zero).

+

Data Changes

+

Re-importing the data allows for reprocessing.

+
+
+
# --------
+# Import Data
+# --------
+
+generacion <- read.csv(file = "100575891_files/data/Custom-Report-2025-04-28-Estructura de generación (MW).csv")
+almacenamiento <- read.csv(file = "100575891_files/data/Custom-Report-2025-04-28-Estructura de almacenamiento (MW).csv")
+demanda <- read.csv(file = "100575891_files/data/Custom-Report-2025-04-28-Seguimiento de la demanda de energía eléctrica (MW).csv")
+
+
+

From this analysis, it is clear that two erroneous data points were included: consumo bombeo and carga de baterías. These are distinct from the rest of the included data points because they are not ways of producing energy, and represent one half of a process to store energy. The mixing of storage and production makes the original graph dense and difficult to interpret. These data points will not be included in the improved version.

+
+
+
# --------
+# Remove Unnecessary Columns
+# --------
+
+generacion <- generacion |>
+  select(-Intercambios.int, -Generación.auxiliar)
+demanda <- demanda |>
+  select(Hora, Real)
+almacenamiento <- almacenamiento |>
+  select(-Carga.de.baterías, -Consumo.bombeo)
+
+
+

Imports and Exports are represented by separate areas. However, they are two halves of the same data point and should be treated as such. Additionally, this can be confirmed by looking at the data itself, where a missing value from Andorra imports is made up for with a value in Andorra exports. See the example below.

+
+Import and Export Values from Red Eléctrica. + +
+

In the improved version, imports and exports are combined.

+
+
+
# --------
+# Combining Imports with the Exports
+# --------
+
+generacion <- generacion |>
+  # andorra
+  unite(Andorra, Andorra.importación, Andorra.exportación, sep = "_") |>
+  mutate(Andorra = str_replace(Andorra, "0_0", "0")) |>
+  mutate(Andorra = str_replace(Andorra, "0_", "")) |>
+  mutate(Andorra = str_replace(Andorra, "_0", "")) |>
+  # morocco
+  unite(Marruecos, Marruecos.importación, Marruecos.exportación, sep = "_") |>
+  mutate(Marruecos = str_replace(Marruecos, "0_0", "0")) |>
+  mutate(Marruecos = str_replace(Marruecos, "0_", "")) |>
+  mutate(Marruecos = str_replace(Marruecos, "_0", "")) |>
+  # france
+  unite(Francia, Francia.importación, Francia.exportación, sep = "_") |>
+  mutate(Francia = str_replace(Francia, "0_0", "0")) |>
+  mutate(Francia = str_replace(Francia, "0_", "")) |>
+  mutate(Francia = str_replace(Francia, "_0", "")) |>
+  # portugal
+  unite(Portugal, Portugal.importación, Portugal.exportación, sep = "_") |>
+  mutate(Portugal = str_replace(Portugal, "0_0", "0")) |>
+  mutate(Portugal = str_replace(Portugal, "0_", "")) |>
+  mutate(Portugal = str_replace(Portugal, "_0", ""))
+
+
+

The general public will not care to make the distinction between Solar panels and solar processed with mirrors. Both solars are combined.

+
+
+
# --------
+# Combine Solar
+# --------
+
+generacion <- generacion |>
+  mutate(Solar = rowSums(across(c(Solar.fotovoltaica, Solar.térmica))) ) |>
+  select(-Solar.fotovoltaica, -Solar.térmica)
+
+
+

These altered data points need to be converted to numerical variables.

+
+
+
# --------
+# Convert it to numeric
+# --------
+
+generacion$Andorra <- as.numeric(generacion$Andorra)
+generacion$Portugal <- as.numeric(generacion$Portugal)
+generacion$Marruecos <- as.numeric(generacion$Marruecos)
+generacion$Francia <- as.numeric(generacion$Francia)
+generacion$Solar <- as.numeric(generacion$Solar)
+
+
+

The same combining of data sets is completed as before.

+
+
+
# --------
+# Combining Data sets
+# --------
+
+combined_data <- generacion |>
+  full_join(almacenamiento, by = "Hora")
+
+
+

For the improvement, four graphs will be needed. One to combine Renewable, Non-renewable, stored energy, and imported energy sources and three others to break out the categories by sub-categories.

+
+Improvement. + +
+

The below code combines the sub-categories into the broader categories of Renewable, non-renewable, stored energy use, and imported energy use. The data is then transformed to have tidy data, and refactored to set the correct order.

+
+
+
# --------
+# Data Subset 1
+# --------
+
+subset1 <- combined_data |>
+  mutate(Renewable = rowSums(across(c(Hidráulica, Eólica, Solar, Térmica.renovable))) ) |>
+  select(-Hidráulica, -Eólica, -Solar, -Térmica.renovable) |>
+  mutate(Non_Renewable = rowSums(across(c(Ciclo.combinado, Nuclear, Cogeneración.y.residuos,
+                                      Motores.diésel, Carbón, Turbina.de.gas, Turbina.de.vapor))) ) |>
+  select(-Ciclo.combinado, -Nuclear, -Cogeneración.y.residuos,
+         -Motores.diésel, -Carbón, -Turbina.de.gas, -Turbina.de.vapor) |>
+  mutate(Stored_Energy = rowSums(across(c(Turbinación.bombeo, Entrega.de.baterías))) ) |>
+  select(-Turbinación.bombeo, -Entrega.de.baterías) |>
+  mutate(Imported_Energy = rowSums(across(c(Portugal, Francia, Andorra, Marruecos))) ) |>
+  select(-Portugal, -Francia, -Andorra, -Marruecos)
+
+# --------
+# Pivot Longer - Subset 1
+# --------
+
+subset1 <- subset1 |>
+  pivot_longer(
+    cols = c(
+      Renewable,
+      Non_Renewable,
+      Stored_Energy,
+      Imported_Energy),
+    names_to = "Type",
+    values_to = "Rating")
+
+# --------
+# Refactor Subset 1
+# --------
+
+subset1$Type <- factor(subset1$Type, ordered = FALSE)
+subset1 <- subset1 |>
+  mutate(
+    Type = fct_relevel(Type,
+                       "Renewable",
+                       "Non_Renewable",
+                       "Stored_Energy",
+                       "Imported_Energy"
+    )
+  )
+
+# --------
+# Set Rating as Numeric - Subset 1
+# --------
+
+subset1$Rating <- as.numeric(subset1$Rating)
+
+# --------
+# Set Hora as Date - Subset 1
+# --------
+
+subset1 <- subset1 |>
+  mutate(
+    Hora = as.POSIXct(Hora, format = "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M", tz = "Europe/Madrid")
+  )
+demanda <- demanda |>
+  mutate(
+    Hora = as.POSIXct(Hora, format = "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M", tz = "Europe/Madrid")
+  )
+
+
+

Pre-processing of the full_data data set is completed to be able to process it into smaller categories.

+
+
+
# --------
+# Pivot Longer
+# --------
+
+full_data <- combined_data |>
+  pivot_longer(
+    cols = c(
+      Térmica.renovable,
+      Solar,
+      Eólica,
+      Cogeneración.y.residuos,
+      Turbina.de.gas,
+      Motores.diésel,
+      Turbina.de.vapor,
+      Ciclo.combinado,
+      Carbón,
+      Nuclear,
+      Hidráulica,
+      Francia,
+      Marruecos,
+      Portugal,
+      Andorra,
+      Turbinación.bombeo,
+      Entrega.de.baterías),
+    names_to = "Type",
+    values_to = "Rating")
+
+# --------
+# Set Type as Factor
+# --------
+
+full_data$Type <- factor(full_data$Type, ordered = FALSE)
+full_data <- full_data |>
+  mutate(
+    Type = fct_relevel(Type,
+                       "Hidráulica",
+                       "Ciclo.combinado",
+                       "Eólica",
+                       "Solar",
+                       "Nuclear",
+                       "Cogeneración.y.residuos",
+                       "Turbinación.bombeo",
+                       "Motores.diésel",
+                       "Térmica.renovable",
+                       "Carbón",
+                       "Turbina.de.gas",
+                       "Turbina.de.vapor",
+                       "Entrega.de.baterías",
+                       "Portugal",
+                       "Francia",
+                       "Andorra",
+                       "Marruecos"
+    )
+  )
+
+# --------
+# Set Rating as Numeric
+# --------
+
+full_data$Rating <- as.numeric(full_data$Rating)
+
+# --------
+# Set Hora as Date
+# --------
+
+full_data <- full_data |>
+  mutate(
+    Hora = as.POSIXct(Hora, format = "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M", tz = "Europe/Madrid")
+  )
+
+
+

The data is divided into four subsets in order to build the four smaller graphs.

+
+
+
# --------
+# Renewable Subset
+# --------
+
+renewable_data <- full_data |>
+  filter (Type == "Hidráulica" | Type == "Eólica" | Type == "Solar" | Type == "Térmica.renovable")
+
+# --------
+# Non_renewable Subset
+# --------
+
+non_renewable_data <- full_data |>
+  filter (Type == "Ciclo.combinado" | Type == "Nuclear" | Type == "Cogeneración.y.residuos"
+          | Type == "Motores.diésel" | Type == "Carbón" | Type == "Turbina.de.gas"
+          | Type == "Turbina.de.vapor")
+
+# --------
+# Stored_Energy Subset
+# --------
+
+stored_energy_data <- full_data |>
+  filter (Type == "Turbinación.bombeo" | Type == "Entrega.de.baterías")
+
+# --------
+# Imported_Energy Subset
+# --------
+
+imported_energy_data <- full_data |>
+  filter (Type == "Portugal" | Type == "Francia" | Type == "Andorra"
+          | Type == "Marruecos")
+
+
+

Main Plot

+
+
+
# --------
+# Main Plot
+# --------
+combined <- 
+  # data
+  ggplot() +
+  # area lines 
+  geom_area(
+    data = subset1, 
+    aes(
+      x = Hora,
+      y = Rating,
+      fill = Type),
+    lwd = 0) + # line width
+  geom_line(
+    data = demanda, 
+    aes(
+      x = Hora,
+      y = Real),
+    color = "black", linewidth = 0.3) + # line width
+  coord_cartesian(clip = "off") +
+  # remove legend
+  guides(fill = "none") +
+  # remove labels for scales
+  labs(x = NULL,
+       y = NULL) +
+  # sets x scale
+  scale_x_datetime(
+    breaks = seq(
+      from = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 00:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+      to   = as.POSIXct("2025-04-29 00:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+      by   = "2 hours"
+    ),
+    labels = function(x) format(x, "%H:%M"),
+    limits = c(
+      as.POSIXct("2025-04-27 23:45", tz="Europe/Madrid"),
+      as.POSIXct("2025-04-29 00:30", tz="Europe/Madrid")
+    ),
+    expand = c(0, 0)
+  ) +  
+  # colors
+  scale_fill_manual(values = c(
+    Renewable = "#38761d",
+    Non_Renewable = "#073259",
+    Stored_Energy = "#595959",
+    Imported_Energy = "#741b47")
+  ) +
+theme(
+  # removes background grey
+  panel.background = 
+    element_rect(fill = "white"),
+  # changes line color
+  panel.grid.major.y = 
+    element_line(color = "#d6d6d6", linewidth = 0.2),
+  # remove axis tick y
+  axis.ticks.y =
+    element_line(color = "#ffffff"),
+  # changes axis tick color
+  axis.ticks.x = 
+    element_line(color = "#b8b8b8", linewidth = 0.1),
+  # changes axis length
+  axis.ticks.length = 
+    unit(.3, "cm"),
+  # changes axis line
+  axis.line = 
+    element_line(color = "#b8b8b8", linewidth = 0.3),
+  # remove x grid
+  panel.grid.major.x = 
+    element_line(color = "#ffffff00"),
+  # set global font family
+  text = 
+    element_text(family = "roboto"),
+  # set title size and weight
+  plot.title = 
+    element_text(size = 14, face = "bold"),
+  plot.title.position = "plot",
+  # set x and y axis color
+  axis.text = 
+    element_text(color = "#b8b8b8"),
+  axis.text.x =
+    element_text(face = "bold"),
+  # set caption color
+  plot.caption = 
+    element_text(color = "#b8b8b8")
+) +
+  annotate(
+    "text",
+    x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 13:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    y = 19000,
+    label = "Renewable Energy",
+    color = "#38761d",
+    size = rel(2.5),
+    fontface = "bold",
+    hjust = 0,
+    lineheight = 0.8
+  ) +
+  annotate(
+    "text",
+    x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 13:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    y = 11000,
+    label = "Non-Renewable Energy",
+    color = "#073259",
+    size = rel(2.5),
+    fontface = "bold",
+    hjust = 0,
+    lineheight = 0.8
+  ) +
+  annotate(
+    "text",
+    x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 13:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    y = 27000,
+    label = "Demand in Real Time",
+    color = "#000000",
+    size = rel(2.5),
+    fontface = "bold",
+    hjust = 0,
+    lineheight = 0.8
+  ) +
+  geom_segment(
+    aes(
+      x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 12:32", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+      xend = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 12:32", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+      y = 35000,
+      yend = -10000),
+    linetype = "dashed",
+    linewidth = 0.6
+  ) +
+  annotate(
+    "text",
+    x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 12:35", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    y = 35500,
+    label = "Blackout",
+    color = "#000000",
+    size = rel(2.5),
+    fontface = "bold",
+    hjust = 0.5,
+    lineheight = 0.8
+  ) +
+  # demand in real time
+  annotate(
+    "segment",
+    x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 12:25", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    xend = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 12:45", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    y = 27000,
+    yend = 27000,
+    color = "black",
+    linewidth = 0.2
+  ) +
+  annotate(
+    "text",
+    x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 16:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    y = -4000,
+    label = "Stored Energy",
+    color = "#595959",
+    size = rel(2.5),
+    fontface = "bold",
+    hjust = 0.5,
+    lineheight = 0.8
+  ) +
+  annotate(
+    "text",
+    x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 20:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    y = -6000,
+    label = "Imported Energy",
+    color = "#741b47",
+    size = rel(2.5),
+    fontface = "bold",
+    hjust = 0.5,
+    lineheight = 0.8
+  ) +
+  # renewable
+  annotate(
+    "segment",
+    x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 12:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    xend = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 12:45", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    y = 19000,
+    yend = 19000,
+    color = "black",
+    linewidth = 0.2
+  ) +
+  # non renewable
+  annotate(
+    "segment",
+    x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 12:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    xend = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 12:45", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    y = 11000,
+    yend = 11000,
+    color = "black",
+    linewidth = 0.2
+  ) +
+  annotate(
+    "segment",
+    x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 16:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    xend = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 16:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    y = 1000,
+    yend = -3500,
+    color = "black",
+    linewidth = 0.2
+  ) +
+  annotate(
+    "segment",
+    x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 20:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    xend = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 20:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    y = 500,
+    yend = -5500,
+    color = "black",
+    linewidth = 0.2
+  )
+combined
+
+

+
+

Renewable Plot

+
+
+
# --------
+# Renewable Plot
+# --------
+renewable <- 
+  # data
+  ggplot() +
+  # area lines 
+  geom_area(
+    data = renewable_data, 
+    aes(
+      x = Hora,
+      y = Rating,
+      fill = Type),
+    lwd = 0) + # line width
+  coord_cartesian(clip = "off") +
+  # remove legend
+  guides(fill = "none") +
+  # remove labels for scales
+  labs(x = NULL,
+       y = NULL,
+       title = "Renewable Energy") +
+  # sets x scale
+  scale_x_datetime(
+    breaks = seq(
+      from = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 00:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+      to   = as.POSIXct("2025-04-29 00:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+      by   = "2 hours"
+    ),
+    labels = function(x) format(x, "%H:%M"),
+    limits = c(
+      as.POSIXct("2025-04-27 23:45", tz="Europe/Madrid"),
+      as.POSIXct("2025-04-29 00:30", tz="Europe/Madrid")
+    ),
+    expand = c(0, 0)
+  ) +  
+  # colors
+  scale_fill_manual(values = c(
+    Hidráulica = "#38761d",
+    Eólica = "#60914a",
+    Solar = "#88ad77",
+    Térmica.renovable = "#afc8a5")
+  ) +
+  theme(
+    # removes background grey
+    panel.background = 
+      element_rect(fill = "white"),
+    # changes line color
+    panel.grid.major.y = 
+      element_line(color = "#d6d6d6", linewidth = 0.2),
+    # remove axis tick y
+    axis.ticks.y =
+      element_line(color = "#ffffff"),
+    # changes axis tick color
+    axis.ticks.x = 
+      element_line(color = "#b8b8b8", linewidth = 0.1),
+    # changes axis length
+    axis.ticks.length = 
+      unit(.3, "cm"),
+    # changes axis line
+    axis.line = 
+      element_line(color = "#b8b8b8", linewidth = 0.3),
+    # remove x grid
+    panel.grid.major.x = 
+      element_line(color = "#ffffff00"),
+    # set global font family
+    text = 
+      element_text(family = "roboto"),
+    # set title size and weight
+    plot.title = 
+      element_text(size = 14, face = "bold"),
+    plot.title.position = "plot",
+    # set x and y axis color
+    axis.text = 
+      element_text(color = "#b8b8b8"),
+    axis.text.x =
+      element_text(face = "bold"),
+    # set caption color
+    plot.caption = 
+      element_text(color = "#b8b8b8")
+  ) +
+  annotate(
+    "text",
+    x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 13:30", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    y = 25000,
+    label = "Water Turbine",
+    color = "#000000",
+    size = rel(2.5),
+    fontface = "bold",
+    hjust = 0,
+    lineheight = 0.8
+  ) +
+  annotate(
+    "text",
+    x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 13:30", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    y = 22000,
+    label = "Wind",
+    color = "#000000",
+    size = rel(2.5),
+    fontface = "bold",
+    hjust = 0,
+    lineheight = 0.8
+  ) +
+  annotate(
+    "text",
+    x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 13:30", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    y = 19000,
+    label = "Solar",
+    color = "#000000",
+    size = rel(2.5),
+    fontface = "bold",
+    hjust = 0,
+    lineheight = 0.8
+  ) +
+  annotate(
+    "text",
+    x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 13:30", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    y = 7000,
+    label = "Renewable \nThermal",
+    color = "#000000",
+    size = rel(2.5),
+    fontface = "bold",
+    hjust = 0,
+    lineheight = 0.8
+  ) +
+  annotate(
+    "segment",
+    x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 11:35", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    xend = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 13:15", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    y = 25000,
+    yend = 25000,
+    color = "black",
+    linewidth = 0.2
+  ) +
+  annotate(
+    "segment",
+    x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 11:35", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    xend = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 13:15", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    y = 22000,
+    yend = 22000,
+    color = "black",
+    linewidth = 0.2
+  ) +
+  annotate(
+    "segment",
+    x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 11:35", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    xend = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 13:15", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    y = 19000,
+    yend = 19000,
+    color = "black",
+    linewidth = 0.2
+  ) +
+  annotate(
+    "segment",
+    x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 11:30", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    xend = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 13:15", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    y = 200,
+    yend = 7000,
+    color = "black",
+    linewidth = 0.2
+  )
+renewable
+
+

+
+

Non-Renewable Plot

+
+
+
# --------
+# Non_Renewable Plot
+# --------
+non_renewable <- 
+  # data
+  ggplot() +
+  # area lines 
+  geom_area(
+    data = non_renewable_data, 
+    aes(
+      x = Hora,
+      y = Rating,
+      fill = Type),
+    lwd = 0) + # line width
+  coord_cartesian(clip = "off") +
+  # remove legend
+  guides(fill = "none") +
+  # remove labels for scales
+  labs(x = NULL,
+       y = NULL,
+       title = "Non-Renewable Energy") +
+  # sets x scale
+  scale_x_datetime(
+    breaks = seq(
+      from = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 00:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+      to   = as.POSIXct("2025-04-29 00:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+      by   = "2 hours"
+    ),
+    labels = function(x) format(x, "%H:%M"),
+    limits = c(
+      as.POSIXct("2025-04-27 23:45", tz="Europe/Madrid"),
+      as.POSIXct("2025-04-29 00:30", tz="Europe/Madrid")
+    ),
+    expand = c(0, 0)
+  ) +  
+  # colors
+  scale_fill_manual(values = c(
+    Ciclo.combinado = "#073259",
+    Nuclear = "#094276",
+    Cogeneración.y.residuos = "#0b5394",
+    Motores.diésel = "#3c75a9",
+    Carbón = "#6d98bf",
+    Turbina.de.gas = "#9dbad4",
+    Turbina.de.vapor = "#ceddea")
+  ) +
+  theme(
+    # removes background grey
+    panel.background = 
+      element_rect(fill = "white"),
+    # changes line color
+    panel.grid.major.y = 
+      element_line(color = "#d6d6d6", linewidth = 0.2),
+    # remove axis tick y
+    axis.ticks.y =
+      element_line(color = "#ffffff"),
+    # changes axis tick color
+    axis.ticks.x = 
+      element_line(color = "#b8b8b8", linewidth = 0.1),
+    # changes axis length
+    axis.ticks.length = 
+      unit(.3, "cm"),
+    # changes axis line
+    axis.line = 
+      element_line(color = "#b8b8b8", linewidth = 0.3),
+    # remove x grid
+    panel.grid.major.x = 
+      element_line(color = "#ffffff00"),
+    # set global font family
+    text = 
+      element_text(family = "roboto"),
+    # set title size and weight
+    plot.title = 
+      element_text(size = 14, face = "bold"),
+    plot.title.position = "plot",
+    # set x and y axis color
+    axis.text = 
+      element_text(color = "#b8b8b8"),
+    axis.text.x =
+      element_text(face = "bold"),
+    # set caption color
+    plot.caption = 
+      element_text(color = "#b8b8b8")
+  ) +
+  annotate(
+    "text",
+    x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 01:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    y = 12000,
+    label = "Water Turbine",
+    color = "#000000",
+    size = rel(2.5),
+    fontface = "bold",
+    hjust = 0.5,
+    lineheight = 0.8
+  ) +
+  annotate(
+    "text",
+    x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 06:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    y = 11000,
+    label = "Gas Power Plants",
+    color = "#000000",
+    size = rel(2.5),
+    fontface = "bold",
+    hjust = 0.5,
+    lineheight = 0.8
+  ) +
+  annotate(
+    "text",
+    x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 12:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    y = 10000,
+    label = "Nuclear",
+    color = "#000000",
+    size = rel(2.5),
+    fontface = "bold",
+    hjust = 0.5,
+    lineheight = 0.8
+  ) +
+  annotate(
+    "text",
+    x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 15:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    y = 3000,
+    label = "Combined Heat \nand Power",
+    color = "#000000",
+    size = rel(2.5),
+    fontface = "bold",
+    hjust = 0.5,
+    lineheight = 0.8
+  ) +
+  annotate(
+    "text",
+    x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 18:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    y = 8000,
+    label = "Coal",
+    color = "#000000",
+    size = rel(2.5),
+    fontface = "bold",
+    hjust = 0.5,
+    lineheight = 0.8
+  ) +
+  annotate(
+    "text",
+    x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 20:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    y = 10000,
+    label = "Gas Turbine",
+    color = "#000000",
+    size = rel(2.5),
+    fontface = "bold",
+    hjust = 0.5,
+    lineheight = 0.8
+  ) +
+  annotate(
+    "text",
+    x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 23:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    y = 12000,
+    label = "Steam Turbine",
+    color = "#000000",
+    size = rel(2.5),
+    fontface = "bold",
+    hjust = 0.5,
+    lineheight = 0.8
+  ) +
+  # water turbine
+  annotate(
+    "segment",
+    x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 01:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    xend = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 01:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    y = 11500,
+    yend = 9000,
+    color = "black",
+    linewidth = 0.2
+  ) +
+  # gas power plants
+  annotate(
+    "segment",
+    x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 06:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    xend = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 06:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    y = 10500,
+    yend = 5000,
+    color = "black",
+    linewidth = 0.2
+  ) +
+  # nuclear
+  annotate(
+    "segment",
+    x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 12:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    xend = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 12:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    y = 9500,
+    yend = 2000,
+    color = "black",
+    linewidth = 0.2
+  ) +
+  # combined heat and power
+  annotate(
+    "segment",
+    x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 15:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    xend = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 15:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    y = 400,
+    yend = 2500,
+    color = "black",
+    linewidth = 0.2
+  ) +
+  # coal
+  annotate(
+    "segment",
+    x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 18:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    xend = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 18:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    y = 7500,
+    yend = 200,
+    color = "black",
+    linewidth = 0.2
+  ) +
+  # gas turbine
+  annotate(
+    "segment",
+    x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 20:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    xend = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 20:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    y = 9500,
+    yend = 200,
+    color = "black",
+    linewidth = 0.2
+  ) +
+  # steam turbine
+  annotate(
+    "segment",
+    x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 23:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    xend = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 23:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    y = 11500,
+    yend = 100,
+    color = "black",
+    linewidth = 0.2
+  )
+non_renewable
+
+

+
+

Stored Energy Plot

+
+
+
# --------
+# Stored_Energy Plot
+# --------
+stored_energy <- 
+  # data
+  ggplot() +
+  # area lines 
+  geom_area(
+    data = stored_energy_data, 
+    aes(
+      x = Hora,
+      y = Rating,
+      fill = Type),
+    lwd = 0) + # line width
+  coord_cartesian(clip = "off") +
+  # remove legend
+  guides(fill = "none") +
+  # remove labels for scales
+  labs(x = NULL,
+       y = NULL,
+       title = "Stored Energy") +
+  # sets x scale
+  scale_x_datetime(
+    breaks = seq(
+      from = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 00:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+      to   = as.POSIXct("2025-04-29 00:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+      by   = "2 hours"
+    ),
+    labels = function(x) format(x, "%H:%M"),
+    limits = c(
+      as.POSIXct("2025-04-27 23:45", tz="Europe/Madrid"),
+      as.POSIXct("2025-04-29 00:30", tz="Europe/Madrid")
+    ),
+    expand = c(0, 0)
+  ) +  
+  # colors
+  scale_fill_manual(values = c(
+    Turbinación.bombeo = "#595959",
+    Entrega.de.baterías = "#000000")
+  ) +
+  theme(
+    # removes background grey
+    panel.background = 
+      element_rect(fill = "white"),
+    # changes line color
+    panel.grid.major.y = 
+      element_line(color = "#d6d6d6", linewidth = 0.2),
+    # remove axis tick y
+    axis.ticks.y =
+      element_line(color = "#ffffff"),
+    # changes axis tick color
+    axis.ticks.x = 
+      element_line(color = "#b8b8b8", linewidth = 0.1),
+    # changes axis length
+    axis.ticks.length = 
+      unit(.3, "cm"),
+    # changes axis line
+    axis.line = 
+      element_line(color = "#b8b8b8", linewidth = 0.3),
+    # remove x grid
+    panel.grid.major.x = 
+      element_line(color = "#ffffff00"),
+    # set global font family
+    text = 
+      element_text(family = "roboto"),
+    # set title size and weight
+    plot.title = 
+      element_text(size = 14, face = "bold"),
+    plot.title.position = "plot",
+    # set x and y axis color
+    axis.text = 
+      element_text(color = "#b8b8b8"),
+    axis.text.x =
+      element_text(face = "bold"),
+    # set caption color
+    plot.caption = 
+      element_text(color = "#b8b8b8")
+  ) +
+  annotate(
+    "text",
+    x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 7:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    y = 2300,
+    label = "Pumped-Hydro Generation",
+    color = "#000000",
+    size = rel(2.5),
+    fontface = "bold",
+    hjust = 0.5,
+    lineheight = 0.8
+  ) +
+  annotate(
+    "segment",
+    x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 7:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    xend = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 7:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    y = 2250,
+    yend = 600,
+    color = "black",
+    linewidth = 0.2
+  ) +
+  annotate(
+    "text",
+    x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 14:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    y = 1900,
+    label = "Battery Discharge",
+    color = "#000000",
+    size = rel(2.5),
+    fontface = "bold",
+    hjust = 0.5,
+    lineheight = 0.8
+  ) +
+  annotate(
+    "segment",
+    x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 14:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    xend = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 14:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    y = 1850,
+    yend = 0,
+    color = "black",
+    linewidth = 0.2
+  )
+stored_energy
+
+

+
+

Imported Energy

+
+
+
# --------
+# Imported_Energy Plot
+# --------
+imported_energy <- 
+  # data
+  ggplot() +
+  # area lines 
+  geom_area(
+    data = imported_energy_data, 
+    aes(
+      x = Hora,
+      y = Rating,
+      fill = Type),
+    lwd = 0) + # line width
+  coord_cartesian(clip = "off") +
+  # remove legend
+  guides(fill = "none") +
+  # remove labels for scales
+  labs(x = NULL,
+       y = NULL,
+       title = "Imported Energy") +
+  # sets x scale
+  scale_x_datetime(
+    breaks = seq(
+      from = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 00:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+      to   = as.POSIXct("2025-04-29 00:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+      by   = "2 hours"
+    ),
+    labels = function(x) format(x, "%H:%M"),
+    limits = c(
+      as.POSIXct("2025-04-27 23:45", tz="Europe/Madrid"),
+      as.POSIXct("2025-04-29 00:30", tz="Europe/Madrid")
+    ),
+    expand = c(0, 0)
+  ) +  
+  # colors
+  scale_fill_manual(values = c(
+    Portugal = "#741b47",
+    Francia = "#90496c",
+    Andorra = "#ac7691",
+    Marruecos = "#c7a4b5")
+  ) +
+  theme(
+    # removes background grey
+    panel.background = 
+      element_rect(fill = "white"),
+    # changes line color
+    panel.grid.major.y = 
+      element_line(color = "#d6d6d6", linewidth = 0.2),
+    # remove axis tick y
+    axis.ticks.y =
+      element_line(color = "#ffffff"),
+    # changes axis tick color
+    axis.ticks.x = 
+      element_line(color = "#b8b8b8", linewidth = 0.1),
+    # changes axis length
+    axis.ticks.length = 
+      unit(.3, "cm"),
+    # changes axis line
+    axis.line = 
+      element_line(color = "#b8b8b8", linewidth = 0.3),
+    # remove x grid
+    panel.grid.major.x = 
+      element_line(color = "#ffffff00"),
+    # set global font family
+    text = 
+      element_text(family = "roboto"),
+    # set title size and weight
+    plot.title = 
+      element_text(size = 14, face = "bold"),
+    plot.title.position = "plot",
+    # set x and y axis color
+    axis.text = 
+      element_text(color = "#b8b8b8"),
+    axis.text.x =
+      element_text(face = "bold"),
+    # set caption color
+    plot.caption = 
+      element_text(color = "#b8b8b8")
+  ) +
+  annotate(
+    "text",
+    x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 13:30", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    y = -3000,
+    label = "Portugal",
+    color = "#000000",
+    size = rel(2.5),
+    fontface = "bold",
+    hjust = 0,
+    lineheight = 0.8
+  ) +
+  annotate(
+    "text",
+    x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 13:30", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    y = -1750,
+    label = "France",
+    color = "#000000",
+    size = rel(2.5),
+    fontface = "bold",
+    hjust = 0,
+    lineheight = 0.8
+  ) +
+  annotate(
+    "text",
+    x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 12:45", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    y = 1000,
+    label = "Andorra",
+    color = "#000000",
+    size = rel(2.5),
+    fontface = "bold",
+    hjust = 0.5,
+    lineheight = 0.8
+  ) +
+  annotate(
+    "text",
+    x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 13:30", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    y = -500,
+    label = "Morocco",
+    color = "#000000",
+    size = rel(2.5),
+    fontface = "bold",
+    hjust = 0,
+    lineheight = 0.8
+  ) +
+  # Portugal
+  annotate(
+    "segment",
+    x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 12:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    xend = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 13:15", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    y = -3000,
+    yend = -3000,
+    color = "black",
+    linewidth = 0.2
+  ) +
+  # France
+  annotate(
+    "segment",
+    x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 11:30", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    xend = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 13:15", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    y = -1750,
+    yend = -1750,
+    color = "black",
+    linewidth = 0.2
+  )  +
+  # Andorra
+  annotate(
+    "segment",
+    x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 12:45", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    xend = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 12:45", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    y = 0,
+    yend = 900,
+    color = "black",
+    linewidth = 0.2
+  ) +
+  # Morocco
+  annotate(
+    "segment",
+    x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 12:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    xend = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 13:15", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    y = -500,
+    yend = -500,
+    color = "black",
+    linewidth = 0.2
+  )
+imported_energy
+
+

+
+

Combining the Plots

+

In the original, there was only one ggplot needed to reconstruct the graph. This new version has four graphs laid out with a title across the top. Patchwork was utilized to combine the graphs.

+
+
+
siderail <- renewable / non_renewable / imported_energy / stored_energy
+siderail
+
+

+
+
+
+
improved <- combined + siderail +
+    plot_layout(ncol = 2, widths = c(2,1)) +
+  plot_annotation(
+    title = str_wrap("Energy Production during the April 28th Blackout in Spain", width = 39), 
+  theme = theme(
+    plot.title = element_text(
+      family = "roboto",
+      size = rel(2),
+      face = "bold",
+      hjust = 0
+    )))
+improved
+
+

+
+
+ + +
+ +
+
+ + + + + +
+ + + + + + + diff --git a/_projects/2025/100575891/100575891_files/anchor-4.2.2/anchor.min.js b/_projects/2025/100575891/100575891_files/anchor-4.2.2/anchor.min.js new file mode 100644 index 00000000..1342f5f6 --- /dev/null +++ b/_projects/2025/100575891/100575891_files/anchor-4.2.2/anchor.min.js @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +// @license magnet:?xt=urn:btih:d3d9a9a6595521f9666a5e94cc830dab83b65699&dn=expat.txt Expat +// +// AnchorJS - v4.2.2 - 2019-11-14 +// https://www.bryanbraun.com/anchorjs/ +// Copyright (c) 2019 Bryan Braun; Licensed MIT +// +// @license magnet:?xt=urn:btih:d3d9a9a6595521f9666a5e94cc830dab83b65699&dn=expat.txt Expat +!function(A,e){"use strict";"function"==typeof define&&define.amd?define([],e):"object"==typeof module&&module.exports?module.exports=e():(A.AnchorJS=e(),A.anchors=new A.AnchorJS)}(this,function(){"use strict";return function(A){function 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We remove the former (to +// be compatible with the behavior of Pandoc < 2.8). +document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function(e) { + var hs = document.querySelectorAll("div.section[class*='level'] > :first-child"); + var i, h, a; + for (i = 0; i < hs.length; i++) { + h = hs[i]; + if (!/^h[1-6]$/i.test(h.tagName)) continue; // it should be a header h1-h6 + a = h.attributes; + while (a.length > 0) h.removeAttribute(a[0].name); + } +}); diff --git a/_projects/2025/100575891/100575891_files/jquery-3.6.0/jquery-3.6.0.js b/_projects/2025/100575891/100575891_files/jquery-3.6.0/jquery-3.6.0.js new file mode 100644 index 00000000..fc6c299b --- /dev/null +++ b/_projects/2025/100575891/100575891_files/jquery-3.6.0/jquery-3.6.0.js @@ -0,0 +1,10881 @@ +/*! + * jQuery JavaScript Library v3.6.0 + * https://jquery.com/ + * + * Includes Sizzle.js + * https://sizzlejs.com/ + * + * Copyright OpenJS Foundation and other contributors + * Released under the MIT license + * https://jquery.org/license + * + * Date: 2021-03-02T17:08Z + */ +( function( global, factory ) { + + "use strict"; + + if ( typeof module === "object" && typeof module.exports === "object" ) { + + // For CommonJS and CommonJS-like environments where a proper `window` + // is present, execute the factory and get jQuery. + // For environments that do not have a `window` with a `document` + // (such as Node.js), expose a factory as module.exports. + // This accentuates the need for the creation of a real `window`. + // e.g. var jQuery = require("jquery")(window); + // See ticket #14549 for more info. + module.exports = global.document ? + factory( global, true ) : + function( w ) { + if ( !w.document ) { + throw new Error( "jQuery requires a window with a document" ); + } + return factory( w ); + }; + } else { + factory( global ); + } + +// Pass this if window is not defined yet +} )( typeof window !== "undefined" ? window : this, function( window, noGlobal ) { + +// Edge <= 12 - 13+, Firefox <=18 - 45+, IE 10 - 11, Safari 5.1 - 9+, iOS 6 - 9.1 +// throw exceptions when non-strict code (e.g., ASP.NET 4.5) accesses strict mode +// arguments.callee.caller (trac-13335). But as of jQuery 3.0 (2016), strict mode should be common +// enough that all such attempts are guarded in a try block. +"use strict"; + +var arr = []; + +var getProto = Object.getPrototypeOf; + +var slice = arr.slice; + +var flat = arr.flat ? function( array ) { + return arr.flat.call( array ); +} : function( array ) { + return arr.concat.apply( [], array ); +}; + + +var push = arr.push; + +var indexOf = arr.indexOf; + +var class2type = {}; + +var toString = class2type.toString; + +var hasOwn = class2type.hasOwnProperty; + +var fnToString = hasOwn.toString; + +var ObjectFunctionString = fnToString.call( Object ); + +var support = {}; + +var isFunction = function isFunction( obj ) { + + // Support: Chrome <=57, Firefox <=52 + // In some browsers, typeof returns "function" for HTML elements + // (i.e., `typeof document.createElement( "object" ) === "function"`). + // We don't want to classify *any* DOM node as a function. + // Support: QtWeb <=3.8.5, WebKit <=534.34, wkhtmltopdf tool <=0.12.5 + // Plus for old WebKit, typeof returns "function" for HTML collections + // (e.g., `typeof document.getElementsByTagName("div") === "function"`). (gh-4756) + return typeof obj === "function" && typeof obj.nodeType !== "number" && + typeof obj.item !== "function"; + }; + + +var isWindow = function isWindow( obj ) { + return obj != null && obj === obj.window; + }; + + +var document = window.document; + + + + var preservedScriptAttributes = { + type: true, + src: true, + nonce: true, + noModule: true + }; + + function DOMEval( code, node, doc ) { + doc = doc || document; + + var i, val, + script = doc.createElement( "script" ); + + script.text = code; + if ( node ) { + for ( i in preservedScriptAttributes ) { + + // Support: Firefox 64+, Edge 18+ + // Some browsers don't support the "nonce" property on scripts. + // On the other hand, just using `getAttribute` is not enough as + // the `nonce` attribute is reset to an empty string whenever it + // becomes browsing-context connected. + // See https://github.com/whatwg/html/issues/2369 + // See https://html.spec.whatwg.org/#nonce-attributes + // The `node.getAttribute` check was added for the sake of + // `jQuery.globalEval` so that it can fake a nonce-containing node + // via an object. + val = node[ i ] || node.getAttribute && node.getAttribute( i ); + if ( val ) { + script.setAttribute( i, val ); + } + } + } + doc.head.appendChild( script ).parentNode.removeChild( script ); + } + + +function toType( obj ) { + if ( obj == null ) { + return obj + ""; + } + + // Support: Android <=2.3 only (functionish RegExp) + return typeof obj === "object" || typeof obj === "function" ? + class2type[ toString.call( obj ) ] || "object" : + typeof obj; +} +/* global Symbol */ +// Defining this global in .eslintrc.json would create a danger of using the global +// unguarded in another place, it seems safer to define global only for this module + + + +var + version = "3.6.0", + + // Define a local copy of jQuery + jQuery = function( selector, context ) { + + // The jQuery object is actually just the init constructor 'enhanced' + // Need init if jQuery is called (just allow error to be thrown if not included) + return new jQuery.fn.init( selector, context ); + }; + +jQuery.fn = jQuery.prototype = { + + // The current version of jQuery being used + jquery: version, + + constructor: jQuery, + + // The default length of a jQuery object is 0 + length: 0, + + toArray: function() { + return slice.call( this ); + }, + + // Get the Nth element in the matched element set OR + // Get the whole matched element set as a clean array + get: function( num ) { + + // Return all the elements in a clean array + if ( num == null ) { + return slice.call( this ); + } + + // Return just the one element from the set + return num < 0 ? this[ num + this.length ] : this[ num ]; + }, + + // Take an array of elements and push it onto the stack + // (returning the new matched element set) + pushStack: function( elems ) { + + // Build a new jQuery matched element set + var ret = jQuery.merge( this.constructor(), elems ); + + // Add the old object onto the stack (as a reference) + ret.prevObject = this; + + // Return the newly-formed element set + return ret; + }, + + // Execute a callback for every element in the matched set. + each: function( callback ) { + return jQuery.each( this, callback ); + }, + + map: function( callback ) { + return this.pushStack( jQuery.map( this, function( elem, i ) { + return callback.call( elem, i, elem ); + } ) ); + }, + + slice: function() { + return this.pushStack( slice.apply( this, arguments ) ); + }, + + first: function() { + return this.eq( 0 ); + }, + + last: function() { + return this.eq( -1 ); + }, + + even: function() { + return this.pushStack( jQuery.grep( this, function( _elem, i ) { + return ( i + 1 ) % 2; + } ) ); + }, + + odd: function() { + return this.pushStack( jQuery.grep( this, function( _elem, i ) { + return i % 2; + } ) ); + }, + + eq: function( i ) { + var len = this.length, + j = +i + ( i < 0 ? len : 0 ); + return this.pushStack( j >= 0 && j < len ? [ this[ j ] ] : [] ); + }, + + end: function() { + return this.prevObject || this.constructor(); + }, + + // For internal use only. + // Behaves like an Array's method, not like a jQuery method. + push: push, + sort: arr.sort, + splice: arr.splice +}; + +jQuery.extend = jQuery.fn.extend = function() { + var options, name, src, copy, copyIsArray, clone, + target = arguments[ 0 ] || {}, + i = 1, + length = arguments.length, + deep = false; + + // Handle a deep copy situation + if ( typeof target === "boolean" ) { + deep = target; + + // Skip the boolean and the target + target = arguments[ i ] || {}; + i++; + } + + // Handle case when target is a string or something (possible in deep copy) + if ( typeof target !== "object" && !isFunction( target ) ) { + target = {}; + } + + // Extend jQuery itself if only one argument is passed + if ( i === length ) { + target = this; + i--; + } + + for ( ; i < length; i++ ) { + + // Only deal with non-null/undefined values + if ( ( options = arguments[ i ] ) != null ) { + + // Extend the base object + for ( name in options ) { + copy = options[ name ]; + + // Prevent Object.prototype pollution + // Prevent never-ending loop + if ( name === "__proto__" || target === copy ) { + continue; + } + + // Recurse if we're merging plain objects or arrays + if ( deep && copy && ( jQuery.isPlainObject( copy ) || + ( copyIsArray = Array.isArray( copy ) ) ) ) { + src = target[ name ]; + + // Ensure proper type for the source value + if ( copyIsArray && !Array.isArray( src ) ) { + clone = []; + } else if ( !copyIsArray && !jQuery.isPlainObject( src ) ) { + clone = {}; + } else { + clone = src; + } + copyIsArray = false; + + // Never move original objects, clone them + target[ name ] = jQuery.extend( deep, clone, copy ); + + // Don't bring in undefined values + } else if ( copy !== undefined ) { + target[ name ] = copy; + } + } + } + } + + // Return the modified object + return target; +}; + +jQuery.extend( { + + // Unique for each copy of jQuery on the page + expando: "jQuery" + ( version + Math.random() ).replace( /\D/g, "" ), + + // Assume jQuery is ready without the ready module + isReady: true, + + error: function( msg ) { + throw new Error( msg ); + }, + + noop: function() {}, + + isPlainObject: function( obj ) { + var proto, Ctor; + + // Detect obvious negatives + // Use toString instead of jQuery.type to catch host objects + if ( !obj || toString.call( obj ) !== "[object Object]" ) { + return false; + } + + proto = getProto( obj ); + + // Objects with no prototype (e.g., `Object.create( null )`) are plain + if ( !proto ) { + return true; + } + + // Objects with prototype are plain iff they were constructed by a global Object function + Ctor = hasOwn.call( proto, "constructor" ) && proto.constructor; + return typeof Ctor === "function" && fnToString.call( Ctor ) === ObjectFunctionString; + }, + + isEmptyObject: function( obj ) { + var name; + + for ( name in obj ) { + return false; + } + return true; + }, + + // Evaluates a script in a provided context; falls back to the global one + // if not specified. + globalEval: function( code, options, doc ) { + DOMEval( code, { nonce: options && options.nonce }, doc ); + }, + + each: function( obj, callback ) { + var length, i = 0; + + if ( isArrayLike( obj ) ) { + length = obj.length; + for ( ; i < length; i++ ) { + if ( callback.call( obj[ i ], i, obj[ i ] ) === false ) { + break; + } + } + } else { + for ( i in obj ) { + if ( callback.call( obj[ i ], i, obj[ i ] ) === false ) { + break; + } + } + } + + return obj; + }, + + // results is for internal usage only + makeArray: function( arr, results ) { + var ret = results || []; + + if ( arr != null ) { + if ( isArrayLike( Object( arr ) ) ) { + jQuery.merge( ret, + typeof arr === "string" ? + [ arr ] : arr + ); + } else { + push.call( ret, arr ); + } + } + + return ret; + }, + + inArray: function( elem, arr, i ) { + return arr == null ? -1 : indexOf.call( arr, elem, i ); + }, + + // Support: Android <=4.0 only, PhantomJS 1 only + // push.apply(_, arraylike) throws on ancient WebKit + merge: function( first, second ) { + var len = +second.length, + j = 0, + i = first.length; + + for ( ; j < len; j++ ) { + first[ i++ ] = second[ j ]; + } + + first.length = i; + + return first; + }, + + grep: function( elems, callback, invert ) { + var callbackInverse, + matches = [], + i = 0, + length = elems.length, + callbackExpect = !invert; + + // Go through the array, only saving the items + // that pass the validator function + for ( ; i < length; i++ ) { + callbackInverse = !callback( elems[ i ], i ); + if ( callbackInverse !== callbackExpect ) { + matches.push( elems[ i ] ); + } + } + + return matches; + }, + + // arg is for internal usage only + map: function( elems, callback, arg ) { + var length, value, + i = 0, + ret = []; + + // Go through the array, translating each of the items to their new values + if ( isArrayLike( elems ) ) { + length = elems.length; + for ( ; i < length; i++ ) { + value = callback( elems[ i ], i, arg ); + + if ( value != null ) { + ret.push( value ); + } + } + + // Go through every key on the object, + } else { + for ( i in elems ) { + value = callback( elems[ i ], i, arg ); + + if ( value != null ) { + ret.push( value ); + } + } + } + + // Flatten any nested arrays + return flat( ret ); + }, + + // A global GUID counter for objects + guid: 1, + + // jQuery.support is not used in Core but other projects attach their + // properties to it so it needs to exist. + support: support +} ); + +if ( typeof Symbol === "function" ) { + jQuery.fn[ Symbol.iterator ] = arr[ Symbol.iterator ]; +} + +// Populate the class2type map +jQuery.each( "Boolean Number String Function Array Date RegExp Object Error Symbol".split( " " ), + function( _i, name ) { + class2type[ "[object " + name + "]" ] = name.toLowerCase(); + } ); + +function isArrayLike( obj ) { + + // Support: real iOS 8.2 only (not reproducible in simulator) + // `in` check used to prevent JIT error (gh-2145) + // hasOwn isn't used here due to false negatives + // regarding Nodelist length in IE + var length = !!obj && "length" in obj && obj.length, + type = toType( obj ); + + if ( isFunction( obj ) || isWindow( obj ) ) { + return false; + } + + return type === "array" || length === 0 || + typeof length === "number" && length > 0 && ( length - 1 ) in obj; +} +var Sizzle = +/*! + * Sizzle CSS Selector Engine v2.3.6 + * https://sizzlejs.com/ + * + * Copyright JS Foundation and other contributors + * Released under the MIT license + * https://js.foundation/ + * + * Date: 2021-02-16 + */ +( function( window ) { +var i, + support, + Expr, + getText, + isXML, + tokenize, + compile, + select, + outermostContext, + sortInput, + hasDuplicate, + + // Local document vars + setDocument, + document, + docElem, + documentIsHTML, + rbuggyQSA, + rbuggyMatches, + matches, + contains, + + // Instance-specific data + expando = "sizzle" + 1 * new Date(), + preferredDoc = window.document, + dirruns = 0, + done = 0, + classCache = createCache(), + tokenCache = createCache(), + compilerCache = createCache(), + nonnativeSelectorCache = createCache(), + sortOrder = function( a, b ) { + if ( a === b ) { + hasDuplicate = true; + } + return 0; + }, + + // Instance methods + hasOwn = ( {} ).hasOwnProperty, + arr = [], + pop = arr.pop, + pushNative = arr.push, + push = arr.push, + slice = arr.slice, + + // Use a stripped-down indexOf as it's faster than native + // https://jsperf.com/thor-indexof-vs-for/5 + indexOf = function( list, elem ) { + var i = 0, + len = list.length; + for ( ; i < len; i++ ) { + if ( list[ i ] === elem ) { + return i; + } + } + return -1; + }, + + booleans = "checked|selected|async|autofocus|autoplay|controls|defer|disabled|hidden|" + + "ismap|loop|multiple|open|readonly|required|scoped", + + // Regular expressions + + // http://www.w3.org/TR/css3-selectors/#whitespace + whitespace = "[\\x20\\t\\r\\n\\f]", + + // https://www.w3.org/TR/css-syntax-3/#ident-token-diagram + identifier = "(?:\\\\[\\da-fA-F]{1,6}" + whitespace + + "?|\\\\[^\\r\\n\\f]|[\\w-]|[^\0-\\x7f])+", + + // Attribute selectors: http://www.w3.org/TR/selectors/#attribute-selectors + attributes = "\\[" + whitespace + "*(" + identifier + ")(?:" + whitespace + + + // Operator (capture 2) + "*([*^$|!~]?=)" + whitespace + + + // "Attribute values must be CSS identifiers [capture 5] + // or strings [capture 3 or capture 4]" + "*(?:'((?:\\\\.|[^\\\\'])*)'|\"((?:\\\\.|[^\\\\\"])*)\"|(" + identifier + "))|)" + + whitespace + "*\\]", + + pseudos = ":(" + identifier + ")(?:\\((" + + + // To reduce the number of selectors needing tokenize in the preFilter, prefer arguments: + // 1. quoted (capture 3; capture 4 or capture 5) + "('((?:\\\\.|[^\\\\'])*)'|\"((?:\\\\.|[^\\\\\"])*)\")|" + + + // 2. simple (capture 6) + "((?:\\\\.|[^\\\\()[\\]]|" + attributes + ")*)|" + + + // 3. anything else (capture 2) + ".*" + + ")\\)|)", + + // Leading and non-escaped trailing whitespace, capturing some non-whitespace characters preceding the latter + rwhitespace = new RegExp( whitespace + "+", "g" ), + rtrim = new RegExp( "^" + whitespace + "+|((?:^|[^\\\\])(?:\\\\.)*)" + + whitespace + "+$", "g" ), + + rcomma = new RegExp( "^" + whitespace + "*," + whitespace + "*" ), + rcombinators = new RegExp( "^" + whitespace + "*([>+~]|" + whitespace + ")" + whitespace + + "*" ), + rdescend = new RegExp( whitespace + "|>" ), + + rpseudo = new RegExp( pseudos ), + ridentifier = new RegExp( "^" + identifier + "$" ), + + matchExpr = { + "ID": new RegExp( "^#(" + identifier + ")" ), + "CLASS": new RegExp( "^\\.(" + identifier + ")" ), + "TAG": new RegExp( "^(" + identifier + "|[*])" ), + "ATTR": new RegExp( "^" + attributes ), + "PSEUDO": new RegExp( "^" + pseudos ), + "CHILD": new RegExp( "^:(only|first|last|nth|nth-last)-(child|of-type)(?:\\(" + + whitespace + "*(even|odd|(([+-]|)(\\d*)n|)" + whitespace + "*(?:([+-]|)" + + whitespace + "*(\\d+)|))" + whitespace + "*\\)|)", "i" ), + "bool": new RegExp( "^(?:" + booleans + ")$", "i" ), + + // For use in libraries implementing .is() + // We use this for POS matching in `select` + "needsContext": new RegExp( "^" + whitespace + + "*[>+~]|:(even|odd|eq|gt|lt|nth|first|last)(?:\\(" + whitespace + + "*((?:-\\d)?\\d*)" + whitespace + "*\\)|)(?=[^-]|$)", "i" ) + }, + + rhtml = /HTML$/i, + rinputs = /^(?:input|select|textarea|button)$/i, + rheader = /^h\d$/i, + + rnative = /^[^{]+\{\s*\[native \w/, + + // Easily-parseable/retrievable ID or TAG or CLASS selectors + rquickExpr = /^(?:#([\w-]+)|(\w+)|\.([\w-]+))$/, + + rsibling = /[+~]/, + + // CSS escapes + // http://www.w3.org/TR/CSS21/syndata.html#escaped-characters + runescape = new RegExp( "\\\\[\\da-fA-F]{1,6}" + whitespace + "?|\\\\([^\\r\\n\\f])", "g" ), + funescape = function( escape, nonHex ) { + var high = "0x" + escape.slice( 1 ) - 0x10000; + + return nonHex ? + + // Strip the backslash prefix from a non-hex escape sequence + nonHex : + + // Replace a hexadecimal escape sequence with the encoded Unicode code point + // Support: IE <=11+ + // For values outside the Basic Multilingual Plane (BMP), manually construct a + // surrogate pair + high < 0 ? + String.fromCharCode( high + 0x10000 ) : + String.fromCharCode( high >> 10 | 0xD800, high & 0x3FF | 0xDC00 ); + }, + + // CSS string/identifier serialization + // https://drafts.csswg.org/cssom/#common-serializing-idioms + rcssescape = /([\0-\x1f\x7f]|^-?\d)|^-$|[^\0-\x1f\x7f-\uFFFF\w-]/g, + fcssescape = function( ch, asCodePoint ) { + if ( asCodePoint ) { + + // U+0000 NULL becomes U+FFFD REPLACEMENT CHARACTER + if ( ch === "\0" ) { + return "\uFFFD"; + } + + // Control characters and (dependent upon position) numbers get escaped as code points + return ch.slice( 0, -1 ) + "\\" + + ch.charCodeAt( ch.length - 1 ).toString( 16 ) + " "; + } + + // Other potentially-special ASCII characters get backslash-escaped + return "\\" + ch; + }, + + // Used for iframes + // See setDocument() + // Removing the function wrapper causes a "Permission Denied" + // error in IE + unloadHandler = function() { + setDocument(); + }, + + inDisabledFieldset = addCombinator( + function( elem ) { + return elem.disabled === true && elem.nodeName.toLowerCase() === "fieldset"; + }, + { dir: "parentNode", next: "legend" } + ); + +// Optimize for push.apply( _, NodeList ) +try { + push.apply( + ( arr = slice.call( preferredDoc.childNodes ) ), + preferredDoc.childNodes + ); + + // Support: Android<4.0 + // Detect silently failing push.apply + // eslint-disable-next-line no-unused-expressions + arr[ preferredDoc.childNodes.length ].nodeType; +} catch ( e ) { + push = { apply: arr.length ? + + // Leverage slice if possible + function( target, els ) { + pushNative.apply( target, slice.call( els ) ); + } : + + // Support: IE<9 + // Otherwise append directly + function( target, els ) { + var j = target.length, + i = 0; + + // Can't trust NodeList.length + while ( ( target[ j++ ] = els[ i++ ] ) ) {} + target.length = j - 1; + } + }; +} + +function Sizzle( selector, context, results, seed ) { + var m, i, elem, nid, match, groups, newSelector, + newContext = context && context.ownerDocument, + + // nodeType defaults to 9, since context defaults to document + nodeType = context ? context.nodeType : 9; + + results = results || []; + + // Return early from calls with invalid selector or context + if ( typeof selector !== "string" || !selector || + nodeType !== 1 && nodeType !== 9 && nodeType !== 11 ) { + + return results; + } + + // Try to shortcut find operations (as opposed to filters) in HTML documents + if ( !seed ) { + setDocument( context ); + context = context || document; + + if ( documentIsHTML ) { + + // If the selector is sufficiently simple, try using a "get*By*" DOM method + // (excepting DocumentFragment context, where the methods don't exist) + if ( nodeType !== 11 && ( match = rquickExpr.exec( selector ) ) ) { + + // ID selector + if ( ( m = match[ 1 ] ) ) { + + // Document context + if ( nodeType === 9 ) { + if ( ( elem = context.getElementById( m ) ) ) { + + // Support: IE, Opera, Webkit + // TODO: identify versions + // getElementById can match elements by name instead of ID + if ( elem.id === m ) { + results.push( elem ); + return results; + } + } else { + return results; + } + + // Element context + } else { + + // Support: IE, Opera, Webkit + // TODO: identify versions + // getElementById can match elements by name instead of ID + if ( newContext && ( elem = newContext.getElementById( m ) ) && + contains( context, elem ) && + elem.id === m ) { + + results.push( elem ); + return results; + } + } + + // Type selector + } else if ( match[ 2 ] ) { + push.apply( results, context.getElementsByTagName( selector ) ); + return results; + + // Class selector + } else if ( ( m = match[ 3 ] ) && support.getElementsByClassName && + context.getElementsByClassName ) { + + push.apply( results, context.getElementsByClassName( m ) ); + return results; + } + } + + // Take advantage of querySelectorAll + if ( support.qsa && + !nonnativeSelectorCache[ selector + " " ] && + ( !rbuggyQSA || !rbuggyQSA.test( selector ) ) && + + // Support: IE 8 only + // Exclude object elements + ( nodeType !== 1 || context.nodeName.toLowerCase() !== "object" ) ) { + + newSelector = selector; + newContext = context; + + // qSA considers elements outside a scoping root when evaluating child or + // descendant combinators, which is not what we want. + // In such cases, we work around the behavior by prefixing every selector in the + // list with an ID selector referencing the scope context. + // The technique has to be used as well when a leading combinator is used + // as such selectors are not recognized by querySelectorAll. + // Thanks to Andrew Dupont for this technique. + if ( nodeType === 1 && + ( rdescend.test( selector ) || rcombinators.test( selector ) ) ) { + + // Expand context for sibling selectors + newContext = rsibling.test( selector ) && testContext( context.parentNode ) || + context; + + // We can use :scope instead of the ID hack if the browser + // supports it & if we're not changing the context. + if ( newContext !== context || !support.scope ) { + + // Capture the context ID, setting it first if necessary + if ( ( nid = context.getAttribute( "id" ) ) ) { + nid = nid.replace( rcssescape, fcssescape ); + } else { + context.setAttribute( "id", ( nid = expando ) ); + } + } + + // Prefix every selector in the list + groups = tokenize( selector ); + i = groups.length; + while ( i-- ) { + groups[ i ] = ( nid ? "#" + nid : ":scope" ) + " " + + toSelector( groups[ i ] ); + } + newSelector = groups.join( "," ); + } + + try { + push.apply( results, + newContext.querySelectorAll( newSelector ) + ); + return results; + } catch ( qsaError ) { + nonnativeSelectorCache( selector, true ); + } finally { + if ( nid === expando ) { + context.removeAttribute( "id" ); + } + } + } + } + } + + // All others + return select( selector.replace( rtrim, "$1" ), context, results, seed ); +} + +/** + * Create key-value caches of limited size + * @returns {function(string, object)} Returns the Object data after storing it on itself with + * property name the (space-suffixed) string and (if the cache is larger than Expr.cacheLength) + * deleting the oldest entry + */ +function createCache() { + var keys = []; + + function cache( key, value ) { + + // Use (key + " ") to avoid collision with native prototype properties (see Issue #157) + if ( keys.push( key + " " ) > Expr.cacheLength ) { + + // Only keep the most recent entries + delete cache[ keys.shift() ]; + } + return ( cache[ key + " " ] = value ); + } + return cache; +} + +/** + * Mark a function for special use by Sizzle + * @param {Function} fn The function to mark + */ +function markFunction( fn ) { + fn[ expando ] = true; + return fn; +} + +/** + * Support testing using an element + * @param {Function} fn Passed the created element and returns a boolean result + */ +function assert( fn ) { + var el = document.createElement( "fieldset" ); + + try { + return !!fn( el ); + } catch ( e ) { + return false; + } finally { + + // Remove from its parent by default + if ( el.parentNode ) { + el.parentNode.removeChild( el ); + } + + // release memory in IE + el = null; + } +} + +/** + * Adds the same handler for all of the specified attrs + * @param {String} attrs Pipe-separated list of attributes + * @param {Function} handler The method that will be applied + */ +function addHandle( attrs, handler ) { + var arr = attrs.split( "|" ), + i = arr.length; + + while ( i-- ) { + Expr.attrHandle[ arr[ i ] ] = handler; + } +} + +/** + * Checks document order of two siblings + * @param {Element} a + * @param {Element} b + * @returns {Number} Returns less than 0 if a precedes b, greater than 0 if a follows b + */ +function siblingCheck( a, b ) { + var cur = b && a, + diff = cur && a.nodeType === 1 && b.nodeType === 1 && + a.sourceIndex - b.sourceIndex; + + // Use IE sourceIndex if available on both nodes + if ( diff ) { + return diff; + } + + // Check if b follows a + if ( cur ) { + while ( ( cur = cur.nextSibling ) ) { + if ( cur === b ) { + return -1; + } + } + } + + return a ? 1 : -1; +} + +/** + * Returns a function to use in pseudos for input types + * @param {String} type + */ +function createInputPseudo( type ) { + return function( elem ) { + var name = elem.nodeName.toLowerCase(); + return name === "input" && elem.type === type; + }; +} + +/** + * Returns a function to use in pseudos for buttons + * @param {String} type + */ +function createButtonPseudo( type ) { + return function( elem ) { + var name = elem.nodeName.toLowerCase(); + return ( name === "input" || name === "button" ) && elem.type === type; + }; +} + +/** + * Returns a function to use in pseudos for :enabled/:disabled + * @param {Boolean} disabled true for :disabled; false for :enabled + */ +function createDisabledPseudo( disabled ) { + + // Known :disabled false positives: fieldset[disabled] > legend:nth-of-type(n+2) :can-disable + return function( elem ) { + + // Only certain elements can match :enabled or :disabled + // https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/scripting.html#selector-enabled + // https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/scripting.html#selector-disabled + if ( "form" in elem ) { + + // Check for inherited disabledness on relevant non-disabled elements: + // * listed form-associated elements in a disabled fieldset + // https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/forms.html#category-listed + // https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/forms.html#concept-fe-disabled + // * option elements in a disabled optgroup + // https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/forms.html#concept-option-disabled + // All such elements have a "form" property. + if ( elem.parentNode && elem.disabled === false ) { + + // Option elements defer to a parent optgroup if present + if ( "label" in elem ) { + if ( "label" in elem.parentNode ) { + return elem.parentNode.disabled === disabled; + } else { + return elem.disabled === disabled; + } + } + + // Support: IE 6 - 11 + // Use the isDisabled shortcut property to check for disabled fieldset ancestors + return elem.isDisabled === disabled || + + // Where there is no isDisabled, check manually + /* jshint -W018 */ + elem.isDisabled !== !disabled && + inDisabledFieldset( elem ) === disabled; + } + + return elem.disabled === disabled; + + // Try to winnow out elements that can't be disabled before trusting the disabled property. + // Some victims get caught in our net (label, legend, menu, track), but it shouldn't + // even exist on them, let alone have a boolean value. + } else if ( "label" in elem ) { + return elem.disabled === disabled; + } + + // Remaining elements are neither :enabled nor :disabled + return false; + }; +} + +/** + * Returns a function to use in pseudos for positionals + * @param {Function} fn + */ +function createPositionalPseudo( fn ) { + return markFunction( function( argument ) { + argument = +argument; + return markFunction( function( seed, matches ) { + var j, + matchIndexes = fn( [], seed.length, argument ), + i = matchIndexes.length; + + // Match elements found at the specified indexes + while ( i-- ) { + if ( seed[ ( j = matchIndexes[ i ] ) ] ) { + seed[ j ] = !( matches[ j ] = seed[ j ] ); + } + } + } ); + } ); +} + +/** + * Checks a node for validity as a Sizzle context + * @param {Element|Object=} context + * @returns {Element|Object|Boolean} The input node if acceptable, otherwise a falsy value + */ +function testContext( context ) { + return context && typeof context.getElementsByTagName !== "undefined" && context; +} + +// Expose support vars for convenience +support = Sizzle.support = {}; + +/** + * Detects XML nodes + * @param {Element|Object} elem An element or a document + * @returns {Boolean} True iff elem is a non-HTML XML node + */ +isXML = Sizzle.isXML = function( elem ) { + var namespace = elem && elem.namespaceURI, + docElem = elem && ( elem.ownerDocument || elem ).documentElement; + + // Support: IE <=8 + // Assume HTML when documentElement doesn't yet exist, such as inside loading iframes + // https://bugs.jquery.com/ticket/4833 + return !rhtml.test( namespace || docElem && docElem.nodeName || "HTML" ); +}; + +/** + * Sets document-related variables once based on the current document + * @param {Element|Object} [doc] An element or document object to use to set the document + * @returns {Object} Returns the current document + */ +setDocument = Sizzle.setDocument = function( node ) { + var hasCompare, subWindow, + doc = node ? node.ownerDocument || node : preferredDoc; + + // Return early if doc is invalid or already selected + // Support: IE 11+, Edge 17 - 18+ + // IE/Edge sometimes throw a "Permission denied" error when strict-comparing + // two documents; shallow comparisons work. + // eslint-disable-next-line eqeqeq + if ( doc == document || doc.nodeType !== 9 || !doc.documentElement ) { + return document; + } + + // Update global variables + document = doc; + docElem = document.documentElement; + documentIsHTML = !isXML( document ); + + // Support: IE 9 - 11+, Edge 12 - 18+ + // Accessing iframe documents after unload throws "permission denied" errors (jQuery #13936) + // Support: IE 11+, Edge 17 - 18+ + // IE/Edge sometimes throw a "Permission denied" error when strict-comparing + // two documents; shallow comparisons work. + // eslint-disable-next-line eqeqeq + if ( preferredDoc != document && + ( subWindow = document.defaultView ) && subWindow.top !== subWindow ) { + + // Support: IE 11, Edge + if ( subWindow.addEventListener ) { + subWindow.addEventListener( "unload", unloadHandler, false ); + + // Support: IE 9 - 10 only + } else if ( subWindow.attachEvent ) { + subWindow.attachEvent( "onunload", unloadHandler ); + } + } + + // Support: IE 8 - 11+, Edge 12 - 18+, Chrome <=16 - 25 only, Firefox <=3.6 - 31 only, + // Safari 4 - 5 only, Opera <=11.6 - 12.x only + // IE/Edge & older browsers don't support the :scope pseudo-class. + // Support: Safari 6.0 only + // Safari 6.0 supports :scope but it's an alias of :root there. + support.scope = assert( function( el ) { + docElem.appendChild( el ).appendChild( document.createElement( "div" ) ); + return typeof el.querySelectorAll !== "undefined" && + !el.querySelectorAll( ":scope fieldset div" ).length; + } ); + + /* Attributes + ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */ + + // Support: IE<8 + // Verify that getAttribute really returns attributes and not properties + // (excepting IE8 booleans) + support.attributes = assert( function( el ) { + el.className = "i"; + return !el.getAttribute( "className" ); + } ); + + /* getElement(s)By* + ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */ + + // Check if getElementsByTagName("*") returns only elements + support.getElementsByTagName = assert( function( el ) { + el.appendChild( document.createComment( "" ) ); + return !el.getElementsByTagName( "*" ).length; + } ); + + // Support: IE<9 + support.getElementsByClassName = rnative.test( document.getElementsByClassName ); + + // Support: IE<10 + // Check if getElementById returns elements by name + // The broken getElementById methods don't pick up programmatically-set names, + // so use a roundabout getElementsByName test + support.getById = assert( function( el ) { + docElem.appendChild( el ).id = expando; + return !document.getElementsByName || !document.getElementsByName( expando ).length; + } ); + + // ID filter and find + if ( support.getById ) { + Expr.filter[ "ID" ] = function( id ) { + var attrId = id.replace( runescape, funescape ); + return function( elem ) { + return elem.getAttribute( "id" ) === attrId; + }; + }; + Expr.find[ "ID" ] = function( id, context ) { + if ( typeof context.getElementById !== "undefined" && documentIsHTML ) { + var elem = context.getElementById( id ); + return elem ? [ elem ] : []; + } + }; + } else { + Expr.filter[ "ID" ] = function( id ) { + var attrId = id.replace( runescape, funescape ); + return function( elem ) { + var node = typeof elem.getAttributeNode !== "undefined" && + elem.getAttributeNode( "id" ); + return node && node.value === attrId; + }; + }; + + // Support: IE 6 - 7 only + // getElementById is not reliable as a find shortcut + Expr.find[ "ID" ] = function( id, context ) { + if ( typeof context.getElementById !== "undefined" && documentIsHTML ) { + var node, i, elems, + elem = context.getElementById( id ); + + if ( elem ) { + + // Verify the id attribute + node = elem.getAttributeNode( "id" ); + if ( node && node.value === id ) { + return [ elem ]; + } + + // Fall back on getElementsByName + elems = context.getElementsByName( id ); + i = 0; + while ( ( elem = elems[ i++ ] ) ) { + node = elem.getAttributeNode( "id" ); + if ( node && node.value === id ) { + return [ elem ]; + } + } + } + + return []; + } + }; + } + + // Tag + Expr.find[ "TAG" ] = support.getElementsByTagName ? + function( tag, context ) { + if ( typeof context.getElementsByTagName !== "undefined" ) { + return context.getElementsByTagName( tag ); + + // DocumentFragment nodes don't have gEBTN + } else if ( support.qsa ) { + return context.querySelectorAll( tag ); + } + } : + + function( tag, context ) { + var elem, + tmp = [], + i = 0, + + // By happy coincidence, a (broken) gEBTN appears on DocumentFragment nodes too + results = context.getElementsByTagName( tag ); + + // Filter out possible comments + if ( tag === "*" ) { + while ( ( elem = results[ i++ ] ) ) { + if ( elem.nodeType === 1 ) { + tmp.push( elem ); + } + } + + return tmp; + } + return results; + }; + + // Class + Expr.find[ "CLASS" ] = support.getElementsByClassName && function( className, context ) { + if ( typeof context.getElementsByClassName !== "undefined" && documentIsHTML ) { + return context.getElementsByClassName( className ); + } + }; + + /* QSA/matchesSelector + ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */ + + // QSA and matchesSelector support + + // matchesSelector(:active) reports false when true (IE9/Opera 11.5) + rbuggyMatches = []; + + // qSa(:focus) reports false when true (Chrome 21) + // We allow this because of a bug in IE8/9 that throws an error + // whenever `document.activeElement` is accessed on an iframe + // So, we allow :focus to pass through QSA all the time to avoid the IE error + // See https://bugs.jquery.com/ticket/13378 + rbuggyQSA = []; + + if ( ( support.qsa = rnative.test( document.querySelectorAll ) ) ) { + + // Build QSA regex + // Regex strategy adopted from Diego Perini + assert( function( el ) { + + var input; + + // Select is set to empty string on purpose + // This is to test IE's treatment of not explicitly + // setting a boolean content attribute, + // since its presence should be enough + // https://bugs.jquery.com/ticket/12359 + docElem.appendChild( el ).innerHTML = "" + + ""; + + // Support: IE8, Opera 11-12.16 + // Nothing should be selected when empty strings follow ^= or $= or *= + // The test attribute must be unknown in Opera but "safe" for WinRT + // https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ie/hh465388.aspx#attribute_section + if ( el.querySelectorAll( "[msallowcapture^='']" ).length ) { + rbuggyQSA.push( "[*^$]=" + whitespace + "*(?:''|\"\")" ); + } + + // Support: IE8 + // Boolean attributes and "value" are not treated correctly + if ( !el.querySelectorAll( "[selected]" ).length ) { + rbuggyQSA.push( "\\[" + whitespace + "*(?:value|" + booleans + ")" ); + } + + // Support: Chrome<29, Android<4.4, Safari<7.0+, iOS<7.0+, PhantomJS<1.9.8+ + if ( !el.querySelectorAll( "[id~=" + expando + "-]" ).length ) { + rbuggyQSA.push( "~=" ); + } + + // Support: IE 11+, Edge 15 - 18+ + // IE 11/Edge don't find elements on a `[name='']` query in some cases. + // Adding a temporary attribute to the document before the selection works + // around the issue. + // Interestingly, IE 10 & older don't seem to have the issue. + input = document.createElement( "input" ); + input.setAttribute( "name", "" ); + el.appendChild( input ); + if ( !el.querySelectorAll( "[name='']" ).length ) { + rbuggyQSA.push( "\\[" + whitespace + "*name" + whitespace + "*=" + + whitespace + "*(?:''|\"\")" ); + } + + // Webkit/Opera - :checked should return selected option elements + // http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/REC-css3-selectors-20110929/#checked + // IE8 throws error here and will not see later tests + if ( !el.querySelectorAll( ":checked" ).length ) { + rbuggyQSA.push( ":checked" ); + } + + // Support: Safari 8+, iOS 8+ + // https://bugs.webkit.org/show_bug.cgi?id=136851 + // In-page `selector#id sibling-combinator selector` fails + if ( !el.querySelectorAll( "a#" + expando + "+*" ).length ) { + rbuggyQSA.push( ".#.+[+~]" ); + } + + // Support: Firefox <=3.6 - 5 only + // Old Firefox doesn't throw on a badly-escaped identifier. + el.querySelectorAll( "\\\f" ); + rbuggyQSA.push( "[\\r\\n\\f]" ); + } ); + + assert( function( el ) { + el.innerHTML = "" + + ""; + + // Support: Windows 8 Native Apps + // The type and name attributes are restricted during .innerHTML assignment + var input = document.createElement( "input" ); + input.setAttribute( "type", "hidden" ); + el.appendChild( input ).setAttribute( "name", "D" ); + + // Support: IE8 + // Enforce case-sensitivity of name attribute + if ( el.querySelectorAll( "[name=d]" ).length ) { + rbuggyQSA.push( "name" + whitespace + "*[*^$|!~]?=" ); + } + + // FF 3.5 - :enabled/:disabled and hidden elements (hidden elements are still enabled) + // IE8 throws error here and will not see later tests + if ( el.querySelectorAll( ":enabled" ).length !== 2 ) { + rbuggyQSA.push( ":enabled", ":disabled" ); + } + + // Support: IE9-11+ + // IE's :disabled selector does not pick up the children of disabled fieldsets + docElem.appendChild( el ).disabled = true; + if ( el.querySelectorAll( ":disabled" ).length !== 2 ) { + rbuggyQSA.push( ":enabled", ":disabled" ); + } + + // Support: Opera 10 - 11 only + // Opera 10-11 does not throw on post-comma invalid pseudos + el.querySelectorAll( "*,:x" ); + rbuggyQSA.push( ",.*:" ); + } ); + } + + if ( ( support.matchesSelector = rnative.test( ( matches = docElem.matches || + docElem.webkitMatchesSelector || + docElem.mozMatchesSelector || + docElem.oMatchesSelector || + docElem.msMatchesSelector ) ) ) ) { + + assert( function( el ) { + + // Check to see if it's possible to do matchesSelector + // on a disconnected node (IE 9) + support.disconnectedMatch = matches.call( el, "*" ); + + // This should fail with an exception + // Gecko does not error, returns false instead + matches.call( el, "[s!='']:x" ); + rbuggyMatches.push( "!=", pseudos ); + } ); + } + + rbuggyQSA = rbuggyQSA.length && new RegExp( rbuggyQSA.join( "|" ) ); + rbuggyMatches = rbuggyMatches.length && new RegExp( rbuggyMatches.join( "|" ) ); + + /* Contains + ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */ + hasCompare = rnative.test( docElem.compareDocumentPosition ); + + // Element contains another + // Purposefully self-exclusive + // As in, an element does not contain itself + contains = hasCompare || rnative.test( docElem.contains ) ? + function( a, b ) { + var adown = a.nodeType === 9 ? a.documentElement : a, + bup = b && b.parentNode; + return a === bup || !!( bup && bup.nodeType === 1 && ( + adown.contains ? + adown.contains( bup ) : + a.compareDocumentPosition && a.compareDocumentPosition( bup ) & 16 + ) ); + } : + function( a, b ) { + if ( b ) { + while ( ( b = b.parentNode ) ) { + if ( b === a ) { + return true; + } + } + } + return false; + }; + + /* Sorting + ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */ + + // Document order sorting + sortOrder = hasCompare ? + function( a, b ) { + + // Flag for duplicate removal + if ( a === b ) { + hasDuplicate = true; + return 0; + } + + // Sort on method existence if only one input has compareDocumentPosition + var compare = !a.compareDocumentPosition - !b.compareDocumentPosition; + if ( compare ) { + return compare; + } + + // Calculate position if both inputs belong to the same document + // Support: IE 11+, Edge 17 - 18+ + // IE/Edge sometimes throw a "Permission denied" error when strict-comparing + // two documents; shallow comparisons work. + // eslint-disable-next-line eqeqeq + compare = ( a.ownerDocument || a ) == ( b.ownerDocument || b ) ? + a.compareDocumentPosition( b ) : + + // Otherwise we know they are disconnected + 1; + + // Disconnected nodes + if ( compare & 1 || + ( !support.sortDetached && b.compareDocumentPosition( a ) === compare ) ) { + + // Choose the first element that is related to our preferred document + // Support: IE 11+, Edge 17 - 18+ + // IE/Edge sometimes throw a "Permission denied" error when strict-comparing + // two documents; shallow comparisons work. + // eslint-disable-next-line eqeqeq + if ( a == document || a.ownerDocument == preferredDoc && + contains( preferredDoc, a ) ) { + return -1; + } + + // Support: IE 11+, Edge 17 - 18+ + // IE/Edge sometimes throw a "Permission denied" error when strict-comparing + // two documents; shallow comparisons work. + // eslint-disable-next-line eqeqeq + if ( b == document || b.ownerDocument == preferredDoc && + contains( preferredDoc, b ) ) { + return 1; + } + + // Maintain original order + return sortInput ? + ( indexOf( sortInput, a ) - indexOf( sortInput, b ) ) : + 0; + } + + return compare & 4 ? -1 : 1; + } : + function( a, b ) { + + // Exit early if the nodes are identical + if ( a === b ) { + hasDuplicate = true; + return 0; + } + + var cur, + i = 0, + aup = a.parentNode, + bup = b.parentNode, + ap = [ a ], + bp = [ b ]; + + // Parentless nodes are either documents or disconnected + if ( !aup || !bup ) { + + // Support: IE 11+, Edge 17 - 18+ + // IE/Edge sometimes throw a "Permission denied" error when strict-comparing + // two documents; shallow comparisons work. + /* eslint-disable eqeqeq */ + return a == document ? -1 : + b == document ? 1 : + /* eslint-enable eqeqeq */ + aup ? -1 : + bup ? 1 : + sortInput ? + ( indexOf( sortInput, a ) - indexOf( sortInput, b ) ) : + 0; + + // If the nodes are siblings, we can do a quick check + } else if ( aup === bup ) { + return siblingCheck( a, b ); + } + + // Otherwise we need full lists of their ancestors for comparison + cur = a; + while ( ( cur = cur.parentNode ) ) { + ap.unshift( cur ); + } + cur = b; + while ( ( cur = cur.parentNode ) ) { + bp.unshift( cur ); + } + + // Walk down the tree looking for a discrepancy + while ( ap[ i ] === bp[ i ] ) { + i++; + } + + return i ? + + // Do a sibling check if the nodes have a common ancestor + siblingCheck( ap[ i ], bp[ i ] ) : + + // Otherwise nodes in our document sort first + // Support: IE 11+, Edge 17 - 18+ + // IE/Edge sometimes throw a "Permission denied" error when strict-comparing + // two documents; shallow comparisons work. + /* eslint-disable eqeqeq */ + ap[ i ] == preferredDoc ? -1 : + bp[ i ] == preferredDoc ? 1 : + /* eslint-enable eqeqeq */ + 0; + }; + + return document; +}; + +Sizzle.matches = function( expr, elements ) { + return Sizzle( expr, null, null, elements ); +}; + +Sizzle.matchesSelector = function( elem, expr ) { + setDocument( elem ); + + if ( support.matchesSelector && documentIsHTML && + !nonnativeSelectorCache[ expr + " " ] && + ( !rbuggyMatches || !rbuggyMatches.test( expr ) ) && + ( !rbuggyQSA || !rbuggyQSA.test( expr ) ) ) { + + try { + var ret = matches.call( elem, expr ); + + // IE 9's matchesSelector returns false on disconnected nodes + if ( ret || support.disconnectedMatch || + + // As well, disconnected nodes are said to be in a document + // fragment in IE 9 + elem.document && elem.document.nodeType !== 11 ) { + return ret; + } + } catch ( e ) { + nonnativeSelectorCache( expr, true ); + } + } + + return Sizzle( expr, document, null, [ elem ] ).length > 0; +}; + +Sizzle.contains = function( context, elem ) { + + // Set document vars if needed + // Support: IE 11+, Edge 17 - 18+ + // IE/Edge sometimes throw a "Permission denied" error when strict-comparing + // two documents; shallow comparisons work. + // eslint-disable-next-line eqeqeq + if ( ( context.ownerDocument || context ) != document ) { + setDocument( context ); + } + return contains( context, elem ); +}; + +Sizzle.attr = function( elem, name ) { + + // Set document vars if needed + // Support: IE 11+, Edge 17 - 18+ + // IE/Edge sometimes throw a "Permission denied" error when strict-comparing + // two documents; shallow comparisons work. + // eslint-disable-next-line eqeqeq + if ( ( elem.ownerDocument || elem ) != document ) { + setDocument( elem ); + } + + var fn = Expr.attrHandle[ name.toLowerCase() ], + + // Don't get fooled by Object.prototype properties (jQuery #13807) + val = fn && hasOwn.call( Expr.attrHandle, name.toLowerCase() ) ? + fn( elem, name, !documentIsHTML ) : + undefined; + + return val !== undefined ? + val : + support.attributes || !documentIsHTML ? + elem.getAttribute( name ) : + ( val = elem.getAttributeNode( name ) ) && val.specified ? + val.value : + null; +}; + +Sizzle.escape = function( sel ) { + return ( sel + "" ).replace( rcssescape, fcssescape ); +}; + +Sizzle.error = function( msg ) { + throw new Error( "Syntax error, unrecognized expression: " + msg ); +}; + +/** + * Document sorting and removing duplicates + * @param {ArrayLike} results + */ +Sizzle.uniqueSort = function( results ) { + var elem, + duplicates = [], + j = 0, + i = 0; + + // Unless we *know* we can detect duplicates, assume their presence + hasDuplicate = !support.detectDuplicates; + sortInput = !support.sortStable && results.slice( 0 ); + results.sort( sortOrder ); + + if ( hasDuplicate ) { + while ( ( elem = results[ i++ ] ) ) { + if ( elem === results[ i ] ) { + j = duplicates.push( i ); + } + } + while ( j-- ) { + results.splice( duplicates[ j ], 1 ); + } + } + + // Clear input after sorting to release objects + // See https://github.com/jquery/sizzle/pull/225 + sortInput = null; + + return results; +}; + +/** + * Utility function for retrieving the text value of an array of DOM nodes + * @param {Array|Element} elem + */ +getText = Sizzle.getText = function( elem ) { + var node, + ret = "", + i = 0, + nodeType = elem.nodeType; + + if ( !nodeType ) { + + // If no nodeType, this is expected to be an array + while ( ( node = elem[ i++ ] ) ) { + + // Do not traverse comment nodes + ret += getText( node ); + } + } else if ( nodeType === 1 || nodeType === 9 || nodeType === 11 ) { + + // Use textContent for elements + // innerText usage removed for consistency of new lines (jQuery #11153) + if ( typeof elem.textContent === "string" ) { + return elem.textContent; + } else { + + // Traverse its children + for ( elem = elem.firstChild; elem; elem = elem.nextSibling ) { + ret += getText( elem ); + } + } + } else if ( nodeType === 3 || nodeType === 4 ) { + return elem.nodeValue; + } + + // Do not include comment or processing instruction nodes + + return ret; +}; + +Expr = Sizzle.selectors = { + + // Can be adjusted by the user + cacheLength: 50, + + createPseudo: markFunction, + + match: matchExpr, + + attrHandle: {}, + + find: {}, + + relative: { + ">": { dir: "parentNode", first: true }, + " ": { dir: "parentNode" }, + "+": { dir: "previousSibling", first: true }, + "~": { dir: "previousSibling" } + }, + + preFilter: { + "ATTR": function( match ) { + match[ 1 ] = match[ 1 ].replace( runescape, funescape ); + + // Move the given value to match[3] whether quoted or unquoted + match[ 3 ] = ( match[ 3 ] || match[ 4 ] || + match[ 5 ] || "" ).replace( runescape, funescape ); + + if ( match[ 2 ] === "~=" ) { + match[ 3 ] = " " + match[ 3 ] + " "; + } + + return match.slice( 0, 4 ); + }, + + "CHILD": function( match ) { + + /* matches from matchExpr["CHILD"] + 1 type (only|nth|...) + 2 what (child|of-type) + 3 argument (even|odd|\d*|\d*n([+-]\d+)?|...) + 4 xn-component of xn+y argument ([+-]?\d*n|) + 5 sign of xn-component + 6 x of xn-component + 7 sign of y-component + 8 y of y-component + */ + match[ 1 ] = match[ 1 ].toLowerCase(); + + if ( match[ 1 ].slice( 0, 3 ) === "nth" ) { + + // nth-* requires argument + if ( !match[ 3 ] ) { + Sizzle.error( match[ 0 ] ); + } + + // numeric x and y parameters for Expr.filter.CHILD + // remember that false/true cast respectively to 0/1 + match[ 4 ] = +( match[ 4 ] ? + match[ 5 ] + ( match[ 6 ] || 1 ) : + 2 * ( match[ 3 ] === "even" || match[ 3 ] === "odd" ) ); + match[ 5 ] = +( ( match[ 7 ] + match[ 8 ] ) || match[ 3 ] === "odd" ); + + // other types prohibit arguments + } else if ( match[ 3 ] ) { + Sizzle.error( match[ 0 ] ); + } + + return match; + }, + + "PSEUDO": function( match ) { + var excess, + unquoted = !match[ 6 ] && match[ 2 ]; + + if ( matchExpr[ "CHILD" ].test( match[ 0 ] ) ) { + return null; + } + + // Accept quoted arguments as-is + if ( match[ 3 ] ) { + match[ 2 ] = match[ 4 ] || match[ 5 ] || ""; + + // Strip excess characters from unquoted arguments + } else if ( unquoted && rpseudo.test( unquoted ) && + + // Get excess from tokenize (recursively) + ( excess = tokenize( unquoted, true ) ) && + + // advance to the next closing parenthesis + ( excess = unquoted.indexOf( ")", unquoted.length - excess ) - unquoted.length ) ) { + + // excess is a negative index + match[ 0 ] = match[ 0 ].slice( 0, excess ); + match[ 2 ] = unquoted.slice( 0, excess ); + } + + // Return only captures needed by the pseudo filter method (type and argument) + return match.slice( 0, 3 ); + } + }, + + filter: { + + "TAG": function( nodeNameSelector ) { + var nodeName = nodeNameSelector.replace( runescape, funescape ).toLowerCase(); + return nodeNameSelector === "*" ? + function() { + return true; + } : + function( elem ) { + return elem.nodeName && elem.nodeName.toLowerCase() === nodeName; + }; + }, + + "CLASS": function( className ) { + var pattern = classCache[ className + " " ]; + + return pattern || + ( pattern = new RegExp( "(^|" + whitespace + + ")" + className + "(" + whitespace + "|$)" ) ) && classCache( + className, function( elem ) { + return pattern.test( + typeof elem.className === "string" && elem.className || + typeof elem.getAttribute !== "undefined" && + elem.getAttribute( "class" ) || + "" + ); + } ); + }, + + "ATTR": function( name, operator, check ) { + return function( elem ) { + var result = Sizzle.attr( elem, name ); + + if ( result == null ) { + return operator === "!="; + } + if ( !operator ) { + return true; + } + + result += ""; + + /* eslint-disable max-len */ + + return operator === "=" ? result === check : + operator === "!=" ? result !== check : + operator === "^=" ? check && result.indexOf( check ) === 0 : + operator === "*=" ? check && result.indexOf( check ) > -1 : + operator === "$=" ? check && result.slice( -check.length ) === check : + operator === "~=" ? ( " " + result.replace( rwhitespace, " " ) + " " ).indexOf( check ) > -1 : + operator === "|=" ? result === check || result.slice( 0, check.length + 1 ) === check + "-" : + false; + /* eslint-enable max-len */ + + }; + }, + + "CHILD": function( type, what, _argument, first, last ) { + var simple = type.slice( 0, 3 ) !== "nth", + forward = type.slice( -4 ) !== "last", + ofType = what === "of-type"; + + return first === 1 && last === 0 ? + + // Shortcut for :nth-*(n) + function( elem ) { + return !!elem.parentNode; + } : + + function( elem, _context, xml ) { + var cache, uniqueCache, outerCache, node, nodeIndex, start, + dir = simple !== forward ? "nextSibling" : "previousSibling", + parent = elem.parentNode, + name = ofType && elem.nodeName.toLowerCase(), + useCache = !xml && !ofType, + diff = false; + + if ( parent ) { + + // :(first|last|only)-(child|of-type) + if ( simple ) { + while ( dir ) { + node = elem; + while ( ( node = node[ dir ] ) ) { + if ( ofType ? + node.nodeName.toLowerCase() === name : + node.nodeType === 1 ) { + + return false; + } + } + + // Reverse direction for :only-* (if we haven't yet done so) + start = dir = type === "only" && !start && "nextSibling"; + } + return true; + } + + start = [ forward ? parent.firstChild : parent.lastChild ]; + + // non-xml :nth-child(...) stores cache data on `parent` + if ( forward && useCache ) { + + // Seek `elem` from a previously-cached index + + // ...in a gzip-friendly way + node = parent; + outerCache = node[ expando ] || ( node[ expando ] = {} ); + + // Support: IE <9 only + // Defend against cloned attroperties (jQuery gh-1709) + uniqueCache = outerCache[ node.uniqueID ] || + ( outerCache[ node.uniqueID ] = {} ); + + cache = uniqueCache[ type ] || []; + nodeIndex = cache[ 0 ] === dirruns && cache[ 1 ]; + diff = nodeIndex && cache[ 2 ]; + node = nodeIndex && parent.childNodes[ nodeIndex ]; + + while ( ( node = ++nodeIndex && node && node[ dir ] || + + // Fallback to seeking `elem` from the start + ( diff = nodeIndex = 0 ) || start.pop() ) ) { + + // When found, cache indexes on `parent` and break + if ( node.nodeType === 1 && ++diff && node === elem ) { + uniqueCache[ type ] = [ dirruns, nodeIndex, diff ]; + break; + } + } + + } else { + + // Use previously-cached element index if available + if ( useCache ) { + + // ...in a gzip-friendly way + node = elem; + outerCache = node[ expando ] || ( node[ expando ] = {} ); + + // Support: IE <9 only + // Defend against cloned attroperties (jQuery gh-1709) + uniqueCache = outerCache[ node.uniqueID ] || + ( outerCache[ node.uniqueID ] = {} ); + + cache = uniqueCache[ type ] || []; + nodeIndex = cache[ 0 ] === dirruns && cache[ 1 ]; + diff = nodeIndex; + } + + // xml :nth-child(...) + // or :nth-last-child(...) or :nth(-last)?-of-type(...) + if ( diff === false ) { + + // Use the same loop as above to seek `elem` from the start + while ( ( node = ++nodeIndex && node && node[ dir ] || + ( diff = nodeIndex = 0 ) || start.pop() ) ) { + + if ( ( ofType ? + node.nodeName.toLowerCase() === name : + node.nodeType === 1 ) && + ++diff ) { + + // Cache the index of each encountered element + if ( useCache ) { + outerCache = node[ expando ] || + ( node[ expando ] = {} ); + + // Support: IE <9 only + // Defend against cloned attroperties (jQuery gh-1709) + uniqueCache = outerCache[ node.uniqueID ] || + ( outerCache[ node.uniqueID ] = {} ); + + uniqueCache[ type ] = [ dirruns, diff ]; + } + + if ( node === elem ) { + break; + } + } + } + } + } + + // Incorporate the offset, then check against cycle size + diff -= last; + return diff === first || ( diff % first === 0 && diff / first >= 0 ); + } + }; + }, + + "PSEUDO": function( pseudo, argument ) { + + // pseudo-class names are case-insensitive + // http://www.w3.org/TR/selectors/#pseudo-classes + // Prioritize by case sensitivity in case custom pseudos are added with uppercase letters + // Remember that setFilters inherits from pseudos + var args, + fn = Expr.pseudos[ pseudo ] || Expr.setFilters[ pseudo.toLowerCase() ] || + Sizzle.error( "unsupported pseudo: " + pseudo ); + + // The user may use createPseudo to indicate that + // arguments are needed to create the filter function + // just as Sizzle does + if ( fn[ expando ] ) { + return fn( argument ); + } + + // But maintain support for old signatures + if ( fn.length > 1 ) { + args = [ pseudo, pseudo, "", argument ]; + return Expr.setFilters.hasOwnProperty( pseudo.toLowerCase() ) ? + markFunction( function( seed, matches ) { + var idx, + matched = fn( seed, argument ), + i = matched.length; + while ( i-- ) { + idx = indexOf( seed, matched[ i ] ); + seed[ idx ] = !( matches[ idx ] = matched[ i ] ); + } + } ) : + function( elem ) { + return fn( elem, 0, args ); + }; + } + + return fn; + } + }, + + pseudos: { + + // Potentially complex pseudos + "not": markFunction( function( selector ) { + + // Trim the selector passed to compile + // to avoid treating leading and trailing + // spaces as combinators + var input = [], + results = [], + matcher = compile( selector.replace( rtrim, "$1" ) ); + + return matcher[ expando ] ? + markFunction( function( seed, matches, _context, xml ) { + var elem, + unmatched = matcher( seed, null, xml, [] ), + i = seed.length; + + // Match elements unmatched by `matcher` + while ( i-- ) { + if ( ( elem = unmatched[ i ] ) ) { + seed[ i ] = !( matches[ i ] = elem ); + } + } + } ) : + function( elem, _context, xml ) { + input[ 0 ] = elem; + matcher( input, null, xml, results ); + + // Don't keep the element (issue #299) + input[ 0 ] = null; + return !results.pop(); + }; + } ), + + "has": markFunction( function( selector ) { + return function( elem ) { + return Sizzle( selector, elem ).length > 0; + }; + } ), + + "contains": markFunction( function( text ) { + text = text.replace( runescape, funescape ); + return function( elem ) { + return ( elem.textContent || getText( elem ) ).indexOf( text ) > -1; + }; + } ), + + // "Whether an element is represented by a :lang() selector + // is based solely on the element's language value + // being equal to the identifier C, + // or beginning with the identifier C immediately followed by "-". + // The matching of C against the element's language value is performed case-insensitively. + // The identifier C does not have to be a valid language name." + // http://www.w3.org/TR/selectors/#lang-pseudo + "lang": markFunction( function( lang ) { + + // lang value must be a valid identifier + if ( !ridentifier.test( lang || "" ) ) { + Sizzle.error( "unsupported lang: " + lang ); + } + lang = lang.replace( runescape, funescape ).toLowerCase(); + return function( elem ) { + var elemLang; + do { + if ( ( elemLang = documentIsHTML ? + elem.lang : + elem.getAttribute( "xml:lang" ) || elem.getAttribute( "lang" ) ) ) { + + elemLang = elemLang.toLowerCase(); + return elemLang === lang || elemLang.indexOf( lang + "-" ) === 0; + } + } while ( ( elem = elem.parentNode ) && elem.nodeType === 1 ); + return false; + }; + } ), + + // Miscellaneous + "target": function( elem ) { + var hash = window.location && window.location.hash; + return hash && hash.slice( 1 ) === elem.id; + }, + + "root": function( elem ) { + return elem === docElem; + }, + + "focus": function( elem ) { + return elem === document.activeElement && + ( !document.hasFocus || document.hasFocus() ) && + !!( elem.type || elem.href || ~elem.tabIndex ); + }, + + // Boolean properties + "enabled": createDisabledPseudo( false ), + "disabled": createDisabledPseudo( true ), + + "checked": function( elem ) { + + // In CSS3, :checked should return both checked and selected elements + // http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/REC-css3-selectors-20110929/#checked + var nodeName = elem.nodeName.toLowerCase(); + return ( nodeName === "input" && !!elem.checked ) || + ( nodeName === "option" && !!elem.selected ); + }, + + "selected": function( elem ) { + + // Accessing this property makes selected-by-default + // options in Safari work properly + if ( elem.parentNode ) { + // eslint-disable-next-line no-unused-expressions + elem.parentNode.selectedIndex; + } + + return elem.selected === true; + }, + + // Contents + "empty": function( elem ) { + + // http://www.w3.org/TR/selectors/#empty-pseudo + // :empty is negated by element (1) or content nodes (text: 3; cdata: 4; entity ref: 5), + // but not by others (comment: 8; processing instruction: 7; etc.) + // nodeType < 6 works because attributes (2) do not appear as children + for ( elem = elem.firstChild; elem; elem = elem.nextSibling ) { + if ( elem.nodeType < 6 ) { + return false; + } + } + return true; + }, + + "parent": function( elem ) { + return !Expr.pseudos[ "empty" ]( elem ); + }, + + // Element/input types + "header": function( elem ) { + return rheader.test( elem.nodeName ); + }, + + "input": function( elem ) { + return rinputs.test( elem.nodeName ); + }, + + "button": function( elem ) { + var name = elem.nodeName.toLowerCase(); + return name === "input" && elem.type === "button" || name === "button"; + }, + + "text": function( elem ) { + var attr; + return elem.nodeName.toLowerCase() === "input" && + elem.type === "text" && + + // Support: IE<8 + // New HTML5 attribute values (e.g., "search") appear with elem.type === "text" + ( ( attr = elem.getAttribute( "type" ) ) == null || + attr.toLowerCase() === "text" ); + }, + + // Position-in-collection + "first": createPositionalPseudo( function() { + return [ 0 ]; + } ), + + "last": createPositionalPseudo( function( _matchIndexes, length ) { + return [ length - 1 ]; + } ), + + "eq": createPositionalPseudo( function( _matchIndexes, length, argument ) { + return [ argument < 0 ? argument + length : argument ]; + } ), + + "even": createPositionalPseudo( function( matchIndexes, length ) { + var i = 0; + for ( ; i < length; i += 2 ) { + matchIndexes.push( i ); + } + return matchIndexes; + } ), + + "odd": createPositionalPseudo( function( matchIndexes, length ) { + var i = 1; + for ( ; i < length; i += 2 ) { + matchIndexes.push( i ); + } + return matchIndexes; + } ), + + "lt": createPositionalPseudo( function( matchIndexes, length, argument ) { + var i = argument < 0 ? + argument + length : + argument > length ? + length : + argument; + for ( ; --i >= 0; ) { + matchIndexes.push( i ); + } + return matchIndexes; + } ), + + "gt": createPositionalPseudo( function( matchIndexes, length, argument ) { + var i = argument < 0 ? argument + length : argument; + for ( ; ++i < length; ) { + matchIndexes.push( i ); + } + return matchIndexes; + } ) + } +}; + +Expr.pseudos[ "nth" ] = Expr.pseudos[ "eq" ]; + +// Add button/input type pseudos +for ( i in { radio: true, checkbox: true, file: true, password: true, image: true } ) { + Expr.pseudos[ i ] = createInputPseudo( i ); +} +for ( i in { submit: true, reset: true } ) { + Expr.pseudos[ i ] = createButtonPseudo( i ); +} + +// Easy API for creating new setFilters +function setFilters() {} +setFilters.prototype = Expr.filters = Expr.pseudos; +Expr.setFilters = new setFilters(); + +tokenize = Sizzle.tokenize = function( selector, parseOnly ) { + var matched, match, tokens, type, + soFar, groups, preFilters, + cached = tokenCache[ selector + " " ]; + + if ( cached ) { + return parseOnly ? 0 : cached.slice( 0 ); + } + + soFar = selector; + groups = []; + preFilters = Expr.preFilter; + + while ( soFar ) { + + // Comma and first run + if ( !matched || ( match = rcomma.exec( soFar ) ) ) { + if ( match ) { + + // Don't consume trailing commas as valid + soFar = soFar.slice( match[ 0 ].length ) || soFar; + } + groups.push( ( tokens = [] ) ); + } + + matched = false; + + // Combinators + if ( ( match = rcombinators.exec( soFar ) ) ) { + matched = match.shift(); + tokens.push( { + value: matched, + + // Cast descendant combinators to space + type: match[ 0 ].replace( rtrim, " " ) + } ); + soFar = soFar.slice( matched.length ); + } + + // Filters + for ( type in Expr.filter ) { + if ( ( match = matchExpr[ type ].exec( soFar ) ) && ( !preFilters[ type ] || + ( match = preFilters[ type ]( match ) ) ) ) { + matched = match.shift(); + tokens.push( { + value: matched, + type: type, + matches: match + } ); + soFar = soFar.slice( matched.length ); + } + } + + if ( !matched ) { + break; + } + } + + // Return the length of the invalid excess + // if we're just parsing + // Otherwise, throw an error or return tokens + return parseOnly ? + soFar.length : + soFar ? + Sizzle.error( selector ) : + + // Cache the tokens + tokenCache( selector, groups ).slice( 0 ); +}; + +function toSelector( tokens ) { + var i = 0, + len = tokens.length, + selector = ""; + for ( ; i < len; i++ ) { + selector += tokens[ i ].value; + } + return selector; +} + +function addCombinator( matcher, combinator, base ) { + var dir = combinator.dir, + skip = combinator.next, + key = skip || dir, + checkNonElements = base && key === "parentNode", + doneName = done++; + + return combinator.first ? + + // Check against closest ancestor/preceding element + function( elem, context, xml ) { + while ( ( elem = elem[ dir ] ) ) { + if ( elem.nodeType === 1 || checkNonElements ) { + return matcher( elem, context, xml ); + } + } + return false; + } : + + // Check against all ancestor/preceding elements + function( elem, context, xml ) { + var oldCache, uniqueCache, outerCache, + newCache = [ dirruns, doneName ]; + + // We can't set arbitrary data on XML nodes, so they don't benefit from combinator caching + if ( xml ) { + while ( ( elem = elem[ dir ] ) ) { + if ( elem.nodeType === 1 || checkNonElements ) { + if ( matcher( elem, context, xml ) ) { + return true; + } + } + } + } else { + while ( ( elem = elem[ dir ] ) ) { + if ( elem.nodeType === 1 || checkNonElements ) { + outerCache = elem[ expando ] || ( elem[ expando ] = {} ); + + // Support: IE <9 only + // Defend against cloned attroperties (jQuery gh-1709) + uniqueCache = outerCache[ elem.uniqueID ] || + ( outerCache[ elem.uniqueID ] = {} ); + + if ( skip && skip === elem.nodeName.toLowerCase() ) { + elem = elem[ dir ] || elem; + } else if ( ( oldCache = uniqueCache[ key ] ) && + oldCache[ 0 ] === dirruns && oldCache[ 1 ] === doneName ) { + + // Assign to newCache so results back-propagate to previous elements + return ( newCache[ 2 ] = oldCache[ 2 ] ); + } else { + + // Reuse newcache so results back-propagate to previous elements + uniqueCache[ key ] = newCache; + + // A match means we're done; a fail means we have to keep checking + if ( ( newCache[ 2 ] = matcher( elem, context, xml ) ) ) { + return true; + } + } + } + } + } + return false; + }; +} + +function elementMatcher( matchers ) { + return matchers.length > 1 ? + function( elem, context, xml ) { + var i = matchers.length; + while ( i-- ) { + if ( !matchers[ i ]( elem, context, xml ) ) { + return false; + } + } + return true; + } : + matchers[ 0 ]; +} + +function multipleContexts( selector, contexts, results ) { + var i = 0, + len = contexts.length; + for ( ; i < len; i++ ) { + Sizzle( selector, contexts[ i ], results ); + } + return results; +} + +function condense( unmatched, map, filter, context, xml ) { + var elem, + newUnmatched = [], + i = 0, + len = unmatched.length, + mapped = map != null; + + for ( ; i < len; i++ ) { + if ( ( elem = unmatched[ i ] ) ) { + if ( !filter || filter( elem, context, xml ) ) { + newUnmatched.push( elem ); + if ( mapped ) { + map.push( i ); + } + } + } + } + + return newUnmatched; +} + +function setMatcher( preFilter, selector, matcher, postFilter, postFinder, postSelector ) { + if ( postFilter && !postFilter[ expando ] ) { + postFilter = setMatcher( postFilter ); + } + if ( postFinder && !postFinder[ expando ] ) { + postFinder = setMatcher( postFinder, postSelector ); + } + return markFunction( function( seed, results, context, xml ) { + var temp, i, elem, + preMap = [], + postMap = [], + preexisting = results.length, + + // Get initial elements from seed or context + elems = seed || multipleContexts( + selector || "*", + context.nodeType ? [ context ] : context, + [] + ), + + // Prefilter to get matcher input, preserving a map for seed-results synchronization + matcherIn = preFilter && ( seed || !selector ) ? + condense( elems, preMap, preFilter, context, xml ) : + elems, + + matcherOut = matcher ? + + // If we have a postFinder, or filtered seed, or non-seed postFilter or preexisting results, + postFinder || ( seed ? preFilter : preexisting || postFilter ) ? + + // ...intermediate processing is necessary + [] : + + // ...otherwise use results directly + results : + matcherIn; + + // Find primary matches + if ( matcher ) { + matcher( matcherIn, matcherOut, context, xml ); + } + + // Apply postFilter + if ( postFilter ) { + temp = condense( matcherOut, postMap ); + postFilter( temp, [], context, xml ); + + // Un-match failing elements by moving them back to matcherIn + i = temp.length; + while ( i-- ) { + if ( ( elem = temp[ i ] ) ) { + matcherOut[ postMap[ i ] ] = !( matcherIn[ postMap[ i ] ] = elem ); + } + } + } + + if ( seed ) { + if ( postFinder || preFilter ) { + if ( postFinder ) { + + // Get the final matcherOut by condensing this intermediate into postFinder contexts + temp = []; + i = matcherOut.length; + while ( i-- ) { + if ( ( elem = matcherOut[ i ] ) ) { + + // Restore matcherIn since elem is not yet a final match + temp.push( ( matcherIn[ i ] = elem ) ); + } + } + postFinder( null, ( matcherOut = [] ), temp, xml ); + } + + // Move matched elements from seed to results to keep them synchronized + i = matcherOut.length; + while ( i-- ) { + if ( ( elem = matcherOut[ i ] ) && + ( temp = postFinder ? indexOf( seed, elem ) : preMap[ i ] ) > -1 ) { + + seed[ temp ] = !( results[ temp ] = elem ); + } + } + } + + // Add elements to results, through postFinder if defined + } else { + matcherOut = condense( + matcherOut === results ? + matcherOut.splice( preexisting, matcherOut.length ) : + matcherOut + ); + if ( postFinder ) { + postFinder( null, results, matcherOut, xml ); + } else { + push.apply( results, matcherOut ); + } + } + } ); +} + +function matcherFromTokens( tokens ) { + var checkContext, matcher, j, + len = tokens.length, + leadingRelative = Expr.relative[ tokens[ 0 ].type ], + implicitRelative = leadingRelative || Expr.relative[ " " ], + i = leadingRelative ? 1 : 0, + + // The foundational matcher ensures that elements are reachable from top-level context(s) + matchContext = addCombinator( function( elem ) { + return elem === checkContext; + }, implicitRelative, true ), + matchAnyContext = addCombinator( function( elem ) { + return indexOf( checkContext, elem ) > -1; + }, implicitRelative, true ), + matchers = [ function( elem, context, xml ) { + var ret = ( !leadingRelative && ( xml || context !== outermostContext ) ) || ( + ( checkContext = context ).nodeType ? + matchContext( elem, context, xml ) : + matchAnyContext( elem, context, xml ) ); + + // Avoid hanging onto element (issue #299) + checkContext = null; + return ret; + } ]; + + for ( ; i < len; i++ ) { + if ( ( matcher = Expr.relative[ tokens[ i ].type ] ) ) { + matchers = [ addCombinator( elementMatcher( matchers ), matcher ) ]; + } else { + matcher = Expr.filter[ tokens[ i ].type ].apply( null, tokens[ i ].matches ); + + // Return special upon seeing a positional matcher + if ( matcher[ expando ] ) { + + // Find the next relative operator (if any) for proper handling + j = ++i; + for ( ; j < len; j++ ) { + if ( Expr.relative[ tokens[ j ].type ] ) { + break; + } + } + return setMatcher( + i > 1 && elementMatcher( matchers ), + i > 1 && toSelector( + + // If the preceding token was a descendant combinator, insert an implicit any-element `*` + tokens + .slice( 0, i - 1 ) + .concat( { value: tokens[ i - 2 ].type === " " ? "*" : "" } ) + ).replace( rtrim, "$1" ), + matcher, + i < j && matcherFromTokens( tokens.slice( i, j ) ), + j < len && matcherFromTokens( ( tokens = tokens.slice( j ) ) ), + j < len && toSelector( tokens ) + ); + } + matchers.push( matcher ); + } + } + + return elementMatcher( matchers ); +} + +function matcherFromGroupMatchers( elementMatchers, setMatchers ) { + var bySet = setMatchers.length > 0, + byElement = elementMatchers.length > 0, + superMatcher = function( seed, context, xml, results, outermost ) { + var elem, j, matcher, + matchedCount = 0, + i = "0", + unmatched = seed && [], + setMatched = [], + contextBackup = outermostContext, + + // We must always have either seed elements or outermost context + elems = seed || byElement && Expr.find[ "TAG" ]( "*", outermost ), + + // Use integer dirruns iff this is the outermost matcher + dirrunsUnique = ( dirruns += contextBackup == null ? 1 : Math.random() || 0.1 ), + len = elems.length; + + if ( outermost ) { + + // Support: IE 11+, Edge 17 - 18+ + // IE/Edge sometimes throw a "Permission denied" error when strict-comparing + // two documents; shallow comparisons work. + // eslint-disable-next-line eqeqeq + outermostContext = context == document || context || outermost; + } + + // Add elements passing elementMatchers directly to results + // Support: IE<9, Safari + // Tolerate NodeList properties (IE: "length"; Safari: ) matching elements by id + for ( ; i !== len && ( elem = elems[ i ] ) != null; i++ ) { + if ( byElement && elem ) { + j = 0; + + // Support: IE 11+, Edge 17 - 18+ + // IE/Edge sometimes throw a "Permission denied" error when strict-comparing + // two documents; shallow comparisons work. + // eslint-disable-next-line eqeqeq + if ( !context && elem.ownerDocument != document ) { + setDocument( elem ); + xml = !documentIsHTML; + } + while ( ( matcher = elementMatchers[ j++ ] ) ) { + if ( matcher( elem, context || document, xml ) ) { + results.push( elem ); + break; + } + } + if ( outermost ) { + dirruns = dirrunsUnique; + } + } + + // Track unmatched elements for set filters + if ( bySet ) { + + // They will have gone through all possible matchers + if ( ( elem = !matcher && elem ) ) { + matchedCount--; + } + + // Lengthen the array for every element, matched or not + if ( seed ) { + unmatched.push( elem ); + } + } + } + + // `i` is now the count of elements visited above, and adding it to `matchedCount` + // makes the latter nonnegative. + matchedCount += i; + + // Apply set filters to unmatched elements + // NOTE: This can be skipped if there are no unmatched elements (i.e., `matchedCount` + // equals `i`), unless we didn't visit _any_ elements in the above loop because we have + // no element matchers and no seed. + // Incrementing an initially-string "0" `i` allows `i` to remain a string only in that + // case, which will result in a "00" `matchedCount` that differs from `i` but is also + // numerically zero. + if ( bySet && i !== matchedCount ) { + j = 0; + while ( ( matcher = setMatchers[ j++ ] ) ) { + matcher( unmatched, setMatched, context, xml ); + } + + if ( seed ) { + + // Reintegrate element matches to eliminate the need for sorting + if ( matchedCount > 0 ) { + while ( i-- ) { + if ( !( unmatched[ i ] || setMatched[ i ] ) ) { + setMatched[ i ] = pop.call( results ); + } + } + } + + // Discard index placeholder values to get only actual matches + setMatched = condense( setMatched ); + } + + // Add matches to results + push.apply( results, setMatched ); + + // Seedless set matches succeeding multiple successful matchers stipulate sorting + if ( outermost && !seed && setMatched.length > 0 && + ( matchedCount + setMatchers.length ) > 1 ) { + + Sizzle.uniqueSort( results ); + } + } + + // Override manipulation of globals by nested matchers + if ( outermost ) { + dirruns = dirrunsUnique; + outermostContext = contextBackup; + } + + return unmatched; + }; + + return bySet ? + markFunction( superMatcher ) : + superMatcher; +} + +compile = Sizzle.compile = function( selector, match /* Internal Use Only */ ) { + var i, + setMatchers = [], + elementMatchers = [], + cached = compilerCache[ selector + " " ]; + + if ( !cached ) { + + // Generate a function of recursive functions that can be used to check each element + if ( !match ) { + match = tokenize( selector ); + } + i = match.length; + while ( i-- ) { + cached = matcherFromTokens( match[ i ] ); + if ( cached[ expando ] ) { + setMatchers.push( cached ); + } else { + elementMatchers.push( cached ); + } + } + + // Cache the compiled function + cached = compilerCache( + selector, + matcherFromGroupMatchers( elementMatchers, setMatchers ) + ); + + // Save selector and tokenization + cached.selector = selector; + } + return cached; +}; + +/** + * A low-level selection function that works with Sizzle's compiled + * selector functions + * @param {String|Function} selector A selector or a pre-compiled + * selector function built with Sizzle.compile + * @param {Element} context + * @param {Array} [results] + * @param {Array} [seed] A set of elements to match against + */ +select = Sizzle.select = function( selector, context, results, seed ) { + var i, tokens, token, type, find, + compiled = typeof selector === "function" && selector, + match = !seed && tokenize( ( selector = compiled.selector || selector ) ); + + results = results || []; + + // Try to minimize operations if there is only one selector in the list and no seed + // (the latter of which guarantees us context) + if ( match.length === 1 ) { + + // Reduce context if the leading compound selector is an ID + tokens = match[ 0 ] = match[ 0 ].slice( 0 ); + if ( tokens.length > 2 && ( token = tokens[ 0 ] ).type === "ID" && + context.nodeType === 9 && documentIsHTML && Expr.relative[ tokens[ 1 ].type ] ) { + + context = ( Expr.find[ "ID" ]( token.matches[ 0 ] + .replace( runescape, funescape ), context ) || [] )[ 0 ]; + if ( !context ) { + return results; + + // Precompiled matchers will still verify ancestry, so step up a level + } else if ( compiled ) { + context = context.parentNode; + } + + selector = selector.slice( tokens.shift().value.length ); + } + + // Fetch a seed set for right-to-left matching + i = matchExpr[ "needsContext" ].test( selector ) ? 0 : tokens.length; + while ( i-- ) { + token = tokens[ i ]; + + // Abort if we hit a combinator + if ( Expr.relative[ ( type = token.type ) ] ) { + break; + } + if ( ( find = Expr.find[ type ] ) ) { + + // Search, expanding context for leading sibling combinators + if ( ( seed = find( + token.matches[ 0 ].replace( runescape, funescape ), + rsibling.test( tokens[ 0 ].type ) && testContext( context.parentNode ) || + context + ) ) ) { + + // If seed is empty or no tokens remain, we can return early + tokens.splice( i, 1 ); + selector = seed.length && toSelector( tokens ); + if ( !selector ) { + push.apply( results, seed ); + return results; + } + + break; + } + } + } + } + + // Compile and execute a filtering function if one is not provided + // Provide `match` to avoid retokenization if we modified the selector above + ( compiled || compile( selector, match ) )( + seed, + context, + !documentIsHTML, + results, + !context || rsibling.test( selector ) && testContext( context.parentNode ) || context + ); + return results; +}; + +// One-time assignments + +// Sort stability +support.sortStable = expando.split( "" ).sort( sortOrder ).join( "" ) === expando; + +// Support: Chrome 14-35+ +// Always assume duplicates if they aren't passed to the comparison function +support.detectDuplicates = !!hasDuplicate; + +// Initialize against the default document +setDocument(); + +// Support: Webkit<537.32 - Safari 6.0.3/Chrome 25 (fixed in Chrome 27) +// Detached nodes confoundingly follow *each other* +support.sortDetached = assert( function( el ) { + + // Should return 1, but returns 4 (following) + return el.compareDocumentPosition( document.createElement( "fieldset" ) ) & 1; +} ); + +// Support: IE<8 +// Prevent attribute/property "interpolation" +// https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms536429%28VS.85%29.aspx +if ( !assert( function( el ) { + el.innerHTML = ""; + return el.firstChild.getAttribute( "href" ) === "#"; +} ) ) { + addHandle( "type|href|height|width", function( elem, name, isXML ) { + if ( !isXML ) { + return elem.getAttribute( name, name.toLowerCase() === "type" ? 1 : 2 ); + } + } ); +} + +// Support: IE<9 +// Use defaultValue in place of getAttribute("value") +if ( !support.attributes || !assert( function( el ) { + el.innerHTML = ""; + el.firstChild.setAttribute( "value", "" ); + return el.firstChild.getAttribute( "value" ) === ""; +} ) ) { + addHandle( "value", function( elem, _name, isXML ) { + if ( !isXML && elem.nodeName.toLowerCase() === "input" ) { + return elem.defaultValue; + } + } ); +} + +// Support: IE<9 +// Use getAttributeNode to fetch booleans when getAttribute lies +if ( !assert( function( el ) { + return el.getAttribute( "disabled" ) == null; +} ) ) { + addHandle( booleans, function( elem, name, isXML ) { + var val; + if ( !isXML ) { + return elem[ name ] === true ? name.toLowerCase() : + ( val = elem.getAttributeNode( name ) ) && val.specified ? + val.value : + null; + } + } ); +} + +return Sizzle; + +} )( window ); + + + +jQuery.find = Sizzle; +jQuery.expr = Sizzle.selectors; + +// Deprecated +jQuery.expr[ ":" ] = jQuery.expr.pseudos; +jQuery.uniqueSort = jQuery.unique = Sizzle.uniqueSort; +jQuery.text = Sizzle.getText; +jQuery.isXMLDoc = Sizzle.isXML; +jQuery.contains = Sizzle.contains; +jQuery.escapeSelector = Sizzle.escape; + + + + +var dir = function( elem, dir, until ) { + var matched = [], + truncate = until !== undefined; + + while ( ( elem = elem[ dir ] ) && elem.nodeType !== 9 ) { + if ( elem.nodeType === 1 ) { + if ( truncate && jQuery( elem ).is( until ) ) { + break; + } + matched.push( elem ); + } + } + return matched; +}; + + +var siblings = function( n, elem ) { + var matched = []; + + for ( ; n; n = n.nextSibling ) { + if ( n.nodeType === 1 && n !== elem ) { + matched.push( n ); + } + } + + return matched; +}; + + +var rneedsContext = jQuery.expr.match.needsContext; + + + +function nodeName( elem, name ) { + + return elem.nodeName && elem.nodeName.toLowerCase() === name.toLowerCase(); + +} +var rsingleTag = ( /^<([a-z][^\/\0>:\x20\t\r\n\f]*)[\x20\t\r\n\f]*\/?>(?:<\/\1>|)$/i ); + + + +// Implement the identical functionality for filter and not +function winnow( elements, qualifier, not ) { + if ( isFunction( qualifier ) ) { + return jQuery.grep( elements, function( elem, i ) { + return !!qualifier.call( elem, i, elem ) !== not; + } ); + } + + // Single element + if ( qualifier.nodeType ) { + return jQuery.grep( elements, function( elem ) { + return ( elem === qualifier ) !== not; + } ); + } + + // Arraylike of elements (jQuery, arguments, Array) + if ( typeof qualifier !== "string" ) { + return jQuery.grep( elements, function( elem ) { + return ( indexOf.call( qualifier, elem ) > -1 ) !== not; + } ); + } + + // Filtered directly for both simple and complex selectors + return jQuery.filter( qualifier, elements, not ); +} + +jQuery.filter = function( expr, elems, not ) { + var elem = elems[ 0 ]; + + if ( not ) { + expr = ":not(" + expr + ")"; + } + + if ( elems.length === 1 && elem.nodeType === 1 ) { + return jQuery.find.matchesSelector( elem, expr ) ? [ elem ] : []; + } + + return jQuery.find.matches( expr, jQuery.grep( elems, function( elem ) { + return elem.nodeType === 1; + } ) ); +}; + +jQuery.fn.extend( { + find: function( selector ) { + var i, ret, + len = this.length, + self = this; + + if ( typeof selector !== "string" ) { + return this.pushStack( jQuery( selector ).filter( function() { + for ( i = 0; i < len; i++ ) { + if ( jQuery.contains( self[ i ], this ) ) { + return true; + } + } + } ) ); + } + + ret = this.pushStack( [] ); + + for ( i = 0; i < len; i++ ) { + jQuery.find( selector, self[ i ], ret ); + } + + return len > 1 ? jQuery.uniqueSort( ret ) : ret; + }, + filter: function( selector ) { + return this.pushStack( winnow( this, selector || [], false ) ); + }, + not: function( selector ) { + return this.pushStack( winnow( this, selector || [], true ) ); + }, + is: function( selector ) { + return !!winnow( + this, + + // If this is a positional/relative selector, check membership in the returned set + // so $("p:first").is("p:last") won't return true for a doc with two "p". + typeof selector === "string" && rneedsContext.test( selector ) ? + jQuery( selector ) : + selector || [], + false + ).length; + } +} ); + + +// Initialize a jQuery object + + +// A central reference to the root jQuery(document) +var rootjQuery, + + // A simple way to check for HTML strings + // Prioritize #id over to avoid XSS via location.hash (#9521) + // Strict HTML recognition (#11290: must start with <) + // Shortcut simple #id case for speed + rquickExpr = /^(?:\s*(<[\w\W]+>)[^>]*|#([\w-]+))$/, + + init = jQuery.fn.init = function( selector, context, root ) { + var match, elem; + + // HANDLE: $(""), $(null), $(undefined), $(false) + if ( !selector ) { + return this; + } + + // Method init() accepts an alternate rootjQuery + // so migrate can support jQuery.sub (gh-2101) + root = root || rootjQuery; + + // Handle HTML strings + if ( typeof selector === "string" ) { + if ( selector[ 0 ] === "<" && + selector[ selector.length - 1 ] === ">" && + selector.length >= 3 ) { + + // Assume that strings that start and end with <> are HTML and skip the regex check + match = [ null, selector, null ]; + + } else { + match = rquickExpr.exec( selector ); + } + + // Match html or make sure no context is specified for #id + if ( match && ( match[ 1 ] || !context ) ) { + + // HANDLE: $(html) -> $(array) + if ( match[ 1 ] ) { + context = context instanceof jQuery ? context[ 0 ] : context; + + // Option to run scripts is true for back-compat + // Intentionally let the error be thrown if parseHTML is not present + jQuery.merge( this, jQuery.parseHTML( + match[ 1 ], + context && context.nodeType ? context.ownerDocument || context : document, + true + ) ); + + // HANDLE: $(html, props) + if ( rsingleTag.test( match[ 1 ] ) && jQuery.isPlainObject( context ) ) { + for ( match in context ) { + + // Properties of context are called as methods if possible + if ( isFunction( this[ match ] ) ) { + this[ match ]( context[ match ] ); + + // ...and otherwise set as attributes + } else { + this.attr( match, context[ match ] ); + } + } + } + + return this; + + // HANDLE: $(#id) + } else { + elem = document.getElementById( match[ 2 ] ); + + if ( elem ) { + + // Inject the element directly into the jQuery object + this[ 0 ] = elem; + this.length = 1; + } + return this; + } + + // HANDLE: $(expr, $(...)) + } else if ( !context || context.jquery ) { + return ( context || root ).find( selector ); + + // HANDLE: $(expr, context) + // (which is just equivalent to: $(context).find(expr) + } else { + return this.constructor( context ).find( selector ); + } + + // HANDLE: $(DOMElement) + } else if ( selector.nodeType ) { + this[ 0 ] = selector; + this.length = 1; + return this; + + // HANDLE: $(function) + // Shortcut for document ready + } else if ( isFunction( selector ) ) { + return root.ready !== undefined ? + root.ready( selector ) : + + // Execute immediately if ready is not present + selector( jQuery ); + } + + return jQuery.makeArray( selector, this ); + }; + +// Give the init function the jQuery prototype for later instantiation +init.prototype = jQuery.fn; + +// Initialize central reference +rootjQuery = jQuery( document ); + + +var rparentsprev = /^(?:parents|prev(?:Until|All))/, + + // Methods guaranteed to produce a unique set when starting from a unique set + guaranteedUnique = { + children: true, + contents: true, + next: true, + prev: true + }; + +jQuery.fn.extend( { + has: function( target ) { + var targets = jQuery( target, this ), + l = targets.length; + + return this.filter( function() { + var i = 0; + for ( ; i < l; i++ ) { + if ( jQuery.contains( this, targets[ i ] ) ) { + return true; + } + } + } ); + }, + + closest: function( selectors, context ) { + var cur, + i = 0, + l = this.length, + matched = [], + targets = typeof selectors !== "string" && jQuery( selectors ); + + // Positional selectors never match, since there's no _selection_ context + if ( !rneedsContext.test( selectors ) ) { + for ( ; i < l; i++ ) { + for ( cur = this[ i ]; cur && cur !== context; cur = cur.parentNode ) { + + // Always skip document fragments + if ( cur.nodeType < 11 && ( targets ? + targets.index( cur ) > -1 : + + // Don't pass non-elements to Sizzle + cur.nodeType === 1 && + jQuery.find.matchesSelector( cur, selectors ) ) ) { + + matched.push( cur ); + break; + } + } + } + } + + return this.pushStack( matched.length > 1 ? jQuery.uniqueSort( matched ) : matched ); + }, + + // Determine the position of an element within the set + index: function( elem ) { + + // No argument, return index in parent + if ( !elem ) { + return ( this[ 0 ] && this[ 0 ].parentNode ) ? this.first().prevAll().length : -1; + } + + // Index in selector + if ( typeof elem === "string" ) { + return indexOf.call( jQuery( elem ), this[ 0 ] ); + } + + // Locate the position of the desired element + return indexOf.call( this, + + // If it receives a jQuery object, the first element is used + elem.jquery ? elem[ 0 ] : elem + ); + }, + + add: function( selector, context ) { + return this.pushStack( + jQuery.uniqueSort( + jQuery.merge( this.get(), jQuery( selector, context ) ) + ) + ); + }, + + addBack: function( selector ) { + return this.add( selector == null ? + this.prevObject : this.prevObject.filter( selector ) + ); + } +} ); + +function sibling( cur, dir ) { + while ( ( cur = cur[ dir ] ) && cur.nodeType !== 1 ) {} + return cur; +} + +jQuery.each( { + parent: function( elem ) { + var parent = elem.parentNode; + return parent && parent.nodeType !== 11 ? parent : null; + }, + parents: function( elem ) { + return dir( elem, "parentNode" ); + }, + parentsUntil: function( elem, _i, until ) { + return dir( elem, "parentNode", until ); + }, + next: function( elem ) { + return sibling( elem, "nextSibling" ); + }, + prev: function( elem ) { + return sibling( elem, "previousSibling" ); + }, + nextAll: function( elem ) { + return dir( elem, "nextSibling" ); + }, + prevAll: function( elem ) { + return dir( elem, "previousSibling" ); + }, + nextUntil: function( elem, _i, until ) { + return dir( elem, "nextSibling", until ); + }, + prevUntil: function( elem, _i, until ) { + return dir( elem, "previousSibling", until ); + }, + siblings: function( elem ) { + return siblings( ( elem.parentNode || {} ).firstChild, elem ); + }, + children: function( elem ) { + return siblings( elem.firstChild ); + }, + contents: function( elem ) { + if ( elem.contentDocument != null && + + // Support: IE 11+ + // elements with no `data` attribute has an object + // `contentDocument` with a `null` prototype. + getProto( elem.contentDocument ) ) { + + return elem.contentDocument; + } + + // Support: IE 9 - 11 only, iOS 7 only, Android Browser <=4.3 only + // Treat the template element as a regular one in browsers that + // don't support it. + if ( nodeName( elem, "template" ) ) { + elem = elem.content || elem; + } + + return jQuery.merge( [], elem.childNodes ); + } +}, function( name, fn ) { + jQuery.fn[ name ] = function( until, selector ) { + var matched = jQuery.map( this, fn, until ); + + if ( name.slice( -5 ) !== "Until" ) { + selector = until; + } + + if ( selector && typeof selector === "string" ) { + matched = jQuery.filter( selector, matched ); + } + + if ( this.length > 1 ) { + + // Remove duplicates + if ( !guaranteedUnique[ name ] ) { + jQuery.uniqueSort( matched ); + } + + // Reverse order for parents* and prev-derivatives + if ( rparentsprev.test( name ) ) { + matched.reverse(); + } + } + + return this.pushStack( matched ); + }; +} ); +var rnothtmlwhite = ( /[^\x20\t\r\n\f]+/g ); + + + +// Convert String-formatted options into Object-formatted ones +function createOptions( options ) { + var object = {}; + jQuery.each( options.match( rnothtmlwhite ) || [], function( _, flag ) { + object[ flag ] = true; + } ); + return object; +} + +/* + * Create a callback list using the following parameters: + * + * options: an optional list of space-separated options that will change how + * the callback list behaves or a more traditional option object + * + * By default a callback list will act like an event callback list and can be + * "fired" multiple times. + * + * Possible options: + * + * once: will ensure the callback list can only be fired once (like a Deferred) + * + * memory: will keep track of previous values and will call any callback added + * after the list has been fired right away with the latest "memorized" + * values (like a Deferred) + * + * unique: will ensure a callback can only be added once (no duplicate in the list) + * + * stopOnFalse: interrupt callings when a callback returns false + * + */ +jQuery.Callbacks = function( options ) { + + // Convert options from String-formatted to Object-formatted if needed + // (we check in cache first) + options = typeof options === "string" ? + createOptions( options ) : + jQuery.extend( {}, options ); + + var // Flag to know if list is currently firing + firing, + + // Last fire value for non-forgettable lists + memory, + + // Flag to know if list was already fired + fired, + + // Flag to prevent firing + locked, + + // Actual callback list + list = [], + + // Queue of execution data for repeatable lists + queue = [], + + // Index of currently firing callback (modified by add/remove as needed) + firingIndex = -1, + + // Fire callbacks + fire = function() { + + // Enforce single-firing + locked = locked || options.once; + + // Execute callbacks for all pending executions, + // respecting firingIndex overrides and runtime changes + fired = firing = true; + for ( ; queue.length; firingIndex = -1 ) { + memory = queue.shift(); + while ( ++firingIndex < list.length ) { + + // Run callback and check for early termination + if ( list[ firingIndex ].apply( memory[ 0 ], memory[ 1 ] ) === false && + options.stopOnFalse ) { + + // Jump to end and forget the data so .add doesn't re-fire + firingIndex = list.length; + memory = false; + } + } + } + + // Forget the data if we're done with it + if ( !options.memory ) { + memory = false; + } + + firing = false; + + // Clean up if we're done firing for good + if ( locked ) { + + // Keep an empty list if we have data for future add calls + if ( memory ) { + list = []; + + // Otherwise, this object is spent + } else { + list = ""; + } + } + }, + + // Actual Callbacks object + self = { + + // Add a callback or a collection of callbacks to the list + add: function() { + if ( list ) { + + // If we have memory from a past run, we should fire after adding + if ( memory && !firing ) { + firingIndex = list.length - 1; + queue.push( memory ); + } + + ( function add( args ) { + jQuery.each( args, function( _, arg ) { + if ( isFunction( arg ) ) { + if ( !options.unique || !self.has( arg ) ) { + list.push( arg ); + } + } else if ( arg && arg.length && toType( arg ) !== "string" ) { + + // Inspect recursively + add( arg ); + } + } ); + } )( arguments ); + + if ( memory && !firing ) { + fire(); + } + } + return this; + }, + + // Remove a callback from the list + remove: function() { + jQuery.each( arguments, function( _, arg ) { + var index; + while ( ( index = jQuery.inArray( arg, list, index ) ) > -1 ) { + list.splice( index, 1 ); + + // Handle firing indexes + if ( index <= firingIndex ) { + firingIndex--; + } + } + } ); + return this; + }, + + // Check if a given callback is in the list. + // If no argument is given, return whether or not list has callbacks attached. + has: function( fn ) { + return fn ? + jQuery.inArray( fn, list ) > -1 : + list.length > 0; + }, + + // Remove all callbacks from the list + empty: function() { + if ( list ) { + list = []; + } + return this; + }, + + // Disable .fire and .add + // Abort any current/pending executions + // Clear all callbacks and values + disable: function() { + locked = queue = []; + list = memory = ""; + return this; + }, + disabled: function() { + return !list; + }, + + // Disable .fire + // Also disable .add unless we have memory (since it would have no effect) + // Abort any pending executions + lock: function() { + locked = queue = []; + if ( !memory && !firing ) { + list = memory = ""; + } + return this; + }, + locked: function() { + return !!locked; + }, + + // Call all callbacks with the given context and arguments + fireWith: function( context, args ) { + if ( !locked ) { + args = args || []; + args = [ context, args.slice ? args.slice() : args ]; + queue.push( args ); + if ( !firing ) { + fire(); + } + } + return this; + }, + + // Call all the callbacks with the given arguments + fire: function() { + self.fireWith( this, arguments ); + return this; + }, + + // To know if the callbacks have already been called at least once + fired: function() { + return !!fired; + } + }; + + return self; +}; + + +function Identity( v ) { + return v; +} +function Thrower( ex ) { + throw ex; +} + +function adoptValue( value, resolve, reject, noValue ) { + var method; + + try { + + // Check for promise aspect first to privilege synchronous behavior + if ( value && isFunction( ( method = value.promise ) ) ) { + method.call( value ).done( resolve ).fail( reject ); + + // Other thenables + } else if ( value && isFunction( ( method = value.then ) ) ) { + method.call( value, resolve, reject ); + + // Other non-thenables + } else { + + // Control `resolve` arguments by letting Array#slice cast boolean `noValue` to integer: + // * false: [ value ].slice( 0 ) => resolve( value ) + // * true: [ value ].slice( 1 ) => resolve() + resolve.apply( undefined, [ value ].slice( noValue ) ); + } + + // For Promises/A+, convert exceptions into rejections + // Since jQuery.when doesn't unwrap thenables, we can skip the extra checks appearing in + // Deferred#then to conditionally suppress rejection. + } catch ( value ) { + + // Support: Android 4.0 only + // Strict mode functions invoked without .call/.apply get global-object context + reject.apply( undefined, [ value ] ); + } +} + +jQuery.extend( { + + Deferred: function( func ) { + var tuples = [ + + // action, add listener, callbacks, + // ... .then handlers, argument index, [final state] + [ "notify", "progress", jQuery.Callbacks( "memory" ), + jQuery.Callbacks( "memory" ), 2 ], + [ "resolve", "done", jQuery.Callbacks( "once memory" ), + jQuery.Callbacks( "once memory" ), 0, "resolved" ], + [ "reject", "fail", jQuery.Callbacks( "once memory" ), + jQuery.Callbacks( "once memory" ), 1, "rejected" ] + ], + state = "pending", + promise = { + state: function() { + return state; + }, + always: function() { + deferred.done( arguments ).fail( arguments ); + return this; + }, + "catch": function( fn ) { + return promise.then( null, fn ); + }, + + // Keep pipe for back-compat + pipe: function( /* fnDone, fnFail, fnProgress */ ) { + var fns = arguments; + + return jQuery.Deferred( function( newDefer ) { + jQuery.each( tuples, function( _i, tuple ) { + + // Map tuples (progress, done, fail) to arguments (done, fail, progress) + var fn = isFunction( fns[ tuple[ 4 ] ] ) && fns[ tuple[ 4 ] ]; + + // deferred.progress(function() { bind to newDefer or newDefer.notify }) + // deferred.done(function() { bind to newDefer or newDefer.resolve }) + // deferred.fail(function() { bind to newDefer or newDefer.reject }) + deferred[ tuple[ 1 ] ]( function() { + var returned = fn && fn.apply( this, arguments ); + if ( returned && isFunction( returned.promise ) ) { + returned.promise() + .progress( newDefer.notify ) + .done( newDefer.resolve ) + .fail( newDefer.reject ); + } else { + newDefer[ tuple[ 0 ] + "With" ]( + this, + fn ? [ returned ] : arguments + ); + } + } ); + } ); + fns = null; + } ).promise(); + }, + then: function( onFulfilled, onRejected, onProgress ) { + var maxDepth = 0; + function resolve( depth, deferred, handler, special ) { + return function() { + var that = this, + args = arguments, + mightThrow = function() { + var returned, then; + + // Support: Promises/A+ section 2.3.3.3.3 + // https://promisesaplus.com/#point-59 + // Ignore double-resolution attempts + if ( depth < maxDepth ) { + return; + } + + returned = handler.apply( that, args ); + + // Support: Promises/A+ section 2.3.1 + // https://promisesaplus.com/#point-48 + if ( returned === deferred.promise() ) { + throw new TypeError( "Thenable self-resolution" ); + } + + // Support: Promises/A+ sections 2.3.3.1, 3.5 + // https://promisesaplus.com/#point-54 + // https://promisesaplus.com/#point-75 + // Retrieve `then` only once + then = returned && + + // Support: Promises/A+ section 2.3.4 + // https://promisesaplus.com/#point-64 + // Only check objects and functions for thenability + ( typeof returned === "object" || + typeof returned === "function" ) && + returned.then; + + // Handle a returned thenable + if ( isFunction( then ) ) { + + // Special processors (notify) just wait for resolution + if ( special ) { + then.call( + returned, + resolve( maxDepth, deferred, Identity, special ), + resolve( maxDepth, deferred, Thrower, special ) + ); + + // Normal processors (resolve) also hook into progress + } else { + + // ...and disregard older resolution values + maxDepth++; + + then.call( + returned, + resolve( maxDepth, deferred, Identity, special ), + resolve( maxDepth, deferred, Thrower, special ), + resolve( maxDepth, deferred, Identity, + deferred.notifyWith ) + ); + } + + // Handle all other returned values + } else { + + // Only substitute handlers pass on context + // and multiple values (non-spec behavior) + if ( handler !== Identity ) { + that = undefined; + args = [ returned ]; + } + + // Process the value(s) + // Default process is resolve + ( special || deferred.resolveWith )( that, args ); + } + }, + + // Only normal processors (resolve) catch and reject exceptions + process = special ? + mightThrow : + function() { + try { + mightThrow(); + } catch ( e ) { + + if ( jQuery.Deferred.exceptionHook ) { + jQuery.Deferred.exceptionHook( e, + process.stackTrace ); + } + + // Support: Promises/A+ section 2.3.3.3.4.1 + // https://promisesaplus.com/#point-61 + // Ignore post-resolution exceptions + if ( depth + 1 >= maxDepth ) { + + // Only substitute handlers pass on context + // and multiple values (non-spec behavior) + if ( handler !== Thrower ) { + that = undefined; + args = [ e ]; + } + + deferred.rejectWith( that, args ); + } + } + }; + + // Support: Promises/A+ section 2.3.3.3.1 + // https://promisesaplus.com/#point-57 + // Re-resolve promises immediately to dodge false rejection from + // subsequent errors + if ( depth ) { + process(); + } else { + + // Call an optional hook to record the stack, in case of exception + // since it's otherwise lost when execution goes async + if ( jQuery.Deferred.getStackHook ) { + process.stackTrace = jQuery.Deferred.getStackHook(); + } + window.setTimeout( process ); + } + }; + } + + return jQuery.Deferred( function( newDefer ) { + + // progress_handlers.add( ... ) + tuples[ 0 ][ 3 ].add( + resolve( + 0, + newDefer, + isFunction( onProgress ) ? + onProgress : + Identity, + newDefer.notifyWith + ) + ); + + // fulfilled_handlers.add( ... ) + tuples[ 1 ][ 3 ].add( + resolve( + 0, + newDefer, + isFunction( onFulfilled ) ? + onFulfilled : + Identity + ) + ); + + // rejected_handlers.add( ... ) + tuples[ 2 ][ 3 ].add( + resolve( + 0, + newDefer, + isFunction( onRejected ) ? + onRejected : + Thrower + ) + ); + } ).promise(); + }, + + // Get a promise for this deferred + // If obj is provided, the promise aspect is added to the object + promise: function( obj ) { + return obj != null ? jQuery.extend( obj, promise ) : promise; + } + }, + deferred = {}; + + // Add list-specific methods + jQuery.each( tuples, function( i, tuple ) { + var list = tuple[ 2 ], + stateString = tuple[ 5 ]; + + // promise.progress = list.add + // promise.done = list.add + // promise.fail = list.add + promise[ tuple[ 1 ] ] = list.add; + + // Handle state + if ( stateString ) { + list.add( + function() { + + // state = "resolved" (i.e., fulfilled) + // state = "rejected" + state = stateString; + }, + + // rejected_callbacks.disable + // fulfilled_callbacks.disable + tuples[ 3 - i ][ 2 ].disable, + + // rejected_handlers.disable + // fulfilled_handlers.disable + tuples[ 3 - i ][ 3 ].disable, + + // progress_callbacks.lock + tuples[ 0 ][ 2 ].lock, + + // progress_handlers.lock + tuples[ 0 ][ 3 ].lock + ); + } + + // progress_handlers.fire + // fulfilled_handlers.fire + // rejected_handlers.fire + list.add( tuple[ 3 ].fire ); + + // deferred.notify = function() { deferred.notifyWith(...) } + // deferred.resolve = function() { deferred.resolveWith(...) } + // deferred.reject = function() { deferred.rejectWith(...) } + deferred[ tuple[ 0 ] ] = function() { + deferred[ tuple[ 0 ] + "With" ]( this === deferred ? undefined : this, arguments ); + return this; + }; + + // deferred.notifyWith = list.fireWith + // deferred.resolveWith = list.fireWith + // deferred.rejectWith = list.fireWith + deferred[ tuple[ 0 ] + "With" ] = list.fireWith; + } ); + + // Make the deferred a promise + promise.promise( deferred ); + + // Call given func if any + if ( func ) { + func.call( deferred, deferred ); + } + + // All done! + return deferred; + }, + + // Deferred helper + when: function( singleValue ) { + var + + // count of uncompleted subordinates + remaining = arguments.length, + + // count of unprocessed arguments + i = remaining, + + // subordinate fulfillment data + resolveContexts = Array( i ), + resolveValues = slice.call( arguments ), + + // the primary Deferred + primary = jQuery.Deferred(), + + // subordinate callback factory + updateFunc = function( i ) { + return function( value ) { + resolveContexts[ i ] = this; + resolveValues[ i ] = arguments.length > 1 ? slice.call( arguments ) : value; + if ( !( --remaining ) ) { + primary.resolveWith( resolveContexts, resolveValues ); + } + }; + }; + + // Single- and empty arguments are adopted like Promise.resolve + if ( remaining <= 1 ) { + adoptValue( singleValue, primary.done( updateFunc( i ) ).resolve, primary.reject, + !remaining ); + + // Use .then() to unwrap secondary thenables (cf. gh-3000) + if ( primary.state() === "pending" || + isFunction( resolveValues[ i ] && resolveValues[ i ].then ) ) { + + return primary.then(); + } + } + + // Multiple arguments are aggregated like Promise.all array elements + while ( i-- ) { + adoptValue( resolveValues[ i ], updateFunc( i ), primary.reject ); + } + + return primary.promise(); + } +} ); + + +// These usually indicate a programmer mistake during development, +// warn about them ASAP rather than swallowing them by default. +var rerrorNames = /^(Eval|Internal|Range|Reference|Syntax|Type|URI)Error$/; + +jQuery.Deferred.exceptionHook = function( error, stack ) { + + // Support: IE 8 - 9 only + // Console exists when dev tools are open, which can happen at any time + if ( window.console && window.console.warn && error && rerrorNames.test( error.name ) ) { + window.console.warn( "jQuery.Deferred exception: " + error.message, error.stack, stack ); + } +}; + + + + +jQuery.readyException = function( error ) { + window.setTimeout( function() { + throw error; + } ); +}; + + + + +// The deferred used on DOM ready +var readyList = jQuery.Deferred(); + +jQuery.fn.ready = function( fn ) { + + readyList + .then( fn ) + + // Wrap jQuery.readyException in a function so that the lookup + // happens at the time of error handling instead of callback + // registration. + .catch( function( error ) { + jQuery.readyException( error ); + } ); + + return this; +}; + +jQuery.extend( { + + // Is the DOM ready to be used? Set to true once it occurs. + isReady: false, + + // A counter to track how many items to wait for before + // the ready event fires. See #6781 + readyWait: 1, + + // Handle when the DOM is ready + ready: function( wait ) { + + // Abort if there are pending holds or we're already ready + if ( wait === true ? --jQuery.readyWait : jQuery.isReady ) { + return; + } + + // Remember that the DOM is ready + jQuery.isReady = true; + + // If a normal DOM Ready event fired, decrement, and wait if need be + if ( wait !== true && --jQuery.readyWait > 0 ) { + return; + } + + // If there are functions bound, to execute + readyList.resolveWith( document, [ jQuery ] ); + } +} ); + +jQuery.ready.then = readyList.then; + +// The ready event handler and self cleanup method +function completed() { + document.removeEventListener( "DOMContentLoaded", completed ); + window.removeEventListener( "load", completed ); + jQuery.ready(); +} + +// Catch cases where $(document).ready() is called +// after the browser event has already occurred. +// Support: IE <=9 - 10 only +// Older IE sometimes signals "interactive" too soon +if ( document.readyState === "complete" || + ( document.readyState !== "loading" && !document.documentElement.doScroll ) ) { + + // Handle it asynchronously to allow scripts the opportunity to delay ready + window.setTimeout( jQuery.ready ); + +} else { + + // Use the handy event callback + document.addEventListener( "DOMContentLoaded", completed ); + + // A fallback to window.onload, that will always work + window.addEventListener( "load", completed ); +} + + + + +// Multifunctional method to get and set values of a collection +// The value/s can optionally be executed if it's a function +var access = function( elems, fn, key, value, chainable, emptyGet, raw ) { + var i = 0, + len = elems.length, + bulk = key == null; + + // Sets many values + if ( toType( key ) === "object" ) { + chainable = true; + for ( i in key ) { + access( elems, fn, i, key[ i ], true, emptyGet, raw ); + } + + // Sets one value + } else if ( value !== undefined ) { + chainable = true; + + if ( !isFunction( value ) ) { + raw = true; + } + + if ( bulk ) { + + // Bulk operations run against the entire set + if ( raw ) { + fn.call( elems, value ); + fn = null; + + // ...except when executing function values + } else { + bulk = fn; + fn = function( elem, _key, value ) { + return bulk.call( jQuery( elem ), value ); + }; + } + } + + if ( fn ) { + for ( ; i < len; i++ ) { + fn( + elems[ i ], key, raw ? + value : + value.call( elems[ i ], i, fn( elems[ i ], key ) ) + ); + } + } + } + + if ( chainable ) { + return elems; + } + + // Gets + if ( bulk ) { + return fn.call( elems ); + } + + return len ? fn( elems[ 0 ], key ) : emptyGet; +}; + + +// Matches dashed string for camelizing +var rmsPrefix = /^-ms-/, + rdashAlpha = /-([a-z])/g; + +// Used by camelCase as callback to replace() +function fcamelCase( _all, letter ) { + return letter.toUpperCase(); +} + +// Convert dashed to camelCase; used by the css and data modules +// Support: IE <=9 - 11, Edge 12 - 15 +// Microsoft forgot to hump their vendor prefix (#9572) +function camelCase( string ) { + return string.replace( rmsPrefix, "ms-" ).replace( rdashAlpha, fcamelCase ); +} +var acceptData = function( owner ) { + + // Accepts only: + // - Node + // - Node.ELEMENT_NODE + // - Node.DOCUMENT_NODE + // - Object + // - Any + return owner.nodeType === 1 || owner.nodeType === 9 || !( +owner.nodeType ); +}; + + + + +function Data() { + this.expando = jQuery.expando + Data.uid++; +} + +Data.uid = 1; + +Data.prototype = { + + cache: function( owner ) { + + // Check if the owner object already has a cache + var value = owner[ this.expando ]; + + // If not, create one + if ( !value ) { + value = {}; + + // We can accept data for non-element nodes in modern browsers, + // but we should not, see #8335. + // Always return an empty object. + if ( acceptData( owner ) ) { + + // If it is a node unlikely to be stringify-ed or looped over + // use plain assignment + if ( owner.nodeType ) { + owner[ this.expando ] = value; + + // Otherwise secure it in a non-enumerable property + // configurable must be true to allow the property to be + // deleted when data is removed + } else { + Object.defineProperty( owner, this.expando, { + value: value, + configurable: true + } ); + } + } + } + + return value; + }, + set: function( owner, data, value ) { + var prop, + cache = this.cache( owner ); + + // Handle: [ owner, key, value ] args + // Always use camelCase key (gh-2257) + if ( typeof data === "string" ) { + cache[ camelCase( data ) ] = value; + + // Handle: [ owner, { properties } ] args + } else { + + // Copy the properties one-by-one to the cache object + for ( prop in data ) { + cache[ camelCase( prop ) ] = data[ prop ]; + } + } + return cache; + }, + get: function( owner, key ) { + return key === undefined ? + this.cache( owner ) : + + // Always use camelCase key (gh-2257) + owner[ this.expando ] && owner[ this.expando ][ camelCase( key ) ]; + }, + access: function( owner, key, value ) { + + // In cases where either: + // + // 1. No key was specified + // 2. A string key was specified, but no value provided + // + // Take the "read" path and allow the get method to determine + // which value to return, respectively either: + // + // 1. The entire cache object + // 2. The data stored at the key + // + if ( key === undefined || + ( ( key && typeof key === "string" ) && value === undefined ) ) { + + return this.get( owner, key ); + } + + // When the key is not a string, or both a key and value + // are specified, set or extend (existing objects) with either: + // + // 1. An object of properties + // 2. A key and value + // + this.set( owner, key, value ); + + // Since the "set" path can have two possible entry points + // return the expected data based on which path was taken[*] + return value !== undefined ? value : key; + }, + remove: function( owner, key ) { + var i, + cache = owner[ this.expando ]; + + if ( cache === undefined ) { + return; + } + + if ( key !== undefined ) { + + // Support array or space separated string of keys + if ( Array.isArray( key ) ) { + + // If key is an array of keys... + // We always set camelCase keys, so remove that. + key = key.map( camelCase ); + } else { + key = camelCase( key ); + + // If a key with the spaces exists, use it. + // Otherwise, create an array by matching non-whitespace + key = key in cache ? + [ key ] : + ( key.match( rnothtmlwhite ) || [] ); + } + + i = key.length; + + while ( i-- ) { + delete cache[ key[ i ] ]; + } + } + + // Remove the expando if there's no more data + if ( key === undefined || jQuery.isEmptyObject( cache ) ) { + + // Support: Chrome <=35 - 45 + // Webkit & Blink performance suffers when deleting properties + // from DOM nodes, so set to undefined instead + // https://bugs.chromium.org/p/chromium/issues/detail?id=378607 (bug restricted) + if ( owner.nodeType ) { + owner[ this.expando ] = undefined; + } else { + delete owner[ this.expando ]; + } + } + }, + hasData: function( owner ) { + var cache = owner[ this.expando ]; + return cache !== undefined && !jQuery.isEmptyObject( cache ); + } +}; +var dataPriv = new Data(); + +var dataUser = new Data(); + + + +// Implementation Summary +// +// 1. Enforce API surface and semantic compatibility with 1.9.x branch +// 2. Improve the module's maintainability by reducing the storage +// paths to a single mechanism. +// 3. Use the same single mechanism to support "private" and "user" data. +// 4. _Never_ expose "private" data to user code (TODO: Drop _data, _removeData) +// 5. Avoid exposing implementation details on user objects (eg. expando properties) +// 6. Provide a clear path for implementation upgrade to WeakMap in 2014 + +var rbrace = /^(?:\{[\w\W]*\}|\[[\w\W]*\])$/, + rmultiDash = /[A-Z]/g; + +function getData( data ) { + if ( data === "true" ) { + return true; + } + + if ( data === "false" ) { + return false; + } + + if ( data === "null" ) { + return null; + } + + // Only convert to a number if it doesn't change the string + if ( data === +data + "" ) { + return +data; + } + + if ( rbrace.test( data ) ) { + return JSON.parse( data ); + } + + return data; +} + +function dataAttr( elem, key, data ) { + var name; + + // If nothing was found internally, try to fetch any + // data from the HTML5 data-* attribute + if ( data === undefined && elem.nodeType === 1 ) { + name = "data-" + key.replace( rmultiDash, "-$&" ).toLowerCase(); + data = elem.getAttribute( name ); + + if ( typeof data === "string" ) { + try { + data = getData( data ); + } catch ( e ) {} + + // Make sure we set the data so it isn't changed later + dataUser.set( elem, key, data ); + } else { + data = undefined; + } + } + return data; +} + +jQuery.extend( { + hasData: function( elem ) { + return dataUser.hasData( elem ) || dataPriv.hasData( elem ); + }, + + data: function( elem, name, data ) { + return dataUser.access( elem, name, data ); + }, + + removeData: function( elem, name ) { + dataUser.remove( elem, name ); + }, + + // TODO: Now that all calls to _data and _removeData have been replaced + // with direct calls to dataPriv methods, these can be deprecated. + _data: function( elem, name, data ) { + return dataPriv.access( elem, name, data ); + }, + + _removeData: function( elem, name ) { + dataPriv.remove( elem, name ); + } +} ); + +jQuery.fn.extend( { + data: function( key, value ) { + var i, name, data, + elem = this[ 0 ], + attrs = elem && elem.attributes; + + // Gets all values + if ( key === undefined ) { + if ( this.length ) { + data = dataUser.get( elem ); + + if ( elem.nodeType === 1 && !dataPriv.get( elem, "hasDataAttrs" ) ) { + i = attrs.length; + while ( i-- ) { + + // Support: IE 11 only + // The attrs elements can be null (#14894) + if ( attrs[ i ] ) { + name = attrs[ i ].name; + if ( name.indexOf( "data-" ) === 0 ) { + name = camelCase( name.slice( 5 ) ); + dataAttr( elem, name, data[ name ] ); + } + } + } + dataPriv.set( elem, "hasDataAttrs", true ); + } + } + + return data; + } + + // Sets multiple values + if ( typeof key === "object" ) { + return this.each( function() { + dataUser.set( this, key ); + } ); + } + + return access( this, function( value ) { + var data; + + // The calling jQuery object (element matches) is not empty + // (and therefore has an element appears at this[ 0 ]) and the + // `value` parameter was not undefined. An empty jQuery object + // will result in `undefined` for elem = this[ 0 ] which will + // throw an exception if an attempt to read a data cache is made. + if ( elem && value === undefined ) { + + // Attempt to get data from the cache + // The key will always be camelCased in Data + data = dataUser.get( elem, key ); + if ( data !== undefined ) { + return data; + } + + // Attempt to "discover" the data in + // HTML5 custom data-* attrs + data = dataAttr( elem, key ); + if ( data !== undefined ) { + return data; + } + + // We tried really hard, but the data doesn't exist. + return; + } + + // Set the data... + this.each( function() { + + // We always store the camelCased key + dataUser.set( this, key, value ); + } ); + }, null, value, arguments.length > 1, null, true ); + }, + + removeData: function( key ) { + return this.each( function() { + dataUser.remove( this, key ); + } ); + } +} ); + + +jQuery.extend( { + queue: function( elem, type, data ) { + var queue; + + if ( elem ) { + type = ( type || "fx" ) + "queue"; + queue = dataPriv.get( elem, type ); + + // Speed up dequeue by getting out quickly if this is just a lookup + if ( data ) { + if ( !queue || Array.isArray( data ) ) { + queue = dataPriv.access( elem, type, jQuery.makeArray( data ) ); + } else { + queue.push( data ); + } + } + return queue || []; + } + }, + + dequeue: function( elem, type ) { + type = type || "fx"; + + var queue = jQuery.queue( elem, type ), + startLength = queue.length, + fn = queue.shift(), + hooks = jQuery._queueHooks( elem, type ), + next = function() { + jQuery.dequeue( elem, type ); + }; + + // If the fx queue is dequeued, always remove the progress sentinel + if ( fn === "inprogress" ) { + fn = queue.shift(); + startLength--; + } + + if ( fn ) { + + // Add a progress sentinel to prevent the fx queue from being + // automatically dequeued + if ( type === "fx" ) { + queue.unshift( "inprogress" ); + } + + // Clear up the last queue stop function + delete hooks.stop; + fn.call( elem, next, hooks ); + } + + if ( !startLength && hooks ) { + hooks.empty.fire(); + } + }, + + // Not public - generate a queueHooks object, or return the current one + _queueHooks: function( elem, type ) { + var key = type + "queueHooks"; + return dataPriv.get( elem, key ) || dataPriv.access( elem, key, { + empty: jQuery.Callbacks( "once memory" ).add( function() { + dataPriv.remove( elem, [ type + "queue", key ] ); + } ) + } ); + } +} ); + +jQuery.fn.extend( { + queue: function( type, data ) { + var setter = 2; + + if ( typeof type !== "string" ) { + data = type; + type = "fx"; + setter--; + } + + if ( arguments.length < setter ) { + return jQuery.queue( this[ 0 ], type ); + } + + return data === undefined ? + this : + this.each( function() { + var queue = jQuery.queue( this, type, data ); + + // Ensure a hooks for this queue + jQuery._queueHooks( this, type ); + + if ( type === "fx" && queue[ 0 ] !== "inprogress" ) { + jQuery.dequeue( this, type ); + } + } ); + }, + dequeue: function( type ) { + return this.each( function() { + jQuery.dequeue( this, type ); + } ); + }, + clearQueue: function( type ) { + return this.queue( type || "fx", [] ); + }, + + // Get a promise resolved when queues of a certain type + // are emptied (fx is the type by default) + promise: function( type, obj ) { + var tmp, + count = 1, + defer = jQuery.Deferred(), + elements = this, + i = this.length, + resolve = function() { + if ( !( --count ) ) { + defer.resolveWith( elements, [ elements ] ); + } + }; + + if ( typeof type !== "string" ) { + obj = type; + type = undefined; + } + type = type || "fx"; + + while ( i-- ) { + tmp = dataPriv.get( elements[ i ], type + "queueHooks" ); + if ( tmp && tmp.empty ) { + count++; + tmp.empty.add( resolve ); + } + } + resolve(); + return defer.promise( obj ); + } +} ); +var pnum = ( /[+-]?(?:\d*\.|)\d+(?:[eE][+-]?\d+|)/ ).source; + +var rcssNum = new RegExp( "^(?:([+-])=|)(" + pnum + ")([a-z%]*)$", "i" ); + + +var cssExpand = [ "Top", "Right", "Bottom", "Left" ]; + +var documentElement = document.documentElement; + + + + var isAttached = function( elem ) { + return jQuery.contains( elem.ownerDocument, elem ); + }, + composed = { composed: true }; + + // Support: IE 9 - 11+, Edge 12 - 18+, iOS 10.0 - 10.2 only + // Check attachment across shadow DOM boundaries when possible (gh-3504) + // Support: iOS 10.0-10.2 only + // Early iOS 10 versions support `attachShadow` but not `getRootNode`, + // leading to errors. We need to check for `getRootNode`. + if ( documentElement.getRootNode ) { + isAttached = function( elem ) { + return jQuery.contains( elem.ownerDocument, elem ) || + elem.getRootNode( composed ) === elem.ownerDocument; + }; + } +var isHiddenWithinTree = function( elem, el ) { + + // isHiddenWithinTree might be called from jQuery#filter function; + // in that case, element will be second argument + elem = el || elem; + + // Inline style trumps all + return elem.style.display === "none" || + elem.style.display === "" && + + // Otherwise, check computed style + // Support: Firefox <=43 - 45 + // Disconnected elements can have computed display: none, so first confirm that elem is + // in the document. + isAttached( elem ) && + + jQuery.css( elem, "display" ) === "none"; + }; + + + +function adjustCSS( elem, prop, valueParts, tween ) { + var adjusted, scale, + maxIterations = 20, + currentValue = tween ? + function() { + return tween.cur(); + } : + function() { + return jQuery.css( elem, prop, "" ); + }, + initial = currentValue(), + unit = valueParts && valueParts[ 3 ] || ( jQuery.cssNumber[ prop ] ? "" : "px" ), + + // Starting value computation is required for potential unit mismatches + initialInUnit = elem.nodeType && + ( jQuery.cssNumber[ prop ] || unit !== "px" && +initial ) && + rcssNum.exec( jQuery.css( elem, prop ) ); + + if ( initialInUnit && initialInUnit[ 3 ] !== unit ) { + + // Support: Firefox <=54 + // Halve the iteration target value to prevent interference from CSS upper bounds (gh-2144) + initial = initial / 2; + + // Trust units reported by jQuery.css + unit = unit || initialInUnit[ 3 ]; + + // Iteratively approximate from a nonzero starting point + initialInUnit = +initial || 1; + + while ( maxIterations-- ) { + + // Evaluate and update our best guess (doubling guesses that zero out). + // Finish if the scale equals or crosses 1 (making the old*new product non-positive). + jQuery.style( elem, prop, initialInUnit + unit ); + if ( ( 1 - scale ) * ( 1 - ( scale = currentValue() / initial || 0.5 ) ) <= 0 ) { + maxIterations = 0; + } + initialInUnit = initialInUnit / scale; + + } + + initialInUnit = initialInUnit * 2; + jQuery.style( elem, prop, initialInUnit + unit ); + + // Make sure we update the tween properties later on + valueParts = valueParts || []; + } + + if ( valueParts ) { + initialInUnit = +initialInUnit || +initial || 0; + + // Apply relative offset (+=/-=) if specified + adjusted = valueParts[ 1 ] ? + initialInUnit + ( valueParts[ 1 ] + 1 ) * valueParts[ 2 ] : + +valueParts[ 2 ]; + if ( tween ) { + tween.unit = unit; + tween.start = initialInUnit; + tween.end = adjusted; + } + } + return adjusted; +} + + +var defaultDisplayMap = {}; + +function getDefaultDisplay( elem ) { + var temp, + doc = elem.ownerDocument, + nodeName = elem.nodeName, + display = defaultDisplayMap[ nodeName ]; + + if ( display ) { + return display; + } + + temp = doc.body.appendChild( doc.createElement( nodeName ) ); + display = jQuery.css( temp, "display" ); + + temp.parentNode.removeChild( temp ); + + if ( display === "none" ) { + display = "block"; + } + defaultDisplayMap[ nodeName ] = display; + + return display; +} + +function showHide( elements, show ) { + var display, elem, + values = [], + index = 0, + length = elements.length; + + // Determine new display value for elements that need to change + for ( ; index < length; index++ ) { + elem = elements[ index ]; + if ( !elem.style ) { + continue; + } + + display = elem.style.display; + if ( show ) { + + // Since we force visibility upon cascade-hidden elements, an immediate (and slow) + // check is required in this first loop unless we have a nonempty display value (either + // inline or about-to-be-restored) + if ( display === "none" ) { + values[ index ] = dataPriv.get( elem, "display" ) || null; + if ( !values[ index ] ) { + elem.style.display = ""; + } + } + if ( elem.style.display === "" && isHiddenWithinTree( elem ) ) { + values[ index ] = getDefaultDisplay( elem ); + } + } else { + if ( display !== "none" ) { + values[ index ] = "none"; + + // Remember what we're overwriting + dataPriv.set( elem, "display", display ); + } + } + } + + // Set the display of the elements in a second loop to avoid constant reflow + for ( index = 0; index < length; index++ ) { + if ( values[ index ] != null ) { + elements[ index ].style.display = values[ index ]; + } + } + + return elements; +} + +jQuery.fn.extend( { + show: function() { + return showHide( this, true ); + }, + hide: function() { + return showHide( this ); + }, + toggle: function( state ) { + if ( typeof state === "boolean" ) { + return state ? this.show() : this.hide(); + } + + return this.each( function() { + if ( isHiddenWithinTree( this ) ) { + jQuery( this ).show(); + } else { + jQuery( this ).hide(); + } + } ); + } +} ); +var rcheckableType = ( /^(?:checkbox|radio)$/i ); + +var rtagName = ( /<([a-z][^\/\0>\x20\t\r\n\f]*)/i ); + +var rscriptType = ( /^$|^module$|\/(?:java|ecma)script/i ); + + + +( function() { + var fragment = document.createDocumentFragment(), + div = fragment.appendChild( document.createElement( "div" ) ), + input = document.createElement( "input" ); + + // Support: Android 4.0 - 4.3 only + // Check state lost if the name is set (#11217) + // Support: Windows Web Apps (WWA) + // `name` and `type` must use .setAttribute for WWA (#14901) + input.setAttribute( "type", "radio" ); + input.setAttribute( "checked", "checked" ); + input.setAttribute( "name", "t" ); + + div.appendChild( input ); + + // Support: Android <=4.1 only + // Older WebKit doesn't clone checked state correctly in fragments + support.checkClone = div.cloneNode( true ).cloneNode( true ).lastChild.checked; + + // Support: IE <=11 only + // Make sure textarea (and checkbox) defaultValue is properly cloned + div.innerHTML = ""; + support.noCloneChecked = !!div.cloneNode( true ).lastChild.defaultValue; + + // Support: IE <=9 only + // IE <=9 replaces "; + support.option = !!div.lastChild; +} )(); + + +// We have to close these tags to support XHTML (#13200) +var wrapMap = { + + // XHTML parsers do not magically insert elements in the + // same way that tag soup parsers do. So we cannot shorten + // this by omitting or other required elements. + thead: [ 1, "", "
    " ], + col: [ 2, "", "
    " ], + tr: [ 2, "", "
    " ], + td: [ 3, "", "
    " ], + + _default: [ 0, "", "" ] +}; + +wrapMap.tbody = wrapMap.tfoot = wrapMap.colgroup = wrapMap.caption = wrapMap.thead; +wrapMap.th = wrapMap.td; + +// Support: IE <=9 only +if ( !support.option ) { + wrapMap.optgroup = wrapMap.option = [ 1, "" ]; +} + + +function getAll( context, tag ) { + + // Support: IE <=9 - 11 only + // Use typeof to avoid zero-argument method invocation on host objects (#15151) + var ret; + + if ( typeof context.getElementsByTagName !== "undefined" ) { + ret = context.getElementsByTagName( tag || "*" ); + + } else if ( typeof context.querySelectorAll !== "undefined" ) { + ret = context.querySelectorAll( tag || "*" ); + + } else { + ret = []; + } + + if ( tag === undefined || tag && nodeName( context, tag ) ) { + return jQuery.merge( [ context ], ret ); + } + + return ret; +} + + +// Mark scripts as having already been evaluated +function setGlobalEval( elems, refElements ) { + var i = 0, + l = elems.length; + + for ( ; i < l; i++ ) { + dataPriv.set( + elems[ i ], + "globalEval", + !refElements || dataPriv.get( refElements[ i ], "globalEval" ) + ); + } +} + + +var rhtml = /<|&#?\w+;/; + +function buildFragment( elems, context, scripts, selection, ignored ) { + var elem, tmp, tag, wrap, attached, j, + fragment = context.createDocumentFragment(), + nodes = [], + i = 0, + l = elems.length; + + for ( ; i < l; i++ ) { + elem = elems[ i ]; + + if ( elem || elem === 0 ) { + + // Add nodes directly + if ( toType( elem ) === "object" ) { + + // Support: Android <=4.0 only, PhantomJS 1 only + // push.apply(_, arraylike) throws on ancient WebKit + jQuery.merge( nodes, elem.nodeType ? [ elem ] : elem ); + + // Convert non-html into a text node + } else if ( !rhtml.test( elem ) ) { + nodes.push( context.createTextNode( elem ) ); + + // Convert html into DOM nodes + } else { + tmp = tmp || fragment.appendChild( context.createElement( "div" ) ); + + // Deserialize a standard representation + tag = ( rtagName.exec( elem ) || [ "", "" ] )[ 1 ].toLowerCase(); + wrap = wrapMap[ tag ] || wrapMap._default; + tmp.innerHTML = wrap[ 1 ] + jQuery.htmlPrefilter( elem ) + wrap[ 2 ]; + + // Descend through wrappers to the right content + j = wrap[ 0 ]; + while ( j-- ) { + tmp = tmp.lastChild; + } + + // Support: Android <=4.0 only, PhantomJS 1 only + // push.apply(_, arraylike) throws on ancient WebKit + jQuery.merge( nodes, tmp.childNodes ); + + // Remember the top-level container + tmp = fragment.firstChild; + + // Ensure the created nodes are orphaned (#12392) + tmp.textContent = ""; + } + } + } + + // Remove wrapper from fragment + fragment.textContent = ""; + + i = 0; + while ( ( elem = nodes[ i++ ] ) ) { + + // Skip elements already in the context collection (trac-4087) + if ( selection && jQuery.inArray( elem, selection ) > -1 ) { + if ( ignored ) { + ignored.push( elem ); + } + continue; + } + + attached = isAttached( elem ); + + // Append to fragment + tmp = getAll( fragment.appendChild( elem ), "script" ); + + // Preserve script evaluation history + if ( attached ) { + setGlobalEval( tmp ); + } + + // Capture executables + if ( scripts ) { + j = 0; + while ( ( elem = tmp[ j++ ] ) ) { + if ( rscriptType.test( elem.type || "" ) ) { + scripts.push( elem ); + } + } + } + } + + return fragment; +} + + +var rtypenamespace = /^([^.]*)(?:\.(.+)|)/; + +function returnTrue() { + return true; +} + +function returnFalse() { + return false; +} + +// Support: IE <=9 - 11+ +// focus() and blur() are asynchronous, except when they are no-op. +// So expect focus to be synchronous when the element is already active, +// and blur to be synchronous when the element is not already active. +// (focus and blur are always synchronous in other supported browsers, +// this just defines when we can count on it). +function expectSync( elem, type ) { + return ( elem === safeActiveElement() ) === ( type === "focus" ); +} + +// Support: IE <=9 only +// Accessing document.activeElement can throw unexpectedly +// https://bugs.jquery.com/ticket/13393 +function safeActiveElement() { + try { + return document.activeElement; + } catch ( err ) { } +} + +function on( elem, types, selector, data, fn, one ) { + var origFn, type; + + // Types can be a map of types/handlers + if ( typeof types === "object" ) { + + // ( types-Object, selector, data ) + if ( typeof selector !== "string" ) { + + // ( types-Object, data ) + data = data || selector; + selector = undefined; + } + for ( type in types ) { + on( elem, type, selector, data, types[ type ], one ); + } + return elem; + } + + if ( data == null && fn == null ) { + + // ( types, fn ) + fn = selector; + data = selector = undefined; + } else if ( fn == null ) { + if ( typeof selector === "string" ) { + + // ( types, selector, fn ) + fn = data; + data = undefined; + } else { + + // ( types, data, fn ) + fn = data; + data = selector; + selector = undefined; + } + } + if ( fn === false ) { + fn = returnFalse; + } else if ( !fn ) { + return elem; + } + + if ( one === 1 ) { + origFn = fn; + fn = function( event ) { + + // Can use an empty set, since event contains the info + jQuery().off( event ); + return origFn.apply( this, arguments ); + }; + + // Use same guid so caller can remove using origFn + fn.guid = origFn.guid || ( origFn.guid = jQuery.guid++ ); + } + return elem.each( function() { + jQuery.event.add( this, types, fn, data, selector ); + } ); +} + +/* + * Helper functions for managing events -- not part of the public interface. + * Props to Dean Edwards' addEvent library for many of the ideas. + */ +jQuery.event = { + + global: {}, + + add: function( elem, types, handler, data, selector ) { + + var handleObjIn, eventHandle, tmp, + events, t, handleObj, + special, handlers, type, namespaces, origType, + elemData = dataPriv.get( elem ); + + // Only attach events to objects that accept data + if ( !acceptData( elem ) ) { + return; + } + + // Caller can pass in an object of custom data in lieu of the handler + if ( handler.handler ) { + handleObjIn = handler; + handler = handleObjIn.handler; + selector = handleObjIn.selector; + } + + // Ensure that invalid selectors throw exceptions at attach time + // Evaluate against documentElement in case elem is a non-element node (e.g., document) + if ( selector ) { + jQuery.find.matchesSelector( documentElement, selector ); + } + + // Make sure that the handler has a unique ID, used to find/remove it later + if ( !handler.guid ) { + handler.guid = jQuery.guid++; + } + + // Init the element's event structure and main handler, if this is the first + if ( !( events = elemData.events ) ) { + events = elemData.events = Object.create( null ); + } + if ( !( eventHandle = elemData.handle ) ) { + eventHandle = elemData.handle = function( e ) { + + // Discard the second event of a jQuery.event.trigger() and + // when an event is called after a page has unloaded + return typeof jQuery !== "undefined" && jQuery.event.triggered !== e.type ? + jQuery.event.dispatch.apply( elem, arguments ) : undefined; + }; + } + + // Handle multiple events separated by a space + types = ( types || "" ).match( rnothtmlwhite ) || [ "" ]; + t = types.length; + while ( t-- ) { + tmp = rtypenamespace.exec( types[ t ] ) || []; + type = origType = tmp[ 1 ]; + namespaces = ( tmp[ 2 ] || "" ).split( "." ).sort(); + + // There *must* be a type, no attaching namespace-only handlers + if ( !type ) { + continue; + } + + // If event changes its type, use the special event handlers for the changed type + special = jQuery.event.special[ type ] || {}; + + // If selector defined, determine special event api type, otherwise given type + type = ( selector ? special.delegateType : special.bindType ) || type; + + // Update special based on newly reset type + special = jQuery.event.special[ type ] || {}; + + // handleObj is passed to all event handlers + handleObj = jQuery.extend( { + type: type, + origType: origType, + data: data, + handler: handler, + guid: handler.guid, + selector: selector, + needsContext: selector && jQuery.expr.match.needsContext.test( selector ), + namespace: namespaces.join( "." ) + }, handleObjIn ); + + // Init the event handler queue if we're the first + if ( !( handlers = events[ type ] ) ) { + handlers = events[ type ] = []; + handlers.delegateCount = 0; + + // Only use addEventListener if the special events handler returns false + if ( !special.setup || + special.setup.call( elem, data, namespaces, eventHandle ) === false ) { + + if ( elem.addEventListener ) { + elem.addEventListener( type, eventHandle ); + } + } + } + + if ( special.add ) { + special.add.call( elem, handleObj ); + + if ( !handleObj.handler.guid ) { + handleObj.handler.guid = handler.guid; + } + } + + // Add to the element's handler list, delegates in front + if ( selector ) { + handlers.splice( handlers.delegateCount++, 0, handleObj ); + } else { + handlers.push( handleObj ); + } + + // Keep track of which events have ever been used, for event optimization + jQuery.event.global[ type ] = true; + } + + }, + + // Detach an event or set of events from an element + remove: function( elem, types, handler, selector, mappedTypes ) { + + var j, origCount, tmp, + events, t, handleObj, + special, handlers, type, namespaces, origType, + elemData = dataPriv.hasData( elem ) && dataPriv.get( elem ); + + if ( !elemData || !( events = elemData.events ) ) { + return; + } + + // Once for each type.namespace in types; type may be omitted + types = ( types || "" ).match( rnothtmlwhite ) || [ "" ]; + t = types.length; + while ( t-- ) { + tmp = rtypenamespace.exec( types[ t ] ) || []; + type = origType = tmp[ 1 ]; + namespaces = ( tmp[ 2 ] || "" ).split( "." ).sort(); + + // Unbind all events (on this namespace, if provided) for the element + if ( !type ) { + for ( type in events ) { + jQuery.event.remove( elem, type + types[ t ], handler, selector, true ); + } + continue; + } + + special = jQuery.event.special[ type ] || {}; + type = ( selector ? special.delegateType : special.bindType ) || type; + handlers = events[ type ] || []; + tmp = tmp[ 2 ] && + new RegExp( "(^|\\.)" + namespaces.join( "\\.(?:.*\\.|)" ) + "(\\.|$)" ); + + // Remove matching events + origCount = j = handlers.length; + while ( j-- ) { + handleObj = handlers[ j ]; + + if ( ( mappedTypes || origType === handleObj.origType ) && + ( !handler || handler.guid === handleObj.guid ) && + ( !tmp || tmp.test( handleObj.namespace ) ) && + ( !selector || selector === handleObj.selector || + selector === "**" && handleObj.selector ) ) { + handlers.splice( j, 1 ); + + if ( handleObj.selector ) { + handlers.delegateCount--; + } + if ( special.remove ) { + special.remove.call( elem, handleObj ); + } + } + } + + // Remove generic event handler if we removed something and no more handlers exist + // (avoids potential for endless recursion during removal of special event handlers) + if ( origCount && !handlers.length ) { + if ( !special.teardown || + special.teardown.call( elem, namespaces, elemData.handle ) === false ) { + + jQuery.removeEvent( elem, type, elemData.handle ); + } + + delete events[ type ]; + } + } + + // Remove data and the expando if it's no longer used + if ( jQuery.isEmptyObject( events ) ) { + dataPriv.remove( elem, "handle events" ); + } + }, + + dispatch: function( nativeEvent ) { + + var i, j, ret, matched, handleObj, handlerQueue, + args = new Array( arguments.length ), + + // Make a writable jQuery.Event from the native event object + event = jQuery.event.fix( nativeEvent ), + + handlers = ( + dataPriv.get( this, "events" ) || Object.create( null ) + )[ event.type ] || [], + special = jQuery.event.special[ event.type ] || {}; + + // Use the fix-ed jQuery.Event rather than the (read-only) native event + args[ 0 ] = event; + + for ( i = 1; i < arguments.length; i++ ) { + args[ i ] = arguments[ i ]; + } + + event.delegateTarget = this; + + // Call the preDispatch hook for the mapped type, and let it bail if desired + if ( special.preDispatch && special.preDispatch.call( this, event ) === false ) { + return; + } + + // Determine handlers + handlerQueue = jQuery.event.handlers.call( this, event, handlers ); + + // Run delegates first; they may want to stop propagation beneath us + i = 0; + while ( ( matched = handlerQueue[ i++ ] ) && !event.isPropagationStopped() ) { + event.currentTarget = matched.elem; + + j = 0; + while ( ( handleObj = matched.handlers[ j++ ] ) && + !event.isImmediatePropagationStopped() ) { + + // If the event is namespaced, then each handler is only invoked if it is + // specially universal or its namespaces are a superset of the event's. + if ( !event.rnamespace || handleObj.namespace === false || + event.rnamespace.test( handleObj.namespace ) ) { + + event.handleObj = handleObj; + event.data = handleObj.data; + + ret = ( ( jQuery.event.special[ handleObj.origType ] || {} ).handle || + handleObj.handler ).apply( matched.elem, args ); + + if ( ret !== undefined ) { + if ( ( event.result = ret ) === false ) { + event.preventDefault(); + event.stopPropagation(); + } + } + } + } + } + + // Call the postDispatch hook for the mapped type + if ( special.postDispatch ) { + special.postDispatch.call( this, event ); + } + + return event.result; + }, + + handlers: function( event, handlers ) { + var i, handleObj, sel, matchedHandlers, matchedSelectors, + handlerQueue = [], + delegateCount = handlers.delegateCount, + cur = event.target; + + // Find delegate handlers + if ( delegateCount && + + // Support: IE <=9 + // Black-hole SVG instance trees (trac-13180) + cur.nodeType && + + // Support: Firefox <=42 + // Suppress spec-violating clicks indicating a non-primary pointer button (trac-3861) + // https://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-3-Events/#event-type-click + // Support: IE 11 only + // ...but not arrow key "clicks" of radio inputs, which can have `button` -1 (gh-2343) + !( event.type === "click" && event.button >= 1 ) ) { + + for ( ; cur !== this; cur = cur.parentNode || this ) { + + // Don't check non-elements (#13208) + // Don't process clicks on disabled elements (#6911, #8165, #11382, #11764) + if ( cur.nodeType === 1 && !( event.type === "click" && cur.disabled === true ) ) { + matchedHandlers = []; + matchedSelectors = {}; + for ( i = 0; i < delegateCount; i++ ) { + handleObj = handlers[ i ]; + + // Don't conflict with Object.prototype properties (#13203) + sel = handleObj.selector + " "; + + if ( matchedSelectors[ sel ] === undefined ) { + matchedSelectors[ sel ] = handleObj.needsContext ? + jQuery( sel, this ).index( cur ) > -1 : + jQuery.find( sel, this, null, [ cur ] ).length; + } + if ( matchedSelectors[ sel ] ) { + matchedHandlers.push( handleObj ); + } + } + if ( matchedHandlers.length ) { + handlerQueue.push( { elem: cur, handlers: matchedHandlers } ); + } + } + } + } + + // Add the remaining (directly-bound) handlers + cur = this; + if ( delegateCount < handlers.length ) { + handlerQueue.push( { elem: cur, handlers: handlers.slice( delegateCount ) } ); + } + + return handlerQueue; + }, + + addProp: function( name, hook ) { + Object.defineProperty( jQuery.Event.prototype, name, { + enumerable: true, + configurable: true, + + get: isFunction( hook ) ? + function() { + if ( this.originalEvent ) { + return hook( this.originalEvent ); + } + } : + function() { + if ( this.originalEvent ) { + return this.originalEvent[ name ]; + } + }, + + set: function( value ) { + Object.defineProperty( this, name, { + enumerable: true, + configurable: true, + writable: true, + value: value + } ); + } + } ); + }, + + fix: function( originalEvent ) { + return originalEvent[ jQuery.expando ] ? + originalEvent : + new jQuery.Event( originalEvent ); + }, + + special: { + load: { + + // Prevent triggered image.load events from bubbling to window.load + noBubble: true + }, + click: { + + // Utilize native event to ensure correct state for checkable inputs + setup: function( data ) { + + // For mutual compressibility with _default, replace `this` access with a local var. + // `|| data` is dead code meant only to preserve the variable through minification. + var el = this || data; + + // Claim the first handler + if ( rcheckableType.test( el.type ) && + el.click && nodeName( el, "input" ) ) { + + // dataPriv.set( el, "click", ... ) + leverageNative( el, "click", returnTrue ); + } + + // Return false to allow normal processing in the caller + return false; + }, + trigger: function( data ) { + + // For mutual compressibility with _default, replace `this` access with a local var. + // `|| data` is dead code meant only to preserve the variable through minification. + var el = this || data; + + // Force setup before triggering a click + if ( rcheckableType.test( el.type ) && + el.click && nodeName( el, "input" ) ) { + + leverageNative( el, "click" ); + } + + // Return non-false to allow normal event-path propagation + return true; + }, + + // For cross-browser consistency, suppress native .click() on links + // Also prevent it if we're currently inside a leveraged native-event stack + _default: function( event ) { + var target = event.target; + return rcheckableType.test( target.type ) && + target.click && nodeName( target, "input" ) && + dataPriv.get( target, "click" ) || + nodeName( target, "a" ); + } + }, + + beforeunload: { + postDispatch: function( event ) { + + // Support: Firefox 20+ + // Firefox doesn't alert if the returnValue field is not set. + if ( event.result !== undefined && event.originalEvent ) { + event.originalEvent.returnValue = event.result; + } + } + } + } +}; + +// Ensure the presence of an event listener that handles manually-triggered +// synthetic events by interrupting progress until reinvoked in response to +// *native* events that it fires directly, ensuring that state changes have +// already occurred before other listeners are invoked. +function leverageNative( el, type, expectSync ) { + + // Missing expectSync indicates a trigger call, which must force setup through jQuery.event.add + if ( !expectSync ) { + if ( dataPriv.get( el, type ) === undefined ) { + jQuery.event.add( el, type, returnTrue ); + } + return; + } + + // Register the controller as a special universal handler for all event namespaces + dataPriv.set( el, type, false ); + jQuery.event.add( el, type, { + namespace: false, + handler: function( event ) { + var notAsync, result, + saved = dataPriv.get( this, type ); + + if ( ( event.isTrigger & 1 ) && this[ type ] ) { + + // Interrupt processing of the outer synthetic .trigger()ed event + // Saved data should be false in such cases, but might be a leftover capture object + // from an async native handler (gh-4350) + if ( !saved.length ) { + + // Store arguments for use when handling the inner native event + // There will always be at least one argument (an event object), so this array + // will not be confused with a leftover capture object. + saved = slice.call( arguments ); + dataPriv.set( this, type, saved ); + + // Trigger the native event and capture its result + // Support: IE <=9 - 11+ + // focus() and blur() are asynchronous + notAsync = expectSync( this, type ); + this[ type ](); + result = dataPriv.get( this, type ); + if ( saved !== result || notAsync ) { + dataPriv.set( this, type, false ); + } else { + result = {}; + } + if ( saved !== result ) { + + // Cancel the outer synthetic event + event.stopImmediatePropagation(); + event.preventDefault(); + + // Support: Chrome 86+ + // In Chrome, if an element having a focusout handler is blurred by + // clicking outside of it, it invokes the handler synchronously. If + // that handler calls `.remove()` on the element, the data is cleared, + // leaving `result` undefined. We need to guard against this. + return result && result.value; + } + + // If this is an inner synthetic event for an event with a bubbling surrogate + // (focus or blur), assume that the surrogate already propagated from triggering the + // native event and prevent that from happening again here. + // This technically gets the ordering wrong w.r.t. to `.trigger()` (in which the + // bubbling surrogate propagates *after* the non-bubbling base), but that seems + // less bad than duplication. + } else if ( ( jQuery.event.special[ type ] || {} ).delegateType ) { + event.stopPropagation(); + } + + // If this is a native event triggered above, everything is now in order + // Fire an inner synthetic event with the original arguments + } else if ( saved.length ) { + + // ...and capture the result + dataPriv.set( this, type, { + value: jQuery.event.trigger( + + // Support: IE <=9 - 11+ + // Extend with the prototype to reset the above stopImmediatePropagation() + jQuery.extend( saved[ 0 ], jQuery.Event.prototype ), + saved.slice( 1 ), + this + ) + } ); + + // Abort handling of the native event + event.stopImmediatePropagation(); + } + } + } ); +} + +jQuery.removeEvent = function( elem, type, handle ) { + + // This "if" is needed for plain objects + if ( elem.removeEventListener ) { + elem.removeEventListener( type, handle ); + } +}; + +jQuery.Event = function( src, props ) { + + // Allow instantiation without the 'new' keyword + if ( !( this instanceof jQuery.Event ) ) { + return new jQuery.Event( src, props ); + } + + // Event object + if ( src && src.type ) { + this.originalEvent = src; + this.type = src.type; + + // Events bubbling up the document may have been marked as prevented + // by a handler lower down the tree; reflect the correct value. + this.isDefaultPrevented = src.defaultPrevented || + src.defaultPrevented === undefined && + + // Support: Android <=2.3 only + src.returnValue === false ? + returnTrue : + returnFalse; + + // Create target properties + // Support: Safari <=6 - 7 only + // Target should not be a text node (#504, #13143) + this.target = ( src.target && src.target.nodeType === 3 ) ? + src.target.parentNode : + src.target; + + this.currentTarget = src.currentTarget; + this.relatedTarget = src.relatedTarget; + + // Event type + } else { + this.type = src; + } + + // Put explicitly provided properties onto the event object + if ( props ) { + jQuery.extend( this, props ); + } + + // Create a timestamp if incoming event doesn't have one + this.timeStamp = src && src.timeStamp || Date.now(); + + // Mark it as fixed + this[ jQuery.expando ] = true; +}; + +// jQuery.Event is based on DOM3 Events as specified by the ECMAScript Language Binding +// https://www.w3.org/TR/2003/WD-DOM-Level-3-Events-20030331/ecma-script-binding.html +jQuery.Event.prototype = { + constructor: jQuery.Event, + isDefaultPrevented: returnFalse, + isPropagationStopped: returnFalse, + isImmediatePropagationStopped: returnFalse, + isSimulated: false, + + preventDefault: function() { + var e = this.originalEvent; + + this.isDefaultPrevented = returnTrue; + + if ( e && !this.isSimulated ) { + e.preventDefault(); + } + }, + stopPropagation: function() { + var e = this.originalEvent; + + this.isPropagationStopped = returnTrue; + + if ( e && !this.isSimulated ) { + e.stopPropagation(); + } + }, + stopImmediatePropagation: function() { + var e = this.originalEvent; + + this.isImmediatePropagationStopped = returnTrue; + + if ( e && !this.isSimulated ) { + e.stopImmediatePropagation(); + } + + this.stopPropagation(); + } +}; + +// Includes all common event props including KeyEvent and MouseEvent specific props +jQuery.each( { + altKey: true, + bubbles: true, + cancelable: true, + changedTouches: true, + ctrlKey: true, + detail: true, + eventPhase: true, + metaKey: true, + pageX: true, + pageY: true, + shiftKey: true, + view: true, + "char": true, + code: true, + charCode: true, + key: true, + keyCode: true, + button: true, + buttons: true, + clientX: true, + clientY: true, + offsetX: true, + offsetY: true, + pointerId: true, + pointerType: true, + screenX: true, + screenY: true, + targetTouches: true, + toElement: true, + touches: true, + which: true +}, jQuery.event.addProp ); + +jQuery.each( { focus: "focusin", blur: "focusout" }, function( type, delegateType ) { + jQuery.event.special[ type ] = { + + // Utilize native event if possible so blur/focus sequence is correct + setup: function() { + + // Claim the first handler + // dataPriv.set( this, "focus", ... ) + // dataPriv.set( this, "blur", ... ) + leverageNative( this, type, expectSync ); + + // Return false to allow normal processing in the caller + return false; + }, + trigger: function() { + + // Force setup before trigger + leverageNative( this, type ); + + // Return non-false to allow normal event-path propagation + return true; + }, + + // Suppress native focus or blur as it's already being fired + // in leverageNative. + _default: function() { + return true; + }, + + delegateType: delegateType + }; +} ); + +// Create mouseenter/leave events using mouseover/out and event-time checks +// so that event delegation works in jQuery. +// Do the same for pointerenter/pointerleave and pointerover/pointerout +// +// Support: Safari 7 only +// Safari sends mouseenter too often; see: +// https://bugs.chromium.org/p/chromium/issues/detail?id=470258 +// for the description of the bug (it existed in older Chrome versions as well). +jQuery.each( { + mouseenter: "mouseover", + mouseleave: "mouseout", + pointerenter: "pointerover", + pointerleave: "pointerout" +}, function( orig, fix ) { + jQuery.event.special[ orig ] = { + delegateType: fix, + bindType: fix, + + handle: function( event ) { + var ret, + target = this, + related = event.relatedTarget, + handleObj = event.handleObj; + + // For mouseenter/leave call the handler if related is outside the target. + // NB: No relatedTarget if the mouse left/entered the browser window + if ( !related || ( related !== target && !jQuery.contains( target, related ) ) ) { + event.type = handleObj.origType; + ret = handleObj.handler.apply( this, arguments ); + event.type = fix; + } + return ret; + } + }; +} ); + +jQuery.fn.extend( { + + on: function( types, selector, data, fn ) { + return on( this, types, selector, data, fn ); + }, + one: function( types, selector, data, fn ) { + return on( this, types, selector, data, fn, 1 ); + }, + off: function( types, selector, fn ) { + var handleObj, type; + if ( types && types.preventDefault && types.handleObj ) { + + // ( event ) dispatched jQuery.Event + handleObj = types.handleObj; + jQuery( types.delegateTarget ).off( + handleObj.namespace ? + handleObj.origType + "." + handleObj.namespace : + handleObj.origType, + handleObj.selector, + handleObj.handler + ); + return this; + } + if ( typeof types === "object" ) { + + // ( types-object [, selector] ) + for ( type in types ) { + this.off( type, selector, types[ type ] ); + } + return this; + } + if ( selector === false || typeof selector === "function" ) { + + // ( types [, fn] ) + fn = selector; + selector = undefined; + } + if ( fn === false ) { + fn = returnFalse; + } + return this.each( function() { + jQuery.event.remove( this, types, fn, selector ); + } ); + } +} ); + + +var + + // Support: IE <=10 - 11, Edge 12 - 13 only + // In IE/Edge using regex groups here causes severe slowdowns. + // See https://connect.microsoft.com/IE/feedback/details/1736512/ + rnoInnerhtml = /\s*$/g; + +// Prefer a tbody over its parent table for containing new rows +function manipulationTarget( elem, content ) { + if ( nodeName( elem, "table" ) && + nodeName( content.nodeType !== 11 ? content : content.firstChild, "tr" ) ) { + + return jQuery( elem ).children( "tbody" )[ 0 ] || elem; + } + + return elem; +} + +// Replace/restore the type attribute of script elements for safe DOM manipulation +function disableScript( elem ) { + elem.type = ( elem.getAttribute( "type" ) !== null ) + "/" + elem.type; + return elem; +} +function restoreScript( elem ) { + if ( ( elem.type || "" ).slice( 0, 5 ) === "true/" ) { + elem.type = elem.type.slice( 5 ); + } else { + elem.removeAttribute( "type" ); + } + + return elem; +} + +function cloneCopyEvent( src, dest ) { + var i, l, type, pdataOld, udataOld, udataCur, events; + + if ( dest.nodeType !== 1 ) { + return; + } + + // 1. Copy private data: events, handlers, etc. + if ( dataPriv.hasData( src ) ) { + pdataOld = dataPriv.get( src ); + events = pdataOld.events; + + if ( events ) { + dataPriv.remove( dest, "handle events" ); + + for ( type in events ) { + for ( i = 0, l = events[ type ].length; i < l; i++ ) { + jQuery.event.add( dest, type, events[ type ][ i ] ); + } + } + } + } + + // 2. Copy user data + if ( dataUser.hasData( src ) ) { + udataOld = dataUser.access( src ); + udataCur = jQuery.extend( {}, udataOld ); + + dataUser.set( dest, udataCur ); + } +} + +// Fix IE bugs, see support tests +function fixInput( src, dest ) { + var nodeName = dest.nodeName.toLowerCase(); + + // Fails to persist the checked state of a cloned checkbox or radio button. + if ( nodeName === "input" && rcheckableType.test( src.type ) ) { + dest.checked = src.checked; + + // Fails to return the selected option to the default selected state when cloning options + } else if ( nodeName === "input" || nodeName === "textarea" ) { + dest.defaultValue = src.defaultValue; + } +} + +function domManip( collection, args, callback, ignored ) { + + // Flatten any nested arrays + args = flat( args ); + + var fragment, first, scripts, hasScripts, node, doc, + i = 0, + l = collection.length, + iNoClone = l - 1, + value = args[ 0 ], + valueIsFunction = isFunction( value ); + + // We can't cloneNode fragments that contain checked, in WebKit + if ( valueIsFunction || + ( l > 1 && typeof value === "string" && + !support.checkClone && rchecked.test( value ) ) ) { + return collection.each( function( index ) { + var self = collection.eq( index ); + if ( valueIsFunction ) { + args[ 0 ] = value.call( this, index, self.html() ); + } + domManip( self, args, callback, ignored ); + } ); + } + + if ( l ) { + fragment = buildFragment( args, collection[ 0 ].ownerDocument, false, collection, ignored ); + first = fragment.firstChild; + + if ( fragment.childNodes.length === 1 ) { + fragment = first; + } + + // Require either new content or an interest in ignored elements to invoke the callback + if ( first || ignored ) { + scripts = jQuery.map( getAll( fragment, "script" ), disableScript ); + hasScripts = scripts.length; + + // Use the original fragment for the last item + // instead of the first because it can end up + // being emptied incorrectly in certain situations (#8070). + for ( ; i < l; i++ ) { + node = fragment; + + if ( i !== iNoClone ) { + node = jQuery.clone( node, true, true ); + + // Keep references to cloned scripts for later restoration + if ( hasScripts ) { + + // Support: Android <=4.0 only, PhantomJS 1 only + // push.apply(_, arraylike) throws on ancient WebKit + jQuery.merge( scripts, getAll( node, "script" ) ); + } + } + + callback.call( collection[ i ], node, i ); + } + + if ( hasScripts ) { + doc = scripts[ scripts.length - 1 ].ownerDocument; + + // Reenable scripts + jQuery.map( scripts, restoreScript ); + + // Evaluate executable scripts on first document insertion + for ( i = 0; i < hasScripts; i++ ) { + node = scripts[ i ]; + if ( rscriptType.test( node.type || "" ) && + !dataPriv.access( node, "globalEval" ) && + jQuery.contains( doc, node ) ) { + + if ( node.src && ( node.type || "" ).toLowerCase() !== "module" ) { + + // Optional AJAX dependency, but won't run scripts if not present + if ( jQuery._evalUrl && !node.noModule ) { + jQuery._evalUrl( node.src, { + nonce: node.nonce || node.getAttribute( "nonce" ) + }, doc ); + } + } else { + DOMEval( node.textContent.replace( rcleanScript, "" ), node, doc ); + } + } + } + } + } + } + + return collection; +} + +function remove( elem, selector, keepData ) { + var node, + nodes = selector ? jQuery.filter( selector, elem ) : elem, + i = 0; + + for ( ; ( node = nodes[ i ] ) != null; i++ ) { + if ( !keepData && node.nodeType === 1 ) { + jQuery.cleanData( getAll( node ) ); + } + + if ( node.parentNode ) { + if ( keepData && isAttached( node ) ) { + setGlobalEval( getAll( node, "script" ) ); + } + node.parentNode.removeChild( node ); + } + } + + return elem; +} + +jQuery.extend( { + htmlPrefilter: function( html ) { + return html; + }, + + clone: function( elem, dataAndEvents, deepDataAndEvents ) { + var i, l, srcElements, destElements, + clone = elem.cloneNode( true ), + inPage = isAttached( elem ); + + // Fix IE cloning issues + if ( !support.noCloneChecked && ( elem.nodeType === 1 || elem.nodeType === 11 ) && + !jQuery.isXMLDoc( elem ) ) { + + // We eschew Sizzle here for performance reasons: https://jsperf.com/getall-vs-sizzle/2 + destElements = getAll( clone ); + srcElements = getAll( elem ); + + for ( i = 0, l = srcElements.length; i < l; i++ ) { + fixInput( srcElements[ i ], destElements[ i ] ); + } + } + + // Copy the events from the original to the clone + if ( dataAndEvents ) { + if ( deepDataAndEvents ) { + srcElements = srcElements || getAll( elem ); + destElements = destElements || getAll( clone ); + + for ( i = 0, l = srcElements.length; i < l; i++ ) { + cloneCopyEvent( srcElements[ i ], destElements[ i ] ); + } + } else { + cloneCopyEvent( elem, clone ); + } + } + + // Preserve script evaluation history + destElements = getAll( clone, "script" ); + if ( destElements.length > 0 ) { + setGlobalEval( destElements, !inPage && getAll( elem, "script" ) ); + } + + // Return the cloned set + return clone; + }, + + cleanData: function( elems ) { + var data, elem, type, + special = jQuery.event.special, + i = 0; + + for ( ; ( elem = elems[ i ] ) !== undefined; i++ ) { + if ( acceptData( elem ) ) { + if ( ( data = elem[ dataPriv.expando ] ) ) { + if ( data.events ) { + for ( type in data.events ) { + if ( special[ type ] ) { + jQuery.event.remove( elem, type ); + + // This is a shortcut to avoid jQuery.event.remove's overhead + } else { + jQuery.removeEvent( elem, type, data.handle ); + } + } + } + + // Support: Chrome <=35 - 45+ + // Assign undefined instead of using delete, see Data#remove + elem[ dataPriv.expando ] = undefined; + } + if ( elem[ dataUser.expando ] ) { + + // Support: Chrome <=35 - 45+ + // Assign undefined instead of using delete, see Data#remove + elem[ dataUser.expando ] = undefined; + } + } + } + } +} ); + +jQuery.fn.extend( { + detach: function( selector ) { + return remove( this, selector, true ); + }, + + remove: function( selector ) { + return remove( this, selector ); + }, + + text: function( value ) { + return access( this, function( value ) { + return value === undefined ? + jQuery.text( this ) : + this.empty().each( function() { + if ( this.nodeType === 1 || this.nodeType === 11 || this.nodeType === 9 ) { + this.textContent = value; + } + } ); + }, null, value, arguments.length ); + }, + + append: function() { + return domManip( this, arguments, function( elem ) { + if ( this.nodeType === 1 || this.nodeType === 11 || this.nodeType === 9 ) { + var target = manipulationTarget( this, elem ); + target.appendChild( elem ); + } + } ); + }, + + prepend: function() { + return domManip( this, arguments, function( elem ) { + if ( this.nodeType === 1 || this.nodeType === 11 || this.nodeType === 9 ) { + var target = manipulationTarget( this, elem ); + target.insertBefore( elem, target.firstChild ); + } + } ); + }, + + before: function() { + return domManip( this, arguments, function( elem ) { + if ( this.parentNode ) { + this.parentNode.insertBefore( elem, this ); + } + } ); + }, + + after: function() { + return domManip( this, arguments, function( elem ) { + if ( this.parentNode ) { + this.parentNode.insertBefore( elem, this.nextSibling ); + } + } ); + }, + + empty: function() { + var elem, + i = 0; + + for ( ; ( elem = this[ i ] ) != null; i++ ) { + if ( elem.nodeType === 1 ) { + + // Prevent memory leaks + jQuery.cleanData( getAll( elem, false ) ); + + // Remove any remaining nodes + elem.textContent = ""; + } + } + + return this; + }, + + clone: function( dataAndEvents, deepDataAndEvents ) { + dataAndEvents = dataAndEvents == null ? false : dataAndEvents; + deepDataAndEvents = deepDataAndEvents == null ? dataAndEvents : deepDataAndEvents; + + return this.map( function() { + return jQuery.clone( this, dataAndEvents, deepDataAndEvents ); + } ); + }, + + html: function( value ) { + return access( this, function( value ) { + var elem = this[ 0 ] || {}, + i = 0, + l = this.length; + + if ( value === undefined && elem.nodeType === 1 ) { + return elem.innerHTML; + } + + // See if we can take a shortcut and just use innerHTML + if ( typeof value === "string" && !rnoInnerhtml.test( value ) && + !wrapMap[ ( rtagName.exec( value ) || [ "", "" ] )[ 1 ].toLowerCase() ] ) { + + value = jQuery.htmlPrefilter( value ); + + try { + for ( ; i < l; i++ ) { + elem = this[ i ] || {}; + + // Remove element nodes and prevent memory leaks + if ( elem.nodeType === 1 ) { + jQuery.cleanData( getAll( elem, false ) ); + elem.innerHTML = value; + } + } + + elem = 0; + + // If using innerHTML throws an exception, use the fallback method + } catch ( e ) {} + } + + if ( elem ) { + this.empty().append( value ); + } + }, null, value, arguments.length ); + }, + + replaceWith: function() { + var ignored = []; + + // Make the changes, replacing each non-ignored context element with the new content + return domManip( this, arguments, function( elem ) { + var parent = this.parentNode; + + if ( jQuery.inArray( this, ignored ) < 0 ) { + jQuery.cleanData( getAll( this ) ); + if ( parent ) { + parent.replaceChild( elem, this ); + } + } + + // Force callback invocation + }, ignored ); + } +} ); + +jQuery.each( { + appendTo: "append", + prependTo: "prepend", + insertBefore: "before", + insertAfter: "after", + replaceAll: "replaceWith" +}, function( name, original ) { + jQuery.fn[ name ] = function( selector ) { + var elems, + ret = [], + insert = jQuery( selector ), + last = insert.length - 1, + i = 0; + + for ( ; i <= last; i++ ) { + elems = i === last ? this : this.clone( true ); + jQuery( insert[ i ] )[ original ]( elems ); + + // Support: Android <=4.0 only, PhantomJS 1 only + // .get() because push.apply(_, arraylike) throws on ancient WebKit + push.apply( ret, elems.get() ); + } + + return this.pushStack( ret ); + }; +} ); +var rnumnonpx = new RegExp( "^(" + pnum + ")(?!px)[a-z%]+$", "i" ); + +var getStyles = function( elem ) { + + // Support: IE <=11 only, Firefox <=30 (#15098, #14150) + // IE throws on elements created in popups + // FF meanwhile throws on frame elements through "defaultView.getComputedStyle" + var view = elem.ownerDocument.defaultView; + + if ( !view || !view.opener ) { + view = window; + } + + return view.getComputedStyle( elem ); + }; + +var swap = function( elem, options, callback ) { + var ret, name, + old = {}; + + // Remember the old values, and insert the new ones + for ( name in options ) { + old[ name ] = elem.style[ name ]; + elem.style[ name ] = options[ name ]; + } + + ret = callback.call( elem ); + + // Revert the old values + for ( name in options ) { + elem.style[ name ] = old[ name ]; + } + + return ret; +}; + + +var rboxStyle = new RegExp( cssExpand.join( "|" ), "i" ); + + + +( function() { + + // Executing both pixelPosition & boxSizingReliable tests require only one layout + // so they're executed at the same time to save the second computation. + function computeStyleTests() { + + // This is a singleton, we need to execute it only once + if ( !div ) { + return; + } + + container.style.cssText = "position:absolute;left:-11111px;width:60px;" + + "margin-top:1px;padding:0;border:0"; + div.style.cssText = + "position:relative;display:block;box-sizing:border-box;overflow:scroll;" + + "margin:auto;border:1px;padding:1px;" + + "width:60%;top:1%"; + documentElement.appendChild( container ).appendChild( div ); + + var divStyle = window.getComputedStyle( div ); + pixelPositionVal = divStyle.top !== "1%"; + + // Support: Android 4.0 - 4.3 only, Firefox <=3 - 44 + reliableMarginLeftVal = roundPixelMeasures( divStyle.marginLeft ) === 12; + + // Support: Android 4.0 - 4.3 only, Safari <=9.1 - 10.1, iOS <=7.0 - 9.3 + // Some styles come back with percentage values, even though they shouldn't + div.style.right = "60%"; + pixelBoxStylesVal = roundPixelMeasures( divStyle.right ) === 36; + + // Support: IE 9 - 11 only + // Detect misreporting of content dimensions for box-sizing:border-box elements + boxSizingReliableVal = roundPixelMeasures( divStyle.width ) === 36; + + // Support: IE 9 only + // Detect overflow:scroll screwiness (gh-3699) + // Support: Chrome <=64 + // Don't get tricked when zoom affects offsetWidth (gh-4029) + div.style.position = "absolute"; + scrollboxSizeVal = roundPixelMeasures( div.offsetWidth / 3 ) === 12; + + documentElement.removeChild( container ); + + // Nullify the div so it wouldn't be stored in the memory and + // it will also be a sign that checks already performed + div = null; + } + + function roundPixelMeasures( measure ) { + return Math.round( parseFloat( measure ) ); + } + + var pixelPositionVal, boxSizingReliableVal, scrollboxSizeVal, pixelBoxStylesVal, + reliableTrDimensionsVal, reliableMarginLeftVal, + container = document.createElement( "div" ), + div = document.createElement( "div" ); + + // Finish early in limited (non-browser) environments + if ( !div.style ) { + return; + } + + // Support: IE <=9 - 11 only + // Style of cloned element affects source element cloned (#8908) + div.style.backgroundClip = "content-box"; + div.cloneNode( true ).style.backgroundClip = ""; + support.clearCloneStyle = div.style.backgroundClip === "content-box"; + + jQuery.extend( support, { + boxSizingReliable: function() { + computeStyleTests(); + return boxSizingReliableVal; + }, + pixelBoxStyles: function() { + computeStyleTests(); + return pixelBoxStylesVal; + }, + pixelPosition: function() { + computeStyleTests(); + return pixelPositionVal; + }, + reliableMarginLeft: function() { + computeStyleTests(); + return reliableMarginLeftVal; + }, + scrollboxSize: function() { + computeStyleTests(); + return scrollboxSizeVal; + }, + + // Support: IE 9 - 11+, Edge 15 - 18+ + // IE/Edge misreport `getComputedStyle` of table rows with width/height + // set in CSS while `offset*` properties report correct values. + // Behavior in IE 9 is more subtle than in newer versions & it passes + // some versions of this test; make sure not to make it pass there! + // + // Support: Firefox 70+ + // Only Firefox includes border widths + // in computed dimensions. (gh-4529) + reliableTrDimensions: function() { + var table, tr, trChild, trStyle; + if ( reliableTrDimensionsVal == null ) { + table = document.createElement( "table" ); + tr = document.createElement( "tr" ); + trChild = document.createElement( "div" ); + + table.style.cssText = "position:absolute;left:-11111px;border-collapse:separate"; + tr.style.cssText = "border:1px solid"; + + // Support: Chrome 86+ + // Height set through cssText does not get applied. + // Computed height then comes back as 0. + tr.style.height = "1px"; + trChild.style.height = "9px"; + + // Support: Android 8 Chrome 86+ + // In our bodyBackground.html iframe, + // display for all div elements is set to "inline", + // which causes a problem only in Android 8 Chrome 86. + // Ensuring the div is display: block + // gets around this issue. + trChild.style.display = "block"; + + documentElement + .appendChild( table ) + .appendChild( tr ) + .appendChild( trChild ); + + trStyle = window.getComputedStyle( tr ); + reliableTrDimensionsVal = ( parseInt( trStyle.height, 10 ) + + parseInt( trStyle.borderTopWidth, 10 ) + + parseInt( trStyle.borderBottomWidth, 10 ) ) === tr.offsetHeight; + + documentElement.removeChild( table ); + } + return reliableTrDimensionsVal; + } + } ); +} )(); + + +function curCSS( elem, name, computed ) { + var width, minWidth, maxWidth, ret, + + // Support: Firefox 51+ + // Retrieving style before computed somehow + // fixes an issue with getting wrong values + // on detached elements + style = elem.style; + + computed = computed || getStyles( elem ); + + // getPropertyValue is needed for: + // .css('filter') (IE 9 only, #12537) + // .css('--customProperty) (#3144) + if ( computed ) { + ret = computed.getPropertyValue( name ) || computed[ name ]; + + if ( ret === "" && !isAttached( elem ) ) { + ret = jQuery.style( elem, name ); + } + + // A tribute to the "awesome hack by Dean Edwards" + // Android Browser returns percentage for some values, + // but width seems to be reliably pixels. + // This is against the CSSOM draft spec: + // https://drafts.csswg.org/cssom/#resolved-values + if ( !support.pixelBoxStyles() && rnumnonpx.test( ret ) && rboxStyle.test( name ) ) { + + // Remember the original values + width = style.width; + minWidth = style.minWidth; + maxWidth = style.maxWidth; + + // Put in the new values to get a computed value out + style.minWidth = style.maxWidth = style.width = ret; + ret = computed.width; + + // Revert the changed values + style.width = width; + style.minWidth = minWidth; + style.maxWidth = maxWidth; + } + } + + return ret !== undefined ? + + // Support: IE <=9 - 11 only + // IE returns zIndex value as an integer. + ret + "" : + ret; +} + + +function addGetHookIf( conditionFn, hookFn ) { + + // Define the hook, we'll check on the first run if it's really needed. + return { + get: function() { + if ( conditionFn() ) { + + // Hook not needed (or it's not possible to use it due + // to missing dependency), remove it. + delete this.get; + return; + } + + // Hook needed; redefine it so that the support test is not executed again. + return ( this.get = hookFn ).apply( this, arguments ); + } + }; +} + + +var cssPrefixes = [ "Webkit", "Moz", "ms" ], + emptyStyle = document.createElement( "div" ).style, + vendorProps = {}; + +// Return a vendor-prefixed property or undefined +function vendorPropName( name ) { + + // Check for vendor prefixed names + var capName = name[ 0 ].toUpperCase() + name.slice( 1 ), + i = cssPrefixes.length; + + while ( i-- ) { + name = cssPrefixes[ i ] + capName; + if ( name in emptyStyle ) { + return name; + } + } +} + +// Return a potentially-mapped jQuery.cssProps or vendor prefixed property +function finalPropName( name ) { + var final = jQuery.cssProps[ name ] || vendorProps[ name ]; + + if ( final ) { + return final; + } + if ( name in emptyStyle ) { + return name; + } + return vendorProps[ name ] = vendorPropName( name ) || name; +} + + +var + + // Swappable if display is none or starts with table + // except "table", "table-cell", or "table-caption" + // See here for display values: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/CSS/display + rdisplayswap = /^(none|table(?!-c[ea]).+)/, + rcustomProp = /^--/, + cssShow = { position: "absolute", visibility: "hidden", display: "block" }, + cssNormalTransform = { + letterSpacing: "0", + fontWeight: "400" + }; + +function setPositiveNumber( _elem, value, subtract ) { + + // Any relative (+/-) values have already been + // normalized at this point + var matches = rcssNum.exec( value ); + return matches ? + + // Guard against undefined "subtract", e.g., when used as in cssHooks + Math.max( 0, matches[ 2 ] - ( subtract || 0 ) ) + ( matches[ 3 ] || "px" ) : + value; +} + +function boxModelAdjustment( elem, dimension, box, isBorderBox, styles, computedVal ) { + var i = dimension === "width" ? 1 : 0, + extra = 0, + delta = 0; + + // Adjustment may not be necessary + if ( box === ( isBorderBox ? "border" : "content" ) ) { + return 0; + } + + for ( ; i < 4; i += 2 ) { + + // Both box models exclude margin + if ( box === "margin" ) { + delta += jQuery.css( elem, box + cssExpand[ i ], true, styles ); + } + + // If we get here with a content-box, we're seeking "padding" or "border" or "margin" + if ( !isBorderBox ) { + + // Add padding + delta += jQuery.css( elem, "padding" + cssExpand[ i ], true, styles ); + + // For "border" or "margin", add border + if ( box !== "padding" ) { + delta += jQuery.css( elem, "border" + cssExpand[ i ] + "Width", true, styles ); + + // But still keep track of it otherwise + } else { + extra += jQuery.css( elem, "border" + cssExpand[ i ] + "Width", true, styles ); + } + + // If we get here with a border-box (content + padding + border), we're seeking "content" or + // "padding" or "margin" + } else { + + // For "content", subtract padding + if ( box === "content" ) { + delta -= jQuery.css( elem, "padding" + cssExpand[ i ], true, styles ); + } + + // For "content" or "padding", subtract border + if ( box !== "margin" ) { + delta -= jQuery.css( elem, "border" + cssExpand[ i ] + "Width", true, styles ); + } + } + } + + // Account for positive content-box scroll gutter when requested by providing computedVal + if ( !isBorderBox && computedVal >= 0 ) { + + // offsetWidth/offsetHeight is a rounded sum of content, padding, scroll gutter, and border + // Assuming integer scroll gutter, subtract the rest and round down + delta += Math.max( 0, Math.ceil( + elem[ "offset" + dimension[ 0 ].toUpperCase() + dimension.slice( 1 ) ] - + computedVal - + delta - + extra - + 0.5 + + // If offsetWidth/offsetHeight is unknown, then we can't determine content-box scroll gutter + // Use an explicit zero to avoid NaN (gh-3964) + ) ) || 0; + } + + return delta; +} + +function getWidthOrHeight( elem, dimension, extra ) { + + // Start with computed style + var styles = getStyles( elem ), + + // To avoid forcing a reflow, only fetch boxSizing if we need it (gh-4322). + // Fake content-box until we know it's needed to know the true value. + boxSizingNeeded = !support.boxSizingReliable() || extra, + isBorderBox = boxSizingNeeded && + jQuery.css( elem, "boxSizing", false, styles ) === "border-box", + valueIsBorderBox = isBorderBox, + + val = curCSS( elem, dimension, styles ), + offsetProp = "offset" + dimension[ 0 ].toUpperCase() + dimension.slice( 1 ); + + // Support: Firefox <=54 + // Return a confounding non-pixel value or feign ignorance, as appropriate. + if ( rnumnonpx.test( val ) ) { + if ( !extra ) { + return val; + } + val = "auto"; + } + + + // Support: IE 9 - 11 only + // Use offsetWidth/offsetHeight for when box sizing is unreliable. + // In those cases, the computed value can be trusted to be border-box. + if ( ( !support.boxSizingReliable() && isBorderBox || + + // Support: IE 10 - 11+, Edge 15 - 18+ + // IE/Edge misreport `getComputedStyle` of table rows with width/height + // set in CSS while `offset*` properties report correct values. + // Interestingly, in some cases IE 9 doesn't suffer from this issue. + !support.reliableTrDimensions() && nodeName( elem, "tr" ) || + + // Fall back to offsetWidth/offsetHeight when value is "auto" + // This happens for inline elements with no explicit setting (gh-3571) + val === "auto" || + + // Support: Android <=4.1 - 4.3 only + // Also use offsetWidth/offsetHeight for misreported inline dimensions (gh-3602) + !parseFloat( val ) && jQuery.css( elem, "display", false, styles ) === "inline" ) && + + // Make sure the element is visible & connected + elem.getClientRects().length ) { + + isBorderBox = jQuery.css( elem, "boxSizing", false, styles ) === "border-box"; + + // Where available, offsetWidth/offsetHeight approximate border box dimensions. + // Where not available (e.g., SVG), assume unreliable box-sizing and interpret the + // retrieved value as a content box dimension. + valueIsBorderBox = offsetProp in elem; + if ( valueIsBorderBox ) { + val = elem[ offsetProp ]; + } + } + + // Normalize "" and auto + val = parseFloat( val ) || 0; + + // Adjust for the element's box model + return ( val + + boxModelAdjustment( + elem, + dimension, + extra || ( isBorderBox ? "border" : "content" ), + valueIsBorderBox, + styles, + + // Provide the current computed size to request scroll gutter calculation (gh-3589) + val + ) + ) + "px"; +} + +jQuery.extend( { + + // Add in style property hooks for overriding the default + // behavior of getting and setting a style property + cssHooks: { + opacity: { + get: function( elem, computed ) { + if ( computed ) { + + // We should always get a number back from opacity + var ret = curCSS( elem, "opacity" ); + return ret === "" ? "1" : ret; + } + } + } + }, + + // Don't automatically add "px" to these possibly-unitless properties + cssNumber: { + "animationIterationCount": true, + "columnCount": true, + "fillOpacity": true, + "flexGrow": true, + "flexShrink": true, + "fontWeight": true, + "gridArea": true, + "gridColumn": true, + "gridColumnEnd": true, + "gridColumnStart": true, + "gridRow": true, + "gridRowEnd": true, + "gridRowStart": true, + "lineHeight": true, + "opacity": true, + "order": true, + "orphans": true, + "widows": true, + "zIndex": true, + "zoom": true + }, + + // Add in properties whose names you wish to fix before + // setting or getting the value + cssProps: {}, + + // Get and set the style property on a DOM Node + style: function( elem, name, value, extra ) { + + // Don't set styles on text and comment nodes + if ( !elem || elem.nodeType === 3 || elem.nodeType === 8 || !elem.style ) { + return; + } + + // Make sure that we're working with the right name + var ret, type, hooks, + origName = camelCase( name ), + isCustomProp = rcustomProp.test( name ), + style = elem.style; + + // Make sure that we're working with the right name. We don't + // want to query the value if it is a CSS custom property + // since they are user-defined. + if ( !isCustomProp ) { + name = finalPropName( origName ); + } + + // Gets hook for the prefixed version, then unprefixed version + hooks = jQuery.cssHooks[ name ] || jQuery.cssHooks[ origName ]; + + // Check if we're setting a value + if ( value !== undefined ) { + type = typeof value; + + // Convert "+=" or "-=" to relative numbers (#7345) + if ( type === "string" && ( ret = rcssNum.exec( value ) ) && ret[ 1 ] ) { + value = adjustCSS( elem, name, ret ); + + // Fixes bug #9237 + type = "number"; + } + + // Make sure that null and NaN values aren't set (#7116) + if ( value == null || value !== value ) { + return; + } + + // If a number was passed in, add the unit (except for certain CSS properties) + // The isCustomProp check can be removed in jQuery 4.0 when we only auto-append + // "px" to a few hardcoded values. + if ( type === "number" && !isCustomProp ) { + value += ret && ret[ 3 ] || ( jQuery.cssNumber[ origName ] ? "" : "px" ); + } + + // background-* props affect original clone's values + if ( !support.clearCloneStyle && value === "" && name.indexOf( "background" ) === 0 ) { + style[ name ] = "inherit"; + } + + // If a hook was provided, use that value, otherwise just set the specified value + if ( !hooks || !( "set" in hooks ) || + ( value = hooks.set( elem, value, extra ) ) !== undefined ) { + + if ( isCustomProp ) { + style.setProperty( name, value ); + } else { + style[ name ] = value; + } + } + + } else { + + // If a hook was provided get the non-computed value from there + if ( hooks && "get" in hooks && + ( ret = hooks.get( elem, false, extra ) ) !== undefined ) { + + return ret; + } + + // Otherwise just get the value from the style object + return style[ name ]; + } + }, + + css: function( elem, name, extra, styles ) { + var val, num, hooks, + origName = camelCase( name ), + isCustomProp = rcustomProp.test( name ); + + // Make sure that we're working with the right name. We don't + // want to modify the value if it is a CSS custom property + // since they are user-defined. + if ( !isCustomProp ) { + name = finalPropName( origName ); + } + + // Try prefixed name followed by the unprefixed name + hooks = jQuery.cssHooks[ name ] || jQuery.cssHooks[ origName ]; + + // If a hook was provided get the computed value from there + if ( hooks && "get" in hooks ) { + val = hooks.get( elem, true, extra ); + } + + // Otherwise, if a way to get the computed value exists, use that + if ( val === undefined ) { + val = curCSS( elem, name, styles ); + } + + // Convert "normal" to computed value + if ( val === "normal" && name in cssNormalTransform ) { + val = cssNormalTransform[ name ]; + } + + // Make numeric if forced or a qualifier was provided and val looks numeric + if ( extra === "" || extra ) { + num = parseFloat( val ); + return extra === true || isFinite( num ) ? num || 0 : val; + } + + return val; + } +} ); + +jQuery.each( [ "height", "width" ], function( _i, dimension ) { + jQuery.cssHooks[ dimension ] = { + get: function( elem, computed, extra ) { + if ( computed ) { + + // Certain elements can have dimension info if we invisibly show them + // but it must have a current display style that would benefit + return rdisplayswap.test( jQuery.css( elem, "display" ) ) && + + // Support: Safari 8+ + // Table columns in Safari have non-zero offsetWidth & zero + // getBoundingClientRect().width unless display is changed. + // Support: IE <=11 only + // Running getBoundingClientRect on a disconnected node + // in IE throws an error. + ( !elem.getClientRects().length || !elem.getBoundingClientRect().width ) ? + swap( elem, cssShow, function() { + return getWidthOrHeight( elem, dimension, extra ); + } ) : + getWidthOrHeight( elem, dimension, extra ); + } + }, + + set: function( elem, value, extra ) { + var matches, + styles = getStyles( elem ), + + // Only read styles.position if the test has a chance to fail + // to avoid forcing a reflow. + scrollboxSizeBuggy = !support.scrollboxSize() && + styles.position === "absolute", + + // To avoid forcing a reflow, only fetch boxSizing if we need it (gh-3991) + boxSizingNeeded = scrollboxSizeBuggy || extra, + isBorderBox = boxSizingNeeded && + jQuery.css( elem, "boxSizing", false, styles ) === "border-box", + subtract = extra ? + boxModelAdjustment( + elem, + dimension, + extra, + isBorderBox, + styles + ) : + 0; + + // Account for unreliable border-box dimensions by comparing offset* to computed and + // faking a content-box to get border and padding (gh-3699) + if ( isBorderBox && scrollboxSizeBuggy ) { + subtract -= Math.ceil( + elem[ "offset" + dimension[ 0 ].toUpperCase() + dimension.slice( 1 ) ] - + parseFloat( styles[ dimension ] ) - + boxModelAdjustment( elem, dimension, "border", false, styles ) - + 0.5 + ); + } + + // Convert to pixels if value adjustment is needed + if ( subtract && ( matches = rcssNum.exec( value ) ) && + ( matches[ 3 ] || "px" ) !== "px" ) { + + elem.style[ dimension ] = value; + value = jQuery.css( elem, dimension ); + } + + return setPositiveNumber( elem, value, subtract ); + } + }; +} ); + +jQuery.cssHooks.marginLeft = addGetHookIf( support.reliableMarginLeft, + function( elem, computed ) { + if ( computed ) { + return ( parseFloat( curCSS( elem, "marginLeft" ) ) || + elem.getBoundingClientRect().left - + swap( elem, { marginLeft: 0 }, function() { + return elem.getBoundingClientRect().left; + } ) + ) + "px"; + } + } +); + +// These hooks are used by animate to expand properties +jQuery.each( { + margin: "", + padding: "", + border: "Width" +}, function( prefix, suffix ) { + jQuery.cssHooks[ prefix + suffix ] = { + expand: function( value ) { + var i = 0, + expanded = {}, + + // Assumes a single number if not a string + parts = typeof value === "string" ? value.split( " " ) : [ value ]; + + for ( ; i < 4; i++ ) { + expanded[ prefix + cssExpand[ i ] + suffix ] = + parts[ i ] || parts[ i - 2 ] || parts[ 0 ]; + } + + return expanded; + } + }; + + if ( prefix !== "margin" ) { + jQuery.cssHooks[ prefix + suffix ].set = setPositiveNumber; + } +} ); + +jQuery.fn.extend( { + css: function( name, value ) { + return access( this, function( elem, name, value ) { + var styles, len, + map = {}, + i = 0; + + if ( Array.isArray( name ) ) { + styles = getStyles( elem ); + len = name.length; + + for ( ; i < len; i++ ) { + map[ name[ i ] ] = jQuery.css( elem, name[ i ], false, styles ); + } + + return map; + } + + return value !== undefined ? + jQuery.style( elem, name, value ) : + jQuery.css( elem, name ); + }, name, value, arguments.length > 1 ); + } +} ); + + +function Tween( elem, options, prop, end, easing ) { + return new Tween.prototype.init( elem, options, prop, end, easing ); +} +jQuery.Tween = Tween; + +Tween.prototype = { + constructor: Tween, + init: function( elem, options, prop, end, easing, unit ) { + this.elem = elem; + this.prop = prop; + this.easing = easing || jQuery.easing._default; + this.options = options; + this.start = this.now = this.cur(); + this.end = end; + this.unit = unit || ( jQuery.cssNumber[ prop ] ? "" : "px" ); + }, + cur: function() { + var hooks = Tween.propHooks[ this.prop ]; + + return hooks && hooks.get ? + hooks.get( this ) : + Tween.propHooks._default.get( this ); + }, + run: function( percent ) { + var eased, + hooks = Tween.propHooks[ this.prop ]; + + if ( this.options.duration ) { + this.pos = eased = jQuery.easing[ this.easing ]( + percent, this.options.duration * percent, 0, 1, this.options.duration + ); + } else { + this.pos = eased = percent; + } + this.now = ( this.end - this.start ) * eased + this.start; + + if ( this.options.step ) { + this.options.step.call( this.elem, this.now, this ); + } + + if ( hooks && hooks.set ) { + hooks.set( this ); + } else { + Tween.propHooks._default.set( this ); + } + return this; + } +}; + +Tween.prototype.init.prototype = Tween.prototype; + +Tween.propHooks = { + _default: { + get: function( tween ) { + var result; + + // Use a property on the element directly when it is not a DOM element, + // or when there is no matching style property that exists. + if ( tween.elem.nodeType !== 1 || + tween.elem[ tween.prop ] != null && tween.elem.style[ tween.prop ] == null ) { + return tween.elem[ tween.prop ]; + } + + // Passing an empty string as a 3rd parameter to .css will automatically + // attempt a parseFloat and fallback to a string if the parse fails. + // Simple values such as "10px" are parsed to Float; + // complex values such as "rotate(1rad)" are returned as-is. + result = jQuery.css( tween.elem, tween.prop, "" ); + + // Empty strings, null, undefined and "auto" are converted to 0. + return !result || result === "auto" ? 0 : result; + }, + set: function( tween ) { + + // Use step hook for back compat. + // Use cssHook if its there. + // Use .style if available and use plain properties where available. + if ( jQuery.fx.step[ tween.prop ] ) { + jQuery.fx.step[ tween.prop ]( tween ); + } else if ( tween.elem.nodeType === 1 && ( + jQuery.cssHooks[ tween.prop ] || + tween.elem.style[ finalPropName( tween.prop ) ] != null ) ) { + jQuery.style( tween.elem, tween.prop, tween.now + tween.unit ); + } else { + tween.elem[ tween.prop ] = tween.now; + } + } + } +}; + +// Support: IE <=9 only +// Panic based approach to setting things on disconnected nodes +Tween.propHooks.scrollTop = Tween.propHooks.scrollLeft = { + set: function( tween ) { + if ( tween.elem.nodeType && tween.elem.parentNode ) { + tween.elem[ tween.prop ] = tween.now; + } + } +}; + +jQuery.easing = { + linear: function( p ) { + return p; + }, + swing: function( p ) { + return 0.5 - Math.cos( p * Math.PI ) / 2; + }, + _default: "swing" +}; + +jQuery.fx = Tween.prototype.init; + +// Back compat <1.8 extension point +jQuery.fx.step = {}; + + + + +var + fxNow, inProgress, + rfxtypes = /^(?:toggle|show|hide)$/, + rrun = /queueHooks$/; + +function schedule() { + if ( inProgress ) { + if ( document.hidden === false && window.requestAnimationFrame ) { + window.requestAnimationFrame( schedule ); + } else { + window.setTimeout( schedule, jQuery.fx.interval ); + } + + jQuery.fx.tick(); + } +} + +// Animations created synchronously will run synchronously +function createFxNow() { + window.setTimeout( function() { + fxNow = undefined; + } ); + return ( fxNow = Date.now() ); +} + +// Generate parameters to create a standard animation +function genFx( type, includeWidth ) { + var which, + i = 0, + attrs = { height: type }; + + // If we include width, step value is 1 to do all cssExpand values, + // otherwise step value is 2 to skip over Left and Right + includeWidth = includeWidth ? 1 : 0; + for ( ; i < 4; i += 2 - includeWidth ) { + which = cssExpand[ i ]; + attrs[ "margin" + which ] = attrs[ "padding" + which ] = type; + } + + if ( includeWidth ) { + attrs.opacity = attrs.width = type; + } + + return attrs; +} + +function createTween( value, prop, animation ) { + var tween, + collection = ( Animation.tweeners[ prop ] || [] ).concat( Animation.tweeners[ "*" ] ), + index = 0, + length = collection.length; + for ( ; index < length; index++ ) { + if ( ( tween = collection[ index ].call( animation, prop, value ) ) ) { + + // We're done with this property + return tween; + } + } +} + +function defaultPrefilter( elem, props, opts ) { + var prop, value, toggle, hooks, oldfire, propTween, restoreDisplay, display, + isBox = "width" in props || "height" in props, + anim = this, + orig = {}, + style = elem.style, + hidden = elem.nodeType && isHiddenWithinTree( elem ), + dataShow = dataPriv.get( elem, "fxshow" ); + + // Queue-skipping animations hijack the fx hooks + if ( !opts.queue ) { + hooks = jQuery._queueHooks( elem, "fx" ); + if ( hooks.unqueued == null ) { + hooks.unqueued = 0; + oldfire = hooks.empty.fire; + hooks.empty.fire = function() { + if ( !hooks.unqueued ) { + oldfire(); + } + }; + } + hooks.unqueued++; + + anim.always( function() { + + // Ensure the complete handler is called before this completes + anim.always( function() { + hooks.unqueued--; + if ( !jQuery.queue( elem, "fx" ).length ) { + hooks.empty.fire(); + } + } ); + } ); + } + + // Detect show/hide animations + for ( prop in props ) { + value = props[ prop ]; + if ( rfxtypes.test( value ) ) { + delete props[ prop ]; + toggle = toggle || value === "toggle"; + if ( value === ( hidden ? "hide" : "show" ) ) { + + // Pretend to be hidden if this is a "show" and + // there is still data from a stopped show/hide + if ( value === "show" && dataShow && dataShow[ prop ] !== undefined ) { + hidden = true; + + // Ignore all other no-op show/hide data + } else { + continue; + } + } + orig[ prop ] = dataShow && dataShow[ prop ] || jQuery.style( elem, prop ); + } + } + + // Bail out if this is a no-op like .hide().hide() + propTween = !jQuery.isEmptyObject( props ); + if ( !propTween && jQuery.isEmptyObject( orig ) ) { + return; + } + + // Restrict "overflow" and "display" styles during box animations + if ( isBox && elem.nodeType === 1 ) { + + // Support: IE <=9 - 11, Edge 12 - 15 + // Record all 3 overflow attributes because IE does not infer the shorthand + // from identically-valued overflowX and overflowY and Edge just mirrors + // the overflowX value there. + opts.overflow = [ style.overflow, style.overflowX, style.overflowY ]; + + // Identify a display type, preferring old show/hide data over the CSS cascade + restoreDisplay = dataShow && dataShow.display; + if ( restoreDisplay == null ) { + restoreDisplay = dataPriv.get( elem, "display" ); + } + display = jQuery.css( elem, "display" ); + if ( display === "none" ) { + if ( restoreDisplay ) { + display = restoreDisplay; + } else { + + // Get nonempty value(s) by temporarily forcing visibility + showHide( [ elem ], true ); + restoreDisplay = elem.style.display || restoreDisplay; + display = jQuery.css( elem, "display" ); + showHide( [ elem ] ); + } + } + + // Animate inline elements as inline-block + if ( display === "inline" || display === "inline-block" && restoreDisplay != null ) { + if ( jQuery.css( elem, "float" ) === "none" ) { + + // Restore the original display value at the end of pure show/hide animations + if ( !propTween ) { + anim.done( function() { + style.display = restoreDisplay; + } ); + if ( restoreDisplay == null ) { + display = style.display; + restoreDisplay = display === "none" ? "" : display; + } + } + style.display = "inline-block"; + } + } + } + + if ( opts.overflow ) { + style.overflow = "hidden"; + anim.always( function() { + style.overflow = opts.overflow[ 0 ]; + style.overflowX = opts.overflow[ 1 ]; + style.overflowY = opts.overflow[ 2 ]; + } ); + } + + // Implement show/hide animations + propTween = false; + for ( prop in orig ) { + + // General show/hide setup for this element animation + if ( !propTween ) { + if ( dataShow ) { + if ( "hidden" in dataShow ) { + hidden = dataShow.hidden; + } + } else { + dataShow = dataPriv.access( elem, "fxshow", { display: restoreDisplay } ); + } + + // Store hidden/visible for toggle so `.stop().toggle()` "reverses" + if ( toggle ) { + dataShow.hidden = !hidden; + } + + // Show elements before animating them + if ( hidden ) { + showHide( [ elem ], true ); + } + + /* eslint-disable no-loop-func */ + + anim.done( function() { + + /* eslint-enable no-loop-func */ + + // The final step of a "hide" animation is actually hiding the element + if ( !hidden ) { + showHide( [ elem ] ); + } + dataPriv.remove( elem, "fxshow" ); + for ( prop in orig ) { + jQuery.style( elem, prop, orig[ prop ] ); + } + } ); + } + + // Per-property setup + propTween = createTween( hidden ? dataShow[ prop ] : 0, prop, anim ); + if ( !( prop in dataShow ) ) { + dataShow[ prop ] = propTween.start; + if ( hidden ) { + propTween.end = propTween.start; + propTween.start = 0; + } + } + } +} + +function propFilter( props, specialEasing ) { + var index, name, easing, value, hooks; + + // camelCase, specialEasing and expand cssHook pass + for ( index in props ) { + name = camelCase( index ); + easing = specialEasing[ name ]; + value = props[ index ]; + if ( Array.isArray( value ) ) { + easing = value[ 1 ]; + value = props[ index ] = value[ 0 ]; + } + + if ( index !== name ) { + props[ name ] = value; + delete props[ index ]; + } + + hooks = jQuery.cssHooks[ name ]; + if ( hooks && "expand" in hooks ) { + value = hooks.expand( value ); + delete props[ name ]; + + // Not quite $.extend, this won't overwrite existing keys. + // Reusing 'index' because we have the correct "name" + for ( index in value ) { + if ( !( index in props ) ) { + props[ index ] = value[ index ]; + specialEasing[ index ] = easing; + } + } + } else { + specialEasing[ name ] = easing; + } + } +} + +function Animation( elem, properties, options ) { + var result, + stopped, + index = 0, + length = Animation.prefilters.length, + deferred = jQuery.Deferred().always( function() { + + // Don't match elem in the :animated selector + delete tick.elem; + } ), + tick = function() { + if ( stopped ) { + return false; + } + var currentTime = fxNow || createFxNow(), + remaining = Math.max( 0, animation.startTime + animation.duration - currentTime ), + + // Support: Android 2.3 only + // Archaic crash bug won't allow us to use `1 - ( 0.5 || 0 )` (#12497) + temp = remaining / animation.duration || 0, + percent = 1 - temp, + index = 0, + length = animation.tweens.length; + + for ( ; index < length; index++ ) { + animation.tweens[ index ].run( percent ); + } + + deferred.notifyWith( elem, [ animation, percent, remaining ] ); + + // If there's more to do, yield + if ( percent < 1 && length ) { + return remaining; + } + + // If this was an empty animation, synthesize a final progress notification + if ( !length ) { + deferred.notifyWith( elem, [ animation, 1, 0 ] ); + } + + // Resolve the animation and report its conclusion + deferred.resolveWith( elem, [ animation ] ); + return false; + }, + animation = deferred.promise( { + elem: elem, + props: jQuery.extend( {}, properties ), + opts: jQuery.extend( true, { + specialEasing: {}, + easing: jQuery.easing._default + }, options ), + originalProperties: properties, + originalOptions: options, + startTime: fxNow || createFxNow(), + duration: options.duration, + tweens: [], + createTween: function( prop, end ) { + var tween = jQuery.Tween( elem, animation.opts, prop, end, + animation.opts.specialEasing[ prop ] || animation.opts.easing ); + animation.tweens.push( tween ); + return tween; + }, + stop: function( gotoEnd ) { + var index = 0, + + // If we are going to the end, we want to run all the tweens + // otherwise we skip this part + length = gotoEnd ? animation.tweens.length : 0; + if ( stopped ) { + return this; + } + stopped = true; + for ( ; index < length; index++ ) { + animation.tweens[ index ].run( 1 ); + } + + // Resolve when we played the last frame; otherwise, reject + if ( gotoEnd ) { + deferred.notifyWith( elem, [ animation, 1, 0 ] ); + deferred.resolveWith( elem, [ animation, gotoEnd ] ); + } else { + deferred.rejectWith( elem, [ animation, gotoEnd ] ); + } + return this; + } + } ), + props = animation.props; + + propFilter( props, animation.opts.specialEasing ); + + for ( ; index < length; index++ ) { + result = Animation.prefilters[ index ].call( animation, elem, props, animation.opts ); + if ( result ) { + if ( isFunction( result.stop ) ) { + jQuery._queueHooks( animation.elem, animation.opts.queue ).stop = + result.stop.bind( result ); + } + return result; + } + } + + jQuery.map( props, createTween, animation ); + + if ( isFunction( animation.opts.start ) ) { + animation.opts.start.call( elem, animation ); + } + + // Attach callbacks from options + animation + .progress( animation.opts.progress ) + .done( animation.opts.done, animation.opts.complete ) + .fail( animation.opts.fail ) + .always( animation.opts.always ); + + jQuery.fx.timer( + jQuery.extend( tick, { + elem: elem, + anim: animation, + queue: animation.opts.queue + } ) + ); + + return animation; +} + +jQuery.Animation = jQuery.extend( Animation, { + + tweeners: { + "*": [ function( prop, value ) { + var tween = this.createTween( prop, value ); + adjustCSS( tween.elem, prop, rcssNum.exec( value ), tween ); + return tween; + } ] + }, + + tweener: function( props, callback ) { + if ( isFunction( props ) ) { + callback = props; + props = [ "*" ]; + } else { + props = props.match( rnothtmlwhite ); + } + + var prop, + index = 0, + length = props.length; + + for ( ; index < length; index++ ) { + prop = props[ index ]; + Animation.tweeners[ prop ] = Animation.tweeners[ prop ] || []; + Animation.tweeners[ prop ].unshift( callback ); + } + }, + + prefilters: [ defaultPrefilter ], + + prefilter: function( callback, prepend ) { + if ( prepend ) { + Animation.prefilters.unshift( callback ); + } else { + Animation.prefilters.push( callback ); + } + } +} ); + +jQuery.speed = function( speed, easing, fn ) { + var opt = speed && typeof speed === "object" ? jQuery.extend( {}, speed ) : { + complete: fn || !fn && easing || + isFunction( speed ) && speed, + duration: speed, + easing: fn && easing || easing && !isFunction( easing ) && easing + }; + + // Go to the end state if fx are off + if ( jQuery.fx.off ) { + opt.duration = 0; + + } else { + if ( typeof opt.duration !== "number" ) { + if ( opt.duration in jQuery.fx.speeds ) { + opt.duration = jQuery.fx.speeds[ opt.duration ]; + + } else { + opt.duration = jQuery.fx.speeds._default; + } + } + } + + // Normalize opt.queue - true/undefined/null -> "fx" + if ( opt.queue == null || opt.queue === true ) { + opt.queue = "fx"; + } + + // Queueing + opt.old = opt.complete; + + opt.complete = function() { + if ( isFunction( opt.old ) ) { + opt.old.call( this ); + } + + if ( opt.queue ) { + jQuery.dequeue( this, opt.queue ); + } + }; + + return opt; +}; + +jQuery.fn.extend( { + fadeTo: function( speed, to, easing, callback ) { + + // Show any hidden elements after setting opacity to 0 + return this.filter( isHiddenWithinTree ).css( "opacity", 0 ).show() + + // Animate to the value specified + .end().animate( { opacity: to }, speed, easing, callback ); + }, + animate: function( prop, speed, easing, callback ) { + var empty = jQuery.isEmptyObject( prop ), + optall = jQuery.speed( speed, easing, callback ), + doAnimation = function() { + + // Operate on a copy of prop so per-property easing won't be lost + var anim = Animation( this, jQuery.extend( {}, prop ), optall ); + + // Empty animations, or finishing resolves immediately + if ( empty || dataPriv.get( this, "finish" ) ) { + anim.stop( true ); + } + }; + + doAnimation.finish = doAnimation; + + return empty || optall.queue === false ? + this.each( doAnimation ) : + this.queue( optall.queue, doAnimation ); + }, + stop: function( type, clearQueue, gotoEnd ) { + var stopQueue = function( hooks ) { + var stop = hooks.stop; + delete hooks.stop; + stop( gotoEnd ); + }; + + if ( typeof type !== "string" ) { + gotoEnd = clearQueue; + clearQueue = type; + type = undefined; + } + if ( clearQueue ) { + this.queue( type || "fx", [] ); + } + + return this.each( function() { + var dequeue = true, + index = type != null && type + "queueHooks", + timers = jQuery.timers, + data = dataPriv.get( this ); + + if ( index ) { + if ( data[ index ] && data[ index ].stop ) { + stopQueue( data[ index ] ); + } + } else { + for ( index in data ) { + if ( data[ index ] && data[ index ].stop && rrun.test( index ) ) { + stopQueue( data[ index ] ); + } + } + } + + for ( index = timers.length; index--; ) { + if ( timers[ index ].elem === this && + ( type == null || timers[ index ].queue === type ) ) { + + timers[ index ].anim.stop( gotoEnd ); + dequeue = false; + timers.splice( index, 1 ); + } + } + + // Start the next in the queue if the last step wasn't forced. + // Timers currently will call their complete callbacks, which + // will dequeue but only if they were gotoEnd. + if ( dequeue || !gotoEnd ) { + jQuery.dequeue( this, type ); + } + } ); + }, + finish: function( type ) { + if ( type !== false ) { + type = type || "fx"; + } + return this.each( function() { + var index, + data = dataPriv.get( this ), + queue = data[ type + "queue" ], + hooks = data[ type + "queueHooks" ], + timers = jQuery.timers, + length = queue ? queue.length : 0; + + // Enable finishing flag on private data + data.finish = true; + + // Empty the queue first + jQuery.queue( this, type, [] ); + + if ( hooks && hooks.stop ) { + hooks.stop.call( this, true ); + } + + // Look for any active animations, and finish them + for ( index = timers.length; index--; ) { + if ( timers[ index ].elem === this && timers[ index ].queue === type ) { + timers[ index ].anim.stop( true ); + timers.splice( index, 1 ); + } + } + + // Look for any animations in the old queue and finish them + for ( index = 0; index < length; index++ ) { + if ( queue[ index ] && queue[ index ].finish ) { + queue[ index ].finish.call( this ); + } + } + + // Turn off finishing flag + delete data.finish; + } ); + } +} ); + +jQuery.each( [ "toggle", "show", "hide" ], function( _i, name ) { + var cssFn = jQuery.fn[ name ]; + jQuery.fn[ name ] = function( speed, easing, callback ) { + return speed == null || typeof speed === "boolean" ? + cssFn.apply( this, arguments ) : + this.animate( genFx( name, true ), speed, easing, callback ); + }; +} ); + +// Generate shortcuts for custom animations +jQuery.each( { + slideDown: genFx( "show" ), + slideUp: genFx( "hide" ), + slideToggle: genFx( "toggle" ), + fadeIn: { opacity: "show" }, + fadeOut: { opacity: "hide" }, + fadeToggle: { opacity: "toggle" } +}, function( name, props ) { + jQuery.fn[ name ] = function( speed, easing, callback ) { + return this.animate( props, speed, easing, callback ); + }; +} ); + +jQuery.timers = []; +jQuery.fx.tick = function() { + var timer, + i = 0, + timers = jQuery.timers; + + fxNow = Date.now(); + + for ( ; i < timers.length; i++ ) { + timer = timers[ i ]; + + // Run the timer and safely remove it when done (allowing for external removal) + if ( !timer() && timers[ i ] === timer ) { + timers.splice( i--, 1 ); + } + } + + if ( !timers.length ) { + jQuery.fx.stop(); + } + fxNow = undefined; +}; + +jQuery.fx.timer = function( timer ) { + jQuery.timers.push( timer ); + jQuery.fx.start(); +}; + +jQuery.fx.interval = 13; +jQuery.fx.start = function() { + if ( inProgress ) { + return; + } + + inProgress = true; + schedule(); +}; + +jQuery.fx.stop = function() { + inProgress = null; +}; + +jQuery.fx.speeds = { + slow: 600, + fast: 200, + + // Default speed + _default: 400 +}; + + +// Based off of the plugin by Clint Helfers, with permission. +// https://web.archive.org/web/20100324014747/http://blindsignals.com/index.php/2009/07/jquery-delay/ +jQuery.fn.delay = function( time, type ) { + time = jQuery.fx ? jQuery.fx.speeds[ time ] || time : time; + type = type || "fx"; + + return this.queue( type, function( next, hooks ) { + var timeout = window.setTimeout( next, time ); + hooks.stop = function() { + window.clearTimeout( timeout ); + }; + } ); +}; + + +( function() { + var input = document.createElement( "input" ), + select = document.createElement( "select" ), + opt = select.appendChild( document.createElement( "option" ) ); + + input.type = "checkbox"; + + // Support: Android <=4.3 only + // Default value for a checkbox should be "on" + support.checkOn = input.value !== ""; + + // Support: IE <=11 only + // Must access selectedIndex to make default options select + support.optSelected = opt.selected; + + // Support: IE <=11 only + // An input loses its value after becoming a radio + input = document.createElement( "input" ); + input.value = "t"; + input.type = "radio"; + support.radioValue = input.value === "t"; +} )(); + + +var boolHook, + attrHandle = jQuery.expr.attrHandle; + +jQuery.fn.extend( { + attr: function( name, value ) { + return access( this, jQuery.attr, name, value, arguments.length > 1 ); + }, + + removeAttr: function( name ) { + return this.each( function() { + jQuery.removeAttr( this, name ); + } ); + } +} ); + +jQuery.extend( { + attr: function( elem, name, value ) { + var ret, hooks, + nType = elem.nodeType; + + // Don't get/set attributes on text, comment and attribute nodes + if ( nType === 3 || nType === 8 || nType === 2 ) { + return; + } + + // Fallback to prop when attributes are not supported + if ( typeof elem.getAttribute === "undefined" ) { + return jQuery.prop( elem, name, value ); + } + + // Attribute hooks are determined by the lowercase version + // Grab necessary hook if one is defined + if ( nType !== 1 || !jQuery.isXMLDoc( elem ) ) { + hooks = jQuery.attrHooks[ name.toLowerCase() ] || + ( jQuery.expr.match.bool.test( name ) ? boolHook : undefined ); + } + + if ( value !== undefined ) { + if ( value === null ) { + jQuery.removeAttr( elem, name ); + return; + } + + if ( hooks && "set" in hooks && + ( ret = hooks.set( elem, value, name ) ) !== undefined ) { + return ret; + } + + elem.setAttribute( name, value + "" ); + return value; + } + + if ( hooks && "get" in hooks && ( ret = hooks.get( elem, name ) ) !== null ) { + return ret; + } + + ret = jQuery.find.attr( elem, name ); + + // Non-existent attributes return null, we normalize to undefined + return ret == null ? undefined : ret; + }, + + attrHooks: { + type: { + set: function( elem, value ) { + if ( !support.radioValue && value === "radio" && + nodeName( elem, "input" ) ) { + var val = elem.value; + elem.setAttribute( "type", value ); + if ( val ) { + elem.value = val; + } + return value; + } + } + } + }, + + removeAttr: function( elem, value ) { + var name, + i = 0, + + // Attribute names can contain non-HTML whitespace characters + // https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/syntax.html#attributes-2 + attrNames = value && value.match( rnothtmlwhite ); + + if ( attrNames && elem.nodeType === 1 ) { + while ( ( name = attrNames[ i++ ] ) ) { + elem.removeAttribute( name ); + } + } + } +} ); + +// Hooks for boolean attributes +boolHook = { + set: function( elem, value, name ) { + if ( value === false ) { + + // Remove boolean attributes when set to false + jQuery.removeAttr( elem, name ); + } else { + elem.setAttribute( name, name ); + } + return name; + } +}; + +jQuery.each( jQuery.expr.match.bool.source.match( /\w+/g ), function( _i, name ) { + var getter = attrHandle[ name ] || jQuery.find.attr; + + attrHandle[ name ] = function( elem, name, isXML ) { + var ret, handle, + lowercaseName = name.toLowerCase(); + + if ( !isXML ) { + + // Avoid an infinite loop by temporarily removing this function from the getter + handle = attrHandle[ lowercaseName ]; + attrHandle[ lowercaseName ] = ret; + ret = getter( elem, name, isXML ) != null ? + lowercaseName : + null; + attrHandle[ lowercaseName ] = handle; + } + return ret; + }; +} ); + + + + +var rfocusable = /^(?:input|select|textarea|button)$/i, + rclickable = /^(?:a|area)$/i; + +jQuery.fn.extend( { + prop: function( name, value ) { + return access( this, jQuery.prop, name, value, arguments.length > 1 ); + }, + + removeProp: function( name ) { + return this.each( function() { + delete this[ jQuery.propFix[ name ] || name ]; + } ); + } +} ); + +jQuery.extend( { + prop: function( elem, name, value ) { + var ret, hooks, + nType = elem.nodeType; + + // Don't get/set properties on text, comment and attribute nodes + if ( nType === 3 || nType === 8 || nType === 2 ) { + return; + } + + if ( nType !== 1 || !jQuery.isXMLDoc( elem ) ) { + + // Fix name and attach hooks + name = jQuery.propFix[ name ] || name; + hooks = jQuery.propHooks[ name ]; + } + + if ( value !== undefined ) { + if ( hooks && "set" in hooks && + ( ret = hooks.set( elem, value, name ) ) !== undefined ) { + return ret; + } + + return ( elem[ name ] = value ); + } + + if ( hooks && "get" in hooks && ( ret = hooks.get( elem, name ) ) !== null ) { + return ret; + } + + return elem[ name ]; + }, + + propHooks: { + tabIndex: { + get: function( elem ) { + + // Support: IE <=9 - 11 only + // elem.tabIndex doesn't always return the + // correct value when it hasn't been explicitly set + // https://web.archive.org/web/20141116233347/http://fluidproject.org/blog/2008/01/09/getting-setting-and-removing-tabindex-values-with-javascript/ + // Use proper attribute retrieval(#12072) + var tabindex = jQuery.find.attr( elem, "tabindex" ); + + if ( tabindex ) { + return parseInt( tabindex, 10 ); + } + + if ( + rfocusable.test( elem.nodeName ) || + rclickable.test( elem.nodeName ) && + elem.href + ) { + return 0; + } + + return -1; + } + } + }, + + propFix: { + "for": "htmlFor", + "class": "className" + } +} ); + +// Support: IE <=11 only +// Accessing the selectedIndex property +// forces the browser to respect setting selected +// on the option +// The getter ensures a default option is selected +// when in an optgroup +// eslint rule "no-unused-expressions" is disabled for this code +// since it considers such accessions noop +if ( !support.optSelected ) { + jQuery.propHooks.selected = { + get: function( elem ) { + + /* eslint no-unused-expressions: "off" */ + + var parent = elem.parentNode; + if ( parent && parent.parentNode ) { + parent.parentNode.selectedIndex; + } + return null; + }, + set: function( elem ) { + + /* eslint no-unused-expressions: "off" */ + + var parent = elem.parentNode; + if ( parent ) { + parent.selectedIndex; + + if ( parent.parentNode ) { + parent.parentNode.selectedIndex; + } + } + } + }; +} + +jQuery.each( [ + "tabIndex", + "readOnly", + "maxLength", + "cellSpacing", + "cellPadding", + "rowSpan", + "colSpan", + "useMap", + "frameBorder", + "contentEditable" +], function() { + jQuery.propFix[ this.toLowerCase() ] = this; +} ); + + + + + // Strip and collapse whitespace according to HTML spec + // https://infra.spec.whatwg.org/#strip-and-collapse-ascii-whitespace + function stripAndCollapse( value ) { + var tokens = value.match( rnothtmlwhite ) || []; + return tokens.join( " " ); + } + + +function getClass( elem ) { + return elem.getAttribute && elem.getAttribute( "class" ) || ""; +} + +function classesToArray( value ) { + if ( Array.isArray( value ) ) { + return value; + } + if ( typeof value === "string" ) { + return value.match( rnothtmlwhite ) || []; + } + return []; +} + +jQuery.fn.extend( { + addClass: function( value ) { + var classes, elem, cur, curValue, clazz, j, finalValue, + i = 0; + + if ( isFunction( value ) ) { + return this.each( function( j ) { + jQuery( this ).addClass( value.call( this, j, getClass( this ) ) ); + } ); + } + + classes = classesToArray( value ); + + if ( classes.length ) { + while ( ( elem = this[ i++ ] ) ) { + curValue = getClass( elem ); + cur = elem.nodeType === 1 && ( " " + stripAndCollapse( curValue ) + " " ); + + if ( cur ) { + j = 0; + while ( ( clazz = classes[ j++ ] ) ) { + if ( cur.indexOf( " " + clazz + " " ) < 0 ) { + cur += clazz + " "; + } + } + + // Only assign if different to avoid unneeded rendering. + finalValue = stripAndCollapse( cur ); + if ( curValue !== finalValue ) { + elem.setAttribute( "class", finalValue ); + } + } + } + } + + return this; + }, + + removeClass: function( value ) { + var classes, elem, cur, curValue, clazz, j, finalValue, + i = 0; + + if ( isFunction( value ) ) { + return this.each( function( j ) { + jQuery( this ).removeClass( value.call( this, j, getClass( this ) ) ); + } ); + } + + if ( !arguments.length ) { + return this.attr( "class", "" ); + } + + classes = classesToArray( value ); + + if ( classes.length ) { + while ( ( elem = this[ i++ ] ) ) { + curValue = getClass( elem ); + + // This expression is here for better compressibility (see addClass) + cur = elem.nodeType === 1 && ( " " + stripAndCollapse( curValue ) + " " ); + + if ( cur ) { + j = 0; + while ( ( clazz = classes[ j++ ] ) ) { + + // Remove *all* instances + while ( cur.indexOf( " " + clazz + " " ) > -1 ) { + cur = cur.replace( " " + clazz + " ", " " ); + } + } + + // Only assign if different to avoid unneeded rendering. + finalValue = stripAndCollapse( cur ); + if ( curValue !== finalValue ) { + elem.setAttribute( "class", finalValue ); + } + } + } + } + + return this; + }, + + toggleClass: function( value, stateVal ) { + var type = typeof value, + isValidValue = type === "string" || Array.isArray( value ); + + if ( typeof stateVal === "boolean" && isValidValue ) { + return stateVal ? this.addClass( value ) : this.removeClass( value ); + } + + if ( isFunction( value ) ) { + return this.each( function( i ) { + jQuery( this ).toggleClass( + value.call( this, i, getClass( this ), stateVal ), + stateVal + ); + } ); + } + + return this.each( function() { + var className, i, self, classNames; + + if ( isValidValue ) { + + // Toggle individual class names + i = 0; + self = jQuery( this ); + classNames = classesToArray( value ); + + while ( ( className = classNames[ i++ ] ) ) { + + // Check each className given, space separated list + if ( self.hasClass( className ) ) { + self.removeClass( className ); + } else { + self.addClass( className ); + } + } + + // Toggle whole class name + } else if ( value === undefined || type === "boolean" ) { + className = getClass( this ); + if ( className ) { + + // Store className if set + dataPriv.set( this, "__className__", className ); + } + + // If the element has a class name or if we're passed `false`, + // then remove the whole classname (if there was one, the above saved it). + // Otherwise bring back whatever was previously saved (if anything), + // falling back to the empty string if nothing was stored. + if ( this.setAttribute ) { + this.setAttribute( "class", + className || value === false ? + "" : + dataPriv.get( this, "__className__" ) || "" + ); + } + } + } ); + }, + + hasClass: function( selector ) { + var className, elem, + i = 0; + + className = " " + selector + " "; + while ( ( elem = this[ i++ ] ) ) { + if ( elem.nodeType === 1 && + ( " " + stripAndCollapse( getClass( elem ) ) + " " ).indexOf( className ) > -1 ) { + return true; + } + } + + return false; + } +} ); + + + + +var rreturn = /\r/g; + +jQuery.fn.extend( { + val: function( value ) { + var hooks, ret, valueIsFunction, + elem = this[ 0 ]; + + if ( !arguments.length ) { + if ( elem ) { + hooks = jQuery.valHooks[ elem.type ] || + jQuery.valHooks[ elem.nodeName.toLowerCase() ]; + + if ( hooks && + "get" in hooks && + ( ret = hooks.get( elem, "value" ) ) !== undefined + ) { + return ret; + } + + ret = elem.value; + + // Handle most common string cases + if ( typeof ret === "string" ) { + return ret.replace( rreturn, "" ); + } + + // Handle cases where value is null/undef or number + return ret == null ? "" : ret; + } + + return; + } + + valueIsFunction = isFunction( value ); + + return this.each( function( i ) { + var val; + + if ( this.nodeType !== 1 ) { + return; + } + + if ( valueIsFunction ) { + val = value.call( this, i, jQuery( this ).val() ); + } else { + val = value; + } + + // Treat null/undefined as ""; convert numbers to string + if ( val == null ) { + val = ""; + + } else if ( typeof val === "number" ) { + val += ""; + + } else if ( Array.isArray( val ) ) { + val = jQuery.map( val, function( value ) { + return value == null ? "" : value + ""; + } ); + } + + hooks = jQuery.valHooks[ this.type ] || jQuery.valHooks[ this.nodeName.toLowerCase() ]; + + // If set returns undefined, fall back to normal setting + if ( !hooks || !( "set" in hooks ) || hooks.set( this, val, "value" ) === undefined ) { + this.value = val; + } + } ); + } +} ); + +jQuery.extend( { + valHooks: { + option: { + get: function( elem ) { + + var val = jQuery.find.attr( elem, "value" ); + return val != null ? + val : + + // Support: IE <=10 - 11 only + // option.text throws exceptions (#14686, #14858) + // Strip and collapse whitespace + // https://html.spec.whatwg.org/#strip-and-collapse-whitespace + stripAndCollapse( jQuery.text( elem ) ); + } + }, + select: { + get: function( elem ) { + var value, option, i, + options = elem.options, + index = elem.selectedIndex, + one = elem.type === "select-one", + values = one ? null : [], + max = one ? index + 1 : options.length; + + if ( index < 0 ) { + i = max; + + } else { + i = one ? index : 0; + } + + // Loop through all the selected options + for ( ; i < max; i++ ) { + option = options[ i ]; + + // Support: IE <=9 only + // IE8-9 doesn't update selected after form reset (#2551) + if ( ( option.selected || i === index ) && + + // Don't return options that are disabled or in a disabled optgroup + !option.disabled && + ( !option.parentNode.disabled || + !nodeName( option.parentNode, "optgroup" ) ) ) { + + // Get the specific value for the option + value = jQuery( option ).val(); + + // We don't need an array for one selects + if ( one ) { + return value; + } + + // Multi-Selects return an array + values.push( value ); + } + } + + return values; + }, + + set: function( elem, value ) { + var optionSet, option, + options = elem.options, + values = jQuery.makeArray( value ), + i = options.length; + + while ( i-- ) { + option = options[ i ]; + + /* eslint-disable no-cond-assign */ + + if ( option.selected = + jQuery.inArray( jQuery.valHooks.option.get( option ), values ) > -1 + ) { + optionSet = true; + } + + /* eslint-enable no-cond-assign */ + } + + // Force browsers to behave consistently when non-matching value is set + if ( !optionSet ) { + elem.selectedIndex = -1; + } + return values; + } + } + } +} ); + +// Radios and checkboxes getter/setter +jQuery.each( [ "radio", "checkbox" ], function() { + jQuery.valHooks[ this ] = { + set: function( elem, value ) { + if ( Array.isArray( value ) ) { + return ( elem.checked = jQuery.inArray( jQuery( elem ).val(), value ) > -1 ); + } + } + }; + if ( !support.checkOn ) { + jQuery.valHooks[ this ].get = function( elem ) { + return elem.getAttribute( "value" ) === null ? "on" : elem.value; + }; + } +} ); + + + + +// Return jQuery for attributes-only inclusion + + +support.focusin = "onfocusin" in window; + + +var rfocusMorph = /^(?:focusinfocus|focusoutblur)$/, + stopPropagationCallback = function( e ) { + e.stopPropagation(); + }; + +jQuery.extend( jQuery.event, { + + trigger: function( event, data, elem, onlyHandlers ) { + + var i, cur, tmp, bubbleType, ontype, handle, special, lastElement, + eventPath = [ elem || document ], + type = hasOwn.call( event, "type" ) ? event.type : event, + namespaces = hasOwn.call( event, "namespace" ) ? event.namespace.split( "." ) : []; + + cur = lastElement = tmp = elem = elem || document; + + // Don't do events on text and comment nodes + if ( elem.nodeType === 3 || elem.nodeType === 8 ) { + return; + } + + // focus/blur morphs to focusin/out; ensure we're not firing them right now + if ( rfocusMorph.test( type + jQuery.event.triggered ) ) { + return; + } + + if ( type.indexOf( "." ) > -1 ) { + + // Namespaced trigger; create a regexp to match event type in handle() + namespaces = type.split( "." ); + type = namespaces.shift(); + namespaces.sort(); + } + ontype = type.indexOf( ":" ) < 0 && "on" + type; + + // Caller can pass in a jQuery.Event object, Object, or just an event type string + event = event[ jQuery.expando ] ? + event : + new jQuery.Event( type, typeof event === "object" && event ); + + // Trigger bitmask: & 1 for native handlers; & 2 for jQuery (always true) + event.isTrigger = onlyHandlers ? 2 : 3; + event.namespace = namespaces.join( "." ); + event.rnamespace = event.namespace ? + new RegExp( "(^|\\.)" + namespaces.join( "\\.(?:.*\\.|)" ) + "(\\.|$)" ) : + null; + + // Clean up the event in case it is being reused + event.result = undefined; + if ( !event.target ) { + event.target = elem; + } + + // Clone any incoming data and prepend the event, creating the handler arg list + data = data == null ? + [ event ] : + jQuery.makeArray( data, [ event ] ); + + // Allow special events to draw outside the lines + special = jQuery.event.special[ type ] || {}; + if ( !onlyHandlers && special.trigger && special.trigger.apply( elem, data ) === false ) { + return; + } + + // Determine event propagation path in advance, per W3C events spec (#9951) + // Bubble up to document, then to window; watch for a global ownerDocument var (#9724) + if ( !onlyHandlers && !special.noBubble && !isWindow( elem ) ) { + + bubbleType = special.delegateType || type; + if ( !rfocusMorph.test( bubbleType + type ) ) { + cur = cur.parentNode; + } + for ( ; cur; cur = cur.parentNode ) { + eventPath.push( cur ); + tmp = cur; + } + + // Only add window if we got to document (e.g., not plain obj or detached DOM) + if ( tmp === ( elem.ownerDocument || document ) ) { + eventPath.push( tmp.defaultView || tmp.parentWindow || window ); + } + } + + // Fire handlers on the event path + i = 0; + while ( ( cur = eventPath[ i++ ] ) && !event.isPropagationStopped() ) { + lastElement = cur; + event.type = i > 1 ? + bubbleType : + special.bindType || type; + + // jQuery handler + handle = ( dataPriv.get( cur, "events" ) || Object.create( null ) )[ event.type ] && + dataPriv.get( cur, "handle" ); + if ( handle ) { + handle.apply( cur, data ); + } + + // Native handler + handle = ontype && cur[ ontype ]; + if ( handle && handle.apply && acceptData( cur ) ) { + event.result = handle.apply( cur, data ); + if ( event.result === false ) { + event.preventDefault(); + } + } + } + event.type = type; + + // If nobody prevented the default action, do it now + if ( !onlyHandlers && !event.isDefaultPrevented() ) { + + if ( ( !special._default || + special._default.apply( eventPath.pop(), data ) === false ) && + acceptData( elem ) ) { + + // Call a native DOM method on the target with the same name as the event. + // Don't do default actions on window, that's where global variables be (#6170) + if ( ontype && isFunction( elem[ type ] ) && !isWindow( elem ) ) { + + // Don't re-trigger an onFOO event when we call its FOO() method + tmp = elem[ ontype ]; + + if ( tmp ) { + elem[ ontype ] = null; + } + + // Prevent re-triggering of the same event, since we already bubbled it above + jQuery.event.triggered = type; + + if ( event.isPropagationStopped() ) { + lastElement.addEventListener( type, stopPropagationCallback ); + } + + elem[ type ](); + + if ( event.isPropagationStopped() ) { + lastElement.removeEventListener( type, stopPropagationCallback ); + } + + jQuery.event.triggered = undefined; + + if ( tmp ) { + elem[ ontype ] = tmp; + } + } + } + } + + return event.result; + }, + + // Piggyback on a donor event to simulate a different one + // Used only for `focus(in | out)` events + simulate: function( type, elem, event ) { + var e = jQuery.extend( + new jQuery.Event(), + event, + { + type: type, + isSimulated: true + } + ); + + jQuery.event.trigger( e, null, elem ); + } + +} ); + +jQuery.fn.extend( { + + trigger: function( type, data ) { + return this.each( function() { + jQuery.event.trigger( type, data, this ); + } ); + }, + triggerHandler: function( type, data ) { + var elem = this[ 0 ]; + if ( elem ) { + return jQuery.event.trigger( type, data, elem, true ); + } + } +} ); + + +// Support: Firefox <=44 +// Firefox doesn't have focus(in | out) events +// Related ticket - https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=687787 +// +// Support: Chrome <=48 - 49, Safari <=9.0 - 9.1 +// focus(in | out) events fire after focus & blur events, +// which is spec violation - http://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-3-Events/#events-focusevent-event-order +// Related ticket - https://bugs.chromium.org/p/chromium/issues/detail?id=449857 +if ( !support.focusin ) { + jQuery.each( { focus: "focusin", blur: "focusout" }, function( orig, fix ) { + + // Attach a single capturing handler on the document while someone wants focusin/focusout + var handler = function( event ) { + jQuery.event.simulate( fix, event.target, jQuery.event.fix( event ) ); + }; + + jQuery.event.special[ fix ] = { + setup: function() { + + // Handle: regular nodes (via `this.ownerDocument`), window + // (via `this.document`) & document (via `this`). + var doc = this.ownerDocument || this.document || this, + attaches = dataPriv.access( doc, fix ); + + if ( !attaches ) { + doc.addEventListener( orig, handler, true ); + } + dataPriv.access( doc, fix, ( attaches || 0 ) + 1 ); + }, + teardown: function() { + var doc = this.ownerDocument || this.document || this, + attaches = dataPriv.access( doc, fix ) - 1; + + if ( !attaches ) { + doc.removeEventListener( orig, handler, true ); + dataPriv.remove( doc, fix ); + + } else { + dataPriv.access( doc, fix, attaches ); + } + } + }; + } ); +} +var location = window.location; + +var nonce = { guid: Date.now() }; + +var rquery = ( /\?/ ); + + + +// Cross-browser xml parsing +jQuery.parseXML = function( data ) { + var xml, parserErrorElem; + if ( !data || typeof data !== "string" ) { + return null; + } + + // Support: IE 9 - 11 only + // IE throws on parseFromString with invalid input. + try { + xml = ( new window.DOMParser() ).parseFromString( data, "text/xml" ); + } catch ( e ) {} + + parserErrorElem = xml && xml.getElementsByTagName( "parsererror" )[ 0 ]; + if ( !xml || parserErrorElem ) { + jQuery.error( "Invalid XML: " + ( + parserErrorElem ? + jQuery.map( parserErrorElem.childNodes, function( el ) { + return el.textContent; + } ).join( "\n" ) : + data + ) ); + } + return xml; +}; + + +var + rbracket = /\[\]$/, + rCRLF = /\r?\n/g, + rsubmitterTypes = /^(?:submit|button|image|reset|file)$/i, + rsubmittable = /^(?:input|select|textarea|keygen)/i; + +function buildParams( prefix, obj, traditional, add ) { + var name; + + if ( Array.isArray( obj ) ) { + + // Serialize array item. + jQuery.each( obj, function( i, v ) { + if ( traditional || rbracket.test( prefix ) ) { + + // Treat each array item as a scalar. + add( prefix, v ); + + } else { + + // Item is non-scalar (array or object), encode its numeric index. + buildParams( + prefix + "[" + ( typeof v === "object" && v != null ? i : "" ) + "]", + v, + traditional, + add + ); + } + } ); + + } else if ( !traditional && toType( obj ) === "object" ) { + + // Serialize object item. + for ( name in obj ) { + buildParams( prefix + "[" + name + "]", obj[ name ], traditional, add ); + } + + } else { + + // Serialize scalar item. + add( prefix, obj ); + } +} + +// Serialize an array of form elements or a set of +// key/values into a query string +jQuery.param = function( a, traditional ) { + var prefix, + s = [], + add = function( key, valueOrFunction ) { + + // If value is a function, invoke it and use its return value + var value = isFunction( valueOrFunction ) ? + valueOrFunction() : + valueOrFunction; + + s[ s.length ] = encodeURIComponent( key ) + "=" + + encodeURIComponent( value == null ? "" : value ); + }; + + if ( a == null ) { + return ""; + } + + // If an array was passed in, assume that it is an array of form elements. + if ( Array.isArray( a ) || ( a.jquery && !jQuery.isPlainObject( a ) ) ) { + + // Serialize the form elements + jQuery.each( a, function() { + add( this.name, this.value ); + } ); + + } else { + + // If traditional, encode the "old" way (the way 1.3.2 or older + // did it), otherwise encode params recursively. + for ( prefix in a ) { + buildParams( prefix, a[ prefix ], traditional, add ); + } + } + + // Return the resulting serialization + return s.join( "&" ); +}; + +jQuery.fn.extend( { + serialize: function() { + return jQuery.param( this.serializeArray() ); + }, + serializeArray: function() { + return this.map( function() { + + // Can add propHook for "elements" to filter or add form elements + var elements = jQuery.prop( this, "elements" ); + return elements ? jQuery.makeArray( elements ) : this; + } ).filter( function() { + var type = this.type; + + // Use .is( ":disabled" ) so that fieldset[disabled] works + return this.name && !jQuery( this ).is( ":disabled" ) && + rsubmittable.test( this.nodeName ) && !rsubmitterTypes.test( type ) && + ( this.checked || !rcheckableType.test( type ) ); + } ).map( function( _i, elem ) { + var val = jQuery( this ).val(); + + if ( val == null ) { + return null; + } + + if ( Array.isArray( val ) ) { + return jQuery.map( val, function( val ) { + return { name: elem.name, value: val.replace( rCRLF, "\r\n" ) }; + } ); + } + + return { name: elem.name, value: val.replace( rCRLF, "\r\n" ) }; + } ).get(); + } +} ); + + +var + r20 = /%20/g, + rhash = /#.*$/, + rantiCache = /([?&])_=[^&]*/, + rheaders = /^(.*?):[ \t]*([^\r\n]*)$/mg, + + // #7653, #8125, #8152: local protocol detection + rlocalProtocol = /^(?:about|app|app-storage|.+-extension|file|res|widget):$/, + rnoContent = /^(?:GET|HEAD)$/, + rprotocol = /^\/\//, + + /* Prefilters + * 1) They are useful to introduce custom dataTypes (see ajax/jsonp.js for an example) + * 2) These are called: + * - BEFORE asking for a transport + * - AFTER param serialization (s.data is a string if s.processData is true) + * 3) key is the dataType + * 4) the catchall symbol "*" can be used + * 5) execution will start with transport dataType and THEN continue down to "*" if needed + */ + prefilters = {}, + + /* Transports bindings + * 1) key is the dataType + * 2) the catchall symbol "*" can be used + * 3) selection will start with transport dataType and THEN go to "*" if needed + */ + transports = {}, + + // Avoid comment-prolog char sequence (#10098); must appease lint and evade compression + allTypes = "*/".concat( "*" ), + + // Anchor tag for parsing the document origin + originAnchor = document.createElement( "a" ); + +originAnchor.href = location.href; + +// Base "constructor" for jQuery.ajaxPrefilter and jQuery.ajaxTransport +function addToPrefiltersOrTransports( structure ) { + + // dataTypeExpression is optional and defaults to "*" + return function( dataTypeExpression, func ) { + + if ( typeof dataTypeExpression !== "string" ) { + func = dataTypeExpression; + dataTypeExpression = "*"; + } + + var dataType, + i = 0, + dataTypes = dataTypeExpression.toLowerCase().match( rnothtmlwhite ) || []; + + if ( isFunction( func ) ) { + + // For each dataType in the dataTypeExpression + while ( ( dataType = dataTypes[ i++ ] ) ) { + + // Prepend if requested + if ( dataType[ 0 ] === "+" ) { + dataType = dataType.slice( 1 ) || "*"; + ( structure[ dataType ] = structure[ dataType ] || [] ).unshift( func ); + + // Otherwise append + } else { + ( structure[ dataType ] = structure[ dataType ] || [] ).push( func ); + } + } + } + }; +} + +// Base inspection function for prefilters and transports +function inspectPrefiltersOrTransports( structure, options, originalOptions, jqXHR ) { + + var inspected = {}, + seekingTransport = ( structure === transports ); + + function inspect( dataType ) { + var selected; + inspected[ dataType ] = true; + jQuery.each( structure[ dataType ] || [], function( _, prefilterOrFactory ) { + var dataTypeOrTransport = prefilterOrFactory( options, originalOptions, jqXHR ); + if ( typeof dataTypeOrTransport === "string" && + !seekingTransport && !inspected[ dataTypeOrTransport ] ) { + + options.dataTypes.unshift( dataTypeOrTransport ); + inspect( dataTypeOrTransport ); + return false; + } else if ( seekingTransport ) { + return !( selected = dataTypeOrTransport ); + } + } ); + return selected; + } + + return inspect( options.dataTypes[ 0 ] ) || !inspected[ "*" ] && inspect( "*" ); +} + +// A special extend for ajax options +// that takes "flat" options (not to be deep extended) +// Fixes #9887 +function ajaxExtend( target, src ) { + var key, deep, + flatOptions = jQuery.ajaxSettings.flatOptions || {}; + + for ( key in src ) { + if ( src[ key ] !== undefined ) { + ( flatOptions[ key ] ? target : ( deep || ( deep = {} ) ) )[ key ] = src[ key ]; + } + } + if ( deep ) { + jQuery.extend( true, target, deep ); + } + + return target; +} + +/* Handles responses to an ajax request: + * - finds the right dataType (mediates between content-type and expected dataType) + * - returns the corresponding response + */ +function ajaxHandleResponses( s, jqXHR, responses ) { + + var ct, type, finalDataType, firstDataType, + contents = s.contents, + dataTypes = s.dataTypes; + + // Remove auto dataType and get content-type in the process + while ( dataTypes[ 0 ] === "*" ) { + dataTypes.shift(); + if ( ct === undefined ) { + ct = s.mimeType || jqXHR.getResponseHeader( "Content-Type" ); + } + } + + // Check if we're dealing with a known content-type + if ( ct ) { + for ( type in contents ) { + if ( contents[ type ] && contents[ type ].test( ct ) ) { + dataTypes.unshift( type ); + break; + } + } + } + + // Check to see if we have a response for the expected dataType + if ( dataTypes[ 0 ] in responses ) { + finalDataType = dataTypes[ 0 ]; + } else { + + // Try convertible dataTypes + for ( type in responses ) { + if ( !dataTypes[ 0 ] || s.converters[ type + " " + dataTypes[ 0 ] ] ) { + finalDataType = type; + break; + } + if ( !firstDataType ) { + firstDataType = type; + } + } + + // Or just use first one + finalDataType = finalDataType || firstDataType; + } + + // If we found a dataType + // We add the dataType to the list if needed + // and return the corresponding response + if ( finalDataType ) { + if ( finalDataType !== dataTypes[ 0 ] ) { + dataTypes.unshift( finalDataType ); + } + return responses[ finalDataType ]; + } +} + +/* Chain conversions given the request and the original response + * Also sets the responseXXX fields on the jqXHR instance + */ +function ajaxConvert( s, response, jqXHR, isSuccess ) { + var conv2, current, conv, tmp, prev, + converters = {}, + + // Work with a copy of dataTypes in case we need to modify it for conversion + dataTypes = s.dataTypes.slice(); + + // Create converters map with lowercased keys + if ( dataTypes[ 1 ] ) { + for ( conv in s.converters ) { + converters[ conv.toLowerCase() ] = s.converters[ conv ]; + } + } + + current = dataTypes.shift(); + + // Convert to each sequential dataType + while ( current ) { + + if ( s.responseFields[ current ] ) { + jqXHR[ s.responseFields[ current ] ] = response; + } + + // Apply the dataFilter if provided + if ( !prev && isSuccess && s.dataFilter ) { + response = s.dataFilter( response, s.dataType ); + } + + prev = current; + current = dataTypes.shift(); + + if ( current ) { + + // There's only work to do if current dataType is non-auto + if ( current === "*" ) { + + current = prev; + + // Convert response if prev dataType is non-auto and differs from current + } else if ( prev !== "*" && prev !== current ) { + + // Seek a direct converter + conv = converters[ prev + " " + current ] || converters[ "* " + current ]; + + // If none found, seek a pair + if ( !conv ) { + for ( conv2 in converters ) { + + // If conv2 outputs current + tmp = conv2.split( " " ); + if ( tmp[ 1 ] === current ) { + + // If prev can be converted to accepted input + conv = converters[ prev + " " + tmp[ 0 ] ] || + converters[ "* " + tmp[ 0 ] ]; + if ( conv ) { + + // Condense equivalence converters + if ( conv === true ) { + conv = converters[ conv2 ]; + + // Otherwise, insert the intermediate dataType + } else if ( converters[ conv2 ] !== true ) { + current = tmp[ 0 ]; + dataTypes.unshift( tmp[ 1 ] ); + } + break; + } + } + } + } + + // Apply converter (if not an equivalence) + if ( conv !== true ) { + + // Unless errors are allowed to bubble, catch and return them + if ( conv && s.throws ) { + response = conv( response ); + } else { + try { + response = conv( response ); + } catch ( e ) { + return { + state: "parsererror", + error: conv ? e : "No conversion from " + prev + " to " + current + }; + } + } + } + } + } + } + + return { state: "success", data: response }; +} + +jQuery.extend( { + + // Counter for holding the number of active queries + active: 0, + + // Last-Modified header cache for next request + lastModified: {}, + etag: {}, + + ajaxSettings: { + url: location.href, + type: "GET", + isLocal: rlocalProtocol.test( location.protocol ), + global: true, + processData: true, + async: true, + contentType: "application/x-www-form-urlencoded; charset=UTF-8", + + /* + timeout: 0, + data: null, + dataType: null, + username: null, + password: null, + cache: null, + throws: false, + traditional: false, + headers: {}, + */ + + accepts: { + "*": allTypes, + text: "text/plain", + html: "text/html", + xml: "application/xml, text/xml", + json: "application/json, text/javascript" + }, + + contents: { + xml: /\bxml\b/, + html: /\bhtml/, + json: /\bjson\b/ + }, + + responseFields: { + xml: "responseXML", + text: "responseText", + json: "responseJSON" + }, + + // Data converters + // Keys separate source (or catchall "*") and destination types with a single space + converters: { + + // Convert anything to text + "* text": String, + + // Text to html (true = no transformation) + "text html": true, + + // Evaluate text as a json expression + "text json": JSON.parse, + + // Parse text as xml + "text xml": jQuery.parseXML + }, + + // For options that shouldn't be deep extended: + // you can add your own custom options here if + // and when you create one that shouldn't be + // deep extended (see ajaxExtend) + flatOptions: { + url: true, + context: true + } + }, + + // Creates a full fledged settings object into target + // with both ajaxSettings and settings fields. + // If target is omitted, writes into ajaxSettings. + ajaxSetup: function( target, settings ) { + return settings ? + + // Building a settings object + ajaxExtend( ajaxExtend( target, jQuery.ajaxSettings ), settings ) : + + // Extending ajaxSettings + ajaxExtend( jQuery.ajaxSettings, target ); + }, + + ajaxPrefilter: addToPrefiltersOrTransports( prefilters ), + ajaxTransport: addToPrefiltersOrTransports( transports ), + + // Main method + ajax: function( url, options ) { + + // If url is an object, simulate pre-1.5 signature + if ( typeof url === "object" ) { + options = url; + url = undefined; + } + + // Force options to be an object + options = options || {}; + + var transport, + + // URL without anti-cache param + cacheURL, + + // Response headers + responseHeadersString, + responseHeaders, + + // timeout handle + timeoutTimer, + + // Url cleanup var + urlAnchor, + + // Request state (becomes false upon send and true upon completion) + completed, + + // To know if global events are to be dispatched + fireGlobals, + + // Loop variable + i, + + // uncached part of the url + uncached, + + // Create the final options object + s = jQuery.ajaxSetup( {}, options ), + + // Callbacks context + callbackContext = s.context || s, + + // Context for global events is callbackContext if it is a DOM node or jQuery collection + globalEventContext = s.context && + ( callbackContext.nodeType || callbackContext.jquery ) ? + jQuery( callbackContext ) : + jQuery.event, + + // Deferreds + deferred = jQuery.Deferred(), + completeDeferred = jQuery.Callbacks( "once memory" ), + + // Status-dependent callbacks + statusCode = s.statusCode || {}, + + // Headers (they are sent all at once) + requestHeaders = {}, + requestHeadersNames = {}, + + // Default abort message + strAbort = "canceled", + + // Fake xhr + jqXHR = { + readyState: 0, + + // Builds headers hashtable if needed + getResponseHeader: function( key ) { + var match; + if ( completed ) { + if ( !responseHeaders ) { + responseHeaders = {}; + while ( ( match = rheaders.exec( responseHeadersString ) ) ) { + responseHeaders[ match[ 1 ].toLowerCase() + " " ] = + ( responseHeaders[ match[ 1 ].toLowerCase() + " " ] || [] ) + .concat( match[ 2 ] ); + } + } + match = responseHeaders[ key.toLowerCase() + " " ]; + } + return match == null ? null : match.join( ", " ); + }, + + // Raw string + getAllResponseHeaders: function() { + return completed ? responseHeadersString : null; + }, + + // Caches the header + setRequestHeader: function( name, value ) { + if ( completed == null ) { + name = requestHeadersNames[ name.toLowerCase() ] = + requestHeadersNames[ name.toLowerCase() ] || name; + requestHeaders[ name ] = value; + } + return this; + }, + + // Overrides response content-type header + overrideMimeType: function( type ) { + if ( completed == null ) { + s.mimeType = type; + } + return this; + }, + + // Status-dependent callbacks + statusCode: function( map ) { + var code; + if ( map ) { + if ( completed ) { + + // Execute the appropriate callbacks + jqXHR.always( map[ jqXHR.status ] ); + } else { + + // Lazy-add the new callbacks in a way that preserves old ones + for ( code in map ) { + statusCode[ code ] = [ statusCode[ code ], map[ code ] ]; + } + } + } + return this; + }, + + // Cancel the request + abort: function( statusText ) { + var finalText = statusText || strAbort; + if ( transport ) { + transport.abort( finalText ); + } + done( 0, finalText ); + return this; + } + }; + + // Attach deferreds + deferred.promise( jqXHR ); + + // Add protocol if not provided (prefilters might expect it) + // Handle falsy url in the settings object (#10093: consistency with old signature) + // We also use the url parameter if available + s.url = ( ( url || s.url || location.href ) + "" ) + .replace( rprotocol, location.protocol + "//" ); + + // Alias method option to type as per ticket #12004 + s.type = options.method || options.type || s.method || s.type; + + // Extract dataTypes list + s.dataTypes = ( s.dataType || "*" ).toLowerCase().match( rnothtmlwhite ) || [ "" ]; + + // A cross-domain request is in order when the origin doesn't match the current origin. + if ( s.crossDomain == null ) { + urlAnchor = document.createElement( "a" ); + + // Support: IE <=8 - 11, Edge 12 - 15 + // IE throws exception on accessing the href property if url is malformed, + // e.g. http://example.com:80x/ + try { + urlAnchor.href = s.url; + + // Support: IE <=8 - 11 only + // Anchor's host property isn't correctly set when s.url is relative + urlAnchor.href = urlAnchor.href; + s.crossDomain = originAnchor.protocol + "//" + originAnchor.host !== + urlAnchor.protocol + "//" + urlAnchor.host; + } catch ( e ) { + + // If there is an error parsing the URL, assume it is crossDomain, + // it can be rejected by the transport if it is invalid + s.crossDomain = true; + } + } + + // Convert data if not already a string + if ( s.data && s.processData && typeof s.data !== "string" ) { + s.data = jQuery.param( s.data, s.traditional ); + } + + // Apply prefilters + inspectPrefiltersOrTransports( prefilters, s, options, jqXHR ); + + // If request was aborted inside a prefilter, stop there + if ( completed ) { + return jqXHR; + } + + // We can fire global events as of now if asked to + // Don't fire events if jQuery.event is undefined in an AMD-usage scenario (#15118) + fireGlobals = jQuery.event && s.global; + + // Watch for a new set of requests + if ( fireGlobals && jQuery.active++ === 0 ) { + jQuery.event.trigger( "ajaxStart" ); + } + + // Uppercase the type + s.type = s.type.toUpperCase(); + + // Determine if request has content + s.hasContent = !rnoContent.test( s.type ); + + // Save the URL in case we're toying with the If-Modified-Since + // and/or If-None-Match header later on + // Remove hash to simplify url manipulation + cacheURL = s.url.replace( rhash, "" ); + + // More options handling for requests with no content + if ( !s.hasContent ) { + + // Remember the hash so we can put it back + uncached = s.url.slice( cacheURL.length ); + + // If data is available and should be processed, append data to url + if ( s.data && ( s.processData || typeof s.data === "string" ) ) { + cacheURL += ( rquery.test( cacheURL ) ? "&" : "?" ) + s.data; + + // #9682: remove data so that it's not used in an eventual retry + delete s.data; + } + + // Add or update anti-cache param if needed + if ( s.cache === false ) { + cacheURL = cacheURL.replace( rantiCache, "$1" ); + uncached = ( rquery.test( cacheURL ) ? "&" : "?" ) + "_=" + ( nonce.guid++ ) + + uncached; + } + + // Put hash and anti-cache on the URL that will be requested (gh-1732) + s.url = cacheURL + uncached; + + // Change '%20' to '+' if this is encoded form body content (gh-2658) + } else if ( s.data && s.processData && + ( s.contentType || "" ).indexOf( "application/x-www-form-urlencoded" ) === 0 ) { + s.data = s.data.replace( r20, "+" ); + } + + // Set the If-Modified-Since and/or If-None-Match header, if in ifModified mode. + if ( s.ifModified ) { + if ( jQuery.lastModified[ cacheURL ] ) { + jqXHR.setRequestHeader( "If-Modified-Since", jQuery.lastModified[ cacheURL ] ); + } + if ( jQuery.etag[ cacheURL ] ) { + jqXHR.setRequestHeader( "If-None-Match", jQuery.etag[ cacheURL ] ); + } + } + + // Set the correct header, if data is being sent + if ( s.data && s.hasContent && s.contentType !== false || options.contentType ) { + jqXHR.setRequestHeader( "Content-Type", s.contentType ); + } + + // Set the Accepts header for the server, depending on the dataType + jqXHR.setRequestHeader( + "Accept", + s.dataTypes[ 0 ] && s.accepts[ s.dataTypes[ 0 ] ] ? + s.accepts[ s.dataTypes[ 0 ] ] + + ( s.dataTypes[ 0 ] !== "*" ? 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html.call( this, i ) : html ); + } ); + }, + + unwrap: function( selector ) { + this.parent( selector ).not( "body" ).each( function() { + jQuery( this ).replaceWith( this.childNodes ); + } ); + return this; + } +} ); + + +jQuery.expr.pseudos.hidden = function( elem ) { + return !jQuery.expr.pseudos.visible( elem ); +}; +jQuery.expr.pseudos.visible = function( elem ) { + return !!( elem.offsetWidth || elem.offsetHeight || elem.getClientRects().length ); +}; + + + + +jQuery.ajaxSettings.xhr = function() { + try { + return new window.XMLHttpRequest(); + } catch ( e ) {} +}; + +var xhrSuccessStatus = { + + // File protocol always yields status code 0, assume 200 + 0: 200, + + // Support: IE <=9 only + // #1450: sometimes IE returns 1223 when it should be 204 + 1223: 204 + }, + xhrSupported = jQuery.ajaxSettings.xhr(); + +support.cors = !!xhrSupported && ( "withCredentials" in xhrSupported ); +support.ajax = xhrSupported = !!xhrSupported; + +jQuery.ajaxTransport( function( options ) { + var callback, errorCallback; + + // Cross domain only allowed if supported through XMLHttpRequest + if ( support.cors || xhrSupported && !options.crossDomain ) { + return { + send: function( headers, complete ) { + var i, + xhr = options.xhr(); + + xhr.open( + options.type, + options.url, + options.async, + options.username, + options.password + ); + + // Apply custom fields if provided + if ( options.xhrFields ) { + for ( i in options.xhrFields ) { + xhr[ i ] = options.xhrFields[ i ]; + } + } + + // Override mime type if needed + if ( options.mimeType && xhr.overrideMimeType ) { + xhr.overrideMimeType( options.mimeType ); + } + + // X-Requested-With header + // For cross-domain requests, seeing as conditions for a preflight are + // akin to a jigsaw puzzle, we simply never set it to be sure. + // (it can always be set on a per-request basis or even using ajaxSetup) + // For same-domain requests, won't change header if already provided. + if ( !options.crossDomain && !headers[ "X-Requested-With" ] ) { + headers[ "X-Requested-With" ] = "XMLHttpRequest"; + } + + // Set headers + for ( i in headers ) { + xhr.setRequestHeader( i, headers[ i ] ); + } + + // Callback + callback = function( type ) { + return function() { + if ( callback ) { + callback = errorCallback = xhr.onload = + xhr.onerror = xhr.onabort = xhr.ontimeout = + xhr.onreadystatechange = null; + + if ( type === "abort" ) { + xhr.abort(); + } else if ( type === "error" ) { + + // Support: IE <=9 only + // On a manual native abort, IE9 throws + // errors on any property access that is not readyState + if ( typeof xhr.status !== "number" ) { + complete( 0, "error" ); + } else { + complete( + + // File: protocol always yields status 0; see #8605, #14207 + xhr.status, + xhr.statusText + ); + } + } else { + complete( + xhrSuccessStatus[ xhr.status ] || xhr.status, + xhr.statusText, + + // Support: IE <=9 only + // IE9 has no XHR2 but throws on binary (trac-11426) + // For XHR2 non-text, let the caller handle it (gh-2498) + ( xhr.responseType || "text" ) !== "text" || + typeof xhr.responseText !== "string" ? + { binary: xhr.response } : + { text: xhr.responseText }, + xhr.getAllResponseHeaders() + ); + } + } + }; + }; + + // Listen to events + xhr.onload = callback(); + errorCallback = xhr.onerror = xhr.ontimeout = callback( "error" ); + + // Support: IE 9 only + // Use onreadystatechange to replace onabort + // to handle uncaught aborts + if ( xhr.onabort !== undefined ) { + xhr.onabort = errorCallback; + } else { + xhr.onreadystatechange = function() { + + // Check readyState before timeout as it changes + if ( xhr.readyState === 4 ) { + + // Allow onerror to be called first, + // but that will not handle a native abort + // Also, save errorCallback to a variable + // as xhr.onerror cannot be accessed + window.setTimeout( function() { + if ( callback ) { + errorCallback(); + } + } ); + } + }; + } + + // Create the abort callback + callback = callback( "abort" ); + + try { + + // Do send the request (this may raise an exception) + xhr.send( options.hasContent && options.data || null ); + } catch ( e ) { + + // #14683: Only rethrow if this hasn't been notified as an error yet + if ( callback ) { + throw e; + } + } + }, + + abort: function() { + if ( callback ) { + callback(); + } + } + }; + } +} ); + + + + +// Prevent auto-execution of scripts when no explicit dataType was provided (See gh-2432) +jQuery.ajaxPrefilter( function( s ) { + if ( s.crossDomain ) { + s.contents.script = false; + } +} ); + +// Install script dataType +jQuery.ajaxSetup( { + accepts: { + script: "text/javascript, application/javascript, " + + "application/ecmascript, application/x-ecmascript" + }, + contents: { + script: /\b(?:java|ecma)script\b/ + }, + converters: { + "text script": function( text ) { + jQuery.globalEval( text ); + return text; + } + } +} ); + +// Handle cache's special case and crossDomain +jQuery.ajaxPrefilter( "script", function( s ) { + if ( s.cache === undefined ) { + s.cache = false; + } + if ( s.crossDomain ) { + s.type = "GET"; + } +} ); + +// Bind script tag hack transport +jQuery.ajaxTransport( "script", function( s ) { + + // This transport only deals with cross domain or forced-by-attrs requests + if ( s.crossDomain || s.scriptAttrs ) { + var script, callback; + return { + send: function( _, complete ) { + script = jQuery( " + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
    +

    Nation-Wide Blackout in Spain

    + + +
    + 2025 +
    + +

    Tracking the generation and storage of energy in Spain April 28th, 2025.

    +
    + +
    + + Amelia Shuler + +
    2025-12-11 +
    + +
    +

    Introduction

    +

    On April 28th, 2025 starting at 12:33 CEST (local time), Spain, parts of Portugal, and parts of France suffered complete shutdown of the electricity grid which lasted roughly ten hours. Trains ceased to run, radio and cellular signals shut down, shops returned to a cash-based system, and Spain’s nuclear power plants were taken off the grid automatically. The BBC estimates that the blackout caused a €1.6 billion hit to the economy.

    +

    Hours after the collapse, constituents demanded answers and looked to Spain’s sole Transmission System Operator (TSO), Red Eléctrica. The company is responsible for transmitting, organizing, and securing electrical supply to all of mainland Spain and the islands. On April 28th and the following days, there was a frenzy of press conferences, news announcements, and statements from Red Eléctrica to answer the question: how did this happen?

    +

    Red Eléctrica has publicly available generation data that tracks types of generation and storage. The Europa Press quickly used this data to create graphics hoping to provide context to the blackout. On April 29th, they published an area graph of generation and storage of energy in Spain during the blackout.

    +

    Original Graph

    +
    +Original chart. Source: https://www.europapress.es/economia/noticia-graficos-asi-desplomo-energia-electrica-apagon-20250429111043.html + +
    +

    There are some obvious issues with this graph: it’s density of information makes it difficult to read and comprehend. With 15 types of energy and storage being tracked, along with marking the blackout time and line of real demand, there is a lot of information here that is missing context.

    +

    However, there are larger issues when the graph is studied in more detail. As seen later on, the data is manipulated (without disclosure). The lines pointing to “Turbinación bombeo” and “Consumo bombeo” do not align with their labels. There are a number of areas without labels, such as the light green part in the upper left hand corner. All of these leave much room for improvement, which will be seen after the recreation.

    +

    Libraries

    +

    Tidyverse cleaned and modified the data.

    +

    Lubridate handled the x axis which was date-time.

    +

    GGplot2 provided the graphics.

    +

    Scales allows some styling of the scales.

    +

    Patchwork is relevant for the improvement, as it allows graphs to be plotted side-by-side.

    +

    Grid plots custom annotations outside the plot area.

    +
    +
    +
    library(tidyverse)
+library(lubridate)
+library(ggplot2)
+library(scales)
+library(patchwork)
+library(grid)
    +
    +
    +

    Data

    +

    Data Access

    +

    As mentioned before, Red Eléctrica offers access to their historical generation and storage data as convenient .csv files. While most of the data is contained in “Estructura de generación”, “Estructura de almacenamiento” provided turbinación bombeo, consumo bombeo, entrega de baterías, and carga de baterías. “Seguimiento de la demanda de energía eléctria” provided the data for the “real demand” line.

    +
    +
    +
    generacion <- read.csv(file = "100575891_files/data/Custom-Report-2025-04-28-Estructura de generación (MW).csv")
+almacenamiento <- read.csv(file = "100575891_files/data/Custom-Report-2025-04-28-Estructura de almacenamiento (MW).csv")
+demanda <- read.csv(file = "100575891_files/data/Custom-Report-2025-04-28-Seguimiento de la demanda de energía eléctrica (MW).csv")
    +
    +
    +

    Issues with the Data Used in the Graph

    +

    When looking at the original graph and the replicated graph, it is clear the data is not the same.

    + ++++ + + + + + + + + + + + + +
    Original GraphReplicated Graph
    Original chart. Source: https://www.europapress.es/economia/noticia-graficos-asi-desplomo-energia-electrica-apagon-20250429111043.htmlReplicated chart.
    +

    The left half of the graph, the data before the blackout, is nearly identical between the original graph and the replicated graph. The right half of the graph, after the blackout, is starkly different. The prevailing theory is that the data was manipulated in the original graph in order to better distinguish the labeling. In the replicated graph, some areas are too small to properly label. However, the original graph makes no indication of this change in the graph or in the accompanying webpage. It also lists the x axis as the same time frames, and the y axis as the same scales. Since replicating the modification would be a game of trial and error - not to mention unethical - it was excluded from the replication. The replicated graph uses the original, unedited data gathered from Red Eléctrica.

    +

    Data Cleanup

    +

    The original graph uses a subset of variables from the generation and demand data sets. These datasets were also combined into one using “Hora” or hour.

    +
    +
    +
    # --------
+# Remove Unnecessary Columns
+# --------
+
+generacion <- generacion |>
+  select(
+    Hora,
+    Marruecos.importación,
+    Portugal.importación,
+    Francia.importación,
+    Térmica.renovable,
+    Solar.térmica,
+    Solar.fotovoltaica,
+    Eólica,
+    Cogeneración.y.residuos,
+    Turbina.de.gas,
+    Motores.diésel,
+    Turbina.de.vapor,
+    Ciclo.combinado,
+    Carbón,
+    Nuclear,
+    Hidráulica,
+    Francia.exportación,
+    Marruecos.exportación,
+    Portugal.exportación,
+    Andorra.exportación)
+demanda <- demanda |>
+  select(Hora, Real)
+
+# --------
+# Combining Data
+# --------
+
+full_data <- generacion |>
+  full_join(almacenamiento, by = "Hora")
+
+# --------
+# Pivot Longer
+# --------
+
+full_data <- full_data |>
+  pivot_longer(
+    cols = c(
+      Marruecos.importación,
+      Portugal.importación,
+      Francia.importación,
+      Térmica.renovable,
+      Solar.térmica,
+      Solar.fotovoltaica,
+      Eólica,
+      Cogeneración.y.residuos,
+      Turbina.de.gas,
+      Motores.diésel,
+      Turbina.de.vapor,
+      Ciclo.combinado,
+      Carbón,
+      Nuclear,
+      Turbinación.bombeo,
+      Entrega.de.baterías,
+      Hidráulica,
+      Carga.de.baterías,
+      Consumo.bombeo,
+      Francia.exportación,
+      Marruecos.exportación,
+      Portugal.exportación,
+      Andorra.exportación),
+    names_to = "Type",
+    values_to = "Rating")
+
+# --------
+# Filter Data
+# --------
+
+full_data <- full_data |>
+  filter(Hora >= as.POSIXct("2025-04-27 22:45", tz = "Europe/Madrid") &
+           Hora <= as.POSIXct("2025-04-29 01:15", tz = "Europe/Madrid"))
+
+demanda <- demanda |>
+  filter(Hora >= as.POSIXct("2025-04-27 22:45", tz = "Europe/Madrid") &
+           Hora <= as.POSIXct("2025-04-29 01:15", tz = "Europe/Madrid"))
    +
    +
    +

    The variable “Type” was set as a factor to properly order the areas as they appear in the graph. “Rating” was ensured to be numeric for the y graph, and “Hora” was set to a date-time variable with as.POSIXct().

    +
    +
    +
    # --------
+# Set Type as Factor
+# --------
+
+full_data$Type <- factor(full_data$Type, ordered = FALSE)
+full_data <- full_data |>
+  mutate(
+    Type = fct_relevel(Type,
+                       "Marruecos.importación",
+                       "Portugal.importación",
+                       "Francia.importación",
+                       "Térmica.renovable",
+                       "Solar.térmica",
+                       "Solar.fotovoltaica",
+                       "Eólica",
+                       "Hidráulica",
+                       "Cogeneración.y.residuos",
+                       "Ciclo.combinado",
+                       "Carbón",
+                       "Nuclear",
+                       "Turbinación.bombeo",
+                       "Turbina.de.gas",
+                       "Motores.diésel",
+                       "Turbina.de.vapor",
+                       "Entrega.de.baterías",
+                       "Carga.de.baterías",
+                       "Andorra.exportación",
+                       "Marruecos.exportación",
+                       "Portugal.exportación",
+                       "Francia.exportación",
+                       "Consumo.bombeo"
+    )
+  )
+
+# --------
+# Set Rating as Numeric
+# --------
+
+full_data$Rating <- as.numeric(full_data$Rating)
+
+# --------
+# Set Real as Numeric
+# --------
+
+demanda$Real <- as.numeric(demanda$Real)
+
+# --------
+# Set Hora as Date
+# --------
+
+full_data <- full_data |>
+  mutate(
+    Hora = as.POSIXct(Hora, format = "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M", tz = "Europe/Madrid")
+  )
+demanda <- demanda |>
+  mutate(
+    Hora = as.POSIXct(Hora, format = "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M", tz = "Europe/Madrid")
+  )
    +
    +
    +

    In the end, full_data represents the energy production and storage. It consists of three variables:

    +

    Hora <- The date and time of the reading

    +

    Type <- The type of energy being generated.

    +

    Rating <- The rating of the type of energy.

    +

    “Demanda” has the date and time of the energy demand, and the variable “real” represents the real demand for energy in megawatts.

    +
    +
    +
    full_data
    +
    +
    # A tibble: 7,337 × 3
+   Hora                Type                    Rating
+   <dttm>              <fct>                    <dbl>
+ 1 2025-04-27 22:45:00 Marruecos.importación        0
+ 2 2025-04-27 22:45:00 Portugal.importación      1977
+ 3 2025-04-27 22:45:00 Francia.importación          0
+ 4 2025-04-27 22:45:00 Térmica.renovable          507
+ 5 2025-04-27 22:45:00 Solar.térmica              657
+ 6 2025-04-27 22:45:00 Solar.fotovoltaica         126
+ 7 2025-04-27 22:45:00 Eólica                    7182
+ 8 2025-04-27 22:45:00 Cogeneración.y.residuos   1672
+ 9 2025-04-27 22:45:00 Turbina.de.gas             102
+10 2025-04-27 22:45:00 Motores.diésel             347
+# ℹ 7,327 more rows
    +
    +
    demanda
    +
    +
                       Hora  Real
+1   2025-04-27 22:45:00 27020
+2   2025-04-27 22:50:00 26895
+3   2025-04-27 22:55:00 26504
+4   2025-04-27 23:00:00 26404
+5   2025-04-27 23:05:00 26009
+6   2025-04-27 23:10:00 25700
+7   2025-04-27 23:15:00 25402
+8   2025-04-27 23:20:00 25400
+9   2025-04-27 23:25:00 25315
+10  2025-04-27 23:30:00 25256
+11  2025-04-27 23:35:00 24796
+12  2025-04-27 23:40:00 24708
+13  2025-04-27 23:45:00 24372
+14  2025-04-27 23:50:00 24133
+15  2025-04-27 23:55:00 23976
+16  2025-04-28 00:00:00 23921
+17  2025-04-28 00:05:00 23694
+18  2025-04-28 00:10:00 23620
+19  2025-04-28 00:15:00 23485
+20  2025-04-28 00:20:00 23618
+21  2025-04-28 00:25:00 23569
+22  2025-04-28 00:30:00 23456
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    +
    +

    Creating the Plot

    +

    Fonts

    +

    The original fonts in the graph were Avenir Next. However, due to licensing and copyright, it was replaced with Roboto from Google fonts which has open licensing.

    +
    +
    +
    sysfonts::font_add_google("Roboto", family="roboto")
+showtext::showtext_auto()
    +
    +
    +

    Geom Area

    +

    GGplot was used to set the x axis as time, the y axis as Rating (in Megawatts), and fill to Type. The lines were colored to white to match the original graph.

    +
    +
    +
    final <- ggplot() +
+  # area lines
+  geom_area(
+    data = full_data,
+    aes(
+      x = Hora,
+      y = Rating,
+      fill = Type),
+    color = "white", # line color
+    lwd = 0.1) # line width
+final
    +
    +

    +
    +

    Scales

    +

    Colors were manually set using scale_fill_manual. The legend and labels for the scales were removed.

    +

    The limits for the y scale were set to -10,000 and 40,000 to match the graph. The separator for thousands, “,”, was changed to “.” to match the graph.

    +

    The x scale limits were set in date and time format. The division was also set to 2 hours to have the correct number of breaks. Finally, the formatting was set to only show the time.

    +
    +
    +
    final <- final +
+  # colors
+  scale_fill_manual(values = c(
+    Marruecos.importación = "#d68888",
+    Portugal.importación = "#91b086",
+    Francia.importación =  "#809ad3",
+    Térmica.renovable = "#9e00ff",
+    Solar.térmica = "#ff0400",
+    Solar.fotovoltaica = "#e58401",
+    Eólica = "#70b026",
+    Cogeneración.y.residuos = "#d6a1d7",
+    Turbina.de.gas = "#ab2822",
+    Motores.diésel = "#92a59f",
+    Turbina.de.vapor = "#aa8f2e",
+    Ciclo.combinado = "#ffcc66",
+    Carbón = "#ad5a32",
+    Nuclear = "#474296",
+    Turbinación.bombeo = "#007cf8",
+    Entrega.de.baterías = "#2a6495",
+    Hidráulica = "#018fd1",
+    Carga.de.baterías = "#a3c0d8",
+    Consumo.bombeo = "#3b68bd",
+    Francia.exportación = "#0035a7",
+    Marruecos.exportación = "#b91017",
+    Portugal.exportación = "#006600",
+    Andorra.exportación = "#211e83")
+  ) +
+  # unhides annotations outside graph
+  coord_cartesian(clip = "off") +
+  # remove legend
+  guides(fill = "none") +
+  # remove labels for scales
+  labs(x = NULL,
+       y = NULL) +
+  # adds . to y scale
+  scale_y_continuous(
+    labels = label_number(big.mark = ".", decimal.mark = ","),
+    breaks = c(-10000, 0, 10000, 20000, 30000, 40000),
+    expand = expansion(mult = c(0.02, 0.10))
+  ) +
+  # sets x scale
+  scale_x_datetime(
+    timezone = "Europe/Madrid",
+    breaks = seq(
+      from = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 00:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+      to   = as.POSIXct("2025-04-29 00:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+      by   = "2 hours"
+    ),
+    labels = function(x) format(x, "%H:%M"),
+    expand = c(0,0)
+  )
+final
    +
    +

    +
    +

    Theme

    +

    The theme removed the plot’s grid lines, changed the color of the axis, modified the tick length and color, and set a global default for the fonts. It also modified the padding in order to add space for the external annotations.

    +
    +
    +
    final <- final +
+  theme(
+    # removes background grey
+    panel.background =
+      element_rect(fill = "white"),
+    # changes line color
+    panel.grid.major.y =
+      element_line(color = "#d6d6d6", linewidth = 0.2),
+    # remove axis tick y
+    axis.ticks.y =
+      element_line(color = "#ffffff"),
+    # changes axis tick color
+    axis.ticks.x =
+      element_line(color = "#b8b8b8", linewidth = 0.1),
+    # changes axis length
+    axis.ticks.length =
+      unit(.3, "cm"),
+    # changes axis line
+    axis.line =
+      element_line(color = "#b8b8b8", linewidth = 0.3),
+    # remove x grid
+    panel.grid.major.x =
+      element_line(color = "#ffffff00"),
+    # set global font family
+    text =
+      element_text(family = "roboto"),
+    # set title size and weight
+    plot.title =
+      element_text(size = 12,
+                   face = "bold",
+                   hjust = -0.2),
+    plot.title.position = "plot",
+    # set x and y axis color
+    axis.text =
+      element_text(color = "#b8b8b8"),
+    axis.text.x =
+      element_text(face = "bold"),
+    # set caption color
+    plot.caption =
+      element_text(color = "#b8b8b8"),
+    # padding of plot
+    plot.margin = margin(20, # top
+                         90, # right
+                         45, # bottom
+                         0 # left
+                         )
+    )
+final
    +
    +

    +
    +

    Internal Annotations

    +

    The most difficult part of this graph were annotations set outside the plot of the graph. Four functions were attempted: annotate(), annotation_custom(), grid.text() and geom_text(). Annotate() worked well for annotations within the plot. However, it did not appear when the x and y values of the annotation were pushed beyond the limits of the plot. Annotation_custom() required the use of unit(value, NPC) as the x and y coordinate values. This meant that the text would respond to the preview panel size and not stay fixed to the graph.

    +
    +Annotation Issues. + +
    +

    It also was struggling to work with coord_cartesian(clip = "off") meaning it would not appear even with clipping was off. Grid.text() was working with coord_cartesian(clip = "off"), however it still required the use of unit(value, NPC), meaning it would respond with the browser size.

    +

    Finally, geom_text() and geom_segment() were used to add lines and words outside of the plot. While this resulted in a file of 5.2 MB, it allowed the graph to annotations needed outside of the plot while maintaining the as.POSIXct x scale units.

    +

    Each internal text annotation was given an x and y coordinate, a text color, a size, and a label. Each internal line annotation was given an x and y coordinate, an ending x and y coordinate, a line color of black, and a line width of 0.2.

    +
    +
    +
    final <- final +
+  # annotations
+  # demanda real line
+  geom_line(
+    data = demanda,
+    aes(x = Hora, y = Real),
+    color = "black",
+    linewidth = 0.3) +
+  # title
+  ggtitle("Estructura de generación y almacenamiento de energía en España durante el apagón") +
+  # apagón
+  geom_segment(
+    aes(
+      x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 12:32", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+      xend = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 12:32", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+      y = 35000,
+      yend = -13000),
+    linetype = "dashed",
+    linewidth = 0.6
+  ) +
+  annotate(
+    "text",
+    x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 12:32", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    y = 37000,
+    label = "Apagón",
+    color = "black",
+    size = 3.7,
+    fontface = "bold"
+  ) +
+  # demanda real
+  annotate(
+    "text",
+    x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 17:45", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    y = 20500,
+    label = "Demanda real",
+    color = "black",
+    size = 3.7,
+    fontface = "bold"
+  ) +
+  annotate(
+    geom = "curve",
+    x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 17:35", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    xend = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 19:35", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    y = 19500,
+    yend = 11500,
+    color = "black",
+    arrow = arrow(length = unit(0.15, "cm"), type="closed"),
+    linewidth = 0.2
+  ) +
+  annotate(
+    geom = "point",
+    x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 19:55", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    y = 11250,
+    color = "black",
+    size = 1.5
+  ) +
+  # francia importacion
+  annotate(
+    "text",
+    x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 15:20", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    y = 14000,
+    label = "Francia \nimportación",
+    color = "#809ad3",
+    size = 2.7,
+    fontface = "bold",
+    hjust = 0.5,
+    lineheight = 0.8
+  ) +
+  annotate(
+    "segment",
+    x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 15:35", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    xend = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 18:35", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    y = 12000,
+    yend = 8000,
+    color = "black",
+    linewidth = 0.2
+  ) +
+  # Marruecos importación
+  annotate(
+    "text",
+    x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 22:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    y = 22500,
+    label = "Marruecos \nimportación",
+    color = "#d68888",
+    size = 2.7,
+    fontface = "bold",
+    hjust = 0.5,
+    lineheight = 0.8
+  ) +
+  annotate(
+    "segment",
+    x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 22:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    xend = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 21:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    y = 21000,
+    yend = 15000,
+    color = "black",
+    linewidth = 0.2
+  ) +
+  # francia exportacion
+  annotate(
+    "text",
+    x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 02:15", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    y = -8700,
+    label = "Francia \nexportación",
+    color = "#0035a7",
+    size = 2.7,
+    fontface = "bold",
+    hjust = 0.5,
+    lineheight = 0.8
+  ) +
+  annotate(
+    "segment",
+    x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 02:15", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    xend = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 02:15", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    y = -2000,
+    yend = -7200,
+    color = "black",
+    linewidth = 0.2
+  ) +
+  # marruecos exportacion
+  annotate(
+    "text",
+    x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 08:05", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    y = -8000,
+    label = "Marruecos \nexportación",
+    color = "#b91017",
+    size = 2.7,
+    fontface = "bold",
+    hjust = 1,
+    lineheight = 0.8
+  ) +
+  annotate(
+    "segment",
+    x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 08:15", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    xend = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 10:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    y = -7000,
+    yend = -5000,
+    color = "black",
+    linewidth = 0.2
+  ) +
+  # portugal exportacion
+  annotate(
+    "text",
+    x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 11:15", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    y = -11000,
+    label = "Portugal \nexportación",
+    color = "#006600",
+    size = 2.7,
+    fontface = "bold",
+    hjust = 1,
+    lineheight = 0.8
+  ) +
+  annotate(
+    "segment",
+    x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 10:25", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    xend = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 10:35", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    y = -9000,
+    yend = -5000,
+    color = "black",
+    linewidth = 0.2
+  ) +
+  # turbinacion bombeo
+  annotate(
+    "text",
+    x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 16:45", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    y = -5000,
+    label = "Turbinación \nbombeo",
+    color = "#007cf8",
+    size = 2.7,
+    fontface = "bold",
+    hjust = 0.5,
+    lineheight = 0.8
+  ) +
+  annotate(
+    "segment",
+    x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 19:45", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    xend = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 19:45", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    y = -4000,
+    yend = 1300,
+    color = "black",
+    linewidth = 0.2
+  ) +
+  # Consumo bombeo
+  annotate(
+    "text",
+    x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 22:45", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    y = -5000,
+    label = "Consumo \nbombeo",
+    color = "#007cf8",
+    size = 2.7,
+    fontface = "bold",
+    hjust = 0.5,
+    lineheight = 0.8
+  )
+final
    +
    +

    +
    +

    External Annotations

    +

    Each external text annotation was removed of data, given an x and y coordinate, a text color, a size, label, font family, line height, and horizontal adjustment (to ensure proper alignment). While line height, size, and font family could’ve been combined into a global class, preliminary investigations did not yield a straightforward way to do this.

    +

    Each external line annotation was an x and y coordinate, an ending x and y coordinate, and a line width. Again, line width could’ve been combined into a global class, but preliminary investigations proved unfruitful.

    +

    Finally, the title was treated with ggtitle() instead of geom_text(). Initially, geom_text() was struggling to push the title so far out of the y axis, and ggtitle() was working better.

    +
    +
    +
    final <- final +
+  # termica renovable text
+  annotation_custom(
+    grob = textGrob(
+      "Térmica \nrenovable",
+      hjust = 0,
+      gp = gpar(
+        col = "#9e00ff",
+        fontsize = 8,
+        family = "roboto",
+        fontface = "bold",
+        lineheight = 0.8)),
+    xmin = as.POSIXct("2025-04-29 01:30", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    xmax = as.POSIXct("2025-04-29 01:30", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    ymin = 22500,
+    ymax = 22500
+  ) +
+  # solar termica text
+  annotation_custom(
+    grob = textGrob(
+      "Solar \ntérmica",
+      hjust = 0,
+      gp = gpar(
+        col = "#ff0400",
+        fontsize = 8,
+        family = "roboto",
+        fontface = "bold",
+        lineheight = 0.8)),
+    xmin = as.POSIXct("2025-04-29 02:30", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    xmax = as.POSIXct("2025-04-29 02:30", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    ymin = 19000,
+    ymax = 19000
+  ) +
+  # solar fotovoltaica text
+  annotation_custom(
+    grob = textGrob(
+      "Solar \nfotovoltaica",
+      hjust = 0,
+      gp = gpar(
+        col = "#e58401",
+        fontsize = 8,
+        family = "roboto",
+        fontface = "bold",
+        lineheight = 0.8)),
+    xmin = as.POSIXct("2025-04-29 02:30", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    xmax = as.POSIXct("2025-04-29 02:30", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    ymin = 16000,
+    ymax = 16000
+  ) +
+  # eólica text
+  annotation_custom(
+    grob = textGrob(
+      "Eólica",
+      hjust = 0,
+      gp = gpar(
+        col = "#70b026",
+        fontsize = 8,
+        family = "roboto",
+        fontface = "bold",
+        lineheight = 0.8)),
+    xmin = as.POSIXct("2025-04-29 02:30", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    xmax = as.POSIXct("2025-04-29 02:30", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    ymin = 13500,
+    ymax = 13500
+  ) +
+  # hidráulica text
+  annotation_custom(
+    grob = textGrob(
+      "Hidráulica",
+      hjust = 0,
+      gp = gpar(
+        col = "#018fd1",
+        fontsize = 8,
+        family = "roboto",
+        fontface = "bold",
+        lineheight = 0.8)),
+    xmin = as.POSIXct("2025-04-29 02:30", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    xmax = as.POSIXct("2025-04-29 02:30", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    ymin = 10500,
+    ymax = 10500
+  ) +
+  # cogeneracion y residuos text
+  annotation_custom(
+    grob = textGrob(
+      "Cogeneración \ny residuos",
+      hjust = 0,
+      gp = gpar(
+      col = "#d6a1d7",
+      fontsize = 8,
+      family = "roboto",
+      fontface = "bold",
+      lineheight = 0.8)),
+    xmin = as.POSIXct("2025-04-29 02:30", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    xmax = as.POSIXct("2025-04-29 02:30", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    ymin = 8000,
+    ymax = 8000
+  ) +
+  # Ciclo combinado text
+  annotation_custom(
+    grob = textGrob(
+      "Ciclo \ncombinado",
+      hjust = 0,
+      gp = gpar(
+        col = "#ab9559",
+        fontsize = 8,
+        family = "roboto",
+        fontface = "bold",
+        lineheight = 0.8)),
+    xmin = as.POSIXct("2025-04-29 02:30", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    xmax = as.POSIXct("2025-04-29 02:30", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    ymin = 0,
+    ymax = 0
+  ) +
+  # caption text
+  annotation_custom(
+    grob = textGrob(
+      "Fuente: Red Elétrica - EpData 2025",
+      hjust = 1,
+      gp = gpar(
+        col = "#b8b8b8",
+        fontsize = 8,
+        family = "roboto",
+        lineheight = 0.8)),
+    xmin = as.POSIXct("2025-04-29 06:30", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    xmax = as.POSIXct("2025-04-29 06:30", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    ymin = -21500,
+    ymax = -21500
+  ) +
+  # caption line
+  annotation_custom(
+    grob = linesGrob(
+      x = unit(c(0,1), "npc"),
+      y = unit(c(0.5,0.5), "npc"),
+      gp = gpar(col = "#e2e2e2", lwd = 0.5)
+    ),
+    xmin = as.POSIXct("2025-04-27 20:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    xmax = as.POSIXct("2025-04-29 06:30", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    ymin = -20000,
+    ymax = -20000
+  ) +
+  # title line
+  annotation_custom(
+    grob = linesGrob(
+      x = unit(c(0,1), "npc"),
+      y = unit(c(0.5,0.5), "npc"),
+      gp = gpar(col = "#000000", lwd = 0.5)
+    ),
+    xmin = as.POSIXct("2025-04-27 19:45", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    xmax = as.POSIXct("2025-04-29 06:30", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    ymin = 42500,
+    ymax = 42500
+  ) +
+  # consumo bombeo line
+  annotation_custom(
+    grob = linesGrob(
+      x = unit(c(1,0), "npc"),
+      y = unit(c(0,1), "npc"),
+      gp = gpar(col = "#000000", lwd = 0.5)
+    ),
+    xmin = as.POSIXct("2025-04-29 01:15", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    xmax = as.POSIXct("2025-04-29 01:30", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    ymin = -4000,
+    ymax = -200
+  ) +
+  # ciclo combinado line
+  annotation_custom(
+    grob = linesGrob(
+      x = unit(c(1,0), "npc"),
+      y = unit(c(0,1), "npc"),
+      gp = gpar(col = "#000000", lwd = 0.5)
+    ),
+    xmin = as.POSIXct("2025-04-29 00:45", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    xmax = as.POSIXct("2025-04-29 02:15", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    ymin = 4000,
+    ymax = 700
+  ) +
+  # cogeneracion y residuos line
+  annotation_custom(
+    grob = linesGrob(
+      x = unit(c(1,0), "npc"),
+      y = unit(c(0,1), "npc"),
+      gp = gpar(col = "#000000", lwd = 0.5)
+    ),
+    xmin = as.POSIXct("2025-04-29 00:45", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    xmax = as.POSIXct("2025-04-29 02:15", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    ymin = 9900,
+    ymax = 8900
+  ) +
+  # hidraulica line
+  annotation_custom(
+    grob = linesGrob(
+      x = unit(c(1,0), "npc"),
+      y = unit(c(0,1), "npc"),
+      gp = gpar(col = "#000000", lwd = 0.5)
+    ),
+    xmin = as.POSIXct("2025-04-29 00:45", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    xmax = as.POSIXct("2025-04-29 02:15", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    ymin = 13000,
+    ymax = 10500
+  ) +
+  # eolica line
+  annotation_custom(
+    grob = linesGrob(
+      x = unit(c(1,0), "npc"),
+      y = unit(c(0,1), "npc"),
+      gp = gpar(col = "#000000", lwd = 0.5)
+    ),
+    xmin = as.POSIXct("2025-04-29 00:35", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    xmax = as.POSIXct("2025-04-29 02:15", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    ymin = 16500,
+    ymax = 13500
+  ) +
+  # solar fotovoltaica line
+  annotation_custom(
+    grob = linesGrob(
+      x = unit(c(1,0), "npc"),
+      y = unit(c(0,1), "npc"),
+      gp = gpar(col = "#000000", lwd = 0.5)
+    ),
+    xmin = as.POSIXct("2025-04-29 01:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    xmax = as.POSIXct("2025-04-29 02:15", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    ymin = 16500,
+    ymax = 16000
+  ) +
+  # solar termica line
+  annotation_custom(
+    grob = linesGrob(
+      x = unit(c(1,0), "npc"),
+      y = unit(c(1,0), "npc"),
+      gp = gpar(col = "#000000", lwd = 0.5)
+    ),
+    xmin = as.POSIXct("2025-04-29 01:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    xmax = as.POSIXct("2025-04-29 02:15", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    ymin = 16500,
+    ymax = 19000
+  ) +
+  # solar termica renovable
+  annotation_custom(
+    grob = linesGrob(
+      x = unit(c(1,0), "npc"),
+      y = unit(c(1,0), "npc"),
+      gp = gpar(col = "#000000", lwd = 0.5)
+    ),
+    xmin = as.POSIXct("2025-04-29 00:45", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    xmax = as.POSIXct("2025-04-29 02:15", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    ymin = 16500,
+    ymax = 21000
+  )
+final
    +
    +

    +
    +

    Improvement

    +

    Visual Critique of Existing Graph

    +

    While an area graph is the correct choice for this kind of data - it shows how types of energy, represented as areas, are contributing to the whole of the production, the overarching area - there are too many variables in the graph to make sense of the data.

    +

    The other issues with this graph - misplaced annotations and missing annotations - are addressed in the improvement.

    +

    Audience Analysis

    +

    The original graph was published by Europa Press, a Spanish news source. It is assumed this graph was intended for a general audience, with limited understanding of energy production and storage. The main goal is to understand what types of energy were being produced at the time of and shortly after the blackout.

    +

    While usually the graph would be replicated and improved in Spanish to match the source, since this is an English-speaking masters program, the graph improvement was completed in English.

    +

    Variable Analysis

    +

    The original graph replication was completed without detailed analysis of the variables. In order to improve the graph, the variables of the original data sets were analyzed to determine if any excluded would be relevant, and to determine how to better categorize the data.

    +

    Demanda

    +

    Real <- Real represents the actual demand for energy from Spanish households, businesses, municipal buildings, hospitals, and other constituents. This is measured using meters and sensors.

    +

    Prevista <- Prevista is the forecasted demand set by Red Eléctrica. This is predicted based on historical patterns, weather, and yesterday’s demand.

    +

    Programada <- Programada represents the planned demand in the market. This is the energy that has been planned and agreed upon by energy providers. It determines which plants will run and provide energy.

    +

    Almacenamiento

    +

    Turbinación.bombeo <- Pumped-hydro storage is a system with water stored at two heights. When energy needs to be generated, the system pushes water from the higher reservoir to the lower reservoir. This is called pumped-hydro generation (turbinación bombeo) and tracks the energy generated from the system. That is why it is positive or zero.

    +

    Consumo.bombeo <- Pumped-hydro storage is a system with water stored at two heights. When there is extra energy in the grid from other sources, the system pushes water from the lower reservoir to the higher reservoir. This is called pumping consumption (Consumo bombeo) and tracks the energy spent to store excess energy in this way. That is why it is always negative, since it is taking energy from the grid.

    +

    Entrega.de.baterías <- Battery energy storage systems (BESS) are similar to pumped-hydro storage. Battery discharge (entrega de baterías) means energy is being delivered to the system from storage.

    +

    Carga.de.baterías <- Excess energy is being stored in batteries. Both battery discharge and battery charging values are extremely low (-5 to 10), which means they will not be well represented in a plot with the other variables.

    +

    Generación

    +

    Eólica <- Eólica is the energy being generated by wind power. This makes up a large portion of Spain’s energy production. This is considered a renewable energy source.

    +

    Nuclear <- Nuclear is the energy being generated by nuclear power. While not the first or second energy source, it still makes up a large portion of Spain’s energy production.

    +

    Carbón <- Carbón is the energy being generated by coal. This is not a large energy source for Spain.

    +

    Ciclo.combinado <- Ciclo combinado represents the energy produced by gas power plants. This is a larger producer than nuclear, but not as productive as wind or solar. This is not considered a renewable energy source.

    +

    Intercambios.int <- This is the net exchange of energy between countries, however it does not equal the net exchange of imports and exports for Andorra, France, Morocco, and Portugal, so it must be including other countries. This is not an energy source, but rather represents a flow of energy.

    +

    Solar.fotovoltaica <- This is the energy produced by solar panels. It’s output can be volatile since it relies on sunshine. Around noon, this hit a peak production of 17,000 MW. It is a renewable energy.

    +

    Solar.térmica <- This is also solar energy, but with a different process. Mirrors are used to concentrate sunlight, use heat to produce steam, and use that steam to drive a turbine. This is a more stable type of solar energy, but its peak output was only 1,000 MW, much less than that of solar panels.

    +

    Térmica.renovable <- This is energy produced by burning biomass (agricultural waste or wood pellets), biogas (a renewable gas fuel produced when organic material, such as that in landfills, breaks down without oxygen), and renewable waste. The energy is then used to power a turbine. It is considered renewable since the fuel is replenished biologically. It is not a major energy source for Spain.

    +

    Motores.diesels <- This is the energy produced by diesel power plants, similar to ciclo.combinado, but represents a very small portion of Spain’s energy production.

    +

    Turbina.de.gas <- Gas turbine is a device that converts gas, usually natural gas, into mechanical energy that drives a generator and produces electricity. It also makes up a small portion of Spain’s energy production.

    +

    Tubrina.de.vapor <- Steam turbine is similar the gas turbine, but it uses thermal steam to power the generator. The source of the steam can be fossil fuels, nuclear energy, or solar power. It also represents a small portion of Spain’s energy production.

    +

    Generación.auxiliar <- This is energy produced by backup equipment in a facility, plant, or system. Since it is zero, we will remove it from the data set.

    +

    Cogeneracion.y.residuos <- This is similar to the process of Renewable thermal energy in that it burns a fuel source to produce heat that is converted to energy, however the process itself produces electricity and the sources do not have to be renewable. The sources burned could be natural gas, diesel, biomass, or municipal solid waste. This represents a larger portion of Spain’s energy production.

    +

    Hidráulica <- This energy is produced from a water-powered turbine, usually from a natural source such as a river or reservoir. This is a huge part of Spain’s energy production.

    +

    Imports and Exports <- Portugal, France, Andorra, and Morocco have variables for both imports and exports. The importation of energy is energy that is imported into the country to be used by the system. The exportation of energy is energy being sold or delivered out of Spain for use elsewhere. In this data set, the importation variables are all positive (or zero) and the exportation variables are all negative (or zero).

    +

    Data Changes

    +

    Re-importing the data allows for reprocessing.

    +
    +
    +
    # --------
+# Import Data
+# --------
+
+generacion <- read.csv(file = "100575891_files/data/Custom-Report-2025-04-28-Estructura de generación (MW).csv")
+almacenamiento <- read.csv(file = "100575891_files/data/Custom-Report-2025-04-28-Estructura de almacenamiento (MW).csv")
+demanda <- read.csv(file = "100575891_files/data/Custom-Report-2025-04-28-Seguimiento de la demanda de energía eléctrica (MW).csv")
    +
    +
    +

    From this analysis, it is clear that two erroneous data points were included: consumo bombeo and carga de baterías. These are distinct from the rest of the included data points because they are not ways of producing energy, and represent one half of a process to store energy. The mixing of storage and production makes the original graph dense and difficult to interpret. These data points will not be included in the improved version.

    +
    +
    +
    # --------
+# Remove Unnecessary Columns
+# --------
+
+generacion <- generacion |>
+  select(-Intercambios.int, -Generación.auxiliar)
+demanda <- demanda |>
+  select(Hora, Real)
+almacenamiento <- almacenamiento |>
+  select(-Carga.de.baterías, -Consumo.bombeo)
    +
    +
    +

    Imports and Exports are represented by separate areas. However, they are two halves of the same data point and should be treated as such. Additionally, this can be confirmed by looking at the data itself, where a missing value from Andorra imports is made up for with a value in Andorra exports. See the example below.

    +
    +Import and Export Values from Red Eléctrica. + +
    +

    In the improved version, imports and exports are combined.

    +
    +
    +
    # --------
+# Combining Imports with the Exports
+# --------
+
+generacion <- generacion |>
+  # andorra
+  unite(Andorra, Andorra.importación, Andorra.exportación, sep = "_") |>
+  mutate(Andorra = str_replace(Andorra, "0_0", "0")) |>
+  mutate(Andorra = str_replace(Andorra, "0_", "")) |>
+  mutate(Andorra = str_replace(Andorra, "_0", "")) |>
+  # morocco
+  unite(Marruecos, Marruecos.importación, Marruecos.exportación, sep = "_") |>
+  mutate(Marruecos = str_replace(Marruecos, "0_0", "0")) |>
+  mutate(Marruecos = str_replace(Marruecos, "0_", "")) |>
+  mutate(Marruecos = str_replace(Marruecos, "_0", "")) |>
+  # france
+  unite(Francia, Francia.importación, Francia.exportación, sep = "_") |>
+  mutate(Francia = str_replace(Francia, "0_0", "0")) |>
+  mutate(Francia = str_replace(Francia, "0_", "")) |>
+  mutate(Francia = str_replace(Francia, "_0", "")) |>
+  # portugal
+  unite(Portugal, Portugal.importación, Portugal.exportación, sep = "_") |>
+  mutate(Portugal = str_replace(Portugal, "0_0", "0")) |>
+  mutate(Portugal = str_replace(Portugal, "0_", "")) |>
+  mutate(Portugal = str_replace(Portugal, "_0", ""))
    +
    +
    +

    The general public will not care to make the distinction between Solar panels and solar processed with mirrors. Both solars are combined.

    +
    +
    +
    # --------
+# Combine Solar
+# --------
+
+generacion <- generacion |>
+  mutate(Solar = rowSums(across(c(Solar.fotovoltaica, Solar.térmica))) ) |>
+  select(-Solar.fotovoltaica, -Solar.térmica)
    +
    +
    +

    These altered data points need to be converted to numerical variables.

    +
    +
    +
    # --------
+# Convert it to numeric
+# --------
+
+generacion$Andorra <- as.numeric(generacion$Andorra)
+generacion$Portugal <- as.numeric(generacion$Portugal)
+generacion$Marruecos <- as.numeric(generacion$Marruecos)
+generacion$Francia <- as.numeric(generacion$Francia)
+generacion$Solar <- as.numeric(generacion$Solar)
    +
    +
    +

    The same combining of data sets is completed as before.

    +
    +
    +
    # --------
+# Combining Data sets
+# --------
+
+combined_data <- generacion |>
+  full_join(almacenamiento, by = "Hora")
    +
    +
    +

    For the improvement, four graphs will be needed. One to combine Renewable, Non-renewable, stored energy, and imported energy sources and three others to break out the categories by sub-categories.

    +
    +Improvement. + +
    +

    The below code combines the sub-categories into the broader categories of Renewable, non-renewable, stored energy use, and imported energy use. The data is then transformed to have tidy data, and refactored to set the correct order.

    +
    +
    +
    # --------
+# Data Subset 1
+# --------
+
+subset1 <- combined_data |>
+  mutate(Renewable = rowSums(across(c(Hidráulica, Eólica, Solar, Térmica.renovable))) ) |>
+  select(-Hidráulica, -Eólica, -Solar, -Térmica.renovable) |>
+  mutate(Non_Renewable = rowSums(across(c(Ciclo.combinado, Nuclear, Cogeneración.y.residuos,
+                                      Motores.diésel, Carbón, Turbina.de.gas, Turbina.de.vapor))) ) |>
+  select(-Ciclo.combinado, -Nuclear, -Cogeneración.y.residuos,
+         -Motores.diésel, -Carbón, -Turbina.de.gas, -Turbina.de.vapor) |>
+  mutate(Stored_Energy = rowSums(across(c(Turbinación.bombeo, Entrega.de.baterías))) ) |>
+  select(-Turbinación.bombeo, -Entrega.de.baterías) |>
+  mutate(Imported_Energy = rowSums(across(c(Portugal, Francia, Andorra, Marruecos))) ) |>
+  select(-Portugal, -Francia, -Andorra, -Marruecos)
+
+# --------
+# Pivot Longer - Subset 1
+# --------
+
+subset1 <- subset1 |>
+  pivot_longer(
+    cols = c(
+      Renewable,
+      Non_Renewable,
+      Stored_Energy,
+      Imported_Energy),
+    names_to = "Type",
+    values_to = "Rating")
+
+# --------
+# Refactor Subset 1
+# --------
+
+subset1$Type <- factor(subset1$Type, ordered = FALSE)
+subset1 <- subset1 |>
+  mutate(
+    Type = fct_relevel(Type,
+                       "Renewable",
+                       "Non_Renewable",
+                       "Stored_Energy",
+                       "Imported_Energy"
+    )
+  )
+
+# --------
+# Set Rating as Numeric - Subset 1
+# --------
+
+subset1$Rating <- as.numeric(subset1$Rating)
+
+# --------
+# Set Hora as Date - Subset 1
+# --------
+
+subset1 <- subset1 |>
+  mutate(
+    Hora = as.POSIXct(Hora, format = "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M", tz = "Europe/Madrid")
+  )
+demanda <- demanda |>
+  mutate(
+    Hora = as.POSIXct(Hora, format = "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M", tz = "Europe/Madrid")
+  )
    +
    +
    +

    Pre-processing of the full_data data set is completed to be able to process it into smaller categories.

    +
    +
    +
    # --------
+# Pivot Longer
+# --------
+
+full_data <- combined_data |>
+  pivot_longer(
+    cols = c(
+      Térmica.renovable,
+      Solar,
+      Eólica,
+      Cogeneración.y.residuos,
+      Turbina.de.gas,
+      Motores.diésel,
+      Turbina.de.vapor,
+      Ciclo.combinado,
+      Carbón,
+      Nuclear,
+      Hidráulica,
+      Francia,
+      Marruecos,
+      Portugal,
+      Andorra,
+      Turbinación.bombeo,
+      Entrega.de.baterías),
+    names_to = "Type",
+    values_to = "Rating")
+
+# --------
+# Set Type as Factor
+# --------
+
+full_data$Type <- factor(full_data$Type, ordered = FALSE)
+full_data <- full_data |>
+  mutate(
+    Type = fct_relevel(Type,
+                       "Hidráulica",
+                       "Ciclo.combinado",
+                       "Eólica",
+                       "Solar",
+                       "Nuclear",
+                       "Cogeneración.y.residuos",
+                       "Turbinación.bombeo",
+                       "Motores.diésel",
+                       "Térmica.renovable",
+                       "Carbón",
+                       "Turbina.de.gas",
+                       "Turbina.de.vapor",
+                       "Entrega.de.baterías",
+                       "Portugal",
+                       "Francia",
+                       "Andorra",
+                       "Marruecos"
+    )
+  )
+
+# --------
+# Set Rating as Numeric
+# --------
+
+full_data$Rating <- as.numeric(full_data$Rating)
+
+# --------
+# Set Hora as Date
+# --------
+
+full_data <- full_data |>
+  mutate(
+    Hora = as.POSIXct(Hora, format = "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M", tz = "Europe/Madrid")
+  )
    +
    +
    +

    The data is divided into four subsets in order to build the four smaller graphs.

    +
    +
    +
    # --------
+# Renewable Subset
+# --------
+
+renewable_data <- full_data |>
+  filter (Type == "Hidráulica" | Type == "Eólica" | Type == "Solar" | Type == "Térmica.renovable")
+
+# --------
+# Non_renewable Subset
+# --------
+
+non_renewable_data <- full_data |>
+  filter (Type == "Ciclo.combinado" | Type == "Nuclear" | Type == "Cogeneración.y.residuos"
+          | Type == "Motores.diésel" | Type == "Carbón" | Type == "Turbina.de.gas"
+          | Type == "Turbina.de.vapor")
+
+# --------
+# Stored_Energy Subset
+# --------
+
+stored_energy_data <- full_data |>
+  filter (Type == "Turbinación.bombeo" | Type == "Entrega.de.baterías")
+
+# --------
+# Imported_Energy Subset
+# --------
+
+imported_energy_data <- full_data |>
+  filter (Type == "Portugal" | Type == "Francia" | Type == "Andorra"
+          | Type == "Marruecos")
    +
    +
    +

    Main Plot

    +
    +
    +
    # --------
+# Main Plot
+# --------
+combined <- 
+  # data
+  ggplot() +
+  # area lines 
+  geom_area(
+    data = subset1, 
+    aes(
+      x = Hora,
+      y = Rating,
+      fill = Type),
+    lwd = 0) + # line width
+  geom_line(
+    data = demanda, 
+    aes(
+      x = Hora,
+      y = Real),
+    color = "black", linewidth = 0.3) + # line width
+  coord_cartesian(clip = "off") +
+  # remove legend
+  guides(fill = "none") +
+  # remove labels for scales
+  labs(x = NULL,
+       y = NULL) +
+  # sets x scale
+  scale_x_datetime(
+    breaks = seq(
+      from = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 00:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+      to   = as.POSIXct("2025-04-29 00:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+      by   = "2 hours"
+    ),
+    labels = function(x) format(x, "%H:%M"),
+    limits = c(
+      as.POSIXct("2025-04-27 23:45", tz="Europe/Madrid"),
+      as.POSIXct("2025-04-29 00:30", tz="Europe/Madrid")
+    ),
+    expand = c(0, 0)
+  ) +  
+  # colors
+  scale_fill_manual(values = c(
+    Renewable = "#38761d",
+    Non_Renewable = "#073259",
+    Stored_Energy = "#595959",
+    Imported_Energy = "#741b47")
+  ) +
+theme(
+  # removes background grey
+  panel.background = 
+    element_rect(fill = "white"),
+  # changes line color
+  panel.grid.major.y = 
+    element_line(color = "#d6d6d6", linewidth = 0.2),
+  # remove axis tick y
+  axis.ticks.y =
+    element_line(color = "#ffffff"),
+  # changes axis tick color
+  axis.ticks.x = 
+    element_line(color = "#b8b8b8", linewidth = 0.1),
+  # changes axis length
+  axis.ticks.length = 
+    unit(.3, "cm"),
+  # changes axis line
+  axis.line = 
+    element_line(color = "#b8b8b8", linewidth = 0.3),
+  # remove x grid
+  panel.grid.major.x = 
+    element_line(color = "#ffffff00"),
+  # set global font family
+  text = 
+    element_text(family = "roboto"),
+  # set title size and weight
+  plot.title = 
+    element_text(size = 14, face = "bold"),
+  plot.title.position = "plot",
+  # set x and y axis color
+  axis.text = 
+    element_text(color = "#b8b8b8"),
+  axis.text.x =
+    element_text(face = "bold"),
+  # set caption color
+  plot.caption = 
+    element_text(color = "#b8b8b8")
+) +
+  annotate(
+    "text",
+    x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 13:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    y = 19000,
+    label = "Renewable Energy",
+    color = "#38761d",
+    size = rel(2.5),
+    fontface = "bold",
+    hjust = 0,
+    lineheight = 0.8
+  ) +
+  annotate(
+    "text",
+    x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 13:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    y = 11000,
+    label = "Non-Renewable Energy",
+    color = "#073259",
+    size = rel(2.5),
+    fontface = "bold",
+    hjust = 0,
+    lineheight = 0.8
+  ) +
+  annotate(
+    "text",
+    x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 13:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    y = 27000,
+    label = "Demand in Real Time",
+    color = "#000000",
+    size = rel(2.5),
+    fontface = "bold",
+    hjust = 0,
+    lineheight = 0.8
+  ) +
+  geom_segment(
+    aes(
+      x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 12:32", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+      xend = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 12:32", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+      y = 35000,
+      yend = -10000),
+    linetype = "dashed",
+    linewidth = 0.6
+  ) +
+  annotate(
+    "text",
+    x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 12:35", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    y = 35500,
+    label = "Blackout",
+    color = "#000000",
+    size = rel(2.5),
+    fontface = "bold",
+    hjust = 0.5,
+    lineheight = 0.8
+  ) +
+  # demand in real time
+  annotate(
+    "segment",
+    x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 12:25", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    xend = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 12:45", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    y = 27000,
+    yend = 27000,
+    color = "black",
+    linewidth = 0.2
+  ) +
+  annotate(
+    "text",
+    x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 16:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    y = -4000,
+    label = "Stored Energy",
+    color = "#595959",
+    size = rel(2.5),
+    fontface = "bold",
+    hjust = 0.5,
+    lineheight = 0.8
+  ) +
+  annotate(
+    "text",
+    x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 20:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    y = -6000,
+    label = "Imported Energy",
+    color = "#741b47",
+    size = rel(2.5),
+    fontface = "bold",
+    hjust = 0.5,
+    lineheight = 0.8
+  ) +
+  # renewable
+  annotate(
+    "segment",
+    x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 12:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    xend = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 12:45", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    y = 19000,
+    yend = 19000,
+    color = "black",
+    linewidth = 0.2
+  ) +
+  # non renewable
+  annotate(
+    "segment",
+    x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 12:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    xend = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 12:45", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    y = 11000,
+    yend = 11000,
+    color = "black",
+    linewidth = 0.2
+  ) +
+  annotate(
+    "segment",
+    x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 16:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    xend = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 16:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    y = 1000,
+    yend = -3500,
+    color = "black",
+    linewidth = 0.2
+  ) +
+  annotate(
+    "segment",
+    x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 20:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    xend = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 20:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    y = 500,
+    yend = -5500,
+    color = "black",
+    linewidth = 0.2
+  )
+combined
    +
    +

    +
    +

    Renewable Plot

    +
    +
    +
    # --------
+# Renewable Plot
+# --------
+renewable <- 
+  # data
+  ggplot() +
+  # area lines 
+  geom_area(
+    data = renewable_data, 
+    aes(
+      x = Hora,
+      y = Rating,
+      fill = Type),
+    lwd = 0) + # line width
+  coord_cartesian(clip = "off") +
+  # remove legend
+  guides(fill = "none") +
+  # remove labels for scales
+  labs(x = NULL,
+       y = NULL,
+       title = "Renewable Energy") +
+  # sets x scale
+  scale_x_datetime(
+    breaks = seq(
+      from = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 00:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+      to   = as.POSIXct("2025-04-29 00:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+      by   = "2 hours"
+    ),
+    labels = function(x) format(x, "%H:%M"),
+    limits = c(
+      as.POSIXct("2025-04-27 23:45", tz="Europe/Madrid"),
+      as.POSIXct("2025-04-29 00:30", tz="Europe/Madrid")
+    ),
+    expand = c(0, 0)
+  ) +  
+  # colors
+  scale_fill_manual(values = c(
+    Hidráulica = "#38761d",
+    Eólica = "#60914a",
+    Solar = "#88ad77",
+    Térmica.renovable = "#afc8a5")
+  ) +
+  theme(
+    # removes background grey
+    panel.background = 
+      element_rect(fill = "white"),
+    # changes line color
+    panel.grid.major.y = 
+      element_line(color = "#d6d6d6", linewidth = 0.2),
+    # remove axis tick y
+    axis.ticks.y =
+      element_line(color = "#ffffff"),
+    # changes axis tick color
+    axis.ticks.x = 
+      element_line(color = "#b8b8b8", linewidth = 0.1),
+    # changes axis length
+    axis.ticks.length = 
+      unit(.3, "cm"),
+    # changes axis line
+    axis.line = 
+      element_line(color = "#b8b8b8", linewidth = 0.3),
+    # remove x grid
+    panel.grid.major.x = 
+      element_line(color = "#ffffff00"),
+    # set global font family
+    text = 
+      element_text(family = "roboto"),
+    # set title size and weight
+    plot.title = 
+      element_text(size = 14, face = "bold"),
+    plot.title.position = "plot",
+    # set x and y axis color
+    axis.text = 
+      element_text(color = "#b8b8b8"),
+    axis.text.x =
+      element_text(face = "bold"),
+    # set caption color
+    plot.caption = 
+      element_text(color = "#b8b8b8")
+  ) +
+  annotate(
+    "text",
+    x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 13:30", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    y = 25000,
+    label = "Water Turbine",
+    color = "#000000",
+    size = rel(2.5),
+    fontface = "bold",
+    hjust = 0,
+    lineheight = 0.8
+  ) +
+  annotate(
+    "text",
+    x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 13:30", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    y = 22000,
+    label = "Wind",
+    color = "#000000",
+    size = rel(2.5),
+    fontface = "bold",
+    hjust = 0,
+    lineheight = 0.8
+  ) +
+  annotate(
+    "text",
+    x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 13:30", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    y = 19000,
+    label = "Solar",
+    color = "#000000",
+    size = rel(2.5),
+    fontface = "bold",
+    hjust = 0,
+    lineheight = 0.8
+  ) +
+  annotate(
+    "text",
+    x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 13:30", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    y = 7000,
+    label = "Renewable \nThermal",
+    color = "#000000",
+    size = rel(2.5),
+    fontface = "bold",
+    hjust = 0,
+    lineheight = 0.8
+  ) +
+  annotate(
+    "segment",
+    x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 11:35", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    xend = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 13:15", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    y = 25000,
+    yend = 25000,
+    color = "black",
+    linewidth = 0.2
+  ) +
+  annotate(
+    "segment",
+    x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 11:35", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    xend = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 13:15", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    y = 22000,
+    yend = 22000,
+    color = "black",
+    linewidth = 0.2
+  ) +
+  annotate(
+    "segment",
+    x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 11:35", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    xend = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 13:15", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    y = 19000,
+    yend = 19000,
+    color = "black",
+    linewidth = 0.2
+  ) +
+  annotate(
+    "segment",
+    x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 11:30", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    xend = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 13:15", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    y = 200,
+    yend = 7000,
+    color = "black",
+    linewidth = 0.2
+  )
+renewable
    +
    +

    +
    +

    Non-Renewable Plot

    +
    +
    +
    # --------
+# Non_Renewable Plot
+# --------
+non_renewable <- 
+  # data
+  ggplot() +
+  # area lines 
+  geom_area(
+    data = non_renewable_data, 
+    aes(
+      x = Hora,
+      y = Rating,
+      fill = Type),
+    lwd = 0) + # line width
+  coord_cartesian(clip = "off") +
+  # remove legend
+  guides(fill = "none") +
+  # remove labels for scales
+  labs(x = NULL,
+       y = NULL,
+       title = "Non-Renewable Energy") +
+  # sets x scale
+  scale_x_datetime(
+    breaks = seq(
+      from = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 00:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+      to   = as.POSIXct("2025-04-29 00:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+      by   = "2 hours"
+    ),
+    labels = function(x) format(x, "%H:%M"),
+    limits = c(
+      as.POSIXct("2025-04-27 23:45", tz="Europe/Madrid"),
+      as.POSIXct("2025-04-29 00:30", tz="Europe/Madrid")
+    ),
+    expand = c(0, 0)
+  ) +  
+  # colors
+  scale_fill_manual(values = c(
+    Ciclo.combinado = "#073259",
+    Nuclear = "#094276",
+    Cogeneración.y.residuos = "#0b5394",
+    Motores.diésel = "#3c75a9",
+    Carbón = "#6d98bf",
+    Turbina.de.gas = "#9dbad4",
+    Turbina.de.vapor = "#ceddea")
+  ) +
+  theme(
+    # removes background grey
+    panel.background = 
+      element_rect(fill = "white"),
+    # changes line color
+    panel.grid.major.y = 
+      element_line(color = "#d6d6d6", linewidth = 0.2),
+    # remove axis tick y
+    axis.ticks.y =
+      element_line(color = "#ffffff"),
+    # changes axis tick color
+    axis.ticks.x = 
+      element_line(color = "#b8b8b8", linewidth = 0.1),
+    # changes axis length
+    axis.ticks.length = 
+      unit(.3, "cm"),
+    # changes axis line
+    axis.line = 
+      element_line(color = "#b8b8b8", linewidth = 0.3),
+    # remove x grid
+    panel.grid.major.x = 
+      element_line(color = "#ffffff00"),
+    # set global font family
+    text = 
+      element_text(family = "roboto"),
+    # set title size and weight
+    plot.title = 
+      element_text(size = 14, face = "bold"),
+    plot.title.position = "plot",
+    # set x and y axis color
+    axis.text = 
+      element_text(color = "#b8b8b8"),
+    axis.text.x =
+      element_text(face = "bold"),
+    # set caption color
+    plot.caption = 
+      element_text(color = "#b8b8b8")
+  ) +
+  annotate(
+    "text",
+    x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 01:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    y = 12000,
+    label = "Water Turbine",
+    color = "#000000",
+    size = rel(2.5),
+    fontface = "bold",
+    hjust = 0.5,
+    lineheight = 0.8
+  ) +
+  annotate(
+    "text",
+    x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 06:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    y = 11000,
+    label = "Gas Power Plants",
+    color = "#000000",
+    size = rel(2.5),
+    fontface = "bold",
+    hjust = 0.5,
+    lineheight = 0.8
+  ) +
+  annotate(
+    "text",
+    x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 12:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    y = 10000,
+    label = "Nuclear",
+    color = "#000000",
+    size = rel(2.5),
+    fontface = "bold",
+    hjust = 0.5,
+    lineheight = 0.8
+  ) +
+  annotate(
+    "text",
+    x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 15:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    y = 3000,
+    label = "Combined Heat \nand Power",
+    color = "#000000",
+    size = rel(2.5),
+    fontface = "bold",
+    hjust = 0.5,
+    lineheight = 0.8
+  ) +
+  annotate(
+    "text",
+    x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 18:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    y = 8000,
+    label = "Coal",
+    color = "#000000",
+    size = rel(2.5),
+    fontface = "bold",
+    hjust = 0.5,
+    lineheight = 0.8
+  ) +
+  annotate(
+    "text",
+    x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 20:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    y = 10000,
+    label = "Gas Turbine",
+    color = "#000000",
+    size = rel(2.5),
+    fontface = "bold",
+    hjust = 0.5,
+    lineheight = 0.8
+  ) +
+  annotate(
+    "text",
+    x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 23:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    y = 12000,
+    label = "Steam Turbine",
+    color = "#000000",
+    size = rel(2.5),
+    fontface = "bold",
+    hjust = 0.5,
+    lineheight = 0.8
+  ) +
+  # water turbine
+  annotate(
+    "segment",
+    x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 01:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    xend = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 01:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    y = 11500,
+    yend = 9000,
+    color = "black",
+    linewidth = 0.2
+  ) +
+  # gas power plants
+  annotate(
+    "segment",
+    x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 06:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    xend = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 06:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    y = 10500,
+    yend = 5000,
+    color = "black",
+    linewidth = 0.2
+  ) +
+  # nuclear
+  annotate(
+    "segment",
+    x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 12:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    xend = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 12:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    y = 9500,
+    yend = 2000,
+    color = "black",
+    linewidth = 0.2
+  ) +
+  # combined heat and power
+  annotate(
+    "segment",
+    x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 15:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    xend = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 15:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    y = 400,
+    yend = 2500,
+    color = "black",
+    linewidth = 0.2
+  ) +
+  # coal
+  annotate(
+    "segment",
+    x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 18:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    xend = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 18:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    y = 7500,
+    yend = 200,
+    color = "black",
+    linewidth = 0.2
+  ) +
+  # gas turbine
+  annotate(
+    "segment",
+    x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 20:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    xend = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 20:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    y = 9500,
+    yend = 200,
+    color = "black",
+    linewidth = 0.2
+  ) +
+  # steam turbine
+  annotate(
+    "segment",
+    x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 23:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    xend = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 23:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    y = 11500,
+    yend = 100,
+    color = "black",
+    linewidth = 0.2
+  )
+non_renewable
    +
    +

    +
    +

    Stored Energy Plot

    +
    +
    +
    # --------
+# Stored_Energy Plot
+# --------
+stored_energy <- 
+  # data
+  ggplot() +
+  # area lines 
+  geom_area(
+    data = stored_energy_data, 
+    aes(
+      x = Hora,
+      y = Rating,
+      fill = Type),
+    lwd = 0) + # line width
+  coord_cartesian(clip = "off") +
+  # remove legend
+  guides(fill = "none") +
+  # remove labels for scales
+  labs(x = NULL,
+       y = NULL,
+       title = "Stored Energy") +
+  # sets x scale
+  scale_x_datetime(
+    breaks = seq(
+      from = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 00:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+      to   = as.POSIXct("2025-04-29 00:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+      by   = "2 hours"
+    ),
+    labels = function(x) format(x, "%H:%M"),
+    limits = c(
+      as.POSIXct("2025-04-27 23:45", tz="Europe/Madrid"),
+      as.POSIXct("2025-04-29 00:30", tz="Europe/Madrid")
+    ),
+    expand = c(0, 0)
+  ) +  
+  # colors
+  scale_fill_manual(values = c(
+    Turbinación.bombeo = "#595959",
+    Entrega.de.baterías = "#000000")
+  ) +
+  theme(
+    # removes background grey
+    panel.background = 
+      element_rect(fill = "white"),
+    # changes line color
+    panel.grid.major.y = 
+      element_line(color = "#d6d6d6", linewidth = 0.2),
+    # remove axis tick y
+    axis.ticks.y =
+      element_line(color = "#ffffff"),
+    # changes axis tick color
+    axis.ticks.x = 
+      element_line(color = "#b8b8b8", linewidth = 0.1),
+    # changes axis length
+    axis.ticks.length = 
+      unit(.3, "cm"),
+    # changes axis line
+    axis.line = 
+      element_line(color = "#b8b8b8", linewidth = 0.3),
+    # remove x grid
+    panel.grid.major.x = 
+      element_line(color = "#ffffff00"),
+    # set global font family
+    text = 
+      element_text(family = "roboto"),
+    # set title size and weight
+    plot.title = 
+      element_text(size = 14, face = "bold"),
+    plot.title.position = "plot",
+    # set x and y axis color
+    axis.text = 
+      element_text(color = "#b8b8b8"),
+    axis.text.x =
+      element_text(face = "bold"),
+    # set caption color
+    plot.caption = 
+      element_text(color = "#b8b8b8")
+  ) +
+  annotate(
+    "text",
+    x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 7:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    y = 2300,
+    label = "Pumped-Hydro Generation",
+    color = "#000000",
+    size = rel(2.5),
+    fontface = "bold",
+    hjust = 0.5,
+    lineheight = 0.8
+  ) +
+  annotate(
+    "segment",
+    x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 7:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    xend = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 7:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    y = 2250,
+    yend = 600,
+    color = "black",
+    linewidth = 0.2
+  ) +
+  annotate(
+    "text",
+    x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 14:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    y = 1900,
+    label = "Battery Discharge",
+    color = "#000000",
+    size = rel(2.5),
+    fontface = "bold",
+    hjust = 0.5,
+    lineheight = 0.8
+  ) +
+  annotate(
+    "segment",
+    x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 14:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    xend = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 14:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    y = 1850,
+    yend = 0,
+    color = "black",
+    linewidth = 0.2
+  )
+stored_energy
    +
    +

    +
    +

    Imported Energy

    +
    +
    +
    # --------
+# Imported_Energy Plot
+# --------
+imported_energy <- 
+  # data
+  ggplot() +
+  # area lines 
+  geom_area(
+    data = imported_energy_data, 
+    aes(
+      x = Hora,
+      y = Rating,
+      fill = Type),
+    lwd = 0) + # line width
+  coord_cartesian(clip = "off") +
+  # remove legend
+  guides(fill = "none") +
+  # remove labels for scales
+  labs(x = NULL,
+       y = NULL,
+       title = "Imported Energy") +
+  # sets x scale
+  scale_x_datetime(
+    breaks = seq(
+      from = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 00:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+      to   = as.POSIXct("2025-04-29 00:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+      by   = "2 hours"
+    ),
+    labels = function(x) format(x, "%H:%M"),
+    limits = c(
+      as.POSIXct("2025-04-27 23:45", tz="Europe/Madrid"),
+      as.POSIXct("2025-04-29 00:30", tz="Europe/Madrid")
+    ),
+    expand = c(0, 0)
+  ) +  
+  # colors
+  scale_fill_manual(values = c(
+    Portugal = "#741b47",
+    Francia = "#90496c",
+    Andorra = "#ac7691",
+    Marruecos = "#c7a4b5")
+  ) +
+  theme(
+    # removes background grey
+    panel.background = 
+      element_rect(fill = "white"),
+    # changes line color
+    panel.grid.major.y = 
+      element_line(color = "#d6d6d6", linewidth = 0.2),
+    # remove axis tick y
+    axis.ticks.y =
+      element_line(color = "#ffffff"),
+    # changes axis tick color
+    axis.ticks.x = 
+      element_line(color = "#b8b8b8", linewidth = 0.1),
+    # changes axis length
+    axis.ticks.length = 
+      unit(.3, "cm"),
+    # changes axis line
+    axis.line = 
+      element_line(color = "#b8b8b8", linewidth = 0.3),
+    # remove x grid
+    panel.grid.major.x = 
+      element_line(color = "#ffffff00"),
+    # set global font family
+    text = 
+      element_text(family = "roboto"),
+    # set title size and weight
+    plot.title = 
+      element_text(size = 14, face = "bold"),
+    plot.title.position = "plot",
+    # set x and y axis color
+    axis.text = 
+      element_text(color = "#b8b8b8"),
+    axis.text.x =
+      element_text(face = "bold"),
+    # set caption color
+    plot.caption = 
+      element_text(color = "#b8b8b8")
+  ) +
+  annotate(
+    "text",
+    x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 13:30", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    y = -3000,
+    label = "Portugal",
+    color = "#000000",
+    size = rel(2.5),
+    fontface = "bold",
+    hjust = 0,
+    lineheight = 0.8
+  ) +
+  annotate(
+    "text",
+    x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 13:30", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    y = -1750,
+    label = "France",
+    color = "#000000",
+    size = rel(2.5),
+    fontface = "bold",
+    hjust = 0,
+    lineheight = 0.8
+  ) +
+  annotate(
+    "text",
+    x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 12:45", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    y = 1000,
+    label = "Andorra",
+    color = "#000000",
+    size = rel(2.5),
+    fontface = "bold",
+    hjust = 0.5,
+    lineheight = 0.8
+  ) +
+  annotate(
+    "text",
+    x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 13:30", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    y = -500,
+    label = "Morocco",
+    color = "#000000",
+    size = rel(2.5),
+    fontface = "bold",
+    hjust = 0,
+    lineheight = 0.8
+  ) +
+  # Portugal
+  annotate(
+    "segment",
+    x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 12:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    xend = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 13:15", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    y = -3000,
+    yend = -3000,
+    color = "black",
+    linewidth = 0.2
+  ) +
+  # France
+  annotate(
+    "segment",
+    x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 11:30", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    xend = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 13:15", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    y = -1750,
+    yend = -1750,
+    color = "black",
+    linewidth = 0.2
+  )  +
+  # Andorra
+  annotate(
+    "segment",
+    x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 12:45", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    xend = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 12:45", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    y = 0,
+    yend = 900,
+    color = "black",
+    linewidth = 0.2
+  ) +
+  # Morocco
+  annotate(
+    "segment",
+    x = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 12:00", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    xend = as.POSIXct("2025-04-28 13:15", tz = "Europe/Madrid"),
+    y = -500,
+    yend = -500,
+    color = "black",
+    linewidth = 0.2
+  )
+imported_energy
    +
    +

    +
    +

    Combining the Plots

    +

    In the original, there was only one ggplot needed to reconstruct the graph. This new version has four graphs laid out with a title across the top. Patchwork was utilized to combine the graphs.

    +
    +
    +
    siderail <- renewable / non_renewable / imported_energy / stored_energy
+siderail
    +
    +

    +
    +
    +
    +
    improved <- combined + siderail +
+    plot_layout(ncol = 2, widths = c(2,1)) +
+  plot_annotation(
+    title = str_wrap("Energy Production during the April 28th Blackout in Spain", width = 39), 
+  theme = theme(
+    plot.title = element_text(
+      family = "roboto",
+      size = rel(2),
+      face = "bold",
+      hjust = 0
+    )))
+improved
    +
    +

    +
    +
    + + +
    + +
    +
    + + + + + +
    +

    Reuse

    +

    Text and figures are licensed under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY 4.0. The figures that have been reused from other sources don't fall under this license and can be recognized by a note in their caption: "Figure from ...".

    +

    Citation

    +

    For attribution, please cite this work as

    + 
    Shuler (2025, Dec. 11). Data Visualization | MSc CSS: Nation-Wide Blackout in Spain. Retrieved from https://csslab.uc3m.es/dataviz/projects/2025/100575891/
    +

    BibTeX citation

    + 
    @misc{shuler2025nation-wide,
+  author = {Shuler, Amelia},
+  title = {Data Visualization | MSc CSS: Nation-Wide Blackout in Spain},
+  url = {https://csslab.uc3m.es/dataviz/projects/2025/100575891/},
+  year = {2025}
+}
    +
    + + + +
    +

    +
    + + + + + + + diff --git a/projects/projects.json b/projects/projects.json index 91848d32..0bc54007 100644 --- a/projects/projects.json +++ b/projects/projects.json @@ -1,4 +1,25 @@ [ + { + "path": "projects/2025/100575891/", + "title": "Nation-Wide Blackout in Spain", + "description": "Tracking the generation and storage of energy in Spain April 28th, 2025.", + "author": [ + { + "name": "Amelia Shuler", + "url": {} + } + ], + "date": "2025-12-11", + "categories": [ + "2025" + ], + "contents": "\nIntroduction\nOn April 28th, 2025 starting at 12:33 CEST (local time), Spain, parts of Portugal, and parts of France suffered complete shutdown of the electricity grid which lasted roughly ten hours. Trains ceased to run, radio and cellular signals shut down, shops returned to a cash-based system, and Spain’s nuclear power plants were taken off the grid automatically. The BBC estimates that the blackout caused a €1.6 billion hit to the economy.\nHours after the collapse, constituents demanded answers and looked to Spain’s sole Transmission System Operator (TSO), Red Eléctrica. The company is responsible for transmitting, organizing, and securing electrical supply to all of mainland Spain and the islands. On April 28th and the following days, there was a frenzy of press conferences, news announcements, and statements from Red Eléctrica to answer the question: how did this happen?\nRed Eléctrica has publicly available generation data that tracks types of generation and storage. The Europa Press quickly used this data to create graphics hoping to provide context to the blackout. On April 29th, they published an area graph of generation and storage of energy in Spain during the blackout.\nOriginal Graph\nOriginal chart. Source: https://www.europapress.es/economia/noticia-graficos-asi-desplomo-energia-electrica-apagon-20250429111043.htmlThere are some obvious issues with this graph: it’s density of information makes it difficult to read and comprehend. With 15 types of energy and storage being tracked, along with marking the blackout time and line of real demand, there is a lot of information here that is missing context.\nHowever, there are larger issues when the graph is studied in more detail. As seen later on, the data is manipulated (without disclosure). The lines pointing to “Turbinación bombeo” and “Consumo bombeo” do not align with their labels. There are a number of areas without labels, such as the light green part in the upper left hand corner. All of these leave much room for improvement, which will be seen after the recreation.\nLibraries\nTidyverse cleaned and modified the data.\nLubridate handled the x axis which was date-time.\nGGplot2 provided the graphics.\nScales allows some styling of the scales.\nPatchwork is relevant for the improvement, as it allows graphs to be plotted side-by-side.\nGrid plots custom annotations outside the plot area.\n\n\nlibrary(tidyverse)\nlibrary(lubridate)\nlibrary(ggplot2)\nlibrary(scales)\nlibrary(patchwork)\nlibrary(grid)\n\n\nData\nData Access\nAs mentioned before, Red Eléctrica offers access to their historical generation and storage data as convenient .csv files. While most of the data is contained in “Estructura de generación”, “Estructura de almacenamiento” provided turbinación bombeo, consumo bombeo, entrega de baterías, and carga de baterías. “Seguimiento de la demanda de energía eléctria” provided the data for the “real demand” line.\n\n\ngeneracion <- read.csv(file = \"100575891_files/data/Custom-Report-2025-04-28-Estructura de generación (MW).csv\")\nalmacenamiento <- read.csv(file = \"100575891_files/data/Custom-Report-2025-04-28-Estructura de almacenamiento (MW).csv\")\ndemanda <- read.csv(file = \"100575891_files/data/Custom-Report-2025-04-28-Seguimiento de la demanda de energía eléctrica (MW).csv\")\n\n\nIssues with the Data Used in the Graph\nWhen looking at the original graph and the replicated graph, it is clear the data is not the same.\nOriginal Graph\nReplicated Graph\n\n\nThe left half of the graph, the data before the blackout, is nearly identical between the original graph and the replicated graph. The right half of the graph, after the blackout, is starkly different. The prevailing theory is that the data was manipulated in the original graph in order to better distinguish the labeling. In the replicated graph, some areas are too small to properly label. However, the original graph makes no indication of this change in the graph or in the accompanying webpage. It also lists the x axis as the same time frames, and the y axis as the same scales. Since replicating the modification would be a game of trial and error - not to mention unethical - it was excluded from the replication. The replicated graph uses the original, unedited data gathered from Red Eléctrica.\nData Cleanup\nThe original graph uses a subset of variables from the generation and demand data sets. These datasets were also combined into one using “Hora” or hour.\n\n\n# --------\n# Remove Unnecessary Columns\n# --------\n\ngeneracion <- generacion |>\n select(\n Hora,\n Marruecos.importación,\n Portugal.importación,\n Francia.importación,\n Térmica.renovable,\n Solar.térmica,\n Solar.fotovoltaica,\n Eólica,\n Cogeneración.y.residuos,\n Turbina.de.gas,\n Motores.diésel,\n Turbina.de.vapor,\n Ciclo.combinado,\n Carbón,\n Nuclear,\n Hidráulica,\n Francia.exportación,\n Marruecos.exportación,\n Portugal.exportación,\n Andorra.exportación)\ndemanda <- demanda |>\n select(Hora, Real)\n\n# --------\n# Combining Data\n# --------\n\nfull_data <- generacion |>\n full_join(almacenamiento, by = \"Hora\")\n\n# --------\n# Pivot Longer\n# --------\n\nfull_data <- full_data |>\n pivot_longer(\n cols = c(\n Marruecos.importación,\n Portugal.importación,\n Francia.importación,\n Térmica.renovable,\n Solar.térmica,\n Solar.fotovoltaica,\n Eólica,\n Cogeneración.y.residuos,\n Turbina.de.gas,\n Motores.diésel,\n Turbina.de.vapor,\n Ciclo.combinado,\n Carbón,\n Nuclear,\n Turbinación.bombeo,\n Entrega.de.baterías,\n Hidráulica,\n Carga.de.baterías,\n Consumo.bombeo,\n Francia.exportación,\n Marruecos.exportación,\n Portugal.exportación,\n Andorra.exportación),\n names_to = \"Type\",\n values_to = \"Rating\")\n\n# --------\n# Filter Data\n# --------\n\nfull_data <- full_data |>\n filter(Hora >= as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-27 22:45\", tz = \"Europe/Madrid\") &\n Hora <= as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-29 01:15\", tz = \"Europe/Madrid\"))\n\ndemanda <- demanda |>\n filter(Hora >= as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-27 22:45\", tz = \"Europe/Madrid\") &\n Hora <= as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-29 01:15\", tz = \"Europe/Madrid\"))\n\n\nThe variable “Type” was set as a factor to properly order the areas as they appear in the graph. “Rating” was ensured to be numeric for the y graph, and “Hora” was set to a date-time variable with as.POSIXct().\n\n\n# --------\n# Set Type as Factor\n# --------\n\nfull_data$Type <- factor(full_data$Type, ordered = FALSE)\nfull_data <- full_data |>\n mutate(\n Type = fct_relevel(Type,\n \"Marruecos.importación\",\n \"Portugal.importación\",\n \"Francia.importación\",\n \"Térmica.renovable\",\n \"Solar.térmica\",\n \"Solar.fotovoltaica\",\n \"Eólica\",\n \"Hidráulica\",\n \"Cogeneración.y.residuos\",\n \"Ciclo.combinado\",\n \"Carbón\",\n \"Nuclear\",\n \"Turbinación.bombeo\",\n \"Turbina.de.gas\",\n \"Motores.diésel\",\n \"Turbina.de.vapor\",\n \"Entrega.de.baterías\",\n \"Carga.de.baterías\",\n \"Andorra.exportación\",\n \"Marruecos.exportación\",\n \"Portugal.exportación\",\n \"Francia.exportación\",\n \"Consumo.bombeo\"\n )\n )\n\n# --------\n# Set Rating as Numeric\n# --------\n\nfull_data$Rating <- as.numeric(full_data$Rating)\n\n# --------\n# Set Real as Numeric\n# --------\n\ndemanda$Real <- as.numeric(demanda$Real)\n\n# --------\n# Set Hora as Date\n# --------\n\nfull_data <- full_data |>\n mutate(\n Hora = as.POSIXct(Hora, format = \"%Y-%m-%d %H:%M\", tz = \"Europe/Madrid\")\n )\ndemanda <- demanda |>\n mutate(\n Hora = as.POSIXct(Hora, format = \"%Y-%m-%d %H:%M\", tz = \"Europe/Madrid\")\n )\n\n\nIn the end, full_data represents the energy production and storage. It consists of three variables:\nHora <- The date and time of the reading\nType <- The type of energy being generated.\nRating <- The rating of the type of energy.\n“Demanda” has the date and time of the energy demand, and the variable “real” represents the real demand for energy in megawatts.\n\n\nfull_data\n\n# A tibble: 7,337 × 3\n Hora Type Rating\n \n 1 2025-04-27 22:45:00 Marruecos.importación 0\n 2 2025-04-27 22:45:00 Portugal.importación 1977\n 3 2025-04-27 22:45:00 Francia.importación 0\n 4 2025-04-27 22:45:00 Térmica.renovable 507\n 5 2025-04-27 22:45:00 Solar.térmica 657\n 6 2025-04-27 22:45:00 Solar.fotovoltaica 126\n 7 2025-04-27 22:45:00 Eólica 7182\n 8 2025-04-27 22:45:00 Cogeneración.y.residuos 1672\n 9 2025-04-27 22:45:00 Turbina.de.gas 102\n10 2025-04-27 22:45:00 Motores.diésel 347\n# ℹ 7,327 more rows\n\ndemanda\n\n Hora Real\n1 2025-04-27 22:45:00 27020\n2 2025-04-27 22:50:00 26895\n3 2025-04-27 22:55:00 26504\n4 2025-04-27 23:00:00 26404\n5 2025-04-27 23:05:00 26009\n6 2025-04-27 23:10:00 25700\n7 2025-04-27 23:15:00 25402\n8 2025-04-27 23:20:00 25400\n9 2025-04-27 23:25:00 25315\n10 2025-04-27 23:30:00 25256\n11 2025-04-27 23:35:00 24796\n12 2025-04-27 23:40:00 24708\n13 2025-04-27 23:45:00 24372\n14 2025-04-27 23:50:00 24133\n15 2025-04-27 23:55:00 23976\n16 2025-04-28 00:00:00 23921\n17 2025-04-28 00:05:00 23694\n18 2025-04-28 00:10:00 23620\n19 2025-04-28 00:15:00 23485\n20 2025-04-28 00:20:00 23618\n21 2025-04-28 00:25:00 23569\n22 2025-04-28 00:30:00 23456\n23 2025-04-28 00:35:00 23324\n24 2025-04-28 00:40:00 22976\n25 2025-04-28 00:45:00 22614\n26 2025-04-28 00:50:00 22613\n27 2025-04-28 00:55:00 22655\n28 2025-04-28 01:00:00 22606\n29 2025-04-28 01:05:00 22634\n30 2025-04-28 01:10:00 22374\n31 2025-04-28 01:15:00 22312\n32 2025-04-28 01:20:00 22330\n33 2025-04-28 01:25:00 22532\n34 2025-04-28 01:30:00 22182\n35 2025-04-28 01:35:00 22114\n36 2025-04-28 01:40:00 21857\n37 2025-04-28 01:45:00 21814\n38 2025-04-28 01:50:00 21699\n39 2025-04-28 01:55:00 21779\n40 2025-04-28 02:00:00 21741\n41 2025-04-28 02:05:00 21464\n42 2025-04-28 02:10:00 21455\n43 2025-04-28 02:15:00 21220\n44 2025-04-28 02:20:00 21303\n45 2025-04-28 02:25:00 21420\n46 2025-04-28 02:30:00 21311\n47 2025-04-28 02:35:00 21160\n48 2025-04-28 02:40:00 20942\n49 2025-04-28 02:45:00 21066\n50 2025-04-28 02:50:00 20928\n51 2025-04-28 02:55:00 21202\n52 2025-04-28 03:00:00 21014\n53 2025-04-28 03:05:00 20900\n54 2025-04-28 03:10:00 20944\n55 2025-04-28 03:15:00 20910\n56 2025-04-28 03:20:00 20830\n57 2025-04-28 03:25:00 20792\n58 2025-04-28 03:30:00 20909\n59 2025-04-28 03:35:00 20789\n60 2025-04-28 03:40:00 20810\n61 2025-04-28 03:45:00 20641\n62 2025-04-28 03:50:00 20629\n63 2025-04-28 03:55:00 20690\n64 2025-04-28 04:00:00 20729\n65 2025-04-28 04:05:00 20576\n66 2025-04-28 04:10:00 20646\n67 2025-04-28 04:15:00 20956\n68 2025-04-28 04:20:00 21009\n69 2025-04-28 04:25:00 20840\n70 2025-04-28 04:30:00 20855\n71 2025-04-28 04:35:00 20895\n72 2025-04-28 04:40:00 20777\n73 2025-04-28 04:45:00 20723\n74 2025-04-28 04:50:00 20666\n75 2025-04-28 04:55:00 20799\n76 2025-04-28 05:00:00 20984\n77 2025-04-28 05:05:00 21240\n78 2025-04-28 05:10:00 21354\n79 2025-04-28 05:15:00 21319\n80 2025-04-28 05:20:00 21394\n81 2025-04-28 05:25:00 21532\n82 2025-04-28 05:30:00 21797\n83 2025-04-28 05:35:00 21610\n84 2025-04-28 05:40:00 21631\n85 2025-04-28 05:45:00 21949\n86 2025-04-28 05:50:00 21958\n87 2025-04-28 05:55:00 22436\n88 2025-04-28 06:00:00 22581\n89 2025-04-28 06:05:00 23163\n90 2025-04-28 06:10:00 23577\n91 2025-04-28 06:15:00 23908\n92 2025-04-28 06:20:00 24117\n93 2025-04-28 06:25:00 24256\n94 2025-04-28 06:30:00 24411\n95 2025-04-28 06:35:00 24781\n96 2025-04-28 06:40:00 25091\n97 2025-04-28 06:45:00 25177\n98 2025-04-28 06:50:00 25461\n99 2025-04-28 06:55:00 25621\n100 2025-04-28 07:00:00 26125\n101 2025-04-28 07:05:00 26615\n102 2025-04-28 07:10:00 26939\n103 2025-04-28 07:15:00 27247\n104 2025-04-28 07:20:00 27316\n105 2025-04-28 07:25:00 27557\n106 2025-04-28 07:30:00 27717\n107 2025-04-28 07:35:00 27830\n108 2025-04-28 07:40:00 27865\n109 2025-04-28 07:45:00 28136\n110 2025-04-28 07:50:00 28293\n111 2025-04-28 07:55:00 28515\n112 2025-04-28 08:00:00 28551\n113 2025-04-28 08:05:00 28736\n114 2025-04-28 08:10:00 29136\n115 2025-04-28 08:15:00 29182\n116 2025-04-28 08:20:00 29169\n117 2025-04-28 08:25:00 29325\n118 2025-04-28 08:30:00 29255\n119 2025-04-28 08:35:00 29062\n120 2025-04-28 08:40:00 29003\n121 2025-04-28 08:45:00 28898\n122 2025-04-28 08:50:00 28963\n123 2025-04-28 08:55:00 28897\n124 2025-04-28 09:00:00 28913\n125 2025-04-28 09:05:00 28770\n126 2025-04-28 09:10:00 28758\n127 2025-04-28 09:15:00 28854\n128 2025-04-28 09:20:00 28883\n129 2025-04-28 09:25:00 28483\n130 2025-04-28 09:30:00 28615\n131 2025-04-28 09:35:00 28571\n132 2025-04-28 09:40:00 28456\n133 2025-04-28 09:45:00 28579\n134 2025-04-28 09:50:00 28300\n135 2025-04-28 09:55:00 28477\n136 2025-04-28 10:00:00 28146\n137 2025-04-28 10:05:00 28119\n138 2025-04-28 10:10:00 28189\n139 2025-04-28 10:15:00 27949\n140 2025-04-28 10:20:00 27773\n141 2025-04-28 10:25:00 27763\n142 2025-04-28 10:30:00 27639\n143 2025-04-28 10:35:00 27843\n144 2025-04-28 10:40:00 27911\n145 2025-04-28 10:45:00 27704\n146 2025-04-28 10:50:00 27576\n147 2025-04-28 10:55:00 27177\n148 2025-04-28 11:00:00 26992\n149 2025-04-28 11:05:00 27560\n150 2025-04-28 11:10:00 28158\n151 2025-04-28 11:15:00 27634\n152 2025-04-28 11:20:00 27158\n153 2025-04-28 11:25:00 27077\n154 2025-04-28 11:30:00 27153\n155 2025-04-28 11:35:00 26890\n156 2025-04-28 11:40:00 26983\n157 2025-04-28 11:45:00 26968\n158 2025-04-28 11:50:00 26803\n159 2025-04-28 11:55:00 26458\n160 2025-04-28 12:00:00 26503\n161 2025-04-28 12:05:00 26408\n162 2025-04-28 12:10:00 27150\n163 2025-04-28 12:15:00 26892\n164 2025-04-28 12:20:00 26898\n165 2025-04-28 12:25:00 27075\n166 2025-04-28 12:30:00 26968\n167 2025-04-28 12:35:00 1785\n168 2025-04-28 12:40:00 1778\n169 2025-04-28 12:45:00 1771\n170 2025-04-28 12:50:00 1771\n171 2025-04-28 12:55:00 1769\n172 2025-04-28 13:00:00 1791\n173 2025-04-28 13:05:00 1807\n174 2025-04-28 13:10:00 1984\n175 2025-04-28 13:15:00 2012\n176 2025-04-28 13:20:00 2034\n177 2025-04-28 13:25:00 2027\n178 2025-04-28 13:30:00 2089\n179 2025-04-28 13:35:00 2156\n180 2025-04-28 13:40:00 2194\n181 2025-04-28 13:45:00 2307\n182 2025-04-28 13:50:00 2373\n183 2025-04-28 13:55:00 2434\n184 2025-04-28 14:00:00 2476\n185 2025-04-28 14:05:00 2499\n186 2025-04-28 14:10:00 2548\n187 2025-04-28 14:15:00 2641\n188 2025-04-28 14:20:00 2692\n189 2025-04-28 14:25:00 2738\n190 2025-04-28 14:30:00 2764\n191 2025-04-28 14:35:00 2775\n192 2025-04-28 14:40:00 2816\n193 2025-04-28 14:45:00 2886\n194 2025-04-28 14:50:00 2972\n195 2025-04-28 14:55:00 3053\n196 2025-04-28 15:00:00 3092\n197 2025-04-28 15:05:00 3217\n198 2025-04-28 15:10:00 3288\n199 2025-04-28 15:15:00 3331\n200 2025-04-28 15:20:00 3415\n201 2025-04-28 15:25:00 3498\n202 2025-04-28 15:30:00 3680\n203 2025-04-28 15:35:00 3791\n204 2025-04-28 15:40:00 3827\n205 2025-04-28 15:45:00 3924\n206 2025-04-28 15:50:00 4024\n207 2025-04-28 15:55:00 4151\n208 2025-04-28 16:00:00 4255\n209 2025-04-28 16:05:00 4253\n210 2025-04-28 16:10:00 4426\n211 2025-04-28 16:15:00 4445\n212 2025-04-28 16:20:00 4450\n213 2025-04-28 16:25:00 4499\n214 2025-04-28 16:30:00 4531\n215 2025-04-28 16:35:00 4650\n216 2025-04-28 16:40:00 4705\n217 2025-04-28 16:45:00 4794\n218 2025-04-28 16:50:00 4926\n219 2025-04-28 16:55:00 4963\n220 2025-04-28 17:00:00 5102\n221 2025-04-28 17:05:00 5233\n222 2025-04-28 17:10:00 5402\n223 2025-04-28 17:15:00 5523\n224 2025-04-28 17:20:00 5660\n225 2025-04-28 17:25:00 5908\n226 2025-04-28 17:30:00 6194\n227 2025-04-28 17:35:00 6421\n228 2025-04-28 17:40:00 6717\n229 2025-04-28 17:45:00 7068\n230 2025-04-28 17:50:00 7252\n231 2025-04-28 17:55:00 7550\n232 2025-04-28 18:00:00 7771\n233 2025-04-28 18:05:00 8231\n234 2025-04-28 18:10:00 8371\n235 2025-04-28 18:15:00 8525\n236 2025-04-28 18:20:00 8620\n237 2025-04-28 18:25:00 8741\n238 2025-04-28 18:30:00 8955\n239 2025-04-28 18:35:00 8898\n240 2025-04-28 18:40:00 8882\n241 2025-04-28 18:45:00 9244\n242 2025-04-28 18:50:00 9427\n243 2025-04-28 18:55:00 9563\n244 2025-04-28 19:00:00 9899\n245 2025-04-28 19:05:00 10042\n246 2025-04-28 19:10:00 10187\n247 2025-04-28 19:15:00 10366\n248 2025-04-28 19:20:00 10466\n249 2025-04-28 19:25:00 10554\n250 2025-04-28 19:30:00 10694\n251 2025-04-28 19:35:00 10790\n252 2025-04-28 19:40:00 10895\n253 2025-04-28 19:45:00 10946\n254 2025-04-28 19:50:00 10973\n255 2025-04-28 19:55:00 11122\n256 2025-04-28 20:00:00 11496\n257 2025-04-28 20:05:00 11790\n258 2025-04-28 20:10:00 12119\n259 2025-04-28 20:15:00 12336\n260 2025-04-28 20:20:00 12501\n261 2025-04-28 20:25:00 12778\n262 2025-04-28 20:30:00 13048\n263 2025-04-28 20:35:00 13307\n264 2025-04-28 20:40:00 13721\n265 2025-04-28 20:45:00 14263\n266 2025-04-28 20:50:00 14727\n267 2025-04-28 20:55:00 15054\n268 2025-04-28 21:00:00 15298\n269 2025-04-28 21:05:00 15450\n270 2025-04-28 21:10:00 15437\n271 2025-04-28 21:15:00 15413\n272 2025-04-28 21:20:00 15348\n273 2025-04-28 21:25:00 15319\n274 2025-04-28 21:30:00 15336\n275 2025-04-28 21:35:00 15460\n276 2025-04-28 21:40:00 15541\n277 2025-04-28 21:45:00 15720\n278 2025-04-28 21:50:00 15895\n279 2025-04-28 21:55:00 16009\n280 2025-04-28 22:00:00 16167\n281 2025-04-28 22:05:00 16383\n282 2025-04-28 22:10:00 16400\n283 2025-04-28 22:15:00 16648\n284 2025-04-28 22:20:00 16900\n285 2025-04-28 22:25:00 16873\n286 2025-04-28 22:30:00 16737\n287 2025-04-28 22:35:00 16695\n288 2025-04-28 22:40:00 16727\n289 2025-04-28 22:45:00 16557\n290 2025-04-28 22:50:00 16606\n291 2025-04-28 22:55:00 16632\n292 2025-04-28 23:00:00 16657\n293 2025-04-28 23:05:00 16614\n294 2025-04-28 23:10:00 16777\n295 2025-04-28 23:15:00 16928\n296 2025-04-28 23:20:00 16920\n297 2025-04-28 23:25:00 16825\n298 2025-04-28 23:30:00 17022\n299 2025-04-28 23:35:00 16948\n300 2025-04-28 23:40:00 16912\n301 2025-04-28 23:45:00 17046\n302 2025-04-28 23:50:00 16924\n303 2025-04-28 23:55:00 17019\n304 2025-04-29 00:00:00 16858\n305 2025-04-29 00:05:00 16898\n306 2025-04-29 00:10:00 16813\n307 2025-04-29 00:15:00 16788\n308 2025-04-29 00:20:00 16775\n309 2025-04-29 00:25:00 16743\n310 2025-04-29 00:30:00 16665\n311 2025-04-29 00:35:00 16602\n312 2025-04-29 00:40:00 16582\n313 2025-04-29 00:45:00 16557\n314 2025-04-29 00:50:00 16685\n315 2025-04-29 00:55:00 16406\n316 2025-04-29 01:00:00 16411\n317 2025-04-29 01:05:00 16461\n318 2025-04-29 01:10:00 16452\n319 2025-04-29 01:15:00 16326\n\nCreating the Plot\nFonts\nThe original fonts in the graph were Avenir Next. However, due to licensing and copyright, it was replaced with Roboto from Google fonts which has open licensing.\n\n\nsysfonts::font_add_google(\"Roboto\", family=\"roboto\")\nshowtext::showtext_auto()\n\n\nGeom Area\nGGplot was used to set the x axis as time, the y axis as Rating (in Megawatts), and fill to Type. The lines were colored to white to match the original graph.\n\n\nfinal <- ggplot() +\n # area lines\n geom_area(\n data = full_data,\n aes(\n x = Hora,\n y = Rating,\n fill = Type),\n color = \"white\", # line color\n lwd = 0.1) # line width\nfinal\n\n\n\nScales\nColors were manually set using scale_fill_manual. The legend and labels for the scales were removed.\nThe limits for the y scale were set to -10,000 and 40,000 to match the graph. The separator for thousands, “,”, was changed to “.” to match the graph.\nThe x scale limits were set in date and time format. The division was also set to 2 hours to have the correct number of breaks. Finally, the formatting was set to only show the time.\n\n\nfinal <- final +\n # colors\n scale_fill_manual(values = c(\n Marruecos.importación = \"#d68888\",\n Portugal.importación = \"#91b086\",\n Francia.importación = \"#809ad3\",\n Térmica.renovable = \"#9e00ff\",\n Solar.térmica = \"#ff0400\",\n Solar.fotovoltaica = \"#e58401\",\n Eólica = \"#70b026\",\n Cogeneración.y.residuos = \"#d6a1d7\",\n Turbina.de.gas = \"#ab2822\",\n Motores.diésel = \"#92a59f\",\n Turbina.de.vapor = \"#aa8f2e\",\n Ciclo.combinado = \"#ffcc66\",\n Carbón = \"#ad5a32\",\n Nuclear = \"#474296\",\n Turbinación.bombeo = \"#007cf8\",\n Entrega.de.baterías = \"#2a6495\",\n Hidráulica = \"#018fd1\",\n Carga.de.baterías = \"#a3c0d8\",\n Consumo.bombeo = \"#3b68bd\",\n Francia.exportación = \"#0035a7\",\n Marruecos.exportación = \"#b91017\",\n Portugal.exportación = \"#006600\",\n Andorra.exportación = \"#211e83\")\n ) +\n # unhides annotations outside graph\n coord_cartesian(clip = \"off\") +\n # remove legend\n guides(fill = \"none\") +\n # remove labels for scales\n labs(x = NULL,\n y = NULL) +\n # adds . to y scale\n scale_y_continuous(\n labels = label_number(big.mark = \".\", decimal.mark = \",\"),\n breaks = c(-10000, 0, 10000, 20000, 30000, 40000),\n expand = expansion(mult = c(0.02, 0.10))\n ) +\n # sets x scale\n scale_x_datetime(\n timezone = \"Europe/Madrid\",\n breaks = seq(\n from = as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-28 00:00\", tz = \"Europe/Madrid\"),\n to = as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-29 00:00\", tz = \"Europe/Madrid\"),\n by = \"2 hours\"\n ),\n labels = function(x) format(x, \"%H:%M\"),\n expand = c(0,0)\n )\nfinal\n\n\n\nTheme\nThe theme removed the plot’s grid lines, changed the color of the axis, modified the tick length and color, and set a global default for the fonts. It also modified the padding in order to add space for the external annotations.\n\n\nfinal <- final +\n theme(\n # removes background grey\n panel.background =\n element_rect(fill = \"white\"),\n # changes line color\n panel.grid.major.y =\n element_line(color = \"#d6d6d6\", linewidth = 0.2),\n # remove axis tick y\n axis.ticks.y =\n element_line(color = \"#ffffff\"),\n # changes axis tick color\n axis.ticks.x =\n element_line(color = \"#b8b8b8\", linewidth = 0.1),\n # changes axis length\n axis.ticks.length =\n unit(.3, \"cm\"),\n # changes axis line\n axis.line =\n element_line(color = \"#b8b8b8\", linewidth = 0.3),\n # remove x grid\n panel.grid.major.x =\n element_line(color = \"#ffffff00\"),\n # set global font family\n text =\n element_text(family = \"roboto\"),\n # set title size and weight\n plot.title =\n element_text(size = 12,\n face = \"bold\",\n hjust = -0.2),\n plot.title.position = \"plot\",\n # set x and y axis color\n axis.text =\n element_text(color = \"#b8b8b8\"),\n axis.text.x =\n element_text(face = \"bold\"),\n # set caption color\n plot.caption =\n element_text(color = \"#b8b8b8\"),\n # padding of plot\n plot.margin = margin(20, # top\n 90, # right\n 45, # bottom\n 0 # left\n )\n )\nfinal\n\n\n\nInternal Annotations\nThe most difficult part of this graph were annotations set outside the plot of the graph. Four functions were attempted: annotate(), annotation_custom(), grid.text() and geom_text(). Annotate() worked well for annotations within the plot. However, it did not appear when the x and y values of the annotation were pushed beyond the limits of the plot. Annotation_custom() required the use of unit(value, NPC) as the x and y coordinate values. This meant that the text would respond to the preview panel size and not stay fixed to the graph.\nAnnotation Issues.It also was struggling to work with coord_cartesian(clip = \"off\") meaning it would not appear even with clipping was off. Grid.text() was working with coord_cartesian(clip = \"off\"), however it still required the use of unit(value, NPC), meaning it would respond with the browser size.\nFinally, geom_text() and geom_segment() were used to add lines and words outside of the plot. While this resulted in a file of 5.2 MB, it allowed the graph to annotations needed outside of the plot while maintaining the as.POSIXct x scale units.\nEach internal text annotation was given an x and y coordinate, a text color, a size, and a label. Each internal line annotation was given an x and y coordinate, an ending x and y coordinate, a line color of black, and a line width of 0.2.\n\n\nfinal <- final +\n # annotations\n # demanda real line\n geom_line(\n data = demanda,\n aes(x = Hora, y = Real),\n color = \"black\",\n linewidth = 0.3) +\n # title\n ggtitle(\"Estructura de generación y almacenamiento de energía en España durante el apagón\") +\n # apagón\n geom_segment(\n aes(\n x = as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-28 12:32\", tz = \"Europe/Madrid\"),\n xend = as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-28 12:32\", tz = \"Europe/Madrid\"),\n y = 35000,\n yend = -13000),\n linetype = \"dashed\",\n linewidth = 0.6\n ) +\n annotate(\n \"text\",\n x = as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-28 12:32\", tz = \"Europe/Madrid\"),\n y = 37000,\n label = \"Apagón\",\n color = \"black\",\n size = 3.7,\n fontface = \"bold\"\n ) +\n # demanda real\n annotate(\n \"text\",\n x = as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-28 17:45\", tz = \"Europe/Madrid\"),\n y = 20500,\n label = \"Demanda real\",\n color = \"black\",\n size = 3.7,\n fontface = \"bold\"\n ) +\n annotate(\n geom = \"curve\",\n x = as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-28 17:35\", tz = \"Europe/Madrid\"),\n xend = as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-28 19:35\", tz = \"Europe/Madrid\"),\n y = 19500,\n yend = 11500,\n color = \"black\",\n arrow = arrow(length = unit(0.15, \"cm\"), type=\"closed\"),\n linewidth = 0.2\n ) +\n annotate(\n geom = \"point\",\n x = as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-28 19:55\", tz = \"Europe/Madrid\"),\n y = 11250,\n color = \"black\",\n size = 1.5\n ) +\n # francia importacion\n annotate(\n \"text\",\n x = as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-28 15:20\", tz = \"Europe/Madrid\"),\n y = 14000,\n label = \"Francia \\nimportación\",\n color = \"#809ad3\",\n size = 2.7,\n fontface = \"bold\",\n hjust = 0.5,\n lineheight = 0.8\n ) +\n annotate(\n \"segment\",\n x = as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-28 15:35\", tz = \"Europe/Madrid\"),\n xend = as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-28 18:35\", tz = \"Europe/Madrid\"),\n y = 12000,\n yend = 8000,\n color = \"black\",\n linewidth = 0.2\n ) +\n # Marruecos importación\n annotate(\n \"text\",\n x = as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-28 22:00\", tz = \"Europe/Madrid\"),\n y = 22500,\n label = \"Marruecos \\nimportación\",\n color = \"#d68888\",\n size = 2.7,\n fontface = \"bold\",\n hjust = 0.5,\n lineheight = 0.8\n ) +\n annotate(\n \"segment\",\n x = as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-28 22:00\", tz = \"Europe/Madrid\"),\n xend = as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-28 21:00\", tz = \"Europe/Madrid\"),\n y = 21000,\n yend = 15000,\n color = \"black\",\n linewidth = 0.2\n ) +\n # francia exportacion\n annotate(\n \"text\",\n x = as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-28 02:15\", tz = \"Europe/Madrid\"),\n y = -8700,\n label = \"Francia \\nexportación\",\n color = \"#0035a7\",\n size = 2.7,\n fontface = \"bold\",\n hjust = 0.5,\n lineheight = 0.8\n ) +\n annotate(\n \"segment\",\n x = as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-28 02:15\", tz = \"Europe/Madrid\"),\n xend = as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-28 02:15\", tz = \"Europe/Madrid\"),\n y = -2000,\n yend = -7200,\n color = \"black\",\n linewidth = 0.2\n ) +\n # marruecos exportacion\n annotate(\n \"text\",\n x = as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-28 08:05\", tz = \"Europe/Madrid\"),\n y = -8000,\n label = \"Marruecos \\nexportación\",\n color = \"#b91017\",\n size = 2.7,\n fontface = \"bold\",\n hjust = 1,\n lineheight = 0.8\n ) +\n annotate(\n \"segment\",\n x = as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-28 08:15\", tz = \"Europe/Madrid\"),\n xend = as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-28 10:00\", tz = \"Europe/Madrid\"),\n y = -7000,\n yend = -5000,\n color = \"black\",\n linewidth = 0.2\n ) +\n # portugal exportacion\n annotate(\n \"text\",\n x = as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-28 11:15\", tz = \"Europe/Madrid\"),\n y = -11000,\n label = \"Portugal \\nexportación\",\n color = \"#006600\",\n size = 2.7,\n fontface = \"bold\",\n hjust = 1,\n lineheight = 0.8\n ) +\n annotate(\n \"segment\",\n x = as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-28 10:25\", tz = \"Europe/Madrid\"),\n xend = as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-28 10:35\", tz = \"Europe/Madrid\"),\n y = -9000,\n yend = -5000,\n color = \"black\",\n linewidth = 0.2\n ) +\n # turbinacion bombeo\n annotate(\n \"text\",\n x = as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-28 16:45\", tz = \"Europe/Madrid\"),\n y = -5000,\n label = \"Turbinación \\nbombeo\",\n color = \"#007cf8\",\n size = 2.7,\n fontface = \"bold\",\n hjust = 0.5,\n lineheight = 0.8\n ) +\n annotate(\n \"segment\",\n x = as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-28 19:45\", tz = \"Europe/Madrid\"),\n xend = as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-28 19:45\", tz = \"Europe/Madrid\"),\n y = -4000,\n yend = 1300,\n color = \"black\",\n linewidth = 0.2\n ) +\n # Consumo bombeo\n annotate(\n \"text\",\n x = as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-28 22:45\", tz = \"Europe/Madrid\"),\n y = -5000,\n label = \"Consumo \\nbombeo\",\n color = \"#007cf8\",\n size = 2.7,\n fontface = \"bold\",\n hjust = 0.5,\n lineheight = 0.8\n )\nfinal\n\n\n\nExternal Annotations\nEach external text annotation was removed of data, given an x and y coordinate, a text color, a size, label, font family, line height, and horizontal adjustment (to ensure proper alignment). While line height, size, and font family could’ve been combined into a global class, preliminary investigations did not yield a straightforward way to do this.\nEach external line annotation was an x and y coordinate, an ending x and y coordinate, and a line width. Again, line width could’ve been combined into a global class, but preliminary investigations proved unfruitful.\nFinally, the title was treated with ggtitle() instead of geom_text(). Initially, geom_text() was struggling to push the title so far out of the y axis, and ggtitle() was working better.\n\n\nfinal <- final +\n # termica renovable text\n annotation_custom(\n grob = textGrob(\n \"Térmica \\nrenovable\",\n hjust = 0,\n gp = gpar(\n col = \"#9e00ff\",\n fontsize = 8,\n family = \"roboto\",\n fontface = \"bold\",\n lineheight = 0.8)),\n xmin = as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-29 01:30\", tz = \"Europe/Madrid\"),\n xmax = as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-29 01:30\", tz = \"Europe/Madrid\"),\n ymin = 22500,\n ymax = 22500\n ) +\n # solar termica text\n annotation_custom(\n grob = textGrob(\n \"Solar \\ntérmica\",\n hjust = 0,\n gp = gpar(\n col = \"#ff0400\",\n fontsize = 8,\n family = \"roboto\",\n fontface = \"bold\",\n lineheight = 0.8)),\n xmin = as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-29 02:30\", tz = \"Europe/Madrid\"),\n xmax = as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-29 02:30\", tz = \"Europe/Madrid\"),\n ymin = 19000,\n ymax = 19000\n ) +\n # solar fotovoltaica text\n annotation_custom(\n grob = textGrob(\n \"Solar \\nfotovoltaica\",\n hjust = 0,\n gp = gpar(\n col = \"#e58401\",\n fontsize = 8,\n family = \"roboto\",\n fontface = \"bold\",\n lineheight = 0.8)),\n xmin = as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-29 02:30\", tz = \"Europe/Madrid\"),\n xmax = as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-29 02:30\", tz = \"Europe/Madrid\"),\n ymin = 16000,\n ymax = 16000\n ) +\n # eólica text\n annotation_custom(\n grob = textGrob(\n \"Eólica\",\n hjust = 0,\n gp = gpar(\n col = \"#70b026\",\n fontsize = 8,\n family = \"roboto\",\n fontface = \"bold\",\n lineheight = 0.8)),\n xmin = as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-29 02:30\", tz = \"Europe/Madrid\"),\n xmax = as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-29 02:30\", tz = \"Europe/Madrid\"),\n ymin = 13500,\n ymax = 13500\n ) +\n # hidráulica text\n annotation_custom(\n grob = textGrob(\n \"Hidráulica\",\n hjust = 0,\n gp = gpar(\n col = \"#018fd1\",\n fontsize = 8,\n family = \"roboto\",\n fontface = \"bold\",\n lineheight = 0.8)),\n xmin = as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-29 02:30\", tz = \"Europe/Madrid\"),\n xmax = as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-29 02:30\", tz = \"Europe/Madrid\"),\n ymin = 10500,\n ymax = 10500\n ) +\n # cogeneracion y residuos text\n annotation_custom(\n grob = textGrob(\n \"Cogeneración \\ny residuos\",\n hjust = 0,\n gp = gpar(\n col = \"#d6a1d7\",\n fontsize = 8,\n family = \"roboto\",\n fontface = \"bold\",\n lineheight = 0.8)),\n xmin = as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-29 02:30\", tz = \"Europe/Madrid\"),\n xmax = as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-29 02:30\", tz = \"Europe/Madrid\"),\n ymin = 8000,\n ymax = 8000\n ) +\n # Ciclo combinado text\n annotation_custom(\n grob = textGrob(\n \"Ciclo \\ncombinado\",\n hjust = 0,\n gp = gpar(\n col = \"#ab9559\",\n fontsize = 8,\n family = \"roboto\",\n fontface = \"bold\",\n lineheight = 0.8)),\n xmin = as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-29 02:30\", tz = \"Europe/Madrid\"),\n xmax = as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-29 02:30\", tz = \"Europe/Madrid\"),\n ymin = 0,\n ymax = 0\n ) +\n # caption text\n annotation_custom(\n grob = textGrob(\n \"Fuente: Red Elétrica - EpData 2025\",\n hjust = 1,\n gp = gpar(\n col = \"#b8b8b8\",\n fontsize = 8,\n family = \"roboto\",\n lineheight = 0.8)),\n xmin = as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-29 06:30\", tz = \"Europe/Madrid\"),\n xmax = as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-29 06:30\", tz = \"Europe/Madrid\"),\n ymin = -21500,\n ymax = -21500\n ) +\n # caption line\n annotation_custom(\n grob = linesGrob(\n x = unit(c(0,1), \"npc\"),\n y = unit(c(0.5,0.5), \"npc\"),\n gp = gpar(col = \"#e2e2e2\", lwd = 0.5)\n ),\n xmin = as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-27 20:00\", tz = \"Europe/Madrid\"),\n xmax = as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-29 06:30\", tz = \"Europe/Madrid\"),\n ymin = -20000,\n ymax = -20000\n ) +\n # title line\n annotation_custom(\n grob = linesGrob(\n x = unit(c(0,1), \"npc\"),\n y = unit(c(0.5,0.5), \"npc\"),\n gp = gpar(col = \"#000000\", lwd = 0.5)\n ),\n xmin = as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-27 19:45\", tz = \"Europe/Madrid\"),\n xmax = as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-29 06:30\", tz = \"Europe/Madrid\"),\n ymin = 42500,\n ymax = 42500\n ) +\n # consumo bombeo line\n annotation_custom(\n grob = linesGrob(\n x = unit(c(1,0), \"npc\"),\n y = unit(c(0,1), \"npc\"),\n gp = gpar(col = \"#000000\", lwd = 0.5)\n ),\n xmin = as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-29 01:15\", tz = \"Europe/Madrid\"),\n xmax = as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-29 01:30\", tz = \"Europe/Madrid\"),\n ymin = -4000,\n ymax = -200\n ) +\n # ciclo combinado line\n annotation_custom(\n grob = linesGrob(\n x = unit(c(1,0), \"npc\"),\n y = unit(c(0,1), \"npc\"),\n gp = gpar(col = \"#000000\", lwd = 0.5)\n ),\n xmin = as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-29 00:45\", tz = \"Europe/Madrid\"),\n xmax = as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-29 02:15\", tz = \"Europe/Madrid\"),\n ymin = 4000,\n ymax = 700\n ) +\n # cogeneracion y residuos line\n annotation_custom(\n grob = linesGrob(\n x = unit(c(1,0), \"npc\"),\n y = unit(c(0,1), \"npc\"),\n gp = gpar(col = \"#000000\", lwd = 0.5)\n ),\n xmin = as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-29 00:45\", tz = \"Europe/Madrid\"),\n xmax = as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-29 02:15\", tz = \"Europe/Madrid\"),\n ymin = 9900,\n ymax = 8900\n ) +\n # hidraulica line\n annotation_custom(\n grob = linesGrob(\n x = unit(c(1,0), \"npc\"),\n y = unit(c(0,1), \"npc\"),\n gp = gpar(col = \"#000000\", lwd = 0.5)\n ),\n xmin = as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-29 00:45\", tz = \"Europe/Madrid\"),\n xmax = as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-29 02:15\", tz = \"Europe/Madrid\"),\n ymin = 13000,\n ymax = 10500\n ) +\n # eolica line\n annotation_custom(\n grob = linesGrob(\n x = unit(c(1,0), \"npc\"),\n y = unit(c(0,1), \"npc\"),\n gp = gpar(col = \"#000000\", lwd = 0.5)\n ),\n xmin = as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-29 00:35\", tz = \"Europe/Madrid\"),\n xmax = as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-29 02:15\", tz = \"Europe/Madrid\"),\n ymin = 16500,\n ymax = 13500\n ) +\n # solar fotovoltaica line\n annotation_custom(\n grob = linesGrob(\n x = unit(c(1,0), \"npc\"),\n y = unit(c(0,1), \"npc\"),\n gp = gpar(col = \"#000000\", lwd = 0.5)\n ),\n xmin = as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-29 01:00\", tz = \"Europe/Madrid\"),\n xmax = as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-29 02:15\", tz = \"Europe/Madrid\"),\n ymin = 16500,\n ymax = 16000\n ) +\n # solar termica line\n annotation_custom(\n grob = linesGrob(\n x = unit(c(1,0), \"npc\"),\n y = unit(c(1,0), \"npc\"),\n gp = gpar(col = \"#000000\", lwd = 0.5)\n ),\n xmin = as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-29 01:00\", tz = \"Europe/Madrid\"),\n xmax = as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-29 02:15\", tz = \"Europe/Madrid\"),\n ymin = 16500,\n ymax = 19000\n ) +\n # solar termica renovable\n annotation_custom(\n grob = linesGrob(\n x = unit(c(1,0), \"npc\"),\n y = unit(c(1,0), \"npc\"),\n gp = gpar(col = \"#000000\", lwd = 0.5)\n ),\n xmin = as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-29 00:45\", tz = \"Europe/Madrid\"),\n xmax = as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-29 02:15\", tz = \"Europe/Madrid\"),\n ymin = 16500,\n ymax = 21000\n )\nfinal\n\n\n\nImprovement\nVisual Critique of Existing Graph\nWhile an area graph is the correct choice for this kind of data - it shows how types of energy, represented as areas, are contributing to the whole of the production, the overarching area - there are too many variables in the graph to make sense of the data.\nThe other issues with this graph - misplaced annotations and missing annotations - are addressed in the improvement.\nAudience Analysis\nThe original graph was published by Europa Press, a Spanish news source. It is assumed this graph was intended for a general audience, with limited understanding of energy production and storage. The main goal is to understand what types of energy were being produced at the time of and shortly after the blackout.\nWhile usually the graph would be replicated and improved in Spanish to match the source, since this is an English-speaking masters program, the graph improvement was completed in English.\nVariable Analysis\nThe original graph replication was completed without detailed analysis of the variables. In order to improve the graph, the variables of the original data sets were analyzed to determine if any excluded would be relevant, and to determine how to better categorize the data.\nDemanda\nReal <- Real represents the actual demand for energy from Spanish households, businesses, municipal buildings, hospitals, and other constituents. This is measured using meters and sensors.\nPrevista <- Prevista is the forecasted demand set by Red Eléctrica. This is predicted based on historical patterns, weather, and yesterday’s demand.\nProgramada <- Programada represents the planned demand in the market. This is the energy that has been planned and agreed upon by energy providers. It determines which plants will run and provide energy.\nAlmacenamiento\nTurbinación.bombeo <- Pumped-hydro storage is a system with water stored at two heights. When energy needs to be generated, the system pushes water from the higher reservoir to the lower reservoir. This is called pumped-hydro generation (turbinación bombeo) and tracks the energy generated from the system. That is why it is positive or zero.\nConsumo.bombeo <- Pumped-hydro storage is a system with water stored at two heights. When there is extra energy in the grid from other sources, the system pushes water from the lower reservoir to the higher reservoir. This is called pumping consumption (Consumo bombeo) and tracks the energy spent to store excess energy in this way. That is why it is always negative, since it is taking energy from the grid.\nEntrega.de.baterías <- Battery energy storage systems (BESS) are similar to pumped-hydro storage. Battery discharge (entrega de baterías) means energy is being delivered to the system from storage.\nCarga.de.baterías <- Excess energy is being stored in batteries. Both battery discharge and battery charging values are extremely low (-5 to 10), which means they will not be well represented in a plot with the other variables.\nGeneración\nEólica <- Eólica is the energy being generated by wind power. This makes up a large portion of Spain’s energy production. This is considered a renewable energy source.\nNuclear <- Nuclear is the energy being generated by nuclear power. While not the first or second energy source, it still makes up a large portion of Spain’s energy production.\nCarbón <- Carbón is the energy being generated by coal. This is not a large energy source for Spain.\nCiclo.combinado <- Ciclo combinado represents the energy produced by gas power plants. This is a larger producer than nuclear, but not as productive as wind or solar. This is not considered a renewable energy source.\nIntercambios.int <- This is the net exchange of energy between countries, however it does not equal the net exchange of imports and exports for Andorra, France, Morocco, and Portugal, so it must be including other countries. This is not an energy source, but rather represents a flow of energy.\nSolar.fotovoltaica <- This is the energy produced by solar panels. It’s output can be volatile since it relies on sunshine. Around noon, this hit a peak production of 17,000 MW. It is a renewable energy.\nSolar.térmica <- This is also solar energy, but with a different process. Mirrors are used to concentrate sunlight, use heat to produce steam, and use that steam to drive a turbine. This is a more stable type of solar energy, but its peak output was only 1,000 MW, much less than that of solar panels.\nTérmica.renovable <- This is energy produced by burning biomass (agricultural waste or wood pellets), biogas (a renewable gas fuel produced when organic material, such as that in landfills, breaks down without oxygen), and renewable waste. The energy is then used to power a turbine. It is considered renewable since the fuel is replenished biologically. It is not a major energy source for Spain.\nMotores.diesels <- This is the energy produced by diesel power plants, similar to ciclo.combinado, but represents a very small portion of Spain’s energy production.\nTurbina.de.gas <- Gas turbine is a device that converts gas, usually natural gas, into mechanical energy that drives a generator and produces electricity. It also makes up a small portion of Spain’s energy production.\nTubrina.de.vapor <- Steam turbine is similar the gas turbine, but it uses thermal steam to power the generator. The source of the steam can be fossil fuels, nuclear energy, or solar power. It also represents a small portion of Spain’s energy production.\nGeneración.auxiliar <- This is energy produced by backup equipment in a facility, plant, or system. Since it is zero, we will remove it from the data set.\nCogeneracion.y.residuos <- This is similar to the process of Renewable thermal energy in that it burns a fuel source to produce heat that is converted to energy, however the process itself produces electricity and the sources do not have to be renewable. The sources burned could be natural gas, diesel, biomass, or municipal solid waste. This represents a larger portion of Spain’s energy production.\nHidráulica <- This energy is produced from a water-powered turbine, usually from a natural source such as a river or reservoir. This is a huge part of Spain’s energy production.\nImports and Exports <- Portugal, France, Andorra, and Morocco have variables for both imports and exports. The importation of energy is energy that is imported into the country to be used by the system. The exportation of energy is energy being sold or delivered out of Spain for use elsewhere. In this data set, the importation variables are all positive (or zero) and the exportation variables are all negative (or zero).\nData Changes\nRe-importing the data allows for reprocessing.\n\n\n# --------\n# Import Data\n# --------\n\ngeneracion <- read.csv(file = \"100575891_files/data/Custom-Report-2025-04-28-Estructura de generación (MW).csv\")\nalmacenamiento <- read.csv(file = \"100575891_files/data/Custom-Report-2025-04-28-Estructura de almacenamiento (MW).csv\")\ndemanda <- read.csv(file = \"100575891_files/data/Custom-Report-2025-04-28-Seguimiento de la demanda de energía eléctrica (MW).csv\")\n\n\nFrom this analysis, it is clear that two erroneous data points were included: consumo bombeo and carga de baterías. These are distinct from the rest of the included data points because they are not ways of producing energy, and represent one half of a process to store energy. The mixing of storage and production makes the original graph dense and difficult to interpret. These data points will not be included in the improved version.\n\n\n# --------\n# Remove Unnecessary Columns\n# --------\n\ngeneracion <- generacion |>\n select(-Intercambios.int, -Generación.auxiliar)\ndemanda <- demanda |>\n select(Hora, Real)\nalmacenamiento <- almacenamiento |>\n select(-Carga.de.baterías, -Consumo.bombeo)\n\n\nImports and Exports are represented by separate areas. However, they are two halves of the same data point and should be treated as such. Additionally, this can be confirmed by looking at the data itself, where a missing value from Andorra imports is made up for with a value in Andorra exports. See the example below.\nImport and Export Values from Red Eléctrica.In the improved version, imports and exports are combined.\n\n\n# --------\n# Combining Imports with the Exports\n# --------\n\ngeneracion <- generacion |>\n # andorra\n unite(Andorra, Andorra.importación, Andorra.exportación, sep = \"_\") |>\n mutate(Andorra = str_replace(Andorra, \"0_0\", \"0\")) |>\n mutate(Andorra = str_replace(Andorra, \"0_\", \"\")) |>\n mutate(Andorra = str_replace(Andorra, \"_0\", \"\")) |>\n # morocco\n unite(Marruecos, Marruecos.importación, Marruecos.exportación, sep = \"_\") |>\n mutate(Marruecos = str_replace(Marruecos, \"0_0\", \"0\")) |>\n mutate(Marruecos = str_replace(Marruecos, \"0_\", \"\")) |>\n mutate(Marruecos = str_replace(Marruecos, \"_0\", \"\")) |>\n # france\n unite(Francia, Francia.importación, Francia.exportación, sep = \"_\") |>\n mutate(Francia = str_replace(Francia, \"0_0\", \"0\")) |>\n mutate(Francia = str_replace(Francia, \"0_\", \"\")) |>\n mutate(Francia = str_replace(Francia, \"_0\", \"\")) |>\n # portugal\n unite(Portugal, Portugal.importación, Portugal.exportación, sep = \"_\") |>\n mutate(Portugal = str_replace(Portugal, \"0_0\", \"0\")) |>\n mutate(Portugal = str_replace(Portugal, \"0_\", \"\")) |>\n mutate(Portugal = str_replace(Portugal, \"_0\", \"\"))\n\n\nThe general public will not care to make the distinction between Solar panels and solar processed with mirrors. Both solars are combined.\n\n\n# --------\n# Combine Solar\n# --------\n\ngeneracion <- generacion |>\n mutate(Solar = rowSums(across(c(Solar.fotovoltaica, Solar.térmica))) ) |>\n select(-Solar.fotovoltaica, -Solar.térmica)\n\n\nThese altered data points need to be converted to numerical variables.\n\n\n# --------\n# Convert it to numeric\n# --------\n\ngeneracion$Andorra <- as.numeric(generacion$Andorra)\ngeneracion$Portugal <- as.numeric(generacion$Portugal)\ngeneracion$Marruecos <- as.numeric(generacion$Marruecos)\ngeneracion$Francia <- as.numeric(generacion$Francia)\ngeneracion$Solar <- as.numeric(generacion$Solar)\n\n\nThe same combining of data sets is completed as before.\n\n\n# --------\n# Combining Data sets\n# --------\n\ncombined_data <- generacion |>\n full_join(almacenamiento, by = \"Hora\")\n\n\nFor the improvement, four graphs will be needed. One to combine Renewable, Non-renewable, stored energy, and imported energy sources and three others to break out the categories by sub-categories.\nImprovement.The below code combines the sub-categories into the broader categories of Renewable, non-renewable, stored energy use, and imported energy use. The data is then transformed to have tidy data, and refactored to set the correct order.\n\n\n# --------\n# Data Subset 1\n# --------\n\nsubset1 <- combined_data |>\n mutate(Renewable = rowSums(across(c(Hidráulica, Eólica, Solar, Térmica.renovable))) ) |>\n select(-Hidráulica, -Eólica, -Solar, -Térmica.renovable) |>\n mutate(Non_Renewable = rowSums(across(c(Ciclo.combinado, Nuclear, Cogeneración.y.residuos,\n Motores.diésel, Carbón, Turbina.de.gas, Turbina.de.vapor))) ) |>\n select(-Ciclo.combinado, -Nuclear, -Cogeneración.y.residuos,\n -Motores.diésel, -Carbón, -Turbina.de.gas, -Turbina.de.vapor) |>\n mutate(Stored_Energy = rowSums(across(c(Turbinación.bombeo, Entrega.de.baterías))) ) |>\n select(-Turbinación.bombeo, -Entrega.de.baterías) |>\n mutate(Imported_Energy = rowSums(across(c(Portugal, Francia, Andorra, Marruecos))) ) |>\n select(-Portugal, -Francia, -Andorra, -Marruecos)\n\n# --------\n# Pivot Longer - Subset 1\n# --------\n\nsubset1 <- subset1 |>\n pivot_longer(\n cols = c(\n Renewable,\n Non_Renewable,\n Stored_Energy,\n Imported_Energy),\n names_to = \"Type\",\n values_to = \"Rating\")\n\n# --------\n# Refactor Subset 1\n# --------\n\nsubset1$Type <- factor(subset1$Type, ordered = FALSE)\nsubset1 <- subset1 |>\n mutate(\n Type = fct_relevel(Type,\n \"Renewable\",\n \"Non_Renewable\",\n \"Stored_Energy\",\n \"Imported_Energy\"\n )\n )\n\n# --------\n# Set Rating as Numeric - Subset 1\n# --------\n\nsubset1$Rating <- as.numeric(subset1$Rating)\n\n# --------\n# Set Hora as Date - Subset 1\n# --------\n\nsubset1 <- subset1 |>\n mutate(\n Hora = as.POSIXct(Hora, format = \"%Y-%m-%d %H:%M\", tz = \"Europe/Madrid\")\n )\ndemanda <- demanda |>\n mutate(\n Hora = as.POSIXct(Hora, format = \"%Y-%m-%d %H:%M\", tz = \"Europe/Madrid\")\n )\n\n\nPre-processing of the full_data data set is completed to be able to process it into smaller categories.\n\n\n# --------\n# Pivot Longer\n# --------\n\nfull_data <- combined_data |>\n pivot_longer(\n cols = c(\n Térmica.renovable,\n Solar,\n Eólica,\n Cogeneración.y.residuos,\n Turbina.de.gas,\n Motores.diésel,\n Turbina.de.vapor,\n Ciclo.combinado,\n Carbón,\n Nuclear,\n Hidráulica,\n Francia,\n Marruecos,\n Portugal,\n Andorra,\n Turbinación.bombeo,\n Entrega.de.baterías),\n names_to = \"Type\",\n values_to = \"Rating\")\n\n# --------\n# Set Type as Factor\n# --------\n\nfull_data$Type <- factor(full_data$Type, ordered = FALSE)\nfull_data <- full_data |>\n mutate(\n Type = fct_relevel(Type,\n \"Hidráulica\",\n \"Ciclo.combinado\",\n \"Eólica\",\n \"Solar\",\n \"Nuclear\",\n \"Cogeneración.y.residuos\",\n \"Turbinación.bombeo\",\n \"Motores.diésel\",\n \"Térmica.renovable\",\n \"Carbón\",\n \"Turbina.de.gas\",\n \"Turbina.de.vapor\",\n \"Entrega.de.baterías\",\n \"Portugal\",\n \"Francia\",\n \"Andorra\",\n \"Marruecos\"\n )\n )\n\n# --------\n# Set Rating as Numeric\n# --------\n\nfull_data$Rating <- as.numeric(full_data$Rating)\n\n# --------\n# Set Hora as Date\n# --------\n\nfull_data <- full_data |>\n mutate(\n Hora = as.POSIXct(Hora, format = \"%Y-%m-%d %H:%M\", tz = \"Europe/Madrid\")\n )\n\n\nThe data is divided into four subsets in order to build the four smaller graphs.\n\n\n# --------\n# Renewable Subset\n# --------\n\nrenewable_data <- full_data |>\n filter (Type == \"Hidráulica\" | Type == \"Eólica\" | Type == \"Solar\" | Type == \"Térmica.renovable\")\n\n# --------\n# Non_renewable Subset\n# --------\n\nnon_renewable_data <- full_data |>\n filter (Type == \"Ciclo.combinado\" | Type == \"Nuclear\" | Type == \"Cogeneración.y.residuos\"\n | Type == \"Motores.diésel\" | Type == \"Carbón\" | Type == \"Turbina.de.gas\"\n | Type == \"Turbina.de.vapor\")\n\n# --------\n# Stored_Energy Subset\n# --------\n\nstored_energy_data <- full_data |>\n filter (Type == \"Turbinación.bombeo\" | Type == \"Entrega.de.baterías\")\n\n# --------\n# Imported_Energy Subset\n# --------\n\nimported_energy_data <- full_data |>\n filter (Type == \"Portugal\" | Type == \"Francia\" | Type == \"Andorra\"\n | Type == \"Marruecos\")\n\n\nMain Plot\n\n\n# --------\n# Main Plot\n# --------\ncombined <- \n # data\n ggplot() +\n # area lines \n geom_area(\n data = subset1, \n aes(\n x = Hora,\n y = Rating,\n fill = Type),\n lwd = 0) + # line width\n geom_line(\n data = demanda, \n aes(\n x = Hora,\n y = Real),\n color = \"black\", linewidth = 0.3) + # line width\n coord_cartesian(clip = \"off\") +\n # remove legend\n guides(fill = \"none\") +\n # remove labels for scales\n labs(x = NULL,\n y = NULL) +\n # sets x scale\n scale_x_datetime(\n breaks = seq(\n from = as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-28 00:00\", tz = \"Europe/Madrid\"),\n to = as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-29 00:00\", tz = \"Europe/Madrid\"),\n by = \"2 hours\"\n ),\n labels = function(x) format(x, \"%H:%M\"),\n limits = c(\n as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-27 23:45\", tz=\"Europe/Madrid\"),\n as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-29 00:30\", tz=\"Europe/Madrid\")\n ),\n expand = c(0, 0)\n ) + \n # colors\n scale_fill_manual(values = c(\n Renewable = \"#38761d\",\n Non_Renewable = \"#073259\",\n Stored_Energy = \"#595959\",\n Imported_Energy = \"#741b47\")\n ) +\ntheme(\n # removes background grey\n panel.background = \n element_rect(fill = \"white\"),\n # changes line color\n panel.grid.major.y = \n element_line(color = \"#d6d6d6\", linewidth = 0.2),\n # remove axis tick y\n axis.ticks.y =\n element_line(color = \"#ffffff\"),\n # changes axis tick color\n axis.ticks.x = \n element_line(color = \"#b8b8b8\", linewidth = 0.1),\n # changes axis length\n axis.ticks.length = \n unit(.3, \"cm\"),\n # changes axis line\n axis.line = \n element_line(color = \"#b8b8b8\", linewidth = 0.3),\n # remove x grid\n panel.grid.major.x = \n element_line(color = \"#ffffff00\"),\n # set global font family\n text = \n element_text(family = \"roboto\"),\n # set title size and weight\n plot.title = \n element_text(size = 14, face = \"bold\"),\n plot.title.position = \"plot\",\n # set x and y axis color\n axis.text = \n element_text(color = \"#b8b8b8\"),\n axis.text.x =\n element_text(face = \"bold\"),\n # set caption color\n plot.caption = \n element_text(color = \"#b8b8b8\")\n) +\n annotate(\n \"text\",\n x = as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-28 13:00\", tz = \"Europe/Madrid\"),\n y = 19000,\n label = \"Renewable Energy\",\n color = \"#38761d\",\n size = rel(2.5),\n fontface = \"bold\",\n hjust = 0,\n lineheight = 0.8\n ) +\n annotate(\n \"text\",\n x = as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-28 13:00\", tz = \"Europe/Madrid\"),\n y = 11000,\n label = \"Non-Renewable Energy\",\n color = \"#073259\",\n size = rel(2.5),\n fontface = \"bold\",\n hjust = 0,\n lineheight = 0.8\n ) +\n annotate(\n \"text\",\n x = as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-28 13:00\", tz = \"Europe/Madrid\"),\n y = 27000,\n label = \"Demand in Real Time\",\n color = \"#000000\",\n size = rel(2.5),\n fontface = \"bold\",\n hjust = 0,\n lineheight = 0.8\n ) +\n geom_segment(\n aes(\n x = as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-28 12:32\", tz = \"Europe/Madrid\"),\n xend = as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-28 12:32\", tz = \"Europe/Madrid\"),\n y = 35000,\n yend = -10000),\n linetype = \"dashed\",\n linewidth = 0.6\n ) +\n annotate(\n \"text\",\n x = as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-28 12:35\", tz = \"Europe/Madrid\"),\n y = 35500,\n label = \"Blackout\",\n color = \"#000000\",\n size = rel(2.5),\n fontface = \"bold\",\n hjust = 0.5,\n lineheight = 0.8\n ) +\n # demand in real time\n annotate(\n \"segment\",\n x = as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-28 12:25\", tz = \"Europe/Madrid\"),\n xend = as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-28 12:45\", tz = \"Europe/Madrid\"),\n y = 27000,\n yend = 27000,\n color = \"black\",\n linewidth = 0.2\n ) +\n annotate(\n \"text\",\n x = as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-28 16:00\", tz = \"Europe/Madrid\"),\n y = -4000,\n label = \"Stored Energy\",\n color = \"#595959\",\n size = rel(2.5),\n fontface = \"bold\",\n hjust = 0.5,\n lineheight = 0.8\n ) +\n annotate(\n \"text\",\n x = as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-28 20:00\", tz = \"Europe/Madrid\"),\n y = -6000,\n label = \"Imported Energy\",\n color = \"#741b47\",\n size = rel(2.5),\n fontface = \"bold\",\n hjust = 0.5,\n lineheight = 0.8\n ) +\n # renewable\n annotate(\n \"segment\",\n x = as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-28 12:00\", tz = \"Europe/Madrid\"),\n xend = as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-28 12:45\", tz = \"Europe/Madrid\"),\n y = 19000,\n yend = 19000,\n color = \"black\",\n linewidth = 0.2\n ) +\n # non renewable\n annotate(\n \"segment\",\n x = as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-28 12:00\", tz = \"Europe/Madrid\"),\n xend = as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-28 12:45\", tz = \"Europe/Madrid\"),\n y = 11000,\n yend = 11000,\n color = \"black\",\n linewidth = 0.2\n ) +\n annotate(\n \"segment\",\n x = as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-28 16:00\", tz = \"Europe/Madrid\"),\n xend = as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-28 16:00\", tz = \"Europe/Madrid\"),\n y = 1000,\n yend = -3500,\n color = \"black\",\n linewidth = 0.2\n ) +\n annotate(\n \"segment\",\n x = as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-28 20:00\", tz = \"Europe/Madrid\"),\n xend = as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-28 20:00\", tz = \"Europe/Madrid\"),\n y = 500,\n yend = -5500,\n color = \"black\",\n linewidth = 0.2\n )\ncombined\n\n\n\nRenewable Plot\n\n\n# --------\n# Renewable Plot\n# --------\nrenewable <- \n # data\n ggplot() +\n # area lines \n geom_area(\n data = renewable_data, \n aes(\n x = Hora,\n y = Rating,\n fill = Type),\n lwd = 0) + # line width\n coord_cartesian(clip = \"off\") +\n # remove legend\n guides(fill = \"none\") +\n # remove labels for scales\n labs(x = NULL,\n y = NULL,\n title = \"Renewable Energy\") +\n # sets x scale\n scale_x_datetime(\n breaks = seq(\n from = as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-28 00:00\", tz = \"Europe/Madrid\"),\n to = as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-29 00:00\", tz = \"Europe/Madrid\"),\n by = \"2 hours\"\n ),\n labels = function(x) format(x, \"%H:%M\"),\n limits = c(\n as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-27 23:45\", tz=\"Europe/Madrid\"),\n as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-29 00:30\", tz=\"Europe/Madrid\")\n ),\n expand = c(0, 0)\n ) + \n # colors\n scale_fill_manual(values = c(\n Hidráulica = \"#38761d\",\n Eólica = \"#60914a\",\n Solar = \"#88ad77\",\n Térmica.renovable = \"#afc8a5\")\n ) +\n theme(\n # removes background grey\n panel.background = \n element_rect(fill = \"white\"),\n # changes line color\n panel.grid.major.y = \n element_line(color = \"#d6d6d6\", linewidth = 0.2),\n # remove axis tick y\n axis.ticks.y =\n element_line(color = \"#ffffff\"),\n # changes axis tick color\n axis.ticks.x = \n element_line(color = \"#b8b8b8\", linewidth = 0.1),\n # changes axis length\n axis.ticks.length = \n unit(.3, \"cm\"),\n # changes axis line\n axis.line = \n element_line(color = \"#b8b8b8\", linewidth = 0.3),\n # remove x grid\n panel.grid.major.x = \n element_line(color = \"#ffffff00\"),\n # set global font family\n text = \n element_text(family = \"roboto\"),\n # set title size and weight\n plot.title = \n element_text(size = 14, face = \"bold\"),\n plot.title.position = \"plot\",\n # set x and y axis color\n axis.text = \n element_text(color = \"#b8b8b8\"),\n axis.text.x =\n element_text(face = \"bold\"),\n # set caption color\n plot.caption = \n element_text(color = \"#b8b8b8\")\n ) +\n annotate(\n \"text\",\n x = as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-28 13:30\", tz = \"Europe/Madrid\"),\n y = 25000,\n label = \"Water Turbine\",\n color = \"#000000\",\n size = rel(2.5),\n fontface = \"bold\",\n hjust = 0,\n lineheight = 0.8\n ) +\n annotate(\n \"text\",\n x = as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-28 13:30\", tz = \"Europe/Madrid\"),\n y = 22000,\n label = \"Wind\",\n color = \"#000000\",\n size = rel(2.5),\n fontface = \"bold\",\n hjust = 0,\n lineheight = 0.8\n ) +\n annotate(\n \"text\",\n x = as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-28 13:30\", tz = \"Europe/Madrid\"),\n y = 19000,\n label = \"Solar\",\n color = \"#000000\",\n size = rel(2.5),\n fontface = \"bold\",\n hjust = 0,\n lineheight = 0.8\n ) +\n annotate(\n \"text\",\n x = as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-28 13:30\", tz = \"Europe/Madrid\"),\n y = 7000,\n label = \"Renewable \\nThermal\",\n color = \"#000000\",\n size = rel(2.5),\n fontface = \"bold\",\n hjust = 0,\n lineheight = 0.8\n ) +\n annotate(\n \"segment\",\n x = as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-28 11:35\", tz = \"Europe/Madrid\"),\n xend = as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-28 13:15\", tz = \"Europe/Madrid\"),\n y = 25000,\n yend = 25000,\n color = \"black\",\n linewidth = 0.2\n ) +\n annotate(\n \"segment\",\n x = as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-28 11:35\", tz = \"Europe/Madrid\"),\n xend = as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-28 13:15\", tz = \"Europe/Madrid\"),\n y = 22000,\n yend = 22000,\n color = \"black\",\n linewidth = 0.2\n ) +\n annotate(\n \"segment\",\n x = as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-28 11:35\", tz = \"Europe/Madrid\"),\n xend = as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-28 13:15\", tz = \"Europe/Madrid\"),\n y = 19000,\n yend = 19000,\n color = \"black\",\n linewidth = 0.2\n ) +\n annotate(\n \"segment\",\n x = as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-28 11:30\", tz = \"Europe/Madrid\"),\n xend = as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-28 13:15\", tz = \"Europe/Madrid\"),\n y = 200,\n yend = 7000,\n color = \"black\",\n linewidth = 0.2\n )\nrenewable\n\n\n\nNon-Renewable Plot\n\n\n# --------\n# Non_Renewable Plot\n# --------\nnon_renewable <- \n # data\n ggplot() +\n # area lines \n geom_area(\n data = non_renewable_data, \n aes(\n x = Hora,\n y = Rating,\n fill = Type),\n lwd = 0) + # line width\n coord_cartesian(clip = \"off\") +\n # remove legend\n guides(fill = \"none\") +\n # remove labels for scales\n labs(x = NULL,\n y = NULL,\n title = \"Non-Renewable Energy\") +\n # sets x scale\n scale_x_datetime(\n breaks = seq(\n from = as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-28 00:00\", tz = \"Europe/Madrid\"),\n to = as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-29 00:00\", tz = \"Europe/Madrid\"),\n by = \"2 hours\"\n ),\n labels = function(x) format(x, \"%H:%M\"),\n limits = c(\n as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-27 23:45\", tz=\"Europe/Madrid\"),\n as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-29 00:30\", tz=\"Europe/Madrid\")\n ),\n expand = c(0, 0)\n ) + \n # colors\n scale_fill_manual(values = c(\n Ciclo.combinado = \"#073259\",\n Nuclear = \"#094276\",\n Cogeneración.y.residuos = \"#0b5394\",\n Motores.diésel = \"#3c75a9\",\n Carbón = \"#6d98bf\",\n Turbina.de.gas = \"#9dbad4\",\n Turbina.de.vapor = \"#ceddea\")\n ) +\n theme(\n # removes background grey\n panel.background = \n element_rect(fill = \"white\"),\n # changes line color\n panel.grid.major.y = \n element_line(color = \"#d6d6d6\", linewidth = 0.2),\n # remove axis tick y\n axis.ticks.y =\n element_line(color = \"#ffffff\"),\n # changes axis tick color\n axis.ticks.x = \n element_line(color = \"#b8b8b8\", linewidth = 0.1),\n # changes axis length\n axis.ticks.length = \n unit(.3, \"cm\"),\n # changes axis line\n axis.line = \n element_line(color = \"#b8b8b8\", linewidth = 0.3),\n # remove x grid\n panel.grid.major.x = \n element_line(color = \"#ffffff00\"),\n # set global font family\n text = \n element_text(family = \"roboto\"),\n # set title size and weight\n plot.title = \n element_text(size = 14, face = \"bold\"),\n plot.title.position = \"plot\",\n # set x and y axis color\n axis.text = \n element_text(color = \"#b8b8b8\"),\n axis.text.x =\n element_text(face = \"bold\"),\n # set caption color\n plot.caption = \n element_text(color = \"#b8b8b8\")\n ) +\n annotate(\n \"text\",\n x = as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-28 01:00\", tz = \"Europe/Madrid\"),\n y = 12000,\n label = \"Water Turbine\",\n color = \"#000000\",\n size = rel(2.5),\n fontface = \"bold\",\n hjust = 0.5,\n lineheight = 0.8\n ) +\n annotate(\n \"text\",\n x = as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-28 06:00\", tz = \"Europe/Madrid\"),\n y = 11000,\n label = \"Gas Power Plants\",\n color = \"#000000\",\n size = rel(2.5),\n fontface = \"bold\",\n hjust = 0.5,\n lineheight = 0.8\n ) +\n annotate(\n \"text\",\n x = as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-28 12:00\", tz = \"Europe/Madrid\"),\n y = 10000,\n label = \"Nuclear\",\n color = \"#000000\",\n size = rel(2.5),\n fontface = \"bold\",\n hjust = 0.5,\n lineheight = 0.8\n ) +\n annotate(\n \"text\",\n x = as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-28 15:00\", tz = \"Europe/Madrid\"),\n y = 3000,\n label = \"Combined Heat \\nand Power\",\n color = \"#000000\",\n size = rel(2.5),\n fontface = \"bold\",\n hjust = 0.5,\n lineheight = 0.8\n ) +\n annotate(\n \"text\",\n x = as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-28 18:00\", tz = \"Europe/Madrid\"),\n y = 8000,\n label = \"Coal\",\n color = \"#000000\",\n size = rel(2.5),\n fontface = \"bold\",\n hjust = 0.5,\n lineheight = 0.8\n ) +\n annotate(\n \"text\",\n x = as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-28 20:00\", tz = \"Europe/Madrid\"),\n y = 10000,\n label = \"Gas Turbine\",\n color = \"#000000\",\n size = rel(2.5),\n fontface = \"bold\",\n hjust = 0.5,\n lineheight = 0.8\n ) +\n annotate(\n \"text\",\n x = as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-28 23:00\", tz = \"Europe/Madrid\"),\n y = 12000,\n label = \"Steam Turbine\",\n color = \"#000000\",\n size = rel(2.5),\n fontface = \"bold\",\n hjust = 0.5,\n lineheight = 0.8\n ) +\n # water turbine\n annotate(\n \"segment\",\n x = as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-28 01:00\", tz = \"Europe/Madrid\"),\n xend = as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-28 01:00\", tz = \"Europe/Madrid\"),\n y = 11500,\n yend = 9000,\n color = \"black\",\n linewidth = 0.2\n ) +\n # gas power plants\n annotate(\n \"segment\",\n x = as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-28 06:00\", tz = \"Europe/Madrid\"),\n xend = as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-28 06:00\", tz = \"Europe/Madrid\"),\n y = 10500,\n yend = 5000,\n color = \"black\",\n linewidth = 0.2\n ) +\n # nuclear\n annotate(\n \"segment\",\n x = as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-28 12:00\", tz = \"Europe/Madrid\"),\n xend = as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-28 12:00\", tz = \"Europe/Madrid\"),\n y = 9500,\n yend = 2000,\n color = \"black\",\n linewidth = 0.2\n ) +\n # combined heat and power\n annotate(\n \"segment\",\n x = as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-28 15:00\", tz = \"Europe/Madrid\"),\n xend = as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-28 15:00\", tz = \"Europe/Madrid\"),\n y = 400,\n yend = 2500,\n color = \"black\",\n linewidth = 0.2\n ) +\n # coal\n annotate(\n \"segment\",\n x = as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-28 18:00\", tz = \"Europe/Madrid\"),\n xend = as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-28 18:00\", tz = \"Europe/Madrid\"),\n y = 7500,\n yend = 200,\n color = \"black\",\n linewidth = 0.2\n ) +\n # gas turbine\n annotate(\n \"segment\",\n x = as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-28 20:00\", tz = \"Europe/Madrid\"),\n xend = as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-28 20:00\", tz = \"Europe/Madrid\"),\n y = 9500,\n yend = 200,\n color = \"black\",\n linewidth = 0.2\n ) +\n # steam turbine\n annotate(\n \"segment\",\n x = as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-28 23:00\", tz = \"Europe/Madrid\"),\n xend = as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-28 23:00\", tz = \"Europe/Madrid\"),\n y = 11500,\n yend = 100,\n color = \"black\",\n linewidth = 0.2\n )\nnon_renewable\n\n\n\nStored Energy Plot\n\n\n# --------\n# Stored_Energy Plot\n# --------\nstored_energy <- \n # data\n ggplot() +\n # area lines \n geom_area(\n data = stored_energy_data, \n aes(\n x = Hora,\n y = Rating,\n fill = Type),\n lwd = 0) + # line width\n coord_cartesian(clip = \"off\") +\n # remove legend\n guides(fill = \"none\") +\n # remove labels for scales\n labs(x = NULL,\n y = NULL,\n title = \"Stored Energy\") +\n # sets x scale\n scale_x_datetime(\n breaks = seq(\n from = as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-28 00:00\", tz = \"Europe/Madrid\"),\n to = as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-29 00:00\", tz = \"Europe/Madrid\"),\n by = \"2 hours\"\n ),\n labels = function(x) format(x, \"%H:%M\"),\n limits = c(\n as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-27 23:45\", tz=\"Europe/Madrid\"),\n as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-29 00:30\", tz=\"Europe/Madrid\")\n ),\n expand = c(0, 0)\n ) + \n # colors\n scale_fill_manual(values = c(\n Turbinación.bombeo = \"#595959\",\n Entrega.de.baterías = \"#000000\")\n ) +\n theme(\n # removes background grey\n panel.background = \n element_rect(fill = \"white\"),\n # changes line color\n panel.grid.major.y = \n element_line(color = \"#d6d6d6\", linewidth = 0.2),\n # remove axis tick y\n axis.ticks.y =\n element_line(color = \"#ffffff\"),\n # changes axis tick color\n axis.ticks.x = \n element_line(color = \"#b8b8b8\", linewidth = 0.1),\n # changes axis length\n axis.ticks.length = \n unit(.3, \"cm\"),\n # changes axis line\n axis.line = \n element_line(color = \"#b8b8b8\", linewidth = 0.3),\n # remove x grid\n panel.grid.major.x = \n element_line(color = \"#ffffff00\"),\n # set global font family\n text = \n element_text(family = \"roboto\"),\n # set title size and weight\n plot.title = \n element_text(size = 14, face = \"bold\"),\n plot.title.position = \"plot\",\n # set x and y axis color\n axis.text = \n element_text(color = \"#b8b8b8\"),\n axis.text.x =\n element_text(face = \"bold\"),\n # set caption color\n plot.caption = \n element_text(color = \"#b8b8b8\")\n ) +\n annotate(\n \"text\",\n x = as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-28 7:00\", tz = \"Europe/Madrid\"),\n y = 2300,\n label = \"Pumped-Hydro Generation\",\n color = \"#000000\",\n size = rel(2.5),\n fontface = \"bold\",\n hjust = 0.5,\n lineheight = 0.8\n ) +\n annotate(\n \"segment\",\n x = as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-28 7:00\", tz = \"Europe/Madrid\"),\n xend = as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-28 7:00\", tz = \"Europe/Madrid\"),\n y = 2250,\n yend = 600,\n color = \"black\",\n linewidth = 0.2\n ) +\n annotate(\n \"text\",\n x = as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-28 14:00\", tz = \"Europe/Madrid\"),\n y = 1900,\n label = \"Battery Discharge\",\n color = \"#000000\",\n size = rel(2.5),\n fontface = \"bold\",\n hjust = 0.5,\n lineheight = 0.8\n ) +\n annotate(\n \"segment\",\n x = as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-28 14:00\", tz = \"Europe/Madrid\"),\n xend = as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-28 14:00\", tz = \"Europe/Madrid\"),\n y = 1850,\n yend = 0,\n color = \"black\",\n linewidth = 0.2\n )\nstored_energy\n\n\n\nImported Energy\n\n\n# --------\n# Imported_Energy Plot\n# --------\nimported_energy <- \n # data\n ggplot() +\n # area lines \n geom_area(\n data = imported_energy_data, \n aes(\n x = Hora,\n y = Rating,\n fill = Type),\n lwd = 0) + # line width\n coord_cartesian(clip = \"off\") +\n # remove legend\n guides(fill = \"none\") +\n # remove labels for scales\n labs(x = NULL,\n y = NULL,\n title = \"Imported Energy\") +\n # sets x scale\n scale_x_datetime(\n breaks = seq(\n from = as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-28 00:00\", tz = \"Europe/Madrid\"),\n to = as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-29 00:00\", tz = \"Europe/Madrid\"),\n by = \"2 hours\"\n ),\n labels = function(x) format(x, \"%H:%M\"),\n limits = c(\n as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-27 23:45\", tz=\"Europe/Madrid\"),\n as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-29 00:30\", tz=\"Europe/Madrid\")\n ),\n expand = c(0, 0)\n ) + \n # colors\n scale_fill_manual(values = c(\n Portugal = \"#741b47\",\n Francia = \"#90496c\",\n Andorra = \"#ac7691\",\n Marruecos = \"#c7a4b5\")\n ) +\n theme(\n # removes background grey\n panel.background = \n element_rect(fill = \"white\"),\n # changes line color\n panel.grid.major.y = \n element_line(color = \"#d6d6d6\", linewidth = 0.2),\n # remove axis tick y\n axis.ticks.y =\n element_line(color = \"#ffffff\"),\n # changes axis tick color\n axis.ticks.x = \n element_line(color = \"#b8b8b8\", linewidth = 0.1),\n # changes axis length\n axis.ticks.length = \n unit(.3, \"cm\"),\n # changes axis line\n axis.line = \n element_line(color = \"#b8b8b8\", linewidth = 0.3),\n # remove x grid\n panel.grid.major.x = \n element_line(color = \"#ffffff00\"),\n # set global font family\n text = \n element_text(family = \"roboto\"),\n # set title size and weight\n plot.title = \n element_text(size = 14, face = \"bold\"),\n plot.title.position = \"plot\",\n # set x and y axis color\n axis.text = \n element_text(color = \"#b8b8b8\"),\n axis.text.x =\n element_text(face = \"bold\"),\n # set caption color\n plot.caption = \n element_text(color = \"#b8b8b8\")\n ) +\n annotate(\n \"text\",\n x = as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-28 13:30\", tz = \"Europe/Madrid\"),\n y = -3000,\n label = \"Portugal\",\n color = \"#000000\",\n size = rel(2.5),\n fontface = \"bold\",\n hjust = 0,\n lineheight = 0.8\n ) +\n annotate(\n \"text\",\n x = as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-28 13:30\", tz = \"Europe/Madrid\"),\n y = -1750,\n label = \"France\",\n color = \"#000000\",\n size = rel(2.5),\n fontface = \"bold\",\n hjust = 0,\n lineheight = 0.8\n ) +\n annotate(\n \"text\",\n x = as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-28 12:45\", tz = \"Europe/Madrid\"),\n y = 1000,\n label = \"Andorra\",\n color = \"#000000\",\n size = rel(2.5),\n fontface = \"bold\",\n hjust = 0.5,\n lineheight = 0.8\n ) +\n annotate(\n \"text\",\n x = as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-28 13:30\", tz = \"Europe/Madrid\"),\n y = -500,\n label = \"Morocco\",\n color = \"#000000\",\n size = rel(2.5),\n fontface = \"bold\",\n hjust = 0,\n lineheight = 0.8\n ) +\n # Portugal\n annotate(\n \"segment\",\n x = as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-28 12:00\", tz = \"Europe/Madrid\"),\n xend = as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-28 13:15\", tz = \"Europe/Madrid\"),\n y = -3000,\n yend = -3000,\n color = \"black\",\n linewidth = 0.2\n ) +\n # France\n annotate(\n \"segment\",\n x = as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-28 11:30\", tz = \"Europe/Madrid\"),\n xend = as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-28 13:15\", tz = \"Europe/Madrid\"),\n y = -1750,\n yend = -1750,\n color = \"black\",\n linewidth = 0.2\n ) +\n # Andorra\n annotate(\n \"segment\",\n x = as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-28 12:45\", tz = \"Europe/Madrid\"),\n xend = as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-28 12:45\", tz = \"Europe/Madrid\"),\n y = 0,\n yend = 900,\n color = \"black\",\n linewidth = 0.2\n ) +\n # Morocco\n annotate(\n \"segment\",\n x = as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-28 12:00\", tz = \"Europe/Madrid\"),\n xend = as.POSIXct(\"2025-04-28 13:15\", tz = \"Europe/Madrid\"),\n y = -500,\n yend = -500,\n color = \"black\",\n linewidth = 0.2\n )\nimported_energy\n\n\n\nCombining the Plots\nIn the original, there was only one ggplot needed to reconstruct the graph. This new version has four graphs laid out with a title across the top. Patchwork was utilized to combine the graphs.\n\n\nsiderail <- renewable / non_renewable / imported_energy / stored_energy\nsiderail\n\n\n\n\n\nimproved <- combined + siderail +\n plot_layout(ncol = 2, widths = c(2,1)) +\n plot_annotation(\n title = str_wrap(\"Energy Production during the April 28th Blackout in Spain\", width = 39), \n theme = theme(\n plot.title = element_text(\n family = \"roboto\",\n size = rel(2),\n face = \"bold\",\n hjust = 0\n )))\nimproved\n\n\n\n\n\n\n", + "preview": "projects/2025/100575891/100575891_files/figure-html5/basic_plot-1.png", + "last_modified": "2025-12-16T13:45:29+01:00", + "input_file": "100575891.knit.md", + "preview_width": 1309, + "preview_height": 1223 + }, { "path": "projects/2024/100431024/", "title": "Press Freedom Index 2024",