diff --git a/_projects/2025/100561659/100561659.Rmd b/_projects/2025/100561659/100561659.Rmd new file mode 100644 index 00000000..bf213e09 --- /dev/null +++ b/_projects/2025/100561659/100561659.Rmd @@ -0,0 +1,3838 @@ +--- +title: "EUROPE ELECTS - Visualising the 2024 European Parliament Elections" +description: + Recreating and improving on visual representation of election data + *** this is still very much a working document - i have the code to a stage where it is running to produce an end product but the final document needs a lot of polishing and fitting to the guidelines of the project. *** +categories: "2025" +author: Kirsty Pirzkall +date: "`r Sys.Date()`" +output: + distill::distill_article: + self_contained: false + toc: true +--- + +```{r setup, include=FALSE} +knitr::opts_chunk$set(out.width="100%", fig.align="center", fig.showtext=TRUE) +``` + +## INTRODUCTION + +The 10th European Parliament elections (and the first since the UK's departure) took place from the 6th to the 9th of June 2024, spanning the 27 EU member states. In this period over 182 million eligible voters chose the next set of 720 Members of the European Parliament (MEPs). + +The outcome of the elections marked significant shifts in the European political landscape. Traditional, centrist political groups experienced losses whereas right-wing and far-right parties made notable gains in many countries. The overall results also reflected growing fragmentation and the strengthening of Eurosceptic voices in several member states. + +The composition of the European Parliament is complex - it involves over 200 national political parties from 27 countries that organise into 8 European Parliament groups, 720 MEPs that fill the seats of the parliament, and positions from the whole political spectrum represented across diverse national backdrops. The results of the election mirror this complexity - a large amount of data is produced which is then analysed, reported, and published in many languages and formats. Clear and accurate communication of this data is vital as the outcome of the vote has important implications for EU policy-making on key issues such as migration, defense, climate change, and economic governance in the following parliamentary term. + +[**Visualizing Democratic Choice**]{.underline} + +Since election results are inherently complex, data visualisation is commonly used to transform the data into accessible insights, allowing citizens to quickly undertand the political landscape and understand what the numbers mean for governance and policy. + +When it comes to the European Parliament elections, using visualisation to present the results comes with unique challenges. The amount and complexity of the data means that careful choices have to be made about what to emphasise and how to maintain clarity. + +Traditional approaches like semicircular parliament seat diagrams mirror the physical parliamentary chamber, making coalition dynamics and political balance immediately visible. Geographic breakdowns reveal how European political sentiment varies across regions, while comparative visualizations can highlight shifts from previous elections. + +The goal of these visualizations is not simply to report numbers, but to illuminate patterns, facilitate comparison, and make democratic outcomes comprehensible. In an era of information overload, clear and honest visual representation of electoral data serves a vital civic function - helping people understand the institutions that govern them and the choices their fellow citizens have made. + +## THE ORIGINAL PLOT + +The visualisation chosen as the basis of this project was sourced from the Wikipedia page "2024 European Parliament election" () and appears to have been originally made using the Inkscape platform. + +This plot aims to communicate the results of the elections to a wide audience by providing a unified visual overview at both a national and EU level. It does this by including geographic, seat-based, and vote-proportion representations.\ +\ +A choropleth map (a statistical map that uses colours/ shades to represent data values across predefined geographical areas) employing a combination of colour coding and color graduation is used to represent both which European Parliament group won the largest proportion of the vote in each EU27 country, and what percentage range of the total vote this winning proportion represents. + +Parliament plots (also called hemicycle diagrams) are used to represent the seat distribution in legislative bodies. Traditionally, dots are arranged in a semicircle or horseshoe shape where each dot represents one seat/ representative and the colour of the dot represents the political party or group that the representative is affiliated with. In this case, the original plot uses 27 distinct, circular parliament plots to visualise the seat breakdown by European Parliament group in each of the EU member states. + +Donut plots show the proportions of a whole, and are essentially nothing more than pie charts with the middle cut out. In the case of original plot, 27 individual donut plots are used to convey the percentage of the total vote that each European Parliament group recieved in each country. + +![Original chart. Source: Wikipedia "2024 European Parliamen Election"](images/original_plot.png){.external width="100%"} + +The decision to explore this graph was largely due to the variety of visualisation techniques that is employs, which combine into an overall striking and very eye-catching plot. Further to the this visual interest created by the merging of techniques, I hoped that trying to recreate a plot that uses many different methods to convey election data would allow me to explore a wider range of data visualisation tools in R. + +## DATA SOURCES + +Obtaining the election data needed for the recreation of this plot posed some challenges and the final data used came from two differet sources. + +The data used to recreate the parliament seat plots came directly from 27 individual country-specific election result datasets published online by the European Parliament (). These datasets primarily consisted of the number of seats won by each European Perliament group in their respective countries which is all the information that was required for this part of the plot. + +The data that was used to recreate the donut plots, which represents the proportion of the total vote in each country won per European Parliament group, could not be found in a pre-existing dataset and nor were these figures published explicitly online. This lack of accessible and verifiable data meant that considerable effort was required to approximate and reconstruct the data needed to reconstruct this part of the plot accurately. To this end, the percentage of votes won by individual national political parties was sourced and then aggregated in to European Parliament group percentages manually by researching the affiliation of each individual party at the time of the election. This was a timely process that utilised many sources such as wikipedia, the European Parliament website, and the webpages of the individual national parties themselves.\ +\ +Finally, the data required to achieve the colouring of the background map had to be recreated manually. This process was less involved than the data recreation of the donut plots as the figures required could be extracted directly from the original plot.\ +\ +Once the required data was gathered, the processing and visualisation process in R could begin. + +## INSTALLING PACKAGES + +This project uses numerous packages in R that are required to facilitate effective data manipulation and visulisation in a variety of forms. + +```{r message=FALSE, warning=FALSE} +library(tidyverse) +library(sf) +library(ggplot2) +library(rnaturalearth) +library(rnaturalearthdata) +library(dplyr) +library(readr) +library(ggparliament) +library(ggforce) +library(grid) +library(cowplot) +library(scales) +library(ggimage) +library(patchwork) +library(png) +library(magick) +``` + +## DEFINING GLOBALS + +At the beginning of the replication process, some global specifications were defined in order to streamline the visualisation process and ensure consistency across the multiple components of the plot. + +The order in which the European Parliament groups were represented in the original parliament and donut plots was assigned to a vector: + +```{r} +party_order <- c("ESN", "Patriots", "ECR", "EPP", "NI", "Independent", "Renew", "GREENSEFA", "SD", "Theleft") +``` + +Another vector was used to define a standard colour palette reflective of the colours used to represent each European Parliament group in the original plot. To do this, the original image was uploaded to the website which allowed the exact hex codes of each colour to be identified and used in this project: + +```{r} +custom_cols <- c( + "ECR" = "#3d29a3", + "EPP" = "#3aaff7", + "NI" = "#8c8673", + "Patriots" = "#3e435b", + "Renew" = "#ffd500", + "SD" = "#ed1c25", + "ESN" = "#997a1f", + "GREENSEFA" = "#33cd32", + "Theleft" = "#b01b66", + "Independent" = "#e0e0e0") +``` + +## MAKING THE BACKGROUND MAP + +The first component of the original plot to be recreated was the main background map. A dataset for the data displayed in the map was constructed: + +```{r} +eu_parl_map <- data.frame( + country = c("Austria", "Belgium", "Bulgaria", "Croatia", "Cyprus", "Czechia", "Denmark", "Estonia", "Finland", "France", "Germany", "Greece", "Hungary", "Ireland", "Italy", "Latvia", "Lithuania", "Luxembourg", "Malta", "Netherlands", "Poland", "Portugal", "Romania", "Slovakia", "Slovenia", "Spain", "Sweden"), + + country_code = c("AUT", "BEL", "BGR", "HRV", "CYP", "CZE", "DNK", "EST", "FIN", "FRA", "DEU", "GRC", "HUN", "IRL", "ITA", "LVA","LTU", "LUX", "MLT", "NLD", "POL", "PRT", "ROU", "SVK", "SVN", "ESP", "SWE"), + + top_party = c("Patriots", "Renew", "EPP", "EPP", "EPP", "Patriots", "Renew", "Renew", "EPP", "Patriots", "EPP", "EPP", "Patriots", "Renew", "ECR", "ECR", "EPP", "EPP", "SD", "Renew", "EPP", "SD", "SD", "NI", "EPP", "EPP", "SD"), + + top_seats = c(6, 5, 6, 6, 2, 9, 4, 2, 4, 30, 31, 7, 11, 6, 24, 3, 3, 2, 3, 7, 23, 8, 11, 7, 5, 22, 5), + + total_seats = c(20, 22, 17, 12, 6, 21, 15, 7, 15, 81, 96, 21, 21, 14, 76, 9, 11, 6, 6, 31, 53, 21, 33, 15, 9, 61, 21) +) + +# create a variable containing the percentage of seats held by top group +eu_parl_map <- + eu_parl_map |> + mutate(top_percentage = (top_seats / total_seats) * 100) +``` + +Second, we get the map data that we need for the project. In R there are several packages that can be used for making map-based visualisations, these include "maps", "rnaturalearth", and "giscoR". After researching map creation in R I chose to use the "rnaturalearth" package for this project as it seemed to be an up-to-date, general-purpose mapping package that had a lot of readily-available supporting documentation, online resources, and existing discussion on R programming forums. + +Firstly all the geographic boundary data included in the "naturalearth" package was called. It was decided that for this project a "medium" scale with moderate detail would provide a good balance of reasonable detail without excessive file size or rendering time. Returning the data as a "sf" (simple features) object provides a tidyverse-friendly data structure and makes the data compatible with visualisation packages such as ggplot2 which will be relied on heavily throughout this project. + +```{r} +countries <- ne_countries(scale = "medium", returnclass = "sf") +``` + +Next this full set of countries was reduced to what is needed for the project - the continental european territories of the 27 European union member states. This was done using a combination of centroids and latitudes/longitudes. + +The complex, multi-part geometries retrieved from "rnaturalearth" were decomposed into individual polygons, and the geographic centroid for each of these polygons was then calculated. After this, a filter was used to only keep those polygons with a centroid falling within a boundary box spanning -25° to 40° longitude and 34° to 72° latitude (this longitude and latitude data was estimated manually using google maps as a reference). This approach captured the European continental region required whilst excluding overseas territories of the EU27 countries that are not represented on the original map. + +```{r} +# decomposition of multipolygons into individual polygons +countries <- countries |> + st_cast("MULTIPOLYGON") |> + st_cast("POLYGON") + +# calculating centroids +cent <- st_coordinates(st_centroid(countries)) + +# adding centroid longitude and latitude to the data frame to make filtering easier +countries <- countries |> + mutate( + lon = cent[, 1], + lat = cent[, 2] + ) + +# filtering for polygons withing longitude and latitude boundaries +countries <- countries |> + filter( + lon > -25, lon < 40, + lat > 34, lat < 72 + ) +``` + +Now that both the election data represented in the map and the geometries of the map area have been defined, the next job is to join the two together.\ +To do this, an inner join was used merging the two datasets and only keeping the rows where there is a match in both. Effectively, this means that as the data is joined the map polygons are simultaneously further filtered down to include those only belonging to EU27 countries. The variables "adm0_30" and "country_code" as the keys for this join. + +```{r} +# join map and election datasets +final_map <- countries |> + inner_join(eu_parl_map, + by = c("adm0_a3" = "country_code"), keep = TRUE) +``` + +After inspecting the resulting, joined dataset it was decided to clean it up by minimising the number of variables. A lot of variables provided by the {rnaturalearth} package were not relevant to this project so were removed to make the final working dataset more easily readable and R's processing job lighter. + +```{r} +final_map <- final_map |> + select( + all_of(names(eu_parl_map)), + geometry) +``` + +Next, the banding for the colour graduation in the choropleth map was set. The variable "top_percentage" held the vote percentage data for the colour graduation, and in its original form was a continuous variable. A new, categorical variable "pct_band" was created. Here, to match the original plot, (left closed) intervals of 5% were created from 25% to 50%, with catch-all groups for vote percentages below 25 and above 50 percent.\ +\ +The "top_party" variable that holds the identity of the winning European Parliament group for each country was also converted to a factor type variable for categorical analysis. + +```{r} +# create categorical vote percentage variable +final_map <- final_map |> + mutate( + top_percentage = as.numeric(top_percentage), + pct_band = cut( + top_percentage, + breaks = c(-Inf, 25, seq(30, 50, 5), Inf), + right = FALSE, + labels = c( + "< 25", + "25–30", "30–35", "35–40", "40–45", "45–50", + "50+" + ) + ), + top_party = as.factor(top_party) + ) +``` + +Following this, it was time to approach the actual shades of colours used for the percentage categories of each European Parliament group in the plot - this meant generating gradient shades for each party based on the colours assigned earlier in the plot globals and the new percentage bands. A unique colour was needed for each combination of EP group (top_party) and percentage category (pct_band) that can exist. + +This was a somewhat tricky task, and after a lot of research and trial-and-error two custom functions were designed in order to manipulate the map colours programatically. + +```{r} +# defining a function: create a new colour from 2 input colurs and specified proportions +mix_colors <- function(col1, col2, p = 0.5) { +# col2rgb() breaks the colour into its rgb components and /255 converts the component values to a 0-1 scale for easier manipulation + c1 <- col2rgb(col1) / 255 + c2 <- col2rgb(col2) / 255 +# weighted average formula with p controlling the mix of rgb + mix <- (1 - p) * c1 + p * c2 +# converting back to a useable colour format for plotting + grDevices::rgb(mix[1, ], mix[2, ], mix[3, ]) +} + + +# defining a new function: making a colour darker by a specified amount +darken_color <- function(col, p = 0.25) { +# p represents how much darker (e.g. 0.2 = 20% darker) +# like above, converts to rgb and normalises to 0-1 scale + col_rgb <- col2rgb(col) / 255 +# darkening according to value of p + dark_rgb <- col_rgb * (1 - p) +# converting back to a useable colour format for plotting + grDevices::rgb(dark_rgb[1, ], dark_rgb[2, ], dark_rgb[3, ]) +} +``` + +Creating a set of gradiated colours for each party - for each EP group that exists in the data, a colour range was generated by blending the party's assigned colour (the base colour defined in the global colour pallette) with white to create lighter tones and using the darken_color() function to make darker tones. The function colorRampPallette() was then used to create gradient pallettes with individual shades assigned to each percentage band. This process also took some trial-and-error to get gradients of colours that were suitable for the map. + +```{r} +# defining all possible percentage bands +all_bands <- c( + "< 25", + "25–30", "30–35", "35–40", "40–45", "45–50", + "50+" +) + +# getting all parties that appear in the data +all_parties <- unique(final_map$top_party[!is.na(final_map$top_party)]) + +# creating a complete grid of all possible combinations +combos <- expand.grid( + top_party = all_parties, +# making it an ordered factor + pct_band = factor(all_bands, levels = all_bands), + stringsAsFactors = FALSE +) |> + arrange(top_party, pct_band) |> + group_by(top_party) |> + mutate( + idx = row_number(), + color = { + base_col <- custom_cols[as.character(first(top_party))] + +# creating a light version + light_col <- mix_colors("#FFFFFF", base_col, p = 0.5) + +# creating a dark version + dark_col <- darken_color(base_col, p = 0.1) + +# creating a gradient + pal <- grDevices::colorRampPalette(c(light_col, dark_col)) + pal(n())[idx] + } + ) |> + ungroup() +``` + +Next, the map data and the generated colours need to be linked together in the dataset. This was done using the interaction() function to combine the top_party and pct_band variables into a single identifier and creating a named colour vector. + +```{r} +# creating combined factors for EP groups and vote percentage bands +final_map <- final_map |> + mutate( + party_band = interaction(top_party, pct_band, drop = TRUE) + ) + +# creating a named colour vector +tmp <- combos |> + mutate(party_band = interaction(top_party, pct_band, drop = TRUE)) |> + distinct(party_band, color) + +# creates what is essentially a "look up table" for combined factors and their relevant colour +fill_values <- setNames(tmp$color, tmp$party_band) +``` + +Finally, it was time to put it all together and plot the visual map using ggplot. + +```{r} +# create a "bounding box" which is the rectangular coordinates that con +# remove cyprus from the visualisation to match original plot +euparl_sf <- final_map |> dplyr::filter(country != "Cyprus") +bb <- st_bbox(euparl_sf) + +# having to add extra space to the tight hand side of the map where one of the annotations will have to go later +extra_width <- (bb["xmax"] - bb["xmin"]) * 0.50 #(50% chosen arbitrarily) + +# creating the final map with ggplot +EUROMAP <- + ggplot(euparl_sf) + + geom_sf(aes(fill = party_band), color = "white", linewidth = 0.2) + + scale_fill_manual(values = fill_values) + + coord_sf( + xlim = c(bb["xmin"], bb["xmax"] + extra_width), + ylim = c(bb["ymin"], bb["ymax"]), + expand = FALSE + ) + + theme_void() + + theme(legend.position = "none") + +EUROMAP +``` + +## ADDING THE DOTTED BOXES + +Continuing with the main map, two dotted boxes were required around the BENELUX region and Malta to indicate that these areas are represented in a "zoom" annotation. + +The BENELUX dotted box was created by extracting the required countries from the map dataset, calculating their bounding box (i.e. the minimum rectangular coordinates that contain the required countries), defining the padding wanted around the boundaries of these countries for visual effect, and defining the final coordinates of the box. + +```{r} +# extracting required countries +benelux <- final_map |> + dplyr::filter(country %in% c("Belgium", "Netherlands", "Luxembourg")) + +# defining the bounding box +bb <- sf::st_bbox(benelux) + +# defining padding through trial-and-error +x_pad <- (bb["xmax"] - bb["xmin"]) * 0.07 +y_pad <- (bb["ymax"] - bb["ymin"]) * 0.04 + +# defining the final coordinates of the box and storing as a data frame +benelux_box <- data.frame( + xmin = bb["xmin"] - x_pad, + xmax = bb["xmax"] + x_pad, + ymin = bb["ymin"] - y_pad, + ymax = bb["ymax"] + y_pad +) +``` + +The same process was used to create the dotted outline for Malta. + +```{r} +# extracting required country +malta <- final_map |> + dplyr::filter(country == "Malta") + +# defining the bounding box +mb <- sf::st_bbox(malta) + +# defininf padding through trial and error +mx_pad <- (mb["xmax"] - mb["xmin"]) * 0.6 +my_pad <- (mb["ymax"] - mb["ymin"]) * 0.4 + +# defining the final coordinates of the box and storing as a data frame +malta_box <- data.frame( + xmin = mb["xmin"] - mx_pad, + xmax = mb["xmax"] + mx_pad, + ymin = mb["ymin"] - my_pad, + ymax = mb["ymax"] + my_pad +) +``` + +Following this, the background map was redrawn with the two dotted boxes applied using the geom_rect() function and defining the aesthetics of the rectangle (e.g. line style, colour, and weight). The aesthetics were adjusted manually until the boxes were visually as similar as possible to those on the original plot. + +```{r} +# redrawing the main map +EUROMAP <- + ggplot(final_map) + + geom_sf(aes(fill = party_band), color = "white", linewidth = 0.2) + + scale_fill_manual(values = fill_values, na.value = "grey90") + + theme_void() + + theme(legend.position = "none") + +# adding the BENELUX box and defining aesthstics + geom_rect( + data = benelux_box, + aes(xmin = xmin, xmax = xmax, ymin = ymin, ymax = ymax), + inherit.aes = FALSE, + colour = "black", + fill = NA, + linewidth = 0.4, + linetype = "11" + ) + +# adding the Malta box and defining aesthetics + geom_rect( + data = malta_box, + aes(xmin = xmin, xmax = xmax, ymin = ymin, ymax = ymax), + inherit.aes = FALSE, + colour = "black", + fill = NA, + linewidth = 0.4, + linetype = "11" + ) + +EUROMAP +``` + +## MAKING THE PARLIAMENT PLOTS + +As the next stage of the project I decided to tackle the circular plots that are overlaid on the main map. These circular plots are a combination of two main elements - an inner circular parliament plot and an outer donut plot. These had to be made seperately and combined in a later stage of the project. The first part that was recreated were the parliament plots.\ +\ +in order to make parliament plots in R there only really two options, "ggpol" and "ggparliament". "ggpol" is limited to semicircular parliament plots, whereas "ggparliament" has specific functionality to create the circular parliament plots needed for this project, therefore the "ggparliament" package was the obvious choice. + +### DEBUGGING + +Before talking about how the parliament plots were made, it is important to discuss an alteration that was made to the package code to debug an issue that was found in the plot recreation process. Whilst making the final parliament plots, it was clear in looking at the ones that contained only a handful of seats that there were points/ seats missing from the plot. After inspecting each outputted plot manually it became clear that this was consistent across all of the plots with the number of missing seats always being the same as the number of rows of seats in the plot.\ +\ +After some substantial effort to find the issue, it was clear that the problem did not lie in the data or in the use of the package but rather in the code of the package itself. Inside the calc_coordinates() helper function, the position for the first and last row of seats in the plot were being defined as 0 and 360 degrees in the circle meaning that the first and last points of each row were being overlayed in the plot. + +In order to remedy this, a small portion of the calc_coordinates() code was altered to add "ghost points" to each row that would take up the overlap, allowing the points that contained the actual data of the plot to remain visible. The final "debugging" code used to modify and overwrite the ggparliament package code was the following. (Please note, at the time of writing, this issue has been flagged to the ggparliament maintenance team but has not yet been remedied centrally so this fix still needs to be used). + +```{r} +fix_calc_coordinates <- function(N, M, limits, segment = 0.5) { + radii <- seq(limits[1], limits[2], length.out = M) + counts <- numeric(M) + pts <- do.call(rbind, lapply(seq_len(M), function(i) { + counts[i] <<- round(N * radii[i] / sum(radii[i:M])) +# FIX: generate one extra point then drop last when full circle + thetas <- seq(0, segment * 2 * pi, length.out = counts[i] + (segment == 1)) + if (segment == 1) thetas <- head(thetas, -1) + + N <<- N - counts[i] + + data.frame( + x = radii[i] * cos(thetas), + y = radii[i] * sin(thetas), + row = i, + theta = thetas + ) + })) + pts[order(-pts$theta, -pts$row), ] +} + +# overwriting the internal function in the namespace: +assignInNamespace("calc_coordinates", fix_calc_coordinates, ns = "ggparliament") +``` + +### DEFINING THE PARLIAMENT PLOT FUNCTION + +Now that the package was working as it should, the correctly-formatted parliament plots could be created. The original plot contains 27 different circular plots on top of the main map, however making 27 parliament plots manually would take a long time and require a lot of code. bearing this in mind, a function was defined to make the process quicker, more streamlined, and the output as identical as possible across all parliament plots. The function had to encompass several features including the function parameters, circle layout, boundary circle, seat point specification, order of parties, and colour specification. + +The parliament plot making function was defined as follows: + +```{r} +# creating a parliament plot function +# defining the function parameters +make_parl_plot <- function(election_data, + parl_rows, + custom_cols, + circle_expand = 1.10, # how far beyond the outer row + point_size = 10) { + +# creating the circle layout + circle_df <- ggparliament::parliament_data( + election_data = election_data, + type = "circle", + parl_rows = parl_rows, + party_seats = election_data$SEATS_TOTAL, + plot_order = election_data$plot_order + ) + +# calculating the boundary circle size using the distance form centre of the outermost seat position + r <- max(sqrt(circle_df$x^2 + circle_df$y^2)) + r_out <- r * circle_expand + +# building the plot and defining the aesthetics +# defining the circular "seat" points + p <- ggplot(circle_df, aes(x = y, y = x)) + + geom_point( + aes(fill = GROUP_ID), + shape = 21, + size = point_size, + colour = "black", + stroke = 0.4 + ) + +# defining the outer boundary circle + geom_circle( + data = data.frame(x0 = 0, y0 = 0, r = r_out), + aes(x0 = x0, y0 = y0, r = r), + inherit.aes = FALSE, + colour = "black", + linewidth = 0.8, + fill = NA + ) + +# applying the global party colour scheme + scale_fill_manual(values = custom_cols) + + theme_ggparliament() + + coord_fixed( + ratio = 1, + xlim = c(-r_out, r_out), + ylim = c(-r_out, r_out) + ) + + theme(legend.position = "none") + + p +} +``` + +### PLOTTING + +After the function was defined and tested, the 27 different parliament plots could be made relatively easily. The data for the parliament plots was taken directly from the 27 individual .csv filed downloaded from the European Parliament website. + +```{r} + +# AUSTRIA +# IMPORT DATA +at <- read.csv(file = "100561659_files/Data/at.csv", sep = ";") +# CHANGING THE NAMES IN THE DATASET TO MATCH NAMES USED IN THE PLOT +at$GROUP_ID[at$GROUP_ID == "PfE"] <- "Patriots" +# MAKING FACTORS +at <- at |> + mutate( + # make sure GROUP_ID is a factor in your desired order + GROUP_ID = factor(GROUP_ID, levels = party_order), + # numeric order for parliament_data() + plot_order = as.numeric(GROUP_ID)) +# PLOTTING THE PARLIAMENT PLOT USING THE FUNCITON +ATPARL <- make_parl_plot( + election_data = at, + parl_rows = 2, + custom_cols = custom_cols) + +ATPARL + + +# BELGIUM +# IMPORT DATA +be <- read.csv(file = "100561659_files/Data/be.csv", sep = ";") +# CHANGING THE NAMES IN THE DATASET TO MATCH NAMES USED IN TH PLOT +be$GROUP_ID[be$GROUP_ID == "PfE"] <- "Patriots" +# MAKING FACTORS +be <- be |> + mutate( + # make sure GROUP_ID is a factor in your desired order + GROUP_ID = factor(GROUP_ID, levels = party_order), + # numeric order for parliament_data() + plot_order = as.numeric(GROUP_ID)) +# PLOTTING THE PARLIAMENT PLOT USING THE FUNCITON +BEPARL <- make_parl_plot( + election_data = be, + parl_rows = 2, + custom_cols = custom_cols +) + +BEPARL + + +# BULGARIA +# IMPORT DATA +bg <- read.csv(file = "100561659_files/Data/bg.csv", sep = ";") +# CHANGING THE NAMES IN THE DATASET TO MATCH NAMES USED IN TH PLOT +bg$GROUP_ID[bg$GROUP_ID == "PfE"] <- "Patriots" +# MAKING FACTORS +bg <- bg |> + mutate( + # make sure GROUP_ID is a factor in your desired order + GROUP_ID = factor(GROUP_ID, levels = party_order), + # numeric order for parliament_data() + plot_order = as.numeric(GROUP_ID)) +# PLOTTING THE PARLIAMENT PLOT USING THE FUNCITON +BGPARL <- make_parl_plot( + election_data = bg, + parl_rows = 1, + custom_cols = custom_cols +) + +BGPARL + + +# CROATIA +# IMPORT DATA +hr <- read.csv(file = "100561659_files/Data/hr.csv", sep = ";") +# MAKING FACTORS +hr <- hr |> + mutate( + # make sure GROUP_ID is a factor in your desired order + GROUP_ID = factor(GROUP_ID, levels = party_order), + # numeric order for parliament_data() + plot_order = as.numeric(GROUP_ID)) +# PLOTTING THE PARLIAMENT PLOT USING THE FUNCITON +HRPARL <- make_parl_plot( + election_data = hr, + parl_rows = 1, + custom_col = custom_cols +) + +HRPARL + + +# CYPRUS +# IMPORT DATA +cy <- read.csv(file = "100561659_files/Data/cy.csv", sep = ";") +# MAKING FACTORS +cy <- cy |> + mutate( + # make sure GROUP_ID is a factor in your desired order + GROUP_ID = factor(GROUP_ID, levels = party_order), + # numeric order for parliament_data() + plot_order = as.numeric(GROUP_ID)) +# PLOTTING THE PARLIAMENT PLOT USING THE FUNCITON +CYPARL <- make_parl_plot( + election_data = cy, + parl_rows = 1, + custom_cols = custom_cols +) + +CYPARL + + +# CZECHIA +# IMPORT DATA +cz <- read.csv(file = "100561659_files/Data/cz.csv", sep = ";") +# CHANGING THE NAMES IN THE DATASET TO MATCH NAMES USED IN TH PLOT +cz$GROUP_ID[cz$GROUP_ID == "PfE"] <- "Patriots" +# MAKING FACTORS +cz <- cz |> + mutate( + # make sure GROUP_ID is a factor in your desired order + GROUP_ID = factor(GROUP_ID, levels = party_order), + # numeric order for parliament_data() + plot_order = as.numeric(GROUP_ID)) + +# PLOTTING THE PARLIAMENT PLOT USING THE FUNCITON +CZPARL <- make_parl_plot( + election_data = cz, + parl_rows = 2, + custom_cols = custom_cols +) + +CZPARL + + +# DENMARK +# IMPORT DATA +dk <- read.csv(file = "100561659_files/Data/dk.csv", sep = ";") +# CHANGING THE NAMES IN THE DATASET TO MATCH NAMES USED IN TH PLOT +dk$GROUP_ID[dk$GROUP_ID == "PfE"] <- "Patriots" +# MAKING FACTORS +dk <- dk |> + mutate( + # make sure GROUP_ID is a factor in your desired order + GROUP_ID = factor(GROUP_ID, levels = party_order), + # numeric order for parliament_data() + plot_order = as.numeric(GROUP_ID)) +# PLOTTING THE PARLIAMENT PLOT USING THE FUNCITON +DKPARL <- make_parl_plot( + election_data = dk, + parl_rows = 1, + custom_cols = custom_cols +) + +DKPARL + + +# ESTONIA +# IMPORT DATA +ee <- read.csv(file = "100561659_files/Data/ee.csv", sep = ";") +# MAKING FACTORS +ee <- ee |> + mutate( + # make sure GROUP_ID is a factor in your desired order + GROUP_ID = factor(GROUP_ID, levels = party_order), + # numeric order for parliament_data() + plot_order = as.numeric(GROUP_ID)) +# PLOTTING THE PARLIAMENT PLOT USING THE FUNCITON +EEPARL <- make_parl_plot( + election_data = ee, + parl_rows = 1, + custom_cols = custom_cols +) + +EEPARL + + +# FINLAND +# IMPORT DATA +fi <- read.csv(file = "100561659_files/Data/fi.csv", sep = ";") +# MAKING FACTORS +fi <- fi |> + mutate( + # make sure GROUP_ID is a factor in your desired order + GROUP_ID = factor(GROUP_ID, levels = party_order), + # numeric order for parliament_data() + plot_order = as.numeric(GROUP_ID)) +# PLOTTING THE PARLIAMENT PLOT USING THE FUNCITON +FIPARL <- make_parl_plot( + election_data = fi, + parl_rows = 1, + custom_cols = custom_cols +) + +FIPARL + + +# FRANCE +# IMPORT DATA +fr <- read.csv(file = "100561659_files/Data/fr.csv", sep = ";") +# CHANGING THE NAMES IN THE DATASET TO MATCH NAMES USED IN TH PLOT +fr$GROUP_ID[fr$GROUP_ID == "PfE"] <- "Patriots" +# MAKING FACTORS +fr <- fr |> + mutate( + # make sure GROUP_ID is a factor in your desired order + GROUP_ID = factor(GROUP_ID, levels = party_order), + # numeric order for parliament_data() + plot_order = as.numeric(GROUP_ID)) +# PLOTTING THE PARLIAMENT PLOT USING THE FUNCITON +FRPARL <- make_parl_plot( + election_data = fr, + parl_rows = 3, + custom_cols = custom_cols +) + +FRPARL + + +# GERMANY +# IMPORT DATA +de <- read.csv(file = "100561659_files/Data/de.csv", sep = ";") +# MAKING FACTORS +de <- de |> + mutate( + # make sure GROUP_ID is a factor in your desired order + GROUP_ID = factor(GROUP_ID, levels = party_order), + # numeric order for parliament_data() + plot_order = as.numeric(GROUP_ID)) +# PLOTTING THE PARLIAMENT PLOT USING THE FUNCITON +DEPARL <- make_parl_plot( + election_data = de, + parl_rows = 4, + custom_cols = custom_cols +) + +DEPARL + + + +# GREECE +# IMPORT DATA +el <- read.csv(file = "100561659_files/Data/el.csv", sep = ";") +# CHANGING THE NAMES IN THE DATASET TO MATCH NAMES USED IN TH PLOT +el$GROUP_ID[el$GROUP_ID == "PfE"] <- "Patriots" +# MAKING FACTORS +el <- el |> + mutate( + # make sure GROUP_ID is a factor in your desired order + GROUP_ID = factor(GROUP_ID, levels = party_order), + # numeric order for parliament_data() + plot_order = as.numeric(GROUP_ID)) +# PLOTTING THE PARLIAMENT PLOT USING THE FUNCITON +ELPARL <- make_parl_plot( + election_data = el, + parl_rows = 2, + custom_cols = custom_cols +) + +ELPARL + + + +# HUNGARY +# IMPORT DATA +hu <- read.csv(file = "100561659_files/Data/hu.csv", sep = ";") +# CHANGING THE NAMES IN THE DATASET TO MATCH NAMES USED IN TH PLOT +hu$GROUP_ID[hu$GROUP_ID == "PfE"] <- "Patriots" +# MAKING FACTORS +hu <- hu |> + mutate( + # make sure GROUP_ID is a factor in your desired order + GROUP_ID = factor(GROUP_ID, levels = party_order), + # numeric order for parliament_data() + plot_order = as.numeric(GROUP_ID)) +# PLOTTING THE PARLIAMENT PLOT USING THE FUNCITON +HUPARL <- make_parl_plot( + election_data = hu, + parl_rows = 2, + custom_cols = custom_cols +) + +HUPARL + + +# IRELAND +# IMPORT DATA +ie <- read.csv(file = "100561659_files/Data/ie.csv", sep = ";") +# MAKING FACTORS +ie <- ie |> + mutate( + # make sure GROUP_ID is a factor in your desired order + GROUP_ID = factor(GROUP_ID, levels = party_order), + # numeric order for parliament_data() + plot_order = as.numeric(GROUP_ID)) +# PLOTTING THE PARLIAMENT PLOT USING THE FUNCITON +IEPARL <- make_parl_plot( + election_data = ie, + parl_rows = 1, + custom_cols = custom_cols +) + +IEPARL + + +# ITALY +# IMPORT DATA +it <- read.csv(file = "100561659_files/Data/it.csv", sep = ";") +# CHANGING THE NAMES IN THE DATASET TO MATCH NAMES USED IN TH PLOT +it$GROUP_ID[it$GROUP_ID == "PfE"] <- "Patriots" +# MAKING FACTORS +it <- it |> + mutate( + # make sure GROUP_ID is a factor in your desired order + GROUP_ID = factor(GROUP_ID, levels = party_order), + # numeric order for parliament_data() + plot_order = as.numeric(GROUP_ID)) +# PLOTTING THE PARLIAMENT PLOT USING THE FUNCITON +ITPARL <- make_parl_plot( + election_data = it, + parl_rows = 3, + custom_cols = custom_cols +) + +ITPARL + + +# LATVIA +# IMPORT DATA +lv <- read.csv(file = "100561659_files/Data/lv.csv", sep = ";") +# CHANGING THE NAMES IN THE DATASET TO MATCH NAMES USED IN TH PLOT +lv$GROUP_ID[lv$GROUP_ID == "PfE"] <- "Patriots" +# MAKING FACTORS +lv <- lv |> + mutate( + # make sure GROUP_ID is a factor in your desired order + GROUP_ID = factor(GROUP_ID, levels = party_order), + # numeric order for parliament_data() + plot_order = as.numeric(GROUP_ID)) +# PLOTTING THE PARLIAMENT PLOT USING THE FUNCITON +LVPARL <- make_parl_plot( + election_data = lv, + parl_rows = 1, + custom_cols = custom_cols +) + +LVPARL + + + +# LITHUANIA +# IMPORT DATA +lt <- read.csv(file = "100561659_files/Data/lt.csv", sep = ";") +# MAKING FACTORS +lt <- lt |> + mutate( + # make sure GROUP_ID is a factor in your desired order + GROUP_ID = factor(GROUP_ID, levels = party_order), + # numeric order for parliament_data() + plot_order = as.numeric(GROUP_ID)) +# PLOTTING THE PARLIAMENT PLOT USING THE FUNCITON +LTPARL <- make_parl_plot( + election_data = lt, + parl_rows = 1, + custom_cols = custom_cols +) + +LTPARL + + +# LUXEMBOURG +# IMPORT DATA +lu <- read.csv(file = "100561659_files/Data/lu.csv", sep = ";") +# MAKING FACTORS +lu <- lu |> + mutate( + # make sure GROUP_ID is a factor in your desired order + GROUP_ID = factor(GROUP_ID, levels = party_order), + # numeric order for parliament_data() + plot_order = as.numeric(GROUP_ID)) +# PLOTTING THE PARLIAMENT PLOT USING THE FUNCITON +LUPARL <- make_parl_plot( + election_data = lu, + parl_rows = 1, + custom_cols = custom_cols +) + +LUPARL + + +# MALTA +# IMPORT DATA +mt <- read.csv(file = "100561659_files/Data/mt.csv", sep = ";") +# MAKING FACTORS +mt <- mt |> + mutate( + # make sure GROUP_ID is a factor in your desired order + GROUP_ID = factor(GROUP_ID, levels = party_order), + # numeric order for parliament_data() + plot_order = as.numeric(GROUP_ID)) +# PLOTTING THE PARLIAMENT PLOT USING THE FUNCITON +MTPARL <- make_parl_plot( + election_data = mt, + parl_rows = 1, + custom_cols = custom_cols +) + +MTPARL + + +# NETHERLANDS +# IMPORT DATA +nl <- read.csv(file = "100561659_files/Data/nl.csv", sep = ";") +# CHANGING THE NAMES IN THE DATASET TO MATCH NAMES USED IN TH PLOT +nl$GROUP_ID[nl$GROUP_ID == "PfE"] <- "Patriots" +# MAKING FACTORS +nl <- nl |> + mutate( + # make sure GROUP_ID is a factor in your desired order + GROUP_ID = factor(GROUP_ID, levels = party_order), + # numeric order for parliament_data() + plot_order = as.numeric(GROUP_ID)) +# PLOTTING THE PARLIAMENT PLOT USING THE FUNCITON +NLPARL <- make_parl_plot( + election_data = nl, + parl_rows = 2, + custom_cols = custom_cols +) + +NLPARL + + + +# POLAND +# IMPORT DATA +pl <- read.csv(file = "100561659_files/Data/pl.csv", sep = ";") +# MAKING FACTORS +pl <- pl |> + mutate( + # make sure GROUP_ID is a factor in your desired order + GROUP_ID = factor(GROUP_ID, levels = party_order), + # numeric order for parliament_data() + plot_order = as.numeric(GROUP_ID)) +# PLOTTING THE PARLIAMENT PLOT USING THE FUNCITON +PLPARL <- make_parl_plot( + election_data = pl, + parl_rows = 3, + custom_cols = custom_cols +) + +PLPARL + + + +# PORTUGAL +# IMPORT DATA +pt <- read.csv(file = "100561659_files/Data/pt.csv", sep = ";") +# CHANGING THE NAMES IN THE DATASET TO MATCH NAMES USED IN TH PLOT +pt$GROUP_ID[pt$GROUP_ID == "PfE"] <- "Patriots" +# MAKING FACTORS +pt <- pt |> + mutate( + # make sure GROUP_ID is a factor in your desired order + GROUP_ID = factor(GROUP_ID, levels = party_order), + # numeric order for parliament_data() + plot_order = as.numeric(GROUP_ID)) +# PLOTTING THE PARLIAMENT PLOT USING THE FUNCITON +PTPARL <- make_parl_plot( + election_data = pt, + parl_rows = 2, + custom_cols = custom_cols +) + +PTPARL + + + +# ROMANIA +# IMPORT DATA +ro <- read.csv(file = "100561659_files/Data/ro.csv", sep = ";") +# MAKING FACTORS +ro <- ro |> + mutate( + # make sure GROUP_ID is a factor in your desired order + GROUP_ID = factor(GROUP_ID, levels = party_order), + # numeric order for parliament_data() + plot_order = as.numeric(GROUP_ID)) +# PLOTTING THE PARLIAMENT PLOT USING THE FUNCITON +ROPARL <- make_parl_plot( + election_data = ro, + parl_rows = 2, + custom_cols = custom_cols +) + +ROPARL + + + +# SLOVAKIA +# IMPORT DATA +sk <- read.csv(file = "100561659_files/Data/sk.csv", sep = ";") +# MAKING FACTORS +sk <- sk |> + mutate( + # make sure GROUP_ID is a factor in your desired order + GROUP_ID = factor(GROUP_ID, levels = party_order), + # numeric order for parliament_data() + plot_order = as.numeric(GROUP_ID)) +# PLOTTING THE PARLIAMENT PLOT USING THE FUNCITON +SKPARL <- make_parl_plot( + election_data = sk, + parl_rows = 1, + custom_cols = custom_cols +) + +SKPARL + + +# SLOVENIA +# IMPORT DATA +si <- read.csv(file = "100561659_files/Data/si.csv", sep = ";") +# MAKING FACTORS +si <- si |> + mutate( + # make sure GROUP_ID is a factor in your desired order + GROUP_ID = factor(GROUP_ID, levels = party_order), + # numeric order for parliament_data() + plot_order = as.numeric(GROUP_ID)) +# PLOTTING THE PARLIAMENT PLOT USING THE FUNCITON +SIPARL <- make_parl_plot( + election_data = si, + parl_rows = 1, + custom_cols = custom_cols +) + +SIPARL + + +# SPAIN +# IMPORT DATA +es <- read.csv(file = "100561659_files/Data/es.csv", sep = ";") +# CHANGING THE NAMES IN THE DATASET TO MATCH NAMES USED IN TH PLOT +es$GROUP_ID[es$GROUP_ID == "PfE"] <- "Patriots" +# MAKING FACTORS +es <- es |> + mutate( + # make sure GROUP_ID is a factor in your desired order + GROUP_ID = factor(GROUP_ID, levels = party_order), + # numeric order for parliament_data() + plot_order = as.numeric(GROUP_ID)) + +# PLOTTING THE PARLIAMENT PLOT USING THE FUNCITON +ESPARL <- make_parl_plot( + election_data = es, + parl_rows = 3, + custom_cols = custom_cols +) + +ESPARL + + + +# SWEDEN +# IMPORT DATA +se <- read.csv(file = "100561659_files/Data/se.csv", sep = ";") +# MAKING FACTORS +se <- se |> + mutate( + # make sure GROUP_ID is a factor in your desired order + GROUP_ID = factor(GROUP_ID, levels = party_order), + # numeric order for parliament_data() + plot_order = as.numeric(GROUP_ID)) +# PLOTTING THE PARLIAMENT PLOT USING THE FUNCITON +SEPARL <- make_parl_plot( + election_data = se, + parl_rows = 2, + custom_cols = custom_cols +) + +SEPARL +``` + +## MAKING THE DONUT PLOTS + +After successfully making the parliament plots for each country, the next stage was to make the donut plots that surround the parliament plots in the original plot. There is no function to explicitly make donut plots in ggplot, however using a single stacked bar chart bent into a circle (as is used to make a pie chart) using polar coordinates appears to be the agreed-upon solution in the R community. There are some specialised packages like "donutsk" that have been developed to make donut plots, however after experimenting with this package and ggplot it was decided that for the basic, non-annotated donuts required for this project that the bent-bar-plot approach using ggplot was best suited. + +### DATA RECREATION + +As discussed earlier, the data required to create the donut plots had to be manually calculated and the datasets constructed in R. + +```{r} +# AUSTRIA +don_at <- data.frame( + party = c("EPP", "SD", "Patriots", "ECR", "Renew", "GREENSEFA", "Theleft", "ESN", "NI", "Independent"), + vote_proportion = c(24.52, 23.22, 25.36, 0.00, 10.14, 11.08, 2.96, 0.00, 0.00, 2.72)) +# check that total proportion = 100 +sum(don_at$vote_proportion) + + +# BELGIUM +don_be <- data.frame( + party = c("EPP", "SD", "Patriots", "ECR", "Renew", "GREENSEFA", "Theleft", "ESN", "NI", "Independent"), + vote_proportion = c(16.04, 14.99, 7.65, 7.36, 28.3, 10.39, 7.8, 0.00, 0.00, 7.47)) +# check that total proportion = 100 +sum(don_be$vote_proportion) + + +# BULGARIA +don_bg <- data.frame( + party = c("EPP", "SD", "Patriots", "ECR", "Renew", "GREENSEFA", "Theleft", "ESN", "NI", "Independent"), + vote_proportion = c(24.79, 7.01, 0.00, 8.13, 29.11, 1.26, 1.23, 13.98, 0.00, 14.49)) +# check that total proportion = 100 +sum(don_bg$vote_proportion) + + +# CROATIA +don_hr <- data.frame( + party = c("EPP", "SD", "Patriots", "ECR", "Renew", "GREENSEFA", "Theleft", "ESN", "NI", "Independent"), + vote_proportion = c(35.83, 25.62, 0.00, 12.85, 5.69, 6.15, 0.63, 0.00, 2.98, 10.25)) +# check that total proportion = 100 +sum(don_hr$vote_proportion) + + +# CYPRUS +don_cy <- data.frame( + party = c("EPP", "SD", "Patriots", "ECR", "Renew", "GREENSEFA", "Theleft", "ESN", "NI", "Independent"), + vote_proportion = c(24.78, 14.79, 0.00, 2.17, 11.19, 4.21, 21.49, 0.00, 19.36, 2.01)) +# check that total proportion = 100 +sum(don_cy$vote_proportion) + + +# CZECHIA +don_cz <- data.frame( + party = c("EPP", "SD", "Patriots", "ECR", "Renew", "GREENSEFA", "Theleft", "ESN", "NI", "Independent"), + vote_proportion = c(19.84, 1.86, 36.9, 11.13, 0.21, 8.09, 0.00, 7.88, 9.56, 4.53)) +# check that total proportion = 100 +sum(don_cz$vote_proportion) + + +# DENMARK +don_dk <- data.frame( + party = c("EPP", "SD", "Patriots", "ECR", "Renew", "GREENSEFA", "Theleft", "ESN", "NI", "Independent"), + vote_proportion = c(15.79, 15.57, 6.37, 27.75, 7.39, 20.08, 7.05, 0.00, 0.00, 0.00)) +# check that total proportion = 100 +sum(don_dk$vote_proportion) + + +# ESTONIA +don_ee <- data.frame( + party = c("EPP", "SD", "Patriots", "ECR", "Renew", "GREENSEFA", "Theleft", "ESN", "NI", "Independent"), + vote_proportion = c(21.51, 19.33, 14.86, 6.22, 24.14, 0.61, 0.00, 0.00, 0.00, 13.33)) +# check that total proportion = 100 +sum(don_ee$vote_proportion) + + +# FINLAND +don_fi <- data.frame( + party = c("EPP", "SD", "Patriots", "ECR", "Renew", "GREENSEFA", "Theleft", "ESN", "NI", "Independent"), + vote_proportion = c(28.92, 14.87, 0.00, 17.90, 7.61, 11.28, 17.47, 0.00, 0.00, 1.95)) +# check that total proportion = 100 +sum(don_fi$vote_proportion) + + +# FRANCE +don_fr <- data.frame( + party = c("EPP", "SD", "Patriots", "ECR", "Renew", "GREENSEFA", "Theleft", "ESN", "NI", "Independent"), + vote_proportion = c(7.25, 13.88, 31.37, 0.00, 15.02, 5.76, 14.40, 5.47, 0.00, 6.85)) +# check that total proportion = 100 +sum(don_fr$vote_proportion) + + +# GERMANY +don_de <- data.frame( + party = c("EPP", "SD", "Patriots", "ECR", "Renew", "GREENSEFA", "Theleft", "ESN", "NI", "Independent"), + vote_proportion = c(31.28, 13.94, 0.00, 0.41, 7.85, 14.94, 4.17, 15.89, 8.12, 3.40 )) +# check that total proportion = 100 +sum(don_de$vote_proportion) + + + +# GREECE +don_el <- data.frame( + party = c("EPP", "SD", "Patriots", "ECR", "Renew", "GREENSEFA", "Theleft", "ESN", "NI", "Independent"), + vote_proportion = c(28.31, 12.79, 3.04, 9.30, 1.45, 1.80, 17.46, 0.52, 17.02, 8.31)) +# check that total proportion = 100 +sum(don_el$vote_proportion) + + +# HUNGARY +don_hu <- data.frame( + party = c("EPP", "SD", "Patriots", "ECR", "Renew", "GREENSEFA", "Theleft", "ESN", "NI", "Independent"), + vote_proportion = c(30.59, 8.03, 44.82, 0.00, 4.34, 4.46, 0.00, 6.71, 0.00, 1.05)) +# check that total proportion = 100 +sum(don_hu$vote_proportion) + + +# IRELAND +don_ie <- data.frame( + party = c("EPP", "SD", "Patriots", "ECR", "Renew", "GREENSEFA", "Theleft", "ESN", "NI", "Independent"), + vote_proportion = c(20.79, 6.33, 0.00, 0.00, 26.67, 5.36, 19.46, 0.00, 0.00, 21.39)) +# check that total proportion = 100 +sum(don_ie$vote_proportion) + + +# ITALY +don_it <- data.frame( + party = c("EPP", "SD", "Patriots", "ECR", "Renew", "GREENSEFA", "Theleft", "ESN", "NI", "Independent"), + vote_proportion = c(10.50, 24.11, 8.97, 28.76, 7.13, 6.78, 10.11, 0.00, 0.00, 3.64)) +# check that total proportion = 100 +sum(don_it$vote_proportion) + + +# LATVIA +don_lv <- data.frame( + party = c("EPP", "SD", "Patriots", "ECR", "Renew", "GREENSEFA", "Theleft", "ESN", "NI", "Independent"), + vote_proportion = c(25.37, 7.21, 6.23, 33.24, 9.46, 7.53, 0.00, 0.00, 0.00, 10.96)) +# check that total proportion = 100 +sum(don_lv$vote_proportion) + + +# LITHUANIA +don_lt <- data.frame( + party = c("EPP", "SD", "Patriots", "ECR", "Renew", "GREENSEFA", "Theleft", "ESN", "NI", "Independent"), + vote_proportion = c(22.70, 17.98, 0.00, 18.40, 13.52, 5.95, 0.00, 5.45, 0.00, 16.00)) +# check that total proportion = 100 +sum(don_lt$vote_proportion) + + +# LUXEMBOURG +don_lu <- data.frame( + party = c("EPP", "SD", "Patriots", "ECR", "Renew", "GREENSEFA", "Theleft", "ESN", "NI", "Independent"), + vote_proportion = c(22.91, 21.72, 0.00, 11.76, 18.29, 17.72, 3.15, 0.00, 0.00, 4.45)) +# check that total proportion = 100 +sum(don_lu$vote_proportion) + + +# MALTA +don_mt <- data.frame( + party = c("EPP", "SD", "Patriots", "ECR", "Renew", "GREENSEFA", "Theleft", "ESN", "NI", "Independent"), + vote_proportion = c(42.22, 45.26, 0.00, 0.00, 0.00, 1.3, 0.00, 0.00, 0.00, 11.22)) +# check that total proportion = 100 +sum(don_mt$vote_proportion) + + +# NETHERLANDS +don_nl <- data.frame( + party = c("EPP", "SD", "Patriots", "ECR", "Renew", "GREENSEFA", "Theleft", "ESN", "NI", "Independent"), + vote_proportion = c(18.61, 11.00, 16.97, 3.84, 20.87, 16.39, 6.72, 2.49, 0.00, 3.11)) +# check that total proportion = 100 +sum(don_nl$vote_proportion) + + +# POLAND +don_pl <- data.frame( + party = c("EPP", "SD", "Patriots", "ECR", "Renew", "GREENSEFA", "Theleft", "ESN", "NI", "Independent"), + vote_proportion = c(40.18, 3.90, 2.79, 36.16, 2.60, 0.00, 0.00, 3.19, 3.50, 7.68)) +# check that total proportion = 100 +sum(don_pl$vote_proportion) + + +# PORTUGAL +don_pt <- data.frame( + party = c("EPP", "SD", "Patriots", "ECR", "Renew", "GREENSEFA", "Theleft", "ESN", "NI", "Independent"), + vote_proportion = c(31.12, 32.11, 9.79, 0.00, 9.08, 5.18, 10.56, 0.00, 0.00, 2.16)) +# check that total proportion = 100 +sum(don_pt$vote_proportion) + + +# ROMANIA +don_ro <- data.frame( + party = c("EPP", "SD", "Patriots", "ECR", "Renew", "GREENSEFA", "Theleft", "ESN", "NI", "Independent"), + vote_proportion = c(30.76, 25.75, 0.00, 15.38, 12.45, 0.00, 0.42, 0.00, 5.03, 10.21)) +# check that total proportion = 100 +sum(don_ro$vote_proportion) + + +# SLOVAKIA +don_sk <- data.frame( + party = c("EPP", "SD", "Patriots", "ECR", "Renew", "GREENSEFA", "Theleft", "ESN", "NI", "Independent"), + vote_proportion = c(17.74, 0.00, 0.00, 5.55, 27.82, 0.13, 0.00, 12.53, 32.43, 3.8)) +# check that total proportion = 100 +sum(don_sk$vote_proportion) + + +# SLOVENIA +don_si <- data.frame( + party = c("EPP", "SD", "Patriots", "ECR", "Renew", "GREENSEFA", "Theleft", "ESN", "NI", "Independent"), + vote_proportion = c(45.41, 7.77, 0.00, 0.00, 24.35, 12.15, 4.81, 0.00, 0.00, 5.51)) +# check that total proportion = 100 +sum(don_si$vote_proportion) + + +# SPAIN +don_es <- data.frame( + party = c("EPP", "SD", "Patriots", "ECR", "Renew", "GREENSEFA", "Theleft", "ESN", "NI", "Independent"), + vote_proportion = c(34.21, 30.19, 9.63, 4.58, 3.1, 5.86, 7.28, 0.00, 2.61, 2.54)) +# check that total proportion = 100 +sum(don_es$vote_proportion) + + +# SWEDEN +don_se <- data.frame( + party = c("EPP", "SD", "Patriots", "ECR", "Renew", "GREENSEFA", "Theleft", "ESN", "NI", "Independent"), + vote_proportion = c(23.86, 24.77, 0.00, 13.17, 11.67, 14.22, 11.06, 0.00, 0.04, 1.21)) +# check that total proportion = 100 +sum(don_se$vote_proportion) + +``` + +### DEFINING THE DONUT PLOT FUNCTION + +Following the same thinking as with the parliament plots, it was decided that individually coding 27 different donut plots would be unnecessarily time consuming and too large of a chunk of code. Again, a function was defined to streamline and regulate the donut plot making process. + +The function had to encompass several features including the function parameters, the construction of the bar chart, the applicatin of polar coordinates, the white background, and the creation of the "donut hole" in the centre of the polar plot. + +The donut plot making function was defined as follows: + +```{r} +# creating a donut plot function +# defining the function parameters +make_donut <- function(data, + party_col = party, + value_col = vote_proportion, + width_mm = 0.2) { +# data preparation: converting party to a factor and reversing the levels with fct_rev()to correct visuals + data_prepped <- data |> + mutate( + party = factor({{ party_col }}, levels = party_order), + party = forcats::fct_rev(party) + ) |> + arrange(party) + +# calculating the outer edge of the donut + donut_outer <- 2 + width_mm/2 + +# constructing the donut + p <- ggplot(data_prepped, + aes(x = 2, y = {{ value_col }}, fill = party)) + +# defining the white background + annotate("rect", + xmin = 0.5, xmax = donut_outer, + ymin = 0, ymax = 100, + fill = "white", colour = NA) + +# defining the thickness of the bar + geom_col(width = width_mm) + +# wrapping the bar into a circle + coord_polar(theta = "y") + +# spplying globally specified colours + scale_fill_manual(values = custom_cols, drop = FALSE) + +# defining the centre hole of the donut + xlim(0.5, 2.5) + +# adjusting the theme + theme_void() + + theme(legend.position = "none") + + p +} +``` + +### PLOTTING + +Now that the donut plot making function has been defined (and tested???) the 27 individual donut plots required to recreate the original plot can be created. + +```{r} + +# AUSTRIA +donut_at <- make_donut(don_at) +donut_at + + +# BELGIUM +donut_be <- make_donut(don_be) +donut_be + + +# BULGARIA +donut_bg <- make_donut(don_bg) +donut_bg + + +# CROATIA +donut_hr <- make_donut(don_hr) +donut_hr + + +# CYPRUS +donut_cy <- make_donut(don_cy) +donut_cy + + +# CZECHIA +donut_cz <- make_donut(don_cz) +donut_cz + + +# DENMARK +donut_dk <- make_donut(don_dk) +donut_dk + + +# ESTONIA +donut_ee <- make_donut(don_ee) +donut_ee + + +# FINLAND +donut_fi <- make_donut(don_fi) +donut_fi + + +# FRANCE +donut_fr <- make_donut(don_fr) +donut_fr + + +# GERMANY +donut_de <- make_donut(don_de) +donut_de + + +# GREECE +donut_el <- make_donut(don_el) +donut_el + + +# HUNGARY +donut_hu <- make_donut(don_hu) +donut_hu + + +# IRELAND +donut_ie <- make_donut(don_ie) +donut_ie + + +# ITALY +donut_it <- make_donut(don_it) +donut_it + + +# LATVIA +donut_lv <- make_donut(don_lv) +donut_lv + + +# LITHUANIA +donut_lt <- make_donut(don_lt) +donut_lt + + +# LUXEMBOURG +donut_lu <- make_donut(don_lu) +donut_lu + + +# MALTA +donut_mt <- make_donut(don_mt) +donut_mt + + +# NETHERLANDS +donut_nl <- make_donut(don_nl) +donut_nl + + +# POLAND +donut_pl <- make_donut(don_pl) +donut_pl + + +# PORTUGAL +donut_pt <- make_donut(don_pt) +donut_pt + + +# ROMANIA +donut_ro <- make_donut(don_ro) +donut_ro + + +# SLOVAKIA +donut_sk <- make_donut(don_sk) +donut_sk + + +# SLOVENIA +donut_si <- make_donut(don_si) +donut_si + + +# SPAIN +donut_es <- make_donut(don_es) +donut_es + + +# SWEDEN +donut_se <- make_donut(don_se) +donut_se +``` + +## COMBINING THE PARLIAMENT AND DONUT PLOTS + +After both the parliament and donut plots were created, the next stage of the replication process was to combine them into a single, layered combination plot for each country. + +The function had to encompass several features including... \*\*\*\*\* + +### DEFINING THE COMBINATION PLOT FUNCTION + +For a third time, a function was defined to streamline and standardise the creation process for all 27 plots. + +The final combination plot function was defined as follows: + +```{r} +# creating a combination plot function +# defining the function parameters +combine_donut_parliament <- function( + donut_plot, + parliament_plot, + inner_width = 0.72, + donut_scale = 1.20, + start_angle = 0, + ring_divisor = 1.89, + ring_color = "black", + ring_lwd = 3 +) { +# defining the layering strategy using ggdraw + ggdraw() + +# positioning the outer donut including scale and rotation + draw_plot( + donut_plot + coord_polar(theta = "y", start = start_angle), + x = (1 - donut_scale) / 2, + y = (1 - donut_scale) / 2, + width = donut_scale, + height = donut_scale + ) + + +# positioning the inner parliament plot + draw_plot( + parliament_plot, + x = (1 - inner_width) / 2, + y = (1 - inner_width) / 2, + width = inner_width, + height = inner_width + ) + + +# defining the inner black ring + draw_grob( + circleGrob( + x = 0.5, y = 0.5, + r = inner_width / ring_divisor, + gp = gpar(fill = NA, col = ring_color, lwd = ring_lwd) + ) + ) +} +``` + +### PLOTTING + +The above function was then used to create the 27 combination circular plots to be used in the final product. + +```{r} + +# AUSTRIA +at_final <- combine_donut_parliament( + donut_plot = donut_at, + parliament_plot = ATPARL, + inner_width = 0.72, + donut_scale = 1.20, + start_angle = 0 +) + +at_final + + +# BELGIUM +be_final <- combine_donut_parliament( + donut_plot = donut_be, + parliament_plot = BEPARL, + inner_width = 0.72, + donut_scale = 1.20, + start_angle = 0 +) + +be_final + + +# BULGARIA +bg_final <- combine_donut_parliament( + donut_plot = donut_bg, + parliament_plot = BGPARL, + inner_width = 0.72, + donut_scale = 1.20, + start_angle = 0 +) + +bg_final + + +# CROATIA +hr_final <- combine_donut_parliament( + donut_plot = donut_hr, + parliament_plot = HRPARL, + inner_width = 0.72, + donut_scale = 1.20, + start_angle = 0 +) + +hr_final + + +# CYPRUS +cy_final <- combine_donut_parliament( + donut_plot = donut_cy, + parliament_plot = CYPARL, + inner_width = 0.72, + donut_scale = 1.20, + start_angle = 0 +) + +cy_final + + +# CZECH REPUBLIC +cz_final <- combine_donut_parliament( + donut_plot = donut_cz, + parliament_plot = CZPARL, + inner_width = 0.72, + donut_scale = 1.20, + start_angle = 0 +) + + +cz_final + + +# DENMARK +dk_final <- combine_donut_parliament( + donut_plot = donut_dk, + parliament_plot = DKPARL, + inner_width = 0.72, + donut_scale = 1.20, + start_angle = 0 +) + +dk_final + + +# ESTONIA +ee_final <- combine_donut_parliament( + donut_plot = donut_ee, + parliament_plot = EEPARL, + inner_width = 0.72, + donut_scale = 1.20, + start_angle = 0 +) + +ee_final + + +# FINLAND +fi_final <- combine_donut_parliament( + donut_plot = donut_fi, + parliament_plot = FIPARL, + inner_width = 0.72, + donut_scale = 1.20, + start_angle = 0 +) + +fi_final + + +# FRANCE +fr_final <- combine_donut_parliament( + donut_plot = donut_fr, + parliament_plot = FRPARL, + inner_width = 0.72, + donut_scale = 1.20, + start_angle = 0 +) + +fr_final + + +# GERMANY +de_final <- combine_donut_parliament( + donut_plot = donut_de, + parliament_plot = DEPARL, + inner_width = 0.72, + donut_scale = 1.20, + start_angle = 0 +) + +de_final + + +# GREECE +el_final <- combine_donut_parliament( + donut_plot = donut_el, + parliament_plot = ELPARL, + inner_width = 0.72, + donut_scale = 1.20, + start_angle = 0 +) + +el_final + + +# HUNGARY +hu_final <- combine_donut_parliament( + donut_plot = donut_hu, + parliament_plot = HUPARL, + inner_width = 0.72, + donut_scale = 1.20, + start_angle = 0 +) + +hu_final + + +# IRELAND +ie_final <- combine_donut_parliament( + donut_plot = donut_ie, + parliament_plot = IEPARL, + inner_width = 0.72, + donut_scale = 1.20, + start_angle = 0 +) + +ie_final + + +# ITALY +it_final <- combine_donut_parliament( + donut_plot = donut_it, + parliament_plot = ITPARL, + inner_width = 0.72, + donut_scale = 1.20, + start_angle = 0 +) + +it_final + + +# LATVIA +lv_final <- combine_donut_parliament( + donut_plot = donut_lv, + parliament_plot = LVPARL, + inner_width = 0.72, + donut_scale = 1.20, + start_angle = 0 +) + +lv_final + + +# LITHUANIA +lt_final <- combine_donut_parliament( + donut_plot = donut_lt, + parliament_plot = LTPARL, + inner_width = 0.72, + donut_scale = 1.20, + start_angle = 0 +) + +lt_final + + +# LUXEMBOURG +lu_final <- combine_donut_parliament( + donut_plot = donut_lu, + parliament_plot = LUPARL, + inner_width = 0.72, + donut_scale = 1.20, + start_angle = 0 +) + +lu_final + + +# MALTA +mt_final <- combine_donut_parliament( + donut_plot = donut_mt, + parliament_plot = MTPARL, + inner_width = 0.72, + donut_scale = 1.20, + start_angle = 0 +) + +mt_final + + +# NETHERLANDS +nl_final <- combine_donut_parliament( + donut_plot = donut_nl, + parliament_plot = NLPARL, + inner_width = 0.72, + donut_scale = 1.20, + start_angle = 0 +) + +nl_final + + +# POLAND +pl_final <- combine_donut_parliament( + donut_plot = donut_pl, + parliament_plot = PLPARL, + inner_width = 0.72, + donut_scale = 1.20, + start_angle = 0 +) + +pl_final + + + +# PORTUGAL +pt_final <- combine_donut_parliament( + donut_plot = donut_pt, + parliament_plot = PTPARL, + inner_width = 0.72, + donut_scale = 1.20, + start_angle = 0 +) + +pt_final + + +# ROMANIA +ro_final <- combine_donut_parliament( + donut_plot = donut_ro, + parliament_plot = ROPARL, + inner_width = 0.72, + donut_scale = 1.20, + start_angle = 0 +) + +ro_final + + +# SLOVAKIA +sk_final <- combine_donut_parliament( + donut_plot = donut_sk, + parliament_plot = SKPARL, + inner_width = 0.72, + donut_scale = 1.20, + start_angle = 0 +) + +sk_final + + +# SLOVENIA +si_final <- combine_donut_parliament( + donut_plot = donut_si, + parliament_plot = SIPARL, + inner_width = 0.72, + donut_scale = 1.20, + start_angle = 0 +) + +si_final + + +# SPAIN +es_final <- combine_donut_parliament( + donut_plot = donut_es, + parliament_plot = ESPARL, + inner_width = 0.72, + donut_scale = 1.20, + start_angle = 0 +) + +es_final + + +# SWEDEN +se_final <- combine_donut_parliament( + donut_plot = donut_se, + parliament_plot = SEPARL, + inner_width = 0.72, + donut_scale = 1.20, + start_angle = 0 +) + +se_final + +``` + +## POSITIONING THE COMBO PLOTS ON THE MAP + +At this stage of the project, the main background map and the individual combination plots for each country have been created. The next logical step was to place each plot on its relevant position on the map. + +Before writing any code, some practical decisions had to be made about sizing. The circular plots on the original visualisation vary in size quite dramatically however there is not indication as to what the sizing of the plots is based off (if it is based off any concrete value at all). Looking at the plot it was obvious that "bigger" countries in terms of size/ population had bigger plots and "smaller" countries had smaller ones. This is also true in terms of number of seats, those with a larger number of seats had bigger plots and those with less seats had smaller plots. Using some trial and error to test size as both a function of seat number and population, it was decided that scaling the plots using a log function based on the population for each country gave the closest representation to the original. + +### DATA CONSTRUCTION + +First, a data frame containing the country names, codes, and population was created + +```{r} +eu_populations <- data.frame( + country = c("Austria", "Bulgaria", "Croatia", "Czechia", "Denmark", "Estonia", "Finland", "France", "Germany", "Greece", "Hungary", "Ireland", "Italy", "Latvia", "Lithuania", "Poland", "Portugal", "Romania", "Slovakia", "Slovenia", "Spain", "Sweden"), + + country_code = c("at", "bg", "hr", "cz", "dk", "ee", "fi", "fr", "de", "el", "hu", "ie", "it", "lv", "lt","pl", "pt", "ro", "sk", "si", "es", "se"), + + population = c(9100000, 6400000, 3900000, 10900000, 5900000, 1400000, 5600000, 68200000, 84400000, 10400000, 9600000, 5200000, 59000000, 1800000, 2900000, 36800000, 10500000, 19100000, 5400000, 2100000, 48100000, 10600000) +) +``` + +### SCALING + +Next, a plot size was assigned to each country's circular plot based on its population, using a logarithmic scale. Trial and error was used to adjust the function to the specification that produced the closest visual representation to the original plot - it was important that the smallest countries were not invisible and that the biggest countries did not overtake the entire plot. + +```{r} +# scaling the circular plots +country_sizes <- eu_populations |> + mutate( +# calculating log population + log_pop = log10(population), +# rescale to plot sizes + plot_size = rescale( + log_pop, + to = c(0.5, 7.5), + from = c(log10(540000), log10(84400000)) + ) + ) +``` + +The position of the circular plots on the main map was determined using the centroids of the country areas included in the main map dataset. First, a dataset including the size of the plots and their final position was needed. + +```{r} +# positioning the circular plots on the map +# copmbining the country geometries to make one row per country with a merged geometry +country_centroids <- final_map |> + group_by(country) |> + summarise( + geometry = st_union(geometry), + .groups = "drop" + ) |> + st_as_sf() + +# calculating the centroids +centroids <- st_centroid(country_centroids) +# extracting the coordinates of the centroids +centroid_coords <- st_coordinates(centroids) + +# adding the centroid coordinates to the dataset +country_centroids <- country_centroids |> + st_drop_geometry() |> + mutate( + centroid_x = centroid_coords[, "X"], + centroid_y = centroid_coords[, "Y"] + ) + +# combining with the plot sizes +country_data <- country_centroids |> + inner_join(country_sizes, by = "country") +``` + +Then the existing combination plots were saved as .png images and a dataset including country names, centroid coordinates, plot sizes, and path to each saved image were created + +```{r} +# saving the combination plots as .png images +# creating an output directory +output_dir <- "combined_plots" +dir.create(output_dir, showWarnings = FALSE) + +country_data$image_path <- NA_character_ + +# processing each country in a loop and extracting country information +for (i in seq_len(nrow(country_data))) { + country_name <- country_data$country[i] + country_code <- country_data$country_code[i] + plot_size <- country_data$plot_size[i] +# retrieving the plot objects + plot_name <- paste0(country_code, "_final") + existing_plot <- get(plot_name) + +# crearing a file path where the images are saved + img_file <- file.path(output_dir, paste0(country_name, ".png")) + +# saving the plot + ggsave( + filename = img_file, + plot = existing_plot, + width = plot_size, + height = plot_size, + dpi = 300, + bg = "transparent" + ) + + country_data$image_path[i] <- img_file +} + +# printing a confirmation message once all files are saved +cat("\nSaved plots to:", output_dir, "\n") + +cd_plot <- country_data +``` + +Some plots in areas with many smaller countries were overlapping slightly when overlaid onto the main plot, but reducing the lower size of the plots even more was not possible due to readability and not aligning with the visuals of the original plot. To take care of these overlaps a repulsion algorithm was employed. + +```{r} +# dealing with the overlapping circular plots +# calculating the image sizes suitable for plotting onto the map +cd_plot <- cd_plot |> + mutate( + geom_size = plot_size * 0.015 # adjusted using trial and error + ) + +# converting to map units using the bounding box of the entire map area +bbox <- st_bbox(final_map) +y_range <- as.numeric(bbox["ymax"] - bbox["ymin"]) + +# approximating the circle radiuses in map units +cd_plot <- cd_plot |> + mutate( + img_height_data = geom_size * y_range, + radius = img_height_data / 2 + ) + +# setting up the repulsion algorithm +coords <- as.matrix(cd_plot[, c("centroid_x", "centroid_y")]) +radii <- cd_plot$radius +# defining the extra spacing between circles (in data units) +circle_padding <- 0.01 * y_range +# the repulsion algorithm +max_iter <- 100 + +for (iter in seq_len(max_iter)) { + moved <- FALSE +# checking every pair of countries + for (i in seq_len(nrow(coords))) { + for (j in seq_len(nrow(coords))) { + if (j <= i) next + +# calculating the distance between circles + dx <- coords[j, 1] - coords[i, 1] + dy <- coords[j, 2] - coords[i, 2] + dist <- sqrt(dx^2 + dy^2) + +# checking for overlap (using the sum of both radii plus padding) + min_dist <- radii[i] + radii[j] + circle_padding + +# pushing apart overlapping circles + if (dist < min_dist) { + overlap <- min_dist - dist + + shift_x <- (dx / dist) * (overlap / 2) + shift_y <- (dy / dist) * (overlap / 2) + + coords[i, 1] <- coords[i, 1] - shift_x + coords[i, 2] <- coords[i, 2] - shift_y + coords[j, 1] <- coords[j, 1] + shift_x + coords[j, 2] <- coords[j, 2] + shift_y + + moved <- TRUE + } + } + } +# stopping if an entire iteration passes with no movements + if (!moved) break +} + +# storing the adjusted positions +cd_plot <- cd_plot |> + mutate( + adj_x = coords[, 1], + adj_y = coords[, 2], + padding_factor = 0.002, + label_padding = padding_factor * y_range, + label_y = adj_y + radius + label_padding + ) +``` + +Furthermore, the circular plots in the original visualisation each have a heading of the country's name above the plot. This also had to be included at this stage in order to check that no more fine-tuning of the positioning of the circular plots on the map was needed.\ +Finally, we draw the map with the combinations in their adjusted positions and their country name labels above. + +```{r} +final_EUROMAP <- EUROMAP + + geom_image( + data = cd_plot, + aes( + x = adj_x, + y = adj_y, + image = image_path, + size = I(geom_size) + ), + asp = 1 + ) + + geom_text( + data = cd_plot, + aes( + x = adj_x, + y = label_y, + label = country + ), + fontface = "bold", + size = 1.5 + ) + +print(final_EUROMAP) +``` + +The final map with all of the correctly-placed circular plots was then saved in .png format. + +```{r} +# saving the final map with circular plots +ggsave( + filename = "final_EUROMAP.png", + plot = final_EUROMAP, + width = 22.5, + height = 30, + units = "cm", + dpi = 300, + bg = "white" +) +``` + +All in all, this was a very involved stage of the replication process that required a lot of research, hours of trial and error, and many failed attempts. + +## MAKING THE LEGEND + +Now that the main map is created it was time to start constructing the other elements of the original plot. First, the legend in the upper-left corner of the original visualisation was created. + +In order to create the colour scales that are shown in the legend, the colour mixing formulas from the map creation were used again. + +```{r} +# reusing the colour mixing formulas to create the legend's colour scales +mix_colors <- function(col1, col2, p = 0.5) { + c1 <- col2rgb(col1) / 255 + c2 <- col2rgb(col2) / 255 + mix <- (1 - p) * c1 + p * c2 + grDevices::rgb(mix[1, ], mix[2, ], mix[3, ]) +} + +darken_color <- function(col, p = 0.25) { + col_rgb <- col2rgb(col) / 255 + dark_rgb <- col_rgb * (1 - p) + grDevices::rgb(dark_rgb[1, ], dark_rgb[2, ], dark_rgb[3, ]) +} +``` + +Next, the data required to make the legend was reconstructed and manipulated: + +```{r} +parties <- data.frame( + party = c("EPP", "S&D", "Patriots", "Renew", "ECR", "Greens/EFA", "The Left", "ESN", "NI"), + label = c("Group of the European People's Party (Christian Democrats)", + "Group of the Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats", + "Patriots for Europe Group", + "Renew Europe Group", + "European Conservatives and Reformists Group", + "Group of the Greens/European Free Alliance", + "The Left group in the European Parliament - GUE/NGL", + "Europe of Sovereign Nations Group", + "Non-attached Members"), + vote = c(23.5, 17.4, 10.5, 10.1, 9.9, 8.1, 7.8, 4.5, 4.3), + seats = c(188, 136, 84, 77, 78, 53, 46, 25, 33), + stringsAsFactors = FALSE +) |> +# reversing the order + mutate( + row = rev(row_number()), +# creating the colour key + col_key = dplyr::recode( + party, + "EPP" = "EPP", + "S&D" = "SD", + "Patriots" = "Patriots", + "Renew" = "Renew", + "ECR" = "ECR", + "Greens/EFA" = "GREENSEFA", + "The Left" = "Theleft", + "ESN" = "ESN", + "NI" = "NI" + ), +# assigning the colours from the globally designed colour vector + col = custom_cols[col_key] + ) + +# creating percentages categories +percentages <- tibble( + percentages_idx = 1:7, + percentages_lab = c("-25","25","30","35","40","45","50+") +) + +# combining all parties with percentages +percentages_blocks <- expand_grid(parties, percentages) + +# identifiying the parties that get a scale bar +parties_with_scale <- c("EPP","S&D","Patriots","Renew","ECR","NI") + +# splitting the parties in to groups of scale bar/ no scale bar +parties_scale <- parties |> filter(party %in% parties_with_scale) +parties_noscale <- parties |> filter(!party %in% parties_with_scale) + +# creating percentage blocks +scale_blocks <- expand_grid(parties_scale, percentages) +``` + +Following this, the colour gradients for the parties with scale bars are applied to the scale bar segments. + +```{r} +# generating colour palettes for each party +legend_palettes <- parties_scale |> + rowwise() |> + mutate( +# getting the base colour + base_col = col, +# creating thie light shade + light_col = mix_colors("#FFFFFF", base_col, p = 0.5), +# creating the dark shade + dark_col = darken_color(base_col, p = 0.1), +# creating a 7 colour gradient + pal = list(grDevices::colorRampPalette(c(light_col, dark_col))(7)) + ) |> +# keeping only the needed columns + ungroup() |> + select(party, pal) |> +# expanding palettes into individual colours (i.e. multiple rows from one row) + tidyr::unnest_longer(pal, indices_to = "percentages_idx", values_to = "scale_col") |> +# converting to integer type for joining + mutate( + percentages_idx = as.integer(percentages_idx) + ) + +# attaching the shaded colours to each scale-bar tile +scale_blocks_shaded <- scale_blocks |> + left_join(legend_palettes, by = c("party", "percentages_idx")) +``` + +Finally, it is time to create the visual plot of the legend. + +```{r} +# crearing the visual plot of the legend +legend_plot <- ggplot() + + +# creating the main bar for parties with a scale bar + geom_rect( + data = parties_scale, + aes(xmin = 0.5, xmax = 7.5, + ymin = row - 0.45, ymax = row + 0.25, + fill = col) + ) + + +# creating the main bar for parties with no scale bar + geom_rect( + data = parties_noscale, + aes(xmin = 0.5, xmax = 7.5, + ymin = row - 0.45, ymax = row + 0.25, + fill = col) + ) + + +# creating the shaded scale bar + geom_rect( + data = scale_blocks_shaded, + aes(xmin = percentages_idx - 0.5, xmax = percentages_idx + 0.5, + ymin = row + 0.25, ymax = row + 0.45, + fill = scale_col), + colour = "white", linewidth = 0.35 + ) + + +# creating the grid lines only in the scale bar area + geom_rect( + data = percentages_blocks |> filter(party %in% parties_with_scale), + aes(xmin = percentages_idx - 0.5, xmax = percentages_idx + 0.5, + ymin = row + 0.25, ymax = row + 0.45), + fill = NA, colour = "white", linewidth = 0.35 + ) + + +# adding the group names in the correct colours + geom_text( + data = parties, + aes(x = 0.7, y = row - 0.02, label = party, + colour = ifelse(party == "Renew", "black", "white")), + fontface = "bold", hjust = 0, size = 5 + ) + + +# adding the subtitles in the correct colours + geom_text( + data = parties, + aes(x = 0.7, y = row - 0.28, label = label, + colour = ifelse(party == "Renew", "black", "white")), + hjust = 0, size = 2, fontface = "italic" + ) + + +# adding the percentage headers aligned over scale-bar chunks + geom_text( + data = percentages, + aes(x = percentages_idx, y = max(parties$row) + 0.6, label = percentages_lab), + fontface = "bold", size = 3.3 + ) + + +# adding the headers for Vote % and Seats to the right hand side + annotate("text", x = 8.8, y = max(parties$row) + 0.8, + label = "Vote %", fontface = "bold", size = 4) + + annotate("text", x = 11, y = max(parties$row) + 0.8, + label = "Seats", fontface = "bold", size = 4) + + +# adding the Vote % and Seats data + geom_text( + data = parties, + aes(x = 8.8, y = row, + label = sprintf("%.1f", vote), + colour = ifelse(party == "Renew", "black", col)), + fontface = "bold", size = 5, hjust = 0.5 + ) + + geom_text( + data = parties, + aes(x = 11, y = row, + label = seats, + colour = ifelse(party == "Renew", "black", col)), + fontface = "bold", size = 5, hjust = 0.5 + ) + +# applying the styling and coordinate settings to finalise the visualisation + scale_fill_identity() + + scale_colour_identity() + + coord_cartesian( + xlim = c(0, 11), + ylim = c(0.5, max(parties$row) + 1.6), + clip = "off" + ) + + theme_void() + + theme( + plot.margin = margin(5, 40, 5, 5) + ) + +legend_plot +``` + +```{r} +# saving the legend with the correct proportions to a .png file +ggsave( + "legend_check.png", + legend_plot, + width = 12, + height = 15, + units = "cm", + dpi = 500, + bg = "white" +) + +legend_plot +``` + +Overall making this legend was much more time consuming and difficult than originally anticipated. + +## MAKING THE CIRCULAR LEGEND + +Next, the donut legend was created. This tells the viewer that the donuts of the combined plots depict the percentage of the total vote recieved by each European Parliament Group, and that the parliament plot refers to the absolute number of seats won by each of these groups. This small piece of the project was perhaps one of the most unexpectedly dufficult to recreate - mainly owing to the fact that it required placing curved arrows on top of a plot with a polar coordinate system. + +```{r} +df <- data.frame( + party = names(custom_cols), + value = 1 +) + + +party_order <- party_order[party_order %in% df$party] +df$party <- factor(df$party, levels = rev(party_order)) + +circle_path <- function(radius, total) { + data.frame( + x = radius, + y = seq(0, total, length.out = 400) + ) +} + +total_angle <- sum(df$value) +outer_radius <- 2.5 +inner_radius <- 1.2 + +outer_circle <- circle_path(outer_radius, total_angle) +inner_circle <- circle_path(inner_radius, total_angle) + +# defining the central disk radius +center_radius <- 0.5 +x_center <- center_radius / 2 +width_center <- center_radius + +# defining the inner-circle outline (for the central disk) +inner_circle_outline <- circle_path(center_radius, total_angle) + +# making a quadratic Bezier helper function: allows us to make a curved path in top of the polar coordinates +make_curve <- function(x0, y0, x1, y1, xc, yc, n = 100) { + t <- seq(0, 1, length.out = n) + x <- (1 - t)^2 * x0 + 2 * (1 - t) * t * xc + t^2 * x1 + y <- (1 - t)^2 * y0 + 2 * (1 - t) * t * yc + t^2 * y1 + data.frame(x = x, y = y) +} + +arrow_tail_radius <- 4.5 # outside donut (outer_radius = 2.5) +#arrow_tail_radius_2 <- 3 # for seats arroe + +# making the first curved arrow (bottom of donut) --------------------------------- +arrow_df <- make_curve( + x0 = arrow_tail_radius, # start radius (outside donut) + y0 = total_angle * 0.40, # start angle + x1 = x_center + 0.01, # end radius (just at the centre disk) + y1 = total_angle * 0.35, # end angle + xc = 2.5, # control radius (controls bend) + yc = total_angle * 0.38 # control angle +) + +# making the second curved arrow (pointing to top of donut) +arrow_df_top <- make_curve( + x0 = arrow_tail_radius, # tail outside donut + y0 = total_angle * 0.07, # start angle near top + x1 = outer_radius + -0.5, # end just at outer edge of donut + y1 = total_angle * 0, # angle around top; tweak if needed + xc = 2.2, # control radius (further out for a nice bend) + yc = total_angle * 0.07 # control angle slightly "above" to arc over +) + +# putting points at the arrow heads (i.e. at the last row of each path) +tail1 <- arrow_df[1, ] +tail2 <- arrow_df_top[1, ] + +donut_key <- + ggplot(df, aes(x = 2, y = value, fill = party)) + + geom_col(width = 1, colour = NA) + + geom_col( + data = df, + aes(x = x_center, y = value), + inherit.aes = FALSE, + width = width_center, + fill = "#b3e5e5", + colour = NA + ) + + geom_path(data = outer_circle, + aes(x = x, y = y), + inherit.aes = FALSE, + colour = "black", + linewidth = 1.5) + + geom_path(data = inner_circle, + aes(x = x, y = y), + inherit.aes = FALSE, + colour = "black", + linewidth = 1.5) + + geom_path(data = inner_circle_outline, + aes(x = x, y = y), + inherit.aes = FALSE, + colour = "black", + linewidth = 0.8) + + geom_path( + data = arrow_df, + aes(x = x, y = y), + inherit.aes = FALSE, + arrow = arrow(length = unit(1, "mm"), type = "closed"), + linewidth = 1 + ) + + geom_path( + data = arrow_df_top, + aes(x = x, y = y), + inherit.aes = FALSE, + arrow = arrow(length = unit(1, "mm"), type = "closed"), + linewidth = 1 + ) + +# putting the labels on the arrows +geom_text( + data = tail1, + aes(x = x + 0.25, y = y + 0.35, label = "Seats"), + inherit.aes = FALSE, + size = 5, + hjust = 0, + fontface = "italic" +) + + geom_text( + data = tail2, + aes(x = x + 0.4, y = y + -0.38, label = "Vote %"), + inherit.aes = FALSE, + size = 5, + hjust = 0, + fontface = "italic" + ) + + coord_polar(theta = "y") + + scale_fill_manual(values = custom_cols) + + xlim(0, arrow_tail_radius + 1) + + theme_void() + + theme(legend.position = "none") + +donut_key +``` + +```{r} +# saving the donut key as a .png file +ggsave( + "donut_key.png", + donut_key, + width = 12, + height = 12 , + units = "cm", + dpi = 500, + bg = "transparent" +) +``` + +## MAKING THE ZOOM IN MAP SECTION + +Last but not least, the zoomed in map sections present in the upper-right corner of the original plot had to be recreated. Initially, the map portion of the three geographical areas represented in the zoom areas were individually created, then they were recreated with the appropriate circle plots overlaid on top. + +Step by step, for each final zoomed in area the process included:\ +- sizing the circular plots based on population\ +- finding where to place them (country centroids)\ +- saving the circles as .png files\ +- creating a zoomed map of the relevant region\ +- overlaying the circular plots at each country's location\ +- adding country name labels above each circle + +### DATA CREATION + +Before the zoom maps were made, the population data for these regions had to be added to the environment. + +```{r} +benelux_populations <- data.frame( + country = c("Belgium", "Netherlands", "Luxembourg"), + + country_code = c("be", "nl", "lu"), + + population = c(11800000, 18000000, 700000) +) +``` + +```{r} +malta_populations <- data.frame( + country = c("Malta"), + + country_code = c("mt"), + + population = c(600000) +) +``` + +```{r} +cyprus_populations <- data.frame( + country = c("Cyprus"), + + country_code = c("cy"), + + population = c(1400000) +) +``` + +### BENELUX REGION + +```{r} +# making the map of the Benelux zoom box +# filtering only the relevant countries +benelux <- final_map |> + dplyr::filter(country %in% c("Belgium", "Netherlands", "Luxembourg")) +# getting the bounding box (minimum square coordinates) of the countries +bb_ben <- sf::st_bbox(benelux) + +# adding padding for aesthetics +xpad_ben <- (bb_ben["xmax"] - bb_ben["xmin"]) * 0.15 +ypad_ben <- (bb_ben["ymax"] - bb_ben["ymin"]) * 0.15 + +# creating the zoomed map +zoom_benelux <- + ggplot() + + geom_sf( + data = final_map, + aes(fill = party_band), + colour = "white", + linewidth = 0.2 + ) + + scale_fill_manual(values = fill_values, na.value = "grey90", guide = "none") + +# cropping the view to just the Benelux area + coord_sf( + xlim = c(bb_ben["xmin"] - xpad_ben, bb_ben["xmax"] + xpad_ben), + ylim = c(bb_ben["ymin"] - ypad_ben, bb_ben["ymax"] + ypad_ben), + expand = FALSE + ) + + theme_void() + +zoom_benelux +``` + +Once this was created correctly, the map section was created again, this time with the relevant circular plots overlaid. + +```{r} +# creating the final map of the Benelux zoom box +# calculating the plot sizes based on populaitons +benelux_sizes <- benelux_populations |> + mutate( + log_pop = log10(population), + plot_size = rescale( + log_pop, + to = c(3, 6), + from = c(log10(min(population)), log10(max(population))) + ) + ) + +# calculating the centroids for the Benelux countries (same process as before) +benelux_sf <- final_map |> + filter(country %in% benelux_populations$country) |> + group_by(country) |> + summarise( + geometry = st_union(geometry), + .groups = "drop" + ) |> + st_as_sf() + +centroids <- st_centroid(benelux_sf) +coords <- st_coordinates(centroids) + +benelux_centroids <- benelux_sf |> + st_drop_geometry() |> + mutate( + centroid_x = coords[, "X"], + centroid_y = coords[, "Y"] + ) + +# combining the centroid positions with plot sizes +benelux_data <- benelux_centroids |> + left_join(benelux_sizes, by = "country") + +# saving the country plots as .png images (also like befoere) +output_dir <- "benelux_plots" +dir.create(output_dir, showWarnings = FALSE) + +benelux_data$image_path <- NA_character_ + +for (i in seq_len(nrow(benelux_data))) { + country_name <- benelux_data$country[i] + country_code <- benelux_data$country_code[i] + plot_size <- benelux_data$plot_size[i] + +# expecting be_final, nl_final, lu_final + plot_name <- paste0(country_code, "_final") + + + + existing_plot <- get(plot_name) + img_file <- file.path(output_dir, paste0(country_name, ".png")) + +# saving the sized plots + ggsave( + filename = img_file, + plot = existing_plot, + width = plot_size, + height = plot_size, + dpi = 300, + bg = "transparent" + ) + + benelux_data$image_path[i] <- img_file +} + + +# using overall map height to convert relative sizes +bbox <- st_bbox(final_map) +y_range <- as.numeric(bbox["ymax"] - bbox["ymin"]) + +benelux_data <- benelux_data |> + mutate( + geom_size = plot_size * 0.05, + img_height_data = geom_size * y_range, + radius = img_height_data / 2, + + adj_x = centroid_x, + adj_y = centroid_y, + +# positioning the name labels just above the circles + label_y = adj_y + 0.14 * radius + ) + + +# recreating the Benelux zoom base map +benelux_poly <- final_map |> + filter(country %in% c("Belgium", "Netherlands", "Luxembourg")) + +bb_ben <- st_bbox(benelux) + +xpad_ben <- (bb_ben["xmax"] - bb_ben["xmin"]) * 0.15 +ypad_ben <- (bb_ben["ymax"] - bb_ben["ymin"]) * 0.15 + +zoom_benelux <- + ggplot() + + geom_sf( + data = final_map, + aes(fill = party_band), + colour = "white", + linewidth = 0.2 + ) + + scale_fill_manual(values = fill_values, na.value = "grey90", guide = "none") + + coord_sf( + xlim = c(bb_ben["xmin"] - xpad_ben, bb_ben["xmax"] + xpad_ben), + ylim = c(bb_ben["ymin"] - ypad_ben, bb_ben["ymax"] + ypad_ben), + expand = FALSE + ) + + theme_void() + +# adding the circular plots on top of the map +zoom_benelux_with_circles <- + zoom_benelux + + geom_image( + data = benelux_data, + aes( + x = adj_x, + y = adj_y, + image = image_path, + size = I(geom_size) + ), + asp = 1 + ) + + geom_text( + data = benelux_data, + aes( + x = adj_x, + y = label_y, + label = country + ), + fontface = "bold", + size = 1.5 + ) + +zoom_benelux_with_circles +``` + +The same process was then recreated for the creation of the Malta and Cyprus zoomed map sections. + +### MALTA + +```{r} +malta_data <- final_map |> + dplyr::filter(country == "Malta") + +bb_mt <- sf::st_bbox(malta_data) +xpad_mt <- (bb_mt["xmax"] - bb_mt["xmin"]) * 1.2 +ypad_mt <- (bb_mt["ymax"] - bb_mt["ymin"]) * 1.2 + +zoom_malta <- + ggplot() + + geom_sf( + data = malta_data, + aes(fill = party_band), + colour = "white", + linewidth = 0.2 + ) + + scale_fill_manual(values = fill_values, na.value = "grey90", guide = "none") + + coord_sf( + xlim = c(bb_mt["xmin"] - xpad_mt, bb_mt["xmax"] + xpad_mt), + ylim = c(bb_mt["ymin"] - ypad_mt, bb_mt["ymax"] + ypad_mt), + expand = FALSE + ) + + theme_void() + +zoom_malta +``` + +with combo plots + +```{r} +malta_sizes <- malta_populations |> + mutate( + log_pop = log10(population), + plot_size = rescale( + log_pop, + to = c(10), + from = c(log10(min(population)), log10(max(population))) + ) + ) + +# centroids +malta_sf <- final_map |> + filter(country %in% malta_populations$country) |> + group_by(country) |> + summarise( + geometry = st_union(geometry), + .groups = "drop" + ) |> + st_as_sf() + +centroids <- st_centroid(malta_sf) +coords <- st_coordinates(centroids) + +malta_centroids <- malta_sf |> + st_drop_geometry() |> + mutate( + centroid_x = coords[, "X"], + centroid_y = coords[, "Y"] + ) + +# joining population and size info +malta_data <- malta_centroids |> + left_join(malta_sizes, by = "country") + +# saving circles as .png +output_dir <- "malta_plots" +dir.create(output_dir, showWarnings = FALSE) + +malta_data$image_path <- NA_character_ + +for (i in seq_len(nrow(malta_data))) { + country_name <- malta_data$country[i] + country_code <- malta_data$country_code[i] + plot_size <- malta_data$plot_size[i] + +# expecting be_final, nl_final, lu_final + plot_name <- paste0(country_code, "_final") + + + existing_plot <- get(plot_name) + img_file <- file.path(output_dir, paste0(country_name, ".png")) + + ggsave( + filename = img_file, + plot = existing_plot, + width = plot_size, + height = plot_size, + dpi = 300, + bg = "transparent" + ) + + malta_data$image_path[i] <- img_file +} + + +# converting to relative sizes +bbox <- st_bbox(final_map) +y_range <- as.numeric(bbox["ymax"] - bbox["ymin"]) + +malta_data <- malta_data |> + mutate( + geom_size = plot_size * 0.05, + img_height_data = geom_size * y_range, + radius = img_height_data / 2, + + adj_x = centroid_x, + adj_y = centroid_y, + +# positioning the label + label_y = adj_y + 0.008 * radius + ) + + +# recreating the malta base map +malta_poly <- final_map |> + filter(country %in% c("Malta")) + +bb_mt <- st_bbox(malta_poly) + +xpad_mt <- (bb_mt["xmax"] - bb_mt["xmin"]) * 0.15 +ypad_mt <- (bb_mt["ymax"] - bb_mt["ymin"]) * 0.15 + +zoom_malta <- + ggplot() + + geom_sf( + data = final_map, + aes(fill = party_band), + colour = "white", + linewidth = 0.2 + ) + + scale_fill_manual(values = fill_values, na.value = "grey90", guide = "none") + + coord_sf( + xlim = c(bb_mt["xmin"] - xpad_mt, bb_mt["xmax"] + xpad_mt), + ylim = c(bb_mt["ymin"] - ypad_mt, bb_mt["ymax"] + ypad_mt), + expand = FALSE + ) + + theme_void() + +# adding the circular plots on top +zoom_malta_with_circles <- + zoom_malta + + geom_image( + data = malta_data, + aes( + x = adj_x, + y = adj_y, + image = image_path, + size = I(geom_size) + ), + asp = 1 + ) + + geom_text( + data = malta_data, + aes( + x = adj_x, + y = label_y, + label = country + ), + fontface = "bold", + size = 1.5 + ) + +zoom_malta_with_circles +``` + +### CYPRUS + +```{r} +cyprus_data <- final_map |> + dplyr::filter(country == "Cyprus") + +bb_cy <- sf::st_bbox(cyprus_data) + +xpad_cy <- (bb_cy["xmax"] - bb_cy["xmin"]) * 0.6 +ypad_cy <- (bb_cy["ymax"] - bb_cy["ymin"]) * 0.6 + +zoom_cyprus <- + ggplot() + + geom_sf( + data = cyprus_data, + aes(fill = party_band), + colour = "white", + linewidth = 0.2 + ) + + scale_fill_manual(values = fill_values, na.value = "grey90", guide = "none") + + coord_sf( + xlim = c(bb_cy["xmin"] - xpad_cy, bb_cy["xmax"] + xpad_cy), + ylim = c(bb_cy["ymin"] - ypad_cy, bb_cy["ymax"] + ypad_cy), + expand = FALSE + ) + + theme_void() + +zoom_cyprus +``` + +with combo plots... + +```{r} +cyprus_sizes <- cyprus_populations |> + mutate( + log_pop = log10(population), + plot_size = rescale( + log_pop, + to = c(13), + from = c(log10(min(population)), log10(max(population))) + ) + ) + +# centroids for cyprus +cyprus_sf <- final_map |> + filter(country %in% cyprus_populations$country) |> + group_by(country) |> + summarise( + geometry = st_union(geometry), + .groups = "drop" + ) |> + st_as_sf() + +centroids <- st_centroid(cyprus_sf) +coords <- st_coordinates(centroids) + +cyprus_centroids <- cyprus_sf |> + st_drop_geometry() |> + mutate( + centroid_x = coords[, "X"], + centroid_y = coords[, "Y"] + ) + +# joining population and size info +cyprus_data <- cyprus_centroids |> + left_join(cyprus_sizes, by = "country") + +# saving circular plots in .png format +output_dir <- "cyprus_plots" +dir.create(output_dir, showWarnings = FALSE) + +cyprus_data$image_path <- NA_character_ + +for (i in seq_len(nrow(cyprus_data))) { + country_name <- cyprus_data$country[i] + country_code <- cyprus_data$country_code[i] + plot_size <- cyprus_data$plot_size[i] + + # expects: be_final, nl_final, lu_final + plot_name <- paste0(country_code, "_final") + + + + existing_plot <- get(plot_name) + img_file <- file.path(output_dir, paste0(country_name, ".png")) + + ggsave( + filename = img_file, + plot = existing_plot, + width = plot_size, + height = plot_size, + dpi = 300, + bg = "transparent" + ) + + cyprus_data$image_path[i] <- img_file +} + + + +# We use overall map height to convert relative sizes +bbox <- st_bbox(final_map) +y_range <- as.numeric(bbox["ymax"] - bbox["ymin"]) + +cyprus_data <- cyprus_data |> + mutate( + geom_size = plot_size * 0.05, + img_height_data = geom_size * y_range, + radius = img_height_data / 2, + + adj_x = centroid_x, + adj_y = centroid_y, + +# positioning the label + label_y = adj_y + 0.023 * radius + ) + + +# recreating cyprus zoom base map +cyprus_poly <- final_map |> + filter(country %in% c("Cyprus")) + +bb_cy <- st_bbox(cyprus_poly) + +xpad_cy <- (bb_cy["xmax"] - bb_cy["xmin"]) * 0.15 +ypad_cy <- (bb_cy["ymax"] - bb_cy["ymin"]) * 0.15 + +zoom_cyprus <- + ggplot() + + geom_sf( + data = final_map, + aes(fill = party_band), + colour = "white", + linewidth = 0.2 + ) + + scale_fill_manual(values = fill_values, na.value = "grey90", guide = "none") + + coord_sf( + xlim = c(bb_cy["xmin"] - xpad_cy, bb_cy["xmax"] + xpad_cy), + ylim = c(bb_cy["ymin"] - ypad_cy, bb_cy["ymax"] + ypad_cy), + expand = FALSE + ) + + theme_void() + +# adding the circular plots on top of the map +zoom_cyprus_with_circles <- + zoom_cyprus + + geom_image( + data = cyprus_data, + aes( + x = adj_x, + y = adj_y, + image = image_path, + size = I(geom_size) + ), + asp = 1 + ) + + geom_text( + data = cyprus_data, + aes( + x = adj_x, + y = label_y, + label = country + ), + fontface = "bold", + size = 1.5 + ) + +zoom_cyprus_with_circles +``` + +## PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER + +At this stage all of the component parts of the original visualisation had been made so it was time to put them all together to create the final image. To combine multiple ggplot2 plots into a figure there are multiple different strategies - the two packages that were most seriously considered in this project were "cowplot" and "patchwork". Cowplot appeared to be more function based, whereas patchwork seemed to take a simpler approach to plot layouts. After some experimentation, it was decided that using the "patchwork" package gave the "easiest to follow" path from component parts to final plot, specifically utilising its inset_element() function to overlay the insets on the main background map. + +The first inset to be positioned on the main map was the legend + +```{r} +# reading the saved legend image +leg_img <- png::readPNG("legend_check.png") +# concerting the image to a grob +leg_grob <- grid::rasterGrob(leg_img, interpolate = TRUE) + +# wrapping the png in a ggplot so patchwork can inset it +legend_png_plot <- ggplot() + + annotation_custom(leg_grob, xmin = -Inf, xmax = Inf, ymin = -Inf, ymax = Inf) + + coord_cartesian(expand = FALSE) + + theme_void() + + theme( + plot.margin = margin(0, 0, 0, 0), + panel.spacing = unit(0, "pt") + ) + +# defining the inset position (0–1, relative to the full canvas) +left <- 0.0 +right <- 0.34 +top <- 0.98 +bottom <- 0.66 + +# adding the legend to the main map (full canvas, not just plot area) +final_plot <- final_EUROMAP + + inset_element( + legend_png_plot, + left = left, + bottom = bottom, + right = right, + top = top, + align_to = "full" + ) + +final_plot + +# saving thhe progress +ggsave( + "EUROMAP_with_legend.png", + final_plot, + width = 22.5, + height = 30, + units = "cm", + dpi = 300, + bg = "white" +) +``` + +Following this, the donut key was added to the main plot by slotting it into the above chunk of code. This was done by defining its position relative to the legend key that has already been positioned. + +```{r} +# reading the saved legend image +leg_img <- png::readPNG("legend_check.png") +# converting it to a grob +leg_grob <- grid::rasterGrob(leg_img, interpolate = TRUE) + +# wrapping the png in a ggplot so patchwork can inset it +legend_png_plot <- ggplot() + + annotation_custom(leg_grob, xmin = -Inf, xmax = Inf, ymin = -Inf, ymax = Inf) + + coord_cartesian(expand = FALSE) + + theme_void() + + theme(plot.margin = margin(0, 0, 0, 0)) + +# reading the saved donut key image +don_img <- png::readPNG("donut_key.png") +# converting it to a grob +don_grob <- grid::rasterGrob(don_img, interpolate = TRUE) + +# wrapping the png in a ggplot so patchwork can inset it +donut_png_plot <- ggplot() + + annotation_custom(don_grob, xmin = -Inf, xmax = Inf, ymin = -Inf, ymax = Inf) + + coord_cartesian(expand = FALSE) + + theme_void() + + theme(plot.margin = margin(0, 0, 0, 0)) + +# legend inset positioning again +leg_left <- 0.00 +leg_right <- 0.34 +leg_top <- 0.98 +leg_bottom <- 0.66 + +# placing the donut key to the right of the legend by defining a horisontal gap between the two +gap <- -0.05 +don_size <- 0.2 + +don_left <- leg_right + gap +don_right <- don_left + don_size +don_top <- leg_top - 0.06 +don_bottom <- don_top - don_size # + +# adding the legend and the key to the main map (full canvas, not just plot area) +final_plot <- final_EUROMAP + +# adding the legend + inset_element( + legend_png_plot, + left = leg_left, + right = leg_right, + top = leg_top, + bottom = leg_bottom, + align_to = "full" + ) + +# adding the donut key + inset_element( + donut_png_plot, + left = don_left, + right = don_right, + top = don_top, + bottom = don_bottom, + align_to = "full" + ) + +final_plot + +# saving the progress +ggsave( + "EUROMAP_with_legend_key.png", + final_plot, + width = 22.5, + height = 30, + units = "cm", + dpi = 300, + bg = "white" +) +``` + +### COMBINING THE ZOOMS + +To inset the three zoomed in map sections, they were first joined together so that only one inset on the main map had to be done. Patchwork was again used to do this, and custom styling was applied. + +```{r} +# removing the spacinf between panels, the borderm and the margin around the plot +panel_strip <- theme( + panel.spacing = unit(0, "pt"), + panel.border = element_blank(), + plot.margin = margin(0, 0, 0, 0) +) + +# adding the black border +panel_border <- theme( + panel.border = element_rect(color = "black", fill = NA, linewidth = 0.8), + plot.background = element_blank(), + plot.margin = margin(0, 0, 0, 0) +) + +# combining the zoomed map sections using patchwork operators +combo_zooms <- + (zoom_benelux_with_circles + panel_strip + panel_border) / + ((zoom_malta_with_circles + panel_strip + panel_border) | + (zoom_cyprus_with_circles + panel_strip + panel_border)) + + plot_layout(heights = c(5.1, 1)) + +combo_zooms + +``` + +now the combination plot is saved as a .png file and trimmed tightly to the boundaries of the plot + +```{r} +# saving the combination zoom plot in .png format +ggsave( + "zooms.png", + combo_zooms, + width = 10, + height = 6, + units = "cm", + dpi = 300, + bg = "white" +) + +# using the "magick" package to trim the excess white space around the saved plot (load, trim, save trimmed) +img <- image_read("zooms.png") + +img_trim <- image_trim(img, fuzz = 10) + +image_write(img_trim, "zooms_trimmed.png", format = "png") + +``` + +At last, the trimmed zoom plots image is overlaid on the top-right-hand corner of the main map + +```{r} +# loading the image file and converting it to a grob +zooms_grob <- rasterGrob(readPNG("zooms_trimmed.png"), interpolate = TRUE) + +# wrapping the image so it can be used by patchwork +zooms_panel <- wrap_elements(full = zooms_grob) + + theme_void() # keeps it as “just the image” + +# positioning the zooms plot on the main map +final_fig <- + final_plot + + inset_element( + zooms_panel, + left = 0.78, + bottom = 0.62, + right = 1.30, + top = 0.98, + align_to = "plot" + ) + +final_fig +``` + +```{r} +# saving the final image +ggsave( + "EU_FINAL.png", + final_fig, + width = 40, + height = 30, + units = "cm", + dpi = 300, + bg = "white" +) +``` + +## FINAL REPRODUCTION + +Here the final reproduction is presented at the correct scale + +```{r out.width="100%"} +knitr::include_graphics("EU_FINAL.png") +``` + +## REIMAGINING THE VISUALISATION + +In this stage of the project, the goal is to reimagine and improve on the original plot. + +### ISSUES WITH THE ORIGINAL PLOT + +The original plot is undeniably eye catching, however it has some issues mainly relating do readability. Firstly, the donut plots include small segments of vote that are entirely invisible at the scale the plots are drawn at. Secondly, the colours used in the plot in the way that they are used make the plot sometimes very difficult to interpret. For example, a dark blue and a dark grey seat point next to each other on a smaller-sized circular plot are very hard to distinguish from one another quickly. Thirdly, the plot lacks any sort of heading or contextualisation and this, combined with the sheer number of different types of election data and plot formats that are combined in the final image, makes it very difficult to understand and interpret the plot quickly or quicker than the viewer could learn the same information from a textual source. This ease and speed of conveying information is one of teh main reason that visualisations are used however any advantages to the graphic approach are lost in the overcomplexity of the original graph. All in all, these problems can be summed up as - the original plot is trying to do too many things at once. + +In order to remedy this, it was decided to split the information being conveyed in the original plot into three(???) individual plots, each using a technique specific to the type of information being conveyed. + +### STRECHING OUT THE DONUT DATA + +The data in the donuts of the original plot represents the percentage of the overall vote won by each European Parliament Group in the 2024 election. In other less specific words, this data represents parts of a whole, therefore it was chosen to use stacked bar charts in order to re-imagine this part of the visualisation. + +The data in the original donut plots came from 27 individually defined data sets, one for each country in the plot. In order to be able to handle the data better for making a series of stacked bar plots, these datasets were all combined in to one larger dataframe. + +```{r} +all_countries <- bind_rows( + don_at |> mutate(country = "Austria"), + don_be |> mutate(country = "Belgium"), + don_bg |> mutate(country = "Bulgaria"), + don_hr |> mutate(country = "Croatia"), + don_cy |> mutate(country = "Cyprus"), + don_cz |> mutate(country = "Czechia"), + don_dk |> mutate(country = "Denmark"), + don_ee |> mutate(country = "Estonia"), + don_fi |> mutate(country = "Finland"), + don_fr |> mutate(country = "France"), + don_de |> mutate(country = "Germany"), + don_el |> mutate(country = "Greece"), + don_hu |> mutate(country = "Hungary"), + don_ie |> mutate(country = "Ireland"), + don_it |> mutate(country = "Italy"), + don_lv |> mutate(country = "Latvia"), + don_lt |> mutate(country = "Lithuania"), + don_lu |> mutate(country = "Luxembourg"), + don_mt |> mutate(country = "Malta"), + don_nl |> mutate(country = "Netherlands"), + don_pl |> mutate(country = "Poland"), + don_pt |> mutate(country = "Portugal"), + don_ro |> mutate(country = "Romania"), + don_sk |> mutate(country = "Slovakia"), + don_si |> mutate(country = "Slovenia"), + don_es |> mutate(country = "Spain"), + don_se |> mutate(country = "Sweden") +) +``` + +Then a new party order was created which places the parliament group with the overall largest proportion of the vote at the bottom, and that with the smallest at the top. This was done for both ease of reading and aesthetic reasons. + +```{r} +bars_party_order <- c("Independent", "NI", "ESN", "Theleft", "GREENSEFA", "Renew", "ECR", "Patriots", "SD", "EPP") +``` + +Party factor levels were set to match the corrected order + +```{r} +all_countries$party <- factor(all_countries$party, levels = bars_party_order) +``` + +Then a new plot was created with heavy styling + +```{r} +ggplot(all_countries, aes(x = vote_proportion, y = country, fill = party)) + + geom_bar(stat = "identity", width = 0.75) + + scale_fill_manual( + values = custom_cols, + labels = c( + "Independent" = "Independent", + "NI" = "Non-Inscrits", + "ESN" = "Europe of Sovereign Nations", + "Theleft" = "The Left", + "GREENSEFA" = "Greens/EFA", + "Renew" = "Renew Europe", + "ECR" = "European Conservatives & Reformists", + "Patriots" = "Patriots for Europe", + "SD" = "Socialists & Democrats", + "EPP" = "European People's Party" + )) + + scale_x_continuous( + expand = c(0, 0), + breaks = seq(0, 100, 25), + labels = function(x) paste0(x, "%") + ) + + labs( + title = "2024 European Parliament Election Results by Country", + subtitle = "Vote share by political group", + x = "Vote Share", + y = NULL, + fill = "Political Group", + caption = "Source: European Parliament Election Results 2024" + ) + + theme_minimal(base_size = 12) + + theme( +# defining the plot background + plot.background = element_rect(fill = "white", + color = NA), + panel.background = element_rect(fill = "white", + color = NA), + panel.grid.major.y = element_blank(), + panel.grid.minor = element_blank(), + panel.grid.major.x = element_line(color = "grey90", + linewidth = 0.5), + +# styling the axes + axis.text.y = element_text(size = 10, + color = "grey20"), + axis.text.x = element_text(size = 10, + color = "grey20"), + axis.title.x = element_text(size = 11, + face = "bold", + color = "grey20", + margin = margin(t = 10)), + +# styling the title + plot.title = element_text(size = 16, + face = "bold", + color = "grey10", + margin = margin(b = 5)), + plot.subtitle = element_text(size = 12, + color = "grey30", + margin = margin(b = 15)), + plot.caption = element_text(size = 9, + color = "grey50", + hjust = 0, + margin = margin(t = 15)), + +# styling the legend + legend.position = "right", + legend.title = element_text(size = 11, + face = "bold", + color = "grey20"), + legend.text = element_text(size = 10, + color = "grey20"), + legend.key.size = unit(0.8, "cm"), + legend.background = element_rect(fill = "white", + color = "grey80", + linewidth = 0.5), + legend.margin = margin(10, 10, 10, 10), + +# defining the margins + plot.margin = margin(20, 20, 20, 20) + ) + +# saving the plot +ggsave("eu_election_results_horizontal.png", width = 12, + height = 10, + dpi = 300, + bg = "white") +``` + +```{r, echo=FALSE, out.width = "100%"} +# full size display +knitr::include_graphics("eu_election_results_horizontal.png") +``` + +This plot gives a representation of the data that was held in the donut plots of the original visualisation in a format that allows even the smallest proportions of the vote to be recognised by the viewer. The standardisation of the bar length means that, compared to the varying sizes of the donuts in the original plot, the vote breakdown across the coutries can be more easily and accurately compared.\ +\ +Conveying the raw data is only one facet of using data visualisation techniques in election and parlimentary contexts. Graphical representations can and are often used for "storytelling" with the data, meaning that they are used to give a representation that adds extra context or meaning to the viewer's understanding of the data. With some relatively small tweaks, the vote proportion stacked bar charts can be represented in more illustrative ways. + +One way in which this could be done here is through the use of grouping and faceting in order to present the bars according to regional groupings + +```{r} +# adding regional groupings +all_countries <- all_countries %>% + mutate(region = case_when( + country %in% c("Denmark", "Sweden", "Finland", "Estonia", "Latvia", "Lithuania") ~ "Nordic & Baltic", + country %in% c("Poland", "Czechia", "Slovakia", "Hungary", "Slovenia", "Croatia", "Romania", "Bulgaria") ~ "Eastern Europe", + country %in% c("Germany", "Austria", "Belgium", "Netherlands", "Luxembourg", "Ireland", "France") ~ "Western Europe", + country %in% c("Spain", "Portugal", "Italy", "Greece", "Malta", "Cyprus") ~ "Southern Europe", + TRUE ~ "Other" + )) + +# setting party factor levels +all_countries$party <- factor(all_countries$party, levels = party_order) + +# creating the faceted plot +ggplot(all_countries, aes(x = country, + y = vote_proportion, + fill = party)) + + geom_bar(stat = "identity", + width = 0.8) + + scale_fill_manual( + values = custom_cols, + labels = c( + "Independent" = "Independent", + "NI" = "Non-Inscrits", + "ESN" = "Europe of Sovereign Nations", + "Theleft" = "The Left", + "GREENSEFA" = "Greens/EFA", + "Renew" = "Renew Europe", + "ECR" = "European Conservatives & Reformists", + "Patriots" = "Patriots for Europe", + "SD" = "Socialists & Democrats", + "EPP" = "European People's Party" + )) + + scale_y_continuous( + expand = c(0, 0), + breaks = seq(0, 100, 25), + labels = function(x) paste0(x, "%") + ) + + facet_wrap(~ region, scales = "free_x", nrow = 2) + + labs( + title = "2024 European Parliament Election Results by Country", + subtitle = "Vote share by political group and region", + x = NULL, + y = "Vote Share", + fill = "Political Group", + caption = "Source: European Parliament Election Results 2024" + ) + + theme_minimal(base_size = 12) + + theme( +# defining the plot background + plot.background = element_rect(fill = "white", + color = NA), + panel.background = element_rect(fill = "white", + color = NA), + panel.grid.major.x = element_blank(), + panel.grid.minor = element_blank(), + panel.grid.major.y = element_line(color = "grey90", + linewidth = 0.5), + +# styling the axes + axis.text.x = element_text(angle = 45, + hjust = 1, + vjust = 1, + size = 9, + color = "grey20"), + axis.text.y = element_text(size = 10, + color = "grey20"), + axis.title.y = element_text(size = 11, + face = "bold", + color = "grey20", + margin = margin(r = 10)), + axis.line.x = element_line(color = "grey60", + linewidth = 0.5), + +# styling the title + plot.title = element_text(size = 16, + face = "bold", + color = "grey10", + margin = margin(b = 5)), + plot.subtitle = element_text(size = 12, + color = "grey30", + margin = margin(b = 15)), + plot.caption = element_text(size = 9, + color = "grey50", + hjust = 0, + margin = margin(t = 15)), + +# styling the facet strip + strip.background = element_rect(fill = "grey95", + color = "grey60", + linewidth = 0.5), + strip.text = element_text(size = 11, + face = "bold", + color = "grey20", + margin = margin(5, 5, 5, 5)), + +# styling the legend + legend.position = "right", + legend.title = element_text(size = 11, + face = "bold", + color = "grey20"), + legend.text = element_text(size = 10, + color = "grey20"), + legend.key.size = unit(0.8, "cm"), + legend.background = element_rect(fill = "white", + color = "grey80", + linewidth = 0.5), + legend.margin = margin(10, 10, 10, 10), + +# defining the margins + plot.margin = margin(20, 20, 20, 20) + ) + +# saving the plot +ggsave("eu_election_faceted_region.png", width = 16, + height = 10, + dpi = 300, + bg = "white") +``` + +```{r, echo=FALSE, out.width = "100%"} +# full size display +knitr::include_graphics("eu_election_faceted_region.png") +``` + +Alternatively, instead of regional groupings, the bars could be arranged by 'old' vs 'new' EU member states + +```{r} +# grouping according to EU-15 vs post-2004 members +all_countries <- all_countries %>% + mutate(eu_group = case_when( + country %in% c("Belgium", "France", "Germany", "Italy", "Luxembourg", "Netherlands", + "Denmark", "Ireland", "Greece", "Spain", "Portugal", + "Austria", "Finland", "Sweden") ~ "EU-15 (pre-2004)", + TRUE ~ "Post-2004 Members" + )) + +# setting party factor levels +all_countries$party <- factor(all_countries$party, levels = party_order) + +# creating the faceted plot +ggplot(all_countries, aes(x = country, y = vote_proportion, fill = party)) + + geom_bar(stat = "identity", width = 0.8) + + scale_fill_manual( + values = custom_cols, + labels = c( + "Independent" = "Independent", + "NI" = "Non-Inscrits", + "ESN" = "Europe of Sovereign Nations", + "Theleft" = "The Left", + "GREENSEFA" = "Greens/EFA", + "Renew" = "Renew Europe", + "ECR" = "European Conservatives & Reformists", + "Patriots" = "Patriots for Europe", + "SD" = "Socialists & Democrats", + "EPP" = "European People's Party" + ) + ) + + scale_y_continuous( + expand = c(0, 0), + breaks = seq(0, 100, 25), + labels = function(x) paste0(x, "%") + ) + + facet_wrap(~ eu_group, scales = "free_x", nrow = 2) + + labs( + title = "2024 European Parliament Election Results by Country", + subtitle = "Vote share by political group: Comparing old and new EU members", + x = NULL, + y = "Vote Share", + fill = "Political Group", + caption = "Source: European Parliament Election Results 2024" + ) + + theme_minimal(base_size = 12) + + theme( +# plotting the background + plot.background = element_rect(fill = "white", + color = NA), + panel.background = element_rect(fill = "white", + color = NA), + panel.grid.major.x = element_blank(), + panel.grid.minor = element_blank(), + panel.grid.major.y = element_line(color = "grey90", + linewidth = 0.5), + +# styling the axes + axis.text.x = element_text(angle = 45, + hjust = 1, + vjust = 1, + size = 9, + color = "grey20"), + axis.text.y = element_text(size = 10, + color = "grey20"), + axis.title.y = element_text(size = 11, + face = "bold", + color = "grey20", + margin = margin(r = 10)), + axis.line.x = element_line(color = "grey60", + linewidth = 0.5), + +# styling the title + plot.title = element_text(size = 16, + face = "bold", + color = "grey10", + margin = margin(b = 5)), + plot.subtitle = element_text(size = 12, + color = "grey30", + margin = margin(b = 15)), + plot.caption = element_text(size = 9, + color = "grey50", + hjust = 0, + margin = margin(t = 15)), + +# styling the facet strip + strip.background = element_rect(fill = "grey95", + color = "grey60", + linewidth = 0.5), + strip.text = element_text(size = 11, + face = "bold", + color = "grey20", + margin = margin(5, 5, 5, 5)), + +# styling the legend + legend.position = "right", + legend.title = element_text(size = 11, + face = "bold", + color = "grey20"), + legend.text = element_text(size = 10, + color = "grey20"), + legend.key.size = unit(0.8, "cm"), + legend.background = element_rect(fill = "white", + color = "grey80", + linewidth = 0.5), + legend.margin = margin(10, 10, 10, 10), + +# defining the margins + plot.margin = margin(20, 20, 20, 20) + ) + +# saving the plot +ggsave("eu_election_old_vs_new.png", width = 16, + height = 10, + dpi = 300, + bg = "white") +``` + +```{r, echo=FALSE, out.width = "100%"} +# full size display +knitr::include_graphics("eu_election_old_vs_new.png") +``` + +## MULTIPLE MAPS + +The use of the choropleth map in the original visualisation does a relatively good job at simultaneously displaying both the dominant party in each country (through distinct party colours) and the magnitude of their lead (through colour intensity), creating an effective bivariate visualization. Nonetheless, the individual map on its own is somewhat limited as only the top European Parliament group in each country is represented. It would likely be beneficial to a viewer to understand the percentage of seats each European Parliament group received across the entire EU27 area. + +In order to do this, facets were once again employed in order to expand upon the original visualisation. + +Here I have used a different method for obtaining the map shape of the EU27 countries than I did in the replication of the original plot. After using ggplot2, rnaturalearth, and other packages throughout the course of this project I have become more comfortable and hopefully more proficient in their use and would now make different choices for things like creating the background map than I did when I originally created it several weeks ago. Unfortunatley, changing the approach to the map in the reproduction to "match" the (better?) approach used in this re-imagination completely changes the basis upon which pretty much every other element of the reproduction is based. Long story short, this would mean having to go back and recreate everything else to match the new background map therefore is not a logistically possible option at this stage of the project. + +```{r} +# getting the europe map data +europe <- ne_countries(scale = "medium", + continent = "Europe", + returnclass = "sf") + +# filtering for the EU27 countries +eu_countries <- c("Austria", "Belgium", "Bulgaria", "Croatia", "Cyprus", "Czechia", "Denmark", "Estonia", "Finland", "France", "Germany", "Greece", "Hungary", "Ireland", "Italy", "Latvia", "Lithuania", "Luxembourg", "Malta", "Netherlands", "Poland", "Portugal", "Romania", "Slovakia", "Slovenia", "Spain", "Sweden") + +europe_eu <- europe |> + filter(name %in% eu_countries | sovereignt %in% eu_countries | admin %in% eu_countries) + +# preparing the data +all_countries_long <- all_countries |> + select(country, party, vote_proportion) + +# joining with the map data +europe_map_data <- europe_eu |> + mutate(country = case_when( + name == "Czech Republic" ~ "Czechia", + TRUE ~ name + )) |> + left_join(all_countries_long, by = "country") + +# creating a map for each party +create_party_map <- function(party_name, data, base_map, party_colors) { + + party_data <- data |> filter(party == party_name) + party_color <- party_colors[party_name] + + ggplot() + + geom_sf(data = base_map, + fill = "grey95", + color = "white", + size = 0.3) + + geom_sf(data = party_data, aes(fill = vote_proportion), + color = "white", size = 0.3) + + scale_fill_gradient( + low = "white", + high = party_color, + name = "Vote %", + limits = c(0, 50), + breaks = seq(0, 50, 10) + ) + + coord_sf(xlim = c(-10, 30), ylim = c(35, 71)) + + labs(title = party_name) + + theme_minimal(base_size = 10) + + theme( + plot.background = element_rect(fill = "white", + color = NA), + panel.background = element_rect(fill = "white", + color = NA), + panel.grid = element_line(color = "grey90", + linewidth = 0.2), + + plot.title = element_text(size = 11, + face = "bold", + color = "grey20", + hjust = 0.5), + + legend.position = "right", + legend.title = element_text(size = 9, + face = "bold"), + legend.text = element_text(size = 8), + legend.key.height = unit(0.8, "cm"), + legend.key.width = unit(0.4, "cm"), + + axis.text = element_blank(), + axis.ticks = element_blank(), + + plot.margin = margin(5, 5, 5, 5) + ) +} + +# using the party order from donut_party_order to ensure correct order and matching +party_list <- party_order + +# creating individual maps for each party in the correct order +map_list <- lapply(party_list, function(p) { + create_party_map(p, europe_map_data, europe_eu, custom_cols) +}) + +# combining using patchwork with 2 rows +combined_map <- wrap_plots(map_list, nrow = 2) + + plot_annotation( + title = "2024 European Parliament Election Results by Party", + subtitle = "Vote share for each political group across EU member states", + caption = "Source: European Parliament Election Results 2024", + theme = theme( + plot.title = element_text(size = 16, + face = "bold", + color = "grey10", + margin = margin(b = 5)), + plot.subtitle = element_text(size = 12, + color = "grey30", + margin = margin(b = 10)), + plot.caption = element_text(size = 9, + color = "grey50", + hjust = 0, + margin = margin(t = 10)), + plot.background = element_rect(fill = "white", + color = NA) + ) + ) + +# saving the plot +ggsave("eu_election_faceted_maps_individual_legends.png", + plot = combined_map, + width = 20, height = 10, dpi = 300, bg = "white") +``` + +```{r, echo=FALSE, out.width = "100%"} +# full size display +knitr::include_graphics("eu_election_faceted_maps_individual_legends.png") +``` diff --git a/_projects/2025/100561659/100561659.html b/_projects/2025/100561659/100561659.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..bae69f14 --- /dev/null +++ b/_projects/2025/100561659/100561659.html @@ -0,0 +1,5488 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + EUROPE ELECTS - Visualising the 2024 European Parliament Elections + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+

EUROPE ELECTS - Visualising the 2024 European Parliament Elections

+ + +
+
2025
+
+ +

Recreating and improving on visual representation of election data *** this is still very much a working document - i have the code to a stage where it is running to produce an end product but the final document needs a lot of polishing and fitting to the guidelines of the project. ***

+
+ +
+ + Kirsty Pirzkall + +
2025-12-15 +
+ +
+
+ +
+

INTRODUCTION

+

The 10th European Parliament elections (and the first since the UK’s departure) took place from the 6th to the 9th of June 2024, spanning the 27 EU member states. In this period over 182 million eligible voters chose the next set of 720 Members of the European Parliament (MEPs).

+

The outcome of the elections marked significant shifts in the European political landscape. Traditional, centrist political groups experienced losses whereas right-wing and far-right parties made notable gains in many countries. The overall results also reflected growing fragmentation and the strengthening of Eurosceptic voices in several member states.

+

The composition of the European Parliament is complex - it involves over 200 national political parties from 27 countries that organise into 8 European Parliament groups, 720 MEPs that fill the seats of the parliament, and positions from the whole political spectrum represented across diverse national backdrops. The results of the election mirror this complexity - a large amount of data is produced which is then analysed, reported, and published in many languages and formats. Clear and accurate communication of this data is vital as the outcome of the vote has important implications for EU policy-making on key issues such as migration, defense, climate change, and economic governance in the following parliamentary term.

+

Visualizing Democratic Choice

+

Since election results are inherently complex, data visualisation is commonly used to transform the data into accessible insights, allowing citizens to quickly undertand the political landscape and understand what the numbers mean for governance and policy.

+

When it comes to the European Parliament elections, using visualisation to present the results comes with unique challenges. The amount and complexity of the data means that careful choices have to be made about what to emphasise and how to maintain clarity.

+

Traditional approaches like semicircular parliament seat diagrams mirror the physical parliamentary chamber, making coalition dynamics and political balance immediately visible. Geographic breakdowns reveal how European political sentiment varies across regions, while comparative visualizations can highlight shifts from previous elections.

+

The goal of these visualizations is not simply to report numbers, but to illuminate patterns, facilitate comparison, and make democratic outcomes comprehensible. In an era of information overload, clear and honest visual representation of electoral data serves a vital civic function - helping people understand the institutions that govern them and the choices their fellow citizens have made.

+

THE ORIGINAL PLOT

+

The visualisation chosen as the basis of this project was sourced from the Wikipedia page “2024 European Parliament election” (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_European_Parliament_election) and appears to have been originally made using the Inkscape platform.

+

This plot aims to communicate the results of the elections to a wide audience by providing a unified visual overview at both a national and EU level. It does this by including geographic, seat-based, and vote-proportion representations.
+
+A choropleth map (a statistical map that uses colours/ shades to represent data values across predefined geographical areas) employing a combination of colour coding and color graduation is used to represent both which European Parliament group won the largest proportion of the vote in each EU27 country, and what percentage range of the total vote this winning proportion represents.

+

Parliament plots (also called hemicycle diagrams) are used to represent the seat distribution in legislative bodies. Traditionally, dots are arranged in a semicircle or horseshoe shape where each dot represents one seat/ representative and the colour of the dot represents the political party or group that the representative is affiliated with. In this case, the original plot uses 27 distinct, circular parliament plots to visualise the seat breakdown by European Parliament group in each of the EU member states.

+

Donut plots show the proportions of a whole, and are essentially nothing more than pie charts with the middle cut out. In the case of original plot, 27 individual donut plots are used to convey the percentage of the total vote that each European Parliament group recieved in each country.

+
+Original chart. Source: Wikipedia “2024 European Parliamen Election” + +
+

The decision to explore this graph was largely due to the variety of visualisation techniques that is employs, which combine into an overall striking and very eye-catching plot. Further to the this visual interest created by the merging of techniques, I hoped that trying to recreate a plot that uses many different methods to convey election data would allow me to explore a wider range of data visualisation tools in R.

+

DATA SOURCES

+

Obtaining the election data needed for the recreation of this plot posed some challenges and the final data used came from two differet sources.

+

The data used to recreate the parliament seat plots came directly from 27 individual country-specific election result datasets published online by the European Parliament (https://results.elections.europa.eu/en/tools/download-datasheets/). These datasets primarily consisted of the number of seats won by each European Perliament group in their respective countries which is all the information that was required for this part of the plot.

+

The data that was used to recreate the donut plots, which represents the proportion of the total vote in each country won per European Parliament group, could not be found in a pre-existing dataset and nor were these figures published explicitly online. This lack of accessible and verifiable data meant that considerable effort was required to approximate and reconstruct the data needed to reconstruct this part of the plot accurately. To this end, the percentage of votes won by individual national political parties was sourced and then aggregated in to European Parliament group percentages manually by researching the affiliation of each individual party at the time of the election. This was a timely process that utilised many sources such as wikipedia, the European Parliament website, and the webpages of the individual national parties themselves.
+
+Finally, the data required to achieve the colouring of the background map had to be recreated manually. This process was less involved than the data recreation of the donut plots as the figures required could be extracted directly from the original plot.
+
+Once the required data was gathered, the processing and visualisation process in R could begin.

+

INSTALLING PACKAGES

+

This project uses numerous packages in R that are required to facilitate effective data manipulation and visulisation in a variety of forms.

+
+
+
library(tidyverse)
+library(sf)
+library(ggplot2)
+library(rnaturalearth)
+library(rnaturalearthdata)
+library(dplyr)
+library(readr)
+library(ggparliament)
+library(ggforce)
+library(grid)
+library(cowplot)
+library(scales)
+library(ggimage)
+library(patchwork)
+library(png)
+library(magick)
+
+
+

DEFINING GLOBALS

+

At the beginning of the replication process, some global specifications were defined in order to streamline the visualisation process and ensure consistency across the multiple components of the plot.

+

The order in which the European Parliament groups were represented in the original parliament and donut plots was assigned to a vector:

+
+
+
party_order <- c("ESN", "Patriots", "ECR", "EPP",  "NI", "Independent", "Renew", "GREENSEFA", "SD", "Theleft")
+
+
+

Another vector was used to define a standard colour palette reflective of the colours used to represent each European Parliament group in the original plot. To do this, the original image was uploaded to the website https://imagecolorpicker.com/ which allowed the exact hex codes of each colour to be identified and used in this project:

+
+
+
custom_cols <- c(
+  "ECR" = "#3d29a3",
+  "EPP" = "#3aaff7",
+  "NI" = "#8c8673",
+  "Patriots" = "#3e435b",
+  "Renew" = "#ffd500",
+  "SD" = "#ed1c25",
+  "ESN" = "#997a1f",
+  "GREENSEFA" = "#33cd32",
+  "Theleft" = "#b01b66",
+  "Independent" = "#e0e0e0")
+
+
+

MAKING THE BACKGROUND MAP

+

The first component of the original plot to be recreated was the main background map. A dataset for the data displayed in the map was constructed:

+
+
+
eu_parl_map <- data.frame(
+  country = c("Austria", "Belgium", "Bulgaria", "Croatia", "Cyprus", "Czechia", "Denmark", "Estonia", "Finland", "France", "Germany", "Greece", "Hungary", "Ireland", "Italy", "Latvia", "Lithuania", "Luxembourg", "Malta", "Netherlands", "Poland", "Portugal", "Romania", "Slovakia", "Slovenia", "Spain", "Sweden"),
+  
+  country_code = c("AUT", "BEL", "BGR", "HRV", "CYP", "CZE", "DNK", "EST", "FIN", "FRA", "DEU", "GRC", "HUN", "IRL", "ITA", "LVA","LTU", "LUX", "MLT", "NLD", "POL", "PRT", "ROU", "SVK", "SVN", "ESP", "SWE"),
+  
+  top_party = c("Patriots", "Renew", "EPP", "EPP", "EPP", "Patriots", "Renew", "Renew", "EPP", "Patriots", "EPP", "EPP", "Patriots", "Renew", "ECR", "ECR", "EPP", "EPP", "SD", "Renew", "EPP", "SD", "SD", "NI", "EPP", "EPP", "SD"),
+  
+  top_seats = c(6, 5, 6, 6, 2, 9, 4, 2, 4, 30, 31, 7, 11, 6, 24, 3, 3, 2, 3, 7, 23, 8, 11, 7, 5, 22, 5),
+  
+  total_seats = c(20, 22, 17, 12, 6, 21, 15, 7, 15, 81, 96, 21, 21, 14, 76, 9, 11, 6, 6, 31, 53, 21, 33, 15, 9, 61, 21)
+)
+
+# create a variable containing the percentage of seats held by top group
+eu_parl_map <-
+  eu_parl_map |> 
+  mutate(top_percentage = (top_seats / total_seats) * 100)
+
+
+

Second, we get the map data that we need for the project. In R there are several packages that can be used for making map-based visualisations, these include “maps”, “rnaturalearth”, and “giscoR”. After researching map creation in R I chose to use the “rnaturalearth” package for this project as it seemed to be an up-to-date, general-purpose mapping package that had a lot of readily-available supporting documentation, online resources, and existing discussion on R programming forums.

+

Firstly all the geographic boundary data included in the “naturalearth” package was called. It was decided that for this project a “medium” scale with moderate detail would provide a good balance of reasonable detail without excessive file size or rendering time. Returning the data as a “sf” (simple features) object provides a tidyverse-friendly data structure and makes the data compatible with visualisation packages such as ggplot2 which will be relied on heavily throughout this project.

+
+
+
countries <- ne_countries(scale = "medium", returnclass = "sf")
+
+
+

Next this full set of countries was reduced to what is needed for the project - the continental european territories of the 27 European union member states. This was done using a combination of centroids and latitudes/longitudes.

+

The complex, multi-part geometries retrieved from “rnaturalearth” were decomposed into individual polygons, and the geographic centroid for each of these polygons was then calculated. After this, a filter was used to only keep those polygons with a centroid falling within a boundary box spanning -25° to 40° longitude and 34° to 72° latitude (this longitude and latitude data was estimated manually using google maps as a reference). This approach captured the European continental region required whilst excluding overseas territories of the EU27 countries that are not represented on the original map.

+
+
+
# decomposition of multipolygons into individual polygons
+countries <- countries |>
+  st_cast("MULTIPOLYGON") |>
+  st_cast("POLYGON")
+
+# calculating centroids 
+cent <- st_coordinates(st_centroid(countries))
+
+# adding centroid longitude and latitude to the data frame to make filtering easier
+countries <- countries |>
+  mutate(
+    lon = cent[, 1],
+    lat = cent[, 2]
+  )
+
+# filtering for polygons withing longitude and latitude boundaries
+countries <- countries |>
+  filter(
+    lon > -25, lon < 40,  
+    lat > 34,  lat < 72   
+  )
+
+
+

Now that both the election data represented in the map and the geometries of the map area have been defined, the next job is to join the two together.
+To do this, an inner join was used merging the two datasets and only keeping the rows where there is a match in both. Effectively, this means that as the data is joined the map polygons are simultaneously further filtered down to include those only belonging to EU27 countries. The variables “adm0_30” and “country_code” as the keys for this join.

+
+
+
# join map and election datasets
+final_map <- countries |>
+  inner_join(eu_parl_map, 
+             by = c("adm0_a3" = "country_code"), keep = TRUE)
+
+
+

After inspecting the resulting, joined dataset it was decided to clean it up by minimising the number of variables. A lot of variables provided by the {rnaturalearth} package were not relevant to this project so were removed to make the final working dataset more easily readable and R’s processing job lighter.

+
+
+
final_map <- final_map |> 
+  select(
+    all_of(names(eu_parl_map)),   
+    geometry)
+
+
+

Next, the banding for the colour graduation in the choropleth map was set. The variable “top_percentage” held the vote percentage data for the colour graduation, and in its original form was a continuous variable. A new, categorical variable “pct_band” was created. Here, to match the original plot, (left closed) intervals of 5% were created from 25% to 50%, with catch-all groups for vote percentages below 25 and above 50 percent.
+
+The “top_party” variable that holds the identity of the winning European Parliament group for each country was also converted to a factor type variable for categorical analysis.

+
+
+
# create categorical vote percentage variable
+final_map <- final_map |>
+  mutate(
+    top_percentage = as.numeric(top_percentage),
+    pct_band = cut(
+      top_percentage,
+      breaks = c(-Inf, 25, seq(30, 50, 5), Inf),
+      right = FALSE,
+      labels = c(
+        "< 25",
+        "25–30", "30–35", "35–40", "40–45", "45–50",
+        "50+"
+      )
+    ),
+    top_party = as.factor(top_party)
+  )
+
+
+

Following this, it was time to approach the actual shades of colours used for the percentage categories of each European Parliament group in the plot - this meant generating gradient shades for each party based on the colours assigned earlier in the plot globals and the new percentage bands. A unique colour was needed for each combination of EP group (top_party) and percentage category (pct_band) that can exist.

+

This was a somewhat tricky task, and after a lot of research and trial-and-error two custom functions were designed in order to manipulate the map colours programatically.

+
+
+
# defining a function: create a new colour from 2 input colurs and specified proportions
+mix_colors <- function(col1, col2, p = 0.5) {
+# col2rgb() breaks the colour into its rgb components and /255 converts the component values to a 0-1 scale for easier manipulation
+  c1 <- col2rgb(col1) / 255
+  c2 <- col2rgb(col2) / 255
+# weighted average formula with p controlling the mix of rgb
+  mix <- (1 - p) * c1 + p * c2
+# converting back to a useable colour format for plotting
+  grDevices::rgb(mix[1, ], mix[2, ], mix[3, ])
+}
+
+
+# defining a new function: making a colour darker by a specified amount
+darken_color <- function(col, p = 0.25) {
+# p represents how much darker (e.g. 0.2 = 20% darker)
+# like above, converts to rgb and normalises to 0-1 scale
+  col_rgb <- col2rgb(col) / 255
+# darkening according to value of p
+  dark_rgb <- col_rgb * (1 - p)
+# converting back to a useable colour format for plotting
+  grDevices::rgb(dark_rgb[1, ], dark_rgb[2, ], dark_rgb[3, ])
+}
+
+
+

Creating a set of gradiated colours for each party - for each EP group that exists in the data, a colour range was generated by blending the party’s assigned colour (the base colour defined in the global colour pallette) with white to create lighter tones and using the darken_color() function to make darker tones. The function colorRampPallette() was then used to create gradient pallettes with individual shades assigned to each percentage band. This process also took some trial-and-error to get gradients of colours that were suitable for the map.

+
+
+
# defining all possible percentage bands
+all_bands <- c(
+  "< 25",
+  "25–30", "30–35", "35–40", "40–45", "45–50",
+  "50+"
+)
+
+# getting all parties that appear in the data
+all_parties <- unique(final_map$top_party[!is.na(final_map$top_party)])
+
+# creating a complete grid of all possible combinations
+combos <- expand.grid(
+  top_party = all_parties,
+# making it an ordered factor
+  pct_band = factor(all_bands, levels = all_bands),  
+  stringsAsFactors = FALSE
+) |>
+  arrange(top_party, pct_band) |>  
+  group_by(top_party) |>
+  mutate(
+    idx = row_number(),
+    color = {
+      base_col <- custom_cols[as.character(first(top_party))]
+      
+# creating a light version
+      light_col <- mix_colors("#FFFFFF", base_col, p = 0.5)
+      
+# creating a dark version
+      dark_col <- darken_color(base_col, p = 0.1)
+      
+# creating a gradient
+      pal <- grDevices::colorRampPalette(c(light_col, dark_col))
+      pal(n())[idx]
+    }
+  ) |>
+  ungroup()
+
+
+

Next, the map data and the generated colours need to be linked together in the dataset. This was done using the interaction() function to combine the top_party and pct_band variables into a single identifier and creating a named colour vector.

+
+
+
# creating combined factors for EP groups and vote percentage bands
+final_map <- final_map |>
+  mutate(
+    party_band = interaction(top_party, pct_band, drop = TRUE)
+  )
+
+# creating a named colour vector
+tmp <- combos |>
+  mutate(party_band = interaction(top_party, pct_band, drop = TRUE)) |>
+  distinct(party_band, color)
+
+# creates what is essentially a "look up table" for combined factors and their relevant colour
+fill_values <- setNames(tmp$color, tmp$party_band)
+
+
+

Finally, it was time to put it all together and plot the visual map using ggplot.

+
+
+
# create a "bounding box" which is the rectangular coordinates that con
+# remove cyprus from the visualisation to match original plot
+euparl_sf <- final_map |> dplyr::filter(country != "Cyprus")
+bb <- st_bbox(euparl_sf)
+
+# having to add extra space to the tight hand side of the map where one of the annotations will have to go later
+extra_width <- (bb["xmax"] - bb["xmin"]) * 0.50 #(50% chosen arbitrarily)
+
+# creating the final map with ggplot
+EUROMAP <-
+  ggplot(euparl_sf) +
+  geom_sf(aes(fill = party_band), color = "white", linewidth = 0.2) +
+  scale_fill_manual(values = fill_values) +
+  coord_sf(
+    xlim   = c(bb["xmin"], bb["xmax"] + extra_width),
+    ylim   = c(bb["ymin"], bb["ymax"]),
+    expand = FALSE
+  ) +
+  theme_void() +
+  theme(legend.position = "none")
+
+EUROMAP
+
+

+
+

ADDING THE DOTTED BOXES

+

Continuing with the main map, two dotted boxes were required around the BENELUX region and Malta to indicate that these areas are represented in a “zoom” annotation.

+

The BENELUX dotted box was created by extracting the required countries from the map dataset, calculating their bounding box (i.e. the minimum rectangular coordinates that contain the required countries), defining the padding wanted around the boundaries of these countries for visual effect, and defining the final coordinates of the box.

+
+
+
# extracting required countries
+benelux <- final_map |>
+  dplyr::filter(country %in% c("Belgium", "Netherlands", "Luxembourg"))
+
+# defining the bounding box
+bb <- sf::st_bbox(benelux)
+
+# defining padding through trial-and-error
+x_pad <- (bb["xmax"] - bb["xmin"]) * 0.07
+y_pad <- (bb["ymax"] - bb["ymin"]) * 0.04
+
+# defining the final coordinates of the box and storing as a data frame
+benelux_box <- data.frame(
+  xmin = bb["xmin"] - x_pad,
+  xmax = bb["xmax"] + x_pad,
+  ymin = bb["ymin"] - y_pad,
+  ymax = bb["ymax"] + y_pad
+)
+
+
+

The same process was used to create the dotted outline for Malta.

+
+
+
# extracting required country
+malta <- final_map |>
+  dplyr::filter(country == "Malta")
+
+# defining the bounding box
+mb <- sf::st_bbox(malta)
+
+# defininf padding through trial and error
+mx_pad <- (mb["xmax"] - mb["xmin"]) * 0.6
+my_pad <- (mb["ymax"] - mb["ymin"]) * 0.4
+
+# defining the final coordinates of the box and storing as a data frame
+malta_box <- data.frame(
+  xmin = mb["xmin"] - mx_pad,
+  xmax = mb["xmax"] + mx_pad,
+  ymin = mb["ymin"] - my_pad,
+  ymax = mb["ymax"] + my_pad
+)
+
+
+

Following this, the background map was redrawn with the two dotted boxes applied using the geom_rect() function and defining the aesthetics of the rectangle (e.g. line style, colour, and weight). The aesthetics were adjusted manually until the boxes were visually as similar as possible to those on the original plot.

+
+
+
# redrawing the main map
+EUROMAP <-
+  ggplot(final_map) +
+  geom_sf(aes(fill = party_band), color = "white", linewidth = 0.2) +
+  scale_fill_manual(values = fill_values, na.value = "grey90") +
+  theme_void() +
+  theme(legend.position = "none") +
+# adding the BENELUX box and defining aesthstics
+  geom_rect(
+    data = benelux_box,
+    aes(xmin = xmin, xmax = xmax, ymin = ymin, ymax = ymax),
+    inherit.aes = FALSE,
+    colour = "black",
+    fill = NA,
+    linewidth = 0.4,
+    linetype = "11"
+  ) +
+# adding the Malta box and defining aesthetics
+  geom_rect(
+    data = malta_box,
+    aes(xmin = xmin, xmax = xmax, ymin = ymin, ymax = ymax),
+    inherit.aes = FALSE,
+    colour = "black",
+    fill = NA,
+    linewidth = 0.4,
+    linetype = "11"
+  )
+
+EUROMAP
+
+

+
+

MAKING THE PARLIAMENT PLOTS

+

As the next stage of the project I decided to tackle the circular plots that are overlaid on the main map. These circular plots are a combination of two main elements - an inner circular parliament plot and an outer donut plot. These had to be made seperately and combined in a later stage of the project. The first part that was recreated were the parliament plots.
+
+in order to make parliament plots in R there only really two options, “ggpol” and “ggparliament”. “ggpol” is limited to semicircular parliament plots, whereas “ggparliament” has specific functionality to create the circular parliament plots needed for this project, therefore the “ggparliament” package was the obvious choice.

+

DEBUGGING

+

Before talking about how the parliament plots were made, it is important to discuss an alteration that was made to the package code to debug an issue that was found in the plot recreation process. Whilst making the final parliament plots, it was clear in looking at the ones that contained only a handful of seats that there were points/ seats missing from the plot. After inspecting each outputted plot manually it became clear that this was consistent across all of the plots with the number of missing seats always being the same as the number of rows of seats in the plot.
+
+After some substantial effort to find the issue, it was clear that the problem did not lie in the data or in the use of the package but rather in the code of the package itself. Inside the calc_coordinates() helper function, the position for the first and last row of seats in the plot were being defined as 0 and 360 degrees in the circle meaning that the first and last points of each row were being overlayed in the plot.

+

In order to remedy this, a small portion of the calc_coordinates() code was altered to add “ghost points” to each row that would take up the overlap, allowing the points that contained the actual data of the plot to remain visible. The final “debugging” code used to modify and overwrite the ggparliament package code was the following. (Please note, at the time of writing, this issue has been flagged to the ggparliament maintenance team but has not yet been remedied centrally so this fix still needs to be used).

+
+
+
fix_calc_coordinates <- function(N, M, limits, segment = 0.5) {  
+  radii  <- seq(limits[1], limits[2], length.out = M) 
+  counts <- numeric(M) 
+  pts <- do.call(rbind, lapply(seq_len(M), function(i) {   
+    counts[i] <<- round(N * radii[i] / sum(radii[i:M]))
+# FIX: generate one extra point then drop last when full circle
+    thetas <- seq(0, segment * 2 * pi, length.out = counts[i] + (segment == 1))  
+    if (segment == 1) thetas <- head(thetas, -1) 
+    
+    N <<- N - counts[i]
+    
+    data.frame(      
+      x     = radii[i] * cos(thetas),
+      y     = radii[i] * sin(thetas),
+      row   = i,
+      theta = thetas
+    )
+  }))
+  pts[order(-pts$theta, -pts$row), ]   
+}
+
+# overwriting the internal function in the namespace:
+assignInNamespace("calc_coordinates", fix_calc_coordinates, ns = "ggparliament")
+
+
+

DEFINING THE PARLIAMENT PLOT FUNCTION

+

Now that the package was working as it should, the correctly-formatted parliament plots could be created. The original plot contains 27 different circular plots on top of the main map, however making 27 parliament plots manually would take a long time and require a lot of code. bearing this in mind, a function was defined to make the process quicker, more streamlined, and the output as identical as possible across all parliament plots. The function had to encompass several features including the function parameters, circle layout, boundary circle, seat point specification, order of parties, and colour specification.

+

The parliament plot making function was defined as follows:

+
+
+
# creating a parliament plot function
+# defining the function parameters
+make_parl_plot <- function(election_data,
+                           parl_rows,
+                           custom_cols,
+                           circle_expand = 1.10,   # how far beyond the outer row
+                           point_size    = 10) {
+  
+# creating the circle layout 
+  circle_df <- ggparliament::parliament_data(
+    election_data = election_data,
+    type        = "circle",
+    parl_rows   = parl_rows,
+    party_seats = election_data$SEATS_TOTAL,
+    plot_order  = election_data$plot_order
+  )
+  
+# calculating the boundary circle size using the distance form centre of the outermost seat position
+  r      <- max(sqrt(circle_df$x^2 + circle_df$y^2))
+  r_out  <- r * circle_expand
+  
+# building the plot and defining the aesthetics
+# defining the circular "seat" points
+  p <- ggplot(circle_df, aes(x = y, y = x)) +
+    geom_point(
+      aes(fill = GROUP_ID),
+      shape  = 21,
+      size   = point_size,
+      colour = "black",
+      stroke = 0.4
+    ) +
+# defining the outer boundary circle
+    geom_circle(
+      data = data.frame(x0 = 0, y0 = 0, r = r_out),
+      aes(x0 = x0, y0 = y0, r = r),
+      inherit.aes = FALSE,
+      colour = "black",
+      linewidth = 0.8,
+      fill = NA
+    ) +
+# applying the global party colour scheme
+    scale_fill_manual(values = custom_cols) +
+    theme_ggparliament() +
+    coord_fixed(
+      ratio = 1,
+      xlim  = c(-r_out, r_out),
+      ylim  = c(-r_out, r_out)
+    ) +
+    theme(legend.position = "none")
+  
+  p
+}
+
+
+

PLOTTING

+

After the function was defined and tested, the 27 different parliament plots could be made relatively easily. The data for the parliament plots was taken directly from the 27 individual .csv filed downloaded from the European Parliament website.

+
+
+
# AUSTRIA
+# IMPORT DATA
+at <- read.csv(file = "100561659_files/Data/at.csv", sep = ";")
+# CHANGING THE NAMES IN THE DATASET TO MATCH NAMES USED IN THE PLOT
+at$GROUP_ID[at$GROUP_ID == "PfE"] <- "Patriots"
+# MAKING FACTORS
+at <- at |>
+  mutate(
+    # make sure GROUP_ID is a factor in your desired order
+    GROUP_ID   = factor(GROUP_ID, levels = party_order),
+    # numeric order for parliament_data()
+    plot_order = as.numeric(GROUP_ID))
+# PLOTTING THE PARLIAMENT PLOT USING THE FUNCITON
+ATPARL <- make_parl_plot(
+  election_data = at,
+  parl_rows     = 2,
+  custom_cols = custom_cols)
+
+ATPARL
+
+ +
+
# BELGIUM 
+# IMPORT DATA
+be <- read.csv(file = "100561659_files/Data/be.csv", sep = ";")
+# CHANGING THE NAMES IN THE DATASET TO MATCH NAMES USED IN TH PLOT
+be$GROUP_ID[be$GROUP_ID == "PfE"] <- "Patriots"
+# MAKING FACTORS
+be <- be |>
+  mutate(
+    # make sure GROUP_ID is a factor in your desired order
+    GROUP_ID   = factor(GROUP_ID, levels = party_order),
+    # numeric order for parliament_data()
+    plot_order = as.numeric(GROUP_ID))
+# PLOTTING THE PARLIAMENT PLOT USING THE FUNCITON
+BEPARL <- make_parl_plot(
+  election_data = be,
+  parl_rows     = 2,
+  custom_cols = custom_cols
+)
+
+BEPARL
+
+ +
+
# BULGARIA
+# IMPORT DATA
+bg <- read.csv(file = "100561659_files/Data/bg.csv", sep = ";")
+# CHANGING THE NAMES IN THE DATASET TO MATCH NAMES USED IN TH PLOT
+bg$GROUP_ID[bg$GROUP_ID == "PfE"] <- "Patriots"
+# MAKING FACTORS
+bg <- bg |>
+  mutate(
+    # make sure GROUP_ID is a factor in your desired order
+    GROUP_ID   = factor(GROUP_ID, levels = party_order),
+    # numeric order for parliament_data()
+    plot_order = as.numeric(GROUP_ID))
+# PLOTTING THE PARLIAMENT PLOT USING THE FUNCITON
+BGPARL <- make_parl_plot(
+  election_data = bg,
+  parl_rows     = 1,
+  custom_cols = custom_cols
+)
+
+BGPARL
+
+ +
+
# CROATIA
+# IMPORT DATA
+hr <- read.csv(file = "100561659_files/Data/hr.csv", sep = ";")
+# MAKING FACTORS
+hr <- hr |>
+  mutate(
+    # make sure GROUP_ID is a factor in your desired order
+    GROUP_ID   = factor(GROUP_ID, levels = party_order),
+    # numeric order for parliament_data()
+    plot_order = as.numeric(GROUP_ID))
+# PLOTTING THE PARLIAMENT PLOT USING THE FUNCITON
+HRPARL <- make_parl_plot(
+  election_data = hr,
+  parl_rows     = 1,
+  custom_col = custom_cols
+)
+
+HRPARL
+
+ +
+
# CYPRUS
+# IMPORT DATA
+cy <- read.csv(file = "100561659_files/Data/cy.csv", sep = ";")
+# MAKING FACTORS
+cy <- cy |>
+  mutate(
+    # make sure GROUP_ID is a factor in your desired order
+    GROUP_ID   = factor(GROUP_ID, levels = party_order),
+    # numeric order for parliament_data()
+    plot_order = as.numeric(GROUP_ID))
+# PLOTTING THE PARLIAMENT PLOT USING THE FUNCITON
+CYPARL <- make_parl_plot(
+  election_data = cy,
+  parl_rows     = 1,
+  custom_cols = custom_cols
+)
+
+CYPARL
+
+ +
+
# CZECHIA
+# IMPORT DATA
+cz <- read.csv(file = "100561659_files/Data/cz.csv", sep = ";")
+# CHANGING THE NAMES IN THE DATASET TO MATCH NAMES USED IN TH PLOT
+cz$GROUP_ID[cz$GROUP_ID == "PfE"] <- "Patriots"
+# MAKING FACTORS
+cz <- cz |>
+  mutate(
+    # make sure GROUP_ID is a factor in your desired order
+    GROUP_ID   = factor(GROUP_ID, levels = party_order),
+    # numeric order for parliament_data()
+    plot_order = as.numeric(GROUP_ID))
+
+# PLOTTING THE PARLIAMENT PLOT USING THE FUNCITON
+CZPARL <- make_parl_plot(
+  election_data = cz,
+  parl_rows     = 2,
+  custom_cols = custom_cols
+)
+
+CZPARL
+
+ +
+
# DENMARK
+# IMPORT DATA
+dk <- read.csv(file = "100561659_files/Data/dk.csv", sep = ";")
+# CHANGING THE NAMES IN THE DATASET TO MATCH NAMES USED IN TH PLOT
+dk$GROUP_ID[dk$GROUP_ID == "PfE"] <- "Patriots"
+# MAKING FACTORS
+dk <- dk |>
+  mutate(
+    # make sure GROUP_ID is a factor in your desired order
+    GROUP_ID   = factor(GROUP_ID, levels = party_order),
+    # numeric order for parliament_data()
+    plot_order = as.numeric(GROUP_ID))
+# PLOTTING THE PARLIAMENT PLOT USING THE FUNCITON
+DKPARL <- make_parl_plot(
+  election_data = dk,
+  parl_rows     = 1,
+  custom_cols = custom_cols
+)
+
+DKPARL
+
+ +
+
# ESTONIA
+# IMPORT DATA
+ee <- read.csv(file = "100561659_files/Data/ee.csv", sep = ";")
+# MAKING FACTORS
+ee <- ee |>
+  mutate(
+    # make sure GROUP_ID is a factor in your desired order
+    GROUP_ID   = factor(GROUP_ID, levels = party_order),
+    # numeric order for parliament_data()
+    plot_order = as.numeric(GROUP_ID))
+# PLOTTING THE PARLIAMENT PLOT USING THE FUNCITON
+EEPARL <- make_parl_plot(
+  election_data = ee,
+  parl_rows     = 1,
+  custom_cols = custom_cols
+)
+
+EEPARL
+
+ +
+
# FINLAND
+# IMPORT DATA
+fi <- read.csv(file = "100561659_files/Data/fi.csv", sep = ";")
+# MAKING FACTORS
+fi <- fi |>
+  mutate(
+    # make sure GROUP_ID is a factor in your desired order
+    GROUP_ID   = factor(GROUP_ID, levels = party_order),
+    # numeric order for parliament_data()
+    plot_order = as.numeric(GROUP_ID))
+# PLOTTING THE PARLIAMENT PLOT USING THE FUNCITON
+FIPARL <- make_parl_plot(
+  election_data = fi,
+  parl_rows     = 1,
+  custom_cols = custom_cols
+)
+
+FIPARL
+
+ +
+
# FRANCE
+# IMPORT DATA
+fr <- read.csv(file = "100561659_files/Data/fr.csv", sep = ";")
+# CHANGING THE NAMES IN THE DATASET TO MATCH NAMES USED IN TH PLOT
+fr$GROUP_ID[fr$GROUP_ID == "PfE"] <- "Patriots"
+# MAKING FACTORS
+fr <- fr |>
+  mutate(
+    # make sure GROUP_ID is a factor in your desired order
+    GROUP_ID   = factor(GROUP_ID, levels = party_order),
+    # numeric order for parliament_data()
+    plot_order = as.numeric(GROUP_ID))
+# PLOTTING THE PARLIAMENT PLOT USING THE FUNCITON
+FRPARL <- make_parl_plot(
+  election_data = fr,
+  parl_rows     = 3,
+  custom_cols = custom_cols
+)
+
+FRPARL
+
+ +
+
# GERMANY
+# IMPORT DATA
+de <- read.csv(file = "100561659_files/Data/de.csv", sep = ";")
+# MAKING FACTORS
+de <- de |>
+  mutate(
+    # make sure GROUP_ID is a factor in your desired order
+    GROUP_ID   = factor(GROUP_ID, levels = party_order),
+    # numeric order for parliament_data()
+    plot_order = as.numeric(GROUP_ID))
+# PLOTTING THE PARLIAMENT PLOT USING THE FUNCITON
+DEPARL <- make_parl_plot(
+  election_data = de,
+  parl_rows     = 4,
+  custom_cols = custom_cols
+)
+
+DEPARL
+
+ +
+
# GREECE
+# IMPORT DATA
+el <- read.csv(file = "100561659_files/Data/el.csv", sep = ";")
+# CHANGING THE NAMES IN THE DATASET TO MATCH NAMES USED IN TH PLOT
+el$GROUP_ID[el$GROUP_ID == "PfE"] <- "Patriots"
+# MAKING FACTORS
+el <- el |>
+  mutate(
+    # make sure GROUP_ID is a factor in your desired order
+    GROUP_ID   = factor(GROUP_ID, levels = party_order),
+    # numeric order for parliament_data()
+    plot_order = as.numeric(GROUP_ID))
+# PLOTTING THE PARLIAMENT PLOT USING THE FUNCITON
+ELPARL <- make_parl_plot(
+  election_data = el,
+  parl_rows     = 2,
+  custom_cols = custom_cols
+)
+
+ELPARL
+
+ +
+
# HUNGARY
+# IMPORT DATA
+hu <- read.csv(file = "100561659_files/Data/hu.csv", sep = ";")
+# CHANGING THE NAMES IN THE DATASET TO MATCH NAMES USED IN TH PLOT
+hu$GROUP_ID[hu$GROUP_ID == "PfE"] <- "Patriots"
+# MAKING FACTORS
+hu <- hu |>
+  mutate(
+    # make sure GROUP_ID is a factor in your desired order
+    GROUP_ID   = factor(GROUP_ID, levels = party_order),
+    # numeric order for parliament_data()
+    plot_order = as.numeric(GROUP_ID))
+# PLOTTING THE PARLIAMENT PLOT USING THE FUNCITON
+HUPARL <- make_parl_plot(
+  election_data = hu,
+  parl_rows     = 2,
+  custom_cols = custom_cols
+)
+
+HUPARL
+
+ +
+
# IRELAND
+# IMPORT DATA
+ie <- read.csv(file = "100561659_files/Data/ie.csv", sep = ";")
+# MAKING FACTORS
+ie <- ie |>
+  mutate(
+    # make sure GROUP_ID is a factor in your desired order
+    GROUP_ID   = factor(GROUP_ID, levels = party_order),
+    # numeric order for parliament_data()
+    plot_order = as.numeric(GROUP_ID))
+# PLOTTING THE PARLIAMENT PLOT USING THE FUNCITON
+IEPARL <- make_parl_plot(
+  election_data = ie,
+  parl_rows     = 1,
+  custom_cols = custom_cols
+)
+
+IEPARL
+
+ +
+
# ITALY
+# IMPORT DATA
+it <- read.csv(file = "100561659_files/Data/it.csv", sep = ";")
+# CHANGING THE NAMES IN THE DATASET TO MATCH NAMES USED IN TH PLOT
+it$GROUP_ID[it$GROUP_ID == "PfE"] <- "Patriots"
+# MAKING FACTORS
+it <- it |>
+  mutate(
+    # make sure GROUP_ID is a factor in your desired order
+    GROUP_ID   = factor(GROUP_ID, levels = party_order),
+    # numeric order for parliament_data()
+    plot_order = as.numeric(GROUP_ID))
+# PLOTTING THE PARLIAMENT PLOT USING THE FUNCITON
+ITPARL <- make_parl_plot(
+  election_data = it,
+  parl_rows     = 3,
+  custom_cols = custom_cols
+)
+
+ITPARL
+
+ +
+
# LATVIA
+# IMPORT DATA
+lv <- read.csv(file = "100561659_files/Data/lv.csv", sep = ";")
+# CHANGING THE NAMES IN THE DATASET TO MATCH NAMES USED IN TH PLOT
+lv$GROUP_ID[lv$GROUP_ID == "PfE"] <- "Patriots"
+# MAKING FACTORS
+lv <- lv |>
+  mutate(
+    # make sure GROUP_ID is a factor in your desired order
+    GROUP_ID   = factor(GROUP_ID, levels = party_order),
+    # numeric order for parliament_data()
+    plot_order = as.numeric(GROUP_ID))
+# PLOTTING THE PARLIAMENT PLOT USING THE FUNCITON
+LVPARL <- make_parl_plot(
+  election_data = lv,
+  parl_rows     = 1,
+  custom_cols = custom_cols
+)
+
+LVPARL
+
+ +
+
# LITHUANIA
+# IMPORT DATA
+lt <- read.csv(file = "100561659_files/Data/lt.csv", sep = ";")
+# MAKING FACTORS
+lt <- lt |>
+  mutate(
+    # make sure GROUP_ID is a factor in your desired order
+    GROUP_ID   = factor(GROUP_ID, levels = party_order),
+    # numeric order for parliament_data()
+    plot_order = as.numeric(GROUP_ID))
+# PLOTTING THE PARLIAMENT PLOT USING THE FUNCITON
+LTPARL <- make_parl_plot(
+  election_data = lt,
+  parl_rows     = 1,
+  custom_cols = custom_cols
+)
+
+LTPARL
+
+ +
+
# LUXEMBOURG
+# IMPORT DATA
+lu <- read.csv(file = "100561659_files/Data/lu.csv", sep = ";")
+# MAKING FACTORS
+lu <- lu |>
+  mutate(
+    # make sure GROUP_ID is a factor in your desired order
+    GROUP_ID   = factor(GROUP_ID, levels = party_order),
+    # numeric order for parliament_data()
+    plot_order = as.numeric(GROUP_ID))
+# PLOTTING THE PARLIAMENT PLOT USING THE FUNCITON
+LUPARL <- make_parl_plot(
+  election_data = lu,
+  parl_rows     = 1,
+  custom_cols = custom_cols
+)
+
+LUPARL
+
+ +
+
# MALTA
+# IMPORT DATA
+mt <- read.csv(file = "100561659_files/Data/mt.csv", sep = ";")
+# MAKING FACTORS
+mt <- mt |>
+  mutate(
+    # make sure GROUP_ID is a factor in your desired order
+    GROUP_ID   = factor(GROUP_ID, levels = party_order),
+    # numeric order for parliament_data()
+    plot_order = as.numeric(GROUP_ID))
+# PLOTTING THE PARLIAMENT PLOT USING THE FUNCITON
+MTPARL <- make_parl_plot(
+  election_data = mt,
+  parl_rows     = 1,
+  custom_cols = custom_cols
+)
+
+MTPARL
+
+ +
+
# NETHERLANDS
+# IMPORT DATA
+nl <- read.csv(file = "100561659_files/Data/nl.csv", sep = ";")
+# CHANGING THE NAMES IN THE DATASET TO MATCH NAMES USED IN TH PLOT
+nl$GROUP_ID[nl$GROUP_ID == "PfE"] <- "Patriots"
+# MAKING FACTORS
+nl <- nl |>
+  mutate(
+    # make sure GROUP_ID is a factor in your desired order
+    GROUP_ID   = factor(GROUP_ID, levels = party_order),
+    # numeric order for parliament_data()
+    plot_order = as.numeric(GROUP_ID))
+# PLOTTING THE PARLIAMENT PLOT USING THE FUNCITON
+NLPARL <- make_parl_plot(
+  election_data = nl,
+  parl_rows     = 2,
+  custom_cols = custom_cols
+)
+
+NLPARL
+
+ +
+
# POLAND
+# IMPORT DATA
+pl <- read.csv(file = "100561659_files/Data/pl.csv", sep = ";")
+# MAKING FACTORS
+pl <- pl |>
+  mutate(
+    # make sure GROUP_ID is a factor in your desired order
+    GROUP_ID   = factor(GROUP_ID, levels = party_order),
+    # numeric order for parliament_data()
+    plot_order = as.numeric(GROUP_ID))
+# PLOTTING THE PARLIAMENT PLOT USING THE FUNCITON
+PLPARL <- make_parl_plot(
+  election_data = pl,
+  parl_rows     = 3,
+  custom_cols = custom_cols
+)
+
+PLPARL
+
+ +
+
# PORTUGAL
+# IMPORT DATA
+pt <- read.csv(file = "100561659_files/Data/pt.csv", sep = ";")
+# CHANGING THE NAMES IN THE DATASET TO MATCH NAMES USED IN TH PLOT
+pt$GROUP_ID[pt$GROUP_ID == "PfE"] <- "Patriots"
+# MAKING FACTORS
+pt <- pt |>
+  mutate(
+    # make sure GROUP_ID is a factor in your desired order
+    GROUP_ID   = factor(GROUP_ID, levels = party_order),
+    # numeric order for parliament_data()
+    plot_order = as.numeric(GROUP_ID))
+# PLOTTING THE PARLIAMENT PLOT USING THE FUNCITON
+PTPARL <- make_parl_plot(
+  election_data = pt,
+  parl_rows     = 2,
+  custom_cols = custom_cols
+)
+
+PTPARL
+
+ +
+
# ROMANIA
+# IMPORT DATA
+ro <- read.csv(file = "100561659_files/Data/ro.csv", sep = ";")
+# MAKING FACTORS
+ro <- ro |>
+  mutate(
+    # make sure GROUP_ID is a factor in your desired order
+    GROUP_ID   = factor(GROUP_ID, levels = party_order),
+    # numeric order for parliament_data()
+    plot_order = as.numeric(GROUP_ID))
+# PLOTTING THE PARLIAMENT PLOT USING THE FUNCITON
+ROPARL <- make_parl_plot(
+  election_data = ro,
+  parl_rows     = 2,
+  custom_cols = custom_cols
+)
+
+ROPARL
+
+ +
+
# SLOVAKIA
+# IMPORT DATA
+sk <- read.csv(file = "100561659_files/Data/sk.csv", sep = ";")
+# MAKING FACTORS
+sk <- sk |>
+  mutate(
+    # make sure GROUP_ID is a factor in your desired order
+    GROUP_ID   = factor(GROUP_ID, levels = party_order),
+    # numeric order for parliament_data()
+    plot_order = as.numeric(GROUP_ID))
+# PLOTTING THE PARLIAMENT PLOT USING THE FUNCITON
+SKPARL <- make_parl_plot(
+  election_data = sk,
+  parl_rows     = 1,
+  custom_cols = custom_cols
+)
+
+SKPARL
+
+ +
+
# SLOVENIA
+# IMPORT DATA
+si <- read.csv(file = "100561659_files/Data/si.csv", sep = ";")
+# MAKING FACTORS
+si <- si |>
+  mutate(
+    # make sure GROUP_ID is a factor in your desired order
+    GROUP_ID   = factor(GROUP_ID, levels = party_order),
+    # numeric order for parliament_data()
+    plot_order = as.numeric(GROUP_ID))
+# PLOTTING THE PARLIAMENT PLOT USING THE FUNCITON
+SIPARL <- make_parl_plot(
+  election_data = si,
+  parl_rows     = 1,
+  custom_cols = custom_cols
+)
+
+SIPARL
+
+ +
+
# SPAIN
+# IMPORT DATA
+es <- read.csv(file = "100561659_files/Data/es.csv", sep = ";")
+# CHANGING THE NAMES IN THE DATASET TO MATCH NAMES USED IN TH PLOT
+es$GROUP_ID[es$GROUP_ID == "PfE"] <- "Patriots"
+# MAKING FACTORS
+es <- es |>
+  mutate(
+    # make sure GROUP_ID is a factor in your desired order
+    GROUP_ID   = factor(GROUP_ID, levels = party_order),
+    # numeric order for parliament_data()
+    plot_order = as.numeric(GROUP_ID))
+
+# PLOTTING THE PARLIAMENT PLOT USING THE FUNCITON
+ESPARL <- make_parl_plot(
+  election_data = es,
+  parl_rows     = 3,
+  custom_cols = custom_cols
+)
+
+ESPARL
+
+ +
+
# SWEDEN
+# IMPORT DATA
+se <- read.csv(file = "100561659_files/Data/se.csv", sep = ";")
+# MAKING FACTORS
+se <- se |>
+  mutate(
+    # make sure GROUP_ID is a factor in your desired order
+    GROUP_ID   = factor(GROUP_ID, levels = party_order),
+    # numeric order for parliament_data()
+    plot_order = as.numeric(GROUP_ID))
+# PLOTTING THE PARLIAMENT PLOT USING THE FUNCITON
+SEPARL <- make_parl_plot(
+  election_data = se,
+  parl_rows     = 2,
+  custom_cols = custom_cols
+)
+
+SEPARL
+
+

+
+

MAKING THE DONUT PLOTS

+

After successfully making the parliament plots for each country, the next stage was to make the donut plots that surround the parliament plots in the original plot. There is no function to explicitly make donut plots in ggplot, however using a single stacked bar chart bent into a circle (as is used to make a pie chart) using polar coordinates appears to be the agreed-upon solution in the R community. There are some specialised packages like “donutsk” that have been developed to make donut plots, however after experimenting with this package and ggplot it was decided that for the basic, non-annotated donuts required for this project that the bent-bar-plot approach using ggplot was best suited.

+

DATA RECREATION

+

As discussed earlier, the data required to create the donut plots had to be manually calculated and the datasets constructed in R.

+
+
+
# AUSTRIA
+don_at <- data.frame(
+  party = c("EPP", "SD", "Patriots", "ECR", "Renew", "GREENSEFA", "Theleft", "ESN", "NI", "Independent"),
+  vote_proportion = c(24.52, 23.22, 25.36, 0.00, 10.14, 11.08, 2.96, 0.00, 0.00, 2.72))
+# check that total proportion = 100
+sum(don_at$vote_proportion)
+
+
[1] 100
+
+
# BELGIUM
+don_be <- data.frame(
+  party = c("EPP", "SD", "Patriots", "ECR", "Renew", "GREENSEFA", "Theleft", "ESN", "NI", "Independent"),
+  vote_proportion = c(16.04, 14.99, 7.65, 7.36, 28.3, 10.39, 7.8, 0.00, 0.00, 7.47))
+# check that total proportion = 100
+sum(don_be$vote_proportion)
+
+
[1] 100
+
+
# BULGARIA
+don_bg <- data.frame(
+  party = c("EPP", "SD", "Patriots", "ECR", "Renew", "GREENSEFA", "Theleft", "ESN", "NI", "Independent"),
+  vote_proportion = c(24.79, 7.01, 0.00, 8.13, 29.11, 1.26, 1.23, 13.98, 0.00, 14.49))
+# check that total proportion = 100
+sum(don_bg$vote_proportion)
+
+
[1] 100
+
+
# CROATIA
+don_hr <- data.frame(
+  party = c("EPP", "SD", "Patriots", "ECR", "Renew", "GREENSEFA", "Theleft", "ESN", "NI", "Independent"),
+  vote_proportion = c(35.83, 25.62, 0.00, 12.85, 5.69, 6.15, 0.63, 0.00, 2.98, 10.25))
+# check that total proportion = 100
+sum(don_hr$vote_proportion)
+
+
[1] 100
+
+
# CYPRUS
+don_cy <- data.frame(
+  party = c("EPP", "SD", "Patriots", "ECR", "Renew", "GREENSEFA", "Theleft", "ESN", "NI", "Independent"),
+  vote_proportion = c(24.78, 14.79, 0.00, 2.17, 11.19, 4.21, 21.49, 0.00, 19.36, 2.01))
+# check that total proportion = 100
+sum(don_cy$vote_proportion)
+
+
[1] 100
+
+
# CZECHIA
+don_cz <- data.frame(
+  party = c("EPP", "SD", "Patriots", "ECR", "Renew", "GREENSEFA", "Theleft", "ESN", "NI", "Independent"),
+  vote_proportion = c(19.84, 1.86, 36.9, 11.13, 0.21, 8.09, 0.00, 7.88, 9.56, 4.53))
+# check that total proportion = 100
+sum(don_cz$vote_proportion)
+
+
[1] 100
+
+
# DENMARK
+don_dk <- data.frame(
+  party = c("EPP", "SD", "Patriots", "ECR", "Renew", "GREENSEFA", "Theleft", "ESN", "NI", "Independent"),
+  vote_proportion = c(15.79, 15.57, 6.37, 27.75, 7.39, 20.08, 7.05, 0.00, 0.00, 0.00))
+# check that total proportion = 100
+sum(don_dk$vote_proportion)
+
+
[1] 100
+
+
# ESTONIA
+don_ee <- data.frame(
+  party = c("EPP", "SD", "Patriots", "ECR", "Renew", "GREENSEFA", "Theleft", "ESN", "NI", "Independent"),
+  vote_proportion = c(21.51, 19.33, 14.86, 6.22, 24.14, 0.61, 0.00, 0.00, 0.00, 13.33))
+# check that total proportion = 100
+sum(don_ee$vote_proportion)
+
+
[1] 100
+
+
# FINLAND
+don_fi <- data.frame(
+  party = c("EPP", "SD", "Patriots", "ECR", "Renew", "GREENSEFA", "Theleft", "ESN", "NI", "Independent"),
+  vote_proportion = c(28.92, 14.87, 0.00, 17.90, 7.61, 11.28, 17.47, 0.00, 0.00, 1.95))
+# check that total proportion = 100
+sum(don_fi$vote_proportion)
+
+
[1] 100
+
+
# FRANCE
+don_fr <- data.frame(
+  party = c("EPP", "SD", "Patriots", "ECR", "Renew", "GREENSEFA", "Theleft", "ESN", "NI", "Independent"),
+  vote_proportion = c(7.25, 13.88, 31.37, 0.00, 15.02, 5.76, 14.40, 5.47, 0.00, 6.85))
+# check that total proportion = 100
+sum(don_fr$vote_proportion)
+
+
[1] 100
+
+
# GERMANY
+don_de <- data.frame(
+  party = c("EPP", "SD", "Patriots", "ECR", "Renew", "GREENSEFA", "Theleft", "ESN", "NI", "Independent"),
+  vote_proportion = c(31.28, 13.94, 0.00, 0.41, 7.85, 14.94, 4.17, 15.89, 8.12, 3.40 ))
+# check that total proportion = 100
+sum(don_de$vote_proportion)
+
+
[1] 100
+
+
# GREECE
+don_el <- data.frame(
+  party = c("EPP", "SD", "Patriots", "ECR", "Renew", "GREENSEFA", "Theleft", "ESN", "NI", "Independent"),
+  vote_proportion = c(28.31, 12.79, 3.04, 9.30, 1.45, 1.80, 17.46, 0.52, 17.02, 8.31))
+# check that total proportion = 100
+sum(don_el$vote_proportion)
+
+
[1] 100
+
+
# HUNGARY
+don_hu <- data.frame(
+  party = c("EPP", "SD", "Patriots", "ECR", "Renew", "GREENSEFA", "Theleft", "ESN", "NI", "Independent"),
+  vote_proportion = c(30.59, 8.03, 44.82, 0.00, 4.34, 4.46, 0.00, 6.71, 0.00, 1.05))
+# check that total proportion = 100
+sum(don_hu$vote_proportion)
+
+
[1] 100
+
+
# IRELAND
+don_ie <- data.frame(
+  party = c("EPP", "SD", "Patriots", "ECR", "Renew", "GREENSEFA", "Theleft", "ESN", "NI", "Independent"),
+  vote_proportion = c(20.79, 6.33, 0.00, 0.00, 26.67, 5.36, 19.46, 0.00, 0.00, 21.39))
+# check that total proportion = 100
+sum(don_ie$vote_proportion)
+
+
[1] 100
+
+
# ITALY
+don_it <- data.frame(
+  party = c("EPP", "SD", "Patriots", "ECR", "Renew", "GREENSEFA", "Theleft", "ESN", "NI", "Independent"),
+  vote_proportion = c(10.50, 24.11, 8.97, 28.76, 7.13, 6.78, 10.11, 0.00, 0.00, 3.64))
+# check that total proportion = 100
+sum(don_it$vote_proportion)
+
+
[1] 100
+
+
# LATVIA
+don_lv <- data.frame(
+  party = c("EPP", "SD", "Patriots", "ECR", "Renew", "GREENSEFA", "Theleft", "ESN", "NI", "Independent"),
+  vote_proportion = c(25.37, 7.21, 6.23, 33.24, 9.46, 7.53, 0.00, 0.00, 0.00, 10.96))
+# check that total proportion = 100
+sum(don_lv$vote_proportion)
+
+
[1] 100
+
+
# LITHUANIA
+don_lt <- data.frame(
+  party = c("EPP", "SD", "Patriots", "ECR", "Renew", "GREENSEFA", "Theleft", "ESN", "NI", "Independent"),
+  vote_proportion = c(22.70, 17.98, 0.00, 18.40, 13.52, 5.95, 0.00, 5.45, 0.00, 16.00))
+# check that total proportion = 100
+sum(don_lt$vote_proportion)
+
+
[1] 100
+
+
# LUXEMBOURG
+don_lu <- data.frame(
+  party = c("EPP", "SD", "Patriots", "ECR", "Renew", "GREENSEFA", "Theleft", "ESN", "NI", "Independent"),
+  vote_proportion = c(22.91, 21.72, 0.00, 11.76, 18.29, 17.72, 3.15, 0.00, 0.00, 4.45))
+# check that total proportion = 100
+sum(don_lu$vote_proportion)
+
+
[1] 100
+
+
# MALTA
+don_mt <- data.frame(
+  party = c("EPP", "SD", "Patriots", "ECR", "Renew", "GREENSEFA", "Theleft", "ESN", "NI", "Independent"),
+  vote_proportion = c(42.22, 45.26, 0.00, 0.00, 0.00, 1.3, 0.00, 0.00, 0.00, 11.22))
+# check that total proportion = 100
+sum(don_mt$vote_proportion)
+
+
[1] 100
+
+
# NETHERLANDS
+don_nl <- data.frame(
+  party = c("EPP", "SD", "Patriots", "ECR", "Renew", "GREENSEFA", "Theleft", "ESN", "NI", "Independent"),
+  vote_proportion = c(18.61, 11.00, 16.97, 3.84, 20.87, 16.39, 6.72, 2.49, 0.00, 3.11))
+# check that total proportion = 100
+sum(don_nl$vote_proportion)
+
+
[1] 100
+
+
# POLAND
+don_pl <- data.frame(
+  party = c("EPP", "SD", "Patriots", "ECR", "Renew", "GREENSEFA", "Theleft", "ESN", "NI", "Independent"),
+  vote_proportion = c(40.18, 3.90, 2.79, 36.16, 2.60, 0.00, 0.00, 3.19, 3.50, 7.68))
+# check that total proportion = 100
+sum(don_pl$vote_proportion)
+
+
[1] 100
+
+
# PORTUGAL
+don_pt <- data.frame(
+  party = c("EPP", "SD", "Patriots", "ECR", "Renew", "GREENSEFA", "Theleft", "ESN", "NI", "Independent"),
+  vote_proportion = c(31.12, 32.11, 9.79, 0.00, 9.08, 5.18, 10.56, 0.00, 0.00, 2.16))
+# check that total proportion = 100
+sum(don_pt$vote_proportion)
+
+
[1] 100
+
+
# ROMANIA
+don_ro <- data.frame(
+  party = c("EPP", "SD", "Patriots", "ECR", "Renew", "GREENSEFA", "Theleft", "ESN", "NI", "Independent"),
+  vote_proportion = c(30.76, 25.75, 0.00, 15.38, 12.45, 0.00, 0.42, 0.00, 5.03, 10.21))
+# check that total proportion = 100
+sum(don_ro$vote_proportion)
+
+
[1] 100
+
+
# SLOVAKIA
+don_sk <- data.frame(
+  party = c("EPP", "SD", "Patriots", "ECR", "Renew", "GREENSEFA", "Theleft", "ESN", "NI", "Independent"),
+  vote_proportion = c(17.74, 0.00, 0.00, 5.55, 27.82, 0.13, 0.00, 12.53, 32.43, 3.8))
+# check that total proportion = 100
+sum(don_sk$vote_proportion)
+
+
[1] 100
+
+
# SLOVENIA
+don_si <- data.frame(
+  party = c("EPP", "SD", "Patriots", "ECR", "Renew", "GREENSEFA", "Theleft", "ESN", "NI", "Independent"),
+  vote_proportion = c(45.41, 7.77, 0.00, 0.00, 24.35, 12.15, 4.81, 0.00, 0.00, 5.51))
+# check that total proportion = 100
+sum(don_si$vote_proportion)
+
+
[1] 100
+
+
# SPAIN
+don_es <- data.frame(
+  party = c("EPP", "SD", "Patriots", "ECR", "Renew", "GREENSEFA", "Theleft", "ESN", "NI", "Independent"),
+  vote_proportion = c(34.21, 30.19, 9.63, 4.58, 3.1, 5.86, 7.28, 0.00, 2.61, 2.54))
+# check that total proportion = 100
+sum(don_es$vote_proportion)
+
+
[1] 100
+
+
# SWEDEN
+don_se <- data.frame(
+  party = c("EPP", "SD", "Patriots", "ECR", "Renew", "GREENSEFA", "Theleft", "ESN", "NI", "Independent"),
+  vote_proportion = c(23.86, 24.77, 0.00, 13.17, 11.67, 14.22, 11.06, 0.00, 0.04, 1.21))
+# check that total proportion = 100
+sum(don_se$vote_proportion)
+
+
[1] 100
+
+

DEFINING THE DONUT PLOT FUNCTION

+

Following the same thinking as with the parliament plots, it was decided that individually coding 27 different donut plots would be unnecessarily time consuming and too large of a chunk of code. Again, a function was defined to streamline and regulate the donut plot making process.

+

The function had to encompass several features including the function parameters, the construction of the bar chart, the applicatin of polar coordinates, the white background, and the creation of the “donut hole” in the centre of the polar plot.

+

The donut plot making function was defined as follows:

+
+
+
# creating a donut plot function
+# defining the function parameters
+make_donut <- function(data,
+                       party_col = party,
+                       value_col = vote_proportion,
+                       width_mm = 0.2) {
+# data preparation: converting party to a factor and reversing the levels with fct_rev()to correct visuals
+  data_prepped <- data |>
+    mutate(
+      party = factor({{ party_col }}, levels = party_order),
+      party = forcats::fct_rev(party)
+    ) |>
+    arrange(party)
+
+# calculating the outer edge of the donut
+  donut_outer <- 2 + width_mm/2
+
+# constructing the donut 
+  p <- ggplot(data_prepped,
+              aes(x = 2, y = {{ value_col }}, fill = party)) +
+# defining the white background
+    annotate("rect", 
+             xmin = 0.5, xmax = donut_outer,   
+             ymin = 0, ymax = 100,
+             fill = "white", colour = NA) +
+# defining the thickness of the bar
+    geom_col(width = width_mm) +
+# wrapping the bar into a circle
+    coord_polar(theta = "y") +
+# spplying globally specified colours
+    scale_fill_manual(values = custom_cols, drop = FALSE) +
+# defining the centre hole of the donut
+    xlim(0.5, 2.5) +
+# adjusting the theme
+    theme_void() +
+    theme(legend.position = "none")  
+  
+  p
+}
+
+
+

PLOTTING

+

Now that the donut plot making function has been defined (and tested???) the 27 individual donut plots required to recreate the original plot can be created.

+
+
+
# AUSTRIA
+donut_at <- make_donut(don_at)
+donut_at
+
+ +
+
# BELGIUM
+donut_be <- make_donut(don_be)
+donut_be
+
+ +
+
# BULGARIA
+donut_bg <- make_donut(don_bg)
+donut_bg
+
+ +
+
# CROATIA
+donut_hr <- make_donut(don_hr)
+donut_hr
+
+ +
+
# CYPRUS
+donut_cy <- make_donut(don_cy)
+donut_cy
+
+ +
+
# CZECHIA
+donut_cz <- make_donut(don_cz)
+donut_cz
+
+ +
+
# DENMARK
+donut_dk <- make_donut(don_dk)
+donut_dk
+
+ +
+
# ESTONIA
+donut_ee <- make_donut(don_ee)
+donut_ee
+
+ +
+
# FINLAND
+donut_fi <- make_donut(don_fi)
+donut_fi
+
+ +
+
# FRANCE
+donut_fr <- make_donut(don_fr)
+donut_fr
+
+ +
+
# GERMANY
+donut_de <- make_donut(don_de)
+donut_de
+
+ +
+
# GREECE
+donut_el <- make_donut(don_el)
+donut_el
+
+ +
+
# HUNGARY
+donut_hu <- make_donut(don_hu)
+donut_hu
+
+ +
+
# IRELAND
+donut_ie <- make_donut(don_ie)
+donut_ie
+
+ +
+
# ITALY
+donut_it <- make_donut(don_it)
+donut_it
+
+ +
+
# LATVIA
+donut_lv <- make_donut(don_lv)
+donut_lv
+
+ +
+
# LITHUANIA
+donut_lt <- make_donut(don_lt)
+donut_lt
+
+ +
+
# LUXEMBOURG
+donut_lu <- make_donut(don_lu)
+donut_lu
+
+ +
+
# MALTA
+donut_mt <- make_donut(don_mt)
+donut_mt
+
+ +
+
# NETHERLANDS
+donut_nl <- make_donut(don_nl)
+donut_nl
+
+ +
+
# POLAND
+donut_pl <- make_donut(don_pl)
+donut_pl
+
+ +
+
# PORTUGAL
+donut_pt <- make_donut(don_pt)
+donut_pt
+
+ +
+
# ROMANIA
+donut_ro <- make_donut(don_ro)
+donut_ro
+
+ +
+
# SLOVAKIA
+donut_sk <- make_donut(don_sk)
+donut_sk
+
+ +
+
# SLOVENIA
+donut_si <- make_donut(don_si)
+donut_si
+
+ +
+
# SPAIN
+donut_es <- make_donut(don_es)
+donut_es
+
+ +
+
# SWEDEN
+donut_se <- make_donut(don_se)
+donut_se
+
+

+
+

COMBINING THE PARLIAMENT AND DONUT PLOTS

+

After both the parliament and donut plots were created, the next stage of the replication process was to combine them into a single, layered combination plot for each country.

+

The function had to encompass several features including… *****

+

DEFINING THE COMBINATION PLOT FUNCTION

+

For a third time, a function was defined to streamline and standardise the creation process for all 27 plots.

+

The final combination plot function was defined as follows:

+
+
+
# creating a combination plot function
+# defining the function parameters
+combine_donut_parliament <- function(
+    donut_plot,
+    parliament_plot,
+    inner_width   = 0.72,
+    donut_scale   = 1.20,
+    start_angle   = 0,
+    ring_divisor  = 1.89,
+    ring_color    = "black",
+    ring_lwd      = 3
+) {
+# defining the layering strategy using ggdraw 
+  ggdraw() +
+# positioning the outer donut including scale and rotation
+  draw_plot(
+    donut_plot + coord_polar(theta = "y", start = start_angle),
+    x      = (1 - donut_scale) / 2,
+    y      = (1 - donut_scale) / 2,
+    width  = donut_scale,
+    height = donut_scale
+  ) +
+    
+# positioning the inner parliament plot
+  draw_plot(
+    parliament_plot,
+    x      = (1 - inner_width) / 2,
+    y      = (1 - inner_width) / 2,
+    width  = inner_width,
+    height = inner_width
+  ) +
+    
+# defining the inner black ring
+  draw_grob(
+    circleGrob(
+      x = 0.5, y = 0.5,
+      r = inner_width / ring_divisor,
+      gp = gpar(fill = NA, col = ring_color, lwd = ring_lwd)
+    )
+  )
+}
+
+
+

PLOTTING

+

The above function was then used to create the 27 combination circular plots to be used in the final product.

+
+
+
# AUSTRIA
+at_final <- combine_donut_parliament(
+  donut_plot      = donut_at,
+  parliament_plot = ATPARL,
+  inner_width     = 0.72,
+  donut_scale     = 1.20,
+  start_angle     = 0
+)
+
+at_final
+
+ +
+
# BELGIUM
+be_final <- combine_donut_parliament(
+  donut_plot      = donut_be,
+  parliament_plot = BEPARL,
+  inner_width     = 0.72,
+  donut_scale     = 1.20,
+  start_angle     = 0
+)
+
+be_final
+
+ +
+
# BULGARIA
+bg_final <- combine_donut_parliament(
+  donut_plot      = donut_bg,
+  parliament_plot = BGPARL,
+  inner_width     = 0.72,
+  donut_scale     = 1.20,
+  start_angle     = 0
+)
+
+bg_final
+
+ +
+
# CROATIA
+hr_final <- combine_donut_parliament(
+  donut_plot      = donut_hr,
+  parliament_plot = HRPARL,
+  inner_width     = 0.72,
+  donut_scale     = 1.20,
+  start_angle     = 0
+)
+
+hr_final
+
+ +
+
# CYPRUS
+cy_final <- combine_donut_parliament(
+  donut_plot      = donut_cy,
+  parliament_plot = CYPARL,
+  inner_width     = 0.72,
+  donut_scale     = 1.20,
+  start_angle     = 0
+)
+
+cy_final
+
+ +
+
# CZECH REPUBLIC
+cz_final <- combine_donut_parliament(
+  donut_plot      = donut_cz,
+  parliament_plot = CZPARL,
+  inner_width     = 0.72,
+  donut_scale     = 1.20,
+  start_angle     = 0
+)
+
+
+cz_final
+
+ +
+
# DENMARK
+dk_final <- combine_donut_parliament(
+  donut_plot      = donut_dk,
+  parliament_plot = DKPARL,
+  inner_width     = 0.72,
+  donut_scale     = 1.20,
+  start_angle     = 0
+)
+
+dk_final
+
+ +
+
# ESTONIA
+ee_final <- combine_donut_parliament(
+  donut_plot      = donut_ee,
+  parliament_plot = EEPARL,
+  inner_width     = 0.72,
+  donut_scale     = 1.20,
+  start_angle     = 0
+)
+
+ee_final
+
+ +
+
# FINLAND
+fi_final <- combine_donut_parliament(
+  donut_plot      = donut_fi,
+  parliament_plot = FIPARL,
+  inner_width     = 0.72,
+  donut_scale     = 1.20,
+  start_angle     = 0
+)
+
+fi_final
+
+ +
+
# FRANCE
+fr_final <- combine_donut_parliament(
+  donut_plot      = donut_fr,
+  parliament_plot = FRPARL,
+  inner_width     = 0.72,
+  donut_scale     = 1.20,
+  start_angle     = 0
+)
+
+fr_final
+
+ +
+
# GERMANY
+de_final <- combine_donut_parliament(
+  donut_plot      = donut_de,
+  parliament_plot = DEPARL,
+  inner_width     = 0.72,
+  donut_scale     = 1.20,
+  start_angle     = 0
+)
+
+de_final
+
+ +
+
# GREECE
+el_final <- combine_donut_parliament(
+  donut_plot      = donut_el,
+  parliament_plot = ELPARL,
+  inner_width     = 0.72,
+  donut_scale     = 1.20,
+  start_angle     = 0
+)
+
+el_final
+
+ +
+
# HUNGARY
+hu_final <- combine_donut_parliament(
+  donut_plot      = donut_hu,
+  parliament_plot = HUPARL,
+  inner_width     = 0.72,
+  donut_scale     = 1.20,
+  start_angle     = 0
+)
+
+hu_final
+
+ +
+
# IRELAND
+ie_final <- combine_donut_parliament(
+  donut_plot      = donut_ie,
+  parliament_plot = IEPARL,
+  inner_width     = 0.72,
+  donut_scale     = 1.20,
+  start_angle     = 0
+)
+
+ie_final
+
+ +
+
# ITALY
+it_final <- combine_donut_parliament(
+  donut_plot      = donut_it,
+  parliament_plot = ITPARL,
+  inner_width     = 0.72,
+  donut_scale     = 1.20,
+  start_angle     = 0
+)
+
+it_final
+
+ +
+
# LATVIA
+lv_final <- combine_donut_parliament(
+  donut_plot      = donut_lv,
+  parliament_plot = LVPARL,
+  inner_width     = 0.72,
+  donut_scale     = 1.20,
+  start_angle     = 0
+)
+
+lv_final
+
+ +
+
# LITHUANIA
+lt_final <- combine_donut_parliament(
+  donut_plot      = donut_lt,
+  parliament_plot = LTPARL,
+  inner_width     = 0.72,
+  donut_scale     = 1.20,
+  start_angle     = 0
+)
+
+lt_final
+
+ +
+
# LUXEMBOURG
+lu_final <- combine_donut_parliament(
+  donut_plot      = donut_lu,
+  parliament_plot = LUPARL,
+  inner_width     = 0.72,
+  donut_scale     = 1.20,
+  start_angle     = 0
+)
+
+lu_final
+
+ +
+
# MALTA
+mt_final <- combine_donut_parliament(
+  donut_plot      = donut_mt,
+  parliament_plot = MTPARL,
+  inner_width     = 0.72,
+  donut_scale     = 1.20,
+  start_angle     = 0
+)
+
+mt_final
+
+ +
+
# NETHERLANDS
+nl_final <- combine_donut_parliament(
+  donut_plot      = donut_nl,
+  parliament_plot = NLPARL,
+  inner_width     = 0.72,
+  donut_scale     = 1.20,
+  start_angle     = 0
+)
+
+nl_final
+
+ +
+
# POLAND
+pl_final <- combine_donut_parliament(
+  donut_plot      = donut_pl,
+  parliament_plot = PLPARL,
+  inner_width     = 0.72,
+  donut_scale     = 1.20,
+  start_angle     = 0
+)
+
+pl_final
+
+ +
+
# PORTUGAL
+pt_final <- combine_donut_parliament(
+  donut_plot      = donut_pt,
+  parliament_plot = PTPARL,
+  inner_width     = 0.72,
+  donut_scale     = 1.20,
+  start_angle     = 0
+)
+
+pt_final
+
+ +
+
# ROMANIA
+ro_final <- combine_donut_parliament(
+  donut_plot      = donut_ro,
+  parliament_plot = ROPARL,
+  inner_width     = 0.72,
+  donut_scale     = 1.20,
+  start_angle     = 0
+)
+
+ro_final
+
+ +
+
# SLOVAKIA
+sk_final <- combine_donut_parliament(
+  donut_plot      = donut_sk,
+  parliament_plot = SKPARL,
+  inner_width     = 0.72,
+  donut_scale     = 1.20,
+  start_angle     = 0
+)
+
+sk_final
+
+ +
+
# SLOVENIA
+si_final <- combine_donut_parliament(
+  donut_plot      = donut_si,
+  parliament_plot = SIPARL,
+  inner_width     = 0.72,
+  donut_scale     = 1.20,
+  start_angle     = 0
+)
+
+si_final
+
+ +
+
# SPAIN
+es_final <- combine_donut_parliament(
+  donut_plot      = donut_es,
+  parliament_plot = ESPARL,
+  inner_width     = 0.72,
+  donut_scale     = 1.20,
+  start_angle     = 0
+)
+
+es_final
+
+ +
+
# SWEDEN
+se_final <- combine_donut_parliament(
+  donut_plot      = donut_se,
+  parliament_plot = SEPARL,
+  inner_width     = 0.72,
+  donut_scale     = 1.20,
+  start_angle     = 0
+)
+
+se_final
+
+

+
+

POSITIONING THE COMBO PLOTS ON THE MAP

+

At this stage of the project, the main background map and the individual combination plots for each country have been created. The next logical step was to place each plot on its relevant position on the map.

+

Before writing any code, some practical decisions had to be made about sizing. The circular plots on the original visualisation vary in size quite dramatically however there is not indication as to what the sizing of the plots is based off (if it is based off any concrete value at all). Looking at the plot it was obvious that “bigger” countries in terms of size/ population had bigger plots and “smaller” countries had smaller ones. This is also true in terms of number of seats, those with a larger number of seats had bigger plots and those with less seats had smaller plots. Using some trial and error to test size as both a function of seat number and population, it was decided that scaling the plots using a log function based on the population for each country gave the closest representation to the original.

+

DATA CONSTRUCTION

+

First, a data frame containing the country names, codes, and population was created

+
+
+
eu_populations <- data.frame(
+  country = c("Austria", "Bulgaria", "Croatia", "Czechia", "Denmark", "Estonia", "Finland", "France", "Germany", "Greece", "Hungary", "Ireland", "Italy", "Latvia", "Lithuania", "Poland", "Portugal", "Romania", "Slovakia", "Slovenia", "Spain", "Sweden"),
+  
+  country_code = c("at", "bg", "hr", "cz", "dk", "ee", "fi", "fr", "de", "el", "hu", "ie", "it", "lv", "lt","pl", "pt", "ro", "sk", "si", "es", "se"),
+  
+  population = c(9100000, 6400000, 3900000, 10900000, 5900000, 1400000, 5600000, 68200000, 84400000, 10400000, 9600000, 5200000, 59000000, 1800000, 2900000, 36800000, 10500000, 19100000, 5400000, 2100000, 48100000, 10600000)
+)
+
+
+

SCALING

+

Next, a plot size was assigned to each country’s circular plot based on its population, using a logarithmic scale. Trial and error was used to adjust the function to the specification that produced the closest visual representation to the original plot - it was important that the smallest countries were not invisible and that the biggest countries did not overtake the entire plot.

+
+
+
# scaling the circular plots
+country_sizes <- eu_populations |>
+  mutate(
+# calculating log population
+    log_pop  = log10(population),
+# rescale to plot sizes
+    plot_size = rescale(
+      log_pop,
+      to   = c(0.5, 7.5),                  
+      from = c(log10(540000), log10(84400000))
+    )
+  )
+
+
+

The position of the circular plots on the main map was determined using the centroids of the country areas included in the main map dataset. First, a dataset including the size of the plots and their final position was needed.

+
+
+
# positioning the circular plots on the map
+# copmbining the country geometries to make one row per country with a merged geometry
+country_centroids <- final_map |>
+  group_by(country) |>
+  summarise(
+    geometry = st_union(geometry),
+    .groups = "drop"
+  ) |>
+  st_as_sf()
+
+# calculating the centroids
+centroids       <- st_centroid(country_centroids)
+# extracting the coordinates of the centroids
+centroid_coords <- st_coordinates(centroids)
+
+# adding the centroid coordinates to the dataset
+country_centroids <- country_centroids |>
+  st_drop_geometry() |>
+  mutate(
+    centroid_x = centroid_coords[, "X"],
+    centroid_y = centroid_coords[, "Y"]
+  )
+
+# combining with the plot sizes
+country_data <- country_centroids |>
+  inner_join(country_sizes, by = "country")
+
+
+

Then the existing combination plots were saved as .png images and a dataset including country names, centroid coordinates, plot sizes, and path to each saved image were created

+
+
+
# saving the combination plots as .png images
+# creating an output directory
+output_dir <- "combined_plots"
+dir.create(output_dir, showWarnings = FALSE)
+
+country_data$image_path <- NA_character_
+
+# processing each country in a loop and extracting country information
+for (i in seq_len(nrow(country_data))) {
+  country_name <- country_data$country[i]
+  country_code <- country_data$country_code[i]
+  plot_size    <- country_data$plot_size[i]
+# retrieving the plot objects  
+  plot_name <- paste0(country_code, "_final")
+  existing_plot <- get(plot_name)
+
+# crearing a file path where the images are saved
+  img_file <- file.path(output_dir, paste0(country_name, ".png"))
+
+# saving the plot 
+  ggsave(
+    filename = img_file,
+    plot     = existing_plot,
+    width    = plot_size,
+    height   = plot_size,
+    dpi      = 300,
+    bg       = "transparent"
+  )
+  
+  country_data$image_path[i] <- img_file
+}
+
+# printing a confirmation message once all files are saved
+cat("\nSaved plots to:", output_dir, "\n")
+
+

+Saved plots to: combined_plots
+
+
cd_plot <- country_data
+
+
+

Some plots in areas with many smaller countries were overlapping slightly when overlaid onto the main plot, but reducing the lower size of the plots even more was not possible due to readability and not aligning with the visuals of the original plot. To take care of these overlaps a repulsion algorithm was employed.

+
+
+
# dealing with the overlapping circular plots
+# calculating the image sizes suitable for plotting onto the map
+cd_plot <- cd_plot |>
+  mutate(
+    geom_size = plot_size * 0.015 # adjusted using trial and error
+  )
+
+# converting to map units using the bounding box of the entire map area
+bbox <- st_bbox(final_map)
+y_range <- as.numeric(bbox["ymax"] - bbox["ymin"])
+
+# approximating the circle radiuses in map units
+cd_plot <- cd_plot |>
+  mutate(
+    img_height_data = geom_size * y_range,
+    radius          = img_height_data / 2
+  )
+
+# setting up the repulsion algorithm
+coords <- as.matrix(cd_plot[, c("centroid_x", "centroid_y")])
+radii  <- cd_plot$radius
+# defining the extra spacing between circles (in data units)
+circle_padding <- 0.01 * y_range
+# the repulsion algorithm
+max_iter <- 100
+
+for (iter in seq_len(max_iter)) {
+  moved <- FALSE
+# checking every pair of countries
+  for (i in seq_len(nrow(coords))) {
+    for (j in seq_len(nrow(coords))) {
+      if (j <= i) next
+
+# calculating the distance between circles     
+      dx   <- coords[j, 1] - coords[i, 1]
+      dy   <- coords[j, 2] - coords[i, 2]
+      dist <- sqrt(dx^2 + dy^2)
+
+# checking for overlap (using the sum of both radii plus padding)
+      min_dist <- radii[i] + radii[j] + circle_padding
+      
+# pushing apart overlapping circles
+      if (dist < min_dist) {
+        overlap <- min_dist - dist
+        
+        shift_x <- (dx / dist) * (overlap / 2)
+        shift_y <- (dy / dist) * (overlap / 2)
+        
+        coords[i, 1] <- coords[i, 1] - shift_x
+        coords[i, 2] <- coords[i, 2] - shift_y
+        coords[j, 1] <- coords[j, 1] + shift_x
+        coords[j, 2] <- coords[j, 2] + shift_y
+        
+        moved <- TRUE
+      }
+    }
+  }
+# stopping if an entire iteration passes with no movements
+  if (!moved) break
+}
+
+# storing the adjusted positions
+cd_plot <- cd_plot |>
+  mutate(
+    adj_x          = coords[, 1],
+    adj_y          = coords[, 2],
+    padding_factor = 0.002,
+    label_padding  = padding_factor * y_range,
+    label_y        = adj_y + radius + label_padding
+  )
+
+
+

Furthermore, the circular plots in the original visualisation each have a heading of the country’s name above the plot. This also had to be included at this stage in order to check that no more fine-tuning of the positioning of the circular plots on the map was needed.
+Finally, we draw the map with the combinations in their adjusted positions and their country name labels above.

+
+
+
final_EUROMAP <- EUROMAP +
+  geom_image(
+    data = cd_plot,
+    aes(
+      x     = adj_x,
+      y     = adj_y,
+      image = image_path,
+      size  = I(geom_size)
+    ),
+    asp = 1
+  ) +
+  geom_text(
+    data = cd_plot,
+    aes(
+      x     = adj_x,
+      y     = label_y,
+      label = country
+    ),
+    fontface = "bold",
+    size     = 1.5
+  )
+
+print(final_EUROMAP)
+
+

+
+

The final map with all of the correctly-placed circular plots was then saved in .png format.

+
+
+
# saving the final map with circular plots 
+ggsave(
+  filename = "final_EUROMAP.png",
+  plot = final_EUROMAP,
+  width = 22.5,
+  height = 30,
+  units = "cm",
+  dpi = 300,
+  bg = "white"
+)
+
+
+

All in all, this was a very involved stage of the replication process that required a lot of research, hours of trial and error, and many failed attempts.

+

MAKING THE LEGEND

+

Now that the main map is created it was time to start constructing the other elements of the original plot. First, the legend in the upper-left corner of the original visualisation was created.

+

In order to create the colour scales that are shown in the legend, the colour mixing formulas from the map creation were used again.

+
+
+
# reusing the colour mixing formulas to create the legend's colour scales
+mix_colors <- function(col1, col2, p = 0.5) {
+  c1 <- col2rgb(col1) / 255
+  c2 <- col2rgb(col2) / 255
+  mix <- (1 - p) * c1 + p * c2
+  grDevices::rgb(mix[1, ], mix[2, ], mix[3, ])
+}
+
+darken_color <- function(col, p = 0.25) {
+  col_rgb  <- col2rgb(col) / 255
+  dark_rgb <- col_rgb * (1 - p)
+  grDevices::rgb(dark_rgb[1, ], dark_rgb[2, ], dark_rgb[3, ])
+}
+
+
+

Next, the data required to make the legend was reconstructed and manipulated:

+
+
+
parties <- data.frame(
+  party = c("EPP", "S&D", "Patriots", "Renew", "ECR", "Greens/EFA", "The Left", "ESN", "NI"),
+  label = c("Group of the European People's Party (Christian Democrats)",
+            "Group of the Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats",
+            "Patriots for Europe Group",
+            "Renew Europe Group",
+            "European Conservatives and Reformists Group",
+            "Group of the Greens/European Free Alliance",
+            "The Left group in the European Parliament - GUE/NGL",
+            "Europe of Sovereign Nations Group",
+            "Non-attached Members"),
+  vote = c(23.5, 17.4, 10.5, 10.1, 9.9, 8.1, 7.8, 4.5, 4.3),
+  seats = c(188, 136, 84, 77, 78, 53, 46, 25, 33),
+  stringsAsFactors = FALSE
+) |>
+# reversing the order
+  mutate(
+    row = rev(row_number()),
+# creating the colour key
+    col_key = dplyr::recode(
+      party,
+      "EPP"        = "EPP",
+      "S&D"        = "SD",
+      "Patriots"   = "Patriots",
+      "Renew"      = "Renew",
+      "ECR"        = "ECR",
+      "Greens/EFA" = "GREENSEFA",
+      "The Left"   = "Theleft",
+      "ESN"        = "ESN",
+      "NI"         = "NI"
+    ),
+# assigning the colours from the globally designed colour vector
+    col = custom_cols[col_key]
+  )
+
+# creating percentages categories
+percentages <- tibble(
+  percentages_idx = 1:7,
+  percentages_lab = c("-25","25","30","35","40","45","50+")
+)
+
+# combining all parties with percentages
+percentages_blocks <- expand_grid(parties, percentages)
+
+# identifiying the parties that get a scale bar
+parties_with_scale <- c("EPP","S&D","Patriots","Renew","ECR","NI")
+
+# splitting the parties in to groups of scale bar/  no scale bar
+parties_scale    <- parties |> filter(party %in% parties_with_scale)
+parties_noscale  <- parties |> filter(!party %in% parties_with_scale)
+
+# creating percentage blocks
+scale_blocks <- expand_grid(parties_scale, percentages)
+
+
+

Following this, the colour gradients for the parties with scale bars are applied to the scale bar segments.

+
+
+
# generating colour palettes for each party
+legend_palettes <- parties_scale |>
+  rowwise() |>
+  mutate(
+# getting the base colour
+    base_col  = col,
+# creating thie light shade
+    light_col = mix_colors("#FFFFFF", base_col, p = 0.5),
+# creating the dark shade
+    dark_col  = darken_color(base_col, p = 0.1),
+# creating a 7 colour gradient
+    pal       = list(grDevices::colorRampPalette(c(light_col, dark_col))(7))
+  ) |>
+# keeping only the needed columns
+  ungroup() |>
+  select(party, pal) |>
+# expanding palettes into individual colours (i.e. multiple rows from one row)
+  tidyr::unnest_longer(pal, indices_to = "percentages_idx", values_to = "scale_col") |>
+# converting to integer type for joining
+  mutate(
+    percentages_idx = as.integer(percentages_idx)
+  )
+
+# attaching the shaded colours to each scale-bar tile
+scale_blocks_shaded <- scale_blocks |>
+  left_join(legend_palettes, by = c("party", "percentages_idx"))
+
+
+

Finally, it is time to create the visual plot of the legend.

+
+
+
# crearing the visual plot of the legend
+legend_plot <- ggplot() +
+  
+# creating the main bar for parties with a scale bar 
+  geom_rect(
+    data = parties_scale,
+    aes(xmin = 0.5, xmax = 7.5,
+        ymin = row - 0.45, ymax = row + 0.25,
+        fill = col)
+  ) +
+  
+# creating the main bar for parties with no scale bar 
+  geom_rect(
+    data = parties_noscale,
+    aes(xmin = 0.5, xmax = 7.5,
+        ymin = row - 0.45, ymax = row + 0.25,
+        fill = col)
+  ) +
+  
+# creating the shaded scale bar
+  geom_rect(
+    data = scale_blocks_shaded,
+    aes(xmin = percentages_idx - 0.5, xmax = percentages_idx + 0.5,
+        ymin = row + 0.25, ymax = row + 0.45,
+        fill = scale_col),
+    colour = "white", linewidth = 0.35
+  ) +
+  
+# creating the grid lines only in the scale bar area
+  geom_rect(
+    data = percentages_blocks |> filter(party %in% parties_with_scale),
+    aes(xmin = percentages_idx - 0.5, xmax = percentages_idx + 0.5,
+        ymin = row + 0.25, ymax = row + 0.45),
+    fill = NA, colour = "white", linewidth = 0.35
+  ) +
+  
+# adding the group names in the correct colours
+  geom_text(
+    data = parties,
+    aes(x = 0.7, y = row - 0.02, label = party,
+        colour = ifelse(party == "Renew", "black", "white")),
+    fontface = "bold", hjust = 0, size = 5
+  ) +
+  
+# adding the subtitles in the correct colours
+  geom_text(
+    data = parties,
+    aes(x = 0.7, y = row - 0.28, label = label,
+        colour = ifelse(party == "Renew", "black", "white")),
+    hjust = 0, size = 2, fontface = "italic"
+  ) +
+  
+# adding the percentage headers aligned over scale-bar chunks
+  geom_text(
+    data = percentages,
+    aes(x = percentages_idx, y = max(parties$row) + 0.6, label = percentages_lab),
+    fontface = "bold", size = 3.3
+  ) +
+  
+# adding the headers for Vote % and Seats to the right hand side
+  annotate("text", x = 8.8, y = max(parties$row) + 0.8,
+           label = "Vote %", fontface = "bold", size = 4) +
+  annotate("text", x = 11, y = max(parties$row) + 0.8,
+           label = "Seats", fontface = "bold", size = 4) +
+  
+# adding the Vote % and Seats data
+  geom_text(
+    data = parties,
+    aes(x = 8.8, y = row,
+        label = sprintf("%.1f", vote),
+        colour = ifelse(party == "Renew", "black", col)),
+    fontface = "bold", size = 5, hjust = 0.5
+  ) +
+  geom_text(
+    data = parties,
+    aes(x = 11, y = row,
+        label = seats,
+        colour = ifelse(party == "Renew", "black", col)),
+    fontface = "bold", size = 5, hjust = 0.5
+  ) +
+# applying the styling and coordinate settings to finalise the visualisation
+  scale_fill_identity() +
+  scale_colour_identity() +
+  coord_cartesian(
+    xlim = c(0, 11),
+    ylim = c(0.5, max(parties$row) + 1.6),
+    clip = "off"
+  ) +
+  theme_void() +
+  theme(
+    plot.margin = margin(5, 40, 5, 5)
+  )
+
+legend_plot
+
+

+
+
+
+
# saving the legend with the correct proportions to a .png file
+ggsave(
+  "legend_check.png",
+  legend_plot,
+  width  = 12,
+  height = 15,
+  units  = "cm",
+  dpi    = 500,
+  bg     = "white"
+)
+
+legend_plot
+
+

+
+

Overall making this legend was much more time consuming and difficult than originally anticipated.

+

MAKING THE CIRCULAR LEGEND

+

Next, the donut legend was created. This tells the viewer that the donuts of the combined plots depict the percentage of the total vote recieved by each European Parliament Group, and that the parliament plot refers to the absolute number of seats won by each of these groups. This small piece of the project was perhaps one of the most unexpectedly dufficult to recreate - mainly owing to the fact that it required placing curved arrows on top of a plot with a polar coordinate system.

+
+
+
df <- data.frame(
+  party = names(custom_cols),
+  value = 1
+)
+
+
+party_order <- party_order[party_order %in% df$party]
+df$party <- factor(df$party, levels = rev(party_order))
+
+circle_path <- function(radius, total) {
+  data.frame(
+    x = radius,
+    y = seq(0, total, length.out = 400)
+  )
+}
+
+total_angle  <- sum(df$value)
+outer_radius <- 2.5
+inner_radius <- 1.2
+
+outer_circle <- circle_path(outer_radius, total_angle)
+inner_circle <- circle_path(inner_radius, total_angle)
+
+# defining the central disk radius
+center_radius <- 0.5
+x_center      <- center_radius / 2
+width_center  <- center_radius
+
+# defining the inner-circle outline (for the central disk)
+inner_circle_outline <- circle_path(center_radius, total_angle)
+
+# making a quadratic Bezier helper function: allows us to make a curved path in top of the polar coordinates
+make_curve <- function(x0, y0, x1, y1, xc, yc, n = 100) {
+  t  <- seq(0, 1, length.out = n)
+  x  <- (1 - t)^2 * x0 + 2 * (1 - t) * t * xc + t^2 * x1
+  y  <- (1 - t)^2 * y0 + 2 * (1 - t) * t * yc + t^2 * y1
+  data.frame(x = x, y = y)
+}
+
+arrow_tail_radius <- 4.5  # outside donut (outer_radius = 2.5)
+#arrow_tail_radius_2 <- 3 # for seats arroe
+
+# making the first curved arrow (bottom of donut) ---------------------------------
+arrow_df <- make_curve(
+  x0 = arrow_tail_radius,           # start radius (outside donut)
+  y0 = total_angle * 0.40,          # start angle
+  x1 = x_center + 0.01,             # end radius (just at the centre disk)
+  y1 = total_angle * 0.35,          # end angle
+  xc = 2.5,                         # control radius (controls bend)
+  yc = total_angle * 0.38           # control angle
+)
+
+# making the second curved arrow (pointing to top of donut) 
+arrow_df_top <- make_curve(
+  x0 = arrow_tail_radius,           # tail outside donut
+  y0 = total_angle * 0.07,          # start angle near top
+  x1 = outer_radius + -0.5,         # end just at outer edge of donut
+  y1 = total_angle * 0,          # angle around top; tweak if needed
+  xc = 2.2,                         # control radius (further out for a nice bend)
+  yc = total_angle * 0.07      # control angle slightly "above" to arc over
+)
+
+# putting points at the arrow heads (i.e. at the last row of each path)
+tail1 <- arrow_df[1, ]
+tail2 <- arrow_df_top[1, ]
+
+donut_key <-
+  ggplot(df, aes(x = 2, y = value, fill = party)) +
+  geom_col(width = 1, colour = NA) +
+  geom_col(
+    data  = df,
+    aes(x = x_center, y = value),
+    inherit.aes = FALSE,
+    width  = width_center,
+    fill   = "#b3e5e5",
+    colour = NA
+  ) +
+  geom_path(data = outer_circle,
+            aes(x = x, y = y),
+            inherit.aes = FALSE,
+            colour = "black",
+            linewidth = 1.5) +
+  geom_path(data = inner_circle,
+            aes(x = x, y = y),
+            inherit.aes = FALSE,
+            colour = "black",
+            linewidth = 1.5) +
+  geom_path(data = inner_circle_outline,
+            aes(x = x, y = y),
+            inherit.aes = FALSE,
+            colour = "black",
+            linewidth = 0.8) +
+  geom_path(
+    data = arrow_df,
+    aes(x = x, y = y),
+    inherit.aes = FALSE,
+    arrow = arrow(length = unit(1, "mm"), type = "closed"),
+    linewidth = 1
+  ) +
+  geom_path(
+    data = arrow_df_top,
+    aes(x = x, y = y),
+    inherit.aes = FALSE,
+    arrow = arrow(length = unit(1, "mm"), type = "closed"),
+    linewidth = 1
+  ) +
+# putting the labels on the arrows
+geom_text(
+  data = tail1,
+  aes(x = x + 0.25, y = y + 0.35, label = "Seats"),
+  inherit.aes = FALSE,
+  size = 5,
+  hjust = 0,
+  fontface = "italic"
+) +
+  geom_text(
+    data = tail2,
+    aes(x = x + 0.4, y = y + -0.38, label = "Vote %"),
+    inherit.aes = FALSE,
+    size = 5,
+    hjust = 0,
+    fontface = "italic"
+  ) +
+  coord_polar(theta = "y") +
+  scale_fill_manual(values = custom_cols) +
+  xlim(0, arrow_tail_radius + 1) +
+  theme_void() +
+  theme(legend.position = "none")
+
+donut_key
+
+

+
+
+
+
# saving the donut key as a .png file
+ggsave(
+  "donut_key.png",
+  donut_key,
+  width  = 12,
+  height = 12 ,
+  units  = "cm",
+  dpi    = 500,
+  bg     = "transparent"
+)
+
+
+

MAKING THE ZOOM IN MAP SECTION

+

Last but not least, the zoomed in map sections present in the upper-right corner of the original plot had to be recreated. Initially, the map portion of the three geographical areas represented in the zoom areas were individually created, then they were recreated with the appropriate circle plots overlaid on top.

+

Step by step, for each final zoomed in area the process included:
+- sizing the circular plots based on population
+- finding where to place them (country centroids)
+- saving the circles as .png files
+- creating a zoomed map of the relevant region
+- overlaying the circular plots at each country’s location
+- adding country name labels above each circle

+

DATA CREATION

+

Before the zoom maps were made, the population data for these regions had to be added to the environment.

+
+
+
benelux_populations <- data.frame(
+  country = c("Belgium", "Netherlands", "Luxembourg"),
+  
+  country_code = c("be", "nl", "lu"),
+  
+  population = c(11800000, 18000000, 700000)
+)
+
+
+
+
+
malta_populations <- data.frame(
+  country = c("Malta"),
+  
+  country_code = c("mt"),
+  
+  population = c(600000)
+)
+
+
+
+
+
cyprus_populations <- data.frame(
+  country = c("Cyprus"),
+  
+  country_code = c("cy"),
+  
+  population = c(1400000)
+)
+
+
+

BENELUX REGION

+
+
+
# making the map of the Benelux zoom box
+# filtering only the relevant countries
+benelux <- final_map |>
+  dplyr::filter(country %in% c("Belgium", "Netherlands", "Luxembourg"))
+# getting the bounding box (minimum square coordinates) of the countries
+bb_ben <- sf::st_bbox(benelux)
+
+# adding padding for aesthetics
+xpad_ben <- (bb_ben["xmax"] - bb_ben["xmin"]) * 0.15
+ypad_ben <- (bb_ben["ymax"] - bb_ben["ymin"]) * 0.15
+
+# creating the zoomed map
+zoom_benelux <-
+  ggplot() +
+  geom_sf(
+    data = final_map,              
+    aes(fill = party_band),
+    colour = "white",
+    linewidth = 0.2
+  ) +
+  scale_fill_manual(values = fill_values, na.value = "grey90", guide = "none") +
+# cropping the view to just the Benelux area
+  coord_sf(
+    xlim = c(bb_ben["xmin"] - xpad_ben, bb_ben["xmax"] + xpad_ben),
+    ylim = c(bb_ben["ymin"] - ypad_ben, bb_ben["ymax"] + ypad_ben),
+    expand = FALSE
+  ) +
+  theme_void()
+
+zoom_benelux
+
+

+
+

Once this was created correctly, the map section was created again, this time with the relevant circular plots overlaid.

+
+
+
# creating the final map of the Benelux zoom box
+# calculating the plot sizes based on populaitons
+benelux_sizes <- benelux_populations |>
+  mutate(
+    log_pop = log10(population),
+    plot_size = rescale(
+      log_pop,
+      to   = c(3, 6),
+      from = c(log10(min(population)), log10(max(population)))
+    )
+  )
+
+# calculating the centroids for the Benelux countries (same process as before)
+benelux_sf <- final_map |>
+  filter(country %in% benelux_populations$country) |>
+  group_by(country) |>
+  summarise(
+    geometry = st_union(geometry),
+    .groups = "drop"
+  ) |>
+  st_as_sf()
+
+centroids <- st_centroid(benelux_sf)
+coords    <- st_coordinates(centroids)
+
+benelux_centroids <- benelux_sf |>
+  st_drop_geometry() |>
+  mutate(
+    centroid_x = coords[, "X"],
+    centroid_y = coords[, "Y"]
+  )
+
+# combining the centroid positions with plot sizes
+benelux_data <- benelux_centroids |>
+  left_join(benelux_sizes, by = "country")
+
+# saving the country plots as .png images (also like befoere)
+output_dir <- "benelux_plots"
+dir.create(output_dir, showWarnings = FALSE)
+
+benelux_data$image_path <- NA_character_
+
+for (i in seq_len(nrow(benelux_data))) {
+  country_name <- benelux_data$country[i]
+  country_code <- benelux_data$country_code[i]
+  plot_size    <- benelux_data$plot_size[i]
+  
+# expecting be_final, nl_final, lu_final
+  plot_name <- paste0(country_code, "_final")
+  
+  
+  
+  existing_plot <- get(plot_name)
+  img_file      <- file.path(output_dir, paste0(country_name, ".png"))
+
+# saving the sized plots 
+  ggsave(
+    filename = img_file,
+    plot     = existing_plot,
+    width    = plot_size,
+    height   = plot_size,
+    dpi      = 300,
+    bg       = "transparent"
+  )
+  
+  benelux_data$image_path[i] <- img_file
+}
+
+
+# using overall map height to convert relative sizes
+bbox <- st_bbox(final_map)
+y_range <- as.numeric(bbox["ymax"] - bbox["ymin"])
+
+benelux_data <- benelux_data |>
+  mutate(
+    geom_size = plot_size * 0.05,
+    img_height_data = geom_size * y_range,
+    radius = img_height_data / 2,
+    
+    adj_x = centroid_x,
+    adj_y = centroid_y,
+    
+# positioning the name labels just above the circles
+    label_y = adj_y + 0.14 * radius  
+  )
+
+
+# recreating the Benelux zoom base map
+benelux_poly <- final_map |>
+  filter(country %in% c("Belgium", "Netherlands", "Luxembourg"))
+
+bb_ben <- st_bbox(benelux)
+
+xpad_ben <- (bb_ben["xmax"] - bb_ben["xmin"]) * 0.15
+ypad_ben <- (bb_ben["ymax"] - bb_ben["ymin"]) * 0.15
+
+zoom_benelux <-
+  ggplot() +
+  geom_sf(
+    data   = final_map,
+    aes(fill = party_band),
+    colour = "white",
+    linewidth = 0.2
+  ) +
+  scale_fill_manual(values = fill_values, na.value = "grey90", guide = "none") +
+  coord_sf(
+    xlim   = c(bb_ben["xmin"] - xpad_ben, bb_ben["xmax"] + xpad_ben),
+    ylim   = c(bb_ben["ymin"] - ypad_ben, bb_ben["ymax"] + ypad_ben),
+    expand = FALSE
+  ) +
+  theme_void()
+
+# adding the  circular plots on top of the map
+zoom_benelux_with_circles <-
+  zoom_benelux +
+  geom_image(
+    data = benelux_data,
+    aes(
+      x     = adj_x,
+      y     = adj_y,
+      image = image_path,
+      size  = I(geom_size)
+    ),
+    asp = 1
+  ) +
+  geom_text(
+    data = benelux_data,
+    aes(
+      x     = adj_x,
+      y     = label_y,
+      label = country
+    ),
+    fontface = "bold",
+    size     = 1.5
+  )
+
+zoom_benelux_with_circles
+
+

+
+

The same process was then recreated for the creation of the Malta and Cyprus zoomed map sections.

+

MALTA

+
+
+
malta_data <- final_map |>
+  dplyr::filter(country == "Malta")
+
+bb_mt <- sf::st_bbox(malta_data)
+xpad_mt <- (bb_mt["xmax"] - bb_mt["xmin"]) * 1.2   
+ypad_mt <- (bb_mt["ymax"] - bb_mt["ymin"]) * 1.2
+
+zoom_malta <-
+  ggplot() +
+  geom_sf(
+    data = malta_data,
+    aes(fill = party_band),
+    colour = "white",
+    linewidth = 0.2
+  ) +
+  scale_fill_manual(values = fill_values, na.value = "grey90", guide = "none") +
+  coord_sf(
+    xlim = c(bb_mt["xmin"] - xpad_mt, bb_mt["xmax"] + xpad_mt),
+    ylim = c(bb_mt["ymin"] - ypad_mt, bb_mt["ymax"] + ypad_mt),
+    expand = FALSE
+  ) +
+  theme_void()
+
+zoom_malta
+
+

+
+

with combo plots

+
+
+
malta_sizes <- malta_populations |>
+  mutate(
+    log_pop = log10(population),
+    plot_size = rescale(
+      log_pop,
+      to   = c(10),
+      from = c(log10(min(population)), log10(max(population)))
+    )
+  )
+
+# centroids
+malta_sf <- final_map |>
+  filter(country %in% malta_populations$country) |>
+  group_by(country) |>
+  summarise(
+    geometry = st_union(geometry),
+    .groups = "drop"
+  ) |>
+  st_as_sf()
+
+centroids <- st_centroid(malta_sf)
+coords    <- st_coordinates(centroids)
+
+malta_centroids <- malta_sf |>
+  st_drop_geometry() |>
+  mutate(
+    centroid_x = coords[, "X"],
+    centroid_y = coords[, "Y"]
+  )
+
+# joining population and size info
+malta_data <- malta_centroids |>
+  left_join(malta_sizes, by = "country")
+
+# saving circles as .png
+output_dir <- "malta_plots"
+dir.create(output_dir, showWarnings = FALSE)
+
+malta_data$image_path <- NA_character_
+
+for (i in seq_len(nrow(malta_data))) {
+  country_name <- malta_data$country[i]
+  country_code <- malta_data$country_code[i]
+  plot_size    <- malta_data$plot_size[i]
+  
+# expecting be_final, nl_final, lu_final
+  plot_name <- paste0(country_code, "_final")
+
+  
+  existing_plot <- get(plot_name)
+  img_file      <- file.path(output_dir, paste0(country_name, ".png"))
+  
+  ggsave(
+    filename = img_file,
+    plot     = existing_plot,
+    width    = plot_size,
+    height   = plot_size,
+    dpi      = 300,
+    bg       = "transparent"
+  )
+  
+  malta_data$image_path[i] <- img_file
+}
+
+
+# converting to relative sizes
+bbox    <- st_bbox(final_map)
+y_range <- as.numeric(bbox["ymax"] - bbox["ymin"])
+
+malta_data <- malta_data |>
+  mutate(
+    geom_size       = plot_size * 0.05,
+    img_height_data = geom_size * y_range,
+    radius          = img_height_data / 2,
+    
+    adj_x = centroid_x,
+    adj_y = centroid_y,
+    
+# positioning the label
+    label_y = adj_y + 0.008 * radius   
+  )
+
+
+# recreating the malta base map
+malta_poly <- final_map |>
+  filter(country %in% c("Malta"))
+
+bb_mt <- st_bbox(malta_poly)
+
+xpad_mt <- (bb_mt["xmax"] - bb_mt["xmin"]) * 0.15
+ypad_mt <- (bb_mt["ymax"] - bb_mt["ymin"]) * 0.15
+
+zoom_malta <-
+  ggplot() +
+  geom_sf(
+    data   = final_map,
+    aes(fill = party_band),
+    colour = "white",
+    linewidth = 0.2
+  ) +
+  scale_fill_manual(values = fill_values, na.value = "grey90", guide = "none") +
+  coord_sf(
+    xlim   = c(bb_mt["xmin"] - xpad_mt, bb_mt["xmax"] + xpad_mt),
+    ylim   = c(bb_mt["ymin"] - ypad_mt, bb_mt["ymax"] + ypad_mt),
+    expand = FALSE
+  ) +
+  theme_void()
+
+# adding the circular plots on top
+zoom_malta_with_circles <-
+  zoom_malta +
+  geom_image(
+    data = malta_data,
+    aes(
+      x     = adj_x,
+      y     = adj_y,
+      image = image_path,
+      size  = I(geom_size)
+    ),
+    asp = 1
+  ) +
+  geom_text(
+    data = malta_data,
+    aes(
+      x     = adj_x,
+      y     = label_y,
+      label = country
+    ),
+    fontface = "bold",
+    size     = 1.5
+  )
+
+zoom_malta_with_circles
+
+

+
+

CYPRUS

+
+
+
cyprus_data <- final_map |>
+  dplyr::filter(country == "Cyprus")
+
+bb_cy <- sf::st_bbox(cyprus_data)
+
+xpad_cy <- (bb_cy["xmax"] - bb_cy["xmin"]) * 0.6
+ypad_cy <- (bb_cy["ymax"] - bb_cy["ymin"]) * 0.6
+
+zoom_cyprus <-
+  ggplot() +
+  geom_sf(
+    data = cyprus_data,
+    aes(fill = party_band),
+    colour = "white",
+    linewidth = 0.2
+  ) +
+  scale_fill_manual(values = fill_values, na.value = "grey90", guide = "none") +
+  coord_sf(
+    xlim = c(bb_cy["xmin"] - xpad_cy, bb_cy["xmax"] + xpad_cy),
+    ylim = c(bb_cy["ymin"] - ypad_cy, bb_cy["ymax"] + ypad_cy),
+    expand = FALSE
+  ) +
+  theme_void()
+
+zoom_cyprus
+
+

+
+

with combo plots…

+
+
+
cyprus_sizes <- cyprus_populations |>
+  mutate(
+    log_pop = log10(population),
+    plot_size = rescale(
+      log_pop,
+      to   = c(13),
+      from = c(log10(min(population)), log10(max(population)))
+    )
+  )
+
+# centroids for cyprus
+cyprus_sf <- final_map |>
+  filter(country %in% cyprus_populations$country) |>
+  group_by(country) |>
+  summarise(
+    geometry = st_union(geometry),
+    .groups = "drop"
+  ) |>
+  st_as_sf()
+
+centroids <- st_centroid(cyprus_sf)
+coords <- st_coordinates(centroids)
+
+cyprus_centroids <- cyprus_sf |>
+  st_drop_geometry() |>
+  mutate(
+    centroid_x = coords[, "X"],
+    centroid_y = coords[, "Y"]
+  )
+
+# joining population and size info
+cyprus_data <- cyprus_centroids |>
+  left_join(cyprus_sizes, by = "country")
+
+# saving circular plots in .png format 
+output_dir <- "cyprus_plots"
+dir.create(output_dir, showWarnings = FALSE)
+
+cyprus_data$image_path <- NA_character_
+
+for (i in seq_len(nrow(cyprus_data))) {
+  country_name <- cyprus_data$country[i]
+  country_code <- cyprus_data$country_code[i]
+  plot_size    <- cyprus_data$plot_size[i]
+  
+  # expects: be_final, nl_final, lu_final
+  plot_name <- paste0(country_code, "_final")
+  
+
+  
+  existing_plot <- get(plot_name)
+  img_file      <- file.path(output_dir, paste0(country_name, ".png"))
+  
+  ggsave(
+    filename = img_file,
+    plot     = existing_plot,
+    width    = plot_size,
+    height   = plot_size,
+    dpi      = 300,
+    bg       = "transparent"
+  )
+  
+  cyprus_data$image_path[i] <- img_file
+}
+
+
+
+# We use overall map height to convert relative sizes
+bbox    <- st_bbox(final_map)
+y_range <- as.numeric(bbox["ymax"] - bbox["ymin"])
+
+cyprus_data <- cyprus_data |>
+  mutate(
+    geom_size       = plot_size * 0.05,
+    img_height_data = geom_size * y_range,
+    radius          = img_height_data / 2,
+    
+    adj_x = centroid_x,
+    adj_y = centroid_y,
+    
+# positioning the label
+    label_y = adj_y + 0.023 * radius   
+  )
+
+
+# recreating cyprus zoom base map
+cyprus_poly <- final_map |>
+  filter(country %in% c("Cyprus"))
+
+bb_cy <- st_bbox(cyprus_poly)
+
+xpad_cy <- (bb_cy["xmax"] - bb_cy["xmin"]) * 0.15
+ypad_cy <- (bb_cy["ymax"] - bb_cy["ymin"]) * 0.15
+
+zoom_cyprus <-
+  ggplot() +
+  geom_sf(
+    data   = final_map,
+    aes(fill = party_band),
+    colour = "white",
+    linewidth = 0.2
+  ) +
+  scale_fill_manual(values = fill_values, na.value = "grey90", guide = "none") +
+  coord_sf(
+    xlim   = c(bb_cy["xmin"] - xpad_cy, bb_cy["xmax"] + xpad_cy),
+    ylim   = c(bb_cy["ymin"] - ypad_cy, bb_cy["ymax"] + ypad_cy),
+    expand = FALSE
+  ) +
+  theme_void()
+
+# adding the circular plots on top of the map
+zoom_cyprus_with_circles <-
+  zoom_cyprus +
+  geom_image(
+    data = cyprus_data,
+    aes(
+      x     = adj_x,
+      y     = adj_y,
+      image = image_path,
+      size  = I(geom_size)
+    ),
+    asp = 1
+  ) +
+  geom_text(
+    data = cyprus_data,
+    aes(
+      x     = adj_x,
+      y     = label_y,
+      label = country
+    ),
+    fontface = "bold",
+    size     = 1.5
+  )
+
+zoom_cyprus_with_circles
+
+

+
+

PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER

+

At this stage all of the component parts of the original visualisation had been made so it was time to put them all together to create the final image. To combine multiple ggplot2 plots into a figure there are multiple different strategies - the two packages that were most seriously considered in this project were “cowplot” and “patchwork”. Cowplot appeared to be more function based, whereas patchwork seemed to take a simpler approach to plot layouts. After some experimentation, it was decided that using the “patchwork” package gave the “easiest to follow” path from component parts to final plot, specifically utilising its inset_element() function to overlay the insets on the main background map.

+

The first inset to be positioned on the main map was the legend

+
+
+
# reading the saved legend image
+leg_img  <- png::readPNG("legend_check.png")
+# concerting the image to a grob
+leg_grob <- grid::rasterGrob(leg_img, interpolate = TRUE)
+
+# wrapping the png in a ggplot so patchwork can inset it
+legend_png_plot <- ggplot() +
+  annotation_custom(leg_grob, xmin = -Inf, xmax = Inf, ymin = -Inf, ymax = Inf) +
+  coord_cartesian(expand = FALSE) +
+  theme_void() +
+  theme(
+    plot.margin = margin(0, 0, 0, 0),
+    panel.spacing = unit(0, "pt")
+  )
+
+# defining the inset position (0–1, relative to the full canvas)
+left   <- 0.0
+right  <- 0.34
+top    <- 0.98
+bottom <- 0.66
+
+# adding the legend to the main map (full canvas, not just plot area)
+final_plot <- final_EUROMAP +
+  inset_element(
+    legend_png_plot,
+    left   = left,
+    bottom = bottom,
+    right  = right,
+    top    = top,
+    align_to = "full"
+  )
+
+final_plot
+
+ +
+
# saving thhe progress
+ggsave(
+  "EUROMAP_with_legend.png",
+  final_plot,
+  width  = 22.5,
+  height = 30,
+  units  = "cm",
+  dpi    = 300,
+  bg     = "white"
+)
+
+
+

Following this, the donut key was added to the main plot by slotting it into the above chunk of code. This was done by defining its position relative to the legend key that has already been positioned.

+
+
+
# reading the saved legend image
+leg_img  <- png::readPNG("legend_check.png")
+# converting it to a grob
+leg_grob <- grid::rasterGrob(leg_img, interpolate = TRUE)
+
+# wrapping the png in a ggplot so patchwork can inset it
+legend_png_plot <- ggplot() +
+  annotation_custom(leg_grob, xmin = -Inf, xmax = Inf, ymin = -Inf, ymax = Inf) +
+  coord_cartesian(expand = FALSE) +
+  theme_void() +
+  theme(plot.margin = margin(0, 0, 0, 0))
+
+# reading the saved donut key image
+don_img  <- png::readPNG("donut_key.png")
+# converting it to a grob
+don_grob <- grid::rasterGrob(don_img, interpolate = TRUE)
+
+# wrapping the png in a ggplot so patchwork can inset it
+donut_png_plot <- ggplot() +
+  annotation_custom(don_grob, xmin = -Inf, xmax = Inf, ymin = -Inf, ymax = Inf) +
+  coord_cartesian(expand = FALSE) +
+  theme_void() +
+  theme(plot.margin = margin(0, 0, 0, 0))
+
+# legend inset positioning again
+leg_left   <- 0.00
+leg_right  <- 0.34
+leg_top    <- 0.98
+leg_bottom <- 0.66
+
+# placing the donut key to the right of the legend by defining a horisontal gap between the two
+gap <- -0.05            
+don_size <- 0.2      
+
+don_left   <- leg_right + gap
+don_right  <- don_left + don_size
+don_top    <- leg_top - 0.06     
+don_bottom <- don_top - don_size     #
+
+# adding the legend and the key to the main map (full canvas, not just plot area)
+final_plot <- final_EUROMAP +
+# adding the legend
+  inset_element(
+    legend_png_plot,
+    left   = leg_left,
+    right  = leg_right,
+    top    = leg_top,
+    bottom = leg_bottom,
+    align_to = "full"
+  ) +
+# adding the donut key
+  inset_element(
+    donut_png_plot,
+    left   = don_left,
+    right  = don_right,
+    top    = don_top,
+    bottom = don_bottom,
+    align_to = "full"
+  )
+
+final_plot
+
+ +
+
# saving the progress
+ggsave(
+  "EUROMAP_with_legend_key.png",
+  final_plot,
+  width  = 22.5,
+  height = 30,
+  units  = "cm",
+  dpi    = 300,
+  bg     = "white"
+)
+
+
+

COMBINING THE ZOOMS

+

To inset the three zoomed in map sections, they were first joined together so that only one inset on the main map had to be done. Patchwork was again used to do this, and custom styling was applied.

+
+
+
# removing the spacinf between panels, the borderm and the margin around the plot
+panel_strip <- theme(
+  panel.spacing = unit(0, "pt"),
+  panel.border = element_blank(),
+  plot.margin = margin(0, 0, 0, 0)
+)
+
+# adding the black border
+panel_border <- theme(
+  panel.border = element_rect(color = "black", fill = NA, linewidth = 0.8),
+  plot.background = element_blank(),
+  plot.margin = margin(0, 0, 0, 0)
+)
+
+# combining the zoomed map sections using patchwork operators
+combo_zooms <-
+  (zoom_benelux_with_circles + panel_strip + panel_border) /
+  ((zoom_malta_with_circles + panel_strip + panel_border) |
+   (zoom_cyprus_with_circles + panel_strip + panel_border)) +
+  plot_layout(heights = c(5.1, 1))
+
+combo_zooms
+
+

+
+

now the combination plot is saved as a .png file and trimmed tightly to the boundaries of the plot

+
+
+
# saving the combination zoom plot in .png format
+ggsave(
+  "zooms.png",
+  combo_zooms,
+  width  = 10,
+  height = 6,
+  units  = "cm",
+  dpi    = 300,
+  bg     = "white"
+)
+
+# using the "magick" package to trim the excess white space around the saved plot (load, trim, save trimmed)
+img <- image_read("zooms.png")
+
+img_trim <- image_trim(img, fuzz = 10)
+
+image_write(img_trim, "zooms_trimmed.png", format = "png")
+
+
+

At last, the trimmed zoom plots image is overlaid on the top-right-hand corner of the main map

+
+
+
# loading the image file and converting it to a grob
+zooms_grob <- rasterGrob(readPNG("zooms_trimmed.png"), interpolate = TRUE)
+
+# wrapping the image so it can be used by patchwork
+zooms_panel <- wrap_elements(full = zooms_grob) +
+  theme_void()  # keeps it as “just the image”
+
+# positioning the zooms plot on the main map
+final_fig <-
+  final_plot +
+  inset_element(
+    zooms_panel,
+    left   = 0.78,
+    bottom = 0.62,
+    right  = 1.30,
+    top    = 0.98,
+    align_to = "plot"
+  )
+
+final_fig
+
+

+
+
+
+
# saving the final image
+ggsave(
+  "EU_FINAL.png",
+  final_fig,
+  width  = 40,
+  height = 30,
+  units  = "cm",
+  dpi    = 300,
+  bg     = "white"
+)
+
+
+

FINAL REPRODUCTION

+

Here the final reproduction is presented at the correct scale

+
+
+
knitr::include_graphics("EU_FINAL.png")
+
+

+
+

REIMAGINING THE VISUALISATION

+

In this stage of the project, the goal is to reimagine and improve on the original plot.

+

ISSUES WITH THE ORIGINAL PLOT

+

The original plot is undeniably eye catching, however it has some issues mainly relating do readability. Firstly, the donut plots include small segments of vote that are entirely invisible at the scale the plots are drawn at. Secondly, the colours used in the plot in the way that they are used make the plot sometimes very difficult to interpret. For example, a dark blue and a dark grey seat point next to each other on a smaller-sized circular plot are very hard to distinguish from one another quickly. Thirdly, the plot lacks any sort of heading or contextualisation and this, combined with the sheer number of different types of election data and plot formats that are combined in the final image, makes it very difficult to understand and interpret the plot quickly or quicker than the viewer could learn the same information from a textual source. This ease and speed of conveying information is one of teh main reason that visualisations are used however any advantages to the graphic approach are lost in the overcomplexity of the original graph. All in all, these problems can be summed up as - the original plot is trying to do too many things at once.

+

In order to remedy this, it was decided to split the information being conveyed in the original plot into three(???) individual plots, each using a technique specific to the type of information being conveyed.

+

STRECHING OUT THE DONUT DATA

+

The data in the donuts of the original plot represents the percentage of the overall vote won by each European Parliament Group in the 2024 election. In other less specific words, this data represents parts of a whole, therefore it was chosen to use stacked bar charts in order to re-imagine this part of the visualisation.

+

The data in the original donut plots came from 27 individually defined data sets, one for each country in the plot. In order to be able to handle the data better for making a series of stacked bar plots, these datasets were all combined in to one larger dataframe.

+
+
+
all_countries <- bind_rows(
+  don_at |> mutate(country = "Austria"),
+  don_be |> mutate(country = "Belgium"),
+  don_bg |> mutate(country = "Bulgaria"),
+  don_hr |> mutate(country = "Croatia"),
+  don_cy |> mutate(country = "Cyprus"),
+  don_cz |> mutate(country = "Czechia"),
+  don_dk |> mutate(country = "Denmark"),
+  don_ee |> mutate(country = "Estonia"),
+  don_fi |> mutate(country = "Finland"),
+  don_fr |> mutate(country = "France"),
+  don_de |> mutate(country = "Germany"),
+  don_el |> mutate(country = "Greece"),
+  don_hu |> mutate(country = "Hungary"),
+  don_ie |> mutate(country = "Ireland"),
+  don_it |> mutate(country = "Italy"),
+  don_lv |> mutate(country = "Latvia"),
+  don_lt |> mutate(country = "Lithuania"),
+  don_lu |> mutate(country = "Luxembourg"),
+  don_mt |> mutate(country = "Malta"),
+  don_nl |> mutate(country = "Netherlands"),
+  don_pl |> mutate(country = "Poland"),
+  don_pt |> mutate(country = "Portugal"),
+  don_ro |> mutate(country = "Romania"),
+  don_sk |> mutate(country = "Slovakia"),
+  don_si |> mutate(country = "Slovenia"),
+  don_es |> mutate(country = "Spain"),
+  don_se |> mutate(country = "Sweden")
+)
+
+
+

Then a new party order was created which places the parliament group with the overall largest proportion of the vote at the bottom, and that with the smallest at the top. This was done for both ease of reading and aesthetic reasons.

+
+
+
bars_party_order <- c("Independent", "NI", "ESN", "Theleft", "GREENSEFA", "Renew", "ECR", "Patriots", "SD", "EPP")
+
+
+

Party factor levels were set to match the corrected order

+
+
+
all_countries$party <- factor(all_countries$party, levels = bars_party_order)
+
+
+

Then a new plot was created with heavy styling

+
+
+
ggplot(all_countries, aes(x = vote_proportion, y = country, fill = party)) +
+  geom_bar(stat = "identity", width = 0.75) +
+  scale_fill_manual(
+    values = custom_cols, 
+    labels = c(
+      "Independent" = "Independent",
+      "NI" = "Non-Inscrits",
+      "ESN" = "Europe of Sovereign Nations",
+      "Theleft" = "The Left",
+      "GREENSEFA" = "Greens/EFA",
+      "Renew" = "Renew Europe",
+      "ECR" = "European Conservatives & Reformists",
+      "Patriots" = "Patriots for Europe",
+      "SD" = "Socialists & Democrats",
+      "EPP" = "European People's Party"
+    )) +
+  scale_x_continuous(
+    expand = c(0, 0), 
+    breaks = seq(0, 100, 25),
+    labels = function(x) paste0(x, "%")
+  ) +
+  labs(
+    title = "2024 European Parliament Election Results by Country",
+    subtitle = "Vote share by political group",
+    x = "Vote Share", 
+    y = NULL, 
+    fill = "Political Group",
+    caption = "Source: European Parliament Election Results 2024"
+  ) +
+  theme_minimal(base_size = 12) +
+  theme(
+# defining the plot background
+    plot.background = element_rect(fill = "white", 
+                                   color = NA),
+    panel.background = element_rect(fill = "white", 
+                                    color = NA),
+    panel.grid.major.y = element_blank(),
+    panel.grid.minor = element_blank(),
+    panel.grid.major.x = element_line(color = "grey90", 
+                                      linewidth = 0.5),
+    
+# styling the axes
+    axis.text.y = element_text(size = 10, 
+                               color = "grey20"),
+    axis.text.x = element_text(size = 10, 
+                               color = "grey20"),
+    axis.title.x = element_text(size = 11, 
+                                face = "bold", 
+                                color = "grey20", 
+                                margin = margin(t = 10)),
+    
+# styling the title
+    plot.title = element_text(size = 16, 
+                              face = "bold", 
+                              color = "grey10", 
+                              margin = margin(b = 5)),
+    plot.subtitle = element_text(size = 12, 
+                                 color = "grey30", 
+                                 margin = margin(b = 15)),
+    plot.caption = element_text(size = 9, 
+                                color = "grey50", 
+                                hjust = 0, 
+                                margin = margin(t = 15)),
+    
+# styling the legend
+    legend.position = "right",
+    legend.title = element_text(size = 11, 
+                                face = "bold", 
+                                color = "grey20"),
+    legend.text = element_text(size = 10, 
+                               color = "grey20"),
+    legend.key.size = unit(0.8, "cm"),
+    legend.background = element_rect(fill = "white", 
+                                     color = "grey80", 
+                                     linewidth = 0.5),
+    legend.margin = margin(10, 10, 10, 10),
+    
+# defining the margins
+    plot.margin = margin(20, 20, 20, 20)
+  )
+
+ +
+
# saving the plot
+ggsave("eu_election_results_horizontal.png", width = 12, 
+                                             height = 10, 
+                                            dpi = 300, 
+                                            bg = "white")
+
+
+
+

+
+

This plot gives a representation of the data that was held in the donut plots of the original visualisation in a format that allows even the smallest proportions of the vote to be recognised by the viewer. The standardisation of the bar length means that, compared to the varying sizes of the donuts in the original plot, the vote breakdown across the coutries can be more easily and accurately compared.
+
+Conveying the raw data is only one facet of using data visualisation techniques in election and parlimentary contexts. Graphical representations can and are often used for “storytelling” with the data, meaning that they are used to give a representation that adds extra context or meaning to the viewer’s understanding of the data. With some relatively small tweaks, the vote proportion stacked bar charts can be represented in more illustrative ways.

+

One way in which this could be done here is through the use of grouping and faceting in order to present the bars according to regional groupings

+
+
+
# adding regional groupings 
+all_countries <- all_countries %>%
+  mutate(region = case_when(
+    country %in% c("Denmark", "Sweden", "Finland", "Estonia", "Latvia", "Lithuania") ~ "Nordic & Baltic",
+    country %in% c("Poland", "Czechia", "Slovakia", "Hungary", "Slovenia", "Croatia", "Romania", "Bulgaria") ~ "Eastern Europe",
+    country %in% c("Germany", "Austria", "Belgium", "Netherlands", "Luxembourg", "Ireland", "France") ~ "Western Europe",
+    country %in% c("Spain", "Portugal", "Italy", "Greece", "Malta", "Cyprus") ~ "Southern Europe",
+    TRUE ~ "Other"
+  ))
+
+# setting party factor levels
+all_countries$party <- factor(all_countries$party, levels = party_order)
+
+# creating the faceted plot
+ggplot(all_countries, aes(x = country, 
+                          y = vote_proportion, 
+                          fill = party)) +
+  geom_bar(stat = "identity", 
+           width = 0.8) +
+  scale_fill_manual(
+    values = custom_cols,
+    labels = c(
+      "Independent" = "Independent",
+      "NI" = "Non-Inscrits",
+      "ESN" = "Europe of Sovereign Nations",
+      "Theleft" = "The Left",
+      "GREENSEFA" = "Greens/EFA",
+      "Renew" = "Renew Europe",
+      "ECR" = "European Conservatives & Reformists",
+      "Patriots" = "Patriots for Europe",
+      "SD" = "Socialists & Democrats",
+      "EPP" = "European People's Party"
+    )) +
+  scale_y_continuous(
+    expand = c(0, 0),
+    breaks = seq(0, 100, 25),
+    labels = function(x) paste0(x, "%")
+  ) +
+  facet_wrap(~ region, scales = "free_x", nrow = 2) +
+  labs(
+    title = "2024 European Parliament Election Results by Country",
+    subtitle = "Vote share by political group and region",
+    x = NULL,
+    y = "Vote Share",
+    fill = "Political Group",
+    caption = "Source: European Parliament Election Results 2024"
+  ) +
+  theme_minimal(base_size = 12) +
+  theme(
+# defining the plot background
+    plot.background = element_rect(fill = "white", 
+                                   color = NA),
+    panel.background = element_rect(fill = "white", 
+                                    color = NA),
+    panel.grid.major.x = element_blank(),
+    panel.grid.minor = element_blank(),
+    panel.grid.major.y = element_line(color = "grey90", 
+                                      linewidth = 0.5),
+    
+# styling the axes
+    axis.text.x = element_text(angle = 45, 
+                               hjust = 1, 
+                               vjust = 1, 
+                               size = 9, 
+                               color = "grey20"),
+    axis.text.y = element_text(size = 10, 
+                               color = "grey20"),
+    axis.title.y = element_text(size = 11, 
+                                face = "bold", 
+                                color = "grey20", 
+                                margin = margin(r = 10)),
+    axis.line.x = element_line(color = "grey60", 
+                               linewidth = 0.5),
+    
+# styling the title
+    plot.title = element_text(size = 16, 
+                              face = "bold", 
+                              color = "grey10", 
+                              margin = margin(b = 5)),
+    plot.subtitle = element_text(size = 12, 
+                                 color = "grey30", 
+                                 margin = margin(b = 15)),
+    plot.caption = element_text(size = 9, 
+                                color = "grey50", 
+                                hjust = 0, 
+                                margin = margin(t = 15)),
+    
+# styling the facet strip
+    strip.background = element_rect(fill = "grey95", 
+                                    color = "grey60", 
+                                    linewidth = 0.5),
+    strip.text = element_text(size = 11, 
+                              face = "bold", 
+                              color = "grey20", 
+                              margin = margin(5, 5, 5, 5)),
+    
+# styling the legend
+    legend.position = "right",
+    legend.title = element_text(size = 11, 
+                                face = "bold", 
+                                color = "grey20"),
+    legend.text = element_text(size = 10, 
+                               color = "grey20"),
+    legend.key.size = unit(0.8, "cm"),
+    legend.background = element_rect(fill = "white", 
+                                     color = "grey80", 
+                                     linewidth = 0.5),
+    legend.margin = margin(10, 10, 10, 10),
+    
+# defining the margins
+    plot.margin = margin(20, 20, 20, 20)
+  )
+
+ +
+
# saving the plot
+ggsave("eu_election_faceted_region.png", width = 16, 
+                                        height = 10, 
+                                         dpi = 300, 
+                                          bg = "white")
+
+
+
+

+
+

Alternatively, instead of regional groupings, the bars could be arranged by ‘old’ vs ‘new’ EU member states

+
+
+
# grouping according to EU-15 vs post-2004 members
+all_countries <- all_countries %>%
+  mutate(eu_group = case_when(
+    country %in% c("Belgium", "France", "Germany", "Italy", "Luxembourg", "Netherlands",
+                   "Denmark", "Ireland", "Greece", "Spain", "Portugal", 
+                   "Austria", "Finland", "Sweden") ~ "EU-15 (pre-2004)",
+    TRUE ~ "Post-2004 Members"
+  ))
+
+# setting party factor levels
+all_countries$party <- factor(all_countries$party, levels = party_order)
+
+# creating the faceted plot
+ggplot(all_countries, aes(x = country, y = vote_proportion, fill = party)) +
+  geom_bar(stat = "identity", width = 0.8) +
+  scale_fill_manual(
+    values = custom_cols,
+    labels = c(
+      "Independent" = "Independent",
+      "NI" = "Non-Inscrits",
+      "ESN" = "Europe of Sovereign Nations",
+      "Theleft" = "The Left",
+      "GREENSEFA" = "Greens/EFA",
+      "Renew" = "Renew Europe",
+      "ECR" = "European Conservatives & Reformists",
+      "Patriots" = "Patriots for Europe",
+      "SD" = "Socialists & Democrats",
+      "EPP" = "European People's Party"
+    )
+  ) +
+  scale_y_continuous(
+    expand = c(0, 0),
+    breaks = seq(0, 100, 25),
+    labels = function(x) paste0(x, "%")
+  ) +
+  facet_wrap(~ eu_group, scales = "free_x", nrow = 2) +
+  labs(
+    title = "2024 European Parliament Election Results by Country",
+    subtitle = "Vote share by political group: Comparing old and new EU members",
+    x = NULL,
+    y = "Vote Share",
+    fill = "Political Group",
+    caption = "Source: European Parliament Election Results 2024"
+  ) +
+  theme_minimal(base_size = 12) +
+  theme(
+# plotting the background
+    plot.background = element_rect(fill = "white", 
+                                   color = NA),
+    panel.background = element_rect(fill = "white", 
+                                    color = NA),
+    panel.grid.major.x = element_blank(),
+    panel.grid.minor = element_blank(),
+    panel.grid.major.y = element_line(color = "grey90", 
+                                      linewidth = 0.5),
+    
+# styling the axes
+    axis.text.x = element_text(angle = 45, 
+                               hjust = 1, 
+                               vjust = 1, 
+                               size = 9, 
+                               color = "grey20"),
+    axis.text.y = element_text(size = 10, 
+                               color = "grey20"),
+    axis.title.y = element_text(size = 11, 
+                                face = "bold", 
+                                color = "grey20", 
+                                margin = margin(r = 10)),
+    axis.line.x = element_line(color = "grey60", 
+                               linewidth = 0.5),
+    
+# styling the title
+    plot.title = element_text(size = 16, 
+                              face = "bold", 
+                              color = "grey10", 
+                              margin = margin(b = 5)),
+    plot.subtitle = element_text(size = 12, 
+                                 color = "grey30", 
+                                 margin = margin(b = 15)),
+    plot.caption = element_text(size = 9, 
+                                color = "grey50", 
+                                hjust = 0, 
+                                margin = margin(t = 15)),
+    
+# styling the facet strip
+    strip.background = element_rect(fill = "grey95", 
+                                    color = "grey60", 
+                                    linewidth = 0.5),
+    strip.text = element_text(size = 11, 
+                              face = "bold", 
+                              color = "grey20", 
+                              margin = margin(5, 5, 5, 5)),
+    
+# styling the legend
+    legend.position = "right",
+    legend.title = element_text(size = 11, 
+                                face = "bold", 
+                                color = "grey20"),
+    legend.text = element_text(size = 10, 
+                               color = "grey20"),
+    legend.key.size = unit(0.8, "cm"),
+    legend.background = element_rect(fill = "white", 
+                                     color = "grey80", 
+                                     linewidth = 0.5),
+    legend.margin = margin(10, 10, 10, 10),
+    
+# defining the margins
+    plot.margin = margin(20, 20, 20, 20)
+  )
+
+ +
+
# saving the plot
+ggsave("eu_election_old_vs_new.png", width = 16, 
+                                    height = 10, 
+                                      dpi = 300, 
+                                        bg = "white")
+
+
+
+

+
+

MULTIPLE MAPS

+

The use of the choropleth map in the original visualisation does a relatively good job at simultaneously displaying both the dominant party in each country (through distinct party colours) and the magnitude of their lead (through colour intensity), creating an effective bivariate visualization. Nonetheless, the individual map on its own is somewhat limited as only the top European Parliament group in each country is represented. It would likely be beneficial to a viewer to understand the percentage of seats each European Parliament group received across the entire EU27 area.

+

In order to do this, facets were once again employed in order to expand upon the original visualisation.

+

Here I have used a different method for obtaining the map shape of the EU27 countries than I did in the replication of the original plot. After using ggplot2, rnaturalearth, and other packages throughout the course of this project I have become more comfortable and hopefully more proficient in their use and would now make different choices for things like creating the background map than I did when I originally created it several weeks ago. Unfortunatley, changing the approach to the map in the reproduction to “match” the (better?) approach used in this re-imagination completely changes the basis upon which pretty much every other element of the reproduction is based. Long story short, this would mean having to go back and recreate everything else to match the new background map therefore is not a logistically possible option at this stage of the project.

+
+
+
# getting the europe map data
+europe <- ne_countries(scale = "medium", 
+                       continent = "Europe", 
+                       returnclass = "sf")
+
+# filtering for the EU27 countries
+eu_countries <- c("Austria", "Belgium", "Bulgaria", "Croatia", "Cyprus", "Czechia", "Denmark", "Estonia", "Finland", "France", "Germany", "Greece", "Hungary", "Ireland", "Italy", "Latvia", "Lithuania", "Luxembourg", "Malta", "Netherlands", "Poland", "Portugal", "Romania", "Slovakia", "Slovenia", "Spain", "Sweden")
+
+europe_eu <- europe |>
+  filter(name %in% eu_countries | sovereignt %in% eu_countries | admin %in% eu_countries)
+
+# preparing the data
+all_countries_long <- all_countries |>
+  select(country, party, vote_proportion)
+
+# joining with the map data
+europe_map_data <- europe_eu |>
+  mutate(country = case_when(
+    name == "Czech Republic" ~ "Czechia",
+    TRUE ~ name
+  )) |>
+  left_join(all_countries_long, by = "country")
+
+# creating a map for each party
+create_party_map <- function(party_name, data, base_map, party_colors) {
+  
+  party_data <- data |> filter(party == party_name)
+  party_color <- party_colors[party_name]
+  
+  ggplot() +
+    geom_sf(data = base_map, 
+            fill = "grey95", 
+            color = "white", 
+            size = 0.3) +
+    geom_sf(data = party_data, aes(fill = vote_proportion), 
+            color = "white", size = 0.3) +
+    scale_fill_gradient(
+      low = "white",
+      high = party_color,
+      name = "Vote %",
+      limits = c(0, 50),
+      breaks = seq(0, 50, 10)
+    ) +
+    coord_sf(xlim = c(-10, 30), ylim = c(35, 71)) +
+    labs(title = party_name) +
+    theme_minimal(base_size = 10) +
+    theme(
+      plot.background = element_rect(fill = "white", 
+                                     color = NA),
+      panel.background = element_rect(fill = "white", 
+                                      color = NA),
+      panel.grid = element_line(color = "grey90", 
+                                linewidth = 0.2),
+      
+      plot.title = element_text(size = 11, 
+                                face = "bold", 
+                                color = "grey20", 
+                                hjust = 0.5),
+      
+      legend.position = "right",
+      legend.title = element_text(size = 9, 
+                                  face = "bold"),
+      legend.text = element_text(size = 8),
+      legend.key.height = unit(0.8, "cm"),
+      legend.key.width = unit(0.4, "cm"),
+      
+      axis.text = element_blank(),
+      axis.ticks = element_blank(),
+      
+      plot.margin = margin(5, 5, 5, 5)
+    )
+}
+
+# using the party order from donut_party_order to ensure correct order and matching
+party_list <- party_order
+
+# creating individual maps for each party in the correct order
+map_list <- lapply(party_list, function(p) {
+  create_party_map(p, europe_map_data, europe_eu, custom_cols)
+})
+
+# combining using patchwork with 2 rows
+combined_map <- wrap_plots(map_list, nrow = 2) +
+  plot_annotation(
+    title = "2024 European Parliament Election Results by Party",
+    subtitle = "Vote share for each political group across EU member states",
+    caption = "Source: European Parliament Election Results 2024",
+    theme = theme(
+      plot.title = element_text(size = 16, 
+                                face = "bold", 
+                                color = "grey10", 
+                                margin = margin(b = 5)),
+      plot.subtitle = element_text(size = 12, 
+                                   color = "grey30", 
+                                   margin = margin(b = 10)),
+      plot.caption = element_text(size = 9, 
+                                  color = "grey50", 
+                                  hjust = 0, 
+                                  margin = margin(t = 10)),
+      plot.background = element_rect(fill = "white", 
+                                     color = NA)
+    )
+  )
+
+# saving the plot
+ggsave("eu_election_faceted_maps_individual_legends.png", 
+       plot = combined_map, 
+       width = 20, height = 10, dpi = 300, bg = "white")
+
+
+
+

+
+
+ + +
+ +
+
+ + + + + +
+ + + + + + + diff --git a/_projects/2025/100561659/100561659_files/Data/at.csv b/_projects/2025/100561659/100561659_files/Data/at.csv new file mode 100644 index 00000000..0604ee76 --- /dev/null +++ b/_projects/2025/100561659/100561659_files/Data/at.csv @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +GROUP_ID;SEATS_TOTAL;SEATS_PERCENT_EU;UPDATE_STATUS;UPDATE_TIME +EPP;5;0.69;CONSTITUTIVE;2024-07-23 11:07 +SD;5;0.69;CONSTITUTIVE;2024-07-23 11:07 +Renew;2;0.28;CONSTITUTIVE;2024-07-23 11:07 +GREENSEFA;2;0.28;CONSTITUTIVE;2024-07-23 11:07 +PfE;6;0.83;CONSTITUTIVE;2024-07-23 11:07 diff --git a/_projects/2025/100561659/100561659_files/Data/be.csv b/_projects/2025/100561659/100561659_files/Data/be.csv new file mode 100644 index 00000000..d0d0046a --- /dev/null +++ b/_projects/2025/100561659/100561659_files/Data/be.csv @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +GROUP_ID;SEATS_TOTAL;SEATS_PERCENT_EU;UPDATE_STATUS;UPDATE_TIME +EPP;3;0.42;CONSTITUTIVE;2024-07-23 11:07 +SD;4;0.56;CONSTITUTIVE;2024-07-23 11:07 +ECR;3;0.42;CONSTITUTIVE;2024-07-23 11:07 +Renew;5;0.69;CONSTITUTIVE;2024-07-23 11:07 +Theleft;2;0.28;CONSTITUTIVE;2024-07-23 11:07 +GREENSEFA;2;0.28;CONSTITUTIVE;2024-07-23 11:07 +PfE;3;0.42;CONSTITUTIVE;2024-07-23 11:07 diff --git a/_projects/2025/100561659/100561659_files/Data/bg.csv b/_projects/2025/100561659/100561659_files/Data/bg.csv new file mode 100644 index 00000000..ffabb2f8 --- /dev/null +++ b/_projects/2025/100561659/100561659_files/Data/bg.csv @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +GROUP_ID;SEATS_TOTAL;SEATS_PERCENT_EU;UPDATE_STATUS;UPDATE_TIME +EPP;6;0.83;CONSTITUTIVE;2024-07-15 17:47 +SD;2;0.28;CONSTITUTIVE;2024-07-15 17:47 +ECR;1;0.14;CONSTITUTIVE;2024-07-15 17:47 +Renew;5;0.69;CONSTITUTIVE;2024-07-15 17:47 +ESN;3;0.42;CONSTITUTIVE;2024-07-15 17:47 diff --git a/_projects/2025/100561659/100561659_files/Data/cy.csv b/_projects/2025/100561659/100561659_files/Data/cy.csv new file mode 100644 index 00000000..2108f944 --- /dev/null +++ b/_projects/2025/100561659/100561659_files/Data/cy.csv @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +GROUP_ID;SEATS_TOTAL;SEATS_PERCENT_EU;UPDATE_STATUS;UPDATE_TIME +EPP;2;0.28;CONSTITUTIVE;2024-07-15 17:47 +SD;1;0.14;CONSTITUTIVE;2024-07-15 17:47 +ECR;1;0.14;CONSTITUTIVE;2024-07-15 17:47 +Theleft;1;0.14;CONSTITUTIVE;2024-07-15 17:47 +NI;1;0.14;CONSTITUTIVE;2024-07-15 17:47 diff --git a/_projects/2025/100561659/100561659_files/Data/cz.csv b/_projects/2025/100561659/100561659_files/Data/cz.csv new file mode 100644 index 00000000..b3b92ce7 --- /dev/null +++ b/_projects/2025/100561659/100561659_files/Data/cz.csv @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +GROUP_ID;SEATS_TOTAL;SEATS_PERCENT_EU;UPDATE_STATUS;UPDATE_TIME +EPP;5;0.69;CONSTITUTIVE;2024-07-23 11:07 +ECR;3;0.42;CONSTITUTIVE;2024-07-23 11:07 +GREENSEFA;1;0.14;CONSTITUTIVE;2024-07-23 11:07 +PfE;9;1.25;CONSTITUTIVE;2024-07-23 11:07 +ESN;1;0.14;CONSTITUTIVE;2024-07-23 11:07 +NI;2;0.28;CONSTITUTIVE;2024-07-23 11:07 diff --git a/_projects/2025/100561659/100561659_files/Data/de.csv b/_projects/2025/100561659/100561659_files/Data/de.csv new file mode 100644 index 00000000..dbb5d75e --- /dev/null +++ b/_projects/2025/100561659/100561659_files/Data/de.csv @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +GROUP_ID;SEATS_TOTAL;SEATS_PERCENT_EU;UPDATE_STATUS;UPDATE_TIME +EPP;31;4.31;CONSTITUTIVE;2024-07-15 17:47 +SD;14;1.94;CONSTITUTIVE;2024-07-15 17:47 +Renew;8;1.11;CONSTITUTIVE;2024-07-15 17:47 +Theleft;4;0.56;CONSTITUTIVE;2024-07-15 17:47 +GREENSEFA;15;2.08;CONSTITUTIVE;2024-07-15 17:47 +ESN;14;1.94;CONSTITUTIVE;2024-07-15 17:47 +NI;10;1.39;CONSTITUTIVE;2024-07-15 17:47 diff --git a/_projects/2025/100561659/100561659_files/Data/dk.csv b/_projects/2025/100561659/100561659_files/Data/dk.csv new file mode 100644 index 00000000..88d8ef9e --- /dev/null +++ b/_projects/2025/100561659/100561659_files/Data/dk.csv @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +GROUP_ID;SEATS_TOTAL;SEATS_PERCENT_EU;UPDATE_STATUS;UPDATE_TIME +EPP;2;0.28;CONSTITUTIVE;2024-07-23 11:07 +SD;3;0.42;CONSTITUTIVE;2024-07-23 11:07 +ECR;1;0.14;CONSTITUTIVE;2024-07-23 11:07 +Renew;4;0.56;CONSTITUTIVE;2024-07-23 11:07 +Theleft;1;0.14;CONSTITUTIVE;2024-07-23 11:07 +GREENSEFA;3;0.42;CONSTITUTIVE;2024-07-23 11:07 +PfE;1;0.14;CONSTITUTIVE;2024-07-23 11:07 diff --git a/_projects/2025/100561659/100561659_files/Data/ee.csv b/_projects/2025/100561659/100561659_files/Data/ee.csv new file mode 100644 index 00000000..b87cbfa1 --- /dev/null +++ b/_projects/2025/100561659/100561659_files/Data/ee.csv @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +GROUP_ID;SEATS_TOTAL;SEATS_PERCENT_EU;UPDATE_STATUS;UPDATE_TIME +EPP;2;0.28;CONSTITUTIVE;2024-07-15 17:47 +SD;2;0.28;CONSTITUTIVE;2024-07-15 17:47 +ECR;1;0.14;CONSTITUTIVE;2024-07-15 17:47 +Renew;2;0.28;CONSTITUTIVE;2024-07-15 17:47 diff --git a/_projects/2025/100561659/100561659_files/Data/el.csv b/_projects/2025/100561659/100561659_files/Data/el.csv new file mode 100644 index 00000000..b707efa2 --- /dev/null +++ b/_projects/2025/100561659/100561659_files/Data/el.csv @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +GROUP_ID;SEATS_TOTAL;SEATS_PERCENT_EU;UPDATE_STATUS;UPDATE_TIME +EPP;7;0.97;CONSTITUTIVE;2024-07-23 11:07 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00000000..b71fff6d --- /dev/null +++ b/_projects/2025/100561659/100561659_files/Data/fi.csv @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +GROUP_ID;SEATS_TOTAL;SEATS_PERCENT_EU;UPDATE_STATUS;UPDATE_TIME +EPP;4;0.56;CONSTITUTIVE;2024-07-15 17:47 +SD;2;0.28;CONSTITUTIVE;2024-07-15 17:47 +ECR;1;0.14;CONSTITUTIVE;2024-07-15 17:47 +Renew;3;0.42;CONSTITUTIVE;2024-07-15 17:47 +Theleft;3;0.42;CONSTITUTIVE;2024-07-15 17:47 +GREENSEFA;2;0.28;CONSTITUTIVE;2024-07-15 17:47 diff --git a/_projects/2025/100561659/100561659_files/Data/fr.csv b/_projects/2025/100561659/100561659_files/Data/fr.csv new file mode 100644 index 00000000..4100836f --- /dev/null +++ b/_projects/2025/100561659/100561659_files/Data/fr.csv @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +GROUP_ID;SEATS_TOTAL;SEATS_PERCENT_EU;UPDATE_STATUS;UPDATE_TIME +EPP;6;0.83;CONSTITUTIVE;2024-07-23 11:07 +SD;13;1.81;CONSTITUTIVE;2024-07-23 11:07 +ECR;4;0.56;CONSTITUTIVE;2024-07-23 11:07 +Renew;13;1.81;CONSTITUTIVE;2024-07-23 11:07 +Theleft;9;1.25;CONSTITUTIVE;2024-07-23 11:07 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*\n * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");\n * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n * You may obtain a copy of the License at\n *\n * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n *\n * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,\n * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n * limitations under the License.\n */\n\nd-title {\n padding: 2rem 0 1.5rem;\n contain: layout style;\n overflow-x: hidden;\n}\n\n@media(min-width: 768px) {\n d-title {\n padding: 4rem 0 1.5rem;\n }\n}\n\nd-title h1 {\n grid-column: text;\n font-size: 40px;\n font-weight: 700;\n line-height: 1.1em;\n margin: 0 0 0.5rem;\n}\n\n@media(min-width: 768px) {\n d-title h1 {\n font-size: 50px;\n }\n}\n\nd-title p {\n font-weight: 300;\n font-size: 1.2rem;\n line-height: 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    +
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We remove the former (to +// be compatible with the behavior of Pandoc < 2.8). +document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function(e) { + var hs = document.querySelectorAll("div.section[class*='level'] > :first-child"); + var i, h, a; + for (i = 0; i < hs.length; i++) { + h = hs[i]; + if (!/^h[1-6]$/i.test(h.tagName)) continue; // it should be a header h1-h6 + a = h.attributes; + while (a.length > 0) h.removeAttribute(a[0].name); + } +}); diff --git a/_projects/2025/100561659/100561659_files/jquery-3.6.0/jquery-3.6.0.js b/_projects/2025/100561659/100561659_files/jquery-3.6.0/jquery-3.6.0.js new file mode 100644 index 00000000..fc6c299b --- /dev/null +++ b/_projects/2025/100561659/100561659_files/jquery-3.6.0/jquery-3.6.0.js @@ -0,0 +1,10881 @@ +/*! + * jQuery JavaScript Library v3.6.0 + * https://jquery.com/ + * + * Includes Sizzle.js + * https://sizzlejs.com/ + * + * Copyright OpenJS Foundation and other contributors + * Released under the MIT license + * https://jquery.org/license + * + * Date: 2021-03-02T17:08Z + */ +( function( global, factory ) { + + "use strict"; + + if ( typeof module === "object" && typeof module.exports === "object" ) { + + // For CommonJS and CommonJS-like environments where a proper `window` + // is present, execute the factory and get jQuery. + // For environments that do not have a `window` with a `document` + // (such as Node.js), expose a factory as module.exports. + // This accentuates the need for the creation of a real `window`. + // e.g. var jQuery = require("jquery")(window); + // See ticket #14549 for more info. + module.exports = global.document ? + factory( global, true ) : + function( w ) { + if ( !w.document ) { + throw new Error( "jQuery requires a window with a document" ); + } + return factory( w ); + }; + } else { + factory( global ); + } + +// Pass this if window is not defined yet +} )( typeof window !== "undefined" ? window : this, function( window, noGlobal ) { + +// Edge <= 12 - 13+, Firefox <=18 - 45+, IE 10 - 11, Safari 5.1 - 9+, iOS 6 - 9.1 +// throw exceptions when non-strict code (e.g., ASP.NET 4.5) accesses strict mode +// arguments.callee.caller (trac-13335). But as of jQuery 3.0 (2016), strict mode should be common +// enough that all such attempts are guarded in a try block. +"use strict"; + +var arr = []; + +var getProto = Object.getPrototypeOf; + +var slice = arr.slice; + +var flat = arr.flat ? function( array ) { + return arr.flat.call( array ); +} : function( array ) { + return arr.concat.apply( [], array ); +}; + + +var push = arr.push; + +var indexOf = arr.indexOf; + +var class2type = {}; + +var toString = class2type.toString; + +var hasOwn = class2type.hasOwnProperty; + +var fnToString = hasOwn.toString; + +var ObjectFunctionString = fnToString.call( Object ); + +var support = {}; + +var isFunction = function isFunction( obj ) { + + // Support: Chrome <=57, Firefox <=52 + // In some browsers, typeof returns "function" for HTML elements + // (i.e., `typeof document.createElement( "object" ) === "function"`). + // We don't want to classify *any* DOM node as a function. + // Support: QtWeb <=3.8.5, WebKit <=534.34, wkhtmltopdf tool <=0.12.5 + // Plus for old WebKit, typeof returns "function" for HTML collections + // (e.g., `typeof document.getElementsByTagName("div") === "function"`). (gh-4756) + return typeof obj === "function" && typeof obj.nodeType !== "number" && + typeof obj.item !== "function"; + }; + + +var isWindow = function isWindow( obj ) { + return obj != null && obj === obj.window; + }; + + +var document = window.document; + + + + var preservedScriptAttributes = { + type: true, + src: true, + nonce: true, + noModule: true + }; + + function DOMEval( code, node, doc ) { + doc = doc || document; + + var i, val, + script = doc.createElement( "script" ); + + script.text = code; + if ( node ) { + for ( i in preservedScriptAttributes ) { + + // Support: Firefox 64+, Edge 18+ + // Some browsers don't support the "nonce" property on scripts. + // On the other hand, just using `getAttribute` is not enough as + // the `nonce` attribute is reset to an empty string whenever it + // becomes browsing-context connected. + // See https://github.com/whatwg/html/issues/2369 + // See https://html.spec.whatwg.org/#nonce-attributes + // The `node.getAttribute` check was added for the sake of + // `jQuery.globalEval` so that it can fake a nonce-containing node + // via an object. + val = node[ i ] || node.getAttribute && node.getAttribute( i ); + if ( val ) { + script.setAttribute( i, val ); + } + } + } + doc.head.appendChild( script ).parentNode.removeChild( script ); + } + + +function toType( obj ) { + if ( obj == null ) { + return obj + ""; + } + + // Support: Android <=2.3 only (functionish RegExp) + return typeof obj === "object" || typeof obj === "function" ? + class2type[ toString.call( obj ) ] || "object" : + typeof obj; +} +/* global Symbol */ +// Defining this global in .eslintrc.json would create a danger of using the global +// unguarded in another place, it seems safer to define global only for this module + + + +var + version = "3.6.0", + + // Define a local copy of jQuery + jQuery = function( selector, context ) { + + // The jQuery object is actually just the init constructor 'enhanced' + // Need init if jQuery is called (just allow error to be thrown if not included) + return new jQuery.fn.init( selector, context ); + }; + +jQuery.fn = jQuery.prototype = { + + // The current version of jQuery being used + jquery: version, + + constructor: jQuery, + + // The default length of a jQuery object is 0 + length: 0, + + toArray: function() { + return slice.call( this ); + }, + + // Get the Nth element in the matched element set OR + // Get the whole matched element set as a clean array + get: function( num ) { + + // Return all the elements in a clean array + if ( num == null ) { + return slice.call( this ); + } + + // Return just the one element from the set + return num < 0 ? this[ num + this.length ] : this[ num ]; + }, + + // Take an array of elements and push it onto the stack + // (returning the new matched element set) + pushStack: function( elems ) { + + // Build a new jQuery matched element set + var ret = jQuery.merge( this.constructor(), elems ); + + // Add the old object onto the stack (as a reference) + ret.prevObject = this; + + // Return the newly-formed element set + return ret; + }, + + // Execute a callback for every element in the matched set. + each: function( callback ) { + return jQuery.each( this, callback ); + }, + + map: function( callback ) { + return this.pushStack( jQuery.map( this, function( elem, i ) { + return callback.call( elem, i, elem ); + } ) ); + }, + + slice: function() { + return this.pushStack( slice.apply( this, arguments ) ); + }, + + first: function() { + return this.eq( 0 ); + }, + + last: function() { + return this.eq( -1 ); + }, + + even: function() { + return this.pushStack( jQuery.grep( this, function( _elem, i ) { + return ( i + 1 ) % 2; + } ) ); + }, + + odd: function() { + return this.pushStack( jQuery.grep( this, function( _elem, i ) { + return i % 2; + } ) ); + }, + + eq: function( i ) { + var len = this.length, + j = +i + ( i < 0 ? len : 0 ); + return this.pushStack( j >= 0 && j < len ? [ this[ j ] ] : [] ); + }, + + end: function() { + return this.prevObject || this.constructor(); + }, + + // For internal use only. + // Behaves like an Array's method, not like a jQuery method. + push: push, + sort: arr.sort, + splice: arr.splice +}; + +jQuery.extend = jQuery.fn.extend = function() { + var options, name, src, copy, copyIsArray, clone, + target = arguments[ 0 ] || {}, + i = 1, + length = arguments.length, + deep = false; + + // Handle a deep copy situation + if ( typeof target === "boolean" ) { + deep = target; + + // Skip the boolean and the target + target = arguments[ i ] || {}; + i++; + } + + // Handle case when target is a string or something (possible in deep copy) + if ( typeof target !== "object" && !isFunction( target ) ) { + target = {}; + } + + // Extend jQuery itself if only one argument is passed + if ( i === length ) { + target = this; + i--; + } + + for ( ; i < length; i++ ) { + + // Only deal with non-null/undefined values + if ( ( options = arguments[ i ] ) != null ) { + + // Extend the base object + for ( name in options ) { + copy = options[ name ]; + + // Prevent Object.prototype pollution + // Prevent never-ending loop + if ( name === "__proto__" || target === copy ) { + continue; + } + + // Recurse if we're merging plain objects or arrays + if ( deep && copy && ( jQuery.isPlainObject( copy ) || + ( copyIsArray = Array.isArray( copy ) ) ) ) { + src = target[ name ]; + + // Ensure proper type for the source value + if ( copyIsArray && !Array.isArray( src ) ) { + clone = []; + } else if ( !copyIsArray && !jQuery.isPlainObject( src ) ) { + clone = {}; + } else { + clone = src; + } + copyIsArray = false; + + // Never move original objects, clone them + target[ name ] = jQuery.extend( deep, clone, copy ); + + // Don't bring in undefined values + } else if ( copy !== undefined ) { + target[ name ] = copy; + } + } + } + } + + // Return the modified object + return target; +}; + +jQuery.extend( { + + // Unique for each copy of jQuery on the page + expando: "jQuery" + ( version + Math.random() ).replace( /\D/g, "" ), + + // Assume jQuery is ready without the ready module + isReady: true, + + error: function( msg ) { + throw new Error( msg ); + }, + + noop: function() {}, + + isPlainObject: function( obj ) { + var proto, Ctor; + + // Detect obvious negatives + // Use toString instead of jQuery.type to catch host objects + if ( !obj || toString.call( obj ) !== "[object Object]" ) { + return false; + } + + proto = getProto( obj ); + + // Objects with no prototype (e.g., `Object.create( null )`) are plain + if ( !proto ) { + return true; + } + + // Objects with prototype are plain iff they were constructed by a global Object function + Ctor = hasOwn.call( proto, "constructor" ) && proto.constructor; + return typeof Ctor === "function" && fnToString.call( Ctor ) === ObjectFunctionString; + }, + + isEmptyObject: function( obj ) { + var name; + + for ( name in obj ) { + return false; + } + return true; + }, + + // Evaluates a script in a provided context; falls back to the global one + // if not specified. + globalEval: function( code, options, doc ) { + DOMEval( code, { nonce: options && options.nonce }, doc ); + }, + + each: function( obj, callback ) { + var length, i = 0; + + if ( isArrayLike( obj ) ) { + length = obj.length; + for ( ; i < length; i++ ) { + if ( callback.call( obj[ i ], i, obj[ i ] ) === false ) { + break; + } + } + } else { + for ( i in obj ) { + if ( callback.call( obj[ i ], i, obj[ i ] ) === false ) { + break; + } + } + } + + return obj; + }, + + // results is for internal usage only + makeArray: function( arr, results ) { + var ret = results || []; + + if ( arr != null ) { + if ( isArrayLike( Object( arr ) ) ) { + jQuery.merge( ret, + typeof arr === "string" ? + [ arr ] : arr + ); + } else { + push.call( ret, arr ); + } + } + + return ret; + }, + + inArray: function( elem, arr, i ) { + return arr == null ? -1 : indexOf.call( arr, elem, i ); + }, + + // Support: Android <=4.0 only, PhantomJS 1 only + // push.apply(_, arraylike) throws on ancient WebKit + merge: function( first, second ) { + var len = +second.length, + j = 0, + i = first.length; + + for ( ; j < len; j++ ) { + first[ i++ ] = second[ j ]; + } + + first.length = i; + + return first; + }, + + grep: function( elems, callback, invert ) { + var callbackInverse, + matches = [], + i = 0, + length = elems.length, + callbackExpect = !invert; + + // Go through the array, only saving the items + // that pass the validator function + for ( ; i < length; i++ ) { + callbackInverse = !callback( elems[ i ], i ); + if ( callbackInverse !== callbackExpect ) { + matches.push( elems[ i ] ); + } + } + + return matches; + }, + + // arg is for internal usage only + map: function( elems, callback, arg ) { + var length, value, + i = 0, + ret = []; + + // Go through the array, translating each of the items to their new values + if ( isArrayLike( elems ) ) { + length = elems.length; + for ( ; i < length; i++ ) { + value = callback( elems[ i ], i, arg ); + + if ( value != null ) { + ret.push( value ); + } + } + + // Go through every key on the object, + } else { + for ( i in elems ) { + value = callback( elems[ i ], i, arg ); + + if ( value != null ) { + ret.push( value ); + } + } + } + + // Flatten any nested arrays + return flat( ret ); + }, + + // A global GUID counter for objects + guid: 1, + + // jQuery.support is not used in Core but other projects attach their + // properties to it so it needs to exist. + support: support +} ); + +if ( typeof Symbol === "function" ) { + jQuery.fn[ Symbol.iterator ] = arr[ Symbol.iterator ]; +} + +// Populate the class2type map +jQuery.each( "Boolean Number String Function Array Date RegExp Object Error Symbol".split( " " ), + function( _i, name ) { + class2type[ "[object " + name + "]" ] = name.toLowerCase(); + } ); + +function isArrayLike( obj ) { + + // Support: real iOS 8.2 only (not reproducible in simulator) + // `in` check used to prevent JIT error (gh-2145) + // hasOwn isn't used here due to false negatives + // regarding Nodelist length in IE + var length = !!obj && "length" in obj && obj.length, + type = toType( obj ); + + if ( isFunction( obj ) || isWindow( obj ) ) { + return false; + } + + return type === "array" || length === 0 || + typeof length === "number" && length > 0 && ( length - 1 ) in obj; +} +var Sizzle = +/*! + * Sizzle CSS Selector Engine v2.3.6 + * https://sizzlejs.com/ + * + * Copyright JS Foundation and other contributors + * Released under the MIT license + * https://js.foundation/ + * + * Date: 2021-02-16 + */ +( function( window ) { +var i, + support, + Expr, + getText, + isXML, + tokenize, + compile, + select, + outermostContext, + sortInput, + hasDuplicate, + + // Local document vars + setDocument, + document, + docElem, + documentIsHTML, + rbuggyQSA, + rbuggyMatches, + matches, + contains, + + // Instance-specific data + expando = "sizzle" + 1 * new Date(), + preferredDoc = window.document, + dirruns = 0, + done = 0, + classCache = createCache(), + tokenCache = createCache(), + compilerCache = createCache(), + nonnativeSelectorCache = createCache(), + sortOrder = function( a, b ) { + if ( a === b ) { + hasDuplicate = true; + } + return 0; + }, + + // Instance methods + hasOwn = ( {} ).hasOwnProperty, + arr = [], + pop = arr.pop, + pushNative = arr.push, + push = arr.push, + slice = arr.slice, + + // Use a stripped-down indexOf as it's faster than native + // https://jsperf.com/thor-indexof-vs-for/5 + indexOf = function( list, elem ) { + var i = 0, + len = list.length; + for ( ; i < len; i++ ) { + if ( list[ i ] === elem ) { + return i; + } + } + return -1; + }, + + booleans = "checked|selected|async|autofocus|autoplay|controls|defer|disabled|hidden|" + + "ismap|loop|multiple|open|readonly|required|scoped", + + // Regular expressions + + // http://www.w3.org/TR/css3-selectors/#whitespace + whitespace = "[\\x20\\t\\r\\n\\f]", + + // https://www.w3.org/TR/css-syntax-3/#ident-token-diagram + identifier = "(?:\\\\[\\da-fA-F]{1,6}" + whitespace + + "?|\\\\[^\\r\\n\\f]|[\\w-]|[^\0-\\x7f])+", + + // Attribute selectors: http://www.w3.org/TR/selectors/#attribute-selectors + attributes = "\\[" + whitespace + "*(" + identifier + ")(?:" + whitespace + + + // Operator (capture 2) + "*([*^$|!~]?=)" + whitespace + + + // "Attribute values must be CSS identifiers [capture 5] + // or strings [capture 3 or capture 4]" + "*(?:'((?:\\\\.|[^\\\\'])*)'|\"((?:\\\\.|[^\\\\\"])*)\"|(" + identifier + "))|)" + + whitespace + "*\\]", + + pseudos = ":(" + identifier + ")(?:\\((" + + + // To reduce the number of selectors needing tokenize in the preFilter, prefer arguments: + // 1. quoted (capture 3; capture 4 or capture 5) + "('((?:\\\\.|[^\\\\'])*)'|\"((?:\\\\.|[^\\\\\"])*)\")|" + + + // 2. simple (capture 6) + "((?:\\\\.|[^\\\\()[\\]]|" + attributes + ")*)|" + + + // 3. anything else (capture 2) + ".*" + + ")\\)|)", + + // Leading and non-escaped trailing whitespace, capturing some non-whitespace characters preceding the latter + rwhitespace = new RegExp( whitespace + "+", "g" ), + rtrim = new RegExp( "^" + whitespace + "+|((?:^|[^\\\\])(?:\\\\.)*)" + + whitespace + "+$", "g" ), + + rcomma = new RegExp( "^" + whitespace + "*," + whitespace + "*" ), + rcombinators = new RegExp( "^" + whitespace + "*([>+~]|" + whitespace + ")" + whitespace + + "*" ), + rdescend = new RegExp( whitespace + "|>" ), + + rpseudo = new RegExp( pseudos ), + ridentifier = new RegExp( "^" + identifier + "$" ), + + matchExpr = { + "ID": new RegExp( "^#(" + identifier + ")" ), + "CLASS": new RegExp( "^\\.(" + identifier + ")" ), + "TAG": new RegExp( "^(" + identifier + "|[*])" ), + "ATTR": new RegExp( "^" + attributes ), + "PSEUDO": new RegExp( "^" + pseudos ), + "CHILD": new RegExp( "^:(only|first|last|nth|nth-last)-(child|of-type)(?:\\(" + + whitespace + "*(even|odd|(([+-]|)(\\d*)n|)" + whitespace + "*(?:([+-]|)" + + whitespace + "*(\\d+)|))" + whitespace + "*\\)|)", "i" ), + "bool": new RegExp( "^(?:" + booleans + ")$", "i" ), + + // For use in libraries implementing .is() + // We use this for POS matching in `select` + "needsContext": new RegExp( "^" + whitespace + + "*[>+~]|:(even|odd|eq|gt|lt|nth|first|last)(?:\\(" + whitespace + + "*((?:-\\d)?\\d*)" + whitespace + "*\\)|)(?=[^-]|$)", "i" ) + }, + + rhtml = /HTML$/i, + rinputs = /^(?:input|select|textarea|button)$/i, + rheader = /^h\d$/i, + + rnative = /^[^{]+\{\s*\[native \w/, + + // Easily-parseable/retrievable ID or TAG or CLASS selectors + rquickExpr = /^(?:#([\w-]+)|(\w+)|\.([\w-]+))$/, + + rsibling = /[+~]/, + + // CSS escapes + // http://www.w3.org/TR/CSS21/syndata.html#escaped-characters + runescape = new RegExp( "\\\\[\\da-fA-F]{1,6}" + whitespace + "?|\\\\([^\\r\\n\\f])", "g" ), + funescape = function( escape, nonHex ) { + var high = "0x" + escape.slice( 1 ) - 0x10000; + + return nonHex ? + + // Strip the backslash prefix from a non-hex escape sequence + nonHex : + + // Replace a hexadecimal escape sequence with the encoded Unicode code point + // Support: IE <=11+ + // For values outside the Basic Multilingual Plane (BMP), manually construct a + // surrogate pair + high < 0 ? + String.fromCharCode( high + 0x10000 ) : + String.fromCharCode( high >> 10 | 0xD800, high & 0x3FF | 0xDC00 ); + }, + + // CSS string/identifier serialization + // https://drafts.csswg.org/cssom/#common-serializing-idioms + rcssescape = /([\0-\x1f\x7f]|^-?\d)|^-$|[^\0-\x1f\x7f-\uFFFF\w-]/g, + fcssescape = function( ch, asCodePoint ) { + if ( asCodePoint ) { + + // U+0000 NULL becomes U+FFFD REPLACEMENT CHARACTER + if ( ch === "\0" ) { + return "\uFFFD"; + } + + // Control characters and (dependent upon position) numbers get escaped as code points + return ch.slice( 0, -1 ) + "\\" + + ch.charCodeAt( ch.length - 1 ).toString( 16 ) + " "; + } + + // Other potentially-special ASCII characters get backslash-escaped + return "\\" + ch; + }, + + // Used for iframes + // See setDocument() + // Removing the function wrapper causes a "Permission Denied" + // error in IE + unloadHandler = function() { + setDocument(); + }, + + inDisabledFieldset = addCombinator( + function( elem ) { + return elem.disabled === true && elem.nodeName.toLowerCase() === "fieldset"; + }, + { dir: "parentNode", next: "legend" } + ); + +// Optimize for push.apply( _, NodeList ) +try { + push.apply( + ( arr = slice.call( preferredDoc.childNodes ) ), + preferredDoc.childNodes + ); + + // Support: Android<4.0 + // Detect silently failing push.apply + // eslint-disable-next-line no-unused-expressions + arr[ preferredDoc.childNodes.length ].nodeType; +} catch ( e ) { + push = { apply: arr.length ? + + // Leverage slice if possible + function( target, els ) { + pushNative.apply( target, slice.call( els ) ); + } : + + // Support: IE<9 + // Otherwise append directly + function( target, els ) { + var j = target.length, + i = 0; + + // Can't trust NodeList.length + while ( ( target[ j++ ] = els[ i++ ] ) ) {} + target.length = j - 1; + } + }; +} + +function Sizzle( selector, context, results, seed ) { + var m, i, elem, nid, match, groups, newSelector, + newContext = context && context.ownerDocument, + + // nodeType defaults to 9, since context defaults to document + nodeType = context ? context.nodeType : 9; + + results = results || []; + + // Return early from calls with invalid selector or context + if ( typeof selector !== "string" || !selector || + nodeType !== 1 && nodeType !== 9 && nodeType !== 11 ) { + + return results; + } + + // Try to shortcut find operations (as opposed to filters) in HTML documents + if ( !seed ) { + setDocument( context ); + context = context || document; + + if ( documentIsHTML ) { + + // If the selector is sufficiently simple, try using a "get*By*" DOM method + // (excepting DocumentFragment context, where the methods don't exist) + if ( nodeType !== 11 && ( match = rquickExpr.exec( selector ) ) ) { + + // ID selector + if ( ( m = match[ 1 ] ) ) { + + // Document context + if ( nodeType === 9 ) { + if ( ( elem = context.getElementById( m ) ) ) { + + // Support: IE, Opera, Webkit + // TODO: identify versions + // getElementById can match elements by name instead of ID + if ( elem.id === m ) { + results.push( elem ); + return results; + } + } else { + return results; + } + + // Element context + } else { + + // Support: IE, Opera, Webkit + // TODO: identify versions + // getElementById can match elements by name instead of ID + if ( newContext && ( elem = newContext.getElementById( m ) ) && + contains( context, elem ) && + elem.id === m ) { + + results.push( elem ); + return results; + } + } + + // Type selector + } else if ( match[ 2 ] ) { + push.apply( results, context.getElementsByTagName( selector ) ); + return results; + + // Class selector + } else if ( ( m = match[ 3 ] ) && support.getElementsByClassName && + context.getElementsByClassName ) { + + push.apply( results, context.getElementsByClassName( m ) ); + return results; + } + } + + // Take advantage of querySelectorAll + if ( support.qsa && + !nonnativeSelectorCache[ selector + " " ] && + ( !rbuggyQSA || !rbuggyQSA.test( selector ) ) && + + // Support: IE 8 only + // Exclude object elements + ( nodeType !== 1 || context.nodeName.toLowerCase() !== "object" ) ) { + + newSelector = selector; + newContext = context; + + // qSA considers elements outside a scoping root when evaluating child or + // descendant combinators, which is not what we want. + // In such cases, we work around the behavior by prefixing every selector in the + // list with an ID selector referencing the scope context. + // The technique has to be used as well when a leading combinator is used + // as such selectors are not recognized by querySelectorAll. + // Thanks to Andrew Dupont for this technique. + if ( nodeType === 1 && + ( rdescend.test( selector ) || rcombinators.test( selector ) ) ) { + + // Expand context for sibling selectors + newContext = rsibling.test( selector ) && testContext( context.parentNode ) || + context; + + // We can use :scope instead of the ID hack if the browser + // supports it & if we're not changing the context. + if ( newContext !== context || !support.scope ) { + + // Capture the context ID, setting it first if necessary + if ( ( nid = context.getAttribute( "id" ) ) ) { + nid = nid.replace( rcssescape, fcssescape ); + } else { + context.setAttribute( "id", ( nid = expando ) ); + } + } + + // Prefix every selector in the list + groups = tokenize( selector ); + i = groups.length; + while ( i-- ) { + groups[ i ] = ( nid ? "#" + nid : ":scope" ) + " " + + toSelector( groups[ i ] ); + } + newSelector = groups.join( "," ); + } + + try { + push.apply( results, + newContext.querySelectorAll( newSelector ) + ); + return results; + } catch ( qsaError ) { + nonnativeSelectorCache( selector, true ); + } finally { + if ( nid === expando ) { + context.removeAttribute( "id" ); + } + } + } + } + } + + // All others + return select( selector.replace( rtrim, "$1" ), context, results, seed ); +} + +/** + * Create key-value caches of limited size + * @returns {function(string, object)} Returns the Object data after storing it on itself with + * property name the (space-suffixed) string and (if the cache is larger than Expr.cacheLength) + * deleting the oldest entry + */ +function createCache() { + var keys = []; + + function cache( key, value ) { + + // Use (key + " ") to avoid collision with native prototype properties (see Issue #157) + if ( keys.push( key + " " ) > Expr.cacheLength ) { + + // Only keep the most recent entries + delete cache[ keys.shift() ]; + } + return ( cache[ key + " " ] = value ); + } + return cache; +} + +/** + * Mark a function for special use by Sizzle + * @param {Function} fn The function to mark + */ +function markFunction( fn ) { + fn[ expando ] = true; + return fn; +} + +/** + * Support testing using an element + * @param {Function} fn Passed the created element and returns a boolean result + */ +function assert( fn ) { + var el = document.createElement( "fieldset" ); + + try { + return !!fn( el ); + } catch ( e ) { + return false; + } finally { + + // Remove from its parent by default + if ( el.parentNode ) { + el.parentNode.removeChild( el ); + } + + // release memory in IE + el = null; + } +} + +/** + * Adds the same handler for all of the specified attrs + * @param {String} attrs Pipe-separated list of attributes + * @param {Function} handler The method that will be applied + */ +function addHandle( attrs, handler ) { + var arr = attrs.split( "|" ), + i = arr.length; + + while ( i-- ) { + Expr.attrHandle[ arr[ i ] ] = handler; + } +} + +/** + * Checks document order of two siblings + * @param {Element} a + * @param {Element} b + * @returns {Number} Returns less than 0 if a precedes b, greater than 0 if a follows b + */ +function siblingCheck( a, b ) { + var cur = b && a, + diff = cur && a.nodeType === 1 && b.nodeType === 1 && + a.sourceIndex - b.sourceIndex; + + // Use IE sourceIndex if available on both nodes + if ( diff ) { + return diff; + } + + // Check if b follows a + if ( cur ) { + while ( ( cur = cur.nextSibling ) ) { + if ( cur === b ) { + return -1; + } + } + } + + return a ? 1 : -1; +} + +/** + * Returns a function to use in pseudos for input types + * @param {String} type + */ +function createInputPseudo( type ) { + return function( elem ) { + var name = elem.nodeName.toLowerCase(); + return name === "input" && elem.type === type; + }; +} + +/** + * Returns a function to use in pseudos for buttons + * @param {String} type + */ +function createButtonPseudo( type ) { + return function( elem ) { + var name = elem.nodeName.toLowerCase(); + return ( name === "input" || name === "button" ) && elem.type === type; + }; +} + +/** + * Returns a function to use in pseudos for :enabled/:disabled + * @param {Boolean} disabled true for :disabled; false for :enabled + */ +function createDisabledPseudo( disabled ) { + + // Known :disabled false positives: fieldset[disabled] > legend:nth-of-type(n+2) :can-disable + return function( elem ) { + + // Only certain elements can match :enabled or :disabled + // https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/scripting.html#selector-enabled + // https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/scripting.html#selector-disabled + if ( "form" in elem ) { + + // Check for inherited disabledness on relevant non-disabled elements: + // * listed form-associated elements in a disabled fieldset + // https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/forms.html#category-listed + // https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/forms.html#concept-fe-disabled + // * option elements in a disabled optgroup + // https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/forms.html#concept-option-disabled + // All such elements have a "form" property. + if ( elem.parentNode && elem.disabled === false ) { + + // Option elements defer to a parent optgroup if present + if ( "label" in elem ) { + if ( "label" in elem.parentNode ) { + return elem.parentNode.disabled === disabled; + } else { + return elem.disabled === disabled; + } + } + + // Support: IE 6 - 11 + // Use the isDisabled shortcut property to check for disabled fieldset ancestors + return elem.isDisabled === disabled || + + // Where there is no isDisabled, check manually + /* jshint -W018 */ + elem.isDisabled !== !disabled && + inDisabledFieldset( elem ) === disabled; + } + + return elem.disabled === disabled; + + // Try to winnow out elements that can't be disabled before trusting the disabled property. + // Some victims get caught in our net (label, legend, menu, track), but it shouldn't + // even exist on them, let alone have a boolean value. + } else if ( "label" in elem ) { + return elem.disabled === disabled; + } + + // Remaining elements are neither :enabled nor :disabled + return false; + }; +} + +/** + * Returns a function to use in pseudos for positionals + * @param {Function} fn + */ +function createPositionalPseudo( fn ) { + return markFunction( function( argument ) { + argument = +argument; + return markFunction( function( seed, matches ) { + var j, + matchIndexes = fn( [], seed.length, argument ), + i = matchIndexes.length; + + // Match elements found at the specified indexes + while ( i-- ) { + if ( seed[ ( j = matchIndexes[ i ] ) ] ) { + seed[ j ] = !( matches[ j ] = seed[ j ] ); + } + } + } ); + } ); +} + +/** + * Checks a node for validity as a Sizzle context + * @param {Element|Object=} context + * @returns {Element|Object|Boolean} The input node if acceptable, otherwise a falsy value + */ +function testContext( context ) { + return context && typeof context.getElementsByTagName !== "undefined" && context; +} + +// Expose support vars for convenience +support = Sizzle.support = {}; + +/** + * Detects XML nodes + * @param {Element|Object} elem An element or a document + * @returns {Boolean} True iff elem is a non-HTML XML node + */ +isXML = Sizzle.isXML = function( elem ) { + var namespace = elem && elem.namespaceURI, + docElem = elem && ( elem.ownerDocument || elem ).documentElement; + + // Support: IE <=8 + // Assume HTML when documentElement doesn't yet exist, such as inside loading iframes + // https://bugs.jquery.com/ticket/4833 + return !rhtml.test( namespace || docElem && docElem.nodeName || "HTML" ); +}; + +/** + * Sets document-related variables once based on the current document + * @param {Element|Object} [doc] An element or document object to use to set the document + * @returns {Object} Returns the current document + */ +setDocument = Sizzle.setDocument = function( node ) { + var hasCompare, subWindow, + doc = node ? node.ownerDocument || node : preferredDoc; + + // Return early if doc is invalid or already selected + // Support: IE 11+, Edge 17 - 18+ + // IE/Edge sometimes throw a "Permission denied" error when strict-comparing + // two documents; shallow comparisons work. + // eslint-disable-next-line eqeqeq + if ( doc == document || doc.nodeType !== 9 || !doc.documentElement ) { + return document; + } + + // Update global variables + document = doc; + docElem = document.documentElement; + documentIsHTML = !isXML( document ); + + // Support: IE 9 - 11+, Edge 12 - 18+ + // Accessing iframe documents after unload throws "permission denied" errors (jQuery #13936) + // Support: IE 11+, Edge 17 - 18+ + // IE/Edge sometimes throw a "Permission denied" error when strict-comparing + // two documents; shallow comparisons work. + // eslint-disable-next-line eqeqeq + if ( preferredDoc != document && + ( subWindow = document.defaultView ) && subWindow.top !== subWindow ) { + + // Support: IE 11, Edge + if ( subWindow.addEventListener ) { + subWindow.addEventListener( "unload", unloadHandler, false ); + + // Support: IE 9 - 10 only + } else if ( subWindow.attachEvent ) { + subWindow.attachEvent( "onunload", unloadHandler ); + } + } + + // Support: IE 8 - 11+, Edge 12 - 18+, Chrome <=16 - 25 only, Firefox <=3.6 - 31 only, + // Safari 4 - 5 only, Opera <=11.6 - 12.x only + // IE/Edge & older browsers don't support the :scope pseudo-class. + // Support: Safari 6.0 only + // Safari 6.0 supports :scope but it's an alias of :root there. + support.scope = assert( function( el ) { + docElem.appendChild( el ).appendChild( document.createElement( "div" ) ); + return typeof el.querySelectorAll !== "undefined" && + !el.querySelectorAll( ":scope fieldset div" ).length; + } ); + + /* Attributes + ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */ + + // Support: IE<8 + // Verify that getAttribute really returns attributes and not properties + // (excepting IE8 booleans) + support.attributes = assert( function( el ) { + el.className = "i"; + return !el.getAttribute( "className" ); + } ); + + /* getElement(s)By* + ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */ + + // Check if getElementsByTagName("*") returns only elements + support.getElementsByTagName = assert( function( el ) { + el.appendChild( document.createComment( "" ) ); + return !el.getElementsByTagName( "*" ).length; + } ); + + // Support: IE<9 + support.getElementsByClassName = rnative.test( document.getElementsByClassName ); + + // Support: IE<10 + // Check if getElementById returns elements by name + // The broken getElementById methods don't pick up programmatically-set names, + // so use a roundabout getElementsByName test + support.getById = assert( function( el ) { + docElem.appendChild( el ).id = expando; + return !document.getElementsByName || !document.getElementsByName( expando ).length; + } ); + + // ID filter and find + if ( support.getById ) { + Expr.filter[ "ID" ] = function( id ) { + var attrId = id.replace( runescape, funescape ); + return function( elem ) { + return elem.getAttribute( "id" ) === attrId; + }; + }; + Expr.find[ "ID" ] = function( id, context ) { + if ( typeof context.getElementById !== "undefined" && documentIsHTML ) { + var elem = context.getElementById( id ); + return elem ? [ elem ] : []; + } + }; + } else { + Expr.filter[ "ID" ] = function( id ) { + var attrId = id.replace( runescape, funescape ); + return function( elem ) { + var node = typeof elem.getAttributeNode !== "undefined" && + elem.getAttributeNode( "id" ); + return node && node.value === attrId; + }; + }; + + // Support: IE 6 - 7 only + // getElementById is not reliable as a find shortcut + Expr.find[ "ID" ] = function( id, context ) { + if ( typeof context.getElementById !== "undefined" && documentIsHTML ) { + var node, i, elems, + elem = context.getElementById( id ); + + if ( elem ) { + + // Verify the id attribute + node = elem.getAttributeNode( "id" ); + if ( node && node.value === id ) { + return [ elem ]; + } + + // Fall back on getElementsByName + elems = context.getElementsByName( id ); + i = 0; + while ( ( elem = elems[ i++ ] ) ) { + node = elem.getAttributeNode( "id" ); + if ( node && node.value === id ) { + return [ elem ]; + } + } + } + + return []; + } + }; + } + + // Tag + Expr.find[ "TAG" ] = support.getElementsByTagName ? + function( tag, context ) { + if ( typeof context.getElementsByTagName !== "undefined" ) { + return context.getElementsByTagName( tag ); + + // DocumentFragment nodes don't have gEBTN + } else if ( support.qsa ) { + return context.querySelectorAll( tag ); + } + } : + + function( tag, context ) { + var elem, + tmp = [], + i = 0, + + // By happy coincidence, a (broken) gEBTN appears on DocumentFragment nodes too + results = context.getElementsByTagName( tag ); + + // Filter out possible comments + if ( tag === "*" ) { + while ( ( elem = results[ i++ ] ) ) { + if ( elem.nodeType === 1 ) { + tmp.push( elem ); + } + } + + return tmp; + } + return results; + }; + + // Class + Expr.find[ "CLASS" ] = support.getElementsByClassName && function( className, context ) { + if ( typeof context.getElementsByClassName !== "undefined" && documentIsHTML ) { + return context.getElementsByClassName( className ); + } + }; + + /* QSA/matchesSelector + ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */ + + // QSA and matchesSelector support + + // matchesSelector(:active) reports false when true (IE9/Opera 11.5) + rbuggyMatches = []; + + // qSa(:focus) reports false when true (Chrome 21) + // We allow this because of a bug in IE8/9 that throws an error + // whenever `document.activeElement` is accessed on an iframe + // So, we allow :focus to pass through QSA all the time to avoid the IE error + // See https://bugs.jquery.com/ticket/13378 + rbuggyQSA = []; + + if ( ( support.qsa = rnative.test( document.querySelectorAll ) ) ) { + + // Build QSA regex + // Regex strategy adopted from Diego Perini + assert( function( el ) { + + var input; + + // Select is set to empty string on purpose + // This is to test IE's treatment of not explicitly + // setting a boolean content attribute, + // since its presence should be enough + // https://bugs.jquery.com/ticket/12359 + docElem.appendChild( el ).innerHTML = "" + + ""; + + // Support: IE8, Opera 11-12.16 + // Nothing should be selected when empty strings follow ^= or $= or *= + // The test attribute must be unknown in Opera but "safe" for WinRT + // https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ie/hh465388.aspx#attribute_section + if ( el.querySelectorAll( "[msallowcapture^='']" ).length ) { + rbuggyQSA.push( "[*^$]=" + whitespace + "*(?:''|\"\")" ); + } + + // Support: IE8 + // Boolean attributes and "value" are not treated correctly + if ( !el.querySelectorAll( "[selected]" ).length ) { + rbuggyQSA.push( "\\[" + whitespace + "*(?:value|" + booleans + ")" ); + } + + // Support: Chrome<29, Android<4.4, Safari<7.0+, iOS<7.0+, PhantomJS<1.9.8+ + if ( !el.querySelectorAll( "[id~=" + expando + "-]" ).length ) { + rbuggyQSA.push( "~=" ); + } + + // Support: IE 11+, Edge 15 - 18+ + // IE 11/Edge don't find elements on a `[name='']` query in some cases. + // Adding a temporary attribute to the document before the selection works + // around the issue. + // Interestingly, IE 10 & older don't seem to have the issue. + input = document.createElement( "input" ); + input.setAttribute( "name", "" ); + el.appendChild( input ); + if ( !el.querySelectorAll( "[name='']" ).length ) { + rbuggyQSA.push( "\\[" + whitespace + "*name" + whitespace + "*=" + + whitespace + "*(?:''|\"\")" ); + } + + // Webkit/Opera - :checked should return selected option elements + // http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/REC-css3-selectors-20110929/#checked + // IE8 throws error here and will not see later tests + if ( !el.querySelectorAll( ":checked" ).length ) { + rbuggyQSA.push( ":checked" ); + } + + // Support: Safari 8+, iOS 8+ + // https://bugs.webkit.org/show_bug.cgi?id=136851 + // In-page `selector#id sibling-combinator selector` fails + if ( !el.querySelectorAll( "a#" + expando + "+*" ).length ) { + rbuggyQSA.push( ".#.+[+~]" ); + } + + // Support: Firefox <=3.6 - 5 only + // Old Firefox doesn't throw on a badly-escaped identifier. + el.querySelectorAll( "\\\f" ); + rbuggyQSA.push( "[\\r\\n\\f]" ); + } ); + + assert( function( el ) { + el.innerHTML = "" + + ""; + + // Support: Windows 8 Native Apps + // The type and name attributes are restricted during .innerHTML assignment + var input = document.createElement( "input" ); + input.setAttribute( "type", "hidden" ); + el.appendChild( input ).setAttribute( "name", "D" ); + + // Support: IE8 + // Enforce case-sensitivity of name attribute + if ( el.querySelectorAll( "[name=d]" ).length ) { + rbuggyQSA.push( "name" + whitespace + "*[*^$|!~]?=" ); + } + + // FF 3.5 - :enabled/:disabled and hidden elements (hidden elements are still enabled) + // IE8 throws error here and will not see later tests + if ( el.querySelectorAll( ":enabled" ).length !== 2 ) { + rbuggyQSA.push( ":enabled", ":disabled" ); + } + + // Support: IE9-11+ + // IE's :disabled selector does not pick up the children of disabled fieldsets + docElem.appendChild( el ).disabled = true; + if ( el.querySelectorAll( ":disabled" ).length !== 2 ) { + rbuggyQSA.push( ":enabled", ":disabled" ); + } + + // Support: Opera 10 - 11 only + // Opera 10-11 does not throw on post-comma invalid pseudos + el.querySelectorAll( "*,:x" ); + rbuggyQSA.push( ",.*:" ); + } ); + } + + if ( ( support.matchesSelector = rnative.test( ( matches = docElem.matches || + docElem.webkitMatchesSelector || + docElem.mozMatchesSelector || + docElem.oMatchesSelector || + docElem.msMatchesSelector ) ) ) ) { + + assert( function( el ) { + + // Check to see if it's possible to do matchesSelector + // on a disconnected node (IE 9) + support.disconnectedMatch = matches.call( el, "*" ); + + // This should fail with an exception + // Gecko does not error, returns false instead + matches.call( el, "[s!='']:x" ); + rbuggyMatches.push( "!=", pseudos ); + } ); + } + + rbuggyQSA = rbuggyQSA.length && new RegExp( rbuggyQSA.join( "|" ) ); + rbuggyMatches = rbuggyMatches.length && new RegExp( rbuggyMatches.join( "|" ) ); + + /* Contains + ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */ + hasCompare = rnative.test( docElem.compareDocumentPosition ); + + // Element contains another + // Purposefully self-exclusive + // As in, an element does not contain itself + contains = hasCompare || rnative.test( docElem.contains ) ? + function( a, b ) { + var adown = a.nodeType === 9 ? a.documentElement : a, + bup = b && b.parentNode; + return a === bup || !!( bup && bup.nodeType === 1 && ( + adown.contains ? + adown.contains( bup ) : + a.compareDocumentPosition && a.compareDocumentPosition( bup ) & 16 + ) ); + } : + function( a, b ) { + if ( b ) { + while ( ( b = b.parentNode ) ) { + if ( b === a ) { + return true; + } + } + } + return false; + }; + + /* Sorting + ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */ + + // Document order sorting + sortOrder = hasCompare ? + function( a, b ) { + + // Flag for duplicate removal + if ( a === b ) { + hasDuplicate = true; + return 0; + } + + // Sort on method existence if only one input has compareDocumentPosition + var compare = !a.compareDocumentPosition - !b.compareDocumentPosition; + if ( compare ) { + return compare; + } + + // Calculate position if both inputs belong to the same document + // Support: IE 11+, Edge 17 - 18+ + // IE/Edge sometimes throw a "Permission denied" error when strict-comparing + // two documents; shallow comparisons work. + // eslint-disable-next-line eqeqeq + compare = ( a.ownerDocument || a ) == ( b.ownerDocument || b ) ? + a.compareDocumentPosition( b ) : + + // Otherwise we know they are disconnected + 1; + + // Disconnected nodes + if ( compare & 1 || + ( !support.sortDetached && b.compareDocumentPosition( a ) === compare ) ) { + + // Choose the first element that is related to our preferred document + // Support: IE 11+, Edge 17 - 18+ + // IE/Edge sometimes throw a "Permission denied" error when strict-comparing + // two documents; shallow comparisons work. + // eslint-disable-next-line eqeqeq + if ( a == document || a.ownerDocument == preferredDoc && + contains( preferredDoc, a ) ) { + return -1; + } + + // Support: IE 11+, Edge 17 - 18+ + // IE/Edge sometimes throw a "Permission denied" error when strict-comparing + // two documents; shallow comparisons work. + // eslint-disable-next-line eqeqeq + if ( b == document || b.ownerDocument == preferredDoc && + contains( preferredDoc, b ) ) { + return 1; + } + + // Maintain original order + return sortInput ? + ( indexOf( sortInput, a ) - indexOf( sortInput, b ) ) : + 0; + } + + return compare & 4 ? -1 : 1; + } : + function( a, b ) { + + // Exit early if the nodes are identical + if ( a === b ) { + hasDuplicate = true; + return 0; + } + + var cur, + i = 0, + aup = a.parentNode, + bup = b.parentNode, + ap = [ a ], + bp = [ b ]; + + // Parentless nodes are either documents or disconnected + if ( !aup || !bup ) { + + // Support: IE 11+, Edge 17 - 18+ + // IE/Edge sometimes throw a "Permission denied" error when strict-comparing + // two documents; shallow comparisons work. + /* eslint-disable eqeqeq */ + return a == document ? -1 : + b == document ? 1 : + /* eslint-enable eqeqeq */ + aup ? -1 : + bup ? 1 : + sortInput ? + ( indexOf( sortInput, a ) - indexOf( sortInput, b ) ) : + 0; + + // If the nodes are siblings, we can do a quick check + } else if ( aup === bup ) { + return siblingCheck( a, b ); + } + + // Otherwise we need full lists of their ancestors for comparison + cur = a; + while ( ( cur = cur.parentNode ) ) { + ap.unshift( cur ); + } + cur = b; + while ( ( cur = cur.parentNode ) ) { + bp.unshift( cur ); + } + + // Walk down the tree looking for a discrepancy + while ( ap[ i ] === bp[ i ] ) { + i++; + } + + return i ? + + // Do a sibling check if the nodes have a common ancestor + siblingCheck( ap[ i ], bp[ i ] ) : + + // Otherwise nodes in our document sort first + // Support: IE 11+, Edge 17 - 18+ + // IE/Edge sometimes throw a "Permission denied" error when strict-comparing + // two documents; shallow comparisons work. + /* eslint-disable eqeqeq */ + ap[ i ] == preferredDoc ? -1 : + bp[ i ] == preferredDoc ? 1 : + /* eslint-enable eqeqeq */ + 0; + }; + + return document; +}; + +Sizzle.matches = function( expr, elements ) { + return Sizzle( expr, null, null, elements ); +}; + +Sizzle.matchesSelector = function( elem, expr ) { + setDocument( elem ); + + if ( support.matchesSelector && documentIsHTML && + !nonnativeSelectorCache[ expr + " " ] && + ( !rbuggyMatches || !rbuggyMatches.test( expr ) ) && + ( !rbuggyQSA || !rbuggyQSA.test( expr ) ) ) { + + try { + var ret = matches.call( elem, expr ); + + // IE 9's matchesSelector returns false on disconnected nodes + if ( ret || support.disconnectedMatch || + + // As well, disconnected nodes are said to be in a document + // fragment in IE 9 + elem.document && elem.document.nodeType !== 11 ) { + return ret; + } + } catch ( e ) { + nonnativeSelectorCache( expr, true ); + } + } + + return Sizzle( expr, document, null, [ elem ] ).length > 0; +}; + +Sizzle.contains = function( context, elem ) { + + // Set document vars if needed + // Support: IE 11+, Edge 17 - 18+ + // IE/Edge sometimes throw a "Permission denied" error when strict-comparing + // two documents; shallow comparisons work. + // eslint-disable-next-line eqeqeq + if ( ( context.ownerDocument || context ) != document ) { + setDocument( context ); + } + return contains( context, elem ); +}; + +Sizzle.attr = function( elem, name ) { + + // Set document vars if needed + // Support: IE 11+, Edge 17 - 18+ + // IE/Edge sometimes throw a "Permission denied" error when strict-comparing + // two documents; shallow comparisons work. + // eslint-disable-next-line eqeqeq + if ( ( elem.ownerDocument || elem ) != document ) { + setDocument( elem ); + } + + var fn = Expr.attrHandle[ name.toLowerCase() ], + + // Don't get fooled by Object.prototype properties (jQuery #13807) + val = fn && hasOwn.call( Expr.attrHandle, name.toLowerCase() ) ? + fn( elem, name, !documentIsHTML ) : + undefined; + + return val !== undefined ? + val : + support.attributes || !documentIsHTML ? + elem.getAttribute( name ) : + ( val = elem.getAttributeNode( name ) ) && val.specified ? + val.value : + null; +}; + +Sizzle.escape = function( sel ) { + return ( sel + "" ).replace( rcssescape, fcssescape ); +}; + +Sizzle.error = function( msg ) { + throw new Error( "Syntax error, unrecognized expression: " + msg ); +}; + +/** + * Document sorting and removing duplicates + * @param {ArrayLike} results + */ +Sizzle.uniqueSort = function( results ) { + var elem, + duplicates = [], + j = 0, + i = 0; + + // Unless we *know* we can detect duplicates, assume their presence + hasDuplicate = !support.detectDuplicates; + sortInput = !support.sortStable && results.slice( 0 ); + results.sort( sortOrder ); + + if ( hasDuplicate ) { + while ( ( elem = results[ i++ ] ) ) { + if ( elem === results[ i ] ) { + j = duplicates.push( i ); + } + } + while ( j-- ) { + results.splice( duplicates[ j ], 1 ); + } + } + + // Clear input after sorting to release objects + // See https://github.com/jquery/sizzle/pull/225 + sortInput = null; + + return results; +}; + +/** + * Utility function for retrieving the text value of an array of DOM nodes + * @param {Array|Element} elem + */ +getText = Sizzle.getText = function( elem ) { + var node, + ret = "", + i = 0, + nodeType = elem.nodeType; + + if ( !nodeType ) { + + // If no nodeType, this is expected to be an array + while ( ( node = elem[ i++ ] ) ) { + + // Do not traverse comment nodes + ret += getText( node ); + } + } else if ( nodeType === 1 || nodeType === 9 || nodeType === 11 ) { + + // Use textContent for elements + // innerText usage removed for consistency of new lines (jQuery #11153) + if ( typeof elem.textContent === "string" ) { + return elem.textContent; + } else { + + // Traverse its children + for ( elem = elem.firstChild; elem; elem = elem.nextSibling ) { + ret += getText( elem ); + } + } + } else if ( nodeType === 3 || nodeType === 4 ) { + return elem.nodeValue; + } + + // Do not include comment or processing instruction nodes + + return ret; +}; + +Expr = Sizzle.selectors = { + + // Can be adjusted by the user + cacheLength: 50, + + createPseudo: markFunction, + + match: matchExpr, + + attrHandle: {}, + + find: {}, + + relative: { + ">": { dir: "parentNode", first: true }, + " ": { dir: "parentNode" }, + "+": { dir: "previousSibling", first: true }, + "~": { dir: "previousSibling" } + }, + + preFilter: { + "ATTR": function( match ) { + match[ 1 ] = match[ 1 ].replace( runescape, funescape ); + + // Move the given value to match[3] whether quoted or unquoted + match[ 3 ] = ( match[ 3 ] || match[ 4 ] || + match[ 5 ] || "" ).replace( runescape, funescape ); + + if ( match[ 2 ] === "~=" ) { + match[ 3 ] = " " + match[ 3 ] + " "; + } + + return match.slice( 0, 4 ); + }, + + "CHILD": function( match ) { + + /* matches from matchExpr["CHILD"] + 1 type (only|nth|...) + 2 what (child|of-type) + 3 argument (even|odd|\d*|\d*n([+-]\d+)?|...) + 4 xn-component of xn+y argument ([+-]?\d*n|) + 5 sign of xn-component + 6 x of xn-component + 7 sign of y-component + 8 y of y-component + */ + match[ 1 ] = match[ 1 ].toLowerCase(); + + if ( match[ 1 ].slice( 0, 3 ) === "nth" ) { + + // nth-* requires argument + if ( !match[ 3 ] ) { + Sizzle.error( match[ 0 ] ); + } + + // numeric x and y parameters for Expr.filter.CHILD + // remember that false/true cast respectively to 0/1 + match[ 4 ] = +( match[ 4 ] ? + match[ 5 ] + ( match[ 6 ] || 1 ) : + 2 * ( match[ 3 ] === "even" || match[ 3 ] === "odd" ) ); + match[ 5 ] = +( ( match[ 7 ] + match[ 8 ] ) || match[ 3 ] === "odd" ); + + // other types prohibit arguments + } else if ( match[ 3 ] ) { + Sizzle.error( match[ 0 ] ); + } + + return match; + }, + + "PSEUDO": function( match ) { + var excess, + unquoted = !match[ 6 ] && match[ 2 ]; + + if ( matchExpr[ "CHILD" ].test( match[ 0 ] ) ) { + return null; + } + + // Accept quoted arguments as-is + if ( match[ 3 ] ) { + match[ 2 ] = match[ 4 ] || match[ 5 ] || ""; + + // Strip excess characters from unquoted arguments + } else if ( unquoted && rpseudo.test( unquoted ) && + + // Get excess from tokenize (recursively) + ( excess = tokenize( unquoted, true ) ) && + + // advance to the next closing parenthesis + ( excess = unquoted.indexOf( ")", unquoted.length - excess ) - unquoted.length ) ) { + + // excess is a negative index + match[ 0 ] = match[ 0 ].slice( 0, excess ); + match[ 2 ] = unquoted.slice( 0, excess ); + } + + // Return only captures needed by the pseudo filter method (type and argument) + return match.slice( 0, 3 ); + } + }, + + filter: { + + "TAG": function( nodeNameSelector ) { + var nodeName = nodeNameSelector.replace( runescape, funescape ).toLowerCase(); + return nodeNameSelector === "*" ? + function() { + return true; + } : + function( elem ) { + return elem.nodeName && elem.nodeName.toLowerCase() === nodeName; + }; + }, + + "CLASS": function( className ) { + var pattern = classCache[ className + " " ]; + + return pattern || + ( pattern = new RegExp( "(^|" + whitespace + + ")" + className + "(" + whitespace + "|$)" ) ) && classCache( + className, function( elem ) { + return pattern.test( + typeof elem.className === "string" && elem.className || + typeof elem.getAttribute !== "undefined" && + elem.getAttribute( "class" ) || + "" + ); + } ); + }, + + "ATTR": function( name, operator, check ) { + return function( elem ) { + var result = Sizzle.attr( elem, name ); + + if ( result == null ) { + return operator === "!="; + } + if ( !operator ) { + return true; + } + + result += ""; + + /* eslint-disable max-len */ + + return operator === "=" ? result === check : + operator === "!=" ? result !== check : + operator === "^=" ? check && result.indexOf( check ) === 0 : + operator === "*=" ? check && result.indexOf( check ) > -1 : + operator === "$=" ? check && result.slice( -check.length ) === check : + operator === "~=" ? ( " " + result.replace( rwhitespace, " " ) + " " ).indexOf( check ) > -1 : + operator === "|=" ? result === check || result.slice( 0, check.length + 1 ) === check + "-" : + false; + /* eslint-enable max-len */ + + }; + }, + + "CHILD": function( type, what, _argument, first, last ) { + var simple = type.slice( 0, 3 ) !== "nth", + forward = type.slice( -4 ) !== "last", + ofType = what === "of-type"; + + return first === 1 && last === 0 ? + + // Shortcut for :nth-*(n) + function( elem ) { + return !!elem.parentNode; + } : + + function( elem, _context, xml ) { + var cache, uniqueCache, outerCache, node, nodeIndex, start, + dir = simple !== forward ? "nextSibling" : "previousSibling", + parent = elem.parentNode, + name = ofType && elem.nodeName.toLowerCase(), + useCache = !xml && !ofType, + diff = false; + + if ( parent ) { + + // :(first|last|only)-(child|of-type) + if ( simple ) { + while ( dir ) { + node = elem; + while ( ( node = node[ dir ] ) ) { + if ( ofType ? + node.nodeName.toLowerCase() === name : + node.nodeType === 1 ) { + + return false; + } + } + + // Reverse direction for :only-* (if we haven't yet done so) + start = dir = type === "only" && !start && "nextSibling"; + } + return true; + } + + start = [ forward ? parent.firstChild : parent.lastChild ]; + + // non-xml :nth-child(...) stores cache data on `parent` + if ( forward && useCache ) { + + // Seek `elem` from a previously-cached index + + // ...in a gzip-friendly way + node = parent; + outerCache = node[ expando ] || ( node[ expando ] = {} ); + + // Support: IE <9 only + // Defend against cloned attroperties (jQuery gh-1709) + uniqueCache = outerCache[ node.uniqueID ] || + ( outerCache[ node.uniqueID ] = {} ); + + cache = uniqueCache[ type ] || []; + nodeIndex = cache[ 0 ] === dirruns && cache[ 1 ]; + diff = nodeIndex && cache[ 2 ]; + node = nodeIndex && parent.childNodes[ nodeIndex ]; + + while ( ( node = ++nodeIndex && node && node[ dir ] || + + // Fallback to seeking `elem` from the start + ( diff = nodeIndex = 0 ) || start.pop() ) ) { + + // When found, cache indexes on `parent` and break + if ( node.nodeType === 1 && ++diff && node === elem ) { + uniqueCache[ type ] = [ dirruns, nodeIndex, diff ]; + break; + } + } + + } else { + + // Use previously-cached element index if available + if ( useCache ) { + + // ...in a gzip-friendly way + node = elem; + outerCache = node[ expando ] || ( node[ expando ] = {} ); + + // Support: IE <9 only + // Defend against cloned attroperties (jQuery gh-1709) + uniqueCache = outerCache[ node.uniqueID ] || + ( outerCache[ node.uniqueID ] = {} ); + + cache = uniqueCache[ type ] || []; + nodeIndex = cache[ 0 ] === dirruns && cache[ 1 ]; + diff = nodeIndex; + } + + // xml :nth-child(...) + // or :nth-last-child(...) or :nth(-last)?-of-type(...) + if ( diff === false ) { + + // Use the same loop as above to seek `elem` from the start + while ( ( node = ++nodeIndex && node && node[ dir ] || + ( diff = nodeIndex = 0 ) || start.pop() ) ) { + + if ( ( ofType ? + node.nodeName.toLowerCase() === name : + node.nodeType === 1 ) && + ++diff ) { + + // Cache the index of each encountered element + if ( useCache ) { + outerCache = node[ expando ] || + ( node[ expando ] = {} ); + + // Support: IE <9 only + // Defend against cloned attroperties (jQuery gh-1709) + uniqueCache = outerCache[ node.uniqueID ] || + ( outerCache[ node.uniqueID ] = {} ); + + uniqueCache[ type ] = [ dirruns, diff ]; + } + + if ( node === elem ) { + break; + } + } + } + } + } + + // Incorporate the offset, then check against cycle size + diff -= last; + return diff === first || ( diff % first === 0 && diff / first >= 0 ); + } + }; + }, + + "PSEUDO": function( pseudo, argument ) { + + // pseudo-class names are case-insensitive + // http://www.w3.org/TR/selectors/#pseudo-classes + // Prioritize by case sensitivity in case custom pseudos are added with uppercase letters + // Remember that setFilters inherits from pseudos + var args, + fn = Expr.pseudos[ pseudo ] || Expr.setFilters[ pseudo.toLowerCase() ] || + Sizzle.error( "unsupported pseudo: " + pseudo ); + + // The user may use createPseudo to indicate that + // arguments are needed to create the filter function + // just as Sizzle does + if ( fn[ expando ] ) { + return fn( argument ); + } + + // But maintain support for old signatures + if ( fn.length > 1 ) { + args = [ pseudo, pseudo, "", argument ]; + return Expr.setFilters.hasOwnProperty( pseudo.toLowerCase() ) ? + markFunction( function( seed, matches ) { + var idx, + matched = fn( seed, argument ), + i = matched.length; + while ( i-- ) { + idx = indexOf( seed, matched[ i ] ); + seed[ idx ] = !( matches[ idx ] = matched[ i ] ); + } + } ) : + function( elem ) { + return fn( elem, 0, args ); + }; + } + + return fn; + } + }, + + pseudos: { + + // Potentially complex pseudos + "not": markFunction( function( selector ) { + + // Trim the selector passed to compile + // to avoid treating leading and trailing + // spaces as combinators + var input = [], + results = [], + matcher = compile( selector.replace( rtrim, "$1" ) ); + + return matcher[ expando ] ? + markFunction( function( seed, matches, _context, xml ) { + var elem, + unmatched = matcher( seed, null, xml, [] ), + i = seed.length; + + // Match elements unmatched by `matcher` + while ( i-- ) { + if ( ( elem = unmatched[ i ] ) ) { + seed[ i ] = !( matches[ i ] = elem ); + } + } + } ) : + function( elem, _context, xml ) { + input[ 0 ] = elem; + matcher( input, null, xml, results ); + + // Don't keep the element (issue #299) + input[ 0 ] = null; + return !results.pop(); + }; + } ), + + "has": markFunction( function( selector ) { + return function( elem ) { + return Sizzle( selector, elem ).length > 0; + }; + } ), + + "contains": markFunction( function( text ) { + text = text.replace( runescape, funescape ); + return function( elem ) { + return ( elem.textContent || getText( elem ) ).indexOf( text ) > -1; + }; + } ), + + // "Whether an element is represented by a :lang() selector + // is based solely on the element's language value + // being equal to the identifier C, + // or beginning with the identifier C immediately followed by "-". + // The matching of C against the element's language value is performed case-insensitively. + // The identifier C does not have to be a valid language name." + // http://www.w3.org/TR/selectors/#lang-pseudo + "lang": markFunction( function( lang ) { + + // lang value must be a valid identifier + if ( !ridentifier.test( lang || "" ) ) { + Sizzle.error( "unsupported lang: " + lang ); + } + lang = lang.replace( runescape, funescape ).toLowerCase(); + return function( elem ) { + var elemLang; + do { + if ( ( elemLang = documentIsHTML ? + elem.lang : + elem.getAttribute( "xml:lang" ) || elem.getAttribute( "lang" ) ) ) { + + elemLang = elemLang.toLowerCase(); + return elemLang === lang || elemLang.indexOf( lang + "-" ) === 0; + } + } while ( ( elem = elem.parentNode ) && elem.nodeType === 1 ); + return false; + }; + } ), + + // Miscellaneous + "target": function( elem ) { + var hash = window.location && window.location.hash; + return hash && hash.slice( 1 ) === elem.id; + }, + + "root": function( elem ) { + return elem === docElem; + }, + + "focus": function( elem ) { + return elem === document.activeElement && + ( !document.hasFocus || document.hasFocus() ) && + !!( elem.type || elem.href || ~elem.tabIndex ); + }, + + // Boolean properties + "enabled": createDisabledPseudo( false ), + "disabled": createDisabledPseudo( true ), + + "checked": function( elem ) { + + // In CSS3, :checked should return both checked and selected elements + // http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/REC-css3-selectors-20110929/#checked + var nodeName = elem.nodeName.toLowerCase(); + return ( nodeName === "input" && !!elem.checked ) || + ( nodeName === "option" && !!elem.selected ); + }, + + "selected": function( elem ) { + + // Accessing this property makes selected-by-default + // options in Safari work properly + if ( elem.parentNode ) { + // eslint-disable-next-line no-unused-expressions + elem.parentNode.selectedIndex; + } + + return elem.selected === true; + }, + + // Contents + "empty": function( elem ) { + + // http://www.w3.org/TR/selectors/#empty-pseudo + // :empty is negated by element (1) or content nodes (text: 3; cdata: 4; entity ref: 5), + // but not by others (comment: 8; processing instruction: 7; etc.) + // nodeType < 6 works because attributes (2) do not appear as children + for ( elem = elem.firstChild; elem; elem = elem.nextSibling ) { + if ( elem.nodeType < 6 ) { + return false; + } + } + return true; + }, + + "parent": function( elem ) { + return !Expr.pseudos[ "empty" ]( elem ); + }, + + // Element/input types + "header": function( elem ) { + return rheader.test( elem.nodeName ); + }, + + "input": function( elem ) { + return rinputs.test( elem.nodeName ); + }, + + "button": function( elem ) { + var name = elem.nodeName.toLowerCase(); + return name === "input" && elem.type === "button" || name === "button"; + }, + + "text": function( elem ) { + var attr; + return elem.nodeName.toLowerCase() === "input" && + elem.type === "text" && + + // Support: IE<8 + // New HTML5 attribute values (e.g., "search") appear with elem.type === "text" + ( ( attr = elem.getAttribute( "type" ) ) == null || + attr.toLowerCase() === "text" ); + }, + + // Position-in-collection + "first": createPositionalPseudo( function() { + return [ 0 ]; + } ), + + "last": createPositionalPseudo( function( _matchIndexes, length ) { + return [ length - 1 ]; + } ), + + "eq": createPositionalPseudo( function( _matchIndexes, length, argument ) { + return [ argument < 0 ? argument + length : argument ]; + } ), + + "even": createPositionalPseudo( function( matchIndexes, length ) { + var i = 0; + for ( ; i < length; i += 2 ) { + matchIndexes.push( i ); + } + return matchIndexes; + } ), + + "odd": createPositionalPseudo( function( matchIndexes, length ) { + var i = 1; + for ( ; i < length; i += 2 ) { + matchIndexes.push( i ); + } + return matchIndexes; + } ), + + "lt": createPositionalPseudo( function( matchIndexes, length, argument ) { + var i = argument < 0 ? + argument + length : + argument > length ? + length : + argument; + for ( ; --i >= 0; ) { + matchIndexes.push( i ); + } + return matchIndexes; + } ), + + "gt": createPositionalPseudo( function( matchIndexes, length, argument ) { + var i = argument < 0 ? argument + length : argument; + for ( ; ++i < length; ) { + matchIndexes.push( i ); + } + return matchIndexes; + } ) + } +}; + +Expr.pseudos[ "nth" ] = Expr.pseudos[ "eq" ]; + +// Add button/input type pseudos +for ( i in { radio: true, checkbox: true, file: true, password: true, image: true } ) { + Expr.pseudos[ i ] = createInputPseudo( i ); +} +for ( i in { submit: true, reset: true } ) { + Expr.pseudos[ i ] = createButtonPseudo( i ); +} + +// Easy API for creating new setFilters +function setFilters() {} +setFilters.prototype = Expr.filters = Expr.pseudos; +Expr.setFilters = new setFilters(); + +tokenize = Sizzle.tokenize = function( selector, parseOnly ) { + var matched, match, tokens, type, + soFar, groups, preFilters, + cached = tokenCache[ selector + " " ]; + + if ( cached ) { + return parseOnly ? 0 : cached.slice( 0 ); + } + + soFar = selector; + groups = []; + preFilters = Expr.preFilter; + + while ( soFar ) { + + // Comma and first run + if ( !matched || ( match = rcomma.exec( soFar ) ) ) { + if ( match ) { + + // Don't consume trailing commas as valid + soFar = soFar.slice( match[ 0 ].length ) || soFar; + } + groups.push( ( tokens = [] ) ); + } + + matched = false; + + // Combinators + if ( ( match = rcombinators.exec( soFar ) ) ) { + matched = match.shift(); + tokens.push( { + value: matched, + + // Cast descendant combinators to space + type: match[ 0 ].replace( rtrim, " " ) + } ); + soFar = soFar.slice( matched.length ); + } + + // Filters + for ( type in Expr.filter ) { + if ( ( match = matchExpr[ type ].exec( soFar ) ) && ( !preFilters[ type ] || + ( match = preFilters[ type ]( match ) ) ) ) { + matched = match.shift(); + tokens.push( { + value: matched, + type: type, + matches: match + } ); + soFar = soFar.slice( matched.length ); + } + } + + if ( !matched ) { + break; + } + } + + // Return the length of the invalid excess + // if we're just parsing + // Otherwise, throw an error or return tokens + return parseOnly ? + soFar.length : + soFar ? + Sizzle.error( selector ) : + + // Cache the tokens + tokenCache( selector, groups ).slice( 0 ); +}; + +function toSelector( tokens ) { + var i = 0, + len = tokens.length, + selector = ""; + for ( ; i < len; i++ ) { + selector += tokens[ i ].value; + } + return selector; +} + +function addCombinator( matcher, combinator, base ) { + var dir = combinator.dir, + skip = combinator.next, + key = skip || dir, + checkNonElements = base && key === "parentNode", + doneName = done++; + + return combinator.first ? + + // Check against closest ancestor/preceding element + function( elem, context, xml ) { + while ( ( elem = elem[ dir ] ) ) { + if ( elem.nodeType === 1 || checkNonElements ) { + return matcher( elem, context, xml ); + } + } + return false; + } : + + // Check against all ancestor/preceding elements + function( elem, context, xml ) { + var oldCache, uniqueCache, outerCache, + newCache = [ dirruns, doneName ]; + + // We can't set arbitrary data on XML nodes, so they don't benefit from combinator caching + if ( xml ) { + while ( ( elem = elem[ dir ] ) ) { + if ( elem.nodeType === 1 || checkNonElements ) { + if ( matcher( elem, context, xml ) ) { + return true; + } + } + } + } else { + while ( ( elem = elem[ dir ] ) ) { + if ( elem.nodeType === 1 || checkNonElements ) { + outerCache = elem[ expando ] || ( elem[ expando ] = {} ); + + // Support: IE <9 only + // Defend against cloned attroperties (jQuery gh-1709) + uniqueCache = outerCache[ elem.uniqueID ] || + ( outerCache[ elem.uniqueID ] = {} ); + + if ( skip && skip === elem.nodeName.toLowerCase() ) { + elem = elem[ dir ] || elem; + } else if ( ( oldCache = uniqueCache[ key ] ) && + oldCache[ 0 ] === dirruns && oldCache[ 1 ] === doneName ) { + + // Assign to newCache so results back-propagate to previous elements + return ( newCache[ 2 ] = oldCache[ 2 ] ); + } else { + + // Reuse newcache so results back-propagate to previous elements + uniqueCache[ key ] = newCache; + + // A match means we're done; a fail means we have to keep checking + if ( ( newCache[ 2 ] = matcher( elem, context, xml ) ) ) { + return true; + } + } + } + } + } + return false; + }; +} + +function elementMatcher( matchers ) { + return matchers.length > 1 ? + function( elem, context, xml ) { + var i = matchers.length; + while ( i-- ) { + if ( !matchers[ i ]( elem, context, xml ) ) { + return false; + } + } + return true; + } : + matchers[ 0 ]; +} + +function multipleContexts( selector, contexts, results ) { + var i = 0, + len = contexts.length; + for ( ; i < len; i++ ) { + Sizzle( selector, contexts[ i ], results ); + } + return results; +} + +function condense( unmatched, map, filter, context, xml ) { + var elem, + newUnmatched = [], + i = 0, + len = unmatched.length, + mapped = map != null; + + for ( ; i < len; i++ ) { + if ( ( elem = unmatched[ i ] ) ) { + if ( !filter || filter( elem, context, xml ) ) { + newUnmatched.push( elem ); + if ( mapped ) { + map.push( i ); + } + } + } + } + + return newUnmatched; +} + +function setMatcher( preFilter, selector, matcher, postFilter, postFinder, postSelector ) { + if ( postFilter && !postFilter[ expando ] ) { + postFilter = setMatcher( postFilter ); + } + if ( postFinder && !postFinder[ expando ] ) { + postFinder = setMatcher( postFinder, postSelector ); + } + return markFunction( function( seed, results, context, xml ) { + var temp, i, elem, + preMap = [], + postMap = [], + preexisting = results.length, + + // Get initial elements from seed or context + elems = seed || multipleContexts( + selector || "*", + context.nodeType ? [ context ] : context, + [] + ), + + // Prefilter to get matcher input, preserving a map for seed-results synchronization + matcherIn = preFilter && ( seed || !selector ) ? + condense( elems, preMap, preFilter, context, xml ) : + elems, + + matcherOut = matcher ? + + // If we have a postFinder, or filtered seed, or non-seed postFilter or preexisting results, + postFinder || ( seed ? preFilter : preexisting || postFilter ) ? + + // ...intermediate processing is necessary + [] : + + // ...otherwise use results directly + results : + matcherIn; + + // Find primary matches + if ( matcher ) { + matcher( matcherIn, matcherOut, context, xml ); + } + + // Apply postFilter + if ( postFilter ) { + temp = condense( matcherOut, postMap ); + postFilter( temp, [], context, xml ); + + // Un-match failing elements by moving them back to matcherIn + i = temp.length; + while ( i-- ) { + if ( ( elem = temp[ i ] ) ) { + matcherOut[ postMap[ i ] ] = !( matcherIn[ postMap[ i ] ] = elem ); + } + } + } + + if ( seed ) { + if ( postFinder || preFilter ) { + if ( postFinder ) { + + // Get the final matcherOut by condensing this intermediate into postFinder contexts + temp = []; + i = matcherOut.length; + while ( i-- ) { + if ( ( elem = matcherOut[ i ] ) ) { + + // Restore matcherIn since elem is not yet a final match + temp.push( ( matcherIn[ i ] = elem ) ); + } + } + postFinder( null, ( matcherOut = [] ), temp, xml ); + } + + // Move matched elements from seed to results to keep them synchronized + i = matcherOut.length; + while ( i-- ) { + if ( ( elem = matcherOut[ i ] ) && + ( temp = postFinder ? indexOf( seed, elem ) : preMap[ i ] ) > -1 ) { + + seed[ temp ] = !( results[ temp ] = elem ); + } + } + } + + // Add elements to results, through postFinder if defined + } else { + matcherOut = condense( + matcherOut === results ? + matcherOut.splice( preexisting, matcherOut.length ) : + matcherOut + ); + if ( postFinder ) { + postFinder( null, results, matcherOut, xml ); + } else { + push.apply( results, matcherOut ); + } + } + } ); +} + +function matcherFromTokens( tokens ) { + var checkContext, matcher, j, + len = tokens.length, + leadingRelative = Expr.relative[ tokens[ 0 ].type ], + implicitRelative = leadingRelative || Expr.relative[ " " ], + i = leadingRelative ? 1 : 0, + + // The foundational matcher ensures that elements are reachable from top-level context(s) + matchContext = addCombinator( function( elem ) { + return elem === checkContext; + }, implicitRelative, true ), + matchAnyContext = addCombinator( function( elem ) { + return indexOf( checkContext, elem ) > -1; + }, implicitRelative, true ), + matchers = [ function( elem, context, xml ) { + var ret = ( !leadingRelative && ( xml || context !== outermostContext ) ) || ( + ( checkContext = context ).nodeType ? + matchContext( elem, context, xml ) : + matchAnyContext( elem, context, xml ) ); + + // Avoid hanging onto element (issue #299) + checkContext = null; + return ret; + } ]; + + for ( ; i < len; i++ ) { + if ( ( matcher = Expr.relative[ tokens[ i ].type ] ) ) { + matchers = [ addCombinator( elementMatcher( matchers ), matcher ) ]; + } else { + matcher = Expr.filter[ tokens[ i ].type ].apply( null, tokens[ i ].matches ); + + // Return special upon seeing a positional matcher + if ( matcher[ expando ] ) { + + // Find the next relative operator (if any) for proper handling + j = ++i; + for ( ; j < len; j++ ) { + if ( Expr.relative[ tokens[ j ].type ] ) { + break; + } + } + return setMatcher( + i > 1 && elementMatcher( matchers ), + i > 1 && toSelector( + + // If the preceding token was a descendant combinator, insert an implicit any-element `*` + tokens + .slice( 0, i - 1 ) + .concat( { value: tokens[ i - 2 ].type === " " ? "*" : "" } ) + ).replace( rtrim, "$1" ), + matcher, + i < j && matcherFromTokens( tokens.slice( i, j ) ), + j < len && matcherFromTokens( ( tokens = tokens.slice( j ) ) ), + j < len && toSelector( tokens ) + ); + } + matchers.push( matcher ); + } + } + + return elementMatcher( matchers ); +} + +function matcherFromGroupMatchers( elementMatchers, setMatchers ) { + var bySet = setMatchers.length > 0, + byElement = elementMatchers.length > 0, + superMatcher = function( seed, context, xml, results, outermost ) { + var elem, j, matcher, + matchedCount = 0, + i = "0", + unmatched = seed && [], + setMatched = [], + contextBackup = outermostContext, + + // We must always have either seed elements or outermost context + elems = seed || byElement && Expr.find[ "TAG" ]( "*", outermost ), + + // Use integer dirruns iff this is the outermost matcher + dirrunsUnique = ( dirruns += contextBackup == null ? 1 : Math.random() || 0.1 ), + len = elems.length; + + if ( outermost ) { + + // Support: IE 11+, Edge 17 - 18+ + // IE/Edge sometimes throw a "Permission denied" error when strict-comparing + // two documents; shallow comparisons work. + // eslint-disable-next-line eqeqeq + outermostContext = context == document || context || outermost; + } + + // Add elements passing elementMatchers directly to results + // Support: IE<9, Safari + // Tolerate NodeList properties (IE: "length"; Safari: ) matching elements by id + for ( ; i !== len && ( elem = elems[ i ] ) != null; i++ ) { + if ( byElement && elem ) { + j = 0; + + // Support: IE 11+, Edge 17 - 18+ + // IE/Edge sometimes throw a "Permission denied" error when strict-comparing + // two documents; shallow comparisons work. + // eslint-disable-next-line eqeqeq + if ( !context && elem.ownerDocument != document ) { + setDocument( elem ); + xml = !documentIsHTML; + } + while ( ( matcher = elementMatchers[ j++ ] ) ) { + if ( matcher( elem, context || document, xml ) ) { + results.push( elem ); + break; + } + } + if ( outermost ) { + dirruns = dirrunsUnique; + } + } + + // Track unmatched elements for set filters + if ( bySet ) { + + // They will have gone through all possible matchers + if ( ( elem = !matcher && elem ) ) { + matchedCount--; + } + + // Lengthen the array for every element, matched or not + if ( seed ) { + unmatched.push( elem ); + } + } + } + + // `i` is now the count of elements visited above, and adding it to `matchedCount` + // makes the latter nonnegative. + matchedCount += i; + + // Apply set filters to unmatched elements + // NOTE: This can be skipped if there are no unmatched elements (i.e., `matchedCount` + // equals `i`), unless we didn't visit _any_ elements in the above loop because we have + // no element matchers and no seed. + // Incrementing an initially-string "0" `i` allows `i` to remain a string only in that + // case, which will result in a "00" `matchedCount` that differs from `i` but is also + // numerically zero. + if ( bySet && i !== matchedCount ) { + j = 0; + while ( ( matcher = setMatchers[ j++ ] ) ) { + matcher( unmatched, setMatched, context, xml ); + } + + if ( seed ) { + + // Reintegrate element matches to eliminate the need for sorting + if ( matchedCount > 0 ) { + while ( i-- ) { + if ( !( unmatched[ i ] || setMatched[ i ] ) ) { + setMatched[ i ] = pop.call( results ); + } + } + } + + // Discard index placeholder values to get only actual matches + setMatched = condense( setMatched ); + } + + // Add matches to results + push.apply( results, setMatched ); + + // Seedless set matches succeeding multiple successful matchers stipulate sorting + if ( outermost && !seed && setMatched.length > 0 && + ( matchedCount + setMatchers.length ) > 1 ) { + + Sizzle.uniqueSort( results ); + } + } + + // Override manipulation of globals by nested matchers + if ( outermost ) { + dirruns = dirrunsUnique; + outermostContext = contextBackup; + } + + return unmatched; + }; + + return bySet ? + markFunction( superMatcher ) : + superMatcher; +} + +compile = Sizzle.compile = function( selector, match /* Internal Use Only */ ) { + var i, + setMatchers = [], + elementMatchers = [], + cached = compilerCache[ selector + " " ]; + + if ( !cached ) { + + // Generate a function of recursive functions that can be used to check each element + if ( !match ) { + match = tokenize( selector ); + } + i = match.length; + while ( i-- ) { + cached = matcherFromTokens( match[ i ] ); + if ( cached[ expando ] ) { + setMatchers.push( cached ); + } else { + elementMatchers.push( cached ); + } + } + + // Cache the compiled function + cached = compilerCache( + selector, + matcherFromGroupMatchers( elementMatchers, setMatchers ) + ); + + // Save selector and tokenization + cached.selector = selector; + } + return cached; +}; + +/** + * A low-level selection function that works with Sizzle's compiled + * selector functions + * @param {String|Function} selector A selector or a pre-compiled + * selector function built with Sizzle.compile + * @param {Element} context + * @param {Array} [results] + * @param {Array} [seed] A set of elements to match against + */ +select = Sizzle.select = function( selector, context, results, seed ) { + var i, tokens, token, type, find, + compiled = typeof selector === "function" && selector, + match = !seed && tokenize( ( selector = compiled.selector || selector ) ); + + results = results || []; + + // Try to minimize operations if there is only one selector in the list and no seed + // (the latter of which guarantees us context) + if ( match.length === 1 ) { + + // Reduce context if the leading compound selector is an ID + tokens = match[ 0 ] = match[ 0 ].slice( 0 ); + if ( tokens.length > 2 && ( token = tokens[ 0 ] ).type === "ID" && + context.nodeType === 9 && documentIsHTML && Expr.relative[ tokens[ 1 ].type ] ) { + + context = ( Expr.find[ "ID" ]( token.matches[ 0 ] + .replace( runescape, funescape ), context ) || [] )[ 0 ]; + if ( !context ) { + return results; + + // Precompiled matchers will still verify ancestry, so step up a level + } else if ( compiled ) { + context = context.parentNode; + } + + selector = selector.slice( tokens.shift().value.length ); + } + + // Fetch a seed set for right-to-left matching + i = matchExpr[ "needsContext" ].test( selector ) ? 0 : tokens.length; + while ( i-- ) { + token = tokens[ i ]; + + // Abort if we hit a combinator + if ( Expr.relative[ ( type = token.type ) ] ) { + break; + } + if ( ( find = Expr.find[ type ] ) ) { + + // Search, expanding context for leading sibling combinators + if ( ( seed = find( + token.matches[ 0 ].replace( runescape, funescape ), + rsibling.test( tokens[ 0 ].type ) && testContext( context.parentNode ) || + context + ) ) ) { + + // If seed is empty or no tokens remain, we can return early + tokens.splice( i, 1 ); + selector = seed.length && toSelector( tokens ); + if ( !selector ) { + push.apply( results, seed ); + return results; + } + + break; + } + } + } + } + + // Compile and execute a filtering function if one is not provided + // Provide `match` to avoid retokenization if we modified the selector above + ( compiled || compile( selector, match ) )( + seed, + context, + !documentIsHTML, + results, + !context || rsibling.test( selector ) && testContext( context.parentNode ) || context + ); + return results; +}; + +// One-time assignments + +// Sort stability +support.sortStable = expando.split( "" ).sort( sortOrder ).join( "" ) === expando; + +// Support: Chrome 14-35+ +// Always assume duplicates if they aren't passed to the comparison function +support.detectDuplicates = !!hasDuplicate; + +// Initialize against the default document +setDocument(); + +// Support: Webkit<537.32 - Safari 6.0.3/Chrome 25 (fixed in Chrome 27) +// Detached nodes confoundingly follow *each other* +support.sortDetached = assert( function( el ) { + + // Should return 1, but returns 4 (following) + return el.compareDocumentPosition( document.createElement( "fieldset" ) ) & 1; +} ); + +// Support: IE<8 +// Prevent attribute/property "interpolation" +// https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms536429%28VS.85%29.aspx +if ( !assert( function( el ) { + el.innerHTML = ""; + return el.firstChild.getAttribute( "href" ) === "#"; +} ) ) { + addHandle( "type|href|height|width", function( elem, name, isXML ) { + if ( !isXML ) { + return elem.getAttribute( name, name.toLowerCase() === "type" ? 1 : 2 ); + } + } ); +} + +// Support: IE<9 +// Use defaultValue in place of getAttribute("value") +if ( !support.attributes || !assert( function( el ) { + el.innerHTML = ""; + el.firstChild.setAttribute( "value", "" ); + return el.firstChild.getAttribute( "value" ) === ""; +} ) ) { + addHandle( "value", function( elem, _name, isXML ) { + if ( !isXML && elem.nodeName.toLowerCase() === "input" ) { + return elem.defaultValue; + } + } ); +} + +// Support: IE<9 +// Use getAttributeNode to fetch booleans when getAttribute lies +if ( !assert( function( el ) { + return el.getAttribute( "disabled" ) == null; +} ) ) { + addHandle( booleans, function( elem, name, isXML ) { + var val; + if ( !isXML ) { + return elem[ name ] === true ? name.toLowerCase() : + ( val = elem.getAttributeNode( name ) ) && val.specified ? + val.value : + null; + } + } ); +} + +return Sizzle; + +} )( window ); + + + +jQuery.find = Sizzle; +jQuery.expr = Sizzle.selectors; + +// Deprecated +jQuery.expr[ ":" ] = jQuery.expr.pseudos; +jQuery.uniqueSort = jQuery.unique = Sizzle.uniqueSort; +jQuery.text = Sizzle.getText; +jQuery.isXMLDoc = Sizzle.isXML; +jQuery.contains = Sizzle.contains; +jQuery.escapeSelector = Sizzle.escape; + + + + +var dir = function( elem, dir, until ) { + var matched = [], + truncate = until !== undefined; + + while ( ( elem = elem[ dir ] ) && elem.nodeType !== 9 ) { + if ( elem.nodeType === 1 ) { + if ( truncate && jQuery( elem ).is( until ) ) { + break; + } + matched.push( elem ); + } + } + return matched; +}; + + +var siblings = function( n, elem ) { + var matched = []; + + for ( ; n; n = n.nextSibling ) { + if ( n.nodeType === 1 && n !== elem ) { + matched.push( n ); + } + } + + return matched; +}; + + +var rneedsContext = jQuery.expr.match.needsContext; + + + +function nodeName( elem, name ) { + + return elem.nodeName && elem.nodeName.toLowerCase() === name.toLowerCase(); + +} +var rsingleTag = ( /^<([a-z][^\/\0>:\x20\t\r\n\f]*)[\x20\t\r\n\f]*\/?>(?:<\/\1>|)$/i ); + + + +// Implement the identical functionality for filter and not +function winnow( elements, qualifier, not ) { + if ( isFunction( qualifier ) ) { + return jQuery.grep( elements, function( elem, i ) { + return !!qualifier.call( elem, i, elem ) !== not; + } ); + } + + // Single element + if ( qualifier.nodeType ) { + return jQuery.grep( elements, function( elem ) { + return ( elem === qualifier ) !== not; + } ); + } + + // Arraylike of elements (jQuery, arguments, Array) + if ( typeof qualifier !== "string" ) { + return jQuery.grep( elements, function( elem ) { + return ( indexOf.call( qualifier, elem ) > -1 ) !== not; + } ); + } + + // Filtered directly for both simple and complex selectors + return jQuery.filter( qualifier, elements, not ); +} + +jQuery.filter = function( expr, elems, not ) { + var elem = elems[ 0 ]; + + if ( not ) { + expr = ":not(" + expr + ")"; + } + + if ( elems.length === 1 && elem.nodeType === 1 ) { + return jQuery.find.matchesSelector( elem, expr ) ? [ elem ] : []; + } + + return jQuery.find.matches( expr, jQuery.grep( elems, function( elem ) { + return elem.nodeType === 1; + } ) ); +}; + +jQuery.fn.extend( { + find: function( selector ) { + var i, ret, + len = this.length, + self = this; + + if ( typeof selector !== "string" ) { + return this.pushStack( jQuery( selector ).filter( function() { + for ( i = 0; i < len; i++ ) { + if ( jQuery.contains( self[ i ], this ) ) { + return true; + } + } + } ) ); + } + + ret = this.pushStack( [] ); + + for ( i = 0; i < len; i++ ) { + jQuery.find( selector, self[ i ], ret ); + } + + return len > 1 ? jQuery.uniqueSort( ret ) : ret; + }, + filter: function( selector ) { + return this.pushStack( winnow( this, selector || [], false ) ); + }, + not: function( selector ) { + return this.pushStack( winnow( this, selector || [], true ) ); + }, + is: function( selector ) { + return !!winnow( + this, + + // If this is a positional/relative selector, check membership in the returned set + // so $("p:first").is("p:last") won't return true for a doc with two "p". + typeof selector === "string" && rneedsContext.test( selector ) ? + jQuery( selector ) : + selector || [], + false + ).length; + } +} ); + + +// Initialize a jQuery object + + +// A central reference to the root jQuery(document) +var rootjQuery, + + // A simple way to check for HTML strings + // Prioritize #id over to avoid XSS via location.hash (#9521) + // Strict HTML recognition (#11290: must start with <) + // Shortcut simple #id case for speed + rquickExpr = /^(?:\s*(<[\w\W]+>)[^>]*|#([\w-]+))$/, + + init = jQuery.fn.init = function( selector, context, root ) { + var match, elem; + + // HANDLE: $(""), $(null), $(undefined), $(false) + if ( !selector ) { + return this; + } + + // Method init() accepts an alternate rootjQuery + // so migrate can support jQuery.sub (gh-2101) + root = root || rootjQuery; + + // Handle HTML strings + if ( typeof selector === "string" ) { + if ( selector[ 0 ] === "<" && + selector[ selector.length - 1 ] === ">" && + selector.length >= 3 ) { + + // Assume that strings that start and end with <> are HTML and skip the regex check + match = [ null, selector, null ]; + + } else { + match = rquickExpr.exec( selector ); + } + + // Match html or make sure no context is specified for #id + if ( match && ( match[ 1 ] || !context ) ) { + + // HANDLE: $(html) -> $(array) + if ( match[ 1 ] ) { + context = context instanceof jQuery ? context[ 0 ] : context; + + // Option to run scripts is true for back-compat + // Intentionally let the error be thrown if parseHTML is not present + jQuery.merge( this, jQuery.parseHTML( + match[ 1 ], + context && context.nodeType ? context.ownerDocument || context : document, + true + ) ); + + // HANDLE: $(html, props) + if ( rsingleTag.test( match[ 1 ] ) && jQuery.isPlainObject( context ) ) { + for ( match in context ) { + + // Properties of context are called as methods if possible + if ( isFunction( this[ match ] ) ) { + this[ match ]( context[ match ] ); + + // ...and otherwise set as attributes + } else { + this.attr( match, context[ match ] ); + } + } + } + + return this; + + // HANDLE: $(#id) + } else { + elem = document.getElementById( match[ 2 ] ); + + if ( elem ) { + + // Inject the element directly into the jQuery object + this[ 0 ] = elem; + this.length = 1; + } + return this; + } + + // HANDLE: $(expr, $(...)) + } else if ( !context || context.jquery ) { + return ( context || root ).find( selector ); + + // HANDLE: $(expr, context) + // (which is just equivalent to: $(context).find(expr) + } else { + return this.constructor( context ).find( selector ); + } + + // HANDLE: $(DOMElement) + } else if ( selector.nodeType ) { + this[ 0 ] = selector; + this.length = 1; + return this; + + // HANDLE: $(function) + // Shortcut for document ready + } else if ( isFunction( selector ) ) { + return root.ready !== undefined ? + root.ready( selector ) : + + // Execute immediately if ready is not present + selector( jQuery ); + } + + return jQuery.makeArray( selector, this ); + }; + +// Give the init function the jQuery prototype for later instantiation +init.prototype = jQuery.fn; + +// Initialize central reference +rootjQuery = jQuery( document ); + + +var rparentsprev = /^(?:parents|prev(?:Until|All))/, + + // Methods guaranteed to produce a unique set when starting from a unique set + guaranteedUnique = { + children: true, + contents: true, + next: true, + prev: true + }; + +jQuery.fn.extend( { + has: function( target ) { + var targets = jQuery( target, this ), + l = targets.length; + + return this.filter( function() { + var i = 0; + for ( ; i < l; i++ ) { + if ( jQuery.contains( this, targets[ i ] ) ) { + return true; + } + } + } ); + }, + + closest: function( selectors, context ) { + var cur, + i = 0, + l = this.length, + matched = [], + targets = typeof selectors !== "string" && jQuery( selectors ); + + // Positional selectors never match, since there's no _selection_ context + if ( !rneedsContext.test( selectors ) ) { + for ( ; i < l; i++ ) { + for ( cur = this[ i ]; cur && cur !== context; cur = cur.parentNode ) { + + // Always skip document fragments + if ( cur.nodeType < 11 && ( targets ? + targets.index( cur ) > -1 : + + // Don't pass non-elements to Sizzle + cur.nodeType === 1 && + jQuery.find.matchesSelector( cur, selectors ) ) ) { + + matched.push( cur ); + break; + } + } + } + } + + return this.pushStack( matched.length > 1 ? jQuery.uniqueSort( matched ) : matched ); + }, + + // Determine the position of an element within the set + index: function( elem ) { + + // No argument, return index in parent + if ( !elem ) { + return ( this[ 0 ] && this[ 0 ].parentNode ) ? this.first().prevAll().length : -1; + } + + // Index in selector + if ( typeof elem === "string" ) { + return indexOf.call( jQuery( elem ), this[ 0 ] ); + } + + // Locate the position of the desired element + return indexOf.call( this, + + // If it receives a jQuery object, the first element is used + elem.jquery ? elem[ 0 ] : elem + ); + }, + + add: function( selector, context ) { + return this.pushStack( + jQuery.uniqueSort( + jQuery.merge( this.get(), jQuery( selector, context ) ) + ) + ); + }, + + addBack: function( selector ) { + return this.add( selector == null ? + this.prevObject : this.prevObject.filter( selector ) + ); + } +} ); + +function sibling( cur, dir ) { + while ( ( cur = cur[ dir ] ) && cur.nodeType !== 1 ) {} + return cur; +} + +jQuery.each( { + parent: function( elem ) { + var parent = elem.parentNode; + return parent && parent.nodeType !== 11 ? parent : null; + }, + parents: function( elem ) { + return dir( elem, "parentNode" ); + }, + parentsUntil: function( elem, _i, until ) { + return dir( elem, "parentNode", until ); + }, + next: function( elem ) { + return sibling( elem, "nextSibling" ); + }, + prev: function( elem ) { + return sibling( elem, "previousSibling" ); + }, + nextAll: function( elem ) { + return dir( elem, "nextSibling" ); + }, + prevAll: function( elem ) { + return dir( elem, "previousSibling" ); + }, + nextUntil: function( elem, _i, until ) { + return dir( elem, "nextSibling", until ); + }, + prevUntil: function( elem, _i, until ) { + return dir( elem, "previousSibling", until ); + }, + siblings: function( elem ) { + return siblings( ( elem.parentNode || {} ).firstChild, elem ); + }, + children: function( elem ) { + return siblings( elem.firstChild ); + }, + contents: function( elem ) { + if ( elem.contentDocument != null && + + // Support: IE 11+ + // elements with no `data` attribute has an object + // `contentDocument` with a `null` prototype. + getProto( elem.contentDocument ) ) { + + return elem.contentDocument; + } + + // Support: IE 9 - 11 only, iOS 7 only, Android Browser <=4.3 only + // Treat the template element as a regular one in browsers that + // don't support it. + if ( nodeName( elem, "template" ) ) { + elem = elem.content || elem; + } + + return jQuery.merge( [], elem.childNodes ); + } +}, function( name, fn ) { + jQuery.fn[ name ] = function( until, selector ) { + var matched = jQuery.map( this, fn, until ); + + if ( name.slice( -5 ) !== "Until" ) { + selector = until; + } + + if ( selector && typeof selector === "string" ) { + matched = jQuery.filter( selector, matched ); + } + + if ( this.length > 1 ) { + + // Remove duplicates + if ( !guaranteedUnique[ name ] ) { + jQuery.uniqueSort( matched ); + } + + // Reverse order for parents* and prev-derivatives + if ( rparentsprev.test( name ) ) { + matched.reverse(); + } + } + + return this.pushStack( matched ); + }; +} ); +var rnothtmlwhite = ( /[^\x20\t\r\n\f]+/g ); + + + +// Convert String-formatted options into Object-formatted ones +function createOptions( options ) { + var object = {}; + jQuery.each( options.match( rnothtmlwhite ) || [], function( _, flag ) { + object[ flag ] = true; + } ); + return object; +} + +/* + * Create a callback list using the following parameters: + * + * options: an optional list of space-separated options that will change how + * the callback list behaves or a more traditional option object + * + * By default a callback list will act like an event callback list and can be + * "fired" multiple times. + * + * Possible options: + * + * once: will ensure the callback list can only be fired once (like a Deferred) + * + * memory: will keep track of previous values and will call any callback added + * after the list has been fired right away with the latest "memorized" + * values (like a Deferred) + * + * unique: will ensure a callback can only be added once (no duplicate in the list) + * + * stopOnFalse: interrupt callings when a callback returns false + * + */ +jQuery.Callbacks = function( options ) { + + // Convert options from String-formatted to Object-formatted if needed + // (we check in cache first) + options = typeof options === "string" ? + createOptions( options ) : + jQuery.extend( {}, options ); + + var // Flag to know if list is currently firing + firing, + + // Last fire value for non-forgettable lists + memory, + + // Flag to know if list was already fired + fired, + + // Flag to prevent firing + locked, + + // Actual callback list + list = [], + + // Queue of execution data for repeatable lists + queue = [], + + // Index of currently firing callback (modified by add/remove as needed) + firingIndex = -1, + + // Fire callbacks + fire = function() { + + // Enforce single-firing + locked = locked || options.once; + + // Execute callbacks for all pending executions, + // respecting firingIndex overrides and runtime changes + fired = firing = true; + for ( ; queue.length; firingIndex = -1 ) { + memory = queue.shift(); + while ( ++firingIndex < list.length ) { + + // Run callback and check for early termination + if ( list[ firingIndex ].apply( memory[ 0 ], memory[ 1 ] ) === false && + options.stopOnFalse ) { + + // Jump to end and forget the data so .add doesn't re-fire + firingIndex = list.length; + memory = false; + } + } + } + + // Forget the data if we're done with it + if ( !options.memory ) { + memory = false; + } + + firing = false; + + // Clean up if we're done firing for good + if ( locked ) { + + // Keep an empty list if we have data for future add calls + if ( memory ) { + list = []; + + // Otherwise, this object is spent + } else { + list = ""; + } + } + }, + + // Actual Callbacks object + self = { + + // Add a callback or a collection of callbacks to the list + add: function() { + if ( list ) { + + // If we have memory from a past run, we should fire after adding + if ( memory && !firing ) { + firingIndex = list.length - 1; + queue.push( memory ); + } + + ( function add( args ) { + jQuery.each( args, function( _, arg ) { + if ( isFunction( arg ) ) { + if ( !options.unique || !self.has( arg ) ) { + list.push( arg ); + } + } else if ( arg && arg.length && toType( arg ) !== "string" ) { + + // Inspect recursively + add( arg ); + } + } ); + } )( arguments ); + + if ( memory && !firing ) { + fire(); + } + } + return this; + }, + + // Remove a callback from the list + remove: function() { + jQuery.each( arguments, function( _, arg ) { + var index; + while ( ( index = jQuery.inArray( arg, list, index ) ) > -1 ) { + list.splice( index, 1 ); + + // Handle firing indexes + if ( index <= firingIndex ) { + firingIndex--; + } + } + } ); + return this; + }, + + // Check if a given callback is in the list. + // If no argument is given, return whether or not list has callbacks attached. + has: function( fn ) { + return fn ? + jQuery.inArray( fn, list ) > -1 : + list.length > 0; + }, + + // Remove all callbacks from the list + empty: function() { + if ( list ) { + list = []; + } + return this; + }, + + // Disable .fire and .add + // Abort any current/pending executions + // Clear all callbacks and values + disable: function() { + locked = queue = []; + list = memory = ""; + return this; + }, + disabled: function() { + return !list; + }, + + // Disable .fire + // Also disable .add unless we have memory (since it would have no effect) + // Abort any pending executions + lock: function() { + locked = queue = []; + if ( !memory && !firing ) { + list = memory = ""; + } + return this; + }, + locked: function() { + return !!locked; + }, + + // Call all callbacks with the given context and arguments + fireWith: function( context, args ) { + if ( !locked ) { + args = args || []; + args = [ context, args.slice ? args.slice() : args ]; + queue.push( args ); + if ( !firing ) { + fire(); + } + } + return this; + }, + + // Call all the callbacks with the given arguments + fire: function() { + self.fireWith( this, arguments ); + return this; + }, + + // To know if the callbacks have already been called at least once + fired: function() { + return !!fired; + } + }; + + return self; +}; + + +function Identity( v ) { + return v; +} +function Thrower( ex ) { + throw ex; +} + +function adoptValue( value, resolve, reject, noValue ) { + var method; + + try { + + // Check for promise aspect first to privilege synchronous behavior + if ( value && isFunction( ( method = value.promise ) ) ) { + method.call( value ).done( resolve ).fail( reject ); + + // Other thenables + } else if ( value && isFunction( ( method = value.then ) ) ) { + method.call( value, resolve, reject ); + + // Other non-thenables + } else { + + // Control `resolve` arguments by letting Array#slice cast boolean `noValue` to integer: + // * false: [ value ].slice( 0 ) => resolve( value ) + // * true: [ value ].slice( 1 ) => resolve() + resolve.apply( undefined, [ value ].slice( noValue ) ); + } + + // For Promises/A+, convert exceptions into rejections + // Since jQuery.when doesn't unwrap thenables, we can skip the extra checks appearing in + // Deferred#then to conditionally suppress rejection. + } catch ( value ) { + + // Support: Android 4.0 only + // Strict mode functions invoked without .call/.apply get global-object context + reject.apply( undefined, [ value ] ); + } +} + +jQuery.extend( { + + Deferred: function( func ) { + var tuples = [ + + // action, add listener, callbacks, + // ... .then handlers, argument index, [final state] + [ "notify", "progress", jQuery.Callbacks( "memory" ), + jQuery.Callbacks( "memory" ), 2 ], + [ "resolve", "done", jQuery.Callbacks( "once memory" ), + jQuery.Callbacks( "once memory" ), 0, "resolved" ], + [ "reject", "fail", jQuery.Callbacks( "once memory" ), + jQuery.Callbacks( "once memory" ), 1, "rejected" ] + ], + state = "pending", + promise = { + state: function() { + return state; + }, + always: function() { + deferred.done( arguments ).fail( arguments ); + return this; + }, + "catch": function( fn ) { + return promise.then( null, fn ); + }, + + // Keep pipe for back-compat + pipe: function( /* fnDone, fnFail, fnProgress */ ) { + var fns = arguments; + + return jQuery.Deferred( function( newDefer ) { + jQuery.each( tuples, function( _i, tuple ) { + + // Map tuples (progress, done, fail) to arguments (done, fail, progress) + var fn = isFunction( fns[ tuple[ 4 ] ] ) && fns[ tuple[ 4 ] ]; + + // deferred.progress(function() { bind to newDefer or newDefer.notify }) + // deferred.done(function() { bind to newDefer or newDefer.resolve }) + // deferred.fail(function() { bind to newDefer or newDefer.reject }) + deferred[ tuple[ 1 ] ]( function() { + var returned = fn && fn.apply( this, arguments ); + if ( returned && isFunction( returned.promise ) ) { + returned.promise() + .progress( newDefer.notify ) + .done( newDefer.resolve ) + .fail( newDefer.reject ); + } else { + newDefer[ tuple[ 0 ] + "With" ]( + this, + fn ? [ returned ] : arguments + ); + } + } ); + } ); + fns = null; + } ).promise(); + }, + then: function( onFulfilled, onRejected, onProgress ) { + var maxDepth = 0; + function resolve( depth, deferred, handler, special ) { + return function() { + var that = this, + args = arguments, + mightThrow = function() { + var returned, then; + + // Support: Promises/A+ section 2.3.3.3.3 + // https://promisesaplus.com/#point-59 + // Ignore double-resolution attempts + if ( depth < maxDepth ) { + return; + } + + returned = handler.apply( that, args ); + + // Support: Promises/A+ section 2.3.1 + // https://promisesaplus.com/#point-48 + if ( returned === deferred.promise() ) { + throw new TypeError( "Thenable self-resolution" ); + } + + // Support: Promises/A+ sections 2.3.3.1, 3.5 + // https://promisesaplus.com/#point-54 + // https://promisesaplus.com/#point-75 + // Retrieve `then` only once + then = returned && + + // Support: Promises/A+ section 2.3.4 + // https://promisesaplus.com/#point-64 + // Only check objects and functions for thenability + ( typeof returned === "object" || + typeof returned === "function" ) && + returned.then; + + // Handle a returned thenable + if ( isFunction( then ) ) { + + // Special processors (notify) just wait for resolution + if ( special ) { + then.call( + returned, + resolve( maxDepth, deferred, Identity, special ), + resolve( maxDepth, deferred, Thrower, special ) + ); + + // Normal processors (resolve) also hook into progress + } else { + + // ...and disregard older resolution values + maxDepth++; + + then.call( + returned, + resolve( maxDepth, deferred, Identity, special ), + resolve( maxDepth, deferred, Thrower, special ), + resolve( maxDepth, deferred, Identity, + deferred.notifyWith ) + ); + } + + // Handle all other returned values + } else { + + // Only substitute handlers pass on context + // and multiple values (non-spec behavior) + if ( handler !== Identity ) { + that = undefined; + args = [ returned ]; + } + + // Process the value(s) + // Default process is resolve + ( special || deferred.resolveWith )( that, args ); + } + }, + + // Only normal processors (resolve) catch and reject exceptions + process = special ? + mightThrow : + function() { + try { + mightThrow(); + } catch ( e ) { + + if ( jQuery.Deferred.exceptionHook ) { + jQuery.Deferred.exceptionHook( e, + process.stackTrace ); + } + + // Support: Promises/A+ section 2.3.3.3.4.1 + // https://promisesaplus.com/#point-61 + // Ignore post-resolution exceptions + if ( depth + 1 >= maxDepth ) { + + // Only substitute handlers pass on context + // and multiple values (non-spec behavior) + if ( handler !== Thrower ) { + that = undefined; + args = [ e ]; + } + + deferred.rejectWith( that, args ); + } + } + }; + + // Support: Promises/A+ section 2.3.3.3.1 + // https://promisesaplus.com/#point-57 + // Re-resolve promises immediately to dodge false rejection from + // subsequent errors + if ( depth ) { + process(); + } else { + + // Call an optional hook to record the stack, in case of exception + // since it's otherwise lost when execution goes async + if ( jQuery.Deferred.getStackHook ) { + process.stackTrace = jQuery.Deferred.getStackHook(); + } + window.setTimeout( process ); + } + }; + } + + return jQuery.Deferred( function( newDefer ) { + + // progress_handlers.add( ... ) + tuples[ 0 ][ 3 ].add( + resolve( + 0, + newDefer, + isFunction( onProgress ) ? + onProgress : + Identity, + newDefer.notifyWith + ) + ); + + // fulfilled_handlers.add( ... ) + tuples[ 1 ][ 3 ].add( + resolve( + 0, + newDefer, + isFunction( onFulfilled ) ? + onFulfilled : + Identity + ) + ); + + // rejected_handlers.add( ... ) + tuples[ 2 ][ 3 ].add( + resolve( + 0, + newDefer, + isFunction( onRejected ) ? + onRejected : + Thrower + ) + ); + } ).promise(); + }, + + // Get a promise for this deferred + // If obj is provided, the promise aspect is added to the object + promise: function( obj ) { + return obj != null ? jQuery.extend( obj, promise ) : promise; + } + }, + deferred = {}; + + // Add list-specific methods + jQuery.each( tuples, function( i, tuple ) { + var list = tuple[ 2 ], + stateString = tuple[ 5 ]; + + // promise.progress = list.add + // promise.done = list.add + // promise.fail = list.add + promise[ tuple[ 1 ] ] = list.add; + + // Handle state + if ( stateString ) { + list.add( + function() { + + // state = "resolved" (i.e., fulfilled) + // state = "rejected" + state = stateString; + }, + + // rejected_callbacks.disable + // fulfilled_callbacks.disable + tuples[ 3 - i ][ 2 ].disable, + + // rejected_handlers.disable + // fulfilled_handlers.disable + tuples[ 3 - i ][ 3 ].disable, + + // progress_callbacks.lock + tuples[ 0 ][ 2 ].lock, + + // progress_handlers.lock + tuples[ 0 ][ 3 ].lock + ); + } + + // progress_handlers.fire + // fulfilled_handlers.fire + // rejected_handlers.fire + list.add( tuple[ 3 ].fire ); + + // deferred.notify = function() { deferred.notifyWith(...) } + // deferred.resolve = function() { deferred.resolveWith(...) } + // deferred.reject = function() { deferred.rejectWith(...) } + deferred[ tuple[ 0 ] ] = function() { + deferred[ tuple[ 0 ] + "With" ]( this === deferred ? undefined : this, arguments ); + return this; + }; + + // deferred.notifyWith = list.fireWith + // deferred.resolveWith = list.fireWith + // deferred.rejectWith = list.fireWith + deferred[ tuple[ 0 ] + "With" ] = list.fireWith; + } ); + + // Make the deferred a promise + promise.promise( deferred ); + + // Call given func if any + if ( func ) { + func.call( deferred, deferred ); + } + + // All done! + return deferred; + }, + + // Deferred helper + when: function( singleValue ) { + var + + // count of uncompleted subordinates + remaining = arguments.length, + + // count of unprocessed arguments + i = remaining, + + // subordinate fulfillment data + resolveContexts = Array( i ), + resolveValues = slice.call( arguments ), + + // the primary Deferred + primary = jQuery.Deferred(), + + // subordinate callback factory + updateFunc = function( i ) { + return function( value ) { + resolveContexts[ i ] = this; + resolveValues[ i ] = arguments.length > 1 ? slice.call( arguments ) : value; + if ( !( --remaining ) ) { + primary.resolveWith( resolveContexts, resolveValues ); + } + }; + }; + + // Single- and empty arguments are adopted like Promise.resolve + if ( remaining <= 1 ) { + adoptValue( singleValue, primary.done( updateFunc( i ) ).resolve, primary.reject, + !remaining ); + + // Use .then() to unwrap secondary thenables (cf. gh-3000) + if ( primary.state() === "pending" || + isFunction( resolveValues[ i ] && resolveValues[ i ].then ) ) { + + return primary.then(); + } + } + + // Multiple arguments are aggregated like Promise.all array elements + while ( i-- ) { + adoptValue( resolveValues[ i ], updateFunc( i ), primary.reject ); + } + + return primary.promise(); + } +} ); + + +// These usually indicate a programmer mistake during development, +// warn about them ASAP rather than swallowing them by default. +var rerrorNames = /^(Eval|Internal|Range|Reference|Syntax|Type|URI)Error$/; + +jQuery.Deferred.exceptionHook = function( error, stack ) { + + // Support: IE 8 - 9 only + // Console exists when dev tools are open, which can happen at any time + if ( window.console && window.console.warn && error && rerrorNames.test( error.name ) ) { + window.console.warn( "jQuery.Deferred exception: " + error.message, error.stack, stack ); + } +}; + + + + +jQuery.readyException = function( error ) { + window.setTimeout( function() { + throw error; + } ); +}; + + + + +// The deferred used on DOM ready +var readyList = jQuery.Deferred(); + +jQuery.fn.ready = function( fn ) { + + readyList + .then( fn ) + + // Wrap jQuery.readyException in a function so that the lookup + // happens at the time of error handling instead of callback + // registration. + .catch( function( error ) { + jQuery.readyException( error ); + } ); + + return this; +}; + +jQuery.extend( { + + // Is the DOM ready to be used? Set to true once it occurs. + isReady: false, + + // A counter to track how many items to wait for before + // the ready event fires. See #6781 + readyWait: 1, + + // Handle when the DOM is ready + ready: function( wait ) { + + // Abort if there are pending holds or we're already ready + if ( wait === true ? --jQuery.readyWait : jQuery.isReady ) { + return; + } + + // Remember that the DOM is ready + jQuery.isReady = true; + + // If a normal DOM Ready event fired, decrement, and wait if need be + if ( wait !== true && --jQuery.readyWait > 0 ) { + return; + } + + // If there are functions bound, to execute + readyList.resolveWith( document, [ jQuery ] ); + } +} ); + +jQuery.ready.then = readyList.then; + +// The ready event handler and self cleanup method +function completed() { + document.removeEventListener( "DOMContentLoaded", completed ); + window.removeEventListener( "load", completed ); + jQuery.ready(); +} + +// Catch cases where $(document).ready() is called +// after the browser event has already occurred. +// Support: IE <=9 - 10 only +// Older IE sometimes signals "interactive" too soon +if ( document.readyState === "complete" || + ( document.readyState !== "loading" && !document.documentElement.doScroll ) ) { + + // Handle it asynchronously to allow scripts the opportunity to delay ready + window.setTimeout( jQuery.ready ); + +} else { + + // Use the handy event callback + document.addEventListener( "DOMContentLoaded", completed ); + + // A fallback to window.onload, that will always work + window.addEventListener( "load", completed ); +} + + + + +// Multifunctional method to get and set values of a collection +// The value/s can optionally be executed if it's a function +var access = function( elems, fn, key, value, chainable, emptyGet, raw ) { + var i = 0, + len = elems.length, + bulk = key == null; + + // Sets many values + if ( toType( key ) === "object" ) { + chainable = true; + for ( i in key ) { + access( elems, fn, i, key[ i ], true, emptyGet, raw ); + } + + // Sets one value + } else if ( value !== undefined ) { + chainable = true; + + if ( !isFunction( value ) ) { + raw = true; + } + + if ( bulk ) { + + // Bulk operations run against the entire set + if ( raw ) { + fn.call( elems, value ); + fn = null; + + // ...except when executing function values + } else { + bulk = fn; + fn = function( elem, _key, value ) { + return bulk.call( jQuery( elem ), value ); + }; + } + } + + if ( fn ) { + for ( ; i < len; i++ ) { + fn( + elems[ i ], key, raw ? + value : + value.call( elems[ i ], i, fn( elems[ i ], key ) ) + ); + } + } + } + + if ( chainable ) { + return elems; + } + + // Gets + if ( bulk ) { + return fn.call( elems ); + } + + return len ? fn( elems[ 0 ], key ) : emptyGet; +}; + + +// Matches dashed string for camelizing +var rmsPrefix = /^-ms-/, + rdashAlpha = /-([a-z])/g; + +// Used by camelCase as callback to replace() +function fcamelCase( _all, letter ) { + return letter.toUpperCase(); +} + +// Convert dashed to camelCase; used by the css and data modules +// Support: IE <=9 - 11, Edge 12 - 15 +// Microsoft forgot to hump their vendor prefix (#9572) +function camelCase( string ) { + return string.replace( rmsPrefix, "ms-" ).replace( rdashAlpha, fcamelCase ); +} +var acceptData = function( owner ) { + + // Accepts only: + // - Node + // - Node.ELEMENT_NODE + // - Node.DOCUMENT_NODE + // - Object + // - Any + return owner.nodeType === 1 || owner.nodeType === 9 || !( +owner.nodeType ); +}; + + + + +function Data() { + this.expando = jQuery.expando + Data.uid++; +} + +Data.uid = 1; + +Data.prototype = { + + cache: function( owner ) { + + // Check if the owner object already has a cache + var value = owner[ this.expando ]; + + // If not, create one + if ( !value ) { + value = {}; + + // We can accept data for non-element nodes in modern browsers, + // but we should not, see #8335. + // Always return an empty object. + if ( acceptData( owner ) ) { + + // If it is a node unlikely to be stringify-ed or looped over + // use plain assignment + if ( owner.nodeType ) { + owner[ this.expando ] = value; + + // Otherwise secure it in a non-enumerable property + // configurable must be true to allow the property to be + // deleted when data is removed + } else { + Object.defineProperty( owner, this.expando, { + value: value, + configurable: true + } ); + } + } + } + + return value; + }, + set: function( owner, data, value ) { + var prop, + cache = this.cache( owner ); + + // Handle: [ owner, key, value ] args + // Always use camelCase key (gh-2257) + if ( typeof data === "string" ) { + cache[ camelCase( data ) ] = value; + + // Handle: [ owner, { properties } ] args + } else { + + // Copy the properties one-by-one to the cache object + for ( prop in data ) { + cache[ camelCase( prop ) ] = data[ prop ]; + } + } + return cache; + }, + get: function( owner, key ) { + return key === undefined ? + this.cache( owner ) : + + // Always use camelCase key (gh-2257) + owner[ this.expando ] && owner[ this.expando ][ camelCase( key ) ]; + }, + access: function( owner, key, value ) { + + // In cases where either: + // + // 1. No key was specified + // 2. A string key was specified, but no value provided + // + // Take the "read" path and allow the get method to determine + // which value to return, respectively either: + // + // 1. The entire cache object + // 2. The data stored at the key + // + if ( key === undefined || + ( ( key && typeof key === "string" ) && value === undefined ) ) { + + return this.get( owner, key ); + } + + // When the key is not a string, or both a key and value + // are specified, set or extend (existing objects) with either: + // + // 1. An object of properties + // 2. A key and value + // + this.set( owner, key, value ); + + // Since the "set" path can have two possible entry points + // return the expected data based on which path was taken[*] + return value !== undefined ? value : key; + }, + remove: function( owner, key ) { + var i, + cache = owner[ this.expando ]; + + if ( cache === undefined ) { + return; + } + + if ( key !== undefined ) { + + // Support array or space separated string of keys + if ( Array.isArray( key ) ) { + + // If key is an array of keys... + // We always set camelCase keys, so remove that. + key = key.map( camelCase ); + } else { + key = camelCase( key ); + + // If a key with the spaces exists, use it. + // Otherwise, create an array by matching non-whitespace + key = key in cache ? + [ key ] : + ( key.match( rnothtmlwhite ) || [] ); + } + + i = key.length; + + while ( i-- ) { + delete cache[ key[ i ] ]; + } + } + + // Remove the expando if there's no more data + if ( key === undefined || jQuery.isEmptyObject( cache ) ) { + + // Support: Chrome <=35 - 45 + // Webkit & Blink performance suffers when deleting properties + // from DOM nodes, so set to undefined instead + // https://bugs.chromium.org/p/chromium/issues/detail?id=378607 (bug restricted) + if ( owner.nodeType ) { + owner[ this.expando ] = undefined; + } else { + delete owner[ this.expando ]; + } + } + }, + hasData: function( owner ) { + var cache = owner[ this.expando ]; + return cache !== undefined && !jQuery.isEmptyObject( cache ); + } +}; +var dataPriv = new Data(); + +var dataUser = new Data(); + + + +// Implementation Summary +// +// 1. Enforce API surface and semantic compatibility with 1.9.x branch +// 2. Improve the module's maintainability by reducing the storage +// paths to a single mechanism. +// 3. Use the same single mechanism to support "private" and "user" data. +// 4. _Never_ expose "private" data to user code (TODO: Drop _data, _removeData) +// 5. Avoid exposing implementation details on user objects (eg. expando properties) +// 6. Provide a clear path for implementation upgrade to WeakMap in 2014 + +var rbrace = /^(?:\{[\w\W]*\}|\[[\w\W]*\])$/, + rmultiDash = /[A-Z]/g; + +function getData( data ) { + if ( data === "true" ) { + return true; + } + + if ( data === "false" ) { + return false; + } + + if ( data === "null" ) { + return null; + } + + // Only convert to a number if it doesn't change the string + if ( data === +data + "" ) { + return +data; + } + + if ( rbrace.test( data ) ) { + return JSON.parse( data ); + } + + return data; +} + +function dataAttr( elem, key, data ) { + var name; + + // If nothing was found internally, try to fetch any + // data from the HTML5 data-* attribute + if ( data === undefined && elem.nodeType === 1 ) { + name = "data-" + key.replace( rmultiDash, "-$&" ).toLowerCase(); + data = elem.getAttribute( name ); + + if ( typeof data === "string" ) { + try { + data = getData( data ); + } catch ( e ) {} + + // Make sure we set the data so it isn't changed later + dataUser.set( elem, key, data ); + } else { + data = undefined; + } + } + return data; +} + +jQuery.extend( { + hasData: function( elem ) { + return dataUser.hasData( elem ) || dataPriv.hasData( elem ); + }, + + data: function( elem, name, data ) { + return dataUser.access( elem, name, data ); + }, + + removeData: function( elem, name ) { + dataUser.remove( elem, name ); + }, + + // TODO: Now that all calls to _data and _removeData have been replaced + // with direct calls to dataPriv methods, these can be deprecated. + _data: function( elem, name, data ) { + return dataPriv.access( elem, name, data ); + }, + + _removeData: function( elem, name ) { + dataPriv.remove( elem, name ); + } +} ); + +jQuery.fn.extend( { + data: function( key, value ) { + var i, name, data, + elem = this[ 0 ], + attrs = elem && elem.attributes; + + // Gets all values + if ( key === undefined ) { + if ( this.length ) { + data = dataUser.get( elem ); + + if ( elem.nodeType === 1 && !dataPriv.get( elem, "hasDataAttrs" ) ) { + i = attrs.length; + while ( i-- ) { + + // Support: IE 11 only + // The attrs elements can be null (#14894) + if ( attrs[ i ] ) { + name = attrs[ i ].name; + if ( name.indexOf( "data-" ) === 0 ) { + name = camelCase( name.slice( 5 ) ); + dataAttr( elem, name, data[ name ] ); + } + } + } + dataPriv.set( elem, "hasDataAttrs", true ); + } + } + + return data; + } + + // Sets multiple values + if ( typeof key === "object" ) { + return this.each( function() { + dataUser.set( this, key ); + } ); + } + + return access( this, function( value ) { + var data; + + // The calling jQuery object (element matches) is not empty + // (and therefore has an element appears at this[ 0 ]) and the + // `value` parameter was not undefined. An empty jQuery object + // will result in `undefined` for elem = this[ 0 ] which will + // throw an exception if an attempt to read a data cache is made. + if ( elem && value === undefined ) { + + // Attempt to get data from the cache + // The key will always be camelCased in Data + data = dataUser.get( elem, key ); + if ( data !== undefined ) { + return data; + } + + // Attempt to "discover" the data in + // HTML5 custom data-* attrs + data = dataAttr( elem, key ); + if ( data !== undefined ) { + return data; + } + + // We tried really hard, but the data doesn't exist. + return; + } + + // Set the data... + this.each( function() { + + // We always store the camelCased key + dataUser.set( this, key, value ); + } ); + }, null, value, arguments.length > 1, null, true ); + }, + + removeData: function( key ) { + return this.each( function() { + dataUser.remove( this, key ); + } ); + } +} ); + + +jQuery.extend( { + queue: function( elem, type, data ) { + var queue; + + if ( elem ) { + type = ( type || "fx" ) + "queue"; + queue = dataPriv.get( elem, type ); + + // Speed up dequeue by getting out quickly if this is just a lookup + if ( data ) { + if ( !queue || Array.isArray( data ) ) { + queue = dataPriv.access( elem, type, jQuery.makeArray( data ) ); + } else { + queue.push( data ); + } + } + return queue || []; + } + }, + + dequeue: function( elem, type ) { + type = type || "fx"; + + var queue = jQuery.queue( elem, type ), + startLength = queue.length, + fn = queue.shift(), + hooks = jQuery._queueHooks( elem, type ), + next = function() { + jQuery.dequeue( elem, type ); + }; + + // If the fx queue is dequeued, always remove the progress sentinel + if ( fn === "inprogress" ) { + fn = queue.shift(); + startLength--; + } + + if ( fn ) { + + // Add a progress sentinel to prevent the fx queue from being + // automatically dequeued + if ( type === "fx" ) { + queue.unshift( "inprogress" ); + } + + // Clear up the last queue stop function + delete hooks.stop; + fn.call( elem, next, hooks ); + } + + if ( !startLength && hooks ) { + hooks.empty.fire(); + } + }, + + // Not public - generate a queueHooks object, or return the current one + _queueHooks: function( elem, type ) { + var key = type + "queueHooks"; + return dataPriv.get( elem, key ) || dataPriv.access( elem, key, { + empty: jQuery.Callbacks( "once memory" ).add( function() { + dataPriv.remove( elem, [ type + "queue", key ] ); + } ) + } ); + } +} ); + +jQuery.fn.extend( { + queue: function( type, data ) { + var setter = 2; + + if ( typeof type !== "string" ) { + data = type; + type = "fx"; + setter--; + } + + if ( arguments.length < setter ) { + return jQuery.queue( this[ 0 ], type ); + } + + return data === undefined ? + this : + this.each( function() { + var queue = jQuery.queue( this, type, data ); + + // Ensure a hooks for this queue + jQuery._queueHooks( this, type ); + + if ( type === "fx" && queue[ 0 ] !== "inprogress" ) { + jQuery.dequeue( this, type ); + } + } ); + }, + dequeue: function( type ) { + return this.each( function() { + jQuery.dequeue( this, type ); + } ); + }, + clearQueue: function( type ) { + return this.queue( type || "fx", [] ); + }, + + // Get a promise resolved when queues of a certain type + // are emptied (fx is the type by default) + promise: function( type, obj ) { + var tmp, + count = 1, + defer = jQuery.Deferred(), + elements = this, + i = this.length, + resolve = function() { + if ( !( --count ) ) { + defer.resolveWith( elements, [ elements ] ); + } + }; + + if ( typeof type !== "string" ) { + obj = type; + type = undefined; + } + type = type || "fx"; + + while ( i-- ) { + tmp = dataPriv.get( elements[ i ], type + "queueHooks" ); + if ( tmp && tmp.empty ) { + count++; + tmp.empty.add( resolve ); + } + } + resolve(); + return defer.promise( obj ); + } +} ); +var pnum = ( /[+-]?(?:\d*\.|)\d+(?:[eE][+-]?\d+|)/ ).source; + +var rcssNum = new RegExp( "^(?:([+-])=|)(" + pnum + ")([a-z%]*)$", "i" ); + + +var cssExpand = [ "Top", "Right", "Bottom", "Left" ]; + +var documentElement = document.documentElement; + + + + var isAttached = function( elem ) { + return jQuery.contains( elem.ownerDocument, elem ); + }, + composed = { composed: true }; + + // Support: IE 9 - 11+, Edge 12 - 18+, iOS 10.0 - 10.2 only + // Check attachment across shadow DOM boundaries when possible (gh-3504) + // Support: iOS 10.0-10.2 only + // Early iOS 10 versions support `attachShadow` but not `getRootNode`, + // leading to errors. We need to check for `getRootNode`. + if ( documentElement.getRootNode ) { + isAttached = function( elem ) { + return jQuery.contains( elem.ownerDocument, elem ) || + elem.getRootNode( composed ) === elem.ownerDocument; + }; + } +var isHiddenWithinTree = function( elem, el ) { + + // isHiddenWithinTree might be called from jQuery#filter function; + // in that case, element will be second argument + elem = el || elem; + + // Inline style trumps all + return elem.style.display === "none" || + elem.style.display === "" && + + // Otherwise, check computed style + // Support: Firefox <=43 - 45 + // Disconnected elements can have computed display: none, so first confirm that elem is + // in the document. + isAttached( elem ) && + + jQuery.css( elem, "display" ) === "none"; + }; + + + +function adjustCSS( elem, prop, valueParts, tween ) { + var adjusted, scale, + maxIterations = 20, + currentValue = tween ? + function() { + return tween.cur(); + } : + function() { + return jQuery.css( elem, prop, "" ); + }, + initial = currentValue(), + unit = valueParts && valueParts[ 3 ] || ( jQuery.cssNumber[ prop ] ? "" : "px" ), + + // Starting value computation is required for potential unit mismatches + initialInUnit = elem.nodeType && + ( jQuery.cssNumber[ prop ] || unit !== "px" && +initial ) && + rcssNum.exec( jQuery.css( elem, prop ) ); + + if ( initialInUnit && initialInUnit[ 3 ] !== unit ) { + + // Support: Firefox <=54 + // Halve the iteration target value to prevent interference from CSS upper bounds (gh-2144) + initial = initial / 2; + + // Trust units reported by jQuery.css + unit = unit || initialInUnit[ 3 ]; + + // Iteratively approximate from a nonzero starting point + initialInUnit = +initial || 1; + + while ( maxIterations-- ) { + + // Evaluate and update our best guess (doubling guesses that zero out). + // Finish if the scale equals or crosses 1 (making the old*new product non-positive). + jQuery.style( elem, prop, initialInUnit + unit ); + if ( ( 1 - scale ) * ( 1 - ( scale = currentValue() / initial || 0.5 ) ) <= 0 ) { + maxIterations = 0; + } + initialInUnit = initialInUnit / scale; + + } + + initialInUnit = initialInUnit * 2; + jQuery.style( elem, prop, initialInUnit + unit ); + + // Make sure we update the tween properties later on + valueParts = valueParts || []; + } + + if ( valueParts ) { + initialInUnit = +initialInUnit || +initial || 0; + + // Apply relative offset (+=/-=) if specified + adjusted = valueParts[ 1 ] ? + initialInUnit + ( valueParts[ 1 ] + 1 ) * valueParts[ 2 ] : + +valueParts[ 2 ]; + if ( tween ) { + tween.unit = unit; + tween.start = initialInUnit; + tween.end = adjusted; + } + } + return adjusted; +} + + +var defaultDisplayMap = {}; + +function getDefaultDisplay( elem ) { + var temp, + doc = elem.ownerDocument, + nodeName = elem.nodeName, + display = defaultDisplayMap[ nodeName ]; + + if ( display ) { + return display; + } + + temp = doc.body.appendChild( doc.createElement( nodeName ) ); + display = jQuery.css( temp, "display" ); + + temp.parentNode.removeChild( temp ); + + if ( display === "none" ) { + display = "block"; + } + defaultDisplayMap[ nodeName ] = display; + + return display; +} + +function showHide( elements, show ) { + var display, elem, + values = [], + index = 0, + length = elements.length; + + // Determine new display value for elements that need to change + for ( ; index < length; index++ ) { + elem = elements[ index ]; + if ( !elem.style ) { + continue; + } + + display = elem.style.display; + if ( show ) { + + // Since we force visibility upon cascade-hidden elements, an immediate (and slow) + // check is required in this first loop unless we have a nonempty display value (either + // inline or about-to-be-restored) + if ( display === "none" ) { + values[ index ] = dataPriv.get( elem, "display" ) || null; + if ( !values[ index ] ) { + elem.style.display = ""; + } + } + if ( elem.style.display === "" && isHiddenWithinTree( elem ) ) { + values[ index ] = getDefaultDisplay( elem ); + } + } else { + if ( display !== "none" ) { + values[ index ] = "none"; + + // Remember what we're overwriting + dataPriv.set( elem, "display", display ); + } + } + } + + // Set the display of the elements in a second loop to avoid constant reflow + for ( index = 0; index < length; index++ ) { + if ( values[ index ] != null ) { + elements[ index ].style.display = values[ index ]; + } + } + + return elements; +} + +jQuery.fn.extend( { + show: function() { + return showHide( this, true ); + }, + hide: function() { + return showHide( this ); + }, + toggle: function( state ) { + if ( typeof state === "boolean" ) { + return state ? this.show() : this.hide(); + } + + return this.each( function() { + if ( isHiddenWithinTree( this ) ) { + jQuery( this ).show(); + } else { + jQuery( this ).hide(); + } + } ); + } +} ); +var rcheckableType = ( /^(?:checkbox|radio)$/i ); + +var rtagName = ( /<([a-z][^\/\0>\x20\t\r\n\f]*)/i ); + +var rscriptType = ( /^$|^module$|\/(?:java|ecma)script/i ); + + + +( function() { + var fragment = document.createDocumentFragment(), + div = fragment.appendChild( document.createElement( "div" ) ), + input = document.createElement( "input" ); + + // Support: Android 4.0 - 4.3 only + // Check state lost if the name is set (#11217) + // Support: Windows Web Apps (WWA) + // `name` and `type` must use .setAttribute for WWA (#14901) + input.setAttribute( "type", "radio" ); + input.setAttribute( "checked", "checked" ); + input.setAttribute( "name", "t" ); + + div.appendChild( input ); + + // Support: Android <=4.1 only + // Older WebKit doesn't clone checked state correctly in fragments + support.checkClone = div.cloneNode( true ).cloneNode( true ).lastChild.checked; + + // Support: IE <=11 only + // Make sure textarea (and checkbox) defaultValue is properly cloned + div.innerHTML = ""; + support.noCloneChecked = !!div.cloneNode( true ).lastChild.defaultValue; + + // Support: IE <=9 only + // IE <=9 replaces "; + support.option = !!div.lastChild; +} )(); + + +// We have to close these tags to support XHTML (#13200) +var wrapMap = { + + // XHTML parsers do not magically insert elements in the + // same way that tag soup parsers do. So we cannot shorten + // this by omitting or other required elements. + thead: [ 1, "", "
    " ], + col: [ 2, "", "
    " ], + tr: [ 2, "", "
    " ], + td: [ 3, "", "
    " ], + + _default: [ 0, "", "" ] +}; + +wrapMap.tbody = wrapMap.tfoot = wrapMap.colgroup = wrapMap.caption = wrapMap.thead; +wrapMap.th = wrapMap.td; + +// Support: IE <=9 only +if ( !support.option ) { + wrapMap.optgroup = wrapMap.option = [ 1, "" ]; +} + + +function getAll( context, tag ) { + + // Support: IE <=9 - 11 only + // Use typeof to avoid zero-argument method invocation on host objects (#15151) + var ret; + + if ( typeof context.getElementsByTagName !== "undefined" ) { + ret = context.getElementsByTagName( tag || "*" ); + + } else if ( typeof context.querySelectorAll !== "undefined" ) { + ret = context.querySelectorAll( tag || "*" ); + + } else { + ret = []; + } + + if ( tag === undefined || tag && nodeName( context, tag ) ) { + return jQuery.merge( [ context ], ret ); + } + + return ret; +} + + +// Mark scripts as having already been evaluated +function setGlobalEval( elems, refElements ) { + var i = 0, + l = elems.length; + + for ( ; i < l; i++ ) { + dataPriv.set( + elems[ i ], + "globalEval", + !refElements || dataPriv.get( refElements[ i ], "globalEval" ) + ); + } +} + + +var rhtml = /<|&#?\w+;/; + +function buildFragment( elems, context, scripts, selection, ignored ) { + var elem, tmp, tag, wrap, attached, j, + fragment = context.createDocumentFragment(), + nodes = [], + i = 0, + l = elems.length; + + for ( ; i < l; i++ ) { + elem = elems[ i ]; + + if ( elem || elem === 0 ) { + + // Add nodes directly + if ( toType( elem ) === "object" ) { + + // Support: Android <=4.0 only, PhantomJS 1 only + // push.apply(_, arraylike) throws on ancient WebKit + jQuery.merge( nodes, elem.nodeType ? [ elem ] : elem ); + + // Convert non-html into a text node + } else if ( !rhtml.test( elem ) ) { + nodes.push( context.createTextNode( elem ) ); + + // Convert html into DOM nodes + } else { + tmp = tmp || fragment.appendChild( context.createElement( "div" ) ); + + // Deserialize a standard representation + tag = ( rtagName.exec( elem ) || [ "", "" ] )[ 1 ].toLowerCase(); + wrap = wrapMap[ tag ] || wrapMap._default; + tmp.innerHTML = wrap[ 1 ] + jQuery.htmlPrefilter( elem ) + wrap[ 2 ]; + + // Descend through wrappers to the right content + j = wrap[ 0 ]; + while ( j-- ) { + tmp = tmp.lastChild; + } + + // Support: Android <=4.0 only, PhantomJS 1 only + // push.apply(_, arraylike) throws on ancient WebKit + jQuery.merge( nodes, tmp.childNodes ); + + // Remember the top-level container + tmp = fragment.firstChild; + + // Ensure the created nodes are orphaned (#12392) + tmp.textContent = ""; + } + } + } + + // Remove wrapper from fragment + fragment.textContent = ""; + + i = 0; + while ( ( elem = nodes[ i++ ] ) ) { + + // Skip elements already in the context collection (trac-4087) + if ( selection && jQuery.inArray( elem, selection ) > -1 ) { + if ( ignored ) { + ignored.push( elem ); + } + continue; + } + + attached = isAttached( elem ); + + // Append to fragment + tmp = getAll( fragment.appendChild( elem ), "script" ); + + // Preserve script evaluation history + if ( attached ) { + setGlobalEval( tmp ); + } + + // Capture executables + if ( scripts ) { + j = 0; + while ( ( elem = tmp[ j++ ] ) ) { + if ( rscriptType.test( elem.type || "" ) ) { + scripts.push( elem ); + } + } + } + } + + return fragment; +} + + +var rtypenamespace = /^([^.]*)(?:\.(.+)|)/; + +function returnTrue() { + return true; +} + +function returnFalse() { + return false; +} + +// Support: IE <=9 - 11+ +// focus() and blur() are asynchronous, except when they are no-op. +// So expect focus to be synchronous when the element is already active, +// and blur to be synchronous when the element is not already active. +// (focus and blur are always synchronous in other supported browsers, +// this just defines when we can count on it). +function expectSync( elem, type ) { + return ( elem === safeActiveElement() ) === ( type === "focus" ); +} + +// Support: IE <=9 only +// Accessing document.activeElement can throw unexpectedly +// https://bugs.jquery.com/ticket/13393 +function safeActiveElement() { + try { + return document.activeElement; + } catch ( err ) { } +} + +function on( elem, types, selector, data, fn, one ) { + var origFn, type; + + // Types can be a map of types/handlers + if ( typeof types === "object" ) { + + // ( types-Object, selector, data ) + if ( typeof selector !== "string" ) { + + // ( types-Object, data ) + data = data || selector; + selector = undefined; + } + for ( type in types ) { + on( elem, type, selector, data, types[ type ], one ); + } + return elem; + } + + if ( data == null && fn == null ) { + + // ( types, fn ) + fn = selector; + data = selector = undefined; + } else if ( fn == null ) { + if ( typeof selector === "string" ) { + + // ( types, selector, fn ) + fn = data; + data = undefined; + } else { + + // ( types, data, fn ) + fn = data; + data = selector; + selector = undefined; + } + } + if ( fn === false ) { + fn = returnFalse; + } else if ( !fn ) { + return elem; + } + + if ( one === 1 ) { + origFn = fn; + fn = function( event ) { + + // Can use an empty set, since event contains the info + jQuery().off( event ); + return origFn.apply( this, arguments ); + }; + + // Use same guid so caller can remove using origFn + fn.guid = origFn.guid || ( origFn.guid = jQuery.guid++ ); + } + return elem.each( function() { + jQuery.event.add( this, types, fn, data, selector ); + } ); +} + +/* + * Helper functions for managing events -- not part of the public interface. + * Props to Dean Edwards' addEvent library for many of the ideas. + */ +jQuery.event = { + + global: {}, + + add: function( elem, types, handler, data, selector ) { + + var handleObjIn, eventHandle, tmp, + events, t, handleObj, + special, handlers, type, namespaces, origType, + elemData = dataPriv.get( elem ); + + // Only attach events to objects that accept data + if ( !acceptData( elem ) ) { + return; + } + + // Caller can pass in an object of custom data in lieu of the handler + if ( handler.handler ) { + handleObjIn = handler; + handler = handleObjIn.handler; + selector = handleObjIn.selector; + } + + // Ensure that invalid selectors throw exceptions at attach time + // Evaluate against documentElement in case elem is a non-element node (e.g., document) + if ( selector ) { + jQuery.find.matchesSelector( documentElement, selector ); + } + + // Make sure that the handler has a unique ID, used to find/remove it later + if ( !handler.guid ) { + handler.guid = jQuery.guid++; + } + + // Init the element's event structure and main handler, if this is the first + if ( !( events = elemData.events ) ) { + events = elemData.events = Object.create( null ); + } + if ( !( eventHandle = elemData.handle ) ) { + eventHandle = elemData.handle = function( e ) { + + // Discard the second event of a jQuery.event.trigger() and + // when an event is called after a page has unloaded + return typeof jQuery !== "undefined" && jQuery.event.triggered !== e.type ? + jQuery.event.dispatch.apply( elem, arguments ) : undefined; + }; + } + + // Handle multiple events separated by a space + types = ( types || "" ).match( rnothtmlwhite ) || [ "" ]; + t = types.length; + while ( t-- ) { + tmp = rtypenamespace.exec( types[ t ] ) || []; + type = origType = tmp[ 1 ]; + namespaces = ( tmp[ 2 ] || "" ).split( "." ).sort(); + + // There *must* be a type, no attaching namespace-only handlers + if ( !type ) { + continue; + } + + // If event changes its type, use the special event handlers for the changed type + special = jQuery.event.special[ type ] || {}; + + // If selector defined, determine special event api type, otherwise given type + type = ( selector ? special.delegateType : special.bindType ) || type; + + // Update special based on newly reset type + special = jQuery.event.special[ type ] || {}; + + // handleObj is passed to all event handlers + handleObj = jQuery.extend( { + type: type, + origType: origType, + data: data, + handler: handler, + guid: handler.guid, + selector: selector, + needsContext: selector && jQuery.expr.match.needsContext.test( selector ), + namespace: namespaces.join( "." ) + }, handleObjIn ); + + // Init the event handler queue if we're the first + if ( !( handlers = events[ type ] ) ) { + handlers = events[ type ] = []; + handlers.delegateCount = 0; + + // Only use addEventListener if the special events handler returns false + if ( !special.setup || + special.setup.call( elem, data, namespaces, eventHandle ) === false ) { + + if ( elem.addEventListener ) { + elem.addEventListener( type, eventHandle ); + } + } + } + + if ( special.add ) { + special.add.call( elem, handleObj ); + + if ( !handleObj.handler.guid ) { + handleObj.handler.guid = handler.guid; + } + } + + // Add to the element's handler list, delegates in front + if ( selector ) { + handlers.splice( handlers.delegateCount++, 0, handleObj ); + } else { + handlers.push( handleObj ); + } + + // Keep track of which events have ever been used, for event optimization + jQuery.event.global[ type ] = true; + } + + }, + + // Detach an event or set of events from an element + remove: function( elem, types, handler, selector, mappedTypes ) { + + var j, origCount, tmp, + events, t, handleObj, + special, handlers, type, namespaces, origType, + elemData = dataPriv.hasData( elem ) && dataPriv.get( elem ); + + if ( !elemData || !( events = elemData.events ) ) { + return; + } + + // Once for each type.namespace in types; type may be omitted + types = ( types || "" ).match( rnothtmlwhite ) || [ "" ]; + t = types.length; + while ( t-- ) { + tmp = rtypenamespace.exec( types[ t ] ) || []; + type = origType = tmp[ 1 ]; + namespaces = ( tmp[ 2 ] || "" ).split( "." ).sort(); + + // Unbind all events (on this namespace, if provided) for the element + if ( !type ) { + for ( type in events ) { + jQuery.event.remove( elem, type + types[ t ], handler, selector, true ); + } + continue; + } + + special = jQuery.event.special[ type ] || {}; + type = ( selector ? special.delegateType : special.bindType ) || type; + handlers = events[ type ] || []; + tmp = tmp[ 2 ] && + new RegExp( "(^|\\.)" + namespaces.join( "\\.(?:.*\\.|)" ) + "(\\.|$)" ); + + // Remove matching events + origCount = j = handlers.length; + while ( j-- ) { + handleObj = handlers[ j ]; + + if ( ( mappedTypes || origType === handleObj.origType ) && + ( !handler || handler.guid === handleObj.guid ) && + ( !tmp || tmp.test( handleObj.namespace ) ) && + ( !selector || selector === handleObj.selector || + selector === "**" && handleObj.selector ) ) { + handlers.splice( j, 1 ); + + if ( handleObj.selector ) { + handlers.delegateCount--; + } + if ( special.remove ) { + special.remove.call( elem, handleObj ); + } + } + } + + // Remove generic event handler if we removed something and no more handlers exist + // (avoids potential for endless recursion during removal of special event handlers) + if ( origCount && !handlers.length ) { + if ( !special.teardown || + special.teardown.call( elem, namespaces, elemData.handle ) === false ) { + + jQuery.removeEvent( elem, type, elemData.handle ); + } + + delete events[ type ]; + } + } + + // Remove data and the expando if it's no longer used + if ( jQuery.isEmptyObject( events ) ) { + dataPriv.remove( elem, "handle events" ); + } + }, + + dispatch: function( nativeEvent ) { + + var i, j, ret, matched, handleObj, handlerQueue, + args = new Array( arguments.length ), + + // Make a writable jQuery.Event from the native event object + event = jQuery.event.fix( nativeEvent ), + + handlers = ( + dataPriv.get( this, "events" ) || Object.create( null ) + )[ event.type ] || [], + special = jQuery.event.special[ event.type ] || {}; + + // Use the fix-ed jQuery.Event rather than the (read-only) native event + args[ 0 ] = event; + + for ( i = 1; i < arguments.length; i++ ) { + args[ i ] = arguments[ i ]; + } + + event.delegateTarget = this; + + // Call the preDispatch hook for the mapped type, and let it bail if desired + if ( special.preDispatch && special.preDispatch.call( this, event ) === false ) { + return; + } + + // Determine handlers + handlerQueue = jQuery.event.handlers.call( this, event, handlers ); + + // Run delegates first; they may want to stop propagation beneath us + i = 0; + while ( ( matched = handlerQueue[ i++ ] ) && !event.isPropagationStopped() ) { + event.currentTarget = matched.elem; + + j = 0; + while ( ( handleObj = matched.handlers[ j++ ] ) && + !event.isImmediatePropagationStopped() ) { + + // If the event is namespaced, then each handler is only invoked if it is + // specially universal or its namespaces are a superset of the event's. + if ( !event.rnamespace || handleObj.namespace === false || + event.rnamespace.test( handleObj.namespace ) ) { + + event.handleObj = handleObj; + event.data = handleObj.data; + + ret = ( ( jQuery.event.special[ handleObj.origType ] || {} ).handle || + handleObj.handler ).apply( matched.elem, args ); + + if ( ret !== undefined ) { + if ( ( event.result = ret ) === false ) { + event.preventDefault(); + event.stopPropagation(); + } + } + } + } + } + + // Call the postDispatch hook for the mapped type + if ( special.postDispatch ) { + special.postDispatch.call( this, event ); + } + + return event.result; + }, + + handlers: function( event, handlers ) { + var i, handleObj, sel, matchedHandlers, matchedSelectors, + handlerQueue = [], + delegateCount = handlers.delegateCount, + cur = event.target; + + // Find delegate handlers + if ( delegateCount && + + // Support: IE <=9 + // Black-hole SVG instance trees (trac-13180) + cur.nodeType && + + // Support: Firefox <=42 + // Suppress spec-violating clicks indicating a non-primary pointer button (trac-3861) + // https://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-3-Events/#event-type-click + // Support: IE 11 only + // ...but not arrow key "clicks" of radio inputs, which can have `button` -1 (gh-2343) + !( event.type === "click" && event.button >= 1 ) ) { + + for ( ; cur !== this; cur = cur.parentNode || this ) { + + // Don't check non-elements (#13208) + // Don't process clicks on disabled elements (#6911, #8165, #11382, #11764) + if ( cur.nodeType === 1 && !( event.type === "click" && cur.disabled === true ) ) { + matchedHandlers = []; + matchedSelectors = {}; + for ( i = 0; i < delegateCount; i++ ) { + handleObj = handlers[ i ]; + + // Don't conflict with Object.prototype properties (#13203) + sel = handleObj.selector + " "; + + if ( matchedSelectors[ sel ] === undefined ) { + matchedSelectors[ sel ] = handleObj.needsContext ? + jQuery( sel, this ).index( cur ) > -1 : + jQuery.find( sel, this, null, [ cur ] ).length; + } + if ( matchedSelectors[ sel ] ) { + matchedHandlers.push( handleObj ); + } + } + if ( matchedHandlers.length ) { + handlerQueue.push( { elem: cur, handlers: matchedHandlers } ); + } + } + } + } + + // Add the remaining (directly-bound) handlers + cur = this; + if ( delegateCount < handlers.length ) { + handlerQueue.push( { elem: cur, handlers: handlers.slice( delegateCount ) } ); + } + + return handlerQueue; + }, + + addProp: function( name, hook ) { + Object.defineProperty( jQuery.Event.prototype, name, { + enumerable: true, + configurable: true, + + get: isFunction( hook ) ? + function() { + if ( this.originalEvent ) { + return hook( this.originalEvent ); + } + } : + function() { + if ( this.originalEvent ) { + return this.originalEvent[ name ]; + } + }, + + set: function( value ) { + Object.defineProperty( this, name, { + enumerable: true, + configurable: true, + writable: true, + value: value + } ); + } + } ); + }, + + fix: function( originalEvent ) { + return originalEvent[ jQuery.expando ] ? + originalEvent : + new jQuery.Event( originalEvent ); + }, + + special: { + load: { + + // Prevent triggered image.load events from bubbling to window.load + noBubble: true + }, + click: { + + // Utilize native event to ensure correct state for checkable inputs + setup: function( data ) { + + // For mutual compressibility with _default, replace `this` access with a local var. + // `|| data` is dead code meant only to preserve the variable through minification. + var el = this || data; + + // Claim the first handler + if ( rcheckableType.test( el.type ) && + el.click && nodeName( el, "input" ) ) { + + // dataPriv.set( el, "click", ... ) + leverageNative( el, "click", returnTrue ); + } + + // Return false to allow normal processing in the caller + return false; + }, + trigger: function( data ) { + + // For mutual compressibility with _default, replace `this` access with a local var. + // `|| data` is dead code meant only to preserve the variable through minification. + var el = this || data; + + // Force setup before triggering a click + if ( rcheckableType.test( el.type ) && + el.click && nodeName( el, "input" ) ) { + + leverageNative( el, "click" ); + } + + // Return non-false to allow normal event-path propagation + return true; + }, + + // For cross-browser consistency, suppress native .click() on links + // Also prevent it if we're currently inside a leveraged native-event stack + _default: function( event ) { + var target = event.target; + return rcheckableType.test( target.type ) && + target.click && nodeName( target, "input" ) && + dataPriv.get( target, "click" ) || + nodeName( target, "a" ); + } + }, + + beforeunload: { + postDispatch: function( event ) { + + // Support: Firefox 20+ + // Firefox doesn't alert if the returnValue field is not set. + if ( event.result !== undefined && event.originalEvent ) { + event.originalEvent.returnValue = event.result; + } + } + } + } +}; + +// Ensure the presence of an event listener that handles manually-triggered +// synthetic events by interrupting progress until reinvoked in response to +// *native* events that it fires directly, ensuring that state changes have +// already occurred before other listeners are invoked. +function leverageNative( el, type, expectSync ) { + + // Missing expectSync indicates a trigger call, which must force setup through jQuery.event.add + if ( !expectSync ) { + if ( dataPriv.get( el, type ) === undefined ) { + jQuery.event.add( el, type, returnTrue ); + } + return; + } + + // Register the controller as a special universal handler for all event namespaces + dataPriv.set( el, type, false ); + jQuery.event.add( el, type, { + namespace: false, + handler: function( event ) { + var notAsync, result, + saved = dataPriv.get( this, type ); + + if ( ( event.isTrigger & 1 ) && this[ type ] ) { + + // Interrupt processing of the outer synthetic .trigger()ed event + // Saved data should be false in such cases, but might be a leftover capture object + // from an async native handler (gh-4350) + if ( !saved.length ) { + + // Store arguments for use when handling the inner native event + // There will always be at least one argument (an event object), so this array + // will not be confused with a leftover capture object. + saved = slice.call( arguments ); + dataPriv.set( this, type, saved ); + + // Trigger the native event and capture its result + // Support: IE <=9 - 11+ + // focus() and blur() are asynchronous + notAsync = expectSync( this, type ); + this[ type ](); + result = dataPriv.get( this, type ); + if ( saved !== result || notAsync ) { + dataPriv.set( this, type, false ); + } else { + result = {}; + } + if ( saved !== result ) { + + // Cancel the outer synthetic event + event.stopImmediatePropagation(); + event.preventDefault(); + + // Support: Chrome 86+ + // In Chrome, if an element having a focusout handler is blurred by + // clicking outside of it, it invokes the handler synchronously. If + // that handler calls `.remove()` on the element, the data is cleared, + // leaving `result` undefined. We need to guard against this. + return result && result.value; + } + + // If this is an inner synthetic event for an event with a bubbling surrogate + // (focus or blur), assume that the surrogate already propagated from triggering the + // native event and prevent that from happening again here. + // This technically gets the ordering wrong w.r.t. to `.trigger()` (in which the + // bubbling surrogate propagates *after* the non-bubbling base), but that seems + // less bad than duplication. + } else if ( ( jQuery.event.special[ type ] || {} ).delegateType ) { + event.stopPropagation(); + } + + // If this is a native event triggered above, everything is now in order + // Fire an inner synthetic event with the original arguments + } else if ( saved.length ) { + + // ...and capture the result + dataPriv.set( this, type, { + value: jQuery.event.trigger( + + // Support: IE <=9 - 11+ + // Extend with the prototype to reset the above stopImmediatePropagation() + jQuery.extend( saved[ 0 ], jQuery.Event.prototype ), + saved.slice( 1 ), + this + ) + } ); + + // Abort handling of the native event + event.stopImmediatePropagation(); + } + } + } ); +} + +jQuery.removeEvent = function( elem, type, handle ) { + + // This "if" is needed for plain objects + if ( elem.removeEventListener ) { + elem.removeEventListener( type, handle ); + } +}; + +jQuery.Event = function( src, props ) { + + // Allow instantiation without the 'new' keyword + if ( !( this instanceof jQuery.Event ) ) { + return new jQuery.Event( src, props ); + } + + // Event object + if ( src && src.type ) { + this.originalEvent = src; + this.type = src.type; + + // Events bubbling up the document may have been marked as prevented + // by a handler lower down the tree; reflect the correct value. + this.isDefaultPrevented = src.defaultPrevented || + src.defaultPrevented === undefined && + + // Support: Android <=2.3 only + src.returnValue === false ? + returnTrue : + returnFalse; + + // Create target properties + // Support: Safari <=6 - 7 only + // Target should not be a text node (#504, #13143) + this.target = ( src.target && src.target.nodeType === 3 ) ? + src.target.parentNode : + src.target; + + this.currentTarget = src.currentTarget; + this.relatedTarget = src.relatedTarget; + + // Event type + } else { + this.type = src; + } + + // Put explicitly provided properties onto the event object + if ( props ) { + jQuery.extend( this, props ); + } + + // Create a timestamp if incoming event doesn't have one + this.timeStamp = src && src.timeStamp || Date.now(); + + // Mark it as fixed + this[ jQuery.expando ] = true; +}; + +// jQuery.Event is based on DOM3 Events as specified by the ECMAScript Language Binding +// https://www.w3.org/TR/2003/WD-DOM-Level-3-Events-20030331/ecma-script-binding.html +jQuery.Event.prototype = { + constructor: jQuery.Event, + isDefaultPrevented: returnFalse, + isPropagationStopped: returnFalse, + isImmediatePropagationStopped: returnFalse, + isSimulated: false, + + preventDefault: function() { + var e = this.originalEvent; + + this.isDefaultPrevented = returnTrue; + + if ( e && !this.isSimulated ) { + e.preventDefault(); + } + }, + stopPropagation: function() { + var e = this.originalEvent; + + this.isPropagationStopped = returnTrue; + + if ( e && !this.isSimulated ) { + e.stopPropagation(); + } + }, + stopImmediatePropagation: function() { + var e = this.originalEvent; + + this.isImmediatePropagationStopped = returnTrue; + + if ( e && !this.isSimulated ) { + e.stopImmediatePropagation(); + } + + this.stopPropagation(); + } +}; + +// Includes all common event props including KeyEvent and MouseEvent specific props +jQuery.each( { + altKey: true, + bubbles: true, + cancelable: true, + changedTouches: true, + ctrlKey: true, + detail: true, + eventPhase: true, + metaKey: true, + pageX: true, + pageY: true, + shiftKey: true, + view: true, + "char": true, + code: true, + charCode: true, + key: true, + keyCode: true, + button: true, + buttons: true, + clientX: true, + clientY: true, + offsetX: true, + offsetY: true, + pointerId: true, + pointerType: true, + screenX: true, + screenY: true, + targetTouches: true, + toElement: true, + touches: true, + which: true +}, jQuery.event.addProp ); + +jQuery.each( { focus: "focusin", blur: "focusout" }, function( type, delegateType ) { + jQuery.event.special[ type ] = { + + // Utilize native event if possible so blur/focus sequence is correct + setup: function() { + + // Claim the first handler + // dataPriv.set( this, "focus", ... ) + // dataPriv.set( this, "blur", ... ) + leverageNative( this, type, expectSync ); + + // Return false to allow normal processing in the caller + return false; + }, + trigger: function() { + + // Force setup before trigger + leverageNative( this, type ); + + // Return non-false to allow normal event-path propagation + return true; + }, + + // Suppress native focus or blur as it's already being fired + // in leverageNative. + _default: function() { + return true; + }, + + delegateType: delegateType + }; +} ); + +// Create mouseenter/leave events using mouseover/out and event-time checks +// so that event delegation works in jQuery. +// Do the same for pointerenter/pointerleave and pointerover/pointerout +// +// Support: Safari 7 only +// Safari sends mouseenter too often; see: +// https://bugs.chromium.org/p/chromium/issues/detail?id=470258 +// for the description of the bug (it existed in older Chrome versions as well). +jQuery.each( { + mouseenter: "mouseover", + mouseleave: "mouseout", + pointerenter: "pointerover", + pointerleave: "pointerout" +}, function( orig, fix ) { + jQuery.event.special[ orig ] = { + delegateType: fix, + bindType: fix, + + handle: function( event ) { + var ret, + target = this, + related = event.relatedTarget, + handleObj = event.handleObj; + + // For mouseenter/leave call the handler if related is outside the target. + // NB: No relatedTarget if the mouse left/entered the browser window + if ( !related || ( related !== target && !jQuery.contains( target, related ) ) ) { + event.type = handleObj.origType; + ret = handleObj.handler.apply( this, arguments ); + event.type = fix; + } + return ret; + } + }; +} ); + +jQuery.fn.extend( { + + on: function( types, selector, data, fn ) { + return on( this, types, selector, data, fn ); + }, + one: function( types, selector, data, fn ) { + return on( this, types, selector, data, fn, 1 ); + }, + off: function( types, selector, fn ) { + var handleObj, type; + if ( types && types.preventDefault && types.handleObj ) { + + // ( event ) dispatched jQuery.Event + handleObj = types.handleObj; + jQuery( types.delegateTarget ).off( + handleObj.namespace ? + handleObj.origType + "." + handleObj.namespace : + handleObj.origType, + handleObj.selector, + handleObj.handler + ); + return this; + } + if ( typeof types === "object" ) { + + // ( types-object [, selector] ) + for ( type in types ) { + this.off( type, selector, types[ type ] ); + } + return this; + } + if ( selector === false || typeof selector === "function" ) { + + // ( types [, fn] ) + fn = selector; + selector = undefined; + } + if ( fn === false ) { + fn = returnFalse; + } + return this.each( function() { + jQuery.event.remove( this, types, fn, selector ); + } ); + } +} ); + + +var + + // Support: IE <=10 - 11, Edge 12 - 13 only + // In IE/Edge using regex groups here causes severe slowdowns. + // See https://connect.microsoft.com/IE/feedback/details/1736512/ + rnoInnerhtml = /\s*$/g; + +// Prefer a tbody over its parent table for containing new rows +function manipulationTarget( elem, content ) { + if ( nodeName( elem, "table" ) && + nodeName( content.nodeType !== 11 ? content : content.firstChild, "tr" ) ) { + + return jQuery( elem ).children( "tbody" )[ 0 ] || elem; + } + + return elem; +} + +// Replace/restore the type attribute of script elements for safe DOM manipulation +function disableScript( elem ) { + elem.type = ( elem.getAttribute( "type" ) !== null ) + "/" + elem.type; + return elem; +} +function restoreScript( elem ) { + if ( ( elem.type || "" ).slice( 0, 5 ) === "true/" ) { + elem.type = elem.type.slice( 5 ); + } else { + elem.removeAttribute( "type" ); + } + + return elem; +} + +function cloneCopyEvent( src, dest ) { + var i, l, type, pdataOld, udataOld, udataCur, events; + + if ( dest.nodeType !== 1 ) { + return; + } + + // 1. Copy private data: events, handlers, etc. + if ( dataPriv.hasData( src ) ) { + pdataOld = dataPriv.get( src ); + events = pdataOld.events; + + if ( events ) { + dataPriv.remove( dest, "handle events" ); + + for ( type in events ) { + for ( i = 0, l = events[ type ].length; i < l; i++ ) { + jQuery.event.add( dest, type, events[ type ][ i ] ); + } + } + } + } + + // 2. Copy user data + if ( dataUser.hasData( src ) ) { + udataOld = dataUser.access( src ); + udataCur = jQuery.extend( {}, udataOld ); + + dataUser.set( dest, udataCur ); + } +} + +// Fix IE bugs, see support tests +function fixInput( src, dest ) { + var nodeName = dest.nodeName.toLowerCase(); + + // Fails to persist the checked state of a cloned checkbox or radio button. + if ( nodeName === "input" && rcheckableType.test( src.type ) ) { + dest.checked = src.checked; + + // Fails to return the selected option to the default selected state when cloning options + } else if ( nodeName === "input" || nodeName === "textarea" ) { + dest.defaultValue = src.defaultValue; + } +} + +function domManip( collection, args, callback, ignored ) { + + // Flatten any nested arrays + args = flat( args ); + + var fragment, first, scripts, hasScripts, node, doc, + i = 0, + l = collection.length, + iNoClone = l - 1, + value = args[ 0 ], + valueIsFunction = isFunction( value ); + + // We can't cloneNode fragments that contain checked, in WebKit + if ( valueIsFunction || + ( l > 1 && typeof value === "string" && + !support.checkClone && rchecked.test( value ) ) ) { + return collection.each( function( index ) { + var self = collection.eq( index ); + if ( valueIsFunction ) { + args[ 0 ] = value.call( this, index, self.html() ); + } + domManip( self, args, callback, ignored ); + } ); + } + + if ( l ) { + fragment = buildFragment( args, collection[ 0 ].ownerDocument, false, collection, ignored ); + first = fragment.firstChild; + + if ( fragment.childNodes.length === 1 ) { + fragment = first; + } + + // Require either new content or an interest in ignored elements to invoke the callback + if ( first || ignored ) { + scripts = jQuery.map( getAll( fragment, "script" ), disableScript ); + hasScripts = scripts.length; + + // Use the original fragment for the last item + // instead of the first because it can end up + // being emptied incorrectly in certain situations (#8070). + for ( ; i < l; i++ ) { + node = fragment; + + if ( i !== iNoClone ) { + node = jQuery.clone( node, true, true ); + + // Keep references to cloned scripts for later restoration + if ( hasScripts ) { + + // Support: Android <=4.0 only, PhantomJS 1 only + // push.apply(_, arraylike) throws on ancient WebKit + jQuery.merge( scripts, getAll( node, "script" ) ); + } + } + + callback.call( collection[ i ], node, i ); + } + + if ( hasScripts ) { + doc = scripts[ scripts.length - 1 ].ownerDocument; + + // Reenable scripts + jQuery.map( scripts, restoreScript ); + + // Evaluate executable scripts on first document insertion + for ( i = 0; i < hasScripts; i++ ) { + node = scripts[ i ]; + if ( rscriptType.test( node.type || "" ) && + !dataPriv.access( node, "globalEval" ) && + jQuery.contains( doc, node ) ) { + + if ( node.src && ( node.type || "" ).toLowerCase() !== "module" ) { + + // Optional AJAX dependency, but won't run scripts if not present + if ( jQuery._evalUrl && !node.noModule ) { + jQuery._evalUrl( node.src, { + nonce: node.nonce || node.getAttribute( "nonce" ) + }, doc ); + } + } else { + DOMEval( node.textContent.replace( rcleanScript, "" ), node, doc ); + } + } + } + } + } + } + + return collection; +} + +function remove( elem, selector, keepData ) { + var node, + nodes = selector ? jQuery.filter( selector, elem ) : elem, + i = 0; + + for ( ; ( node = nodes[ i ] ) != null; i++ ) { + if ( !keepData && node.nodeType === 1 ) { + jQuery.cleanData( getAll( node ) ); + } + + if ( node.parentNode ) { + if ( keepData && isAttached( node ) ) { + setGlobalEval( getAll( node, "script" ) ); + } + node.parentNode.removeChild( node ); + } + } + + return elem; +} + +jQuery.extend( { + htmlPrefilter: function( html ) { + return html; + }, + + clone: function( elem, dataAndEvents, deepDataAndEvents ) { + var i, l, srcElements, destElements, + clone = elem.cloneNode( true ), + inPage = isAttached( elem ); + + // Fix IE cloning issues + if ( !support.noCloneChecked && ( elem.nodeType === 1 || elem.nodeType === 11 ) && + !jQuery.isXMLDoc( elem ) ) { + + // We eschew Sizzle here for performance reasons: https://jsperf.com/getall-vs-sizzle/2 + destElements = getAll( clone ); + srcElements = getAll( elem ); + + for ( i = 0, l = srcElements.length; i < l; i++ ) { + fixInput( srcElements[ i ], destElements[ i ] ); + } + } + + // Copy the events from the original to the clone + if ( dataAndEvents ) { + if ( deepDataAndEvents ) { + srcElements = srcElements || getAll( elem ); + destElements = destElements || getAll( clone ); + + for ( i = 0, l = srcElements.length; i < l; i++ ) { + cloneCopyEvent( srcElements[ i ], destElements[ i ] ); + } + } else { + cloneCopyEvent( elem, clone ); + } + } + + // Preserve script evaluation history + destElements = getAll( clone, "script" ); + if ( destElements.length > 0 ) { + setGlobalEval( destElements, !inPage && getAll( elem, "script" ) ); + } + + // Return the cloned set + return clone; + }, + + cleanData: function( elems ) { + var data, elem, type, + special = jQuery.event.special, + i = 0; + + for ( ; ( elem = elems[ i ] ) !== undefined; i++ ) { + if ( acceptData( elem ) ) { + if ( ( data = elem[ dataPriv.expando ] ) ) { + if ( data.events ) { + for ( type in data.events ) { + if ( special[ type ] ) { + jQuery.event.remove( elem, type ); + + // This is a shortcut to avoid jQuery.event.remove's overhead + } else { + jQuery.removeEvent( elem, type, data.handle ); + } + } + } + + // Support: Chrome <=35 - 45+ + // Assign undefined instead of using delete, see Data#remove + elem[ dataPriv.expando ] = undefined; + } + if ( elem[ dataUser.expando ] ) { + + // Support: Chrome <=35 - 45+ + // Assign undefined instead of using delete, see Data#remove + elem[ dataUser.expando ] = undefined; + } + } + } + } +} ); + +jQuery.fn.extend( { + detach: function( selector ) { + return remove( this, selector, true ); + }, + + remove: function( selector ) { + return remove( this, selector ); + }, + + text: function( value ) { + return access( this, function( value ) { + return value === undefined ? + jQuery.text( this ) : + this.empty().each( function() { + if ( this.nodeType === 1 || this.nodeType === 11 || this.nodeType === 9 ) { + this.textContent = value; + } + } ); + }, null, value, arguments.length ); + }, + + append: function() { + return domManip( this, arguments, function( elem ) { + if ( this.nodeType === 1 || this.nodeType === 11 || this.nodeType === 9 ) { + var target = manipulationTarget( this, elem ); + target.appendChild( elem ); + } + } ); + }, + + prepend: function() { + return domManip( this, arguments, function( elem ) { + if ( this.nodeType === 1 || this.nodeType === 11 || this.nodeType === 9 ) { + var target = manipulationTarget( this, elem ); + target.insertBefore( elem, target.firstChild ); + } + } ); + }, + + before: function() { + return domManip( this, arguments, function( elem ) { + if ( this.parentNode ) { + this.parentNode.insertBefore( elem, this ); + } + } ); + }, + + after: function() { + return domManip( this, arguments, function( elem ) { + if ( this.parentNode ) { + this.parentNode.insertBefore( elem, this.nextSibling ); + } + } ); + }, + + empty: function() { + var elem, + i = 0; + + for ( ; ( elem = this[ i ] ) != null; i++ ) { + if ( elem.nodeType === 1 ) { + + // Prevent memory leaks + jQuery.cleanData( getAll( elem, false ) ); + + // Remove any remaining nodes + elem.textContent = ""; + } + } + + return this; + }, + + clone: function( dataAndEvents, deepDataAndEvents ) { + dataAndEvents = dataAndEvents == null ? false : dataAndEvents; + deepDataAndEvents = deepDataAndEvents == null ? dataAndEvents : deepDataAndEvents; + + return this.map( function() { + return jQuery.clone( this, dataAndEvents, deepDataAndEvents ); + } ); + }, + + html: function( value ) { + return access( this, function( value ) { + var elem = this[ 0 ] || {}, + i = 0, + l = this.length; + + if ( value === undefined && elem.nodeType === 1 ) { + return elem.innerHTML; + } + + // See if we can take a shortcut and just use innerHTML + if ( typeof value === "string" && !rnoInnerhtml.test( value ) && + !wrapMap[ ( rtagName.exec( value ) || [ "", "" ] )[ 1 ].toLowerCase() ] ) { + + value = jQuery.htmlPrefilter( value ); + + try { + for ( ; i < l; i++ ) { + elem = this[ i ] || {}; + + // Remove element nodes and prevent memory leaks + if ( elem.nodeType === 1 ) { + jQuery.cleanData( getAll( elem, false ) ); + elem.innerHTML = value; + } + } + + elem = 0; + + // If using innerHTML throws an exception, use the fallback method + } catch ( e ) {} + } + + if ( elem ) { + this.empty().append( value ); + } + }, null, value, arguments.length ); + }, + + replaceWith: function() { + var ignored = []; + + // Make the changes, replacing each non-ignored context element with the new content + return domManip( this, arguments, function( elem ) { + var parent = this.parentNode; + + if ( jQuery.inArray( this, ignored ) < 0 ) { + jQuery.cleanData( getAll( this ) ); + if ( parent ) { + parent.replaceChild( elem, this ); + } + } + + // Force callback invocation + }, ignored ); + } +} ); + +jQuery.each( { + appendTo: "append", + prependTo: "prepend", + insertBefore: "before", + insertAfter: "after", + replaceAll: "replaceWith" +}, function( name, original ) { + jQuery.fn[ name ] = function( selector ) { + var elems, + ret = [], + insert = jQuery( selector ), + last = insert.length - 1, + i = 0; + + for ( ; i <= last; i++ ) { + elems = i === last ? this : this.clone( true ); + jQuery( insert[ i ] )[ original ]( elems ); + + // Support: Android <=4.0 only, PhantomJS 1 only + // .get() because push.apply(_, arraylike) throws on ancient WebKit + push.apply( ret, elems.get() ); + } + + return this.pushStack( ret ); + }; +} ); +var rnumnonpx = new RegExp( "^(" + pnum + ")(?!px)[a-z%]+$", "i" ); + +var getStyles = function( elem ) { + + // Support: IE <=11 only, Firefox <=30 (#15098, #14150) + // IE throws on elements created in popups + // FF meanwhile throws on frame elements through "defaultView.getComputedStyle" + var view = elem.ownerDocument.defaultView; + + if ( !view || !view.opener ) { + view = window; + } + + return view.getComputedStyle( elem ); + }; + +var swap = function( elem, options, callback ) { + var ret, name, + old = {}; + + // Remember the old values, and insert the new ones + for ( name in options ) { + old[ name ] = elem.style[ name ]; + elem.style[ name ] = options[ name ]; + } + + ret = callback.call( elem ); + + // Revert the old values + for ( name in options ) { + elem.style[ name ] = old[ name ]; + } + + return ret; +}; + + +var rboxStyle = new RegExp( cssExpand.join( "|" ), "i" ); + + + +( function() { + + // Executing both pixelPosition & boxSizingReliable tests require only one layout + // so they're executed at the same time to save the second computation. + function computeStyleTests() { + + // This is a singleton, we need to execute it only once + if ( !div ) { + return; + } + + container.style.cssText = "position:absolute;left:-11111px;width:60px;" + + "margin-top:1px;padding:0;border:0"; + div.style.cssText = + "position:relative;display:block;box-sizing:border-box;overflow:scroll;" + + "margin:auto;border:1px;padding:1px;" + + "width:60%;top:1%"; + documentElement.appendChild( container ).appendChild( div ); + + var divStyle = window.getComputedStyle( div ); + pixelPositionVal = divStyle.top !== "1%"; + + // Support: Android 4.0 - 4.3 only, Firefox <=3 - 44 + reliableMarginLeftVal = roundPixelMeasures( divStyle.marginLeft ) === 12; + + // Support: Android 4.0 - 4.3 only, Safari <=9.1 - 10.1, iOS <=7.0 - 9.3 + // Some styles come back with percentage values, even though they shouldn't + div.style.right = "60%"; + pixelBoxStylesVal = roundPixelMeasures( divStyle.right ) === 36; + + // Support: IE 9 - 11 only + // Detect misreporting of content dimensions for box-sizing:border-box elements + boxSizingReliableVal = roundPixelMeasures( divStyle.width ) === 36; + + // Support: IE 9 only + // Detect overflow:scroll screwiness (gh-3699) + // Support: Chrome <=64 + // Don't get tricked when zoom affects offsetWidth (gh-4029) + div.style.position = "absolute"; + scrollboxSizeVal = roundPixelMeasures( div.offsetWidth / 3 ) === 12; + + documentElement.removeChild( container ); + + // Nullify the div so it wouldn't be stored in the memory and + // it will also be a sign that checks already performed + div = null; + } + + function roundPixelMeasures( measure ) { + return Math.round( parseFloat( measure ) ); + } + + var pixelPositionVal, boxSizingReliableVal, scrollboxSizeVal, pixelBoxStylesVal, + reliableTrDimensionsVal, reliableMarginLeftVal, + container = document.createElement( "div" ), + div = document.createElement( "div" ); + + // Finish early in limited (non-browser) environments + if ( !div.style ) { + return; + } + + // Support: IE <=9 - 11 only + // Style of cloned element affects source element cloned (#8908) + div.style.backgroundClip = "content-box"; + div.cloneNode( true ).style.backgroundClip = ""; + support.clearCloneStyle = div.style.backgroundClip === "content-box"; + + jQuery.extend( support, { + boxSizingReliable: function() { + computeStyleTests(); + return boxSizingReliableVal; + }, + pixelBoxStyles: function() { + computeStyleTests(); + return pixelBoxStylesVal; + }, + pixelPosition: function() { + computeStyleTests(); + return pixelPositionVal; + }, + reliableMarginLeft: function() { + computeStyleTests(); + return reliableMarginLeftVal; + }, + scrollboxSize: function() { + computeStyleTests(); + return scrollboxSizeVal; + }, + + // Support: IE 9 - 11+, Edge 15 - 18+ + // IE/Edge misreport `getComputedStyle` of table rows with width/height + // set in CSS while `offset*` properties report correct values. + // Behavior in IE 9 is more subtle than in newer versions & it passes + // some versions of this test; make sure not to make it pass there! + // + // Support: Firefox 70+ + // Only Firefox includes border widths + // in computed dimensions. (gh-4529) + reliableTrDimensions: function() { + var table, tr, trChild, trStyle; + if ( reliableTrDimensionsVal == null ) { + table = document.createElement( "table" ); + tr = document.createElement( "tr" ); + trChild = document.createElement( "div" ); + + table.style.cssText = "position:absolute;left:-11111px;border-collapse:separate"; + tr.style.cssText = "border:1px solid"; + + // Support: Chrome 86+ + // Height set through cssText does not get applied. + // Computed height then comes back as 0. + tr.style.height = "1px"; + trChild.style.height = "9px"; + + // Support: Android 8 Chrome 86+ + // In our bodyBackground.html iframe, + // display for all div elements is set to "inline", + // which causes a problem only in Android 8 Chrome 86. + // Ensuring the div is display: block + // gets around this issue. + trChild.style.display = "block"; + + documentElement + .appendChild( table ) + .appendChild( tr ) + .appendChild( trChild ); + + trStyle = window.getComputedStyle( tr ); + reliableTrDimensionsVal = ( parseInt( trStyle.height, 10 ) + + parseInt( trStyle.borderTopWidth, 10 ) + + parseInt( trStyle.borderBottomWidth, 10 ) ) === tr.offsetHeight; + + documentElement.removeChild( table ); + } + return reliableTrDimensionsVal; + } + } ); +} )(); + + +function curCSS( elem, name, computed ) { + var width, minWidth, maxWidth, ret, + + // Support: Firefox 51+ + // Retrieving style before computed somehow + // fixes an issue with getting wrong values + // on detached elements + style = elem.style; + + computed = computed || getStyles( elem ); + + // getPropertyValue is needed for: + // .css('filter') (IE 9 only, #12537) + // .css('--customProperty) (#3144) + if ( computed ) { + ret = computed.getPropertyValue( name ) || computed[ name ]; + + if ( ret === "" && !isAttached( elem ) ) { + ret = jQuery.style( elem, name ); + } + + // A tribute to the "awesome hack by Dean Edwards" + // Android Browser returns percentage for some values, + // but width seems to be reliably pixels. + // This is against the CSSOM draft spec: + // https://drafts.csswg.org/cssom/#resolved-values + if ( !support.pixelBoxStyles() && rnumnonpx.test( ret ) && rboxStyle.test( name ) ) { + + // Remember the original values + width = style.width; + minWidth = style.minWidth; + maxWidth = style.maxWidth; + + // Put in the new values to get a computed value out + style.minWidth = style.maxWidth = style.width = ret; + ret = computed.width; + + // Revert the changed values + style.width = width; + style.minWidth = minWidth; + style.maxWidth = maxWidth; + } + } + + return ret !== undefined ? + + // Support: IE <=9 - 11 only + // IE returns zIndex value as an integer. + ret + "" : + ret; +} + + +function addGetHookIf( conditionFn, hookFn ) { + + // Define the hook, we'll check on the first run if it's really needed. + return { + get: function() { + if ( conditionFn() ) { + + // Hook not needed (or it's not possible to use it due + // to missing dependency), remove it. + delete this.get; + return; + } + + // Hook needed; redefine it so that the support test is not executed again. + return ( this.get = hookFn ).apply( this, arguments ); + } + }; +} + + +var cssPrefixes = [ "Webkit", "Moz", "ms" ], + emptyStyle = document.createElement( "div" ).style, + vendorProps = {}; + +// Return a vendor-prefixed property or undefined +function vendorPropName( name ) { + + // Check for vendor prefixed names + var capName = name[ 0 ].toUpperCase() + name.slice( 1 ), + i = cssPrefixes.length; + + while ( i-- ) { + name = cssPrefixes[ i ] + capName; + if ( name in emptyStyle ) { + return name; + } + } +} + +// Return a potentially-mapped jQuery.cssProps or vendor prefixed property +function finalPropName( name ) { + var final = jQuery.cssProps[ name ] || vendorProps[ name ]; + + if ( final ) { + return final; + } + if ( name in emptyStyle ) { + return name; + } + return vendorProps[ name ] = vendorPropName( name ) || name; +} + + +var + + // Swappable if display is none or starts with table + // except "table", "table-cell", or "table-caption" + // See here for display values: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/CSS/display + rdisplayswap = /^(none|table(?!-c[ea]).+)/, + rcustomProp = /^--/, + cssShow = { position: "absolute", visibility: "hidden", display: "block" }, + cssNormalTransform = { + letterSpacing: "0", + fontWeight: "400" + }; + +function setPositiveNumber( _elem, value, subtract ) { + + // Any relative (+/-) values have already been + // normalized at this point + var matches = rcssNum.exec( value ); + return matches ? + + // Guard against undefined "subtract", e.g., when used as in cssHooks + Math.max( 0, matches[ 2 ] - ( subtract || 0 ) ) + ( matches[ 3 ] || "px" ) : + value; +} + +function boxModelAdjustment( elem, dimension, box, isBorderBox, styles, computedVal ) { + var i = dimension === "width" ? 1 : 0, + extra = 0, + delta = 0; + + // Adjustment may not be necessary + if ( box === ( isBorderBox ? "border" : "content" ) ) { + return 0; + } + + for ( ; i < 4; i += 2 ) { + + // Both box models exclude margin + if ( box === "margin" ) { + delta += jQuery.css( elem, box + cssExpand[ i ], true, styles ); + } + + // If we get here with a content-box, we're seeking "padding" or "border" or "margin" + if ( !isBorderBox ) { + + // Add padding + delta += jQuery.css( elem, "padding" + cssExpand[ i ], true, styles ); + + // For "border" or "margin", add border + if ( box !== "padding" ) { + delta += jQuery.css( elem, "border" + cssExpand[ i ] + "Width", true, styles ); + + // But still keep track of it otherwise + } else { + extra += jQuery.css( elem, "border" + cssExpand[ i ] + "Width", true, styles ); + } + + // If we get here with a border-box (content + padding + border), we're seeking "content" or + // "padding" or "margin" + } else { + + // For "content", subtract padding + if ( box === "content" ) { + delta -= jQuery.css( elem, "padding" + cssExpand[ i ], true, styles ); + } + + // For "content" or "padding", subtract border + if ( box !== "margin" ) { + delta -= jQuery.css( elem, "border" + cssExpand[ i ] + "Width", true, styles ); + } + } + } + + // Account for positive content-box scroll gutter when requested by providing computedVal + if ( !isBorderBox && computedVal >= 0 ) { + + // offsetWidth/offsetHeight is a rounded sum of content, padding, scroll gutter, and border + // Assuming integer scroll gutter, subtract the rest and round down + delta += Math.max( 0, Math.ceil( + elem[ "offset" + dimension[ 0 ].toUpperCase() + dimension.slice( 1 ) ] - + computedVal - + delta - + extra - + 0.5 + + // If offsetWidth/offsetHeight is unknown, then we can't determine content-box scroll gutter + // Use an explicit zero to avoid NaN (gh-3964) + ) ) || 0; + } + + return delta; +} + +function getWidthOrHeight( elem, dimension, extra ) { + + // Start with computed style + var styles = getStyles( elem ), + + // To avoid forcing a reflow, only fetch boxSizing if we need it (gh-4322). + // Fake content-box until we know it's needed to know the true value. + boxSizingNeeded = !support.boxSizingReliable() || extra, + isBorderBox = boxSizingNeeded && + jQuery.css( elem, "boxSizing", false, styles ) === "border-box", + valueIsBorderBox = isBorderBox, + + val = curCSS( elem, dimension, styles ), + offsetProp = "offset" + dimension[ 0 ].toUpperCase() + dimension.slice( 1 ); + + // Support: Firefox <=54 + // Return a confounding non-pixel value or feign ignorance, as appropriate. + if ( rnumnonpx.test( val ) ) { + if ( !extra ) { + return val; + } + val = "auto"; + } + + + // Support: IE 9 - 11 only + // Use offsetWidth/offsetHeight for when box sizing is unreliable. + // In those cases, the computed value can be trusted to be border-box. + if ( ( !support.boxSizingReliable() && isBorderBox || + + // Support: IE 10 - 11+, Edge 15 - 18+ + // IE/Edge misreport `getComputedStyle` of table rows with width/height + // set in CSS while `offset*` properties report correct values. + // Interestingly, in some cases IE 9 doesn't suffer from this issue. + !support.reliableTrDimensions() && nodeName( elem, "tr" ) || + + // Fall back to offsetWidth/offsetHeight when value is "auto" + // This happens for inline elements with no explicit setting (gh-3571) + val === "auto" || + + // Support: Android <=4.1 - 4.3 only + // Also use offsetWidth/offsetHeight for misreported inline dimensions (gh-3602) + !parseFloat( val ) && jQuery.css( elem, "display", false, styles ) === "inline" ) && + + // Make sure the element is visible & connected + elem.getClientRects().length ) { + + isBorderBox = jQuery.css( elem, "boxSizing", false, styles ) === "border-box"; + + // Where available, offsetWidth/offsetHeight approximate border box dimensions. + // Where not available (e.g., SVG), assume unreliable box-sizing and interpret the + // retrieved value as a content box dimension. + valueIsBorderBox = offsetProp in elem; + if ( valueIsBorderBox ) { + val = elem[ offsetProp ]; + } + } + + // Normalize "" and auto + val = parseFloat( val ) || 0; + + // Adjust for the element's box model + return ( val + + boxModelAdjustment( + elem, + dimension, + extra || ( isBorderBox ? "border" : "content" ), + valueIsBorderBox, + styles, + + // Provide the current computed size to request scroll gutter calculation (gh-3589) + val + ) + ) + "px"; +} + +jQuery.extend( { + + // Add in style property hooks for overriding the default + // behavior of getting and setting a style property + cssHooks: { + opacity: { + get: function( elem, computed ) { + if ( computed ) { + + // We should always get a number back from opacity + var ret = curCSS( elem, "opacity" ); + return ret === "" ? "1" : ret; + } + } + } + }, + + // Don't automatically add "px" to these possibly-unitless properties + cssNumber: { + "animationIterationCount": true, + "columnCount": true, + "fillOpacity": true, + "flexGrow": true, + "flexShrink": true, + "fontWeight": true, + "gridArea": true, + "gridColumn": true, + "gridColumnEnd": true, + "gridColumnStart": true, + "gridRow": true, + "gridRowEnd": true, + "gridRowStart": true, + "lineHeight": true, + "opacity": true, + "order": true, + "orphans": true, + "widows": true, + "zIndex": true, + "zoom": true + }, + + // Add in properties whose names you wish to fix before + // setting or getting the value + cssProps: {}, + + // Get and set the style property on a DOM Node + style: function( elem, name, value, extra ) { + + // Don't set styles on text and comment nodes + if ( !elem || elem.nodeType === 3 || elem.nodeType === 8 || !elem.style ) { + return; + } + + // Make sure that we're working with the right name + var ret, type, hooks, + origName = camelCase( name ), + isCustomProp = rcustomProp.test( name ), + style = elem.style; + + // Make sure that we're working with the right name. We don't + // want to query the value if it is a CSS custom property + // since they are user-defined. + if ( !isCustomProp ) { + name = finalPropName( origName ); + } + + // Gets hook for the prefixed version, then unprefixed version + hooks = jQuery.cssHooks[ name ] || jQuery.cssHooks[ origName ]; + + // Check if we're setting a value + if ( value !== undefined ) { + type = typeof value; + + // Convert "+=" or "-=" to relative numbers (#7345) + if ( type === "string" && ( ret = rcssNum.exec( value ) ) && ret[ 1 ] ) { + value = adjustCSS( elem, name, ret ); + + // Fixes bug #9237 + type = "number"; + } + + // Make sure that null and NaN values aren't set (#7116) + if ( value == null || value !== value ) { + return; + } + + // If a number was passed in, add the unit (except for certain CSS properties) + // The isCustomProp check can be removed in jQuery 4.0 when we only auto-append + // "px" to a few hardcoded values. + if ( type === "number" && !isCustomProp ) { + value += ret && ret[ 3 ] || ( jQuery.cssNumber[ origName ] ? "" : "px" ); + } + + // background-* props affect original clone's values + if ( !support.clearCloneStyle && value === "" && name.indexOf( "background" ) === 0 ) { + style[ name ] = "inherit"; + } + + // If a hook was provided, use that value, otherwise just set the specified value + if ( !hooks || !( "set" in hooks ) || + ( value = hooks.set( elem, value, extra ) ) !== undefined ) { + + if ( isCustomProp ) { + style.setProperty( name, value ); + } else { + style[ name ] = value; + } + } + + } else { + + // If a hook was provided get the non-computed value from there + if ( hooks && "get" in hooks && + ( ret = hooks.get( elem, false, extra ) ) !== undefined ) { + + return ret; + } + + // Otherwise just get the value from the style object + return style[ name ]; + } + }, + + css: function( elem, name, extra, styles ) { + var val, num, hooks, + origName = camelCase( name ), + isCustomProp = rcustomProp.test( name ); + + // Make sure that we're working with the right name. We don't + // want to modify the value if it is a CSS custom property + // since they are user-defined. + if ( !isCustomProp ) { + name = finalPropName( origName ); + } + + // Try prefixed name followed by the unprefixed name + hooks = jQuery.cssHooks[ name ] || jQuery.cssHooks[ origName ]; + + // If a hook was provided get the computed value from there + if ( hooks && "get" in hooks ) { + val = hooks.get( elem, true, extra ); + } + + // Otherwise, if a way to get the computed value exists, use that + if ( val === undefined ) { + val = curCSS( elem, name, styles ); + } + + // Convert "normal" to computed value + if ( val === "normal" && name in cssNormalTransform ) { + val = cssNormalTransform[ name ]; + } + + // Make numeric if forced or a qualifier was provided and val looks numeric + if ( extra === "" || extra ) { + num = parseFloat( val ); + return extra === true || isFinite( num ) ? num || 0 : val; + } + + return val; + } +} ); + +jQuery.each( [ "height", "width" ], function( _i, dimension ) { + jQuery.cssHooks[ dimension ] = { + get: function( elem, computed, extra ) { + if ( computed ) { + + // Certain elements can have dimension info if we invisibly show them + // but it must have a current display style that would benefit + return rdisplayswap.test( jQuery.css( elem, "display" ) ) && + + // Support: Safari 8+ + // Table columns in Safari have non-zero offsetWidth & zero + // getBoundingClientRect().width unless display is changed. + // Support: IE <=11 only + // Running getBoundingClientRect on a disconnected node + // in IE throws an error. + ( !elem.getClientRects().length || !elem.getBoundingClientRect().width ) ? + swap( elem, cssShow, function() { + return getWidthOrHeight( elem, dimension, extra ); + } ) : + getWidthOrHeight( elem, dimension, extra ); + } + }, + + set: function( elem, value, extra ) { + var matches, + styles = getStyles( elem ), + + // Only read styles.position if the test has a chance to fail + // to avoid forcing a reflow. + scrollboxSizeBuggy = !support.scrollboxSize() && + styles.position === "absolute", + + // To avoid forcing a reflow, only fetch boxSizing if we need it (gh-3991) + boxSizingNeeded = scrollboxSizeBuggy || extra, + isBorderBox = boxSizingNeeded && + jQuery.css( elem, "boxSizing", false, styles ) === "border-box", + subtract = extra ? + boxModelAdjustment( + elem, + dimension, + extra, + isBorderBox, + styles + ) : + 0; + + // Account for unreliable border-box dimensions by comparing offset* to computed and + // faking a content-box to get border and padding (gh-3699) + if ( isBorderBox && scrollboxSizeBuggy ) { + subtract -= Math.ceil( + elem[ "offset" + dimension[ 0 ].toUpperCase() + dimension.slice( 1 ) ] - + parseFloat( styles[ dimension ] ) - + boxModelAdjustment( elem, dimension, "border", false, styles ) - + 0.5 + ); + } + + // Convert to pixels if value adjustment is needed + if ( subtract && ( matches = rcssNum.exec( value ) ) && + ( matches[ 3 ] || "px" ) !== "px" ) { + + elem.style[ dimension ] = value; + value = jQuery.css( elem, dimension ); + } + + return setPositiveNumber( elem, value, subtract ); + } + }; +} ); + +jQuery.cssHooks.marginLeft = addGetHookIf( support.reliableMarginLeft, + function( elem, computed ) { + if ( computed ) { + return ( parseFloat( curCSS( elem, "marginLeft" ) ) || + elem.getBoundingClientRect().left - + swap( elem, { marginLeft: 0 }, function() { + return elem.getBoundingClientRect().left; + } ) + ) + "px"; + } + } +); + +// These hooks are used by animate to expand properties +jQuery.each( { + margin: "", + padding: "", + border: "Width" +}, function( prefix, suffix ) { + jQuery.cssHooks[ prefix + suffix ] = { + expand: function( value ) { + var i = 0, + expanded = {}, + + // Assumes a single number if not a string + parts = typeof value === "string" ? value.split( " " ) : [ value ]; + + for ( ; i < 4; i++ ) { + expanded[ prefix + cssExpand[ i ] + suffix ] = + parts[ i ] || parts[ i - 2 ] || parts[ 0 ]; + } + + return expanded; + } + }; + + if ( prefix !== "margin" ) { + jQuery.cssHooks[ prefix + suffix ].set = setPositiveNumber; + } +} ); + +jQuery.fn.extend( { + css: function( name, value ) { + return access( this, function( elem, name, value ) { + var styles, len, + map = {}, + i = 0; + + if ( Array.isArray( name ) ) { + styles = getStyles( elem ); + len = name.length; + + for ( ; i < len; i++ ) { + map[ name[ i ] ] = jQuery.css( elem, name[ i ], false, styles ); + } + + return map; + } + + return value !== undefined ? + jQuery.style( elem, name, value ) : + jQuery.css( elem, name ); + }, name, value, arguments.length > 1 ); + } +} ); + + +function Tween( elem, options, prop, end, easing ) { + return new Tween.prototype.init( elem, options, prop, end, easing ); +} +jQuery.Tween = Tween; + +Tween.prototype = { + constructor: Tween, + init: function( elem, options, prop, end, easing, unit ) { + this.elem = elem; + this.prop = prop; + this.easing = easing || jQuery.easing._default; + this.options = options; + this.start = this.now = this.cur(); + this.end = end; + this.unit = unit || ( jQuery.cssNumber[ prop ] ? "" : "px" ); + }, + cur: function() { + var hooks = Tween.propHooks[ this.prop ]; + + return hooks && hooks.get ? + hooks.get( this ) : + Tween.propHooks._default.get( this ); + }, + run: function( percent ) { + var eased, + hooks = Tween.propHooks[ this.prop ]; + + if ( this.options.duration ) { + this.pos = eased = jQuery.easing[ this.easing ]( + percent, this.options.duration * percent, 0, 1, this.options.duration + ); + } else { + this.pos = eased = percent; + } + this.now = ( this.end - this.start ) * eased + this.start; + + if ( this.options.step ) { + this.options.step.call( this.elem, this.now, this ); + } + + if ( hooks && hooks.set ) { + hooks.set( this ); + } else { + Tween.propHooks._default.set( this ); + } + return this; + } +}; + +Tween.prototype.init.prototype = Tween.prototype; + +Tween.propHooks = { + _default: { + get: function( tween ) { + var result; + + // Use a property on the element directly when it is not a DOM element, + // or when there is no matching style property that exists. + if ( tween.elem.nodeType !== 1 || + tween.elem[ tween.prop ] != null && tween.elem.style[ tween.prop ] == null ) { + return tween.elem[ tween.prop ]; + } + + // Passing an empty string as a 3rd parameter to .css will automatically + // attempt a parseFloat and fallback to a string if the parse fails. + // Simple values such as "10px" are parsed to Float; + // complex values such as "rotate(1rad)" are returned as-is. + result = jQuery.css( tween.elem, tween.prop, "" ); + + // Empty strings, null, undefined and "auto" are converted to 0. + return !result || result === "auto" ? 0 : result; + }, + set: function( tween ) { + + // Use step hook for back compat. + // Use cssHook if its there. + // Use .style if available and use plain properties where available. + if ( jQuery.fx.step[ tween.prop ] ) { + jQuery.fx.step[ tween.prop ]( tween ); + } else if ( tween.elem.nodeType === 1 && ( + jQuery.cssHooks[ tween.prop ] || + tween.elem.style[ finalPropName( tween.prop ) ] != null ) ) { + jQuery.style( tween.elem, tween.prop, tween.now + tween.unit ); + } else { + tween.elem[ tween.prop ] = tween.now; + } + } + } +}; + +// Support: IE <=9 only +// Panic based approach to setting things on disconnected nodes +Tween.propHooks.scrollTop = Tween.propHooks.scrollLeft = { + set: function( tween ) { + if ( tween.elem.nodeType && tween.elem.parentNode ) { + tween.elem[ tween.prop ] = tween.now; + } + } +}; + +jQuery.easing = { + linear: function( p ) { + return p; + }, + swing: function( p ) { + return 0.5 - Math.cos( p * Math.PI ) / 2; + }, + _default: "swing" +}; + +jQuery.fx = Tween.prototype.init; + +// Back compat <1.8 extension point +jQuery.fx.step = {}; + + + + +var + fxNow, inProgress, + rfxtypes = /^(?:toggle|show|hide)$/, + rrun = /queueHooks$/; + +function schedule() { + if ( inProgress ) { + if ( document.hidden === false && window.requestAnimationFrame ) { + window.requestAnimationFrame( schedule ); + } else { + window.setTimeout( schedule, jQuery.fx.interval ); + } + + jQuery.fx.tick(); + } +} + +// Animations created synchronously will run synchronously +function createFxNow() { + window.setTimeout( function() { + fxNow = undefined; + } ); + return ( fxNow = Date.now() ); +} + +// Generate parameters to create a standard animation +function genFx( type, includeWidth ) { + var which, + i = 0, + attrs = { height: type }; + + // If we include width, step value is 1 to do all cssExpand values, + // otherwise step value is 2 to skip over Left and Right + includeWidth = includeWidth ? 1 : 0; + for ( ; i < 4; i += 2 - includeWidth ) { + which = cssExpand[ i ]; + attrs[ "margin" + which ] = attrs[ "padding" + which ] = type; + } + + if ( includeWidth ) { + attrs.opacity = attrs.width = type; + } + + return attrs; +} + +function createTween( value, prop, animation ) { + var tween, + collection = ( Animation.tweeners[ prop ] || [] ).concat( Animation.tweeners[ "*" ] ), + index = 0, + length = collection.length; + for ( ; index < length; index++ ) { + if ( ( tween = collection[ index ].call( animation, prop, value ) ) ) { + + // We're done with this property + return tween; + } + } +} + +function defaultPrefilter( elem, props, opts ) { + var prop, value, toggle, hooks, oldfire, propTween, restoreDisplay, display, + isBox = "width" in props || "height" in props, + anim = this, + orig = {}, + style = elem.style, + hidden = elem.nodeType && isHiddenWithinTree( elem ), + dataShow = dataPriv.get( elem, "fxshow" ); + + // Queue-skipping animations hijack the fx hooks + if ( !opts.queue ) { + hooks = jQuery._queueHooks( elem, "fx" ); + if ( hooks.unqueued == null ) { + hooks.unqueued = 0; + oldfire = hooks.empty.fire; + hooks.empty.fire = function() { + if ( !hooks.unqueued ) { + oldfire(); + } + }; + } + hooks.unqueued++; + + anim.always( function() { + + // Ensure the complete handler is called before this completes + anim.always( function() { + hooks.unqueued--; + if ( !jQuery.queue( elem, "fx" ).length ) { + hooks.empty.fire(); + } + } ); + } ); + } + + // Detect show/hide animations + for ( prop in props ) { + value = props[ prop ]; + if ( rfxtypes.test( value ) ) { + delete props[ prop ]; + toggle = toggle || value === "toggle"; + if ( value === ( hidden ? "hide" : "show" ) ) { + + // Pretend to be hidden if this is a "show" and + // there is still data from a stopped show/hide + if ( value === "show" && dataShow && dataShow[ prop ] !== undefined ) { + hidden = true; + + // Ignore all other no-op show/hide data + } else { + continue; + } + } + orig[ prop ] = dataShow && dataShow[ prop ] || jQuery.style( elem, prop ); + } + } + + // Bail out if this is a no-op like .hide().hide() + propTween = !jQuery.isEmptyObject( props ); + if ( !propTween && jQuery.isEmptyObject( orig ) ) { + return; + } + + // Restrict "overflow" and "display" styles during box animations + if ( isBox && elem.nodeType === 1 ) { + + // Support: IE <=9 - 11, Edge 12 - 15 + // Record all 3 overflow attributes because IE does not infer the shorthand + // from identically-valued overflowX and overflowY and Edge just mirrors + // the overflowX value there. + opts.overflow = [ style.overflow, style.overflowX, style.overflowY ]; + + // Identify a display type, preferring old show/hide data over the CSS cascade + restoreDisplay = dataShow && dataShow.display; + if ( restoreDisplay == null ) { + restoreDisplay = dataPriv.get( elem, "display" ); + } + display = jQuery.css( elem, "display" ); + if ( display === "none" ) { + if ( restoreDisplay ) { + display = restoreDisplay; + } else { + + // Get nonempty value(s) by temporarily forcing visibility + showHide( [ elem ], true ); + restoreDisplay = elem.style.display || restoreDisplay; + display = jQuery.css( elem, "display" ); + showHide( [ elem ] ); + } + } + + // Animate inline elements as inline-block + if ( display === "inline" || display === "inline-block" && restoreDisplay != null ) { + if ( jQuery.css( elem, "float" ) === "none" ) { + + // Restore the original display value at the end of pure show/hide animations + if ( !propTween ) { + anim.done( function() { + style.display = restoreDisplay; + } ); + if ( restoreDisplay == null ) { + display = style.display; + restoreDisplay = display === "none" ? "" : display; + } + } + style.display = "inline-block"; + } + } + } + + if ( opts.overflow ) { + style.overflow = "hidden"; + anim.always( function() { + style.overflow = opts.overflow[ 0 ]; + style.overflowX = opts.overflow[ 1 ]; + style.overflowY = opts.overflow[ 2 ]; + } ); + } + + // Implement show/hide animations + propTween = false; + for ( prop in orig ) { + + // General show/hide setup for this element animation + if ( !propTween ) { + if ( dataShow ) { + if ( "hidden" in dataShow ) { + hidden = dataShow.hidden; + } + } else { + dataShow = dataPriv.access( elem, "fxshow", { display: restoreDisplay } ); + } + + // Store hidden/visible for toggle so `.stop().toggle()` "reverses" + if ( toggle ) { + dataShow.hidden = !hidden; + } + + // Show elements before animating them + if ( hidden ) { + showHide( [ elem ], true ); + } + + /* eslint-disable no-loop-func */ + + anim.done( function() { + + /* eslint-enable no-loop-func */ + + // The final step of a "hide" animation is actually hiding the element + if ( !hidden ) { + showHide( [ elem ] ); + } + dataPriv.remove( elem, "fxshow" ); + for ( prop in orig ) { + jQuery.style( elem, prop, orig[ prop ] ); + } + } ); + } + + // Per-property setup + propTween = createTween( hidden ? dataShow[ prop ] : 0, prop, anim ); + if ( !( prop in dataShow ) ) { + dataShow[ prop ] = propTween.start; + if ( hidden ) { + propTween.end = propTween.start; + propTween.start = 0; + } + } + } +} + +function propFilter( props, specialEasing ) { + var index, name, easing, value, hooks; + + // camelCase, specialEasing and expand cssHook pass + for ( index in props ) { + name = camelCase( index ); + easing = specialEasing[ name ]; + value = props[ index ]; + if ( Array.isArray( value ) ) { + easing = value[ 1 ]; + value = props[ index ] = value[ 0 ]; + } + + if ( index !== name ) { + props[ name ] = value; + delete props[ index ]; + } + + hooks = jQuery.cssHooks[ name ]; + if ( hooks && "expand" in hooks ) { + value = hooks.expand( value ); + delete props[ name ]; + + // Not quite $.extend, this won't overwrite existing keys. + // Reusing 'index' because we have the correct "name" + for ( index in value ) { + if ( !( index in props ) ) { + props[ index ] = value[ index ]; + specialEasing[ index ] = easing; + } + } + } else { + specialEasing[ name ] = easing; + } + } +} + +function Animation( elem, properties, options ) { + var result, + stopped, + index = 0, + length = Animation.prefilters.length, + deferred = jQuery.Deferred().always( function() { + + // Don't match elem in the :animated selector + delete tick.elem; + } ), + tick = function() { + if ( stopped ) { + return false; + } + var currentTime = fxNow || createFxNow(), + remaining = Math.max( 0, animation.startTime + animation.duration - currentTime ), + + // Support: Android 2.3 only + // Archaic crash bug won't allow us to use `1 - ( 0.5 || 0 )` (#12497) + temp = remaining / animation.duration || 0, + percent = 1 - temp, + index = 0, + length = animation.tweens.length; + + for ( ; index < length; index++ ) { + animation.tweens[ index ].run( percent ); + } + + deferred.notifyWith( elem, [ animation, percent, remaining ] ); + + // If there's more to do, yield + if ( percent < 1 && length ) { + return remaining; + } + + // If this was an empty animation, synthesize a final progress notification + if ( !length ) { + deferred.notifyWith( elem, [ animation, 1, 0 ] ); + } + + // Resolve the animation and report its conclusion + deferred.resolveWith( elem, [ animation ] ); + return false; + }, + animation = deferred.promise( { + elem: elem, + props: jQuery.extend( {}, properties ), + opts: jQuery.extend( true, { + specialEasing: {}, + easing: jQuery.easing._default + }, options ), + originalProperties: properties, + originalOptions: options, + startTime: fxNow || createFxNow(), + duration: options.duration, + tweens: [], + createTween: function( prop, end ) { + var tween = jQuery.Tween( elem, animation.opts, prop, end, + animation.opts.specialEasing[ prop ] || animation.opts.easing ); + animation.tweens.push( tween ); + return tween; + }, + stop: function( gotoEnd ) { + var index = 0, + + // If we are going to the end, we want to run all the tweens + // otherwise we skip this part + length = gotoEnd ? animation.tweens.length : 0; + if ( stopped ) { + return this; + } + stopped = true; + for ( ; index < length; index++ ) { + animation.tweens[ index ].run( 1 ); + } + + // Resolve when we played the last frame; otherwise, reject + if ( gotoEnd ) { + deferred.notifyWith( elem, [ animation, 1, 0 ] ); + deferred.resolveWith( elem, [ animation, gotoEnd ] ); + } else { + deferred.rejectWith( elem, [ animation, gotoEnd ] ); + } + return this; + } + } ), + props = animation.props; + + propFilter( props, animation.opts.specialEasing ); + + for ( ; index < length; index++ ) { + result = Animation.prefilters[ index ].call( animation, elem, props, animation.opts ); + if ( result ) { + if ( isFunction( result.stop ) ) { + jQuery._queueHooks( animation.elem, animation.opts.queue ).stop = + result.stop.bind( result ); + } + return result; + } + } + + jQuery.map( props, createTween, animation ); + + if ( isFunction( animation.opts.start ) ) { + animation.opts.start.call( elem, animation ); + } + + // Attach callbacks from options + animation + .progress( animation.opts.progress ) + .done( animation.opts.done, animation.opts.complete ) + .fail( animation.opts.fail ) + .always( animation.opts.always ); + + jQuery.fx.timer( + jQuery.extend( tick, { + elem: elem, + anim: animation, + queue: animation.opts.queue + } ) + ); + + return animation; +} + +jQuery.Animation = jQuery.extend( Animation, { + + tweeners: { + "*": [ function( prop, value ) { + var tween = this.createTween( prop, value ); + adjustCSS( tween.elem, prop, rcssNum.exec( value ), tween ); + return tween; + } ] + }, + + tweener: function( props, callback ) { + if ( isFunction( props ) ) { + callback = props; + props = [ "*" ]; + } else { + props = props.match( rnothtmlwhite ); + } + + var prop, + index = 0, + length = props.length; + + for ( ; index < length; index++ ) { + prop = props[ index ]; + Animation.tweeners[ prop ] = Animation.tweeners[ prop ] || []; + Animation.tweeners[ prop ].unshift( callback ); + } + }, + + prefilters: [ defaultPrefilter ], + + prefilter: function( callback, prepend ) { + if ( prepend ) { + Animation.prefilters.unshift( callback ); + } else { + Animation.prefilters.push( callback ); + } + } +} ); + +jQuery.speed = function( speed, easing, fn ) { + var opt = speed && typeof speed === "object" ? jQuery.extend( {}, speed ) : { + complete: fn || !fn && easing || + isFunction( speed ) && speed, + duration: speed, + easing: fn && easing || easing && !isFunction( easing ) && easing + }; + + // Go to the end state if fx are off + if ( jQuery.fx.off ) { + opt.duration = 0; + + } else { + if ( typeof opt.duration !== "number" ) { + if ( opt.duration in jQuery.fx.speeds ) { + opt.duration = jQuery.fx.speeds[ opt.duration ]; + + } else { + opt.duration = jQuery.fx.speeds._default; + } + } + } + + // Normalize opt.queue - true/undefined/null -> "fx" + if ( opt.queue == null || opt.queue === true ) { + opt.queue = "fx"; + } + + // Queueing + opt.old = opt.complete; + + opt.complete = function() { + if ( isFunction( opt.old ) ) { + opt.old.call( this ); + } + + if ( opt.queue ) { + jQuery.dequeue( this, opt.queue ); + } + }; + + return opt; +}; + +jQuery.fn.extend( { + fadeTo: function( speed, to, easing, callback ) { + + // Show any hidden elements after setting opacity to 0 + return this.filter( isHiddenWithinTree ).css( "opacity", 0 ).show() + + // Animate to the value specified + .end().animate( { opacity: to }, speed, easing, callback ); + }, + animate: function( prop, speed, easing, callback ) { + var empty = jQuery.isEmptyObject( prop ), + optall = jQuery.speed( speed, easing, callback ), + doAnimation = function() { + + // Operate on a copy of prop so per-property easing won't be lost + var anim = Animation( this, jQuery.extend( {}, prop ), optall ); + + // Empty animations, or finishing resolves immediately + if ( empty || dataPriv.get( this, "finish" ) ) { + anim.stop( true ); + } + }; + + doAnimation.finish = doAnimation; + + return empty || optall.queue === false ? + this.each( doAnimation ) : + this.queue( optall.queue, doAnimation ); + }, + stop: function( type, clearQueue, gotoEnd ) { + var stopQueue = function( hooks ) { + var stop = hooks.stop; + delete hooks.stop; + stop( gotoEnd ); + }; + + if ( typeof type !== "string" ) { + gotoEnd = clearQueue; + clearQueue = type; + type = undefined; + } + if ( clearQueue ) { + this.queue( type || "fx", [] ); + } + + return this.each( function() { + var dequeue = true, + index = type != null && type + "queueHooks", + timers = jQuery.timers, + data = dataPriv.get( this ); + + if ( index ) { + if ( data[ index ] && data[ index ].stop ) { + stopQueue( data[ index ] ); + } + } else { + for ( index in data ) { + if ( data[ index ] && data[ index ].stop && rrun.test( index ) ) { + stopQueue( data[ index ] ); + } + } + } + + for ( index = timers.length; index--; ) { + if ( timers[ index ].elem === this && + ( type == null || timers[ index ].queue === type ) ) { + + timers[ index ].anim.stop( gotoEnd ); + dequeue = false; + timers.splice( index, 1 ); + } + } + + // Start the next in the queue if the last step wasn't forced. + // Timers currently will call their complete callbacks, which + // will dequeue but only if they were gotoEnd. + if ( dequeue || !gotoEnd ) { + jQuery.dequeue( this, type ); + } + } ); + }, + finish: function( type ) { + if ( type !== false ) { + type = type || "fx"; + } + return this.each( function() { + var index, + data = dataPriv.get( this ), + queue = data[ type + "queue" ], + hooks = data[ type + "queueHooks" ], + timers = jQuery.timers, + length = queue ? queue.length : 0; + + // Enable finishing flag on private data + data.finish = true; + + // Empty the queue first + jQuery.queue( this, type, [] ); + + if ( hooks && hooks.stop ) { + hooks.stop.call( this, true ); + } + + // Look for any active animations, and finish them + for ( index = timers.length; index--; ) { + if ( timers[ index ].elem === this && timers[ index ].queue === type ) { + timers[ index ].anim.stop( true ); + timers.splice( index, 1 ); + } + } + + // Look for any animations in the old queue and finish them + for ( index = 0; index < length; index++ ) { + if ( queue[ index ] && queue[ index ].finish ) { + queue[ index ].finish.call( this ); + } + } + + // Turn off finishing flag + delete data.finish; + } ); + } +} ); + +jQuery.each( [ "toggle", "show", "hide" ], function( _i, name ) { + var cssFn = jQuery.fn[ name ]; + jQuery.fn[ name ] = function( speed, easing, callback ) { + return speed == null || typeof speed === "boolean" ? + cssFn.apply( this, arguments ) : + this.animate( genFx( name, true ), speed, easing, callback ); + }; +} ); + +// Generate shortcuts for custom animations +jQuery.each( { + slideDown: genFx( "show" ), + slideUp: genFx( "hide" ), + slideToggle: genFx( "toggle" ), + fadeIn: { opacity: "show" }, + fadeOut: { opacity: "hide" }, + fadeToggle: { opacity: "toggle" } +}, function( name, props ) { + jQuery.fn[ name ] = function( speed, easing, callback ) { + return this.animate( props, speed, easing, callback ); + }; +} ); + +jQuery.timers = []; +jQuery.fx.tick = function() { + var timer, + i = 0, + timers = jQuery.timers; + + fxNow = Date.now(); + + for ( ; i < timers.length; i++ ) { + timer = timers[ i ]; + + // Run the timer and safely remove it when done (allowing for external removal) + if ( !timer() && timers[ i ] === timer ) { + timers.splice( i--, 1 ); + } + } + + if ( !timers.length ) { + jQuery.fx.stop(); + } + fxNow = undefined; +}; + +jQuery.fx.timer = function( timer ) { + jQuery.timers.push( timer ); + jQuery.fx.start(); +}; + +jQuery.fx.interval = 13; +jQuery.fx.start = function() { + if ( inProgress ) { + return; + } + + inProgress = true; + schedule(); +}; + +jQuery.fx.stop = function() { + inProgress = null; +}; + +jQuery.fx.speeds = { + slow: 600, + fast: 200, + + // Default speed + _default: 400 +}; + + +// Based off of the plugin by Clint Helfers, with permission. +// https://web.archive.org/web/20100324014747/http://blindsignals.com/index.php/2009/07/jquery-delay/ +jQuery.fn.delay = function( time, type ) { + time = jQuery.fx ? jQuery.fx.speeds[ time ] || time : time; + type = type || "fx"; + + return this.queue( type, function( next, hooks ) { + var timeout = window.setTimeout( next, time ); + hooks.stop = function() { + window.clearTimeout( timeout ); + }; + } ); +}; + + +( function() { + var input = document.createElement( "input" ), + select = document.createElement( "select" ), + opt = select.appendChild( document.createElement( "option" ) ); + + input.type = "checkbox"; + + // Support: Android <=4.3 only + // Default value for a checkbox should be "on" + support.checkOn = input.value !== ""; + + // Support: IE <=11 only + // Must access selectedIndex to make default options select + support.optSelected = opt.selected; + + // Support: IE <=11 only + // An input loses its value after becoming a radio + input = document.createElement( "input" ); + input.value = "t"; + input.type = "radio"; + support.radioValue = input.value === "t"; +} )(); + + +var boolHook, + attrHandle = jQuery.expr.attrHandle; + +jQuery.fn.extend( { + attr: function( name, value ) { + return access( this, jQuery.attr, name, value, arguments.length > 1 ); + }, + + removeAttr: function( name ) { + return this.each( function() { + jQuery.removeAttr( this, name ); + } ); + } +} ); + +jQuery.extend( { + attr: function( elem, name, value ) { + var ret, hooks, + nType = elem.nodeType; + + // Don't get/set attributes on text, comment and attribute nodes + if ( nType === 3 || nType === 8 || nType === 2 ) { + return; + } + + // Fallback to prop when attributes are not supported + if ( typeof elem.getAttribute === "undefined" ) { + return jQuery.prop( elem, name, value ); + } + + // Attribute hooks are determined by the lowercase version + // Grab necessary hook if one is defined + if ( nType !== 1 || !jQuery.isXMLDoc( elem ) ) { + hooks = jQuery.attrHooks[ name.toLowerCase() ] || + ( jQuery.expr.match.bool.test( name ) ? boolHook : undefined ); + } + + if ( value !== undefined ) { + if ( value === null ) { + jQuery.removeAttr( elem, name ); + return; + } + + if ( hooks && "set" in hooks && + ( ret = hooks.set( elem, value, name ) ) !== undefined ) { + return ret; + } + + elem.setAttribute( name, value + "" ); + return value; + } + + if ( hooks && "get" in hooks && ( ret = hooks.get( elem, name ) ) !== null ) { + return ret; + } + + ret = jQuery.find.attr( elem, name ); + + // Non-existent attributes return null, we normalize to undefined + return ret == null ? undefined : ret; + }, + + attrHooks: { + type: { + set: function( elem, value ) { + if ( !support.radioValue && value === "radio" && + nodeName( elem, "input" ) ) { + var val = elem.value; + elem.setAttribute( "type", value ); + if ( val ) { + elem.value = val; + } + return value; + } + } + } + }, + + removeAttr: function( elem, value ) { + var name, + i = 0, + + // Attribute names can contain non-HTML whitespace characters + // https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/syntax.html#attributes-2 + attrNames = value && value.match( rnothtmlwhite ); + + if ( attrNames && elem.nodeType === 1 ) { + while ( ( name = attrNames[ i++ ] ) ) { + elem.removeAttribute( name ); + } + } + } +} ); + +// Hooks for boolean attributes +boolHook = { + set: function( elem, value, name ) { + if ( value === false ) { + + // Remove boolean attributes when set to false + jQuery.removeAttr( elem, name ); + } else { + elem.setAttribute( name, name ); + } + return name; + } +}; + +jQuery.each( jQuery.expr.match.bool.source.match( /\w+/g ), function( _i, name ) { + var getter = attrHandle[ name ] || jQuery.find.attr; + + attrHandle[ name ] = function( elem, name, isXML ) { + var ret, handle, + lowercaseName = name.toLowerCase(); + + if ( !isXML ) { + + // Avoid an infinite loop by temporarily removing this function from the getter + handle = attrHandle[ lowercaseName ]; + attrHandle[ lowercaseName ] = ret; + ret = getter( elem, name, isXML ) != null ? + lowercaseName : + null; + attrHandle[ lowercaseName ] = handle; + } + return ret; + }; +} ); + + + + +var rfocusable = /^(?:input|select|textarea|button)$/i, + rclickable = /^(?:a|area)$/i; + +jQuery.fn.extend( { + prop: function( name, value ) { + return access( this, jQuery.prop, name, value, arguments.length > 1 ); + }, + + removeProp: function( name ) { + return this.each( function() { + delete this[ jQuery.propFix[ name ] || name ]; + } ); + } +} ); + +jQuery.extend( { + prop: function( elem, name, value ) { + var ret, hooks, + nType = elem.nodeType; + + // Don't get/set properties on text, comment and attribute nodes + if ( nType === 3 || nType === 8 || nType === 2 ) { + return; + } + + if ( nType !== 1 || !jQuery.isXMLDoc( elem ) ) { + + // Fix name and attach hooks + name = jQuery.propFix[ name ] || name; + hooks = jQuery.propHooks[ name ]; + } + + if ( value !== undefined ) { + if ( hooks && "set" in hooks && + ( ret = hooks.set( elem, value, name ) ) !== undefined ) { + return ret; + } + + return ( elem[ name ] = value ); + } + + if ( hooks && "get" in hooks && ( ret = hooks.get( elem, name ) ) !== null ) { + return ret; + } + + return elem[ name ]; + }, + + propHooks: { + tabIndex: { + get: function( elem ) { + + // Support: IE <=9 - 11 only + // elem.tabIndex doesn't always return the + // correct value when it hasn't been explicitly set + // https://web.archive.org/web/20141116233347/http://fluidproject.org/blog/2008/01/09/getting-setting-and-removing-tabindex-values-with-javascript/ + // Use proper attribute retrieval(#12072) + var tabindex = jQuery.find.attr( elem, "tabindex" ); + + if ( tabindex ) { + return parseInt( tabindex, 10 ); + } + + if ( + rfocusable.test( elem.nodeName ) || + rclickable.test( elem.nodeName ) && + elem.href + ) { + return 0; + } + + return -1; + } + } + }, + + propFix: { + "for": "htmlFor", + "class": "className" + } +} ); + +// Support: IE <=11 only +// Accessing the selectedIndex property +// forces the browser to respect setting selected +// on the option +// The getter ensures a default option is selected +// when in an optgroup +// eslint rule "no-unused-expressions" is disabled for this code +// since it considers such accessions noop +if ( !support.optSelected ) { + jQuery.propHooks.selected = { + get: function( elem ) { + + /* eslint no-unused-expressions: "off" */ + + var parent = elem.parentNode; + if ( parent && parent.parentNode ) { + parent.parentNode.selectedIndex; + } + return null; + }, + set: function( elem ) { + + /* eslint no-unused-expressions: "off" */ + + var parent = elem.parentNode; + if ( parent ) { + parent.selectedIndex; + + if ( parent.parentNode ) { + parent.parentNode.selectedIndex; + } + } + } + }; +} + +jQuery.each( [ + "tabIndex", + "readOnly", + "maxLength", + "cellSpacing", + "cellPadding", + "rowSpan", + "colSpan", + "useMap", + "frameBorder", + "contentEditable" +], function() { + jQuery.propFix[ this.toLowerCase() ] = this; +} ); + + + + + // Strip and collapse whitespace according to HTML spec + // https://infra.spec.whatwg.org/#strip-and-collapse-ascii-whitespace + function stripAndCollapse( value ) { + var tokens = value.match( rnothtmlwhite ) || []; + return tokens.join( " " ); + } + + +function getClass( elem ) { + return elem.getAttribute && elem.getAttribute( "class" ) || ""; +} + +function classesToArray( value ) { + if ( Array.isArray( value ) ) { + return value; + } + if ( typeof value === "string" ) { + return value.match( rnothtmlwhite ) || []; + } + return []; +} + +jQuery.fn.extend( { + addClass: function( value ) { + var classes, elem, cur, curValue, clazz, j, finalValue, + i = 0; + + if ( isFunction( value ) ) { + return this.each( function( j ) { + jQuery( this ).addClass( value.call( this, j, getClass( this ) ) ); + } ); + } + + classes = classesToArray( value ); + + if ( classes.length ) { + while ( ( elem = this[ i++ ] ) ) { + curValue = getClass( elem ); + cur = elem.nodeType === 1 && ( " " + stripAndCollapse( curValue ) + " " ); + + if ( cur ) { + j = 0; + while ( ( clazz = classes[ j++ ] ) ) { + if ( cur.indexOf( " " + clazz + " " ) < 0 ) { + cur += clazz + " "; + } + } + + // Only assign if different to avoid unneeded rendering. + finalValue = stripAndCollapse( cur ); + if ( curValue !== finalValue ) { + elem.setAttribute( "class", finalValue ); + } + } + } + } + + return this; + }, + + removeClass: function( value ) { + var classes, elem, cur, curValue, clazz, j, finalValue, + i = 0; + + if ( isFunction( value ) ) { + return this.each( function( j ) { + jQuery( this ).removeClass( value.call( this, j, getClass( this ) ) ); + } ); + } + + if ( !arguments.length ) { + return this.attr( "class", "" ); + } + + classes = classesToArray( value ); + + if ( classes.length ) { + while ( ( elem = this[ i++ ] ) ) { + curValue = getClass( elem ); + + // This expression is here for better compressibility (see addClass) + cur = elem.nodeType === 1 && ( " " + stripAndCollapse( curValue ) + " " ); + + if ( cur ) { + j = 0; + while ( ( clazz = classes[ j++ ] ) ) { + + // Remove *all* instances + while ( cur.indexOf( " " + clazz + " " ) > -1 ) { + cur = cur.replace( " " + clazz + " ", " " ); + } + } + + // Only assign if different to avoid unneeded rendering. + finalValue = stripAndCollapse( cur ); + if ( curValue !== finalValue ) { + elem.setAttribute( "class", finalValue ); + } + } + } + } + + return this; + }, + + toggleClass: function( value, stateVal ) { + var type = typeof value, + isValidValue = type === "string" || Array.isArray( value ); + + if ( typeof stateVal === "boolean" && isValidValue ) { + return stateVal ? this.addClass( value ) : this.removeClass( value ); + } + + if ( isFunction( value ) ) { + return this.each( function( i ) { + jQuery( this ).toggleClass( + value.call( this, i, getClass( this ), stateVal ), + stateVal + ); + } ); + } + + return this.each( function() { + var className, i, self, classNames; + + if ( isValidValue ) { + + // Toggle individual class names + i = 0; + self = jQuery( this ); + classNames = classesToArray( value ); + + while ( ( className = classNames[ i++ ] ) ) { + + // Check each className given, space separated list + if ( self.hasClass( className ) ) { + self.removeClass( className ); + } else { + self.addClass( className ); + } + } + + // Toggle whole class name + } else if ( value === undefined || type === "boolean" ) { + className = getClass( this ); + if ( className ) { + + // Store className if set + dataPriv.set( this, "__className__", className ); + } + + // If the element has a class name or if we're passed `false`, + // then remove the whole classname (if there was one, the above saved it). + // Otherwise bring back whatever was previously saved (if anything), + // falling back to the empty string if nothing was stored. + if ( this.setAttribute ) { + this.setAttribute( "class", + className || value === false ? + "" : + dataPriv.get( this, "__className__" ) || "" + ); + } + } + } ); + }, + + hasClass: function( selector ) { + var className, elem, + i = 0; + + className = " " + selector + " "; + while ( ( elem = this[ i++ ] ) ) { + if ( elem.nodeType === 1 && + ( " " + stripAndCollapse( getClass( elem ) ) + " " ).indexOf( className ) > -1 ) { + return true; + } + } + + return false; + } +} ); + + + + +var rreturn = /\r/g; + +jQuery.fn.extend( { + val: function( value ) { + var hooks, ret, valueIsFunction, + elem = this[ 0 ]; + + if ( !arguments.length ) { + if ( elem ) { + hooks = jQuery.valHooks[ elem.type ] || + jQuery.valHooks[ elem.nodeName.toLowerCase() ]; + + if ( hooks && + "get" in hooks && + ( ret = hooks.get( elem, "value" ) ) !== undefined + ) { + return ret; + } + + ret = elem.value; + + // Handle most common string cases + if ( typeof ret === "string" ) { + return ret.replace( rreturn, "" ); + } + + // Handle cases where value is null/undef or number + return ret == null ? "" : ret; + } + + return; + } + + valueIsFunction = isFunction( value ); + + return this.each( function( i ) { + var val; + + if ( this.nodeType !== 1 ) { + return; + } + + if ( valueIsFunction ) { + val = value.call( this, i, jQuery( this ).val() ); + } else { + val = value; + } + + // Treat null/undefined as ""; convert numbers to string + if ( val == null ) { + val = ""; + + } else if ( typeof val === "number" ) { + val += ""; + + } else if ( Array.isArray( val ) ) { + val = jQuery.map( val, function( value ) { + return value == null ? "" : value + ""; + } ); + } + + hooks = jQuery.valHooks[ this.type ] || jQuery.valHooks[ this.nodeName.toLowerCase() ]; + + // If set returns undefined, fall back to normal setting + if ( !hooks || !( "set" in hooks ) || hooks.set( this, val, "value" ) === undefined ) { + this.value = val; + } + } ); + } +} ); + +jQuery.extend( { + valHooks: { + option: { + get: function( elem ) { + + var val = jQuery.find.attr( elem, "value" ); + return val != null ? + val : + + // Support: IE <=10 - 11 only + // option.text throws exceptions (#14686, #14858) + // Strip and collapse whitespace + // https://html.spec.whatwg.org/#strip-and-collapse-whitespace + stripAndCollapse( jQuery.text( elem ) ); + } + }, + select: { + get: function( elem ) { + var value, option, i, + options = elem.options, + index = elem.selectedIndex, + one = elem.type === "select-one", + values = one ? null : [], + max = one ? index + 1 : options.length; + + if ( index < 0 ) { + i = max; + + } else { + i = one ? index : 0; + } + + // Loop through all the selected options + for ( ; i < max; i++ ) { + option = options[ i ]; + + // Support: IE <=9 only + // IE8-9 doesn't update selected after form reset (#2551) + if ( ( option.selected || i === index ) && + + // Don't return options that are disabled or in a disabled optgroup + !option.disabled && + ( !option.parentNode.disabled || + !nodeName( option.parentNode, "optgroup" ) ) ) { + + // Get the specific value for the option + value = jQuery( option ).val(); + + // We don't need an array for one selects + if ( one ) { + return value; + } + + // Multi-Selects return an array + values.push( value ); + } + } + + return values; + }, + + set: function( elem, value ) { + var optionSet, option, + options = elem.options, + values = jQuery.makeArray( value ), + i = options.length; + + while ( i-- ) { + option = options[ i ]; + + /* eslint-disable no-cond-assign */ + + if ( option.selected = + jQuery.inArray( jQuery.valHooks.option.get( option ), values ) > -1 + ) { + optionSet = true; + } + + /* eslint-enable no-cond-assign */ + } + + // Force browsers to behave consistently when non-matching value is set + if ( !optionSet ) { + elem.selectedIndex = -1; + } + return values; + } + } + } +} ); + +// Radios and checkboxes getter/setter +jQuery.each( [ "radio", "checkbox" ], function() { + jQuery.valHooks[ this ] = { + set: function( elem, value ) { + if ( Array.isArray( value ) ) { + return ( elem.checked = jQuery.inArray( jQuery( elem ).val(), value ) > -1 ); + } + } + }; + if ( !support.checkOn ) { + jQuery.valHooks[ this ].get = function( elem ) { + return elem.getAttribute( "value" ) === null ? "on" : elem.value; + }; + } +} ); + + + + +// Return jQuery for attributes-only inclusion + + +support.focusin = "onfocusin" in window; + + +var rfocusMorph = /^(?:focusinfocus|focusoutblur)$/, + stopPropagationCallback = function( e ) { + e.stopPropagation(); + }; + +jQuery.extend( jQuery.event, { + + trigger: function( event, data, elem, onlyHandlers ) { + + var i, cur, tmp, bubbleType, ontype, handle, special, lastElement, + eventPath = [ elem || document ], + type = hasOwn.call( event, "type" ) ? event.type : event, + namespaces = hasOwn.call( event, "namespace" ) ? event.namespace.split( "." ) : []; + + cur = lastElement = tmp = elem = elem || document; + + // Don't do events on text and comment nodes + if ( elem.nodeType === 3 || elem.nodeType === 8 ) { + return; + } + + // focus/blur morphs to focusin/out; ensure we're not firing them right now + if ( rfocusMorph.test( type + jQuery.event.triggered ) ) { + return; + } + + if ( type.indexOf( "." ) > -1 ) { + + // Namespaced trigger; create a regexp to match event type in handle() + namespaces = type.split( "." ); + type = namespaces.shift(); + namespaces.sort(); + } + ontype = type.indexOf( ":" ) < 0 && "on" + type; + + // Caller can pass in a jQuery.Event object, Object, or just an event type string + event = event[ jQuery.expando ] ? + event : + new jQuery.Event( type, typeof event === "object" && event ); + + // Trigger bitmask: & 1 for native handlers; & 2 for jQuery (always true) + event.isTrigger = onlyHandlers ? 2 : 3; + event.namespace = namespaces.join( "." ); + event.rnamespace = event.namespace ? + new RegExp( "(^|\\.)" + namespaces.join( "\\.(?:.*\\.|)" ) + "(\\.|$)" ) : + null; + + // Clean up the event in case it is being reused + event.result = undefined; + if ( !event.target ) { + event.target = elem; + } + + // Clone any incoming data and prepend the event, creating the handler arg list + data = data == null ? + [ event ] : + jQuery.makeArray( data, [ event ] ); + + // Allow special events to draw outside the lines + special = jQuery.event.special[ type ] || {}; + if ( !onlyHandlers && special.trigger && special.trigger.apply( elem, data ) === false ) { + return; + } + + // Determine event propagation path in advance, per W3C events spec (#9951) + // Bubble up to document, then to window; watch for a global ownerDocument var (#9724) + if ( !onlyHandlers && !special.noBubble && !isWindow( elem ) ) { + + bubbleType = special.delegateType || type; + if ( !rfocusMorph.test( bubbleType + type ) ) { + cur = cur.parentNode; + } + for ( ; cur; cur = cur.parentNode ) { + eventPath.push( cur ); + tmp = cur; + } + + // Only add window if we got to document (e.g., not plain obj or detached DOM) + if ( tmp === ( elem.ownerDocument || document ) ) { + eventPath.push( tmp.defaultView || tmp.parentWindow || window ); + } + } + + // Fire handlers on the event path + i = 0; + while ( ( cur = eventPath[ i++ ] ) && !event.isPropagationStopped() ) { + lastElement = cur; + event.type = i > 1 ? + bubbleType : + special.bindType || type; + + // jQuery handler + handle = ( dataPriv.get( cur, "events" ) || Object.create( null ) )[ event.type ] && + dataPriv.get( cur, "handle" ); + if ( handle ) { + handle.apply( cur, data ); + } + + // Native handler + handle = ontype && cur[ ontype ]; + if ( handle && handle.apply && acceptData( cur ) ) { + event.result = handle.apply( cur, data ); + if ( event.result === false ) { + event.preventDefault(); + } + } + } + event.type = type; + + // If nobody prevented the default action, do it now + if ( !onlyHandlers && !event.isDefaultPrevented() ) { + + if ( ( !special._default || + special._default.apply( eventPath.pop(), data ) === false ) && + acceptData( elem ) ) { + + // Call a native DOM method on the target with the same name as the event. + // Don't do default actions on window, that's where global variables be (#6170) + if ( ontype && isFunction( elem[ type ] ) && !isWindow( elem ) ) { + + // Don't re-trigger an onFOO event when we call its FOO() method + tmp = elem[ ontype ]; + + if ( tmp ) { + elem[ ontype ] = null; + } + + // Prevent re-triggering of the same event, since we already bubbled it above + jQuery.event.triggered = type; + + if ( event.isPropagationStopped() ) { + lastElement.addEventListener( type, stopPropagationCallback ); + } + + elem[ type ](); + + if ( event.isPropagationStopped() ) { + lastElement.removeEventListener( type, stopPropagationCallback ); + } + + jQuery.event.triggered = undefined; + + if ( tmp ) { + elem[ ontype ] = tmp; + } + } + } + } + + return event.result; + }, + + // Piggyback on a donor event to simulate a different one + // Used only for `focus(in | out)` events + simulate: function( type, elem, event ) { + var e = jQuery.extend( + new jQuery.Event(), + event, + { + type: type, + isSimulated: true + } + ); + + jQuery.event.trigger( e, null, elem ); + } + +} ); + +jQuery.fn.extend( { + + trigger: function( type, data ) { + return this.each( function() { + jQuery.event.trigger( type, data, this ); + } ); + }, + triggerHandler: function( type, data ) { + var elem = this[ 0 ]; + if ( elem ) { + return jQuery.event.trigger( type, data, elem, true ); + } + } +} ); + + +// Support: Firefox <=44 +// Firefox doesn't have focus(in | out) events +// Related ticket - https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=687787 +// +// Support: Chrome <=48 - 49, Safari <=9.0 - 9.1 +// focus(in | out) events fire after focus & blur events, +// which is spec violation - http://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-3-Events/#events-focusevent-event-order +// Related ticket - https://bugs.chromium.org/p/chromium/issues/detail?id=449857 +if ( !support.focusin ) { + jQuery.each( { focus: "focusin", blur: "focusout" }, function( orig, fix ) { + + // Attach a single capturing handler on the document while someone wants focusin/focusout + var handler = function( event ) { + jQuery.event.simulate( fix, event.target, jQuery.event.fix( event ) ); + }; + + jQuery.event.special[ fix ] = { + setup: function() { + + // Handle: regular nodes (via `this.ownerDocument`), window + // (via `this.document`) & document (via `this`). + var doc = this.ownerDocument || this.document || this, + attaches = dataPriv.access( doc, fix ); + + if ( !attaches ) { + doc.addEventListener( orig, handler, true ); + } + dataPriv.access( doc, fix, ( attaches || 0 ) + 1 ); + }, + teardown: function() { + var doc = this.ownerDocument || this.document || this, + attaches = dataPriv.access( doc, fix ) - 1; + + if ( !attaches ) { + doc.removeEventListener( orig, handler, true ); + dataPriv.remove( doc, fix ); + + } else { + dataPriv.access( doc, fix, attaches ); + } + } + }; + } ); +} +var location = window.location; + +var nonce = { guid: Date.now() }; + +var rquery = ( /\?/ ); + + + +// Cross-browser xml parsing +jQuery.parseXML = function( data ) { + var xml, parserErrorElem; + if ( !data || typeof data !== "string" ) { + return null; + } + + // Support: IE 9 - 11 only + // IE throws on parseFromString with invalid input. + try { + xml = ( new window.DOMParser() ).parseFromString( data, "text/xml" ); + } catch ( e ) {} + + parserErrorElem = xml && xml.getElementsByTagName( "parsererror" )[ 0 ]; + if ( !xml || parserErrorElem ) { + jQuery.error( "Invalid XML: " + ( + parserErrorElem ? + jQuery.map( parserErrorElem.childNodes, function( el ) { + return el.textContent; + } ).join( "\n" ) : + data + ) ); + } + return xml; +}; + + +var + rbracket = /\[\]$/, + rCRLF = /\r?\n/g, + rsubmitterTypes = /^(?:submit|button|image|reset|file)$/i, + rsubmittable = /^(?:input|select|textarea|keygen)/i; + +function buildParams( prefix, obj, traditional, add ) { + var name; + + if ( Array.isArray( obj ) ) { + + // Serialize array item. + jQuery.each( obj, function( i, v ) { + if ( traditional || rbracket.test( prefix ) ) { + + // Treat each array item as a scalar. + add( prefix, v ); + + } else { + + // Item is non-scalar (array or object), encode its numeric index. + buildParams( + prefix + "[" + ( typeof v === "object" && v != null ? i : "" ) + "]", + v, + traditional, + add + ); + } + } ); + + } else if ( !traditional && toType( obj ) === "object" ) { + + // Serialize object item. + for ( name in obj ) { + buildParams( prefix + "[" + name + "]", obj[ name ], traditional, add ); + } + + } else { + + // Serialize scalar item. + add( prefix, obj ); + } +} + +// Serialize an array of form elements or a set of +// key/values into a query string +jQuery.param = function( a, traditional ) { + var prefix, + s = [], + add = function( key, valueOrFunction ) { + + // If value is a function, invoke it and use its return value + var value = isFunction( valueOrFunction ) ? + valueOrFunction() : + valueOrFunction; + + s[ s.length ] = encodeURIComponent( key ) + "=" + + encodeURIComponent( value == null ? "" : value ); + }; + + if ( a == null ) { + return ""; + } + + // If an array was passed in, assume that it is an array of form elements. + if ( Array.isArray( a ) || ( a.jquery && !jQuery.isPlainObject( a ) ) ) { + + // Serialize the form elements + jQuery.each( a, function() { + add( this.name, this.value ); + } ); + + } else { + + // If traditional, encode the "old" way (the way 1.3.2 or older + // did it), otherwise encode params recursively. + for ( prefix in a ) { + buildParams( prefix, a[ prefix ], traditional, add ); + } + } + + // Return the resulting serialization + return s.join( "&" ); +}; + +jQuery.fn.extend( { + serialize: function() { + return jQuery.param( this.serializeArray() ); + }, + serializeArray: function() { + return this.map( function() { + + // Can add propHook for "elements" to filter or add form elements + var elements = jQuery.prop( this, "elements" ); + return elements ? jQuery.makeArray( elements ) : this; + } ).filter( function() { + var type = this.type; + + // Use .is( ":disabled" ) so that fieldset[disabled] works + return this.name && !jQuery( this ).is( ":disabled" ) && + rsubmittable.test( this.nodeName ) && !rsubmitterTypes.test( type ) && + ( this.checked || !rcheckableType.test( type ) ); + } ).map( function( _i, elem ) { + var val = jQuery( this ).val(); + + if ( val == null ) { + return null; + } + + if ( Array.isArray( val ) ) { + return jQuery.map( val, function( val ) { + return { name: elem.name, value: val.replace( rCRLF, "\r\n" ) }; + } ); + } + + return { name: elem.name, value: val.replace( rCRLF, "\r\n" ) }; + } ).get(); + } +} ); + + +var + r20 = /%20/g, + rhash = /#.*$/, + rantiCache = /([?&])_=[^&]*/, + rheaders = /^(.*?):[ \t]*([^\r\n]*)$/mg, + + // #7653, #8125, #8152: local protocol detection + rlocalProtocol = /^(?:about|app|app-storage|.+-extension|file|res|widget):$/, + rnoContent = /^(?:GET|HEAD)$/, + rprotocol = /^\/\//, + + /* Prefilters + * 1) They are useful to introduce custom dataTypes (see ajax/jsonp.js for an example) + * 2) These are called: + * - BEFORE asking for a transport + * - AFTER param serialization (s.data is a string if s.processData is true) + * 3) key is the dataType + * 4) the catchall symbol "*" can be used + * 5) execution will start with transport dataType and THEN continue down to "*" if needed + */ + prefilters = {}, + + /* Transports bindings + * 1) key is the dataType + * 2) the catchall symbol "*" can be used + * 3) selection will start with transport dataType and THEN go to "*" if needed + */ + transports = {}, + + // Avoid comment-prolog char sequence (#10098); must appease lint and evade compression + allTypes = "*/".concat( "*" ), + + // Anchor tag for parsing the document origin + originAnchor = document.createElement( "a" ); + +originAnchor.href = location.href; + +// Base "constructor" for jQuery.ajaxPrefilter and jQuery.ajaxTransport +function addToPrefiltersOrTransports( structure ) { + + // dataTypeExpression is optional and defaults to "*" + return function( dataTypeExpression, func ) { + + if ( typeof dataTypeExpression !== "string" ) { + func = dataTypeExpression; + dataTypeExpression = "*"; + } + + var dataType, + i = 0, + dataTypes = dataTypeExpression.toLowerCase().match( rnothtmlwhite ) || []; + + if ( isFunction( func ) ) { + + // For each dataType in the dataTypeExpression + while ( ( dataType = dataTypes[ i++ ] ) ) { + + // Prepend if requested + if ( dataType[ 0 ] === "+" ) { + dataType = dataType.slice( 1 ) || "*"; + ( structure[ dataType ] = structure[ dataType ] || [] ).unshift( func ); + + // Otherwise append + } else { + ( structure[ dataType ] = structure[ dataType ] || [] ).push( func ); + } + } + } + }; +} + +// Base inspection function for prefilters and transports +function inspectPrefiltersOrTransports( structure, options, originalOptions, jqXHR ) { + + var inspected = {}, + seekingTransport = ( structure === transports ); + + function inspect( dataType ) { + var selected; + inspected[ dataType ] = true; + jQuery.each( structure[ dataType ] || [], function( _, prefilterOrFactory ) { + var dataTypeOrTransport = prefilterOrFactory( options, originalOptions, jqXHR ); + if ( typeof dataTypeOrTransport === "string" && + !seekingTransport && !inspected[ dataTypeOrTransport ] ) { + + options.dataTypes.unshift( dataTypeOrTransport ); + inspect( dataTypeOrTransport ); + return false; + } else if ( seekingTransport ) { + return !( selected = dataTypeOrTransport ); + } + } ); + return selected; + } + + return inspect( options.dataTypes[ 0 ] ) || !inspected[ "*" ] && inspect( "*" ); +} + +// A special extend for ajax options +// that takes "flat" options (not to be deep extended) +// Fixes #9887 +function ajaxExtend( target, src ) { + var key, deep, + flatOptions = jQuery.ajaxSettings.flatOptions || {}; + + for ( key in src ) { + if ( src[ key ] !== undefined ) { + ( flatOptions[ key ] ? target : ( deep || ( deep = {} ) ) )[ key ] = src[ key ]; + } + } + if ( deep ) { + jQuery.extend( true, target, deep ); + } + + return target; +} + +/* Handles responses to an ajax request: + * - finds the right dataType (mediates between content-type and expected dataType) + * - returns the corresponding response + */ +function ajaxHandleResponses( s, jqXHR, responses ) { + + var ct, type, finalDataType, firstDataType, + contents = s.contents, + dataTypes = s.dataTypes; + + // Remove auto dataType and get content-type in the process + while ( dataTypes[ 0 ] === "*" ) { + dataTypes.shift(); + if ( ct === undefined ) { + ct = s.mimeType || jqXHR.getResponseHeader( "Content-Type" ); + } + } + + // Check if we're dealing with a known content-type + if ( ct ) { + for ( type in contents ) { + if ( contents[ type ] && contents[ type ].test( ct ) ) { + dataTypes.unshift( type ); + break; + } + } + } + + // Check to see if we have a response for the expected dataType + if ( dataTypes[ 0 ] in responses ) { + finalDataType = dataTypes[ 0 ]; + } else { + + // Try convertible dataTypes + for ( type in responses ) { + if ( !dataTypes[ 0 ] || s.converters[ type + " " + dataTypes[ 0 ] ] ) { + finalDataType = type; + break; + } + if ( !firstDataType ) { + firstDataType = type; + } + } + + // Or just use first one + finalDataType = finalDataType || firstDataType; + } + + // If we found a dataType + // We add the dataType to the list if needed + // and return the corresponding response + if ( finalDataType ) { + if ( finalDataType !== dataTypes[ 0 ] ) { + dataTypes.unshift( finalDataType ); + } + return responses[ finalDataType ]; + } +} + +/* Chain conversions given the request and the original response + * Also sets the responseXXX fields on the jqXHR instance + */ +function ajaxConvert( s, response, jqXHR, isSuccess ) { + var conv2, current, conv, tmp, prev, + converters = {}, + + // Work with a copy of dataTypes in case we need to modify it for conversion + dataTypes = s.dataTypes.slice(); + + // Create converters map with lowercased keys + if ( dataTypes[ 1 ] ) { + for ( conv in s.converters ) { + converters[ conv.toLowerCase() ] = s.converters[ conv ]; + } + } + + current = dataTypes.shift(); + + // Convert to each sequential dataType + while ( current ) { + + if ( s.responseFields[ current ] ) { + jqXHR[ s.responseFields[ current ] ] = response; + } + + // Apply the dataFilter if provided + if ( !prev && isSuccess && s.dataFilter ) { + response = s.dataFilter( response, s.dataType ); + } + + prev = current; + current = dataTypes.shift(); + + if ( current ) { + + // There's only work to do if current dataType is non-auto + if ( current === "*" ) { + + current = prev; + + // Convert response if prev dataType is non-auto and differs from current + } else if ( prev !== "*" && prev !== current ) { + + // Seek a direct converter + conv = converters[ prev + " " + current ] || converters[ "* " + current ]; + + // If none found, seek a pair + if ( !conv ) { + for ( conv2 in converters ) { + + // If conv2 outputs current + tmp = conv2.split( " " ); + if ( tmp[ 1 ] === current ) { + + // If prev can be converted to accepted input + conv = converters[ prev + " " + tmp[ 0 ] ] || + converters[ "* " + tmp[ 0 ] ]; + if ( conv ) { + + // Condense equivalence converters + if ( conv === true ) { + conv = converters[ conv2 ]; + + // Otherwise, insert the intermediate dataType + } else if ( converters[ conv2 ] !== true ) { + current = tmp[ 0 ]; + dataTypes.unshift( tmp[ 1 ] ); + } + break; + } + } + } + } + + // Apply converter (if not an equivalence) + if ( conv !== true ) { + + // Unless errors are allowed to bubble, catch and return them + if ( conv && s.throws ) { + response = conv( response ); + } else { + try { + response = conv( response ); + } catch ( e ) { + return { + state: "parsererror", + error: conv ? e : "No conversion from " + prev + " to " + current + }; + } + } + } + } + } + } + + return { state: "success", data: response }; +} + +jQuery.extend( { + + // Counter for holding the number of active queries + active: 0, + + // Last-Modified header cache for next request + lastModified: {}, + etag: {}, + + ajaxSettings: { + url: location.href, + type: "GET", + isLocal: rlocalProtocol.test( location.protocol ), + global: true, + processData: true, + async: true, + contentType: "application/x-www-form-urlencoded; charset=UTF-8", + + /* + timeout: 0, + data: null, + dataType: null, + username: null, + password: null, + cache: null, + throws: false, + traditional: false, + headers: {}, + */ + + accepts: { + "*": allTypes, + text: "text/plain", + html: "text/html", + xml: "application/xml, text/xml", + json: "application/json, text/javascript" + }, + + contents: { + xml: /\bxml\b/, + html: /\bhtml/, + json: /\bjson\b/ + }, + + responseFields: { + xml: "responseXML", + text: "responseText", + json: "responseJSON" + }, + + // Data converters + // Keys separate source (or catchall "*") and destination types with a single space + converters: { + + // Convert anything to text + "* text": String, + + // Text to html (true = no transformation) + "text html": true, + + // Evaluate text as a json expression + "text json": JSON.parse, + + // Parse text as xml + "text xml": jQuery.parseXML + }, + + // For options that shouldn't be deep extended: + // you can add your own custom options here if + // and when you create one that shouldn't be + // deep extended (see ajaxExtend) + flatOptions: { + url: true, + context: true + } + }, + + // Creates a full fledged settings object into target + // with both ajaxSettings and settings fields. + // If target is omitted, writes into ajaxSettings. + ajaxSetup: function( target, settings ) { + return settings ? + + // Building a settings object + ajaxExtend( ajaxExtend( target, jQuery.ajaxSettings ), settings ) : + + // Extending ajaxSettings + ajaxExtend( jQuery.ajaxSettings, target ); + }, + + ajaxPrefilter: addToPrefiltersOrTransports( prefilters ), + ajaxTransport: addToPrefiltersOrTransports( transports ), + + // Main method + ajax: function( url, options ) { + + // If url is an object, simulate pre-1.5 signature + if ( typeof url === "object" ) { + options = url; + url = undefined; + } + + // Force options to be an object + options = options || {}; + + var transport, + + // URL without anti-cache param + cacheURL, + + // Response headers + responseHeadersString, + responseHeaders, + + // timeout handle + timeoutTimer, + + // Url cleanup var + urlAnchor, + + // Request state (becomes false upon send and true upon completion) + completed, + + // To know if global events are to be dispatched + fireGlobals, + + // Loop variable + i, + + // uncached part of the url + uncached, + + // Create the final options object + s = jQuery.ajaxSetup( {}, options ), + + // Callbacks context + callbackContext = s.context || s, + + // Context for global events is callbackContext if it is a DOM node or jQuery collection + globalEventContext = s.context && + ( callbackContext.nodeType || callbackContext.jquery ) ? + jQuery( callbackContext ) : + jQuery.event, + + // Deferreds + deferred = jQuery.Deferred(), + completeDeferred = jQuery.Callbacks( "once memory" ), + + // Status-dependent callbacks + statusCode = s.statusCode || {}, + + // Headers (they are sent all at once) + requestHeaders = {}, + requestHeadersNames = {}, + + // Default abort message + strAbort = "canceled", + + // Fake xhr + jqXHR = { + readyState: 0, + + // Builds headers hashtable if needed + getResponseHeader: function( key ) { + var match; + if ( completed ) { + if ( !responseHeaders ) { + responseHeaders = {}; + while ( ( match = rheaders.exec( responseHeadersString ) ) ) { + responseHeaders[ match[ 1 ].toLowerCase() + " " ] = + ( responseHeaders[ match[ 1 ].toLowerCase() + " " ] || [] ) + .concat( match[ 2 ] ); + } + } + match = responseHeaders[ key.toLowerCase() + " " ]; + } + return match == null ? null : match.join( ", " ); + }, + + // Raw string + getAllResponseHeaders: function() { + return completed ? responseHeadersString : null; + }, + + // Caches the header + setRequestHeader: function( name, value ) { + if ( completed == null ) { + name = requestHeadersNames[ name.toLowerCase() ] = + requestHeadersNames[ name.toLowerCase() ] || name; + requestHeaders[ name ] = value; + } + return this; + }, + + // Overrides response content-type header + overrideMimeType: function( type ) { + if ( completed == null ) { + s.mimeType = type; + } + return this; + }, + + // Status-dependent callbacks + statusCode: function( map ) { + var code; + if ( map ) { + if ( completed ) { + + // Execute the appropriate callbacks + jqXHR.always( map[ jqXHR.status ] ); + } else { + + // Lazy-add the new callbacks in a way that preserves old ones + for ( code in map ) { + statusCode[ code ] = [ statusCode[ code ], map[ code ] ]; + } + } + } + return this; + }, + + // Cancel the request + abort: function( statusText ) { + var finalText = statusText || strAbort; + if ( transport ) { + transport.abort( finalText ); + } + done( 0, finalText ); + return this; + } + }; + + // Attach deferreds + deferred.promise( jqXHR ); + + // Add protocol if not provided (prefilters might expect it) + // Handle falsy url in the settings object (#10093: consistency with old signature) + // We also use the url parameter if available + s.url = ( ( url || s.url || location.href ) + "" ) + .replace( rprotocol, location.protocol + "//" ); + + // Alias method option to type as per ticket #12004 + s.type = options.method || options.type || s.method || s.type; + + // Extract dataTypes list + s.dataTypes = ( s.dataType || "*" ).toLowerCase().match( rnothtmlwhite ) || [ "" ]; + + // A cross-domain request is in order when the origin doesn't match the current origin. + if ( s.crossDomain == null ) { + urlAnchor = document.createElement( "a" ); + + // Support: IE <=8 - 11, Edge 12 - 15 + // IE throws exception on accessing the href property if url is malformed, + // e.g. http://example.com:80x/ + try { + urlAnchor.href = s.url; + + // Support: IE <=8 - 11 only + // Anchor's host property isn't correctly set when s.url is relative + urlAnchor.href = urlAnchor.href; + s.crossDomain = originAnchor.protocol + "//" + originAnchor.host !== + urlAnchor.protocol + "//" + urlAnchor.host; + } catch ( e ) { + + // If there is an error parsing the URL, assume it is crossDomain, + // it can be rejected by the transport if it is invalid + s.crossDomain = true; + } + } + + // Convert data if not already a string + if ( s.data && s.processData && typeof s.data !== "string" ) { + s.data = jQuery.param( s.data, s.traditional ); + } + + // Apply prefilters + inspectPrefiltersOrTransports( prefilters, s, options, jqXHR ); + + // If request was aborted inside a prefilter, stop there + if ( completed ) { + return jqXHR; + } + + // We can fire global events as of now if asked to + // Don't fire events if jQuery.event is undefined in an AMD-usage scenario (#15118) + fireGlobals = jQuery.event && s.global; + + // Watch for a new set of requests + if ( fireGlobals && jQuery.active++ === 0 ) { + jQuery.event.trigger( "ajaxStart" ); + } + + // Uppercase the type + s.type = s.type.toUpperCase(); + + // Determine if request has content + s.hasContent = !rnoContent.test( s.type ); + + // Save the URL in case we're toying with the If-Modified-Since + // and/or If-None-Match header later on + // Remove hash to simplify url manipulation + cacheURL = s.url.replace( rhash, "" ); + + // More options handling for requests with no content + if ( !s.hasContent ) { + + // Remember the hash so we can put it back + uncached = s.url.slice( cacheURL.length ); + + // If data is available and should be processed, append data to url + if ( s.data && ( s.processData || typeof s.data === "string" ) ) { + cacheURL += ( rquery.test( cacheURL ) ? "&" : "?" ) + s.data; + + // #9682: remove data so that it's not used in an eventual retry + delete s.data; + } + + // Add or update anti-cache param if needed + if ( s.cache === false ) { + cacheURL = cacheURL.replace( rantiCache, "$1" ); + uncached = ( rquery.test( cacheURL ) ? "&" : "?" ) + "_=" + ( nonce.guid++ ) + + uncached; + } + + // Put hash and anti-cache on the URL that will be requested (gh-1732) + s.url = cacheURL + uncached; + + // Change '%20' to '+' if this is encoded form body content (gh-2658) + } else if ( s.data && s.processData && + ( s.contentType || "" ).indexOf( "application/x-www-form-urlencoded" ) === 0 ) { + s.data = s.data.replace( r20, "+" ); + } + + // Set the If-Modified-Since and/or If-None-Match header, if in ifModified mode. + if ( s.ifModified ) { + if ( jQuery.lastModified[ cacheURL ] ) { + jqXHR.setRequestHeader( "If-Modified-Since", jQuery.lastModified[ cacheURL ] ); + } + if ( jQuery.etag[ cacheURL ] ) { + jqXHR.setRequestHeader( "If-None-Match", jQuery.etag[ cacheURL ] ); + } + } + + // Set the correct header, if data is being sent + if ( s.data && s.hasContent && s.contentType !== false || options.contentType ) { + jqXHR.setRequestHeader( "Content-Type", s.contentType ); + } + + // Set the Accepts header for the server, depending on the dataType + jqXHR.setRequestHeader( + "Accept", + s.dataTypes[ 0 ] && s.accepts[ s.dataTypes[ 0 ] ] ? + s.accepts[ s.dataTypes[ 0 ] ] + + ( s.dataTypes[ 0 ] !== "*" ? ", " + allTypes + "; q=0.01" : "" ) : + s.accepts[ "*" ] + ); + + // Check for headers option + for ( i in s.headers ) { + jqXHR.setRequestHeader( i, s.headers[ i ] ); + } + + // Allow custom headers/mimetypes and early abort + if ( s.beforeSend && + ( s.beforeSend.call( callbackContext, jqXHR, s ) === false || completed ) ) { + + // Abort if not done already and return + return jqXHR.abort(); + } + + // Aborting is no longer a cancellation + strAbort = "abort"; + + // Install callbacks on deferreds + completeDeferred.add( s.complete ); + jqXHR.done( s.success ); + jqXHR.fail( s.error ); + + // Get transport + transport = inspectPrefiltersOrTransports( transports, s, options, jqXHR ); + + // If no transport, we auto-abort + if ( !transport ) { + done( -1, "No Transport" ); + } else { + jqXHR.readyState = 1; + + // Send global event + if ( fireGlobals ) { + globalEventContext.trigger( "ajaxSend", [ jqXHR, s ] ); + } + + // If request was aborted inside ajaxSend, stop there + if ( completed ) { + return jqXHR; + } + + // Timeout + if ( s.async && s.timeout > 0 ) { + timeoutTimer = window.setTimeout( function() { + jqXHR.abort( "timeout" ); + }, s.timeout ); + } + + try { + completed = false; + transport.send( requestHeaders, done ); + } catch ( e ) { + + // Rethrow post-completion exceptions + if ( completed ) { + throw e; + } + + // Propagate others as results + done( -1, e ); + } + } + + // Callback for when everything is done + function done( status, nativeStatusText, responses, headers ) { + var isSuccess, success, error, response, modified, + statusText = nativeStatusText; + + // Ignore repeat invocations + if ( completed ) { + return; + } + + completed = true; + + // Clear timeout if it exists + if ( timeoutTimer ) { + window.clearTimeout( timeoutTimer ); + } + + // Dereference transport for early garbage collection + // (no matter how long the jqXHR object will be used) + transport = undefined; + + // Cache response headers + responseHeadersString = headers || ""; + + // Set readyState + jqXHR.readyState = status > 0 ? 4 : 0; + + // Determine if successful + isSuccess = status >= 200 && status < 300 || status === 304; + + // Get response data + if ( responses ) { + response = ajaxHandleResponses( s, jqXHR, responses ); + } + + // Use a noop converter for missing script but not if jsonp + if ( !isSuccess && + jQuery.inArray( "script", s.dataTypes ) > -1 && + jQuery.inArray( "json", s.dataTypes ) < 0 ) { + s.converters[ "text script" ] = function() {}; + } + + // Convert no matter what (that way responseXXX fields are always set) + response = ajaxConvert( s, response, jqXHR, isSuccess ); + + // If successful, handle type chaining + if ( isSuccess ) { + + // Set the If-Modified-Since and/or If-None-Match header, if in ifModified mode. + if ( s.ifModified ) { + modified = jqXHR.getResponseHeader( "Last-Modified" ); + if ( modified ) { + jQuery.lastModified[ cacheURL ] = modified; + } + modified = jqXHR.getResponseHeader( "etag" ); + if ( modified ) { + jQuery.etag[ cacheURL ] = modified; + } + } + + // if no content + if ( status === 204 || s.type === "HEAD" ) { + statusText = "nocontent"; + + // if not modified + } else if ( status === 304 ) { + statusText = "notmodified"; + + // If we have data, let's convert it + } else { + statusText = response.state; + success = response.data; + error = response.error; + isSuccess = !error; + } + } else { + + // Extract error from statusText and normalize for non-aborts + error = statusText; + if ( status || !statusText ) { + statusText = "error"; + if ( status < 0 ) { + status = 0; + } + } + } + + // Set data for the fake xhr object + jqXHR.status = status; + jqXHR.statusText = ( nativeStatusText || statusText ) + ""; + + // Success/Error + if ( isSuccess ) { + deferred.resolveWith( callbackContext, [ success, statusText, jqXHR ] ); + } else { + deferred.rejectWith( callbackContext, [ jqXHR, statusText, error ] ); + } + + // Status-dependent callbacks + jqXHR.statusCode( statusCode ); + statusCode = undefined; + + if ( fireGlobals ) { + globalEventContext.trigger( isSuccess ? "ajaxSuccess" : "ajaxError", + [ jqXHR, s, isSuccess ? success : error ] ); + } + + // Complete + completeDeferred.fireWith( callbackContext, [ jqXHR, statusText ] ); + + if ( fireGlobals ) { + globalEventContext.trigger( "ajaxComplete", [ jqXHR, s ] ); + + // Handle the global AJAX counter + if ( !( --jQuery.active ) ) { + jQuery.event.trigger( "ajaxStop" ); + } + } + } + + return jqXHR; + }, + + getJSON: function( url, data, callback ) { + return jQuery.get( url, data, callback, "json" ); + }, + + getScript: function( url, callback ) { + return jQuery.get( url, undefined, callback, "script" ); + } +} ); + +jQuery.each( [ "get", "post" ], function( _i, method ) { + jQuery[ method ] = function( url, data, callback, type ) { + + // Shift arguments if data argument was omitted + if ( isFunction( data ) ) { + type = type || callback; + callback = data; + data = undefined; + } + + // The url can be an options object (which then must have .url) + return jQuery.ajax( jQuery.extend( { + url: url, + type: method, + dataType: type, + data: data, + success: callback + }, jQuery.isPlainObject( url ) && url ) ); + }; +} ); + +jQuery.ajaxPrefilter( function( s ) { + var i; + for ( i in s.headers ) { + if ( i.toLowerCase() === "content-type" ) { + s.contentType = s.headers[ i ] || ""; + } + } +} ); + + +jQuery._evalUrl = function( url, options, doc ) { + return jQuery.ajax( { + url: url, + + // Make this explicit, since user can override this through ajaxSetup (#11264) + type: "GET", + dataType: "script", + cache: true, + async: false, + global: false, + + // Only evaluate the response if it is successful (gh-4126) + // dataFilter is not invoked for failure responses, so using it instead + // of the default converter is kludgy but it works. + converters: { + "text script": function() {} + }, + dataFilter: function( response ) { + jQuery.globalEval( response, options, doc ); + } + } ); +}; + + +jQuery.fn.extend( { + wrapAll: function( html ) { + var wrap; + + if ( this[ 0 ] ) { + if ( isFunction( html ) ) { + html = html.call( this[ 0 ] ); + } + + // The elements to wrap the target around + wrap = jQuery( html, this[ 0 ].ownerDocument ).eq( 0 ).clone( true ); + + if ( this[ 0 ].parentNode ) { + wrap.insertBefore( this[ 0 ] ); + } + + wrap.map( function() { + var elem = this; + + while ( elem.firstElementChild ) { + elem = elem.firstElementChild; + } + + return elem; + } ).append( this ); + } + + return this; + }, + + wrapInner: function( html ) { + if ( isFunction( html ) ) { + return this.each( function( i ) { + jQuery( this ).wrapInner( html.call( this, i ) ); + } ); + } + + return this.each( function() { + var self = jQuery( this ), + contents = self.contents(); + + if ( contents.length ) { + contents.wrapAll( html ); + + } else { + self.append( html ); + } + } ); + }, + + wrap: function( html ) { + var htmlIsFunction = isFunction( html ); + + return this.each( function( i ) { + jQuery( this ).wrapAll( htmlIsFunction ? html.call( this, i ) : html ); + } ); + }, + + unwrap: function( selector ) { + this.parent( selector ).not( "body" ).each( function() { + jQuery( this ).replaceWith( this.childNodes ); + } ); + return this; + } +} ); + + +jQuery.expr.pseudos.hidden = function( elem ) { + return !jQuery.expr.pseudos.visible( elem ); +}; +jQuery.expr.pseudos.visible = function( elem ) { + return !!( elem.offsetWidth || elem.offsetHeight || elem.getClientRects().length ); +}; + + + + +jQuery.ajaxSettings.xhr = function() { + try { + return new window.XMLHttpRequest(); + } catch ( e ) {} +}; + +var xhrSuccessStatus = { + + // File protocol always yields status code 0, assume 200 + 0: 200, + + // Support: IE <=9 only + // #1450: sometimes IE returns 1223 when it should be 204 + 1223: 204 + }, + xhrSupported = jQuery.ajaxSettings.xhr(); + +support.cors = !!xhrSupported && ( "withCredentials" in xhrSupported ); +support.ajax = xhrSupported = !!xhrSupported; + +jQuery.ajaxTransport( function( options ) { + var callback, errorCallback; + + // Cross domain only allowed if supported through XMLHttpRequest + if ( support.cors || xhrSupported && !options.crossDomain ) { + return { + send: function( headers, complete ) { + var i, + xhr = options.xhr(); + + xhr.open( + options.type, + options.url, + options.async, + options.username, + options.password + ); + + // Apply custom fields if provided + if ( options.xhrFields ) { + for ( i in options.xhrFields ) { + xhr[ i ] = options.xhrFields[ i ]; + } + } + + // Override mime type if needed + if ( options.mimeType && xhr.overrideMimeType ) { + xhr.overrideMimeType( options.mimeType ); + } + + // X-Requested-With header + // For cross-domain requests, seeing as conditions for a preflight are + // akin to a jigsaw puzzle, we simply never set it to be sure. + // (it can always be set on a per-request basis or even using ajaxSetup) + // For same-domain requests, won't change header if already provided. + if ( !options.crossDomain && !headers[ "X-Requested-With" ] ) { + headers[ "X-Requested-With" ] = "XMLHttpRequest"; + } + + // Set headers + for ( i in headers ) { + xhr.setRequestHeader( i, headers[ i ] ); + } + + // Callback + callback = function( type ) { + return function() { + if ( callback ) { + callback = errorCallback = xhr.onload = + xhr.onerror = xhr.onabort = xhr.ontimeout = + xhr.onreadystatechange = null; + + if ( type === "abort" ) { + xhr.abort(); + } else if ( type === "error" ) { + + // Support: IE <=9 only + // On a manual native abort, IE9 throws + // errors on any property access that is not readyState + if ( typeof xhr.status !== "number" ) { + complete( 0, "error" ); + } else { + complete( + + // File: protocol always yields status 0; see #8605, #14207 + xhr.status, + xhr.statusText + ); + } + } else { + complete( + xhrSuccessStatus[ xhr.status ] || xhr.status, + xhr.statusText, + + // Support: IE <=9 only + // IE9 has no XHR2 but throws on binary (trac-11426) + // For XHR2 non-text, let the caller handle it (gh-2498) + ( xhr.responseType || "text" ) !== "text" || + typeof xhr.responseText !== "string" ? + { binary: xhr.response } : + { text: xhr.responseText }, + xhr.getAllResponseHeaders() + ); + } + } + }; + }; + + // Listen to events + xhr.onload = callback(); + errorCallback = xhr.onerror = xhr.ontimeout = callback( "error" ); + + // Support: IE 9 only + // Use onreadystatechange to replace onabort + // to handle uncaught aborts + if ( xhr.onabort !== undefined ) { + xhr.onabort = errorCallback; + } else { + xhr.onreadystatechange = function() { + + // Check readyState before timeout as it changes + if ( xhr.readyState === 4 ) { + + // Allow onerror to be called first, + // but that will not handle a native abort + // Also, save errorCallback to a variable + // as xhr.onerror cannot be accessed + window.setTimeout( function() { + if ( callback ) { + errorCallback(); + } + } ); + } + }; + } + + // Create the abort callback + callback = callback( "abort" ); + + try { + + // Do send the request (this may raise an exception) + xhr.send( options.hasContent && options.data || null ); + } catch ( e ) { + + // #14683: Only rethrow if this hasn't been notified as an error yet + if ( callback ) { + throw e; + } + } + }, + + abort: function() { + if ( callback ) { + callback(); + } + } + }; + } +} ); + + + + +// Prevent auto-execution of scripts when no explicit dataType was provided (See gh-2432) +jQuery.ajaxPrefilter( function( s ) { + if ( s.crossDomain ) { + s.contents.script = false; + } +} ); + +// Install script dataType +jQuery.ajaxSetup( { + accepts: { + script: "text/javascript, application/javascript, " + + "application/ecmascript, application/x-ecmascript" + }, + contents: { + script: /\b(?:java|ecma)script\b/ + }, + converters: { + "text script": function( text ) { + jQuery.globalEval( text ); + return text; + } + } +} ); + +// Handle cache's special case and crossDomain +jQuery.ajaxPrefilter( "script", function( s ) { + if ( s.cache === undefined ) { + s.cache = false; + } + if ( s.crossDomain ) { + s.type = "GET"; + } +} ); + +// Bind script tag hack transport +jQuery.ajaxTransport( "script", function( s ) { + + // This transport only deals with cross domain or forced-by-attrs requests + if ( s.crossDomain || s.scriptAttrs ) { + var script, callback; + return { + send: function( _, complete ) { + script = jQuery( " + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
    +

    EUROPE ELECTS - Visualising the 2024 European Parliament Elections

    + + +
    + 2025 +
    + +

    Recreating and improving on visual representation of election data *** this is still very much a working document - i have the code to a stage where it is running to produce an end product but the final document needs a lot of polishing and fitting to the guidelines of the project. ***

    +
    + +
    + + Kirsty Pirzkall + +
    2025-12-15 +
    + +
    +
    + +
    +

    INTRODUCTION

    +

    The 10th European Parliament elections (and the first since the UK’s departure) took place from the 6th to the 9th of June 2024, spanning the 27 EU member states. In this period over 182 million eligible voters chose the next set of 720 Members of the European Parliament (MEPs).

    +

    The outcome of the elections marked significant shifts in the European political landscape. Traditional, centrist political groups experienced losses whereas right-wing and far-right parties made notable gains in many countries. The overall results also reflected growing fragmentation and the strengthening of Eurosceptic voices in several member states.

    +

    The composition of the European Parliament is complex - it involves over 200 national political parties from 27 countries that organise into 8 European Parliament groups, 720 MEPs that fill the seats of the parliament, and positions from the whole political spectrum represented across diverse national backdrops. The results of the election mirror this complexity - a large amount of data is produced which is then analysed, reported, and published in many languages and formats. Clear and accurate communication of this data is vital as the outcome of the vote has important implications for EU policy-making on key issues such as migration, defense, climate change, and economic governance in the following parliamentary term.

    +

    Visualizing Democratic Choice

    +

    Since election results are inherently complex, data visualisation is commonly used to transform the data into accessible insights, allowing citizens to quickly undertand the political landscape and understand what the numbers mean for governance and policy.

    +

    When it comes to the European Parliament elections, using visualisation to present the results comes with unique challenges. The amount and complexity of the data means that careful choices have to be made about what to emphasise and how to maintain clarity.

    +

    Traditional approaches like semicircular parliament seat diagrams mirror the physical parliamentary chamber, making coalition dynamics and political balance immediately visible. Geographic breakdowns reveal how European political sentiment varies across regions, while comparative visualizations can highlight shifts from previous elections.

    +

    The goal of these visualizations is not simply to report numbers, but to illuminate patterns, facilitate comparison, and make democratic outcomes comprehensible. In an era of information overload, clear and honest visual representation of electoral data serves a vital civic function - helping people understand the institutions that govern them and the choices their fellow citizens have made.

    +

    THE ORIGINAL PLOT

    +

    The visualisation chosen as the basis of this project was sourced from the Wikipedia page “2024 European Parliament election” (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_European_Parliament_election) and appears to have been originally made using the Inkscape platform.

    +

    This plot aims to communicate the results of the elections to a wide audience by providing a unified visual overview at both a national and EU level. It does this by including geographic, seat-based, and vote-proportion representations.
    +
    +A choropleth map (a statistical map that uses colours/ shades to represent data values across predefined geographical areas) employing a combination of colour coding and color graduation is used to represent both which European Parliament group won the largest proportion of the vote in each EU27 country, and what percentage range of the total vote this winning proportion represents.

    +

    Parliament plots (also called hemicycle diagrams) are used to represent the seat distribution in legislative bodies. Traditionally, dots are arranged in a semicircle or horseshoe shape where each dot represents one seat/ representative and the colour of the dot represents the political party or group that the representative is affiliated with. In this case, the original plot uses 27 distinct, circular parliament plots to visualise the seat breakdown by European Parliament group in each of the EU member states.

    +

    Donut plots show the proportions of a whole, and are essentially nothing more than pie charts with the middle cut out. In the case of original plot, 27 individual donut plots are used to convey the percentage of the total vote that each European Parliament group recieved in each country.

    +
    +Original chart. Source: Wikipedia “2024 European Parliamen Election” + +
    +

    The decision to explore this graph was largely due to the variety of visualisation techniques that is employs, which combine into an overall striking and very eye-catching plot. Further to the this visual interest created by the merging of techniques, I hoped that trying to recreate a plot that uses many different methods to convey election data would allow me to explore a wider range of data visualisation tools in R.

    +

    DATA SOURCES

    +

    Obtaining the election data needed for the recreation of this plot posed some challenges and the final data used came from two differet sources.

    +

    The data used to recreate the parliament seat plots came directly from 27 individual country-specific election result datasets published online by the European Parliament (https://results.elections.europa.eu/en/tools/download-datasheets/). These datasets primarily consisted of the number of seats won by each European Perliament group in their respective countries which is all the information that was required for this part of the plot.

    +

    The data that was used to recreate the donut plots, which represents the proportion of the total vote in each country won per European Parliament group, could not be found in a pre-existing dataset and nor were these figures published explicitly online. This lack of accessible and verifiable data meant that considerable effort was required to approximate and reconstruct the data needed to reconstruct this part of the plot accurately. To this end, the percentage of votes won by individual national political parties was sourced and then aggregated in to European Parliament group percentages manually by researching the affiliation of each individual party at the time of the election. This was a timely process that utilised many sources such as wikipedia, the European Parliament website, and the webpages of the individual national parties themselves.
    +
    +Finally, the data required to achieve the colouring of the background map had to be recreated manually. This process was less involved than the data recreation of the donut plots as the figures required could be extracted directly from the original plot.
    +
    +Once the required data was gathered, the processing and visualisation process in R could begin.

    +

    INSTALLING PACKAGES

    +

    This project uses numerous packages in R that are required to facilitate effective data manipulation and visulisation in a variety of forms.

    +
    +
    +
    library(tidyverse)
+library(sf)
+library(ggplot2)
+library(rnaturalearth)
+library(rnaturalearthdata)
+library(dplyr)
+library(readr)
+library(ggparliament)
+library(ggforce)
+library(grid)
+library(cowplot)
+library(scales)
+library(ggimage)
+library(patchwork)
+library(png)
+library(magick)
    +
    +
    +

    DEFINING GLOBALS

    +

    At the beginning of the replication process, some global specifications were defined in order to streamline the visualisation process and ensure consistency across the multiple components of the plot.

    +

    The order in which the European Parliament groups were represented in the original parliament and donut plots was assigned to a vector:

    +
    +
    +
    party_order <- c("ESN", "Patriots", "ECR", "EPP",  "NI", "Independent", "Renew", "GREENSEFA", "SD", "Theleft")
    +
    +
    +

    Another vector was used to define a standard colour palette reflective of the colours used to represent each European Parliament group in the original plot. To do this, the original image was uploaded to the website https://imagecolorpicker.com/ which allowed the exact hex codes of each colour to be identified and used in this project:

    +
    +
    +
    custom_cols <- c(
+  "ECR" = "#3d29a3",
+  "EPP" = "#3aaff7",
+  "NI" = "#8c8673",
+  "Patriots" = "#3e435b",
+  "Renew" = "#ffd500",
+  "SD" = "#ed1c25",
+  "ESN" = "#997a1f",
+  "GREENSEFA" = "#33cd32",
+  "Theleft" = "#b01b66",
+  "Independent" = "#e0e0e0")
    +
    +
    +

    MAKING THE BACKGROUND MAP

    +

    The first component of the original plot to be recreated was the main background map. A dataset for the data displayed in the map was constructed:

    +
    +
    +
    eu_parl_map <- data.frame(
+  country = c("Austria", "Belgium", "Bulgaria", "Croatia", "Cyprus", "Czechia", "Denmark", "Estonia", "Finland", "France", "Germany", "Greece", "Hungary", "Ireland", "Italy", "Latvia", "Lithuania", "Luxembourg", "Malta", "Netherlands", "Poland", "Portugal", "Romania", "Slovakia", "Slovenia", "Spain", "Sweden"),
+  
+  country_code = c("AUT", "BEL", "BGR", "HRV", "CYP", "CZE", "DNK", "EST", "FIN", "FRA", "DEU", "GRC", "HUN", "IRL", "ITA", "LVA","LTU", "LUX", "MLT", "NLD", "POL", "PRT", "ROU", "SVK", "SVN", "ESP", "SWE"),
+  
+  top_party = c("Patriots", "Renew", "EPP", "EPP", "EPP", "Patriots", "Renew", "Renew", "EPP", "Patriots", "EPP", "EPP", "Patriots", "Renew", "ECR", "ECR", "EPP", "EPP", "SD", "Renew", "EPP", "SD", "SD", "NI", "EPP", "EPP", "SD"),
+  
+  top_seats = c(6, 5, 6, 6, 2, 9, 4, 2, 4, 30, 31, 7, 11, 6, 24, 3, 3, 2, 3, 7, 23, 8, 11, 7, 5, 22, 5),
+  
+  total_seats = c(20, 22, 17, 12, 6, 21, 15, 7, 15, 81, 96, 21, 21, 14, 76, 9, 11, 6, 6, 31, 53, 21, 33, 15, 9, 61, 21)
+)
+
+# create a variable containing the percentage of seats held by top group
+eu_parl_map <-
+  eu_parl_map |> 
+  mutate(top_percentage = (top_seats / total_seats) * 100)
    +
    +
    +

    Second, we get the map data that we need for the project. In R there are several packages that can be used for making map-based visualisations, these include “maps”, “rnaturalearth”, and “giscoR”. After researching map creation in R I chose to use the “rnaturalearth” package for this project as it seemed to be an up-to-date, general-purpose mapping package that had a lot of readily-available supporting documentation, online resources, and existing discussion on R programming forums.

    +

    Firstly all the geographic boundary data included in the “naturalearth” package was called. It was decided that for this project a “medium” scale with moderate detail would provide a good balance of reasonable detail without excessive file size or rendering time. Returning the data as a “sf” (simple features) object provides a tidyverse-friendly data structure and makes the data compatible with visualisation packages such as ggplot2 which will be relied on heavily throughout this project.

    +
    +
    +
    countries <- ne_countries(scale = "medium", returnclass = "sf")
    +
    +
    +

    Next this full set of countries was reduced to what is needed for the project - the continental european territories of the 27 European union member states. This was done using a combination of centroids and latitudes/longitudes.

    +

    The complex, multi-part geometries retrieved from “rnaturalearth” were decomposed into individual polygons, and the geographic centroid for each of these polygons was then calculated. After this, a filter was used to only keep those polygons with a centroid falling within a boundary box spanning -25° to 40° longitude and 34° to 72° latitude (this longitude and latitude data was estimated manually using google maps as a reference). This approach captured the European continental region required whilst excluding overseas territories of the EU27 countries that are not represented on the original map.

    +
    +
    +
    # decomposition of multipolygons into individual polygons
+countries <- countries |>
+  st_cast("MULTIPOLYGON") |>
+  st_cast("POLYGON")
+
+# calculating centroids 
+cent <- st_coordinates(st_centroid(countries))
+
+# adding centroid longitude and latitude to the data frame to make filtering easier
+countries <- countries |>
+  mutate(
+    lon = cent[, 1],
+    lat = cent[, 2]
+  )
+
+# filtering for polygons withing longitude and latitude boundaries
+countries <- countries |>
+  filter(
+    lon > -25, lon < 40,  
+    lat > 34,  lat < 72   
+  )
    +
    +
    +

    Now that both the election data represented in the map and the geometries of the map area have been defined, the next job is to join the two together.
    +To do this, an inner join was used merging the two datasets and only keeping the rows where there is a match in both. Effectively, this means that as the data is joined the map polygons are simultaneously further filtered down to include those only belonging to EU27 countries. The variables “adm0_30” and “country_code” as the keys for this join.

    +
    +
    +
    # join map and election datasets
+final_map <- countries |>
+  inner_join(eu_parl_map, 
+             by = c("adm0_a3" = "country_code"), keep = TRUE)
    +
    +
    +

    After inspecting the resulting, joined dataset it was decided to clean it up by minimising the number of variables. A lot of variables provided by the {rnaturalearth} package were not relevant to this project so were removed to make the final working dataset more easily readable and R’s processing job lighter.

    +
    +
    +
    final_map <- final_map |> 
+  select(
+    all_of(names(eu_parl_map)),   
+    geometry)
    +
    +
    +

    Next, the banding for the colour graduation in the choropleth map was set. The variable “top_percentage” held the vote percentage data for the colour graduation, and in its original form was a continuous variable. A new, categorical variable “pct_band” was created. Here, to match the original plot, (left closed) intervals of 5% were created from 25% to 50%, with catch-all groups for vote percentages below 25 and above 50 percent.
    +
    +The “top_party” variable that holds the identity of the winning European Parliament group for each country was also converted to a factor type variable for categorical analysis.

    +
    +
    +
    # create categorical vote percentage variable
+final_map <- final_map |>
+  mutate(
+    top_percentage = as.numeric(top_percentage),
+    pct_band = cut(
+      top_percentage,
+      breaks = c(-Inf, 25, seq(30, 50, 5), Inf),
+      right = FALSE,
+      labels = c(
+        "< 25",
+        "25–30", "30–35", "35–40", "40–45", "45–50",
+        "50+"
+      )
+    ),
+    top_party = as.factor(top_party)
+  )
    +
    +
    +

    Following this, it was time to approach the actual shades of colours used for the percentage categories of each European Parliament group in the plot - this meant generating gradient shades for each party based on the colours assigned earlier in the plot globals and the new percentage bands. A unique colour was needed for each combination of EP group (top_party) and percentage category (pct_band) that can exist.

    +

    This was a somewhat tricky task, and after a lot of research and trial-and-error two custom functions were designed in order to manipulate the map colours programatically.

    +
    +
    +
    # defining a function: create a new colour from 2 input colurs and specified proportions
+mix_colors <- function(col1, col2, p = 0.5) {
+# col2rgb() breaks the colour into its rgb components and /255 converts the component values to a 0-1 scale for easier manipulation
+  c1 <- col2rgb(col1) / 255
+  c2 <- col2rgb(col2) / 255
+# weighted average formula with p controlling the mix of rgb
+  mix <- (1 - p) * c1 + p * c2
+# converting back to a useable colour format for plotting
+  grDevices::rgb(mix[1, ], mix[2, ], mix[3, ])
+}
+
+
+# defining a new function: making a colour darker by a specified amount
+darken_color <- function(col, p = 0.25) {
+# p represents how much darker (e.g. 0.2 = 20% darker)
+# like above, converts to rgb and normalises to 0-1 scale
+  col_rgb <- col2rgb(col) / 255
+# darkening according to value of p
+  dark_rgb <- col_rgb * (1 - p)
+# converting back to a useable colour format for plotting
+  grDevices::rgb(dark_rgb[1, ], dark_rgb[2, ], dark_rgb[3, ])
+}
    +
    +
    +

    Creating a set of gradiated colours for each party - for each EP group that exists in the data, a colour range was generated by blending the party’s assigned colour (the base colour defined in the global colour pallette) with white to create lighter tones and using the darken_color() function to make darker tones. The function colorRampPallette() was then used to create gradient pallettes with individual shades assigned to each percentage band. This process also took some trial-and-error to get gradients of colours that were suitable for the map.

    +
    +
    +
    # defining all possible percentage bands
+all_bands <- c(
+  "< 25",
+  "25–30", "30–35", "35–40", "40–45", "45–50",
+  "50+"
+)
+
+# getting all parties that appear in the data
+all_parties <- unique(final_map$top_party[!is.na(final_map$top_party)])
+
+# creating a complete grid of all possible combinations
+combos <- expand.grid(
+  top_party = all_parties,
+# making it an ordered factor
+  pct_band = factor(all_bands, levels = all_bands),  
+  stringsAsFactors = FALSE
+) |>
+  arrange(top_party, pct_band) |>  
+  group_by(top_party) |>
+  mutate(
+    idx = row_number(),
+    color = {
+      base_col <- custom_cols[as.character(first(top_party))]
+      
+# creating a light version
+      light_col <- mix_colors("#FFFFFF", base_col, p = 0.5)
+      
+# creating a dark version
+      dark_col <- darken_color(base_col, p = 0.1)
+      
+# creating a gradient
+      pal <- grDevices::colorRampPalette(c(light_col, dark_col))
+      pal(n())[idx]
+    }
+  ) |>
+  ungroup()
    +
    +
    +

    Next, the map data and the generated colours need to be linked together in the dataset. This was done using the interaction() function to combine the top_party and pct_band variables into a single identifier and creating a named colour vector.

    +
    +
    +
    # creating combined factors for EP groups and vote percentage bands
+final_map <- final_map |>
+  mutate(
+    party_band = interaction(top_party, pct_band, drop = TRUE)
+  )
+
+# creating a named colour vector
+tmp <- combos |>
+  mutate(party_band = interaction(top_party, pct_band, drop = TRUE)) |>
+  distinct(party_band, color)
+
+# creates what is essentially a "look up table" for combined factors and their relevant colour
+fill_values <- setNames(tmp$color, tmp$party_band)
    +
    +
    +

    Finally, it was time to put it all together and plot the visual map using ggplot.

    +
    +
    +
    # create a "bounding box" which is the rectangular coordinates that con
+# remove cyprus from the visualisation to match original plot
+euparl_sf <- final_map |> dplyr::filter(country != "Cyprus")
+bb <- st_bbox(euparl_sf)
+
+# having to add extra space to the tight hand side of the map where one of the annotations will have to go later
+extra_width <- (bb["xmax"] - bb["xmin"]) * 0.50 #(50% chosen arbitrarily)
+
+# creating the final map with ggplot
+EUROMAP <-
+  ggplot(euparl_sf) +
+  geom_sf(aes(fill = party_band), color = "white", linewidth = 0.2) +
+  scale_fill_manual(values = fill_values) +
+  coord_sf(
+    xlim   = c(bb["xmin"], bb["xmax"] + extra_width),
+    ylim   = c(bb["ymin"], bb["ymax"]),
+    expand = FALSE
+  ) +
+  theme_void() +
+  theme(legend.position = "none")
+
+EUROMAP
    +
    +

    +
    +

    ADDING THE DOTTED BOXES

    +

    Continuing with the main map, two dotted boxes were required around the BENELUX region and Malta to indicate that these areas are represented in a “zoom” annotation.

    +

    The BENELUX dotted box was created by extracting the required countries from the map dataset, calculating their bounding box (i.e. the minimum rectangular coordinates that contain the required countries), defining the padding wanted around the boundaries of these countries for visual effect, and defining the final coordinates of the box.

    +
    +
    +
    # extracting required countries
+benelux <- final_map |>
+  dplyr::filter(country %in% c("Belgium", "Netherlands", "Luxembourg"))
+
+# defining the bounding box
+bb <- sf::st_bbox(benelux)
+
+# defining padding through trial-and-error
+x_pad <- (bb["xmax"] - bb["xmin"]) * 0.07
+y_pad <- (bb["ymax"] - bb["ymin"]) * 0.04
+
+# defining the final coordinates of the box and storing as a data frame
+benelux_box <- data.frame(
+  xmin = bb["xmin"] - x_pad,
+  xmax = bb["xmax"] + x_pad,
+  ymin = bb["ymin"] - y_pad,
+  ymax = bb["ymax"] + y_pad
+)
    +
    +
    +

    The same process was used to create the dotted outline for Malta.

    +
    +
    +
    # extracting required country
+malta <- final_map |>
+  dplyr::filter(country == "Malta")
+
+# defining the bounding box
+mb <- sf::st_bbox(malta)
+
+# defininf padding through trial and error
+mx_pad <- (mb["xmax"] - mb["xmin"]) * 0.6
+my_pad <- (mb["ymax"] - mb["ymin"]) * 0.4
+
+# defining the final coordinates of the box and storing as a data frame
+malta_box <- data.frame(
+  xmin = mb["xmin"] - mx_pad,
+  xmax = mb["xmax"] + mx_pad,
+  ymin = mb["ymin"] - my_pad,
+  ymax = mb["ymax"] + my_pad
+)
    +
    +
    +

    Following this, the background map was redrawn with the two dotted boxes applied using the geom_rect() function and defining the aesthetics of the rectangle (e.g. line style, colour, and weight). The aesthetics were adjusted manually until the boxes were visually as similar as possible to those on the original plot.

    +
    +
    +
    # redrawing the main map
+EUROMAP <-
+  ggplot(final_map) +
+  geom_sf(aes(fill = party_band), color = "white", linewidth = 0.2) +
+  scale_fill_manual(values = fill_values, na.value = "grey90") +
+  theme_void() +
+  theme(legend.position = "none") +
+# adding the BENELUX box and defining aesthstics
+  geom_rect(
+    data = benelux_box,
+    aes(xmin = xmin, xmax = xmax, ymin = ymin, ymax = ymax),
+    inherit.aes = FALSE,
+    colour = "black",
+    fill = NA,
+    linewidth = 0.4,
+    linetype = "11"
+  ) +
+# adding the Malta box and defining aesthetics
+  geom_rect(
+    data = malta_box,
+    aes(xmin = xmin, xmax = xmax, ymin = ymin, ymax = ymax),
+    inherit.aes = FALSE,
+    colour = "black",
+    fill = NA,
+    linewidth = 0.4,
+    linetype = "11"
+  )
+
+EUROMAP
    +
    +

    +
    +

    MAKING THE PARLIAMENT PLOTS

    +

    As the next stage of the project I decided to tackle the circular plots that are overlaid on the main map. These circular plots are a combination of two main elements - an inner circular parliament plot and an outer donut plot. These had to be made seperately and combined in a later stage of the project. The first part that was recreated were the parliament plots.
    +
    +in order to make parliament plots in R there only really two options, “ggpol” and “ggparliament”. “ggpol” is limited to semicircular parliament plots, whereas “ggparliament” has specific functionality to create the circular parliament plots needed for this project, therefore the “ggparliament” package was the obvious choice.

    +

    DEBUGGING

    +

    Before talking about how the parliament plots were made, it is important to discuss an alteration that was made to the package code to debug an issue that was found in the plot recreation process. Whilst making the final parliament plots, it was clear in looking at the ones that contained only a handful of seats that there were points/ seats missing from the plot. After inspecting each outputted plot manually it became clear that this was consistent across all of the plots with the number of missing seats always being the same as the number of rows of seats in the plot.
    +
    +After some substantial effort to find the issue, it was clear that the problem did not lie in the data or in the use of the package but rather in the code of the package itself. Inside the calc_coordinates() helper function, the position for the first and last row of seats in the plot were being defined as 0 and 360 degrees in the circle meaning that the first and last points of each row were being overlayed in the plot.

    +

    In order to remedy this, a small portion of the calc_coordinates() code was altered to add “ghost points” to each row that would take up the overlap, allowing the points that contained the actual data of the plot to remain visible. The final “debugging” code used to modify and overwrite the ggparliament package code was the following. (Please note, at the time of writing, this issue has been flagged to the ggparliament maintenance team but has not yet been remedied centrally so this fix still needs to be used).

    +
    +
    +
    fix_calc_coordinates <- function(N, M, limits, segment = 0.5) {  
+  radii  <- seq(limits[1], limits[2], length.out = M) 
+  counts <- numeric(M) 
+  pts <- do.call(rbind, lapply(seq_len(M), function(i) {   
+    counts[i] <<- round(N * radii[i] / sum(radii[i:M]))
+# FIX: generate one extra point then drop last when full circle
+    thetas <- seq(0, segment * 2 * pi, length.out = counts[i] + (segment == 1))  
+    if (segment == 1) thetas <- head(thetas, -1) 
+    
+    N <<- N - counts[i]
+    
+    data.frame(      
+      x     = radii[i] * cos(thetas),
+      y     = radii[i] * sin(thetas),
+      row   = i,
+      theta = thetas
+    )
+  }))
+  pts[order(-pts$theta, -pts$row), ]   
+}
+
+# overwriting the internal function in the namespace:
+assignInNamespace("calc_coordinates", fix_calc_coordinates, ns = "ggparliament")
    +
    +
    +

    DEFINING THE PARLIAMENT PLOT FUNCTION

    +

    Now that the package was working as it should, the correctly-formatted parliament plots could be created. The original plot contains 27 different circular plots on top of the main map, however making 27 parliament plots manually would take a long time and require a lot of code. bearing this in mind, a function was defined to make the process quicker, more streamlined, and the output as identical as possible across all parliament plots. The function had to encompass several features including the function parameters, circle layout, boundary circle, seat point specification, order of parties, and colour specification.

    +

    The parliament plot making function was defined as follows:

    +
    +
    +
    # creating a parliament plot function
+# defining the function parameters
+make_parl_plot <- function(election_data,
+                           parl_rows,
+                           custom_cols,
+                           circle_expand = 1.10,   # how far beyond the outer row
+                           point_size    = 10) {
+  
+# creating the circle layout 
+  circle_df <- ggparliament::parliament_data(
+    election_data = election_data,
+    type        = "circle",
+    parl_rows   = parl_rows,
+    party_seats = election_data$SEATS_TOTAL,
+    plot_order  = election_data$plot_order
+  )
+  
+# calculating the boundary circle size using the distance form centre of the outermost seat position
+  r      <- max(sqrt(circle_df$x^2 + circle_df$y^2))
+  r_out  <- r * circle_expand
+  
+# building the plot and defining the aesthetics
+# defining the circular "seat" points
+  p <- ggplot(circle_df, aes(x = y, y = x)) +
+    geom_point(
+      aes(fill = GROUP_ID),
+      shape  = 21,
+      size   = point_size,
+      colour = "black",
+      stroke = 0.4
+    ) +
+# defining the outer boundary circle
+    geom_circle(
+      data = data.frame(x0 = 0, y0 = 0, r = r_out),
+      aes(x0 = x0, y0 = y0, r = r),
+      inherit.aes = FALSE,
+      colour = "black",
+      linewidth = 0.8,
+      fill = NA
+    ) +
+# applying the global party colour scheme
+    scale_fill_manual(values = custom_cols) +
+    theme_ggparliament() +
+    coord_fixed(
+      ratio = 1,
+      xlim  = c(-r_out, r_out),
+      ylim  = c(-r_out, r_out)
+    ) +
+    theme(legend.position = "none")
+  
+  p
+}
    +
    +
    +

    PLOTTING

    +

    After the function was defined and tested, the 27 different parliament plots could be made relatively easily. The data for the parliament plots was taken directly from the 27 individual .csv filed downloaded from the European Parliament website.

    +
    +
    +
    # AUSTRIA
+# IMPORT DATA
+at <- read.csv(file = "100561659_files/Data/at.csv", sep = ";")
+# CHANGING THE NAMES IN THE DATASET TO MATCH NAMES USED IN THE PLOT
+at$GROUP_ID[at$GROUP_ID == "PfE"] <- "Patriots"
+# MAKING FACTORS
+at <- at |>
+  mutate(
+    # make sure GROUP_ID is a factor in your desired order
+    GROUP_ID   = factor(GROUP_ID, levels = party_order),
+    # numeric order for parliament_data()
+    plot_order = as.numeric(GROUP_ID))
+# PLOTTING THE PARLIAMENT PLOT USING THE FUNCITON
+ATPARL <- make_parl_plot(
+  election_data = at,
+  parl_rows     = 2,
+  custom_cols = custom_cols)
+
+ATPARL
    +
    + +
    +
    # BELGIUM 
+# IMPORT DATA
+be <- read.csv(file = "100561659_files/Data/be.csv", sep = ";")
+# CHANGING THE NAMES IN THE DATASET TO MATCH NAMES USED IN TH PLOT
+be$GROUP_ID[be$GROUP_ID == "PfE"] <- "Patriots"
+# MAKING FACTORS
+be <- be |>
+  mutate(
+    # make sure GROUP_ID is a factor in your desired order
+    GROUP_ID   = factor(GROUP_ID, levels = party_order),
+    # numeric order for parliament_data()
+    plot_order = as.numeric(GROUP_ID))
+# PLOTTING THE PARLIAMENT PLOT USING THE FUNCITON
+BEPARL <- make_parl_plot(
+  election_data = be,
+  parl_rows     = 2,
+  custom_cols = custom_cols
+)
+
+BEPARL
    +
    + +
    +
    # BULGARIA
+# IMPORT DATA
+bg <- read.csv(file = "100561659_files/Data/bg.csv", sep = ";")
+# CHANGING THE NAMES IN THE DATASET TO MATCH NAMES USED IN TH PLOT
+bg$GROUP_ID[bg$GROUP_ID == "PfE"] <- "Patriots"
+# MAKING FACTORS
+bg <- bg |>
+  mutate(
+    # make sure GROUP_ID is a factor in your desired order
+    GROUP_ID   = factor(GROUP_ID, levels = party_order),
+    # numeric order for parliament_data()
+    plot_order = as.numeric(GROUP_ID))
+# PLOTTING THE PARLIAMENT PLOT USING THE FUNCITON
+BGPARL <- make_parl_plot(
+  election_data = bg,
+  parl_rows     = 1,
+  custom_cols = custom_cols
+)
+
+BGPARL
    +
    + +
    +
    # CROATIA
+# IMPORT DATA
+hr <- read.csv(file = "100561659_files/Data/hr.csv", sep = ";")
+# MAKING FACTORS
+hr <- hr |>
+  mutate(
+    # make sure GROUP_ID is a factor in your desired order
+    GROUP_ID   = factor(GROUP_ID, levels = party_order),
+    # numeric order for parliament_data()
+    plot_order = as.numeric(GROUP_ID))
+# PLOTTING THE PARLIAMENT PLOT USING THE FUNCITON
+HRPARL <- make_parl_plot(
+  election_data = hr,
+  parl_rows     = 1,
+  custom_col = custom_cols
+)
+
+HRPARL
    +
    + +
    +
    # CYPRUS
+# IMPORT DATA
+cy <- read.csv(file = "100561659_files/Data/cy.csv", sep = ";")
+# MAKING FACTORS
+cy <- cy |>
+  mutate(
+    # make sure GROUP_ID is a factor in your desired order
+    GROUP_ID   = factor(GROUP_ID, levels = party_order),
+    # numeric order for parliament_data()
+    plot_order = as.numeric(GROUP_ID))
+# PLOTTING THE PARLIAMENT PLOT USING THE FUNCITON
+CYPARL <- make_parl_plot(
+  election_data = cy,
+  parl_rows     = 1,
+  custom_cols = custom_cols
+)
+
+CYPARL
    +
    + +
    +
    # CZECHIA
+# IMPORT DATA
+cz <- read.csv(file = "100561659_files/Data/cz.csv", sep = ";")
+# CHANGING THE NAMES IN THE DATASET TO MATCH NAMES USED IN TH PLOT
+cz$GROUP_ID[cz$GROUP_ID == "PfE"] <- "Patriots"
+# MAKING FACTORS
+cz <- cz |>
+  mutate(
+    # make sure GROUP_ID is a factor in your desired order
+    GROUP_ID   = factor(GROUP_ID, levels = party_order),
+    # numeric order for parliament_data()
+    plot_order = as.numeric(GROUP_ID))
+
+# PLOTTING THE PARLIAMENT PLOT USING THE FUNCITON
+CZPARL <- make_parl_plot(
+  election_data = cz,
+  parl_rows     = 2,
+  custom_cols = custom_cols
+)
+
+CZPARL
    +
    + +
    +
    # DENMARK
+# IMPORT DATA
+dk <- read.csv(file = "100561659_files/Data/dk.csv", sep = ";")
+# CHANGING THE NAMES IN THE DATASET TO MATCH NAMES USED IN TH PLOT
+dk$GROUP_ID[dk$GROUP_ID == "PfE"] <- "Patriots"
+# MAKING FACTORS
+dk <- dk |>
+  mutate(
+    # make sure GROUP_ID is a factor in your desired order
+    GROUP_ID   = factor(GROUP_ID, levels = party_order),
+    # numeric order for parliament_data()
+    plot_order = as.numeric(GROUP_ID))
+# PLOTTING THE PARLIAMENT PLOT USING THE FUNCITON
+DKPARL <- make_parl_plot(
+  election_data = dk,
+  parl_rows     = 1,
+  custom_cols = custom_cols
+)
+
+DKPARL
    +
    + +
    +
    # ESTONIA
+# IMPORT DATA
+ee <- read.csv(file = "100561659_files/Data/ee.csv", sep = ";")
+# MAKING FACTORS
+ee <- ee |>
+  mutate(
+    # make sure GROUP_ID is a factor in your desired order
+    GROUP_ID   = factor(GROUP_ID, levels = party_order),
+    # numeric order for parliament_data()
+    plot_order = as.numeric(GROUP_ID))
+# PLOTTING THE PARLIAMENT PLOT USING THE FUNCITON
+EEPARL <- make_parl_plot(
+  election_data = ee,
+  parl_rows     = 1,
+  custom_cols = custom_cols
+)
+
+EEPARL
    +
    + +
    +
    # FINLAND
+# IMPORT DATA
+fi <- read.csv(file = "100561659_files/Data/fi.csv", sep = ";")
+# MAKING FACTORS
+fi <- fi |>
+  mutate(
+    # make sure GROUP_ID is a factor in your desired order
+    GROUP_ID   = factor(GROUP_ID, levels = party_order),
+    # numeric order for parliament_data()
+    plot_order = as.numeric(GROUP_ID))
+# PLOTTING THE PARLIAMENT PLOT USING THE FUNCITON
+FIPARL <- make_parl_plot(
+  election_data = fi,
+  parl_rows     = 1,
+  custom_cols = custom_cols
+)
+
+FIPARL
    +
    + +
    +
    # FRANCE
+# IMPORT DATA
+fr <- read.csv(file = "100561659_files/Data/fr.csv", sep = ";")
+# CHANGING THE NAMES IN THE DATASET TO MATCH NAMES USED IN TH PLOT
+fr$GROUP_ID[fr$GROUP_ID == "PfE"] <- "Patriots"
+# MAKING FACTORS
+fr <- fr |>
+  mutate(
+    # make sure GROUP_ID is a factor in your desired order
+    GROUP_ID   = factor(GROUP_ID, levels = party_order),
+    # numeric order for parliament_data()
+    plot_order = as.numeric(GROUP_ID))
+# PLOTTING THE PARLIAMENT PLOT USING THE FUNCITON
+FRPARL <- make_parl_plot(
+  election_data = fr,
+  parl_rows     = 3,
+  custom_cols = custom_cols
+)
+
+FRPARL
    +
    + +
    +
    # GERMANY
+# IMPORT DATA
+de <- read.csv(file = "100561659_files/Data/de.csv", sep = ";")
+# MAKING FACTORS
+de <- de |>
+  mutate(
+    # make sure GROUP_ID is a factor in your desired order
+    GROUP_ID   = factor(GROUP_ID, levels = party_order),
+    # numeric order for parliament_data()
+    plot_order = as.numeric(GROUP_ID))
+# PLOTTING THE PARLIAMENT PLOT USING THE FUNCITON
+DEPARL <- make_parl_plot(
+  election_data = de,
+  parl_rows     = 4,
+  custom_cols = custom_cols
+)
+
+DEPARL
    +
    + +
    +
    # GREECE
+# IMPORT DATA
+el <- read.csv(file = "100561659_files/Data/el.csv", sep = ";")
+# CHANGING THE NAMES IN THE DATASET TO MATCH NAMES USED IN TH PLOT
+el$GROUP_ID[el$GROUP_ID == "PfE"] <- "Patriots"
+# MAKING FACTORS
+el <- el |>
+  mutate(
+    # make sure GROUP_ID is a factor in your desired order
+    GROUP_ID   = factor(GROUP_ID, levels = party_order),
+    # numeric order for parliament_data()
+    plot_order = as.numeric(GROUP_ID))
+# PLOTTING THE PARLIAMENT PLOT USING THE FUNCITON
+ELPARL <- make_parl_plot(
+  election_data = el,
+  parl_rows     = 2,
+  custom_cols = custom_cols
+)
+
+ELPARL
    +
    + +
    +
    # HUNGARY
+# IMPORT DATA
+hu <- read.csv(file = "100561659_files/Data/hu.csv", sep = ";")
+# CHANGING THE NAMES IN THE DATASET TO MATCH NAMES USED IN TH PLOT
+hu$GROUP_ID[hu$GROUP_ID == "PfE"] <- "Patriots"
+# MAKING FACTORS
+hu <- hu |>
+  mutate(
+    # make sure GROUP_ID is a factor in your desired order
+    GROUP_ID   = factor(GROUP_ID, levels = party_order),
+    # numeric order for parliament_data()
+    plot_order = as.numeric(GROUP_ID))
+# PLOTTING THE PARLIAMENT PLOT USING THE FUNCITON
+HUPARL <- make_parl_plot(
+  election_data = hu,
+  parl_rows     = 2,
+  custom_cols = custom_cols
+)
+
+HUPARL
    +
    + +
    +
    # IRELAND
+# IMPORT DATA
+ie <- read.csv(file = "100561659_files/Data/ie.csv", sep = ";")
+# MAKING FACTORS
+ie <- ie |>
+  mutate(
+    # make sure GROUP_ID is a factor in your desired order
+    GROUP_ID   = factor(GROUP_ID, levels = party_order),
+    # numeric order for parliament_data()
+    plot_order = as.numeric(GROUP_ID))
+# PLOTTING THE PARLIAMENT PLOT USING THE FUNCITON
+IEPARL <- make_parl_plot(
+  election_data = ie,
+  parl_rows     = 1,
+  custom_cols = custom_cols
+)
+
+IEPARL
    +
    + +
    +
    # ITALY
+# IMPORT DATA
+it <- read.csv(file = "100561659_files/Data/it.csv", sep = ";")
+# CHANGING THE NAMES IN THE DATASET TO MATCH NAMES USED IN TH PLOT
+it$GROUP_ID[it$GROUP_ID == "PfE"] <- "Patriots"
+# MAKING FACTORS
+it <- it |>
+  mutate(
+    # make sure GROUP_ID is a factor in your desired order
+    GROUP_ID   = factor(GROUP_ID, levels = party_order),
+    # numeric order for parliament_data()
+    plot_order = as.numeric(GROUP_ID))
+# PLOTTING THE PARLIAMENT PLOT USING THE FUNCITON
+ITPARL <- make_parl_plot(
+  election_data = it,
+  parl_rows     = 3,
+  custom_cols = custom_cols
+)
+
+ITPARL
    +
    + +
    +
    # LATVIA
+# IMPORT DATA
+lv <- read.csv(file = "100561659_files/Data/lv.csv", sep = ";")
+# CHANGING THE NAMES IN THE DATASET TO MATCH NAMES USED IN TH PLOT
+lv$GROUP_ID[lv$GROUP_ID == "PfE"] <- "Patriots"
+# MAKING FACTORS
+lv <- lv |>
+  mutate(
+    # make sure GROUP_ID is a factor in your desired order
+    GROUP_ID   = factor(GROUP_ID, levels = party_order),
+    # numeric order for parliament_data()
+    plot_order = as.numeric(GROUP_ID))
+# PLOTTING THE PARLIAMENT PLOT USING THE FUNCITON
+LVPARL <- make_parl_plot(
+  election_data = lv,
+  parl_rows     = 1,
+  custom_cols = custom_cols
+)
+
+LVPARL
    +
    + +
    +
    # LITHUANIA
+# IMPORT DATA
+lt <- read.csv(file = "100561659_files/Data/lt.csv", sep = ";")
+# MAKING FACTORS
+lt <- lt |>
+  mutate(
+    # make sure GROUP_ID is a factor in your desired order
+    GROUP_ID   = factor(GROUP_ID, levels = party_order),
+    # numeric order for parliament_data()
+    plot_order = as.numeric(GROUP_ID))
+# PLOTTING THE PARLIAMENT PLOT USING THE FUNCITON
+LTPARL <- make_parl_plot(
+  election_data = lt,
+  parl_rows     = 1,
+  custom_cols = custom_cols
+)
+
+LTPARL
    +
    + +
    +
    # LUXEMBOURG
+# IMPORT DATA
+lu <- read.csv(file = "100561659_files/Data/lu.csv", sep = ";")
+# MAKING FACTORS
+lu <- lu |>
+  mutate(
+    # make sure GROUP_ID is a factor in your desired order
+    GROUP_ID   = factor(GROUP_ID, levels = party_order),
+    # numeric order for parliament_data()
+    plot_order = as.numeric(GROUP_ID))
+# PLOTTING THE PARLIAMENT PLOT USING THE FUNCITON
+LUPARL <- make_parl_plot(
+  election_data = lu,
+  parl_rows     = 1,
+  custom_cols = custom_cols
+)
+
+LUPARL
    +
    + +
    +
    # MALTA
+# IMPORT DATA
+mt <- read.csv(file = "100561659_files/Data/mt.csv", sep = ";")
+# MAKING FACTORS
+mt <- mt |>
+  mutate(
+    # make sure GROUP_ID is a factor in your desired order
+    GROUP_ID   = factor(GROUP_ID, levels = party_order),
+    # numeric order for parliament_data()
+    plot_order = as.numeric(GROUP_ID))
+# PLOTTING THE PARLIAMENT PLOT USING THE FUNCITON
+MTPARL <- make_parl_plot(
+  election_data = mt,
+  parl_rows     = 1,
+  custom_cols = custom_cols
+)
+
+MTPARL
    +
    + +
    +
    # NETHERLANDS
+# IMPORT DATA
+nl <- read.csv(file = "100561659_files/Data/nl.csv", sep = ";")
+# CHANGING THE NAMES IN THE DATASET TO MATCH NAMES USED IN TH PLOT
+nl$GROUP_ID[nl$GROUP_ID == "PfE"] <- "Patriots"
+# MAKING FACTORS
+nl <- nl |>
+  mutate(
+    # make sure GROUP_ID is a factor in your desired order
+    GROUP_ID   = factor(GROUP_ID, levels = party_order),
+    # numeric order for parliament_data()
+    plot_order = as.numeric(GROUP_ID))
+# PLOTTING THE PARLIAMENT PLOT USING THE FUNCITON
+NLPARL <- make_parl_plot(
+  election_data = nl,
+  parl_rows     = 2,
+  custom_cols = custom_cols
+)
+
+NLPARL
    +
    + +
    +
    # POLAND
+# IMPORT DATA
+pl <- read.csv(file = "100561659_files/Data/pl.csv", sep = ";")
+# MAKING FACTORS
+pl <- pl |>
+  mutate(
+    # make sure GROUP_ID is a factor in your desired order
+    GROUP_ID   = factor(GROUP_ID, levels = party_order),
+    # numeric order for parliament_data()
+    plot_order = as.numeric(GROUP_ID))
+# PLOTTING THE PARLIAMENT PLOT USING THE FUNCITON
+PLPARL <- make_parl_plot(
+  election_data = pl,
+  parl_rows     = 3,
+  custom_cols = custom_cols
+)
+
+PLPARL
    +
    + +
    +
    # PORTUGAL
+# IMPORT DATA
+pt <- read.csv(file = "100561659_files/Data/pt.csv", sep = ";")
+# CHANGING THE NAMES IN THE DATASET TO MATCH NAMES USED IN TH PLOT
+pt$GROUP_ID[pt$GROUP_ID == "PfE"] <- "Patriots"
+# MAKING FACTORS
+pt <- pt |>
+  mutate(
+    # make sure GROUP_ID is a factor in your desired order
+    GROUP_ID   = factor(GROUP_ID, levels = party_order),
+    # numeric order for parliament_data()
+    plot_order = as.numeric(GROUP_ID))
+# PLOTTING THE PARLIAMENT PLOT USING THE FUNCITON
+PTPARL <- make_parl_plot(
+  election_data = pt,
+  parl_rows     = 2,
+  custom_cols = custom_cols
+)
+
+PTPARL
    +
    + +
    +
    # ROMANIA
+# IMPORT DATA
+ro <- read.csv(file = "100561659_files/Data/ro.csv", sep = ";")
+# MAKING FACTORS
+ro <- ro |>
+  mutate(
+    # make sure GROUP_ID is a factor in your desired order
+    GROUP_ID   = factor(GROUP_ID, levels = party_order),
+    # numeric order for parliament_data()
+    plot_order = as.numeric(GROUP_ID))
+# PLOTTING THE PARLIAMENT PLOT USING THE FUNCITON
+ROPARL <- make_parl_plot(
+  election_data = ro,
+  parl_rows     = 2,
+  custom_cols = custom_cols
+)
+
+ROPARL
    +
    + +
    +
    # SLOVAKIA
+# IMPORT DATA
+sk <- read.csv(file = "100561659_files/Data/sk.csv", sep = ";")
+# MAKING FACTORS
+sk <- sk |>
+  mutate(
+    # make sure GROUP_ID is a factor in your desired order
+    GROUP_ID   = factor(GROUP_ID, levels = party_order),
+    # numeric order for parliament_data()
+    plot_order = as.numeric(GROUP_ID))
+# PLOTTING THE PARLIAMENT PLOT USING THE FUNCITON
+SKPARL <- make_parl_plot(
+  election_data = sk,
+  parl_rows     = 1,
+  custom_cols = custom_cols
+)
+
+SKPARL
    +
    + +
    +
    # SLOVENIA
+# IMPORT DATA
+si <- read.csv(file = "100561659_files/Data/si.csv", sep = ";")
+# MAKING FACTORS
+si <- si |>
+  mutate(
+    # make sure GROUP_ID is a factor in your desired order
+    GROUP_ID   = factor(GROUP_ID, levels = party_order),
+    # numeric order for parliament_data()
+    plot_order = as.numeric(GROUP_ID))
+# PLOTTING THE PARLIAMENT PLOT USING THE FUNCITON
+SIPARL <- make_parl_plot(
+  election_data = si,
+  parl_rows     = 1,
+  custom_cols = custom_cols
+)
+
+SIPARL
    +
    + +
    +
    # SPAIN
+# IMPORT DATA
+es <- read.csv(file = "100561659_files/Data/es.csv", sep = ";")
+# CHANGING THE NAMES IN THE DATASET TO MATCH NAMES USED IN TH PLOT
+es$GROUP_ID[es$GROUP_ID == "PfE"] <- "Patriots"
+# MAKING FACTORS
+es <- es |>
+  mutate(
+    # make sure GROUP_ID is a factor in your desired order
+    GROUP_ID   = factor(GROUP_ID, levels = party_order),
+    # numeric order for parliament_data()
+    plot_order = as.numeric(GROUP_ID))
+
+# PLOTTING THE PARLIAMENT PLOT USING THE FUNCITON
+ESPARL <- make_parl_plot(
+  election_data = es,
+  parl_rows     = 3,
+  custom_cols = custom_cols
+)
+
+ESPARL
    +
    + +
    +
    # SWEDEN
+# IMPORT DATA
+se <- read.csv(file = "100561659_files/Data/se.csv", sep = ";")
+# MAKING FACTORS
+se <- se |>
+  mutate(
+    # make sure GROUP_ID is a factor in your desired order
+    GROUP_ID   = factor(GROUP_ID, levels = party_order),
+    # numeric order for parliament_data()
+    plot_order = as.numeric(GROUP_ID))
+# PLOTTING THE PARLIAMENT PLOT USING THE FUNCITON
+SEPARL <- make_parl_plot(
+  election_data = se,
+  parl_rows     = 2,
+  custom_cols = custom_cols
+)
+
+SEPARL
    +
    +

    +
    +

    MAKING THE DONUT PLOTS

    +

    After successfully making the parliament plots for each country, the next stage was to make the donut plots that surround the parliament plots in the original plot. There is no function to explicitly make donut plots in ggplot, however using a single stacked bar chart bent into a circle (as is used to make a pie chart) using polar coordinates appears to be the agreed-upon solution in the R community. There are some specialised packages like “donutsk” that have been developed to make donut plots, however after experimenting with this package and ggplot it was decided that for the basic, non-annotated donuts required for this project that the bent-bar-plot approach using ggplot was best suited.

    +

    DATA RECREATION

    +

    As discussed earlier, the data required to create the donut plots had to be manually calculated and the datasets constructed in R.

    +
    +
    +
    # AUSTRIA
+don_at <- data.frame(
+  party = c("EPP", "SD", "Patriots", "ECR", "Renew", "GREENSEFA", "Theleft", "ESN", "NI", "Independent"),
+  vote_proportion = c(24.52, 23.22, 25.36, 0.00, 10.14, 11.08, 2.96, 0.00, 0.00, 2.72))
+# check that total proportion = 100
+sum(don_at$vote_proportion)
    +
    +
    [1] 100
    +
    +
    # BELGIUM
+don_be <- data.frame(
+  party = c("EPP", "SD", "Patriots", "ECR", "Renew", "GREENSEFA", "Theleft", "ESN", "NI", "Independent"),
+  vote_proportion = c(16.04, 14.99, 7.65, 7.36, 28.3, 10.39, 7.8, 0.00, 0.00, 7.47))
+# check that total proportion = 100
+sum(don_be$vote_proportion)
    +
    +
    [1] 100
    +
    +
    # BULGARIA
+don_bg <- data.frame(
+  party = c("EPP", "SD", "Patriots", "ECR", "Renew", "GREENSEFA", "Theleft", "ESN", "NI", "Independent"),
+  vote_proportion = c(24.79, 7.01, 0.00, 8.13, 29.11, 1.26, 1.23, 13.98, 0.00, 14.49))
+# check that total proportion = 100
+sum(don_bg$vote_proportion)
    +
    +
    [1] 100
    +
    +
    # CROATIA
+don_hr <- data.frame(
+  party = c("EPP", "SD", "Patriots", "ECR", "Renew", "GREENSEFA", "Theleft", "ESN", "NI", "Independent"),
+  vote_proportion = c(35.83, 25.62, 0.00, 12.85, 5.69, 6.15, 0.63, 0.00, 2.98, 10.25))
+# check that total proportion = 100
+sum(don_hr$vote_proportion)
    +
    +
    [1] 100
    +
    +
    # CYPRUS
+don_cy <- data.frame(
+  party = c("EPP", "SD", "Patriots", "ECR", "Renew", "GREENSEFA", "Theleft", "ESN", "NI", "Independent"),
+  vote_proportion = c(24.78, 14.79, 0.00, 2.17, 11.19, 4.21, 21.49, 0.00, 19.36, 2.01))
+# check that total proportion = 100
+sum(don_cy$vote_proportion)
    +
    +
    [1] 100
    +
    +
    # CZECHIA
+don_cz <- data.frame(
+  party = c("EPP", "SD", "Patriots", "ECR", "Renew", "GREENSEFA", "Theleft", "ESN", "NI", "Independent"),
+  vote_proportion = c(19.84, 1.86, 36.9, 11.13, 0.21, 8.09, 0.00, 7.88, 9.56, 4.53))
+# check that total proportion = 100
+sum(don_cz$vote_proportion)
    +
    +
    [1] 100
    +
    +
    # DENMARK
+don_dk <- data.frame(
+  party = c("EPP", "SD", "Patriots", "ECR", "Renew", "GREENSEFA", "Theleft", "ESN", "NI", "Independent"),
+  vote_proportion = c(15.79, 15.57, 6.37, 27.75, 7.39, 20.08, 7.05, 0.00, 0.00, 0.00))
+# check that total proportion = 100
+sum(don_dk$vote_proportion)
    +
    +
    [1] 100
    +
    +
    # ESTONIA
+don_ee <- data.frame(
+  party = c("EPP", "SD", "Patriots", "ECR", "Renew", "GREENSEFA", "Theleft", "ESN", "NI", "Independent"),
+  vote_proportion = c(21.51, 19.33, 14.86, 6.22, 24.14, 0.61, 0.00, 0.00, 0.00, 13.33))
+# check that total proportion = 100
+sum(don_ee$vote_proportion)
    +
    +
    [1] 100
    +
    +
    # FINLAND
+don_fi <- data.frame(
+  party = c("EPP", "SD", "Patriots", "ECR", "Renew", "GREENSEFA", "Theleft", "ESN", "NI", "Independent"),
+  vote_proportion = c(28.92, 14.87, 0.00, 17.90, 7.61, 11.28, 17.47, 0.00, 0.00, 1.95))
+# check that total proportion = 100
+sum(don_fi$vote_proportion)
    +
    +
    [1] 100
    +
    +
    # FRANCE
+don_fr <- data.frame(
+  party = c("EPP", "SD", "Patriots", "ECR", "Renew", "GREENSEFA", "Theleft", "ESN", "NI", "Independent"),
+  vote_proportion = c(7.25, 13.88, 31.37, 0.00, 15.02, 5.76, 14.40, 5.47, 0.00, 6.85))
+# check that total proportion = 100
+sum(don_fr$vote_proportion)
    +
    +
    [1] 100
    +
    +
    # GERMANY
+don_de <- data.frame(
+  party = c("EPP", "SD", "Patriots", "ECR", "Renew", "GREENSEFA", "Theleft", "ESN", "NI", "Independent"),
+  vote_proportion = c(31.28, 13.94, 0.00, 0.41, 7.85, 14.94, 4.17, 15.89, 8.12, 3.40 ))
+# check that total proportion = 100
+sum(don_de$vote_proportion)
    +
    +
    [1] 100
    +
    +
    # GREECE
+don_el <- data.frame(
+  party = c("EPP", "SD", "Patriots", "ECR", "Renew", "GREENSEFA", "Theleft", "ESN", "NI", "Independent"),
+  vote_proportion = c(28.31, 12.79, 3.04, 9.30, 1.45, 1.80, 17.46, 0.52, 17.02, 8.31))
+# check that total proportion = 100
+sum(don_el$vote_proportion)
    +
    +
    [1] 100
    +
    +
    # HUNGARY
+don_hu <- data.frame(
+  party = c("EPP", "SD", "Patriots", "ECR", "Renew", "GREENSEFA", "Theleft", "ESN", "NI", "Independent"),
+  vote_proportion = c(30.59, 8.03, 44.82, 0.00, 4.34, 4.46, 0.00, 6.71, 0.00, 1.05))
+# check that total proportion = 100
+sum(don_hu$vote_proportion)
    +
    +
    [1] 100
    +
    +
    # IRELAND
+don_ie <- data.frame(
+  party = c("EPP", "SD", "Patriots", "ECR", "Renew", "GREENSEFA", "Theleft", "ESN", "NI", "Independent"),
+  vote_proportion = c(20.79, 6.33, 0.00, 0.00, 26.67, 5.36, 19.46, 0.00, 0.00, 21.39))
+# check that total proportion = 100
+sum(don_ie$vote_proportion)
    +
    +
    [1] 100
    +
    +
    # ITALY
+don_it <- data.frame(
+  party = c("EPP", "SD", "Patriots", "ECR", "Renew", "GREENSEFA", "Theleft", "ESN", "NI", "Independent"),
+  vote_proportion = c(10.50, 24.11, 8.97, 28.76, 7.13, 6.78, 10.11, 0.00, 0.00, 3.64))
+# check that total proportion = 100
+sum(don_it$vote_proportion)
    +
    +
    [1] 100
    +
    +
    # LATVIA
+don_lv <- data.frame(
+  party = c("EPP", "SD", "Patriots", "ECR", "Renew", "GREENSEFA", "Theleft", "ESN", "NI", "Independent"),
+  vote_proportion = c(25.37, 7.21, 6.23, 33.24, 9.46, 7.53, 0.00, 0.00, 0.00, 10.96))
+# check that total proportion = 100
+sum(don_lv$vote_proportion)
    +
    +
    [1] 100
    +
    +
    # LITHUANIA
+don_lt <- data.frame(
+  party = c("EPP", "SD", "Patriots", "ECR", "Renew", "GREENSEFA", "Theleft", "ESN", "NI", "Independent"),
+  vote_proportion = c(22.70, 17.98, 0.00, 18.40, 13.52, 5.95, 0.00, 5.45, 0.00, 16.00))
+# check that total proportion = 100
+sum(don_lt$vote_proportion)
    +
    +
    [1] 100
    +
    +
    # LUXEMBOURG
+don_lu <- data.frame(
+  party = c("EPP", "SD", "Patriots", "ECR", "Renew", "GREENSEFA", "Theleft", "ESN", "NI", "Independent"),
+  vote_proportion = c(22.91, 21.72, 0.00, 11.76, 18.29, 17.72, 3.15, 0.00, 0.00, 4.45))
+# check that total proportion = 100
+sum(don_lu$vote_proportion)
    +
    +
    [1] 100
    +
    +
    # MALTA
+don_mt <- data.frame(
+  party = c("EPP", "SD", "Patriots", "ECR", "Renew", "GREENSEFA", "Theleft", "ESN", "NI", "Independent"),
+  vote_proportion = c(42.22, 45.26, 0.00, 0.00, 0.00, 1.3, 0.00, 0.00, 0.00, 11.22))
+# check that total proportion = 100
+sum(don_mt$vote_proportion)
    +
    +
    [1] 100
    +
    +
    # NETHERLANDS
+don_nl <- data.frame(
+  party = c("EPP", "SD", "Patriots", "ECR", "Renew", "GREENSEFA", "Theleft", "ESN", "NI", "Independent"),
+  vote_proportion = c(18.61, 11.00, 16.97, 3.84, 20.87, 16.39, 6.72, 2.49, 0.00, 3.11))
+# check that total proportion = 100
+sum(don_nl$vote_proportion)
    +
    +
    [1] 100
    +
    +
    # POLAND
+don_pl <- data.frame(
+  party = c("EPP", "SD", "Patriots", "ECR", "Renew", "GREENSEFA", "Theleft", "ESN", "NI", "Independent"),
+  vote_proportion = c(40.18, 3.90, 2.79, 36.16, 2.60, 0.00, 0.00, 3.19, 3.50, 7.68))
+# check that total proportion = 100
+sum(don_pl$vote_proportion)
    +
    +
    [1] 100
    +
    +
    # PORTUGAL
+don_pt <- data.frame(
+  party = c("EPP", "SD", "Patriots", "ECR", "Renew", "GREENSEFA", "Theleft", "ESN", "NI", "Independent"),
+  vote_proportion = c(31.12, 32.11, 9.79, 0.00, 9.08, 5.18, 10.56, 0.00, 0.00, 2.16))
+# check that total proportion = 100
+sum(don_pt$vote_proportion)
    +
    +
    [1] 100
    +
    +
    # ROMANIA
+don_ro <- data.frame(
+  party = c("EPP", "SD", "Patriots", "ECR", "Renew", "GREENSEFA", "Theleft", "ESN", "NI", "Independent"),
+  vote_proportion = c(30.76, 25.75, 0.00, 15.38, 12.45, 0.00, 0.42, 0.00, 5.03, 10.21))
+# check that total proportion = 100
+sum(don_ro$vote_proportion)
    +
    +
    [1] 100
    +
    +
    # SLOVAKIA
+don_sk <- data.frame(
+  party = c("EPP", "SD", "Patriots", "ECR", "Renew", "GREENSEFA", "Theleft", "ESN", "NI", "Independent"),
+  vote_proportion = c(17.74, 0.00, 0.00, 5.55, 27.82, 0.13, 0.00, 12.53, 32.43, 3.8))
+# check that total proportion = 100
+sum(don_sk$vote_proportion)
    +
    +
    [1] 100
    +
    +
    # SLOVENIA
+don_si <- data.frame(
+  party = c("EPP", "SD", "Patriots", "ECR", "Renew", "GREENSEFA", "Theleft", "ESN", "NI", "Independent"),
+  vote_proportion = c(45.41, 7.77, 0.00, 0.00, 24.35, 12.15, 4.81, 0.00, 0.00, 5.51))
+# check that total proportion = 100
+sum(don_si$vote_proportion)
    +
    +
    [1] 100
    +
    +
    # SPAIN
+don_es <- data.frame(
+  party = c("EPP", "SD", "Patriots", "ECR", "Renew", "GREENSEFA", "Theleft", "ESN", "NI", "Independent"),
+  vote_proportion = c(34.21, 30.19, 9.63, 4.58, 3.1, 5.86, 7.28, 0.00, 2.61, 2.54))
+# check that total proportion = 100
+sum(don_es$vote_proportion)
    +
    +
    [1] 100
    +
    +
    # SWEDEN
+don_se <- data.frame(
+  party = c("EPP", "SD", "Patriots", "ECR", "Renew", "GREENSEFA", "Theleft", "ESN", "NI", "Independent"),
+  vote_proportion = c(23.86, 24.77, 0.00, 13.17, 11.67, 14.22, 11.06, 0.00, 0.04, 1.21))
+# check that total proportion = 100
+sum(don_se$vote_proportion)
    +
    +
    [1] 100
    +
    +

    DEFINING THE DONUT PLOT FUNCTION

    +

    Following the same thinking as with the parliament plots, it was decided that individually coding 27 different donut plots would be unnecessarily time consuming and too large of a chunk of code. Again, a function was defined to streamline and regulate the donut plot making process.

    +

    The function had to encompass several features including the function parameters, the construction of the bar chart, the applicatin of polar coordinates, the white background, and the creation of the “donut hole” in the centre of the polar plot.

    +

    The donut plot making function was defined as follows:

    +
    +
    +
    # creating a donut plot function
+# defining the function parameters
+make_donut <- function(data,
+                       party_col = party,
+                       value_col = vote_proportion,
+                       width_mm = 0.2) {
+# data preparation: converting party to a factor and reversing the levels with fct_rev()to correct visuals
+  data_prepped <- data |>
+    mutate(
+      party = factor({{ party_col }}, levels = party_order),
+      party = forcats::fct_rev(party)
+    ) |>
+    arrange(party)
+
+# calculating the outer edge of the donut
+  donut_outer <- 2 + width_mm/2
+
+# constructing the donut 
+  p <- ggplot(data_prepped,
+              aes(x = 2, y = {{ value_col }}, fill = party)) +
+# defining the white background
+    annotate("rect", 
+             xmin = 0.5, xmax = donut_outer,   
+             ymin = 0, ymax = 100,
+             fill = "white", colour = NA) +
+# defining the thickness of the bar
+    geom_col(width = width_mm) +
+# wrapping the bar into a circle
+    coord_polar(theta = "y") +
+# spplying globally specified colours
+    scale_fill_manual(values = custom_cols, drop = FALSE) +
+# defining the centre hole of the donut
+    xlim(0.5, 2.5) +
+# adjusting the theme
+    theme_void() +
+    theme(legend.position = "none")  
+  
+  p
+}
    +
    +
    +

    PLOTTING

    +

    Now that the donut plot making function has been defined (and tested???) the 27 individual donut plots required to recreate the original plot can be created.

    +
    +
    +
    # AUSTRIA
+donut_at <- make_donut(don_at)
+donut_at
    +
    + +
    +
    # BELGIUM
+donut_be <- make_donut(don_be)
+donut_be
    +
    + +
    +
    # BULGARIA
+donut_bg <- make_donut(don_bg)
+donut_bg
    +
    + +
    +
    # CROATIA
+donut_hr <- make_donut(don_hr)
+donut_hr
    +
    + +
    +
    # CYPRUS
+donut_cy <- make_donut(don_cy)
+donut_cy
    +
    + +
    +
    # CZECHIA
+donut_cz <- make_donut(don_cz)
+donut_cz
    +
    + +
    +
    # DENMARK
+donut_dk <- make_donut(don_dk)
+donut_dk
    +
    + +
    +
    # ESTONIA
+donut_ee <- make_donut(don_ee)
+donut_ee
    +
    + +
    +
    # FINLAND
+donut_fi <- make_donut(don_fi)
+donut_fi
    +
    + +
    +
    # FRANCE
+donut_fr <- make_donut(don_fr)
+donut_fr
    +
    + +
    +
    # GERMANY
+donut_de <- make_donut(don_de)
+donut_de
    +
    + +
    +
    # GREECE
+donut_el <- make_donut(don_el)
+donut_el
    +
    + +
    +
    # HUNGARY
+donut_hu <- make_donut(don_hu)
+donut_hu
    +
    + +
    +
    # IRELAND
+donut_ie <- make_donut(don_ie)
+donut_ie
    +
    + +
    +
    # ITALY
+donut_it <- make_donut(don_it)
+donut_it
    +
    + +
    +
    # LATVIA
+donut_lv <- make_donut(don_lv)
+donut_lv
    +
    + +
    +
    # LITHUANIA
+donut_lt <- make_donut(don_lt)
+donut_lt
    +
    + +
    +
    # LUXEMBOURG
+donut_lu <- make_donut(don_lu)
+donut_lu
    +
    + +
    +
    # MALTA
+donut_mt <- make_donut(don_mt)
+donut_mt
    +
    + +
    +
    # NETHERLANDS
+donut_nl <- make_donut(don_nl)
+donut_nl
    +
    + +
    +
    # POLAND
+donut_pl <- make_donut(don_pl)
+donut_pl
    +
    + +
    +
    # PORTUGAL
+donut_pt <- make_donut(don_pt)
+donut_pt
    +
    + +
    +
    # ROMANIA
+donut_ro <- make_donut(don_ro)
+donut_ro
    +
    + +
    +
    # SLOVAKIA
+donut_sk <- make_donut(don_sk)
+donut_sk
    +
    + +
    +
    # SLOVENIA
+donut_si <- make_donut(don_si)
+donut_si
    +
    + +
    +
    # SPAIN
+donut_es <- make_donut(don_es)
+donut_es
    +
    + +
    +
    # SWEDEN
+donut_se <- make_donut(don_se)
+donut_se
    +
    +

    +
    +

    COMBINING THE PARLIAMENT AND DONUT PLOTS

    +

    After both the parliament and donut plots were created, the next stage of the replication process was to combine them into a single, layered combination plot for each country.

    +

    The function had to encompass several features including… *****

    +

    DEFINING THE COMBINATION PLOT FUNCTION

    +

    For a third time, a function was defined to streamline and standardise the creation process for all 27 plots.

    +

    The final combination plot function was defined as follows:

    +
    +
    +
    # creating a combination plot function
+# defining the function parameters
+combine_donut_parliament <- function(
+    donut_plot,
+    parliament_plot,
+    inner_width   = 0.72,
+    donut_scale   = 1.20,
+    start_angle   = 0,
+    ring_divisor  = 1.89,
+    ring_color    = "black",
+    ring_lwd      = 3
+) {
+# defining the layering strategy using ggdraw 
+  ggdraw() +
+# positioning the outer donut including scale and rotation
+  draw_plot(
+    donut_plot + coord_polar(theta = "y", start = start_angle),
+    x      = (1 - donut_scale) / 2,
+    y      = (1 - donut_scale) / 2,
+    width  = donut_scale,
+    height = donut_scale
+  ) +
+    
+# positioning the inner parliament plot
+  draw_plot(
+    parliament_plot,
+    x      = (1 - inner_width) / 2,
+    y      = (1 - inner_width) / 2,
+    width  = inner_width,
+    height = inner_width
+  ) +
+    
+# defining the inner black ring
+  draw_grob(
+    circleGrob(
+      x = 0.5, y = 0.5,
+      r = inner_width / ring_divisor,
+      gp = gpar(fill = NA, col = ring_color, lwd = ring_lwd)
+    )
+  )
+}
    +
    +
    +

    PLOTTING

    +

    The above function was then used to create the 27 combination circular plots to be used in the final product.

    +
    +
    +
    # AUSTRIA
+at_final <- combine_donut_parliament(
+  donut_plot      = donut_at,
+  parliament_plot = ATPARL,
+  inner_width     = 0.72,
+  donut_scale     = 1.20,
+  start_angle     = 0
+)
+
+at_final
    +
    + +
    +
    # BELGIUM
+be_final <- combine_donut_parliament(
+  donut_plot      = donut_be,
+  parliament_plot = BEPARL,
+  inner_width     = 0.72,
+  donut_scale     = 1.20,
+  start_angle     = 0
+)
+
+be_final
    +
    + +
    +
    # BULGARIA
+bg_final <- combine_donut_parliament(
+  donut_plot      = donut_bg,
+  parliament_plot = BGPARL,
+  inner_width     = 0.72,
+  donut_scale     = 1.20,
+  start_angle     = 0
+)
+
+bg_final
    +
    + +
    +
    # CROATIA
+hr_final <- combine_donut_parliament(
+  donut_plot      = donut_hr,
+  parliament_plot = HRPARL,
+  inner_width     = 0.72,
+  donut_scale     = 1.20,
+  start_angle     = 0
+)
+
+hr_final
    +
    + +
    +
    # CYPRUS
+cy_final <- combine_donut_parliament(
+  donut_plot      = donut_cy,
+  parliament_plot = CYPARL,
+  inner_width     = 0.72,
+  donut_scale     = 1.20,
+  start_angle     = 0
+)
+
+cy_final
    +
    + +
    +
    # CZECH REPUBLIC
+cz_final <- combine_donut_parliament(
+  donut_plot      = donut_cz,
+  parliament_plot = CZPARL,
+  inner_width     = 0.72,
+  donut_scale     = 1.20,
+  start_angle     = 0
+)
+
+
+cz_final
    +
    + +
    +
    # DENMARK
+dk_final <- combine_donut_parliament(
+  donut_plot      = donut_dk,
+  parliament_plot = DKPARL,
+  inner_width     = 0.72,
+  donut_scale     = 1.20,
+  start_angle     = 0
+)
+
+dk_final
    +
    + +
    +
    # ESTONIA
+ee_final <- combine_donut_parliament(
+  donut_plot      = donut_ee,
+  parliament_plot = EEPARL,
+  inner_width     = 0.72,
+  donut_scale     = 1.20,
+  start_angle     = 0
+)
+
+ee_final
    +
    + +
    +
    # FINLAND
+fi_final <- combine_donut_parliament(
+  donut_plot      = donut_fi,
+  parliament_plot = FIPARL,
+  inner_width     = 0.72,
+  donut_scale     = 1.20,
+  start_angle     = 0
+)
+
+fi_final
    +
    + +
    +
    # FRANCE
+fr_final <- combine_donut_parliament(
+  donut_plot      = donut_fr,
+  parliament_plot = FRPARL,
+  inner_width     = 0.72,
+  donut_scale     = 1.20,
+  start_angle     = 0
+)
+
+fr_final
    +
    + +
    +
    # GERMANY
+de_final <- combine_donut_parliament(
+  donut_plot      = donut_de,
+  parliament_plot = DEPARL,
+  inner_width     = 0.72,
+  donut_scale     = 1.20,
+  start_angle     = 0
+)
+
+de_final
    +
    + +
    +
    # GREECE
+el_final <- combine_donut_parliament(
+  donut_plot      = donut_el,
+  parliament_plot = ELPARL,
+  inner_width     = 0.72,
+  donut_scale     = 1.20,
+  start_angle     = 0
+)
+
+el_final
    +
    + +
    +
    # HUNGARY
+hu_final <- combine_donut_parliament(
+  donut_plot      = donut_hu,
+  parliament_plot = HUPARL,
+  inner_width     = 0.72,
+  donut_scale     = 1.20,
+  start_angle     = 0
+)
+
+hu_final
    +
    + +
    +
    # IRELAND
+ie_final <- combine_donut_parliament(
+  donut_plot      = donut_ie,
+  parliament_plot = IEPARL,
+  inner_width     = 0.72,
+  donut_scale     = 1.20,
+  start_angle     = 0
+)
+
+ie_final
    +
    + +
    +
    # ITALY
+it_final <- combine_donut_parliament(
+  donut_plot      = donut_it,
+  parliament_plot = ITPARL,
+  inner_width     = 0.72,
+  donut_scale     = 1.20,
+  start_angle     = 0
+)
+
+it_final
    +
    + +
    +
    # LATVIA
+lv_final <- combine_donut_parliament(
+  donut_plot      = donut_lv,
+  parliament_plot = LVPARL,
+  inner_width     = 0.72,
+  donut_scale     = 1.20,
+  start_angle     = 0
+)
+
+lv_final
    +
    + +
    +
    # LITHUANIA
+lt_final <- combine_donut_parliament(
+  donut_plot      = donut_lt,
+  parliament_plot = LTPARL,
+  inner_width     = 0.72,
+  donut_scale     = 1.20,
+  start_angle     = 0
+)
+
+lt_final
    +
    + +
    +
    # LUXEMBOURG
+lu_final <- combine_donut_parliament(
+  donut_plot      = donut_lu,
+  parliament_plot = LUPARL,
+  inner_width     = 0.72,
+  donut_scale     = 1.20,
+  start_angle     = 0
+)
+
+lu_final
    +
    + +
    +
    # MALTA
+mt_final <- combine_donut_parliament(
+  donut_plot      = donut_mt,
+  parliament_plot = MTPARL,
+  inner_width     = 0.72,
+  donut_scale     = 1.20,
+  start_angle     = 0
+)
+
+mt_final
    +
    + +
    +
    # NETHERLANDS
+nl_final <- combine_donut_parliament(
+  donut_plot      = donut_nl,
+  parliament_plot = NLPARL,
+  inner_width     = 0.72,
+  donut_scale     = 1.20,
+  start_angle     = 0
+)
+
+nl_final
    +
    + +
    +
    # POLAND
+pl_final <- combine_donut_parliament(
+  donut_plot      = donut_pl,
+  parliament_plot = PLPARL,
+  inner_width     = 0.72,
+  donut_scale     = 1.20,
+  start_angle     = 0
+)
+
+pl_final
    +
    + +
    +
    # PORTUGAL
+pt_final <- combine_donut_parliament(
+  donut_plot      = donut_pt,
+  parliament_plot = PTPARL,
+  inner_width     = 0.72,
+  donut_scale     = 1.20,
+  start_angle     = 0
+)
+
+pt_final
    +
    + +
    +
    # ROMANIA
+ro_final <- combine_donut_parliament(
+  donut_plot      = donut_ro,
+  parliament_plot = ROPARL,
+  inner_width     = 0.72,
+  donut_scale     = 1.20,
+  start_angle     = 0
+)
+
+ro_final
    +
    + +
    +
    # SLOVAKIA
+sk_final <- combine_donut_parliament(
+  donut_plot      = donut_sk,
+  parliament_plot = SKPARL,
+  inner_width     = 0.72,
+  donut_scale     = 1.20,
+  start_angle     = 0
+)
+
+sk_final
    +
    + +
    +
    # SLOVENIA
+si_final <- combine_donut_parliament(
+  donut_plot      = donut_si,
+  parliament_plot = SIPARL,
+  inner_width     = 0.72,
+  donut_scale     = 1.20,
+  start_angle     = 0
+)
+
+si_final
    +
    + +
    +
    # SPAIN
+es_final <- combine_donut_parliament(
+  donut_plot      = donut_es,
+  parliament_plot = ESPARL,
+  inner_width     = 0.72,
+  donut_scale     = 1.20,
+  start_angle     = 0
+)
+
+es_final
    +
    + +
    +
    # SWEDEN
+se_final <- combine_donut_parliament(
+  donut_plot      = donut_se,
+  parliament_plot = SEPARL,
+  inner_width     = 0.72,
+  donut_scale     = 1.20,
+  start_angle     = 0
+)
+
+se_final
    +
    +

    +
    +

    POSITIONING THE COMBO PLOTS ON THE MAP

    +

    At this stage of the project, the main background map and the individual combination plots for each country have been created. The next logical step was to place each plot on its relevant position on the map.

    +

    Before writing any code, some practical decisions had to be made about sizing. The circular plots on the original visualisation vary in size quite dramatically however there is not indication as to what the sizing of the plots is based off (if it is based off any concrete value at all). Looking at the plot it was obvious that “bigger” countries in terms of size/ population had bigger plots and “smaller” countries had smaller ones. This is also true in terms of number of seats, those with a larger number of seats had bigger plots and those with less seats had smaller plots. Using some trial and error to test size as both a function of seat number and population, it was decided that scaling the plots using a log function based on the population for each country gave the closest representation to the original.

    +

    DATA CONSTRUCTION

    +

    First, a data frame containing the country names, codes, and population was created

    +
    +
    +
    eu_populations <- data.frame(
+  country = c("Austria", "Bulgaria", "Croatia", "Czechia", "Denmark", "Estonia", "Finland", "France", "Germany", "Greece", "Hungary", "Ireland", "Italy", "Latvia", "Lithuania", "Poland", "Portugal", "Romania", "Slovakia", "Slovenia", "Spain", "Sweden"),
+  
+  country_code = c("at", "bg", "hr", "cz", "dk", "ee", "fi", "fr", "de", "el", "hu", "ie", "it", "lv", "lt","pl", "pt", "ro", "sk", "si", "es", "se"),
+  
+  population = c(9100000, 6400000, 3900000, 10900000, 5900000, 1400000, 5600000, 68200000, 84400000, 10400000, 9600000, 5200000, 59000000, 1800000, 2900000, 36800000, 10500000, 19100000, 5400000, 2100000, 48100000, 10600000)
+)
    +
    +
    +

    SCALING

    +

    Next, a plot size was assigned to each country’s circular plot based on its population, using a logarithmic scale. Trial and error was used to adjust the function to the specification that produced the closest visual representation to the original plot - it was important that the smallest countries were not invisible and that the biggest countries did not overtake the entire plot.

    +
    +
    +
    # scaling the circular plots
+country_sizes <- eu_populations |>
+  mutate(
+# calculating log population
+    log_pop  = log10(population),
+# rescale to plot sizes
+    plot_size = rescale(
+      log_pop,
+      to   = c(0.5, 7.5),                  
+      from = c(log10(540000), log10(84400000))
+    )
+  )
    +
    +
    +

    The position of the circular plots on the main map was determined using the centroids of the country areas included in the main map dataset. First, a dataset including the size of the plots and their final position was needed.

    +
    +
    +
    # positioning the circular plots on the map
+# copmbining the country geometries to make one row per country with a merged geometry
+country_centroids <- final_map |>
+  group_by(country) |>
+  summarise(
+    geometry = st_union(geometry),
+    .groups = "drop"
+  ) |>
+  st_as_sf()
+
+# calculating the centroids
+centroids       <- st_centroid(country_centroids)
+# extracting the coordinates of the centroids
+centroid_coords <- st_coordinates(centroids)
+
+# adding the centroid coordinates to the dataset
+country_centroids <- country_centroids |>
+  st_drop_geometry() |>
+  mutate(
+    centroid_x = centroid_coords[, "X"],
+    centroid_y = centroid_coords[, "Y"]
+  )
+
+# combining with the plot sizes
+country_data <- country_centroids |>
+  inner_join(country_sizes, by = "country")
    +
    +
    +

    Then the existing combination plots were saved as .png images and a dataset including country names, centroid coordinates, plot sizes, and path to each saved image were created

    +
    +
    +
    # saving the combination plots as .png images
+# creating an output directory
+output_dir <- "combined_plots"
+dir.create(output_dir, showWarnings = FALSE)
+
+country_data$image_path <- NA_character_
+
+# processing each country in a loop and extracting country information
+for (i in seq_len(nrow(country_data))) {
+  country_name <- country_data$country[i]
+  country_code <- country_data$country_code[i]
+  plot_size    <- country_data$plot_size[i]
+# retrieving the plot objects  
+  plot_name <- paste0(country_code, "_final")
+  existing_plot <- get(plot_name)
+
+# crearing a file path where the images are saved
+  img_file <- file.path(output_dir, paste0(country_name, ".png"))
+
+# saving the plot 
+  ggsave(
+    filename = img_file,
+    plot     = existing_plot,
+    width    = plot_size,
+    height   = plot_size,
+    dpi      = 300,
+    bg       = "transparent"
+  )
+  
+  country_data$image_path[i] <- img_file
+}
+
+# printing a confirmation message once all files are saved
+cat("\nSaved plots to:", output_dir, "\n")
    +
    +
    
+Saved plots to: combined_plots
    +
    +
    cd_plot <- country_data
    +
    +
    +

    Some plots in areas with many smaller countries were overlapping slightly when overlaid onto the main plot, but reducing the lower size of the plots even more was not possible due to readability and not aligning with the visuals of the original plot. To take care of these overlaps a repulsion algorithm was employed.

    +
    +
    +
    # dealing with the overlapping circular plots
+# calculating the image sizes suitable for plotting onto the map
+cd_plot <- cd_plot |>
+  mutate(
+    geom_size = plot_size * 0.015 # adjusted using trial and error
+  )
+
+# converting to map units using the bounding box of the entire map area
+bbox <- st_bbox(final_map)
+y_range <- as.numeric(bbox["ymax"] - bbox["ymin"])
+
+# approximating the circle radiuses in map units
+cd_plot <- cd_plot |>
+  mutate(
+    img_height_data = geom_size * y_range,
+    radius          = img_height_data / 2
+  )
+
+# setting up the repulsion algorithm
+coords <- as.matrix(cd_plot[, c("centroid_x", "centroid_y")])
+radii  <- cd_plot$radius
+# defining the extra spacing between circles (in data units)
+circle_padding <- 0.01 * y_range
+# the repulsion algorithm
+max_iter <- 100
+
+for (iter in seq_len(max_iter)) {
+  moved <- FALSE
+# checking every pair of countries
+  for (i in seq_len(nrow(coords))) {
+    for (j in seq_len(nrow(coords))) {
+      if (j <= i) next
+
+# calculating the distance between circles     
+      dx   <- coords[j, 1] - coords[i, 1]
+      dy   <- coords[j, 2] - coords[i, 2]
+      dist <- sqrt(dx^2 + dy^2)
+
+# checking for overlap (using the sum of both radii plus padding)
+      min_dist <- radii[i] + radii[j] + circle_padding
+      
+# pushing apart overlapping circles
+      if (dist < min_dist) {
+        overlap <- min_dist - dist
+        
+        shift_x <- (dx / dist) * (overlap / 2)
+        shift_y <- (dy / dist) * (overlap / 2)
+        
+        coords[i, 1] <- coords[i, 1] - shift_x
+        coords[i, 2] <- coords[i, 2] - shift_y
+        coords[j, 1] <- coords[j, 1] + shift_x
+        coords[j, 2] <- coords[j, 2] + shift_y
+        
+        moved <- TRUE
+      }
+    }
+  }
+# stopping if an entire iteration passes with no movements
+  if (!moved) break
+}
+
+# storing the adjusted positions
+cd_plot <- cd_plot |>
+  mutate(
+    adj_x          = coords[, 1],
+    adj_y          = coords[, 2],
+    padding_factor = 0.002,
+    label_padding  = padding_factor * y_range,
+    label_y        = adj_y + radius + label_padding
+  )
    +
    +
    +

    Furthermore, the circular plots in the original visualisation each have a heading of the country’s name above the plot. This also had to be included at this stage in order to check that no more fine-tuning of the positioning of the circular plots on the map was needed.
    +Finally, we draw the map with the combinations in their adjusted positions and their country name labels above.

    +
    +
    +
    final_EUROMAP <- EUROMAP +
+  geom_image(
+    data = cd_plot,
+    aes(
+      x     = adj_x,
+      y     = adj_y,
+      image = image_path,
+      size  = I(geom_size)
+    ),
+    asp = 1
+  ) +
+  geom_text(
+    data = cd_plot,
+    aes(
+      x     = adj_x,
+      y     = label_y,
+      label = country
+    ),
+    fontface = "bold",
+    size     = 1.5
+  )
+
+print(final_EUROMAP)
    +
    +

    +
    +

    The final map with all of the correctly-placed circular plots was then saved in .png format.

    +
    +
    +
    # saving the final map with circular plots 
+ggsave(
+  filename = "final_EUROMAP.png",
+  plot = final_EUROMAP,
+  width = 22.5,
+  height = 30,
+  units = "cm",
+  dpi = 300,
+  bg = "white"
+)
    +
    +
    +

    All in all, this was a very involved stage of the replication process that required a lot of research, hours of trial and error, and many failed attempts.

    +

    MAKING THE LEGEND

    +

    Now that the main map is created it was time to start constructing the other elements of the original plot. First, the legend in the upper-left corner of the original visualisation was created.

    +

    In order to create the colour scales that are shown in the legend, the colour mixing formulas from the map creation were used again.

    +
    +
    +
    # reusing the colour mixing formulas to create the legend's colour scales
+mix_colors <- function(col1, col2, p = 0.5) {
+  c1 <- col2rgb(col1) / 255
+  c2 <- col2rgb(col2) / 255
+  mix <- (1 - p) * c1 + p * c2
+  grDevices::rgb(mix[1, ], mix[2, ], mix[3, ])
+}
+
+darken_color <- function(col, p = 0.25) {
+  col_rgb  <- col2rgb(col) / 255
+  dark_rgb <- col_rgb * (1 - p)
+  grDevices::rgb(dark_rgb[1, ], dark_rgb[2, ], dark_rgb[3, ])
+}
    +
    +
    +

    Next, the data required to make the legend was reconstructed and manipulated:

    +
    +
    +
    parties <- data.frame(
+  party = c("EPP", "S&D", "Patriots", "Renew", "ECR", "Greens/EFA", "The Left", "ESN", "NI"),
+  label = c("Group of the European People's Party (Christian Democrats)",
+            "Group of the Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats",
+            "Patriots for Europe Group",
+            "Renew Europe Group",
+            "European Conservatives and Reformists Group",
+            "Group of the Greens/European Free Alliance",
+            "The Left group in the European Parliament - GUE/NGL",
+            "Europe of Sovereign Nations Group",
+            "Non-attached Members"),
+  vote = c(23.5, 17.4, 10.5, 10.1, 9.9, 8.1, 7.8, 4.5, 4.3),
+  seats = c(188, 136, 84, 77, 78, 53, 46, 25, 33),
+  stringsAsFactors = FALSE
+) |>
+# reversing the order
+  mutate(
+    row = rev(row_number()),
+# creating the colour key
+    col_key = dplyr::recode(
+      party,
+      "EPP"        = "EPP",
+      "S&D"        = "SD",
+      "Patriots"   = "Patriots",
+      "Renew"      = "Renew",
+      "ECR"        = "ECR",
+      "Greens/EFA" = "GREENSEFA",
+      "The Left"   = "Theleft",
+      "ESN"        = "ESN",
+      "NI"         = "NI"
+    ),
+# assigning the colours from the globally designed colour vector
+    col = custom_cols[col_key]
+  )
+
+# creating percentages categories
+percentages <- tibble(
+  percentages_idx = 1:7,
+  percentages_lab = c("-25","25","30","35","40","45","50+")
+)
+
+# combining all parties with percentages
+percentages_blocks <- expand_grid(parties, percentages)
+
+# identifiying the parties that get a scale bar
+parties_with_scale <- c("EPP","S&D","Patriots","Renew","ECR","NI")
+
+# splitting the parties in to groups of scale bar/  no scale bar
+parties_scale    <- parties |> filter(party %in% parties_with_scale)
+parties_noscale  <- parties |> filter(!party %in% parties_with_scale)
+
+# creating percentage blocks
+scale_blocks <- expand_grid(parties_scale, percentages)
    +
    +
    +

    Following this, the colour gradients for the parties with scale bars are applied to the scale bar segments.

    +
    +
    +
    # generating colour palettes for each party
+legend_palettes <- parties_scale |>
+  rowwise() |>
+  mutate(
+# getting the base colour
+    base_col  = col,
+# creating thie light shade
+    light_col = mix_colors("#FFFFFF", base_col, p = 0.5),
+# creating the dark shade
+    dark_col  = darken_color(base_col, p = 0.1),
+# creating a 7 colour gradient
+    pal       = list(grDevices::colorRampPalette(c(light_col, dark_col))(7))
+  ) |>
+# keeping only the needed columns
+  ungroup() |>
+  select(party, pal) |>
+# expanding palettes into individual colours (i.e. multiple rows from one row)
+  tidyr::unnest_longer(pal, indices_to = "percentages_idx", values_to = "scale_col") |>
+# converting to integer type for joining
+  mutate(
+    percentages_idx = as.integer(percentages_idx)
+  )
+
+# attaching the shaded colours to each scale-bar tile
+scale_blocks_shaded <- scale_blocks |>
+  left_join(legend_palettes, by = c("party", "percentages_idx"))
    +
    +
    +

    Finally, it is time to create the visual plot of the legend.

    +
    +
    +
    # crearing the visual plot of the legend
+legend_plot <- ggplot() +
+  
+# creating the main bar for parties with a scale bar 
+  geom_rect(
+    data = parties_scale,
+    aes(xmin = 0.5, xmax = 7.5,
+        ymin = row - 0.45, ymax = row + 0.25,
+        fill = col)
+  ) +
+  
+# creating the main bar for parties with no scale bar 
+  geom_rect(
+    data = parties_noscale,
+    aes(xmin = 0.5, xmax = 7.5,
+        ymin = row - 0.45, ymax = row + 0.25,
+        fill = col)
+  ) +
+  
+# creating the shaded scale bar
+  geom_rect(
+    data = scale_blocks_shaded,
+    aes(xmin = percentages_idx - 0.5, xmax = percentages_idx + 0.5,
+        ymin = row + 0.25, ymax = row + 0.45,
+        fill = scale_col),
+    colour = "white", linewidth = 0.35
+  ) +
+  
+# creating the grid lines only in the scale bar area
+  geom_rect(
+    data = percentages_blocks |> filter(party %in% parties_with_scale),
+    aes(xmin = percentages_idx - 0.5, xmax = percentages_idx + 0.5,
+        ymin = row + 0.25, ymax = row + 0.45),
+    fill = NA, colour = "white", linewidth = 0.35
+  ) +
+  
+# adding the group names in the correct colours
+  geom_text(
+    data = parties,
+    aes(x = 0.7, y = row - 0.02, label = party,
+        colour = ifelse(party == "Renew", "black", "white")),
+    fontface = "bold", hjust = 0, size = 5
+  ) +
+  
+# adding the subtitles in the correct colours
+  geom_text(
+    data = parties,
+    aes(x = 0.7, y = row - 0.28, label = label,
+        colour = ifelse(party == "Renew", "black", "white")),
+    hjust = 0, size = 2, fontface = "italic"
+  ) +
+  
+# adding the percentage headers aligned over scale-bar chunks
+  geom_text(
+    data = percentages,
+    aes(x = percentages_idx, y = max(parties$row) + 0.6, label = percentages_lab),
+    fontface = "bold", size = 3.3
+  ) +
+  
+# adding the headers for Vote % and Seats to the right hand side
+  annotate("text", x = 8.8, y = max(parties$row) + 0.8,
+           label = "Vote %", fontface = "bold", size = 4) +
+  annotate("text", x = 11, y = max(parties$row) + 0.8,
+           label = "Seats", fontface = "bold", size = 4) +
+  
+# adding the Vote % and Seats data
+  geom_text(
+    data = parties,
+    aes(x = 8.8, y = row,
+        label = sprintf("%.1f", vote),
+        colour = ifelse(party == "Renew", "black", col)),
+    fontface = "bold", size = 5, hjust = 0.5
+  ) +
+  geom_text(
+    data = parties,
+    aes(x = 11, y = row,
+        label = seats,
+        colour = ifelse(party == "Renew", "black", col)),
+    fontface = "bold", size = 5, hjust = 0.5
+  ) +
+# applying the styling and coordinate settings to finalise the visualisation
+  scale_fill_identity() +
+  scale_colour_identity() +
+  coord_cartesian(
+    xlim = c(0, 11),
+    ylim = c(0.5, max(parties$row) + 1.6),
+    clip = "off"
+  ) +
+  theme_void() +
+  theme(
+    plot.margin = margin(5, 40, 5, 5)
+  )
+
+legend_plot
    +
    +

    +
    +
    +
    +
    # saving the legend with the correct proportions to a .png file
+ggsave(
+  "legend_check.png",
+  legend_plot,
+  width  = 12,
+  height = 15,
+  units  = "cm",
+  dpi    = 500,
+  bg     = "white"
+)
+
+legend_plot
    +
    +

    +
    +

    Overall making this legend was much more time consuming and difficult than originally anticipated.

    +

    MAKING THE CIRCULAR LEGEND

    +

    Next, the donut legend was created. This tells the viewer that the donuts of the combined plots depict the percentage of the total vote recieved by each European Parliament Group, and that the parliament plot refers to the absolute number of seats won by each of these groups. This small piece of the project was perhaps one of the most unexpectedly dufficult to recreate - mainly owing to the fact that it required placing curved arrows on top of a plot with a polar coordinate system.

    +
    +
    +
    df <- data.frame(
+  party = names(custom_cols),
+  value = 1
+)
+
+
+party_order <- party_order[party_order %in% df$party]
+df$party <- factor(df$party, levels = rev(party_order))
+
+circle_path <- function(radius, total) {
+  data.frame(
+    x = radius,
+    y = seq(0, total, length.out = 400)
+  )
+}
+
+total_angle  <- sum(df$value)
+outer_radius <- 2.5
+inner_radius <- 1.2
+
+outer_circle <- circle_path(outer_radius, total_angle)
+inner_circle <- circle_path(inner_radius, total_angle)
+
+# defining the central disk radius
+center_radius <- 0.5
+x_center      <- center_radius / 2
+width_center  <- center_radius
+
+# defining the inner-circle outline (for the central disk)
+inner_circle_outline <- circle_path(center_radius, total_angle)
+
+# making a quadratic Bezier helper function: allows us to make a curved path in top of the polar coordinates
+make_curve <- function(x0, y0, x1, y1, xc, yc, n = 100) {
+  t  <- seq(0, 1, length.out = n)
+  x  <- (1 - t)^2 * x0 + 2 * (1 - t) * t * xc + t^2 * x1
+  y  <- (1 - t)^2 * y0 + 2 * (1 - t) * t * yc + t^2 * y1
+  data.frame(x = x, y = y)
+}
+
+arrow_tail_radius <- 4.5  # outside donut (outer_radius = 2.5)
+#arrow_tail_radius_2 <- 3 # for seats arroe
+
+# making the first curved arrow (bottom of donut) ---------------------------------
+arrow_df <- make_curve(
+  x0 = arrow_tail_radius,           # start radius (outside donut)
+  y0 = total_angle * 0.40,          # start angle
+  x1 = x_center + 0.01,             # end radius (just at the centre disk)
+  y1 = total_angle * 0.35,          # end angle
+  xc = 2.5,                         # control radius (controls bend)
+  yc = total_angle * 0.38           # control angle
+)
+
+# making the second curved arrow (pointing to top of donut) 
+arrow_df_top <- make_curve(
+  x0 = arrow_tail_radius,           # tail outside donut
+  y0 = total_angle * 0.07,          # start angle near top
+  x1 = outer_radius + -0.5,         # end just at outer edge of donut
+  y1 = total_angle * 0,          # angle around top; tweak if needed
+  xc = 2.2,                         # control radius (further out for a nice bend)
+  yc = total_angle * 0.07      # control angle slightly "above" to arc over
+)
+
+# putting points at the arrow heads (i.e. at the last row of each path)
+tail1 <- arrow_df[1, ]
+tail2 <- arrow_df_top[1, ]
+
+donut_key <-
+  ggplot(df, aes(x = 2, y = value, fill = party)) +
+  geom_col(width = 1, colour = NA) +
+  geom_col(
+    data  = df,
+    aes(x = x_center, y = value),
+    inherit.aes = FALSE,
+    width  = width_center,
+    fill   = "#b3e5e5",
+    colour = NA
+  ) +
+  geom_path(data = outer_circle,
+            aes(x = x, y = y),
+            inherit.aes = FALSE,
+            colour = "black",
+            linewidth = 1.5) +
+  geom_path(data = inner_circle,
+            aes(x = x, y = y),
+            inherit.aes = FALSE,
+            colour = "black",
+            linewidth = 1.5) +
+  geom_path(data = inner_circle_outline,
+            aes(x = x, y = y),
+            inherit.aes = FALSE,
+            colour = "black",
+            linewidth = 0.8) +
+  geom_path(
+    data = arrow_df,
+    aes(x = x, y = y),
+    inherit.aes = FALSE,
+    arrow = arrow(length = unit(1, "mm"), type = "closed"),
+    linewidth = 1
+  ) +
+  geom_path(
+    data = arrow_df_top,
+    aes(x = x, y = y),
+    inherit.aes = FALSE,
+    arrow = arrow(length = unit(1, "mm"), type = "closed"),
+    linewidth = 1
+  ) +
+# putting the labels on the arrows
+geom_text(
+  data = tail1,
+  aes(x = x + 0.25, y = y + 0.35, label = "Seats"),
+  inherit.aes = FALSE,
+  size = 5,
+  hjust = 0,
+  fontface = "italic"
+) +
+  geom_text(
+    data = tail2,
+    aes(x = x + 0.4, y = y + -0.38, label = "Vote %"),
+    inherit.aes = FALSE,
+    size = 5,
+    hjust = 0,
+    fontface = "italic"
+  ) +
+  coord_polar(theta = "y") +
+  scale_fill_manual(values = custom_cols) +
+  xlim(0, arrow_tail_radius + 1) +
+  theme_void() +
+  theme(legend.position = "none")
+
+donut_key
    +
    +

    +
    +
    +
    +
    # saving the donut key as a .png file
+ggsave(
+  "donut_key.png",
+  donut_key,
+  width  = 12,
+  height = 12 ,
+  units  = "cm",
+  dpi    = 500,
+  bg     = "transparent"
+)
    +
    +
    +

    MAKING THE ZOOM IN MAP SECTION

    +

    Last but not least, the zoomed in map sections present in the upper-right corner of the original plot had to be recreated. Initially, the map portion of the three geographical areas represented in the zoom areas were individually created, then they were recreated with the appropriate circle plots overlaid on top.

    +

    Step by step, for each final zoomed in area the process included:
    +- sizing the circular plots based on population
    +- finding where to place them (country centroids)
    +- saving the circles as .png files
    +- creating a zoomed map of the relevant region
    +- overlaying the circular plots at each country’s location
    +- adding country name labels above each circle

    +

    DATA CREATION

    +

    Before the zoom maps were made, the population data for these regions had to be added to the environment.

    +
    +
    +
    benelux_populations <- data.frame(
+  country = c("Belgium", "Netherlands", "Luxembourg"),
+  
+  country_code = c("be", "nl", "lu"),
+  
+  population = c(11800000, 18000000, 700000)
+)
    +
    +
    +
    +
    +
    malta_populations <- data.frame(
+  country = c("Malta"),
+  
+  country_code = c("mt"),
+  
+  population = c(600000)
+)
    +
    +
    +
    +
    +
    cyprus_populations <- data.frame(
+  country = c("Cyprus"),
+  
+  country_code = c("cy"),
+  
+  population = c(1400000)
+)
    +
    +
    +

    BENELUX REGION

    +
    +
    +
    # making the map of the Benelux zoom box
+# filtering only the relevant countries
+benelux <- final_map |>
+  dplyr::filter(country %in% c("Belgium", "Netherlands", "Luxembourg"))
+# getting the bounding box (minimum square coordinates) of the countries
+bb_ben <- sf::st_bbox(benelux)
+
+# adding padding for aesthetics
+xpad_ben <- (bb_ben["xmax"] - bb_ben["xmin"]) * 0.15
+ypad_ben <- (bb_ben["ymax"] - bb_ben["ymin"]) * 0.15
+
+# creating the zoomed map
+zoom_benelux <-
+  ggplot() +
+  geom_sf(
+    data = final_map,              
+    aes(fill = party_band),
+    colour = "white",
+    linewidth = 0.2
+  ) +
+  scale_fill_manual(values = fill_values, na.value = "grey90", guide = "none") +
+# cropping the view to just the Benelux area
+  coord_sf(
+    xlim = c(bb_ben["xmin"] - xpad_ben, bb_ben["xmax"] + xpad_ben),
+    ylim = c(bb_ben["ymin"] - ypad_ben, bb_ben["ymax"] + ypad_ben),
+    expand = FALSE
+  ) +
+  theme_void()
+
+zoom_benelux
    +
    +

    +
    +

    Once this was created correctly, the map section was created again, this time with the relevant circular plots overlaid.

    +
    +
    +
    # creating the final map of the Benelux zoom box
+# calculating the plot sizes based on populaitons
+benelux_sizes <- benelux_populations |>
+  mutate(
+    log_pop = log10(population),
+    plot_size = rescale(
+      log_pop,
+      to   = c(3, 6),
+      from = c(log10(min(population)), log10(max(population)))
+    )
+  )
+
+# calculating the centroids for the Benelux countries (same process as before)
+benelux_sf <- final_map |>
+  filter(country %in% benelux_populations$country) |>
+  group_by(country) |>
+  summarise(
+    geometry = st_union(geometry),
+    .groups = "drop"
+  ) |>
+  st_as_sf()
+
+centroids <- st_centroid(benelux_sf)
+coords    <- st_coordinates(centroids)
+
+benelux_centroids <- benelux_sf |>
+  st_drop_geometry() |>
+  mutate(
+    centroid_x = coords[, "X"],
+    centroid_y = coords[, "Y"]
+  )
+
+# combining the centroid positions with plot sizes
+benelux_data <- benelux_centroids |>
+  left_join(benelux_sizes, by = "country")
+
+# saving the country plots as .png images (also like befoere)
+output_dir <- "benelux_plots"
+dir.create(output_dir, showWarnings = FALSE)
+
+benelux_data$image_path <- NA_character_
+
+for (i in seq_len(nrow(benelux_data))) {
+  country_name <- benelux_data$country[i]
+  country_code <- benelux_data$country_code[i]
+  plot_size    <- benelux_data$plot_size[i]
+  
+# expecting be_final, nl_final, lu_final
+  plot_name <- paste0(country_code, "_final")
+  
+  
+  
+  existing_plot <- get(plot_name)
+  img_file      <- file.path(output_dir, paste0(country_name, ".png"))
+
+# saving the sized plots 
+  ggsave(
+    filename = img_file,
+    plot     = existing_plot,
+    width    = plot_size,
+    height   = plot_size,
+    dpi      = 300,
+    bg       = "transparent"
+  )
+  
+  benelux_data$image_path[i] <- img_file
+}
+
+
+# using overall map height to convert relative sizes
+bbox <- st_bbox(final_map)
+y_range <- as.numeric(bbox["ymax"] - bbox["ymin"])
+
+benelux_data <- benelux_data |>
+  mutate(
+    geom_size = plot_size * 0.05,
+    img_height_data = geom_size * y_range,
+    radius = img_height_data / 2,
+    
+    adj_x = centroid_x,
+    adj_y = centroid_y,
+    
+# positioning the name labels just above the circles
+    label_y = adj_y + 0.14 * radius  
+  )
+
+
+# recreating the Benelux zoom base map
+benelux_poly <- final_map |>
+  filter(country %in% c("Belgium", "Netherlands", "Luxembourg"))
+
+bb_ben <- st_bbox(benelux)
+
+xpad_ben <- (bb_ben["xmax"] - bb_ben["xmin"]) * 0.15
+ypad_ben <- (bb_ben["ymax"] - bb_ben["ymin"]) * 0.15
+
+zoom_benelux <-
+  ggplot() +
+  geom_sf(
+    data   = final_map,
+    aes(fill = party_band),
+    colour = "white",
+    linewidth = 0.2
+  ) +
+  scale_fill_manual(values = fill_values, na.value = "grey90", guide = "none") +
+  coord_sf(
+    xlim   = c(bb_ben["xmin"] - xpad_ben, bb_ben["xmax"] + xpad_ben),
+    ylim   = c(bb_ben["ymin"] - ypad_ben, bb_ben["ymax"] + ypad_ben),
+    expand = FALSE
+  ) +
+  theme_void()
+
+# adding the  circular plots on top of the map
+zoom_benelux_with_circles <-
+  zoom_benelux +
+  geom_image(
+    data = benelux_data,
+    aes(
+      x     = adj_x,
+      y     = adj_y,
+      image = image_path,
+      size  = I(geom_size)
+    ),
+    asp = 1
+  ) +
+  geom_text(
+    data = benelux_data,
+    aes(
+      x     = adj_x,
+      y     = label_y,
+      label = country
+    ),
+    fontface = "bold",
+    size     = 1.5
+  )
+
+zoom_benelux_with_circles
    +
    +

    +
    +

    The same process was then recreated for the creation of the Malta and Cyprus zoomed map sections.

    +

    MALTA

    +
    +
    +
    malta_data <- final_map |>
+  dplyr::filter(country == "Malta")
+
+bb_mt <- sf::st_bbox(malta_data)
+xpad_mt <- (bb_mt["xmax"] - bb_mt["xmin"]) * 1.2   
+ypad_mt <- (bb_mt["ymax"] - bb_mt["ymin"]) * 1.2
+
+zoom_malta <-
+  ggplot() +
+  geom_sf(
+    data = malta_data,
+    aes(fill = party_band),
+    colour = "white",
+    linewidth = 0.2
+  ) +
+  scale_fill_manual(values = fill_values, na.value = "grey90", guide = "none") +
+  coord_sf(
+    xlim = c(bb_mt["xmin"] - xpad_mt, bb_mt["xmax"] + xpad_mt),
+    ylim = c(bb_mt["ymin"] - ypad_mt, bb_mt["ymax"] + ypad_mt),
+    expand = FALSE
+  ) +
+  theme_void()
+
+zoom_malta
    +
    +

    +
    +

    with combo plots

    +
    +
    +
    malta_sizes <- malta_populations |>
+  mutate(
+    log_pop = log10(population),
+    plot_size = rescale(
+      log_pop,
+      to   = c(10),
+      from = c(log10(min(population)), log10(max(population)))
+    )
+  )
+
+# centroids
+malta_sf <- final_map |>
+  filter(country %in% malta_populations$country) |>
+  group_by(country) |>
+  summarise(
+    geometry = st_union(geometry),
+    .groups = "drop"
+  ) |>
+  st_as_sf()
+
+centroids <- st_centroid(malta_sf)
+coords    <- st_coordinates(centroids)
+
+malta_centroids <- malta_sf |>
+  st_drop_geometry() |>
+  mutate(
+    centroid_x = coords[, "X"],
+    centroid_y = coords[, "Y"]
+  )
+
+# joining population and size info
+malta_data <- malta_centroids |>
+  left_join(malta_sizes, by = "country")
+
+# saving circles as .png
+output_dir <- "malta_plots"
+dir.create(output_dir, showWarnings = FALSE)
+
+malta_data$image_path <- NA_character_
+
+for (i in seq_len(nrow(malta_data))) {
+  country_name <- malta_data$country[i]
+  country_code <- malta_data$country_code[i]
+  plot_size    <- malta_data$plot_size[i]
+  
+# expecting be_final, nl_final, lu_final
+  plot_name <- paste0(country_code, "_final")
+
+  
+  existing_plot <- get(plot_name)
+  img_file      <- file.path(output_dir, paste0(country_name, ".png"))
+  
+  ggsave(
+    filename = img_file,
+    plot     = existing_plot,
+    width    = plot_size,
+    height   = plot_size,
+    dpi      = 300,
+    bg       = "transparent"
+  )
+  
+  malta_data$image_path[i] <- img_file
+}
+
+
+# converting to relative sizes
+bbox    <- st_bbox(final_map)
+y_range <- as.numeric(bbox["ymax"] - bbox["ymin"])
+
+malta_data <- malta_data |>
+  mutate(
+    geom_size       = plot_size * 0.05,
+    img_height_data = geom_size * y_range,
+    radius          = img_height_data / 2,
+    
+    adj_x = centroid_x,
+    adj_y = centroid_y,
+    
+# positioning the label
+    label_y = adj_y + 0.008 * radius   
+  )
+
+
+# recreating the malta base map
+malta_poly <- final_map |>
+  filter(country %in% c("Malta"))
+
+bb_mt <- st_bbox(malta_poly)
+
+xpad_mt <- (bb_mt["xmax"] - bb_mt["xmin"]) * 0.15
+ypad_mt <- (bb_mt["ymax"] - bb_mt["ymin"]) * 0.15
+
+zoom_malta <-
+  ggplot() +
+  geom_sf(
+    data   = final_map,
+    aes(fill = party_band),
+    colour = "white",
+    linewidth = 0.2
+  ) +
+  scale_fill_manual(values = fill_values, na.value = "grey90", guide = "none") +
+  coord_sf(
+    xlim   = c(bb_mt["xmin"] - xpad_mt, bb_mt["xmax"] + xpad_mt),
+    ylim   = c(bb_mt["ymin"] - ypad_mt, bb_mt["ymax"] + ypad_mt),
+    expand = FALSE
+  ) +
+  theme_void()
+
+# adding the circular plots on top
+zoom_malta_with_circles <-
+  zoom_malta +
+  geom_image(
+    data = malta_data,
+    aes(
+      x     = adj_x,
+      y     = adj_y,
+      image = image_path,
+      size  = I(geom_size)
+    ),
+    asp = 1
+  ) +
+  geom_text(
+    data = malta_data,
+    aes(
+      x     = adj_x,
+      y     = label_y,
+      label = country
+    ),
+    fontface = "bold",
+    size     = 1.5
+  )
+
+zoom_malta_with_circles
    +
    +

    +
    +

    CYPRUS

    +
    +
    +
    cyprus_data <- final_map |>
+  dplyr::filter(country == "Cyprus")
+
+bb_cy <- sf::st_bbox(cyprus_data)
+
+xpad_cy <- (bb_cy["xmax"] - bb_cy["xmin"]) * 0.6
+ypad_cy <- (bb_cy["ymax"] - bb_cy["ymin"]) * 0.6
+
+zoom_cyprus <-
+  ggplot() +
+  geom_sf(
+    data = cyprus_data,
+    aes(fill = party_band),
+    colour = "white",
+    linewidth = 0.2
+  ) +
+  scale_fill_manual(values = fill_values, na.value = "grey90", guide = "none") +
+  coord_sf(
+    xlim = c(bb_cy["xmin"] - xpad_cy, bb_cy["xmax"] + xpad_cy),
+    ylim = c(bb_cy["ymin"] - ypad_cy, bb_cy["ymax"] + ypad_cy),
+    expand = FALSE
+  ) +
+  theme_void()
+
+zoom_cyprus
    +
    +

    +
    +

    with combo plots…

    +
    +
    +
    cyprus_sizes <- cyprus_populations |>
+  mutate(
+    log_pop = log10(population),
+    plot_size = rescale(
+      log_pop,
+      to   = c(13),
+      from = c(log10(min(population)), log10(max(population)))
+    )
+  )
+
+# centroids for cyprus
+cyprus_sf <- final_map |>
+  filter(country %in% cyprus_populations$country) |>
+  group_by(country) |>
+  summarise(
+    geometry = st_union(geometry),
+    .groups = "drop"
+  ) |>
+  st_as_sf()
+
+centroids <- st_centroid(cyprus_sf)
+coords <- st_coordinates(centroids)
+
+cyprus_centroids <- cyprus_sf |>
+  st_drop_geometry() |>
+  mutate(
+    centroid_x = coords[, "X"],
+    centroid_y = coords[, "Y"]
+  )
+
+# joining population and size info
+cyprus_data <- cyprus_centroids |>
+  left_join(cyprus_sizes, by = "country")
+
+# saving circular plots in .png format 
+output_dir <- "cyprus_plots"
+dir.create(output_dir, showWarnings = FALSE)
+
+cyprus_data$image_path <- NA_character_
+
+for (i in seq_len(nrow(cyprus_data))) {
+  country_name <- cyprus_data$country[i]
+  country_code <- cyprus_data$country_code[i]
+  plot_size    <- cyprus_data$plot_size[i]
+  
+  # expects: be_final, nl_final, lu_final
+  plot_name <- paste0(country_code, "_final")
+  
+
+  
+  existing_plot <- get(plot_name)
+  img_file      <- file.path(output_dir, paste0(country_name, ".png"))
+  
+  ggsave(
+    filename = img_file,
+    plot     = existing_plot,
+    width    = plot_size,
+    height   = plot_size,
+    dpi      = 300,
+    bg       = "transparent"
+  )
+  
+  cyprus_data$image_path[i] <- img_file
+}
+
+
+
+# We use overall map height to convert relative sizes
+bbox    <- st_bbox(final_map)
+y_range <- as.numeric(bbox["ymax"] - bbox["ymin"])
+
+cyprus_data <- cyprus_data |>
+  mutate(
+    geom_size       = plot_size * 0.05,
+    img_height_data = geom_size * y_range,
+    radius          = img_height_data / 2,
+    
+    adj_x = centroid_x,
+    adj_y = centroid_y,
+    
+# positioning the label
+    label_y = adj_y + 0.023 * radius   
+  )
+
+
+# recreating cyprus zoom base map
+cyprus_poly <- final_map |>
+  filter(country %in% c("Cyprus"))
+
+bb_cy <- st_bbox(cyprus_poly)
+
+xpad_cy <- (bb_cy["xmax"] - bb_cy["xmin"]) * 0.15
+ypad_cy <- (bb_cy["ymax"] - bb_cy["ymin"]) * 0.15
+
+zoom_cyprus <-
+  ggplot() +
+  geom_sf(
+    data   = final_map,
+    aes(fill = party_band),
+    colour = "white",
+    linewidth = 0.2
+  ) +
+  scale_fill_manual(values = fill_values, na.value = "grey90", guide = "none") +
+  coord_sf(
+    xlim   = c(bb_cy["xmin"] - xpad_cy, bb_cy["xmax"] + xpad_cy),
+    ylim   = c(bb_cy["ymin"] - ypad_cy, bb_cy["ymax"] + ypad_cy),
+    expand = FALSE
+  ) +
+  theme_void()
+
+# adding the circular plots on top of the map
+zoom_cyprus_with_circles <-
+  zoom_cyprus +
+  geom_image(
+    data = cyprus_data,
+    aes(
+      x     = adj_x,
+      y     = adj_y,
+      image = image_path,
+      size  = I(geom_size)
+    ),
+    asp = 1
+  ) +
+  geom_text(
+    data = cyprus_data,
+    aes(
+      x     = adj_x,
+      y     = label_y,
+      label = country
+    ),
+    fontface = "bold",
+    size     = 1.5
+  )
+
+zoom_cyprus_with_circles
    +
    +

    +
    +

    PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER

    +

    At this stage all of the component parts of the original visualisation had been made so it was time to put them all together to create the final image. To combine multiple ggplot2 plots into a figure there are multiple different strategies - the two packages that were most seriously considered in this project were “cowplot” and “patchwork”. Cowplot appeared to be more function based, whereas patchwork seemed to take a simpler approach to plot layouts. After some experimentation, it was decided that using the “patchwork” package gave the “easiest to follow” path from component parts to final plot, specifically utilising its inset_element() function to overlay the insets on the main background map.

    +

    The first inset to be positioned on the main map was the legend

    +
    +
    +
    # reading the saved legend image
+leg_img  <- png::readPNG("legend_check.png")
+# concerting the image to a grob
+leg_grob <- grid::rasterGrob(leg_img, interpolate = TRUE)
+
+# wrapping the png in a ggplot so patchwork can inset it
+legend_png_plot <- ggplot() +
+  annotation_custom(leg_grob, xmin = -Inf, xmax = Inf, ymin = -Inf, ymax = Inf) +
+  coord_cartesian(expand = FALSE) +
+  theme_void() +
+  theme(
+    plot.margin = margin(0, 0, 0, 0),
+    panel.spacing = unit(0, "pt")
+  )
+
+# defining the inset position (0–1, relative to the full canvas)
+left   <- 0.0
+right  <- 0.34
+top    <- 0.98
+bottom <- 0.66
+
+# adding the legend to the main map (full canvas, not just plot area)
+final_plot <- final_EUROMAP +
+  inset_element(
+    legend_png_plot,
+    left   = left,
+    bottom = bottom,
+    right  = right,
+    top    = top,
+    align_to = "full"
+  )
+
+final_plot
    +
    + +
    +
    # saving thhe progress
+ggsave(
+  "EUROMAP_with_legend.png",
+  final_plot,
+  width  = 22.5,
+  height = 30,
+  units  = "cm",
+  dpi    = 300,
+  bg     = "white"
+)
    +
    +
    +

    Following this, the donut key was added to the main plot by slotting it into the above chunk of code. This was done by defining its position relative to the legend key that has already been positioned.

    +
    +
    +
    # reading the saved legend image
+leg_img  <- png::readPNG("legend_check.png")
+# converting it to a grob
+leg_grob <- grid::rasterGrob(leg_img, interpolate = TRUE)
+
+# wrapping the png in a ggplot so patchwork can inset it
+legend_png_plot <- ggplot() +
+  annotation_custom(leg_grob, xmin = -Inf, xmax = Inf, ymin = -Inf, ymax = Inf) +
+  coord_cartesian(expand = FALSE) +
+  theme_void() +
+  theme(plot.margin = margin(0, 0, 0, 0))
+
+# reading the saved donut key image
+don_img  <- png::readPNG("donut_key.png")
+# converting it to a grob
+don_grob <- grid::rasterGrob(don_img, interpolate = TRUE)
+
+# wrapping the png in a ggplot so patchwork can inset it
+donut_png_plot <- ggplot() +
+  annotation_custom(don_grob, xmin = -Inf, xmax = Inf, ymin = -Inf, ymax = Inf) +
+  coord_cartesian(expand = FALSE) +
+  theme_void() +
+  theme(plot.margin = margin(0, 0, 0, 0))
+
+# legend inset positioning again
+leg_left   <- 0.00
+leg_right  <- 0.34
+leg_top    <- 0.98
+leg_bottom <- 0.66
+
+# placing the donut key to the right of the legend by defining a horisontal gap between the two
+gap <- -0.05            
+don_size <- 0.2      
+
+don_left   <- leg_right + gap
+don_right  <- don_left + don_size
+don_top    <- leg_top - 0.06     
+don_bottom <- don_top - don_size     #
+
+# adding the legend and the key to the main map (full canvas, not just plot area)
+final_plot <- final_EUROMAP +
+# adding the legend
+  inset_element(
+    legend_png_plot,
+    left   = leg_left,
+    right  = leg_right,
+    top    = leg_top,
+    bottom = leg_bottom,
+    align_to = "full"
+  ) +
+# adding the donut key
+  inset_element(
+    donut_png_plot,
+    left   = don_left,
+    right  = don_right,
+    top    = don_top,
+    bottom = don_bottom,
+    align_to = "full"
+  )
+
+final_plot
    +
    + +
    +
    # saving the progress
+ggsave(
+  "EUROMAP_with_legend_key.png",
+  final_plot,
+  width  = 22.5,
+  height = 30,
+  units  = "cm",
+  dpi    = 300,
+  bg     = "white"
+)
    +
    +
    +

    COMBINING THE ZOOMS

    +

    To inset the three zoomed in map sections, they were first joined together so that only one inset on the main map had to be done. Patchwork was again used to do this, and custom styling was applied.

    +
    +
    +
    # removing the spacinf between panels, the borderm and the margin around the plot
+panel_strip <- theme(
+  panel.spacing = unit(0, "pt"),
+  panel.border = element_blank(),
+  plot.margin = margin(0, 0, 0, 0)
+)
+
+# adding the black border
+panel_border <- theme(
+  panel.border = element_rect(color = "black", fill = NA, linewidth = 0.8),
+  plot.background = element_blank(),
+  plot.margin = margin(0, 0, 0, 0)
+)
+
+# combining the zoomed map sections using patchwork operators
+combo_zooms <-
+  (zoom_benelux_with_circles + panel_strip + panel_border) /
+  ((zoom_malta_with_circles + panel_strip + panel_border) |
+   (zoom_cyprus_with_circles + panel_strip + panel_border)) +
+  plot_layout(heights = c(5.1, 1))
+
+combo_zooms
    +
    +

    +
    +

    now the combination plot is saved as a .png file and trimmed tightly to the boundaries of the plot

    +
    +
    +
    # saving the combination zoom plot in .png format
+ggsave(
+  "zooms.png",
+  combo_zooms,
+  width  = 10,
+  height = 6,
+  units  = "cm",
+  dpi    = 300,
+  bg     = "white"
+)
+
+# using the "magick" package to trim the excess white space around the saved plot (load, trim, save trimmed)
+img <- image_read("zooms.png")
+
+img_trim <- image_trim(img, fuzz = 10)
+
+image_write(img_trim, "zooms_trimmed.png", format = "png")
    +
    +
    +

    At last, the trimmed zoom plots image is overlaid on the top-right-hand corner of the main map

    +
    +
    +
    # loading the image file and converting it to a grob
+zooms_grob <- rasterGrob(readPNG("zooms_trimmed.png"), interpolate = TRUE)
+
+# wrapping the image so it can be used by patchwork
+zooms_panel <- wrap_elements(full = zooms_grob) +
+  theme_void()  # keeps it as “just the image”
+
+# positioning the zooms plot on the main map
+final_fig <-
+  final_plot +
+  inset_element(
+    zooms_panel,
+    left   = 0.78,
+    bottom = 0.62,
+    right  = 1.30,
+    top    = 0.98,
+    align_to = "plot"
+  )
+
+final_fig
    +
    +

    +
    +
    +
    +
    # saving the final image
+ggsave(
+  "EU_FINAL.png",
+  final_fig,
+  width  = 40,
+  height = 30,
+  units  = "cm",
+  dpi    = 300,
+  bg     = "white"
+)
    +
    +
    +

    FINAL REPRODUCTION

    +

    Here the final reproduction is presented at the correct scale

    +
    +
    +
    knitr::include_graphics("EU_FINAL.png")
    +
    +

    +
    +

    REIMAGINING THE VISUALISATION

    +

    In this stage of the project, the goal is to reimagine and improve on the original plot.

    +

    ISSUES WITH THE ORIGINAL PLOT

    +

    The original plot is undeniably eye catching, however it has some issues mainly relating do readability. Firstly, the donut plots include small segments of vote that are entirely invisible at the scale the plots are drawn at. Secondly, the colours used in the plot in the way that they are used make the plot sometimes very difficult to interpret. For example, a dark blue and a dark grey seat point next to each other on a smaller-sized circular plot are very hard to distinguish from one another quickly. Thirdly, the plot lacks any sort of heading or contextualisation and this, combined with the sheer number of different types of election data and plot formats that are combined in the final image, makes it very difficult to understand and interpret the plot quickly or quicker than the viewer could learn the same information from a textual source. This ease and speed of conveying information is one of teh main reason that visualisations are used however any advantages to the graphic approach are lost in the overcomplexity of the original graph. All in all, these problems can be summed up as - the original plot is trying to do too many things at once.

    +

    In order to remedy this, it was decided to split the information being conveyed in the original plot into three(???) individual plots, each using a technique specific to the type of information being conveyed.

    +

    STRECHING OUT THE DONUT DATA

    +

    The data in the donuts of the original plot represents the percentage of the overall vote won by each European Parliament Group in the 2024 election. In other less specific words, this data represents parts of a whole, therefore it was chosen to use stacked bar charts in order to re-imagine this part of the visualisation.

    +

    The data in the original donut plots came from 27 individually defined data sets, one for each country in the plot. In order to be able to handle the data better for making a series of stacked bar plots, these datasets were all combined in to one larger dataframe.

    +
    +
    +
    all_countries <- bind_rows(
+  don_at |> mutate(country = "Austria"),
+  don_be |> mutate(country = "Belgium"),
+  don_bg |> mutate(country = "Bulgaria"),
+  don_hr |> mutate(country = "Croatia"),
+  don_cy |> mutate(country = "Cyprus"),
+  don_cz |> mutate(country = "Czechia"),
+  don_dk |> mutate(country = "Denmark"),
+  don_ee |> mutate(country = "Estonia"),
+  don_fi |> mutate(country = "Finland"),
+  don_fr |> mutate(country = "France"),
+  don_de |> mutate(country = "Germany"),
+  don_el |> mutate(country = "Greece"),
+  don_hu |> mutate(country = "Hungary"),
+  don_ie |> mutate(country = "Ireland"),
+  don_it |> mutate(country = "Italy"),
+  don_lv |> mutate(country = "Latvia"),
+  don_lt |> mutate(country = "Lithuania"),
+  don_lu |> mutate(country = "Luxembourg"),
+  don_mt |> mutate(country = "Malta"),
+  don_nl |> mutate(country = "Netherlands"),
+  don_pl |> mutate(country = "Poland"),
+  don_pt |> mutate(country = "Portugal"),
+  don_ro |> mutate(country = "Romania"),
+  don_sk |> mutate(country = "Slovakia"),
+  don_si |> mutate(country = "Slovenia"),
+  don_es |> mutate(country = "Spain"),
+  don_se |> mutate(country = "Sweden")
+)
    +
    +
    +

    Then a new party order was created which places the parliament group with the overall largest proportion of the vote at the bottom, and that with the smallest at the top. This was done for both ease of reading and aesthetic reasons.

    +
    +
    +
    bars_party_order <- c("Independent", "NI", "ESN", "Theleft", "GREENSEFA", "Renew", "ECR", "Patriots", "SD", "EPP")
    +
    +
    +

    Party factor levels were set to match the corrected order

    +
    +
    +
    all_countries$party <- factor(all_countries$party, levels = bars_party_order)
    +
    +
    +

    Then a new plot was created with heavy styling

    +
    +
    +
    ggplot(all_countries, aes(x = vote_proportion, y = country, fill = party)) +
+  geom_bar(stat = "identity", width = 0.75) +
+  scale_fill_manual(
+    values = custom_cols, 
+    labels = c(
+      "Independent" = "Independent",
+      "NI" = "Non-Inscrits",
+      "ESN" = "Europe of Sovereign Nations",
+      "Theleft" = "The Left",
+      "GREENSEFA" = "Greens/EFA",
+      "Renew" = "Renew Europe",
+      "ECR" = "European Conservatives & Reformists",
+      "Patriots" = "Patriots for Europe",
+      "SD" = "Socialists & Democrats",
+      "EPP" = "European People's Party"
+    )) +
+  scale_x_continuous(
+    expand = c(0, 0), 
+    breaks = seq(0, 100, 25),
+    labels = function(x) paste0(x, "%")
+  ) +
+  labs(
+    title = "2024 European Parliament Election Results by Country",
+    subtitle = "Vote share by political group",
+    x = "Vote Share", 
+    y = NULL, 
+    fill = "Political Group",
+    caption = "Source: European Parliament Election Results 2024"
+  ) +
+  theme_minimal(base_size = 12) +
+  theme(
+# defining the plot background
+    plot.background = element_rect(fill = "white", 
+                                   color = NA),
+    panel.background = element_rect(fill = "white", 
+                                    color = NA),
+    panel.grid.major.y = element_blank(),
+    panel.grid.minor = element_blank(),
+    panel.grid.major.x = element_line(color = "grey90", 
+                                      linewidth = 0.5),
+    
+# styling the axes
+    axis.text.y = element_text(size = 10, 
+                               color = "grey20"),
+    axis.text.x = element_text(size = 10, 
+                               color = "grey20"),
+    axis.title.x = element_text(size = 11, 
+                                face = "bold", 
+                                color = "grey20", 
+                                margin = margin(t = 10)),
+    
+# styling the title
+    plot.title = element_text(size = 16, 
+                              face = "bold", 
+                              color = "grey10", 
+                              margin = margin(b = 5)),
+    plot.subtitle = element_text(size = 12, 
+                                 color = "grey30", 
+                                 margin = margin(b = 15)),
+    plot.caption = element_text(size = 9, 
+                                color = "grey50", 
+                                hjust = 0, 
+                                margin = margin(t = 15)),
+    
+# styling the legend
+    legend.position = "right",
+    legend.title = element_text(size = 11, 
+                                face = "bold", 
+                                color = "grey20"),
+    legend.text = element_text(size = 10, 
+                               color = "grey20"),
+    legend.key.size = unit(0.8, "cm"),
+    legend.background = element_rect(fill = "white", 
+                                     color = "grey80", 
+                                     linewidth = 0.5),
+    legend.margin = margin(10, 10, 10, 10),
+    
+# defining the margins
+    plot.margin = margin(20, 20, 20, 20)
+  )
    +
    + +
    +
    # saving the plot
+ggsave("eu_election_results_horizontal.png", width = 12, 
+                                             height = 10, 
+                                            dpi = 300, 
+                                            bg = "white")
    +
    +
    +
    +

    +
    +

    This plot gives a representation of the data that was held in the donut plots of the original visualisation in a format that allows even the smallest proportions of the vote to be recognised by the viewer. The standardisation of the bar length means that, compared to the varying sizes of the donuts in the original plot, the vote breakdown across the coutries can be more easily and accurately compared.
    +
    +Conveying the raw data is only one facet of using data visualisation techniques in election and parlimentary contexts. Graphical representations can and are often used for “storytelling” with the data, meaning that they are used to give a representation that adds extra context or meaning to the viewer’s understanding of the data. With some relatively small tweaks, the vote proportion stacked bar charts can be represented in more illustrative ways.

    +

    One way in which this could be done here is through the use of grouping and faceting in order to present the bars according to regional groupings

    +
    +
    +
    # adding regional groupings 
+all_countries <- all_countries %>%
+  mutate(region = case_when(
+    country %in% c("Denmark", "Sweden", "Finland", "Estonia", "Latvia", "Lithuania") ~ "Nordic & Baltic",
+    country %in% c("Poland", "Czechia", "Slovakia", "Hungary", "Slovenia", "Croatia", "Romania", "Bulgaria") ~ "Eastern Europe",
+    country %in% c("Germany", "Austria", "Belgium", "Netherlands", "Luxembourg", "Ireland", "France") ~ "Western Europe",
+    country %in% c("Spain", "Portugal", "Italy", "Greece", "Malta", "Cyprus") ~ "Southern Europe",
+    TRUE ~ "Other"
+  ))
+
+# setting party factor levels
+all_countries$party <- factor(all_countries$party, levels = party_order)
+
+# creating the faceted plot
+ggplot(all_countries, aes(x = country, 
+                          y = vote_proportion, 
+                          fill = party)) +
+  geom_bar(stat = "identity", 
+           width = 0.8) +
+  scale_fill_manual(
+    values = custom_cols,
+    labels = c(
+      "Independent" = "Independent",
+      "NI" = "Non-Inscrits",
+      "ESN" = "Europe of Sovereign Nations",
+      "Theleft" = "The Left",
+      "GREENSEFA" = "Greens/EFA",
+      "Renew" = "Renew Europe",
+      "ECR" = "European Conservatives & Reformists",
+      "Patriots" = "Patriots for Europe",
+      "SD" = "Socialists & Democrats",
+      "EPP" = "European People's Party"
+    )) +
+  scale_y_continuous(
+    expand = c(0, 0),
+    breaks = seq(0, 100, 25),
+    labels = function(x) paste0(x, "%")
+  ) +
+  facet_wrap(~ region, scales = "free_x", nrow = 2) +
+  labs(
+    title = "2024 European Parliament Election Results by Country",
+    subtitle = "Vote share by political group and region",
+    x = NULL,
+    y = "Vote Share",
+    fill = "Political Group",
+    caption = "Source: European Parliament Election Results 2024"
+  ) +
+  theme_minimal(base_size = 12) +
+  theme(
+# defining the plot background
+    plot.background = element_rect(fill = "white", 
+                                   color = NA),
+    panel.background = element_rect(fill = "white", 
+                                    color = NA),
+    panel.grid.major.x = element_blank(),
+    panel.grid.minor = element_blank(),
+    panel.grid.major.y = element_line(color = "grey90", 
+                                      linewidth = 0.5),
+    
+# styling the axes
+    axis.text.x = element_text(angle = 45, 
+                               hjust = 1, 
+                               vjust = 1, 
+                               size = 9, 
+                               color = "grey20"),
+    axis.text.y = element_text(size = 10, 
+                               color = "grey20"),
+    axis.title.y = element_text(size = 11, 
+                                face = "bold", 
+                                color = "grey20", 
+                                margin = margin(r = 10)),
+    axis.line.x = element_line(color = "grey60", 
+                               linewidth = 0.5),
+    
+# styling the title
+    plot.title = element_text(size = 16, 
+                              face = "bold", 
+                              color = "grey10", 
+                              margin = margin(b = 5)),
+    plot.subtitle = element_text(size = 12, 
+                                 color = "grey30", 
+                                 margin = margin(b = 15)),
+    plot.caption = element_text(size = 9, 
+                                color = "grey50", 
+                                hjust = 0, 
+                                margin = margin(t = 15)),
+    
+# styling the facet strip
+    strip.background = element_rect(fill = "grey95", 
+                                    color = "grey60", 
+                                    linewidth = 0.5),
+    strip.text = element_text(size = 11, 
+                              face = "bold", 
+                              color = "grey20", 
+                              margin = margin(5, 5, 5, 5)),
+    
+# styling the legend
+    legend.position = "right",
+    legend.title = element_text(size = 11, 
+                                face = "bold", 
+                                color = "grey20"),
+    legend.text = element_text(size = 10, 
+                               color = "grey20"),
+    legend.key.size = unit(0.8, "cm"),
+    legend.background = element_rect(fill = "white", 
+                                     color = "grey80", 
+                                     linewidth = 0.5),
+    legend.margin = margin(10, 10, 10, 10),
+    
+# defining the margins
+    plot.margin = margin(20, 20, 20, 20)
+  )
    +
    + +
    +
    # saving the plot
+ggsave("eu_election_faceted_region.png", width = 16, 
+                                        height = 10, 
+                                         dpi = 300, 
+                                          bg = "white")
    +
    +
    +
    +

    +
    +

    Alternatively, instead of regional groupings, the bars could be arranged by ‘old’ vs ‘new’ EU member states

    +
    +
    +
    # grouping according to EU-15 vs post-2004 members
+all_countries <- all_countries %>%
+  mutate(eu_group = case_when(
+    country %in% c("Belgium", "France", "Germany", "Italy", "Luxembourg", "Netherlands",
+                   "Denmark", "Ireland", "Greece", "Spain", "Portugal", 
+                   "Austria", "Finland", "Sweden") ~ "EU-15 (pre-2004)",
+    TRUE ~ "Post-2004 Members"
+  ))
+
+# setting party factor levels
+all_countries$party <- factor(all_countries$party, levels = party_order)
+
+# creating the faceted plot
+ggplot(all_countries, aes(x = country, y = vote_proportion, fill = party)) +
+  geom_bar(stat = "identity", width = 0.8) +
+  scale_fill_manual(
+    values = custom_cols,
+    labels = c(
+      "Independent" = "Independent",
+      "NI" = "Non-Inscrits",
+      "ESN" = "Europe of Sovereign Nations",
+      "Theleft" = "The Left",
+      "GREENSEFA" = "Greens/EFA",
+      "Renew" = "Renew Europe",
+      "ECR" = "European Conservatives & Reformists",
+      "Patriots" = "Patriots for Europe",
+      "SD" = "Socialists & Democrats",
+      "EPP" = "European People's Party"
+    )
+  ) +
+  scale_y_continuous(
+    expand = c(0, 0),
+    breaks = seq(0, 100, 25),
+    labels = function(x) paste0(x, "%")
+  ) +
+  facet_wrap(~ eu_group, scales = "free_x", nrow = 2) +
+  labs(
+    title = "2024 European Parliament Election Results by Country",
+    subtitle = "Vote share by political group: Comparing old and new EU members",
+    x = NULL,
+    y = "Vote Share",
+    fill = "Political Group",
+    caption = "Source: European Parliament Election Results 2024"
+  ) +
+  theme_minimal(base_size = 12) +
+  theme(
+# plotting the background
+    plot.background = element_rect(fill = "white", 
+                                   color = NA),
+    panel.background = element_rect(fill = "white", 
+                                    color = NA),
+    panel.grid.major.x = element_blank(),
+    panel.grid.minor = element_blank(),
+    panel.grid.major.y = element_line(color = "grey90", 
+                                      linewidth = 0.5),
+    
+# styling the axes
+    axis.text.x = element_text(angle = 45, 
+                               hjust = 1, 
+                               vjust = 1, 
+                               size = 9, 
+                               color = "grey20"),
+    axis.text.y = element_text(size = 10, 
+                               color = "grey20"),
+    axis.title.y = element_text(size = 11, 
+                                face = "bold", 
+                                color = "grey20", 
+                                margin = margin(r = 10)),
+    axis.line.x = element_line(color = "grey60", 
+                               linewidth = 0.5),
+    
+# styling the title
+    plot.title = element_text(size = 16, 
+                              face = "bold", 
+                              color = "grey10", 
+                              margin = margin(b = 5)),
+    plot.subtitle = element_text(size = 12, 
+                                 color = "grey30", 
+                                 margin = margin(b = 15)),
+    plot.caption = element_text(size = 9, 
+                                color = "grey50", 
+                                hjust = 0, 
+                                margin = margin(t = 15)),
+    
+# styling the facet strip
+    strip.background = element_rect(fill = "grey95", 
+                                    color = "grey60", 
+                                    linewidth = 0.5),
+    strip.text = element_text(size = 11, 
+                              face = "bold", 
+                              color = "grey20", 
+                              margin = margin(5, 5, 5, 5)),
+    
+# styling the legend
+    legend.position = "right",
+    legend.title = element_text(size = 11, 
+                                face = "bold", 
+                                color = "grey20"),
+    legend.text = element_text(size = 10, 
+                               color = "grey20"),
+    legend.key.size = unit(0.8, "cm"),
+    legend.background = element_rect(fill = "white", 
+                                     color = "grey80", 
+                                     linewidth = 0.5),
+    legend.margin = margin(10, 10, 10, 10),
+    
+# defining the margins
+    plot.margin = margin(20, 20, 20, 20)
+  )
    +
    + +
    +
    # saving the plot
+ggsave("eu_election_old_vs_new.png", width = 16, 
+                                    height = 10, 
+                                      dpi = 300, 
+                                        bg = "white")
    +
    +
    +
    +

    +
    +

    MULTIPLE MAPS

    +

    The use of the choropleth map in the original visualisation does a relatively good job at simultaneously displaying both the dominant party in each country (through distinct party colours) and the magnitude of their lead (through colour intensity), creating an effective bivariate visualization. Nonetheless, the individual map on its own is somewhat limited as only the top European Parliament group in each country is represented. It would likely be beneficial to a viewer to understand the percentage of seats each European Parliament group received across the entire EU27 area.

    +

    In order to do this, facets were once again employed in order to expand upon the original visualisation.

    +

    Here I have used a different method for obtaining the map shape of the EU27 countries than I did in the replication of the original plot. After using ggplot2, rnaturalearth, and other packages throughout the course of this project I have become more comfortable and hopefully more proficient in their use and would now make different choices for things like creating the background map than I did when I originally created it several weeks ago. Unfortunatley, changing the approach to the map in the reproduction to “match” the (better?) approach used in this re-imagination completely changes the basis upon which pretty much every other element of the reproduction is based. Long story short, this would mean having to go back and recreate everything else to match the new background map therefore is not a logistically possible option at this stage of the project.

    +
    +
    +
    # getting the europe map data
+europe <- ne_countries(scale = "medium", 
+                       continent = "Europe", 
+                       returnclass = "sf")
+
+# filtering for the EU27 countries
+eu_countries <- c("Austria", "Belgium", "Bulgaria", "Croatia", "Cyprus", "Czechia", "Denmark", "Estonia", "Finland", "France", "Germany", "Greece", "Hungary", "Ireland", "Italy", "Latvia", "Lithuania", "Luxembourg", "Malta", "Netherlands", "Poland", "Portugal", "Romania", "Slovakia", "Slovenia", "Spain", "Sweden")
+
+europe_eu <- europe |>
+  filter(name %in% eu_countries | sovereignt %in% eu_countries | admin %in% eu_countries)
+
+# preparing the data
+all_countries_long <- all_countries |>
+  select(country, party, vote_proportion)
+
+# joining with the map data
+europe_map_data <- europe_eu |>
+  mutate(country = case_when(
+    name == "Czech Republic" ~ "Czechia",
+    TRUE ~ name
+  )) |>
+  left_join(all_countries_long, by = "country")
+
+# creating a map for each party
+create_party_map <- function(party_name, data, base_map, party_colors) {
+  
+  party_data <- data |> filter(party == party_name)
+  party_color <- party_colors[party_name]
+  
+  ggplot() +
+    geom_sf(data = base_map, 
+            fill = "grey95", 
+            color = "white", 
+            size = 0.3) +
+    geom_sf(data = party_data, aes(fill = vote_proportion), 
+            color = "white", size = 0.3) +
+    scale_fill_gradient(
+      low = "white",
+      high = party_color,
+      name = "Vote %",
+      limits = c(0, 50),
+      breaks = seq(0, 50, 10)
+    ) +
+    coord_sf(xlim = c(-10, 30), ylim = c(35, 71)) +
+    labs(title = party_name) +
+    theme_minimal(base_size = 10) +
+    theme(
+      plot.background = element_rect(fill = "white", 
+                                     color = NA),
+      panel.background = element_rect(fill = "white", 
+                                      color = NA),
+      panel.grid = element_line(color = "grey90", 
+                                linewidth = 0.2),
+      
+      plot.title = element_text(size = 11, 
+                                face = "bold", 
+                                color = "grey20", 
+                                hjust = 0.5),
+      
+      legend.position = "right",
+      legend.title = element_text(size = 9, 
+                                  face = "bold"),
+      legend.text = element_text(size = 8),
+      legend.key.height = unit(0.8, "cm"),
+      legend.key.width = unit(0.4, "cm"),
+      
+      axis.text = element_blank(),
+      axis.ticks = element_blank(),
+      
+      plot.margin = margin(5, 5, 5, 5)
+    )
+}
+
+# using the party order from donut_party_order to ensure correct order and matching
+party_list <- party_order
+
+# creating individual maps for each party in the correct order
+map_list <- lapply(party_list, function(p) {
+  create_party_map(p, europe_map_data, europe_eu, custom_cols)
+})
+
+# combining using patchwork with 2 rows
+combined_map <- wrap_plots(map_list, nrow = 2) +
+  plot_annotation(
+    title = "2024 European Parliament Election Results by Party",
+    subtitle = "Vote share for each political group across EU member states",
+    caption = "Source: European Parliament Election Results 2024",
+    theme = theme(
+      plot.title = element_text(size = 16, 
+                                face = "bold", 
+                                color = "grey10", 
+                                margin = margin(b = 5)),
+      plot.subtitle = element_text(size = 12, 
+                                   color = "grey30", 
+                                   margin = margin(b = 10)),
+      plot.caption = element_text(size = 9, 
+                                  color = "grey50", 
+                                  hjust = 0, 
+                                  margin = margin(t = 10)),
+      plot.background = element_rect(fill = "white", 
+                                     color = NA)
+    )
+  )
+
+# saving the plot
+ggsave("eu_election_faceted_maps_individual_legends.png", 
+       plot = combined_map, 
+       width = 20, height = 10, dpi = 300, bg = "white")
    +
    +
    +
    +

    +
    +
    + + +
    + +
    +
    + + + + + +
    +

    Reuse

    +

    Text and figures are licensed under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY 4.0. The figures that have been reused from other sources don't fall under this license and can be recognized by a note in their caption: "Figure from ...".

    +

    Citation

    +

    For attribution, please cite this work as

    + 
    Pirzkall (2025, Dec. 15). Data Visualization | MSc CSS: EUROPE ELECTS - Visualising the 2024 European Parliament Elections. Retrieved from https://csslab.uc3m.es/dataviz/projects/2025/100561659/
    +

    BibTeX citation

    + 
    @misc{pirzkall2025europe,
+  author = {Pirzkall, Kirsty},
+  title = {Data Visualization | MSc CSS: EUROPE ELECTS - Visualising the 2024 European Parliament Elections},
+  url = {https://csslab.uc3m.es/dataviz/projects/2025/100561659/},
+  year = {2025}
+}
    +
    + + + +
    +

    +
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