diff --git a/Android.bp b/Android.bp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..c77a8033723e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Android.bp
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+dirgroup {
+    name: "trusty_dirgroup_system_core",
+    dirs: ["."],
+    visibility: ["//trusty/vendor/google/aosp/scripts"],
+}
diff --git a/METADATA b/METADATA
deleted file mode 100644
index d97975ca3b99..000000000000
--- a/METADATA
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-third_party {
-  license_type: NOTICE
-}
diff --git a/OWNERS b/OWNERS
index 682a067b3a98..96b4f54ec0b5 100644
--- a/OWNERS
+++ b/OWNERS
@@ -1 +1,2 @@
+# Bug component: 128577
 enh@google.com
diff --git a/PREUPLOAD.cfg b/PREUPLOAD.cfg
index 9b96f3691b55..f47c3171c9a2 100644
--- a/PREUPLOAD.cfg
+++ b/PREUPLOAD.cfg
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 [Builtin Hooks]
 clang_format = true
 rustfmt = true
+bpfmt = true
 
 [Builtin Hooks Options]
 clang_format = --commit ${PREUPLOAD_COMMIT} --style file --extensions c,h,cc,cpp
diff --git a/bootstat/Android.bp b/bootstat/Android.bp
index ca59ef39bb95..0c8760c2d1b4 100644
--- a/bootstat/Android.bp
+++ b/bootstat/Android.bp
@@ -72,9 +72,6 @@ cc_binary {
     ],
     init_rc: ["bootstat.rc"],
     product_variables: {
-        pdk: {
-            enabled: false,
-        },
         debuggable: {
             init_rc: ["bootstat-debug.rc"],
         },
diff --git a/bootstat/OWNERS b/bootstat/OWNERS
index f66b309bb24b..71b4e0b1cfa8 100644
--- a/bootstat/OWNERS
+++ b/bootstat/OWNERS
@@ -1,2 +1,3 @@
-jhawkins@google.com
 dvander@google.com
+achant@google.com
+markcheng@google.com
diff --git a/bootstat/bootstat.cpp b/bootstat/bootstat.cpp
index 844357cfcb63..96c5b8146291 100644
--- a/bootstat/bootstat.cpp
+++ b/bootstat/bootstat.cpp
@@ -459,6 +459,17 @@ const std::map<std::string, int32_t> kBootReasonMap = {
     {"reboot,sys_ldo_ok,pmic,main", 227},
     {"reboot,sys_ldo_ok,pmic,sub", 228},
     {"reboot,smpl_timeout,pmic,main", 229},
+    {"reboot,ota,.*", 230},
+    {"reboot,periodic,.*", 231},
+    {"reboot,early,abl", 232},
+    {"reboot,early,bl2", 233},
+    {"reboot,longkey,pmic_cold", 234},
+    {"reboot,longkey,master_dc", 235},
+    {"reboot,ocp2,pmic,if", 236},
+    {"reboot,ocp,pmic,if", 237},
+    {"reboot,fship.*", 238},
+    {"reboot,ocp,.*", 239},
+    {"reboot,ntc,pmic,sub", 240},
 };
 
 // Converts a string value representing the reason the system booted to an
@@ -489,7 +500,7 @@ int32_t BootReasonStrToEnum(const std::string& boot_reason) {
 }
 
 // Canonical list of supported primary reboot reasons.
-const std::vector<const std::string> knownReasons = {
+const std::vector<std::string> knownReasons = {
     // clang-format off
     // kernel
     "watchdog",
@@ -820,7 +831,7 @@ std::string getSubreason(const std::string& content, size_t pos, bool quoted) {
   return subReason;
 }
 
-bool addKernelPanicSubReason(const pstoreConsole& console, std::string& ret) {
+void addKernelPanicSubReason(const pstoreConsole& console, std::string& ret) {
   // Check for kernel panic types to refine information
   if ((console.rfind("SysRq : Trigger a crash") != std::string::npos) ||
       (console.rfind("PC is at sysrq_handle_crash+") != std::string::npos)) {
@@ -832,63 +843,61 @@ bool addKernelPanicSubReason(const pstoreConsole& console, std::string& ret) {
     if (pos != std::string::npos) {
       ret += "," + getSubreason(console, pos + strlen(sysrqSubreason), /* quoted */ true);
     }
-    return true;
+    return;
   }
   if (console.rfind("Unable to handle kernel NULL pointer dereference at virtual address") !=
       std::string::npos) {
     ret = "kernel_panic,null";
-    return true;
+    return;
   }
   if (console.rfind("Kernel BUG at ") != std::string::npos) {
     ret = "kernel_panic,bug";
-    return true;
+    return;
   }
 
   std::string panic("Kernel panic - not syncing: ");
   auto pos = console.rfind(panic);
-  if (pos != std::string::npos) {
-    static const std::vector<std::pair<const std::string, const std::string>> panicReasons = {
-        {"Out of memory", "oom"},
-        {"out of memory", "oom"},
-        {"Oh boy, that early out of memory", "oom"},  // omg
-        {"BUG!", "bug"},
-        {"hung_task: blocked tasks", "hung"},
-        {"audit: ", "audit"},
-        {"scheduling while atomic", "atomic"},
-        {"Attempted to kill init!", "init"},
-        {"Requested init", "init"},
-        {"No working init", "init"},
-        {"Could not decompress init", "init"},
-        {"RCU Stall", "hung,rcu"},
-        {"stack-protector", "stack"},
-        {"kernel stack overflow", "stack"},
-        {"Corrupt kernel stack", "stack"},
-        {"low stack detected", "stack"},
-        {"corrupted stack end", "stack"},
-        {"subsys-restart: Resetting the SoC - modem crashed.", "modem"},
-        {"subsys-restart: Resetting the SoC - adsp crashed.", "adsp"},
-        {"subsys-restart: Resetting the SoC - dsps crashed.", "dsps"},
-        {"subsys-restart: Resetting the SoC - wcnss crashed.", "wcnss"},
-    };
+  if (pos == std::string::npos) return;
+
+  static const std::vector<std::pair<const std::string, const std::string>> panicReasons = {
+      {"Out of memory", "oom"},
+      {"out of memory", "oom"},
+      {"Oh boy, that early out of memory", "oom"},  // omg
+      {"BUG!", "bug"},
+      {"hung_task: blocked tasks", "hung"},
+      {"audit: ", "audit"},
+      {"scheduling while atomic", "atomic"},
+      {"Attempted to kill init!", "init"},
+      {"Requested init", "init"},
+      {"No working init", "init"},
+      {"Could not decompress init", "init"},
+      {"RCU Stall", "hung,rcu"},
+      {"stack-protector", "stack"},
+      {"kernel stack overflow", "stack"},
+      {"Corrupt kernel stack", "stack"},
+      {"low stack detected", "stack"},
+      {"corrupted stack end", "stack"},
+      {"subsys-restart: Resetting the SoC - modem crashed.", "modem"},
+      {"subsys-restart: Resetting the SoC - adsp crashed.", "adsp"},
+      {"subsys-restart: Resetting the SoC - dsps crashed.", "dsps"},
+      {"subsys-restart: Resetting the SoC - wcnss crashed.", "wcnss"},
+  };
 
-    ret = "kernel_panic";
-    for (auto& s : panicReasons) {
-      if (console.find(panic + s.first, pos) != std::string::npos) {
-        ret += "," + s.second;
-        return true;
-      }
+  ret = "kernel_panic";
+  for (auto& s : panicReasons) {
+    if (console.find(panic + s.first, pos) != std::string::npos) {
+      ret += "," + s.second;
+      return;
     }
-    auto reason = getSubreason(console, pos + panic.length(), /* newline */ false);
-    if (reason.length() > 3) {
-      ret += "," + reason;
-    }
-    return true;
   }
-  return false;
+  auto reason = getSubreason(console, pos + panic.length(), /* newline */ false);
+  if (reason.length() > 3) {
+    ret += "," + reason;
+  }
 }
 
-bool addKernelPanicSubReason(const std::string& content, std::string& ret) {
-  return addKernelPanicSubReason(pstoreConsole(content), ret);
+void addKernelPanicSubReason(const std::string& content, std::string& ret) {
+  addKernelPanicSubReason(pstoreConsole(content), ret);
 }
 
 const char system_reboot_reason_property[] = "sys.boot.reason";
@@ -904,6 +913,19 @@ const char bootloader_reboot_reason_property[] = "ro.boot.bootreason";
 void BootReasonAddToHistory(const std::string& system_boot_reason) {
   if (system_boot_reason.empty()) return;
   LOG(INFO) << "Canonical boot reason: " << system_boot_reason;
+
+  // skip system_boot_reason(factory_reset, ota) shift since device boot up from shipmode
+  const auto bootloader_boot_reason =
+      android::base::GetProperty(bootloader_reboot_reason_property, "");
+  const char reg_fship[] = ".*fship.*";
+  if (std::regex_search(bootloader_boot_reason, std::regex(reg_fship)) != 0) {
+    if (system_boot_reason == "reboot,factory_reset" || system_boot_reason == "reboot,ota") {
+      LOG(INFO) << "skip boot reason (" << system_boot_reason
+                << ") shift since device boot up from shipmode.";
+      return;
+    }
+  }
+
   auto old_system_boot_reason = android::base::GetProperty(system_reboot_reason_property, "");
   if (!android::base::SetProperty(system_reboot_reason_property, system_boot_reason)) {
     android::base::SetProperty(system_reboot_reason_property,
@@ -945,6 +967,14 @@ void BootReasonAddToHistory(const std::string& system_boot_reason) {
 std::string BootReasonStrToReason(const std::string& boot_reason) {
   auto ret = android::base::GetProperty(system_reboot_reason_property, "");
   std::string reason(boot_reason);
+
+  // skip BootReasonStrToReason() if device boot up from shipmode
+  const char reg_fship[] = ".*fship.*";
+  if (reason == ret && std::regex_search(reason, std::regex(reg_fship)) != 0) {
+    LOG(INFO) << "skip boot reason enhancement if device boot up from shipmode";
+    return ret;
+  }
+
   // If sys.boot.reason == ro.boot.bootreason, let's re-evaluate
   if (reason == ret) ret = "";
 
@@ -1069,12 +1099,7 @@ std::string BootReasonStrToReason(const std::string& boot_reason) {
       }
 
       // Check for kernel panics, allowed to override reboot command.
-      if (!addKernelPanicSubReason(console, ret) &&
-          // check for long-press power down
-          ((console.rfind("Power held for ") != std::string::npos) ||
-           (console.rfind("charger: [") != std::string::npos))) {
-        ret = "cold";
-      }
+      (void)addKernelPanicSubReason(console, ret);
     }
 
     // TODO: use the HAL to get battery level (http://b/77725702).
diff --git a/debuggerd/Android.bp b/debuggerd/Android.bp
index d20de6bbf724..0e62ceb8f61b 100644
--- a/debuggerd/Android.bp
+++ b/debuggerd/Android.bp
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ cc_defaults {
         "-Wno-unused-argument",
         "-Wno-unused-function",
         "-Wno-nullability-completeness",
+        "-Wno-reorder-init-list",
         "-Os",
         "-fno-finite-loops",
         "-DANDROID_DEBUGGABLE=0",
@@ -20,8 +21,11 @@ cc_defaults {
     local_include_dirs: ["include"],
     product_variables: {
         debuggable: {
-            cflags: ["-UANDROID_DEBUGGABLE", "-DANDROID_DEBUGGABLE=1"],
-        }
+            cflags: [
+                "-UANDROID_DEBUGGABLE",
+                "-DANDROID_DEBUGGABLE=1",
+            ],
+        },
     },
 }
 
@@ -31,9 +35,10 @@ cc_library_headers {
     recovery_available: true,
     vendor_ramdisk_available: true,
     apex_available: [
+        "com.android.runtime",
         "com.android.virt",
         "//apex_available:platform",
-   ],
+    ],
 }
 
 cc_library_shared {
@@ -84,6 +89,7 @@ cc_library_static {
 
     export_header_lib_headers: ["libdebuggerd_common_headers"],
     export_include_dirs: ["tombstoned/include"],
+    apex_available: ["com.android.runtime"],
 }
 
 // Core implementation, linked into libdebuggerd_handler and the dynamic linker.
@@ -109,6 +115,9 @@ cc_library_static {
 
     export_header_lib_headers: ["libdebuggerd_common_headers"],
     export_include_dirs: ["include"],
+    apex_available: [
+        "com.android.runtime",
+    ],
 }
 
 // Implementation with a no-op fallback.
@@ -185,9 +194,45 @@ cc_library {
     export_include_dirs: ["include"],
 }
 
+cc_library {
+    name: "libdebuggerd_tombstone_proto_to_text",
+    defaults: ["debuggerd_defaults"],
+    ramdisk_available: true,
+    recovery_available: true,
+    vendor_ramdisk_available: true,
+    host_supported: true,
+
+    local_include_dirs: ["libdebuggerd/include"],
+    export_include_dirs: ["libdebuggerd/include"],
+
+    srcs: [
+        "libdebuggerd/tombstone_proto_to_text.cpp",
+        "libdebuggerd/utility_host.cpp",
+    ],
+
+    static_libs: [
+        "libbase",
+    ],
+
+    whole_static_libs: [
+        "libtombstone_proto",
+        "libprotobuf-cpp-lite",
+    ],
+
+    shared_libs: [
+        "liblog",
+    ],
+
+    apex_available: [
+        "//apex_available:platform",
+        "com.android.runtime",
+    ],
+}
+
 cc_library_static {
     name: "libdebuggerd",
     defaults: ["debuggerd_defaults"],
+    ramdisk_available: true,
     recovery_available: true,
     vendor_ramdisk_available: true,
 
@@ -195,12 +240,16 @@ cc_library_static {
         "libdebuggerd/backtrace.cpp",
         "libdebuggerd/gwp_asan.cpp",
         "libdebuggerd/open_files_list.cpp",
+        "libdebuggerd/scudo.cpp",
         "libdebuggerd/tombstone.cpp",
         "libdebuggerd/tombstone_proto.cpp",
-        "libdebuggerd/tombstone_proto_to_text.cpp",
         "libdebuggerd/utility.cpp",
     ],
 
+    cflags: [
+        "-DUSE_SCUDO",
+    ],
+
     local_include_dirs: ["libdebuggerd/include"],
     export_include_dirs: ["libdebuggerd/include"],
 
@@ -212,25 +261,25 @@ cc_library_static {
         "bionic_libc_platform_headers",
         "gwp_asan_headers",
         "liblog_headers",
+        "scudo_headers",
     ],
 
     static_libs: [
-        "libdexfile_support",  // libunwindstack dependency
+        "libdexfile_support", // libunwindstack dependency
         "libunwindstack",
         "liblzma",
         "libbase",
         "libcutils",
     ],
-    runtime_libs: [
-        "libdexfile",           // libdexfile_support dependency
-    ],
 
     whole_static_libs: [
+        "libdebuggerd_tombstone_proto_to_text",
         "libasync_safe",
         "gwp_asan_crash_handler",
         "libtombstone_proto",
         "libprocinfo",
         "libprotobuf-cpp-lite",
+        "libscudo",
     ],
 
     target: {
@@ -250,6 +299,19 @@ cc_library_static {
                 "libdexfile",
             ],
         },
+        ramdisk: {
+            exclude_static_libs: [
+                "libdexfile_support",
+            ],
+            exclude_runtime_libs: [
+                "libdexfile",
+            ],
+        },
+        android: {
+            runtime_libs: [
+                "libdexfile", // libdexfile_support dependency
+            ],
+        },
     },
 
     product_variables: {
@@ -257,26 +319,30 @@ cc_library_static {
             cflags: ["-DROOT_POSSIBLE"],
         },
 
-        malloc_not_svelte: {
-            cflags: ["-DUSE_SCUDO"],
-            whole_static_libs: ["libscudo"],
-            srcs: ["libdebuggerd/scudo.cpp"],
-            header_libs: ["scudo_headers"],
+        malloc_low_memory: {
+            cflags: ["-UUSE_SCUDO"],
+            exclude_static_libs: ["libscudo"],
         },
     },
+    apex_available: [
+        "com.android.runtime",
+    ],
 }
 
 cc_binary {
     name: "pbtombstone",
+    host_supported: true,
     defaults: ["debuggerd_defaults"],
-    srcs: ["pbtombstone.cpp"],
+    srcs: [
+        "pbtombstone.cpp",
+        "tombstone_symbolize.cpp",
+    ],
     static_libs: [
         "libbase",
-        "libdebuggerd",
+        "libdebuggerd_tombstone_proto_to_text",
         "liblog",
         "libprotobuf-cpp-lite",
         "libtombstone_proto",
-        "libunwindstack",
     ],
 }
 
@@ -296,8 +362,9 @@ cc_test {
         "libdebuggerd/test/dump_memory_test.cpp",
         "libdebuggerd/test/elf_fake.cpp",
         "libdebuggerd/test/log_fake.cpp",
+        "libdebuggerd/test/mte_stack_record_test.cpp",
         "libdebuggerd/test/open_files_list_test.cpp",
-        "libdebuggerd/test/utility_test.cpp",
+        "libdebuggerd/test/tombstone_proto_to_text_test.cpp",
     ],
 
     target: {
@@ -313,6 +380,10 @@ cc_test {
         },
     },
 
+    sanitize: {
+        memtag_heap: true,
+    },
+
     shared_libs: [
         "libbase",
         "libcutils",
@@ -385,6 +456,7 @@ cc_binary {
 
     header_libs: [
         "bionic_libc_platform_headers",
+        "libnative_bridge_support_accessor_headers",
     ],
 
     static_libs: [
@@ -394,6 +466,8 @@ cc_binary {
 
         "libtombstone_proto",
         "libprotobuf-cpp-lite",
+
+        "libnative_bridge_guest_state_accessor",
     ],
 
     shared_libs: [
@@ -409,6 +483,15 @@ cc_binary {
 
     // Required for tests.
     required: ["crash_dump.policy"],
+
+    target: {
+        android: {
+            header_libs: [
+                "libnative_bridge_support_accessor_headers", // For dlext_namespaces.h
+            ],
+            shared_libs: ["libdl_android"], // For android_get_exported_namespace implementation
+        },
+    },
 }
 
 cc_binary {
@@ -422,6 +505,7 @@ cc_binary {
         "libbase",
         "libdebuggerd_client",
         "liblog",
+        "libprocessgroup",
         "libprocinfo",
     ],
 
@@ -439,7 +523,7 @@ cc_defaults {
 
     header_libs: [
         "bionic_libc_platform_headers",
-        "libdebuggerd_common_headers"
+        "libdebuggerd_common_headers",
     ],
 
     static_libs: [
@@ -497,7 +581,6 @@ prebuilt_etc {
     },
 }
 
-
 // This installs the "other" architecture (so 32-bit on 64-bit device).
 prebuilt_etc {
     name: "crash_dump.policy_other",
diff --git a/debuggerd/TEST_MAPPING b/debuggerd/TEST_MAPPING
index 8633cb866dbe..824d20a5a8b8 100644
--- a/debuggerd/TEST_MAPPING
+++ b/debuggerd/TEST_MAPPING
@@ -3,6 +3,10 @@
     {
       "name": "debuggerd_test"
     },
+    {
+      "name": "debuggerd_test",
+      "keywords": ["primary-device"]
+    },
     {
       "name": "libtombstoned_client_rust_test"
     },
@@ -14,5 +18,10 @@
     {
       "name": "debuggerd_test"
     }
+  ],
+  "postsubmit": [
+    {
+      "name": "CtsCrashDetailHostTestCases"
+    }
   ]
 }
diff --git a/debuggerd/client/debuggerd_client.cpp b/debuggerd/client/debuggerd_client.cpp
index c9e097ea35b2..632f6f1c9024 100644
--- a/debuggerd/client/debuggerd_client.cpp
+++ b/debuggerd/client/debuggerd_client.cpp
@@ -116,7 +116,6 @@ static std::string get_wchan_data(int fd, pid_t pid) {
 
 bool debuggerd_trigger_dump(pid_t tid, DebuggerdDumpType dump_type, unsigned int timeout_ms,
                             unique_fd output_fd) {
-  pid_t pid = tid;
   if (dump_type == kDebuggerdJavaBacktrace) {
     // Java dumps always get sent to the tgid, so we need to resolve our tid to a tgid.
     android::procinfo::ProcessInfo procinfo;
@@ -125,10 +124,10 @@ bool debuggerd_trigger_dump(pid_t tid, DebuggerdDumpType dump_type, unsigned int
       log_error(output_fd, 0, "failed to get process info: %s", error.c_str());
       return false;
     }
-    pid = procinfo.pid;
+    tid = procinfo.pid;
   }
 
-  LOG(INFO) << TAG "started dumping process " << pid;
+  LOG(INFO) << TAG "started dumping process " << tid;
 
   // Rather than try to deal with poll() all the way through the flow, we update
   // the socket timeout between each step (and only use poll() during the final
@@ -139,7 +138,7 @@ bool debuggerd_trigger_dump(pid_t tid, DebuggerdDumpType dump_type, unsigned int
 
     auto remaining = end - std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
     if (remaining < decltype(remaining)::zero()) {
-      log_error(output_fd, 0, "timeout expired");
+      log_error(output_fd, 0, "timeout expired (update_timeout)");
       return false;
     }
 
@@ -172,7 +171,7 @@ bool debuggerd_trigger_dump(pid_t tid, DebuggerdDumpType dump_type, unsigned int
 
   InterceptRequest req = {
       .dump_type = dump_type,
-      .pid = pid,
+      .pid = tid,
   };
 
   // Create an intermediate pipe to pass to the other end.
@@ -235,8 +234,8 @@ bool debuggerd_trigger_dump(pid_t tid, DebuggerdDumpType dump_type, unsigned int
   // Send the signal.
   const int signal = (dump_type == kDebuggerdJavaBacktrace) ? SIGQUIT : BIONIC_SIGNAL_DEBUGGER;
   sigval val = {.sival_int = (dump_type == kDebuggerdNativeBacktrace) ? 1 : 0};
-  if (sigqueue(pid, signal, val) != 0) {
-    log_error(output_fd, errno, "failed to send signal to pid %d", pid);
+  if (sigqueue(tid, signal, val) != 0) {
+    log_error(output_fd, errno, "failed to send signal to pid %d", tid);
     return false;
   }
 
@@ -255,7 +254,7 @@ bool debuggerd_trigger_dump(pid_t tid, DebuggerdDumpType dump_type, unsigned int
     if (timeout_ms <= 0) {
       remaining_ms = -1;
     } else if (remaining_ms < 0) {
-      log_error(output_fd, 0, "timeout expired");
+      log_error(output_fd, 0, "timeout expired before poll");
       return false;
     }
 
@@ -272,10 +271,17 @@ bool debuggerd_trigger_dump(pid_t tid, DebuggerdDumpType dump_type, unsigned int
         return false;
       }
     } else if (rc == 0) {
-      log_error(output_fd, 0, "timeout expired");
+      log_error(output_fd, 0, "poll timeout expired");
       return false;
     }
 
+    // WARNING: It's not possible to replace the below with a splice call.
+    // Due to the way debuggerd does many small writes across the pipe,
+    // this would cause splice to copy a page for each write. The second
+    // pipe fills up based on the number of pages being copied, even
+    // though there is not much data being transferred per page. When
+    // the second pipe is full, everything stops since there is nothing
+    // reading the second pipe to clear it.
     char buf[1024];
     rc = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(read(pipe_read.get(), buf, sizeof(buf)));
     if (rc == 0) {
@@ -292,7 +298,7 @@ bool debuggerd_trigger_dump(pid_t tid, DebuggerdDumpType dump_type, unsigned int
     }
   }
 
-  LOG(INFO) << TAG "done dumping process " << pid;
+  LOG(INFO) << TAG "done dumping process " << tid;
 
   return true;
 }
diff --git a/debuggerd/client/debuggerd_client_test.cpp b/debuggerd/client/debuggerd_client_test.cpp
index ebb8d86e0bce..33ff05fd6ace 100644
--- a/debuggerd/client/debuggerd_client_test.cpp
+++ b/debuggerd/client/debuggerd_client_test.cpp
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
 
 #include <fcntl.h>
 #include <stdio.h>
+#include <sys/eventfd.h>
 #include <unistd.h>
 
 #include <chrono>
@@ -51,23 +52,35 @@ static int getThreadCount() {
 
 TEST(debuggerd_client, race) {
   static int THREAD_COUNT = getThreadCount();
-  pid_t forkpid = fork();
 
-  ASSERT_NE(-1, forkpid);
+  // Semaphore incremented once per thread started.
+  unique_fd barrier(eventfd(0, EFD_SEMAPHORE));
+  ASSERT_NE(-1, barrier.get());
 
+  pid_t forkpid = fork();
+  ASSERT_NE(-1, forkpid);
   if (forkpid == 0) {
     // Spawn a bunch of threads, to make crash_dump take longer.
     std::vector<std::thread> threads;
+    threads.reserve(THREAD_COUNT);
     for (int i = 0; i < THREAD_COUNT; ++i) {
-      threads.emplace_back([]() {
-        while (true) {
-          std::this_thread::sleep_for(60s);
+      threads.emplace_back([&barrier]() {
+        uint64_t count = 1;
+        ASSERT_NE(-1, write(barrier.get(), &count, sizeof(count)));
+        for (;;) {
+          pause();
         }
       });
     }
+    for (;;) {
+      pause();
+    }
+  }
 
-    std::this_thread::sleep_for(60s);
-    exit(0);
+  // Wait for the child to spawn all of its threads.
+  for (int i = 0; i < THREAD_COUNT; ++i) {
+    uint64_t count;
+    ASSERT_NE(-1, read(barrier.get(), &count, sizeof(count)));
   }
 
   unique_fd pipe_read, pipe_write;
@@ -77,9 +90,6 @@ TEST(debuggerd_client, race) {
   constexpr int PIPE_SIZE = 16 * 1024 * 1024;
   ASSERT_EQ(PIPE_SIZE, fcntl(pipe_read.get(), F_SETPIPE_SZ, PIPE_SIZE));
 
-  // Wait for a bit to let the child spawn all of its threads.
-  std::this_thread::sleep_for(1s);
-
   ASSERT_TRUE(
       debuggerd_trigger_dump(forkpid, kDebuggerdNativeBacktrace, 60000, std::move(pipe_write)));
   // Immediately kill the forked child, to make sure that the dump didn't return early.
diff --git a/debuggerd/common/include/dump_type.h b/debuggerd/common/include/dump_type.h
index a3e171b25162..82ef7b67ca02 100644
--- a/debuggerd/common/include/dump_type.h
+++ b/debuggerd/common/include/dump_type.h
@@ -28,26 +28,24 @@ enum DebuggerdDumpType : uint8_t {
   kDebuggerdTombstoneProto,
 };
 
-inline std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& stream, const DebuggerdDumpType& rhs) {
-  switch (rhs) {
+inline const char* get_dump_type_name(const DebuggerdDumpType& dump_type) {
+  switch (dump_type) {
     case kDebuggerdNativeBacktrace:
-      stream << "kDebuggerdNativeBacktrace";
-      break;
+      return "kDebuggerdNativeBacktrace";
     case kDebuggerdTombstone:
-      stream << "kDebuggerdTombstone";
-      break;
+      return "kDebuggerdTombstone";
     case kDebuggerdJavaBacktrace:
-      stream << "kDebuggerdJavaBacktrace";
-      break;
+      return "kDebuggerdJavaBacktrace";
     case kDebuggerdAnyIntercept:
-      stream << "kDebuggerdAnyIntercept";
-      break;
+      return "kDebuggerdAnyIntercept";
     case kDebuggerdTombstoneProto:
-      stream << "kDebuggerdTombstoneProto";
-      break;
+      return "kDebuggerdTombstoneProto";
     default:
-      stream << "[unknown]";
+      return "[unknown]";
   }
+}
 
+inline std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& stream, const DebuggerdDumpType& rhs) {
+  stream << get_dump_type_name(rhs);
   return stream;
 }
diff --git a/debuggerd/crash_dump.cpp b/debuggerd/crash_dump.cpp
index 3563436ac41d..92d81b326db0 100644
--- a/debuggerd/crash_dump.cpp
+++ b/debuggerd/crash_dump.cpp
@@ -22,9 +22,15 @@
 #include <sys/ptrace.h>
 #include <sys/types.h>
 #include <sys/un.h>
+#include <sys/user.h>
 #include <sys/wait.h>
 #include <unistd.h>
 
+#if defined(__i386__)
+#include <asm/ldt.h>
+#endif
+
+#include <cstdint>
 #include <limits>
 #include <map>
 #include <memory>
@@ -42,6 +48,7 @@
 #include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
 #include <bionic/macros.h>
 #include <bionic/reserved_signals.h>
+#include <bionic/tls_defines.h>
 #include <cutils/sockets.h>
 #include <log/log.h>
 #include <private/android_filesystem_config.h>
@@ -52,7 +59,18 @@
 
 #include <unwindstack/AndroidUnwinder.h>
 #include <unwindstack/Error.h>
+#include <unwindstack/MachineArm.h>
+#include <unwindstack/MachineArm64.h>
+#include <unwindstack/MachineRiscv64.h>
 #include <unwindstack/Regs.h>
+#include <unwindstack/RegsArm.h>
+#include <unwindstack/RegsArm64.h>
+#include <unwindstack/RegsRiscv64.h>
+#include <unwindstack/UserArm.h>
+#include <unwindstack/UserArm64.h>
+#include <unwindstack/UserRiscv64.h>
+
+#include <native_bridge_support/guest_state_accessor/accessor.h>
 
 #include "libdebuggerd/backtrace.h"
 #include "libdebuggerd/tombstone.h"
@@ -68,6 +86,10 @@ using android::base::ErrnoRestorer;
 using android::base::StringPrintf;
 using android::base::unique_fd;
 
+// This stores guest architecture. When the architecture is supported, tombstone file will output
+// guest state information.
+static Architecture g_guest_arch = Architecture::NONE;
+
 static bool pid_contains_tid(int pid_proc_fd, pid_t tid) {
   struct stat st;
   std::string task_path = StringPrintf("task/%d", tid);
@@ -143,7 +165,7 @@ static bool ptrace_interrupt(pid_t tid, int* received_signal) {
 }
 
 static bool activity_manager_notify(pid_t pid, int signal, const std::string& amfd_data,
-                                    bool recoverable_gwp_asan_crash) {
+                                    bool recoverable_crash) {
   ATRACE_CALL();
   android::base::unique_fd amfd(socket_local_client(
       "/data/system/ndebugsocket", ANDROID_SOCKET_NAMESPACE_FILESYSTEM, SOCK_STREAM));
@@ -169,7 +191,7 @@ static bool activity_manager_notify(pid_t pid, int signal, const std::string& am
   // Activity Manager protocol:
   //  - 32-bit network-byte-order: pid
   //  - 32-bit network-byte-order: signal number
-  //  - byte: recoverable_gwp_asan_crash
+  //  - byte: recoverable_crash
   //  - bytes: raw text of the dump
   //  - null terminator
 
@@ -185,10 +207,9 @@ static bool activity_manager_notify(pid_t pid, int signal, const std::string& am
     return false;
   }
 
-  uint8_t recoverable_gwp_asan_crash_byte = recoverable_gwp_asan_crash ? 1 : 0;
-  if (!android::base::WriteFully(amfd, &recoverable_gwp_asan_crash_byte,
-                                 sizeof(recoverable_gwp_asan_crash_byte))) {
-    PLOG(ERROR) << "AM recoverable_gwp_asan_crash_byte write failed";
+  uint8_t recoverable_crash_byte = recoverable_crash ? 1 : 0;
+  if (!android::base::WriteFully(amfd, &recoverable_crash_byte, sizeof(recoverable_crash_byte))) {
+    PLOG(ERROR) << "AM recoverable_crash_byte write failed";
     return false;
   }
 
@@ -280,35 +301,34 @@ static void ParseArgs(int argc, char** argv, pid_t* pseudothread_tid, DebuggerdD
 
 static void ReadCrashInfo(unique_fd& fd, siginfo_t* siginfo,
                           std::unique_ptr<unwindstack::Regs>* regs, ProcessInfo* process_info,
-                          bool* recoverable_gwp_asan_crash) {
+                          bool* recoverable_crash) {
   std::aligned_storage<sizeof(CrashInfo) + 1, alignof(CrashInfo)>::type buf;
   CrashInfo* crash_info = reinterpret_cast<CrashInfo*>(&buf);
   ssize_t rc = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(read(fd.get(), &buf, sizeof(buf)));
-  *recoverable_gwp_asan_crash = false;
+  *recoverable_crash = false;
   if (rc == -1) {
     PLOG(FATAL) << "failed to read target ucontext";
-  } else {
-    ssize_t expected_size = 0;
-    switch (crash_info->header.version) {
-      case 1:
-      case 2:
-      case 3:
-        expected_size = sizeof(CrashInfoHeader) + sizeof(CrashInfoDataStatic);
-        break;
-
-      case 4:
-        expected_size = sizeof(CrashInfoHeader) + sizeof(CrashInfoDataDynamic);
-        break;
-
-      default:
-        LOG(FATAL) << "unexpected CrashInfo version: " << crash_info->header.version;
-        break;
-    };
-
-    if (rc < expected_size) {
-      LOG(FATAL) << "read " << rc << " bytes when reading target crash information, expected "
-                 << expected_size;
-    }
+  }
+  ssize_t expected_size = 0;
+  switch (crash_info->header.version) {
+    case 1:
+    case 2:
+    case 3:
+      expected_size = sizeof(CrashInfoHeader) + sizeof(CrashInfoDataStatic);
+      break;
+
+    case 4:
+      expected_size = sizeof(CrashInfoHeader) + sizeof(CrashInfoDataDynamic);
+      break;
+
+    default:
+      LOG(FATAL) << "unexpected CrashInfo version: " << crash_info->header.version;
+      break;
+  }
+
+  if (rc < expected_size) {
+    LOG(FATAL) << "read " << rc << " bytes when reading target crash information, expected "
+                << expected_size;
   }
 
   switch (crash_info->header.version) {
@@ -317,10 +337,12 @@ static void ReadCrashInfo(unique_fd& fd, siginfo_t* siginfo,
       process_info->gwp_asan_state = crash_info->data.d.gwp_asan_state;
       process_info->gwp_asan_metadata = crash_info->data.d.gwp_asan_metadata;
       process_info->scudo_stack_depot = crash_info->data.d.scudo_stack_depot;
+      process_info->scudo_stack_depot_size = crash_info->data.d.scudo_stack_depot_size;
       process_info->scudo_region_info = crash_info->data.d.scudo_region_info;
       process_info->scudo_ring_buffer = crash_info->data.d.scudo_ring_buffer;
       process_info->scudo_ring_buffer_size = crash_info->data.d.scudo_ring_buffer_size;
-      *recoverable_gwp_asan_crash = crash_info->data.d.recoverable_gwp_asan_crash;
+      *recoverable_crash = crash_info->data.d.recoverable_crash;
+      process_info->crash_detail_page = crash_info->data.d.crash_detail_page;
       FALLTHROUGH_INTENDED;
     case 1:
     case 2:
@@ -402,6 +424,140 @@ static void InstallSigPipeHandler() {
   sigaction(SIGPIPE, &action, nullptr);
 }
 
+static bool PtracePeek(int request, pid_t tid, uintptr_t addr, void* data, std::string_view err_msg,
+                       uintptr_t* result) {
+  errno = 0;
+  *result = ptrace(request, tid, addr, data);
+  if (errno != 0) {
+    PLOG(ERROR) << err_msg;
+    return false;
+  }
+  return true;
+}
+
+static bool GetGuestRegistersFromCrashedProcess(pid_t tid, NativeBridgeGuestRegs* guest_regs) {
+  auto process_memory = unwindstack::Memory::CreateProcessMemoryCached(tid);
+
+  uintptr_t header_ptr = 0;
+  uintptr_t base = 0;
+#if defined(__aarch64__)
+  // base is implicitly casted to uint64_t.
+  struct iovec pt_iov {
+    .iov_base = &base, .iov_len = sizeof(base),
+  };
+
+  if (ptrace(PTRACE_GETREGSET, tid, NT_ARM_TLS, &pt_iov) != 0) {
+    PLOG(ERROR) << "failed to read thread register for thread " << tid;
+    return false;
+  }
+#elif defined(__arm__)
+  // Arm doesn't support any guest architectures yet.
+  return false;
+#elif defined(__i386__)
+  struct user_regs_struct regs;
+  struct iovec pt_iov = {.iov_base = &regs, .iov_len = sizeof(regs)};
+  if (ptrace(PTRACE_GETREGSET, tid, NT_PRSTATUS, &pt_iov) != 0) {
+    PLOG(ERROR) << "failed to get registers for thread " << tid;
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  struct user_desc desc;
+  desc.entry_number = regs.xgs >> 3;
+  if (ptrace(PTRACE_GET_THREAD_AREA, tid, desc.entry_number, &desc) != 0) {
+    PLOG(ERROR) << "failed to get thread area for thread " << tid;
+    return false;
+  }
+  base = desc.base_addr;
+#elif defined(__riscv)
+  struct user_regs_struct regs;
+  struct iovec pt_iov = {.iov_base = &regs, .iov_len = sizeof(regs)};
+  if (ptrace(PTRACE_GETREGSET, tid, NT_PRSTATUS, &pt_iov) != 0) {
+    PLOG(ERROR) << "failed to read thread register for thread " << tid;
+    return false;
+  }
+  base = reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(regs.tp);
+#elif defined(__x86_64__)
+  if (!PtracePeek(PTRACE_PEEKUSER, tid, offsetof(user_regs_struct, fs_base), nullptr,
+                  "failed to read thread register for thread " + std::to_string(tid), &base)) {
+    return false;
+  }
+#else
+  // TODO(b/339287219): Add case for Riscv host.
+  return false;
+#endif
+  auto ptr_to_guest_slot = base + TLS_SLOT_NATIVE_BRIDGE_GUEST_STATE * sizeof(uintptr_t);
+  if (!process_memory->ReadFully(ptr_to_guest_slot, &header_ptr, sizeof(uintptr_t))) {
+    PLOG(ERROR) << "failed to get guest state TLS slot content for thread " << tid;
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  NativeBridgeGuestStateHeader header;
+  if (!process_memory->ReadFully(header_ptr, &header, sizeof(NativeBridgeGuestStateHeader)) ||
+      header.signature != NATIVE_BRIDGE_GUEST_STATE_SIGNATURE) {
+    // Return when ptr points to unmapped memory or no valid guest state.
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  auto guest_state_data_copy = std::make_unique<unsigned char[]>(header.guest_state_data_size);
+  if (!process_memory->ReadFully(reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(header.guest_state_data),
+                                 guest_state_data_copy.get(), header.guest_state_data_size)) {
+    PLOG(ERROR) << "failed to read the guest state data for thread " << tid;
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  LoadGuestStateRegisters(guest_state_data_copy.get(), header.guest_state_data_size, guest_regs);
+  return true;
+}
+
+static void ReadGuestRegisters(std::unique_ptr<unwindstack::Regs>* regs, pid_t tid) {
+  NativeBridgeGuestRegs guest_regs;
+  if (!GetGuestRegistersFromCrashedProcess(tid, &guest_regs)) {
+    return;
+  }
+
+  switch (guest_regs.guest_arch) {
+#if defined(__LP64__)
+    case NATIVE_BRIDGE_ARCH_ARM64: {
+      unwindstack::arm64_user_regs arm64_user_regs = {};
+      for (size_t i = 0; i < unwindstack::ARM64_REG_R31; i++) {
+        arm64_user_regs.regs[i] = guest_regs.regs_arm64.x[i];
+      }
+      arm64_user_regs.sp = guest_regs.regs_arm64.sp;
+      arm64_user_regs.pc = guest_regs.regs_arm64.ip;
+      regs->reset(unwindstack::RegsArm64::Read(&arm64_user_regs));
+
+      g_guest_arch = Architecture::ARM64;
+      break;
+    }
+    case NATIVE_BRIDGE_ARCH_RISCV64: {
+      unwindstack::riscv64_user_regs riscv64_user_regs = {};
+      // RISCV64_REG_PC is at the first position.
+      riscv64_user_regs.regs[0] = guest_regs.regs_riscv64.ip;
+      for (size_t i = 1; i < unwindstack::RISCV64_REG_REAL_COUNT; i++) {
+        riscv64_user_regs.regs[i] = guest_regs.regs_riscv64.x[i];
+      }
+      regs->reset(unwindstack::RegsRiscv64::Read(&riscv64_user_regs, tid));
+
+      g_guest_arch = Architecture::RISCV64;
+      break;
+    }
+#else
+    case NATIVE_BRIDGE_ARCH_ARM: {
+      unwindstack::arm_user_regs arm_user_regs = {};
+      for (size_t i = 0; i < unwindstack::ARM_REG_LAST; i++) {
+        arm_user_regs.regs[i] = guest_regs.regs_arm.r[i];
+      }
+      regs->reset(unwindstack::RegsArm::Read(&arm_user_regs));
+
+      g_guest_arch = Architecture::ARM32;
+      break;
+    }
+#endif
+    default:
+      break;
+  }
+}
+
 int main(int argc, char** argv) {
   DefuseSignalHandlers();
   InstallSigPipeHandler();
@@ -485,7 +641,7 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv) {
   std::map<pid_t, ThreadInfo> thread_info;
   siginfo_t siginfo;
   std::string error;
-  bool recoverable_gwp_asan_crash = false;
+  bool recoverable_crash = false;
 
   {
     ATRACE_NAME("ptrace");
@@ -535,10 +691,18 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv) {
         info.pac_enabled_keys = -1;
       }
 
+#if defined(__aarch64__)
+      struct iovec tls_iov = {
+          &info.tls,
+          sizeof(info.tls),
+      };
+      if (ptrace(PTRACE_GETREGSET, thread, NT_ARM_TLS, reinterpret_cast<void*>(&tls_iov)) == -1) {
+        info.tls = 0;
+      }
+#endif
       if (thread == g_target_thread) {
         // Read the thread's registers along with the rest of the crash info out of the pipe.
-        ReadCrashInfo(input_pipe, &siginfo, &info.registers, &process_info,
-                      &recoverable_gwp_asan_crash);
+        ReadCrashInfo(input_pipe, &siginfo, &info.registers, &process_info, &recoverable_crash);
         info.siginfo = &siginfo;
         info.signo = info.siginfo->si_signo;
 
@@ -551,6 +715,7 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv) {
           continue;
         }
       }
+      ReadGuestRegisters(&info.guest_registers, thread);
 
       thread_info[thread] = std::move(info);
     }
@@ -660,15 +825,36 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv) {
 
     {
       ATRACE_NAME("engrave_tombstone");
-      engrave_tombstone(std::move(g_output_fd), std::move(g_proto_fd), &unwinder, thread_info,
-                        g_target_thread, process_info, &open_files, &amfd_data);
+      unwindstack::ArchEnum regs_arch = unwindstack::ARCH_UNKNOWN;
+      switch (g_guest_arch) {
+        case Architecture::ARM32:
+          regs_arch = unwindstack::ARCH_ARM;
+          break;
+        case Architecture::ARM64:
+          regs_arch = unwindstack::ARCH_ARM64;
+          break;
+        case Architecture::RISCV64:
+          regs_arch = unwindstack::ARCH_RISCV64;
+          break;
+        default:
+          break;
+      }
+      if (regs_arch == unwindstack::ARCH_UNKNOWN) {
+        engrave_tombstone(std::move(g_output_fd), std::move(g_proto_fd), &unwinder, thread_info,
+                          g_target_thread, process_info, &open_files, &amfd_data);
+      } else {
+        unwindstack::AndroidRemoteUnwinder guest_unwinder(vm_pid, regs_arch);
+        engrave_tombstone(std::move(g_output_fd), std::move(g_proto_fd), &unwinder, thread_info,
+                          g_target_thread, process_info, &open_files, &amfd_data, &g_guest_arch,
+                          &guest_unwinder);
+      }
     }
   }
 
   if (fatal_signal) {
     // Don't try to notify ActivityManager if it just crashed, or we might hang until timeout.
     if (thread_info[target_process].thread_name != "system_server") {
-      activity_manager_notify(target_process, signo, amfd_data, recoverable_gwp_asan_crash);
+      activity_manager_notify(target_process, signo, amfd_data, recoverable_crash);
     }
   }
 
diff --git a/debuggerd/crasher/Android.bp b/debuggerd/crasher/Android.bp
index fe1689c71763..3af806b43151 100644
--- a/debuggerd/crasher/Android.bp
+++ b/debuggerd/crasher/Android.bp
@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@ cc_defaults {
         "-fstack-protector-all",
         "-Wno-date-time",
     ],
-    tidy: false,  // crasher.cpp tests many memory access errors
     srcs: ["crasher.cpp"],
     arch: {
         arm: {
diff --git a/debuggerd/crasher/arm/crashglue.S b/debuggerd/crasher/arm/crashglue.S
index e4adf403cd85..3001ca19e9b7 100644
--- a/debuggerd/crasher/arm/crashglue.S
+++ b/debuggerd/crasher/arm/crashglue.S
@@ -1,3 +1,19 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2006, The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
 .globl crash1
 .type crash1, %function
 crash1:
@@ -23,10 +39,11 @@ crash1:
 	ldr lr, [lr]
 	b .
 	.cfi_endproc
+	.size crash1, .-crash1
 
-.globl crashnostack
-.type crashnostack, %function
-crashnostack:
+.globl crash_no_stack
+.type crash_no_stack, %function
+crash_no_stack:
 	.cfi_startproc
 	mov r1, sp
 	.cfi_def_cfa_register r1
@@ -35,3 +52,4 @@ crashnostack:
 	ldr r0, [r0]
 	b .
 	.cfi_endproc
+	.size crash_no_stack, .-crash_no_stack
diff --git a/debuggerd/crasher/arm64/crashglue.S b/debuggerd/crasher/arm64/crashglue.S
index 97c824efb2d2..90ba9a1eb2b0 100644
--- a/debuggerd/crasher/arm64/crashglue.S
+++ b/debuggerd/crasher/arm64/crashglue.S
@@ -1,3 +1,19 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2013, The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
 .globl crash1
 .type crash1, %function
 crash1:
@@ -41,11 +57,12 @@ crash1:
 	ldr x30, [x30]
 	b .
 	.cfi_endproc
+	.size crash1, .-crash1
 
 
-.globl crashnostack
-.type crashnostack, %function
-crashnostack:
+.globl crash_no_stack
+.type crash_no_stack, %function
+crash_no_stack:
 	.cfi_startproc
 	mov x1, sp
 	.cfi_def_cfa_register x1
@@ -54,3 +71,41 @@ crashnostack:
 	ldr x0, [x0]
 	b .
 	.cfi_endproc
+	.size crash_no_stack, .-crash_no_stack
+
+
+.globl crash_bti
+.type crash_bti, %function
+crash_bti:
+	.cfi_startproc
+	adr x16, 1f
+	br x16
+1:	// Deliberatly not a bti instruction so we crash here.
+	b .
+	.cfi_endproc
+	.size crash_bti, .-crash_bti
+
+
+.globl crash_pac
+.type crash_pac, %function
+crash_pac:
+	.cfi_startproc
+	paciasp
+	// Since sp is a pac input, this ensures a mismatch.
+	sub sp, sp, #16
+	autiasp
+	b .
+	.cfi_endproc
+	.size crash_pac, .-crash_pac
+
+// Set the PAC and BTI bits for this object file.
+.section .note.gnu.property, "a"
+.balign 8
+.long 4
+.long 0x10
+.long 0x5
+.asciz "GNU"
+.long 0xc0000000
+.long 4
+.long 0x3
+.long 0
diff --git a/debuggerd/crasher/crasher.cpp b/debuggerd/crasher/crasher.cpp
index 6a19878827f6..c3dd92b43c2f 100644
--- a/debuggerd/crasher/crasher.cpp
+++ b/debuggerd/crasher/crasher.cpp
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 #include <assert.h>
 #include <dirent.h>
 #include <errno.h>
+#include <error.h>
 #include <fcntl.h>
 #include <pthread.h>
 #include <signal.h>
@@ -29,6 +30,9 @@
 #include <sys/prctl.h>
 #include <unistd.h>
 
+#include <android-base/file.h>
+#include <android-base/strings.h>
+
 // We test both kinds of logging.
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
 #include <log/log.h>
@@ -59,8 +63,10 @@ typedef int (__kuser_cmpxchg64_t)(const int64_t*, const int64_t*, volatile int64
 // Avoid name mangling so that stacks are more readable.
 extern "C" {
 
-void crash1(void);
-void crashnostack(void);
+void crash1();
+void crash_no_stack();
+void crash_bti();
+void crash_pac();
 
 int do_action(const char* arg);
 
@@ -148,7 +154,7 @@ noinline void abuse_heap() {
 noinline void leak() {
     while (true) {
         void* mapping =
-            mmap(nullptr, PAGE_SIZE, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE | MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0);
+            mmap(nullptr, getpagesize(), PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE | MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0);
         static_cast<volatile char*>(mapping)[0] = 'a';
     }
 }
@@ -196,14 +202,9 @@ static int usage() {
     fprintf(stderr, "  fdsan_file            close a file descriptor that's owned by a FILE*\n");
     fprintf(stderr, "  fdsan_dir             close a file descriptor that's owned by a DIR*\n");
     fprintf(stderr, "  seccomp               fail a seccomp check\n");
-#if defined(__arm__)
-    fprintf(stderr, "  kuser_helper_version  call kuser_helper_version\n");
-    fprintf(stderr, "  kuser_get_tls         call kuser_get_tls\n");
-    fprintf(stderr, "  kuser_cmpxchg         call kuser_cmpxchg\n");
-    fprintf(stderr, "  kuser_memory_barrier  call kuser_memory_barrier\n");
-    fprintf(stderr, "  kuser_cmpxchg64       call kuser_cmpxchg64\n");
-#endif
+#if defined(__LP64__)
     fprintf(stderr, "  xom                   read execute-only memory\n");
+#endif
     fprintf(stderr, "\n");
     fprintf(stderr, "  LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL      call liblog LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL\n");
     fprintf(stderr, "  LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF   call liblog LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF\n");
@@ -223,6 +224,20 @@ static int usage() {
     fprintf(stderr, "\n");
     fprintf(stderr, "  no_new_privs          set PR_SET_NO_NEW_PRIVS and then abort\n");
     fprintf(stderr, "\n");
+#if defined(__arm__)
+    fprintf(stderr, "Also, since this is an arm32 binary:\n");
+    fprintf(stderr, "  kuser_helper_version  call kuser_helper_version\n");
+    fprintf(stderr, "  kuser_get_tls         call kuser_get_tls\n");
+    fprintf(stderr, "  kuser_cmpxchg         call kuser_cmpxchg\n");
+    fprintf(stderr, "  kuser_memory_barrier  call kuser_memory_barrier\n");
+    fprintf(stderr, "  kuser_cmpxchg64       call kuser_cmpxchg64\n");
+#endif
+#if defined(__aarch64__)
+    fprintf(stderr, "Also, since this is an arm64 binary:\n");
+    fprintf(stderr, "  bti                   fail a branch target identification (BTI) check\n");
+    fprintf(stderr, "  pac                   fail a pointer authentication (PAC) check\n");
+#endif
+    fprintf(stderr, "\n");
     fprintf(stderr, "prefix any of the above with 'thread-' to run on a new thread\n");
     fprintf(stderr, "prefix any of the above with 'exhaustfd-' to exhaust\n");
     fprintf(stderr, "all available file descriptors before crashing.\n");
@@ -231,6 +246,21 @@ static int usage() {
     return EXIT_FAILURE;
 }
 
+[[maybe_unused]] static void CheckCpuFeature(const std::string& name) {
+    std::string cpuinfo;
+    if (!android::base::ReadFileToString("/proc/cpuinfo", &cpuinfo)) {
+        error(1, errno, "couldn't read /proc/cpuinfo");
+    }
+    std::vector<std::string> lines = android::base::Split(cpuinfo, "\n");
+    for (std::string_view line : lines) {
+        if (!android::base::ConsumePrefix(&line, "Features\t:")) continue;
+        std::vector<std::string> features = android::base::Split(std::string(line), " ");
+        if (std::find(features.begin(), features.end(), name) == features.end()) {
+          error(1, 0, "/proc/cpuinfo does not report feature '%s'", name.c_str());
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 noinline int do_action(const char* arg) {
     // Prefixes.
     if (!strncmp(arg, "wait-", strlen("wait-"))) {
@@ -256,7 +286,7 @@ noinline int do_action(const char* arg) {
     } else if (!strcasecmp(arg, "stack-overflow")) {
       overflow_stack(nullptr);
     } else if (!strcasecmp(arg, "nostack")) {
-      crashnostack();
+      crash_no_stack();
     } else if (!strcasecmp(arg, "exit")) {
       exit(1);
     } else if (!strcasecmp(arg, "call-null")) {
@@ -349,6 +379,14 @@ noinline int do_action(const char* arg) {
         __kuser_dmb();
     } else if (!strcasecmp(arg, "kuser_cmpxchg64")) {
         return __kuser_cmpxchg64(0, 0, 0);
+#endif
+#if defined(__aarch64__)
+    } else if (!strcasecmp(arg, "bti")) {
+        CheckCpuFeature("bti");
+        crash_bti();
+    } else if (!strcasecmp(arg, "pac")) {
+        CheckCpuFeature("paca");
+        crash_pac();
 #endif
     } else if (!strcasecmp(arg, "no_new_privs")) {
         if (prctl(PR_SET_NO_NEW_PRIVS, 1) != 0) {
@@ -364,6 +402,8 @@ noinline int do_action(const char* arg) {
     return EXIT_SUCCESS;
 }
 
+}  // extern "C"
+
 int main(int argc, char** argv) {
 #if defined(STATIC_CRASHER)
     debuggerd_callbacks_t callbacks = {
@@ -389,5 +429,3 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv) {
 
     return usage();
 }
-
-};
diff --git a/debuggerd/crasher/riscv64/crashglue.S b/debuggerd/crasher/riscv64/crashglue.S
index 42f59b345723..804a511b917f 100644
--- a/debuggerd/crasher/riscv64/crashglue.S
+++ b/debuggerd/crasher/riscv64/crashglue.S
@@ -1,3 +1,19 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2022, The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
 .globl crash1
 crash1:
 	.cfi_startproc
@@ -43,10 +59,11 @@ crash1:
 	ld t2, 0(zero)
 	j .
 	.cfi_endproc
+	.size crash1, .-crash1
 
 
-.globl crashnostack
-crashnostack:
+.globl crash_no_stack
+crash_no_stack:
 	.cfi_startproc
 	mv t1, sp
 	.cfi_def_cfa_register t1
@@ -54,3 +71,4 @@ crashnostack:
 	ld t2, 0(zero)
 	j .
 	.cfi_endproc
+	.size crash_no_stack, .-crash_no_stack
diff --git a/debuggerd/crasher/x86/crashglue.S b/debuggerd/crasher/x86/crashglue.S
index e8eb3a7cab5c..fe7c6480a448 100644
--- a/debuggerd/crasher/x86/crashglue.S
+++ b/debuggerd/crasher/x86/crashglue.S
@@ -1,3 +1,19 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2010, The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
 .globl crash1
 crash1:
 	movl $0xa5a50000, %eax
@@ -6,13 +22,15 @@ crash1:
 
 	movl $0, %edx
 	jmp *%edx
+	.size crash1, .-crash1
 
 
-.globl crashnostack
-crashnostack:
+.globl crash_no_stack
+crash_no_stack:
 	.cfi_startproc
 	movl %esp, %eax
 	.cfi_def_cfa_register %eax
 	movl $0, %esp
 	movl (%esp), %ebx
 	.cfi_endproc
+	.size crash_no_stack, .-crash_no_stack
diff --git a/debuggerd/crasher/x86_64/crashglue.S b/debuggerd/crasher/x86_64/crashglue.S
index 8f6721478a0b..ae13aa7e61eb 100644
--- a/debuggerd/crasher/x86_64/crashglue.S
+++ b/debuggerd/crasher/x86_64/crashglue.S
@@ -1,3 +1,19 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2010, The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
 .globl crash1
 crash1:
 	movl $0xa5a50000, %eax
@@ -6,13 +22,15 @@ crash1:
 
 	movl $0, %edx
 	jmp *%rdx
+	.size crash1, .-crash1
 
 
-.globl crashnostack
-crashnostack:
+.globl crash_no_stack
+crash_no_stack:
 	.cfi_startproc
 	movq %rsp, %rax
 	.cfi_def_cfa_register %rax
 	movq $0, %rsp
 	movq (%rsp), %rbx
 	.cfi_endproc
+	.size crash_no_stack, .-crash_no_stack
diff --git a/debuggerd/debuggerd.cpp b/debuggerd/debuggerd.cpp
index e20e8d9e1613..7a2500c60afc 100644
--- a/debuggerd/debuggerd.cpp
+++ b/debuggerd/debuggerd.cpp
@@ -23,11 +23,11 @@
 #include <string_view>
 #include <thread>
 
-#include <android-base/file.h>
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
 #include <android-base/parseint.h>
 #include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
 #include <debuggerd/client.h>
+#include <processgroup/processgroup.h>
 #include <procinfo/process.h>
 #include "util.h"
 
@@ -41,22 +41,6 @@ static void usage(int exit_code) {
   _exit(exit_code);
 }
 
-static std::thread spawn_redirect_thread(unique_fd fd) {
-  return std::thread([fd{ std::move(fd) }]() {
-    while (true) {
-      char buf[BUFSIZ];
-      ssize_t rc = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(read(fd.get(), buf, sizeof(buf)));
-      if (rc <= 0) {
-        return;
-      }
-
-      if (!android::base::WriteFully(STDOUT_FILENO, buf, rc)) {
-        return;
-      }
-    }
-  });
-}
-
 int main(int argc, char* argv[]) {
   if (argc <= 1) usage(0);
   if (argc > 3) usage(1);
@@ -107,14 +91,15 @@ int main(int argc, char* argv[]) {
     }
   }
 
-  unique_fd piperead, pipewrite;
-  if (!Pipe(&piperead, &pipewrite)) {
-    err(1, "failed to create pipe");
-  }
+  // unfreeze if pid is frozen.
+  SetProcessProfiles(proc_info.uid, proc_info.pid, {"Unfrozen"});
+  // we don't restore the frozen state as this is considered a benign change.
 
-  std::thread redirect_thread = spawn_redirect_thread(std::move(piperead));
-  if (!debuggerd_trigger_dump(proc_info.pid, dump_type, 0, std::move(pipewrite))) {
-    redirect_thread.join();
+  unique_fd output_fd(fcntl(STDOUT_FILENO, F_DUPFD_CLOEXEC, 0));
+  if (output_fd.get() == -1) {
+    err(1, "failed to fcntl dup stdout");
+  }
+  if (!debuggerd_trigger_dump(proc_info.pid, dump_type, 0, std::move(output_fd))) {
     if (pid == proc_info.pid) {
       errx(1, "failed to dump process %d", pid);
     } else {
@@ -122,6 +107,5 @@ int main(int argc, char* argv[]) {
     }
   }
 
-  redirect_thread.join();
   return 0;
 }
diff --git a/debuggerd/debuggerd_test.cpp b/debuggerd/debuggerd_test.cpp
index 39d7fff1ca86..34f2c450c60b 100644
--- a/debuggerd/debuggerd_test.cpp
+++ b/debuggerd/debuggerd_test.cpp
@@ -18,9 +18,11 @@
 #include <dlfcn.h>
 #include <err.h>
 #include <fcntl.h>
+#include <inttypes.h>
 #include <linux/prctl.h>
 #include <malloc.h>
 #include <pthread.h>
+#include <setjmp.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #include <sys/capability.h>
 #include <sys/mman.h>
@@ -37,6 +39,7 @@
 #include <string>
 #include <thread>
 
+#include <android/crash_detail.h>
 #include <android/dlext.h>
 #include <android/fdsan.h>
 #include <android/set_abort_message.h>
@@ -67,7 +70,7 @@
 #include "crash_test.h"
 #include "debuggerd/handler.h"
 #include "gtest/gtest.h"
-#include "libdebuggerd/utility.h"
+#include "libdebuggerd/utility_host.h"
 #include "protocol.h"
 #include "tombstoned/tombstoned.h"
 #include "util.h"
@@ -94,7 +97,7 @@ constexpr char kWaitForDebuggerKey[] = "debug.debuggerd.wait_for_debugger";
     if (sigaction(SIGALRM, &new_sigaction, &old_sigaction) != 0) { \
       err(1, "sigaction failed");                                  \
     }                                                              \
-    alarm(seconds);                                                \
+    alarm(seconds * android::base::HwTimeoutMultiplier());         \
     auto value = expr;                                             \
     int saved_errno = errno;                                       \
     if (sigaction(SIGALRM, &old_sigaction, nullptr) != 0) {        \
@@ -114,7 +117,7 @@ constexpr char kWaitForDebuggerKey[] = "debug.debuggerd.wait_for_debugger";
                R"(#\d\d pc [0-9a-f]+\s+ \S+ (\(offset 0x[0-9a-f]+\) )?\()" frame_name R"(\+)");
 
 static void tombstoned_intercept(pid_t target_pid, unique_fd* intercept_fd, unique_fd* output_fd,
-                                 InterceptStatus* status, DebuggerdDumpType intercept_type) {
+                                 InterceptResponse* response, DebuggerdDumpType intercept_type) {
   intercept_fd->reset(socket_local_client(kTombstonedInterceptSocketName,
                                           ANDROID_SOCKET_NAMESPACE_RESERVED, SOCK_SEQPACKET));
   if (intercept_fd->get() == -1) {
@@ -155,18 +158,15 @@ static void tombstoned_intercept(pid_t target_pid, unique_fd* intercept_fd, uniq
     FAIL() << "failed to send output fd to tombstoned: " << strerror(errno);
   }
 
-  InterceptResponse response;
-  rc = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(read(intercept_fd->get(), &response, sizeof(response)));
+  rc = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(read(intercept_fd->get(), response, sizeof(*response)));
   if (rc == -1) {
     FAIL() << "failed to read response from tombstoned: " << strerror(errno);
   } else if (rc == 0) {
     FAIL() << "failed to read response from tombstoned (EOF)";
-  } else if (rc != sizeof(response)) {
-    FAIL() << "received packet of unexpected length from tombstoned: expected " << sizeof(response)
+  } else if (rc != sizeof(*response)) {
+    FAIL() << "received packet of unexpected length from tombstoned: expected " << sizeof(*response)
            << ", received " << rc;
   }
-
-  *status = response.status;
 }
 
 static bool pac_supported() {
@@ -225,9 +225,10 @@ void CrasherTest::StartIntercept(unique_fd* output_fd, DebuggerdDumpType interce
     FAIL() << "crasher hasn't been started";
   }
 
-  InterceptStatus status;
-  tombstoned_intercept(crasher_pid, &this->intercept_fd, output_fd, &status, intercept_type);
-  ASSERT_EQ(InterceptStatus::kRegistered, status);
+  InterceptResponse response = {};
+  tombstoned_intercept(crasher_pid, &this->intercept_fd, output_fd, &response, intercept_type);
+  ASSERT_EQ(InterceptStatus::kRegistered, response.status)
+      << "Error message: " << response.error_message;
 }
 
 void CrasherTest::FinishIntercept(int* result) {
@@ -300,24 +301,7 @@ void CrasherTest::AssertDeath(int signo) {
 }
 
 static void ConsumeFd(unique_fd fd, std::string* output) {
-  constexpr size_t read_length = PAGE_SIZE;
-  std::string result;
-
-  while (true) {
-    size_t offset = result.size();
-    result.resize(result.size() + PAGE_SIZE);
-    ssize_t rc = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(read(fd.get(), &result[offset], read_length));
-    if (rc == -1) {
-      FAIL() << "read failed: " << strerror(errno);
-    } else if (rc == 0) {
-      result.resize(result.size() - PAGE_SIZE);
-      break;
-    }
-
-    result.resize(result.size() - PAGE_SIZE + rc);
-  }
-
-  *output = std::move(result);
+  ASSERT_TRUE(android::base::ReadFdToString(fd, output));
 }
 
 class LogcatCollector {
@@ -349,14 +333,9 @@ TEST_F(CrasherTest, smoke) {
 
   std::string result;
   ConsumeFd(std::move(output_fd), &result);
-#ifdef __LP64__
-  ASSERT_MATCH(result,
-               R"(signal 11 \(SIGSEGV\), code 1 \(SEGV_MAPERR\), fault addr 0x000000000000dead)");
-#else
-  ASSERT_MATCH(result, R"(signal 11 \(SIGSEGV\), code 1 \(SEGV_MAPERR\), fault addr 0x0000dead)");
-#endif
+  ASSERT_MATCH(result, R"(signal 11 \(SIGSEGV\), code 1 \(SEGV_MAPERR\), fault addr 0x0+dead)");
 
-  if (mte_supported()) {
+  if (mte_supported() && mte_enabled()) {
     // Test that the default TAGGED_ADDR_CTRL value is set.
     ASSERT_MATCH(result, R"(tagged_addr_ctrl: 000000000007fff3)"
                          R"( \(PR_TAGGED_ADDR_ENABLE, PR_MTE_TCF_SYNC, mask 0xfffe\))");
@@ -464,7 +443,7 @@ INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(Sizes, SizeParamCrasherTest, testing::Values(0, 16, 131
 
 TEST_P(SizeParamCrasherTest, mte_uaf) {
 #if defined(__aarch64__)
-  if (!mte_supported()) {
+  if (!mte_supported() || !mte_enabled()) {
     GTEST_SKIP() << "Requires MTE";
   }
 
@@ -511,7 +490,7 @@ TEST_P(SizeParamCrasherTest, mte_uaf) {
 
 TEST_P(SizeParamCrasherTest, mte_oob_uaf) {
 #if defined(__aarch64__)
-  if (!mte_supported()) {
+  if (!mte_supported() || !mte_enabled()) {
     GTEST_SKIP() << "Requires MTE";
   }
 
@@ -543,7 +522,7 @@ TEST_P(SizeParamCrasherTest, mte_oob_uaf) {
 
 TEST_P(SizeParamCrasherTest, mte_overflow) {
 #if defined(__aarch64__)
-  if (!mte_supported()) {
+  if (!mte_supported() || !mte_enabled()) {
     GTEST_SKIP() << "Requires MTE";
   }
 
@@ -586,7 +565,7 @@ TEST_P(SizeParamCrasherTest, mte_overflow) {
 
 TEST_P(SizeParamCrasherTest, mte_underflow) {
 #if defined(__aarch64__)
-  if (!mte_supported()) {
+  if (!mte_supported() || !mte_enabled()) {
     GTEST_SKIP() << "Requires MTE";
   }
 
@@ -619,9 +598,57 @@ TEST_P(SizeParamCrasherTest, mte_underflow) {
 #endif
 }
 
+__attribute__((noinline)) void mte_illegal_setjmp_helper(jmp_buf& jump_buf) {
+  // This frame is at least 8 bytes for storing and restoring the LR before the
+  // setjmp below. So this can never get an empty stack frame, even if we omit
+  // the frame pointer. So, the SP of this is always less (numerically) than the
+  // calling function frame.
+  setjmp(jump_buf);
+}
+
+TEST_F(CrasherTest, DISABLED_mte_illegal_setjmp) {
+  // This setjmp is illegal because it jumps back into a function that already returned.
+  // Quoting man 3 setjmp:
+  //     If the function which called setjmp() returns before longjmp() is
+  //     called, the behavior is undefined.  Some kind of subtle or
+  //     unsubtle chaos is sure to result.
+  // https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/longjmp.3.html
+#if defined(__aarch64__)
+  if (!mte_supported() || !mte_enabled()) {
+    GTEST_SKIP() << "Requires MTE";
+  }
+
+  int intercept_result;
+  unique_fd output_fd;
+  StartProcess([&]() {
+    SetTagCheckingLevelSync();
+    jmp_buf jump_buf;
+    mte_illegal_setjmp_helper(jump_buf);
+    longjmp(jump_buf, 1);
+  });
+
+  StartIntercept(&output_fd);
+  FinishCrasher();
+  AssertDeath(SIGABRT);
+  FinishIntercept(&intercept_result);
+
+  ASSERT_EQ(1, intercept_result) << "tombstoned reported failure";
+
+  std::string result;
+  ConsumeFd(std::move(output_fd), &result);
+
+  // In our test-case, we have a NEGATIVE stack adjustment, which is being
+  // interpreted as unsigned integer, and thus is "too large".
+  // TODO(fmayer): fix the error message for this
+  ASSERT_MATCH(result, R"(memtag_handle_longjmp: stack adjustment too large)");
+#else
+  GTEST_SKIP() << "Requires aarch64";
+#endif
+}
+
 TEST_F(CrasherTest, mte_async) {
 #if defined(__aarch64__)
-  if (!mte_supported()) {
+  if (!mte_supported() || !mte_enabled()) {
     GTEST_SKIP() << "Requires MTE";
   }
 
@@ -651,7 +678,7 @@ TEST_F(CrasherTest, mte_async) {
 
 TEST_F(CrasherTest, mte_multiple_causes) {
 #if defined(__aarch64__)
-  if (!mte_supported()) {
+  if (!mte_supported() || !mte_enabled()) {
     GTEST_SKIP() << "Requires MTE";
   }
 
@@ -737,7 +764,7 @@ static uintptr_t CreateTagMapping() {
 
 TEST_F(CrasherTest, mte_register_tag_dump) {
 #if defined(__aarch64__)
-  if (!mte_supported()) {
+  if (!mte_supported() || !mte_enabled()) {
     GTEST_SKIP() << "Requires MTE";
   }
 
@@ -770,7 +797,7 @@ TEST_F(CrasherTest, mte_register_tag_dump) {
 
 TEST_F(CrasherTest, mte_fault_tag_dump_front_truncated) {
 #if defined(__aarch64__)
-  if (!mte_supported()) {
+  if (!mte_supported() || !mte_enabled()) {
     GTEST_SKIP() << "Requires MTE";
   }
 
@@ -801,7 +828,7 @@ TEST_F(CrasherTest, mte_fault_tag_dump_front_truncated) {
 
 TEST_F(CrasherTest, mte_fault_tag_dump) {
 #if defined(__aarch64__)
-  if (!mte_supported()) {
+  if (!mte_supported() || !mte_enabled()) {
     GTEST_SKIP() << "Requires MTE";
   }
 
@@ -835,7 +862,7 @@ TEST_F(CrasherTest, mte_fault_tag_dump) {
 
 TEST_F(CrasherTest, mte_fault_tag_dump_rear_truncated) {
 #if defined(__aarch64__)
-  if (!mte_supported()) {
+  if (!mte_supported() || !mte_enabled()) {
     GTEST_SKIP() << "Requires MTE";
   }
 
@@ -958,6 +985,233 @@ TEST_F(CrasherTest, abort_message) {
   ASSERT_MATCH(result, R"(Abort message: 'x{4045}')");
 }
 
+static char g_crash_detail_value_changes[] = "crash_detail_value";
+static char g_crash_detail_value[] = "crash_detail_value";
+static char g_crash_detail_value2[] = "crash_detail_value2";
+
+inline crash_detail_t* _Nullable android_register_crash_detail_strs(const char* _Nonnull name,
+                                                                    const char* _Nonnull data) {
+  return android_crash_detail_register(name, strlen(name), data, strlen(data));
+}
+
+TEST_F(CrasherTest, crash_detail_single) {
+  int intercept_result;
+  unique_fd output_fd;
+  StartProcess([]() {
+    android_register_crash_detail_strs("CRASH_DETAIL_NAME", g_crash_detail_value);
+    abort();
+  });
+  StartIntercept(&output_fd);
+  FinishCrasher();
+  AssertDeath(SIGABRT);
+  FinishIntercept(&intercept_result);
+
+  ASSERT_EQ(1, intercept_result) << "tombstoned reported failure";
+
+  std::string result;
+  ConsumeFd(std::move(output_fd), &result);
+  ASSERT_MATCH(result, R"(CRASH_DETAIL_NAME: 'crash_detail_value')");
+}
+
+TEST_F(CrasherTest, crash_detail_replace_data) {
+  int intercept_result;
+  unique_fd output_fd;
+  StartProcess([]() {
+    auto *cd = android_register_crash_detail_strs("CRASH_DETAIL_NAME", "original_data");
+    android_crash_detail_replace_data(cd, "new_data", strlen("new_data"));
+    abort();
+  });
+  StartIntercept(&output_fd);
+  FinishCrasher();
+  AssertDeath(SIGABRT);
+  FinishIntercept(&intercept_result);
+
+  ASSERT_EQ(1, intercept_result) << "tombstoned reported failure";
+
+  std::string result;
+  ConsumeFd(std::move(output_fd), &result);
+  ASSERT_MATCH(result, R"(CRASH_DETAIL_NAME: 'new_data')");
+  // Ensure the old one no longer shows up, i.e. that we actually replaced
+  // it, not added a new one.
+  ASSERT_NOT_MATCH(result, R"(CRASH_DETAIL_NAME: 'original_data')");
+}
+
+TEST_F(CrasherTest, crash_detail_replace_name) {
+  int intercept_result;
+  unique_fd output_fd;
+  StartProcess([]() {
+    auto *cd = android_register_crash_detail_strs("old_name", g_crash_detail_value);
+    android_crash_detail_replace_name(cd, "new_name", strlen("new_name"));
+    abort();
+  });
+  StartIntercept(&output_fd);
+  FinishCrasher();
+  AssertDeath(SIGABRT);
+  FinishIntercept(&intercept_result);
+
+  ASSERT_EQ(1, intercept_result) << "tombstoned reported failure";
+
+  std::string result;
+  ConsumeFd(std::move(output_fd), &result);
+  ASSERT_MATCH(result, R"(new_name: 'crash_detail_value')");
+  // Ensure the old one no longer shows up, i.e. that we actually replaced
+  // it, not added a new one.
+  ASSERT_NOT_MATCH(result, R"(old_name: 'crash_detail_value')");
+}
+
+TEST_F(CrasherTest, crash_detail_single_byte_name) {
+  int intercept_result;
+  unique_fd output_fd;
+  StartProcess([]() {
+    android_register_crash_detail_strs("CRASH_DETAIL_NAME\1", g_crash_detail_value);
+    abort();
+  });
+  StartIntercept(&output_fd);
+  FinishCrasher();
+  AssertDeath(SIGABRT);
+  FinishIntercept(&intercept_result);
+
+  ASSERT_EQ(1, intercept_result) << "tombstoned reported failure";
+
+  std::string result;
+  ConsumeFd(std::move(output_fd), &result);
+  ASSERT_MATCH(result, R"(CRASH_DETAIL_NAME\\1: 'crash_detail_value')");
+}
+
+
+TEST_F(CrasherTest, crash_detail_single_bytes) {
+  int intercept_result;
+  unique_fd output_fd;
+  StartProcess([]() {
+    android_crash_detail_register("CRASH_DETAIL_NAME", strlen("CRASH_DETAIL_NAME"), "\1",
+                                  sizeof("\1"));
+    abort();
+  });
+  StartIntercept(&output_fd);
+  FinishCrasher();
+  AssertDeath(SIGABRT);
+  FinishIntercept(&intercept_result);
+
+  ASSERT_EQ(1, intercept_result) << "tombstoned reported failure";
+
+  std::string result;
+  ConsumeFd(std::move(output_fd), &result);
+  ASSERT_MATCH(result, R"(CRASH_DETAIL_NAME: '\\1\\0')");
+}
+
+TEST_F(CrasherTest, crash_detail_mixed) {
+  int intercept_result;
+  unique_fd output_fd;
+  StartProcess([]() {
+    const char data[] = "helloworld\1\255\3";
+    android_register_crash_detail_strs("CRASH_DETAIL_NAME", data);
+    abort();
+  });
+  StartIntercept(&output_fd);
+  FinishCrasher();
+  AssertDeath(SIGABRT);
+  FinishIntercept(&intercept_result);
+
+  ASSERT_EQ(1, intercept_result) << "tombstoned reported failure";
+
+  std::string result;
+  ConsumeFd(std::move(output_fd), &result);
+  ASSERT_MATCH(result, R"(CRASH_DETAIL_NAME: 'helloworld\\1\\255\\3')");
+}
+
+TEST_F(CrasherTest, crash_detail_many) {
+  int intercept_result;
+  unique_fd output_fd;
+  StartProcess([]() {
+    for (int i = 0; i < 1000; ++i) {
+      std::string name = "CRASH_DETAIL_NAME" + std::to_string(i);
+      std::string value = "CRASH_DETAIL_VALUE" + std::to_string(i);
+      auto* h = android_register_crash_detail_strs(name.data(), value.data());
+      android_crash_detail_unregister(h);
+    }
+
+    android_register_crash_detail_strs("FINAL_NAME", "FINAL_VALUE");
+    android_register_crash_detail_strs("FINAL_NAME2", "FINAL_VALUE2");
+    abort();
+  });
+  StartIntercept(&output_fd);
+  FinishCrasher();
+  AssertDeath(SIGABRT);
+  FinishIntercept(&intercept_result);
+
+  ASSERT_EQ(1, intercept_result) << "tombstoned reported failure";
+
+  std::string result;
+  ConsumeFd(std::move(output_fd), &result);
+  ASSERT_NOT_MATCH(result, "CRASH_DETAIL_NAME");
+  ASSERT_NOT_MATCH(result, "CRASH_DETAIL_VALUE");
+  ASSERT_MATCH(result, R"(FINAL_NAME: 'FINAL_VALUE')");
+  ASSERT_MATCH(result, R"(FINAL_NAME2: 'FINAL_VALUE2')");
+}
+
+TEST_F(CrasherTest, crash_detail_single_changes) {
+  int intercept_result;
+  unique_fd output_fd;
+  StartProcess([]() {
+    android_register_crash_detail_strs("CRASH_DETAIL_NAME", g_crash_detail_value_changes);
+    g_crash_detail_value_changes[0] = 'C';
+    abort();
+  });
+  StartIntercept(&output_fd);
+  FinishCrasher();
+  AssertDeath(SIGABRT);
+  FinishIntercept(&intercept_result);
+
+  ASSERT_EQ(1, intercept_result) << "tombstoned reported failure";
+
+  std::string result;
+  ConsumeFd(std::move(output_fd), &result);
+  ASSERT_MATCH(result, R"(CRASH_DETAIL_NAME: 'Crash_detail_value')");
+}
+
+TEST_F(CrasherTest, crash_detail_multiple) {
+  int intercept_result;
+  unique_fd output_fd;
+  StartProcess([]() {
+    android_register_crash_detail_strs("CRASH_DETAIL_NAME", g_crash_detail_value);
+    android_register_crash_detail_strs("CRASH_DETAIL_NAME2", g_crash_detail_value2);
+    abort();
+  });
+  StartIntercept(&output_fd);
+  FinishCrasher();
+  AssertDeath(SIGABRT);
+  FinishIntercept(&intercept_result);
+
+  ASSERT_EQ(1, intercept_result) << "tombstoned reported failure";
+
+  std::string result;
+  ConsumeFd(std::move(output_fd), &result);
+  ASSERT_MATCH(result, R"(CRASH_DETAIL_NAME: 'crash_detail_value')");
+  ASSERT_MATCH(result, R"(CRASH_DETAIL_NAME2: 'crash_detail_value2')");
+}
+
+TEST_F(CrasherTest, crash_detail_remove) {
+  int intercept_result;
+  unique_fd output_fd;
+  StartProcess([]() {
+    auto* detail1 = android_register_crash_detail_strs("CRASH_DETAIL_NAME", g_crash_detail_value);
+    android_crash_detail_unregister(detail1);
+    android_register_crash_detail_strs("CRASH_DETAIL_NAME2", g_crash_detail_value2);
+    abort();
+  });
+  StartIntercept(&output_fd);
+  FinishCrasher();
+  AssertDeath(SIGABRT);
+  FinishIntercept(&intercept_result);
+
+  ASSERT_EQ(1, intercept_result) << "tombstoned reported failure";
+
+  std::string result;
+  ConsumeFd(std::move(output_fd), &result);
+  ASSERT_NOT_MATCH(result, R"(CRASH_DETAIL_NAME: 'crash_detail_value')");
+  ASSERT_MATCH(result, R"(CRASH_DETAIL_NAME2: 'crash_detail_value2')");
+}
+
 TEST_F(CrasherTest, abort_message_newline_trimmed) {
   int intercept_result;
   unique_fd output_fd;
@@ -1409,6 +1663,9 @@ TEST_F(CrasherTest, seccomp_tombstone_thread_abort) {
 
   std::string result;
   ConsumeFd(std::move(output_fd), &result);
+  ASSERT_MATCH(
+      result,
+      R"(signal 6 \(SIGABRT\))");
   ASSERT_BACKTRACE_FRAME(result, "abort");
 }
 
@@ -1515,6 +1772,75 @@ TEST_F(CrasherTest, seccomp_crash_logcat) {
   AssertDeath(SIGABRT);
 }
 
+extern "C" void malloc_enable();
+extern "C" void malloc_disable();
+
+TEST_F(CrasherTest, seccomp_tombstone_no_allocation) {
+  int intercept_result;
+  unique_fd output_fd;
+
+  static const auto dump_type = kDebuggerdTombstone;
+  StartProcess(
+      []() {
+        std::thread a(foo);
+        std::thread b(bar);
+
+        std::this_thread::sleep_for(100ms);
+
+        // Disable allocations to verify that nothing in the fallback
+        // signal handler does an allocation.
+        malloc_disable();
+        raise_debugger_signal(dump_type);
+        _exit(0);
+      },
+      &seccomp_fork);
+
+  StartIntercept(&output_fd, dump_type);
+  FinishCrasher();
+  AssertDeath(0);
+  FinishIntercept(&intercept_result);
+  ASSERT_EQ(1, intercept_result) << "tombstoned reported failure";
+
+  std::string result;
+  ConsumeFd(std::move(output_fd), &result);
+  ASSERT_BACKTRACE_FRAME(result, "raise_debugger_signal");
+  ASSERT_BACKTRACE_FRAME(result, "foo");
+  ASSERT_BACKTRACE_FRAME(result, "bar");
+}
+
+TEST_F(CrasherTest, seccomp_backtrace_no_allocation) {
+  int intercept_result;
+  unique_fd output_fd;
+
+  static const auto dump_type = kDebuggerdNativeBacktrace;
+  StartProcess(
+      []() {
+        std::thread a(foo);
+        std::thread b(bar);
+
+        std::this_thread::sleep_for(100ms);
+
+        // Disable allocations to verify that nothing in the fallback
+        // signal handler does an allocation.
+        malloc_disable();
+        raise_debugger_signal(dump_type);
+        _exit(0);
+      },
+      &seccomp_fork);
+
+  StartIntercept(&output_fd, dump_type);
+  FinishCrasher();
+  AssertDeath(0);
+  FinishIntercept(&intercept_result);
+  ASSERT_EQ(1, intercept_result) << "tombstoned reported failure";
+
+  std::string result;
+  ConsumeFd(std::move(output_fd), &result);
+  ASSERT_BACKTRACE_FRAME(result, "raise_debugger_signal");
+  ASSERT_BACKTRACE_FRAME(result, "foo");
+  ASSERT_BACKTRACE_FRAME(result, "bar");
+}
+
 TEST_F(CrasherTest, competing_tracer) {
   int intercept_result;
   unique_fd output_fd;
@@ -1568,10 +1894,14 @@ GwpAsanTestParameters gwp_asan_tests[] = {
      "Use After Free, 0 bytes into a 7-byte allocation"},
     {/* alloc_size */ 15, /* free_before_access */ true, /* access_offset */ 1,
      "Use After Free, 1 byte into a 15-byte allocation"},
-    {/* alloc_size */ 4096, /* free_before_access */ false, /* access_offset */ 4098,
-     "Buffer Overflow, 2 bytes right of a 4096-byte allocation"},
-    {/* alloc_size */ 4096, /* free_before_access */ false, /* access_offset */ -1,
-     "Buffer Underflow, 1 byte left of a 4096-byte allocation"},
+    {/* alloc_size */ static_cast<size_t>(getpagesize()), /* free_before_access */ false,
+     /* access_offset */ getpagesize() + 2,
+     android::base::StringPrintf("Buffer Overflow, 2 bytes right of a %d-byte allocation",
+                                 getpagesize())},
+    {/* alloc_size */ static_cast<size_t>(getpagesize()), /* free_before_access */ false,
+     /* access_offset */ -1,
+     android::base::StringPrintf("Buffer Underflow, 1 byte left of a %d-byte allocation",
+                                 getpagesize())},
 };
 
 INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(
@@ -1616,8 +1946,8 @@ TEST_P(GwpAsanCrasherTest, run_gwp_asan_test) {
   StartProcess([&recoverable]() {
     const char* env[] = {"GWP_ASAN_SAMPLE_RATE=1", "GWP_ASAN_PROCESS_SAMPLING=1",
                          "GWP_ASAN_MAX_ALLOCS=40000", nullptr, nullptr};
-    if (recoverable) {
-      env[3] = "GWP_ASAN_RECOVERABLE=true";
+    if (!recoverable) {
+      env[3] = "GWP_ASAN_RECOVERABLE=false";
     }
     std::string test_name = ::testing::UnitTest::GetInstance()->current_test_info()->name();
     test_name = std::regex_replace(test_name, std::regex("run_gwp_asan_test"),
@@ -1761,9 +2091,10 @@ TEST(tombstoned, no_notify) {
     pid_t pid = 123'456'789 + i;
 
     unique_fd intercept_fd, output_fd;
-    InterceptStatus status;
-    tombstoned_intercept(pid, &intercept_fd, &output_fd, &status, kDebuggerdTombstone);
-    ASSERT_EQ(InterceptStatus::kRegistered, status);
+    InterceptResponse response = {};
+    tombstoned_intercept(pid, &intercept_fd, &output_fd, &response, kDebuggerdTombstone);
+    ASSERT_EQ(InterceptStatus::kRegistered, response.status)
+        << "Error message: " << response.error_message;
 
     {
       unique_fd tombstoned_socket, input_fd;
@@ -1795,9 +2126,10 @@ TEST(tombstoned, stress) {
       pid_t pid = pid_base + dump;
 
       unique_fd intercept_fd, output_fd;
-      InterceptStatus status;
-      tombstoned_intercept(pid, &intercept_fd, &output_fd, &status, kDebuggerdTombstone);
-      ASSERT_EQ(InterceptStatus::kRegistered, status);
+      InterceptResponse response = {};
+      tombstoned_intercept(pid, &intercept_fd, &output_fd, &response, kDebuggerdTombstone);
+      ASSERT_EQ(InterceptStatus::kRegistered, response.status)
+          << "Error messeage: " << response.error_message;
 
       // Pretend to crash, and then immediately close the socket.
       unique_fd sockfd(socket_local_client(kTombstonedCrashSocketName,
@@ -1828,9 +2160,10 @@ TEST(tombstoned, stress) {
       pid_t pid = pid_base + dump;
 
       unique_fd intercept_fd, output_fd;
-      InterceptStatus status;
-      tombstoned_intercept(pid, &intercept_fd, &output_fd, &status, kDebuggerdTombstone);
-      ASSERT_EQ(InterceptStatus::kRegistered, status);
+      InterceptResponse response = {};
+      tombstoned_intercept(pid, &intercept_fd, &output_fd, &response, kDebuggerdTombstone);
+      ASSERT_EQ(InterceptStatus::kRegistered, response.status)
+          << "Error message: " << response.error_message;
 
       {
         unique_fd tombstoned_socket, input_fd;
@@ -1855,16 +2188,17 @@ TEST(tombstoned, stress) {
   }
 }
 
-TEST(tombstoned, java_trace_intercept_smoke) {
+TEST(tombstoned, intercept_java_trace_smoke) {
   // Using a "real" PID is a little dangerous here - if the test fails
   // or crashes, we might end up getting a bogus / unreliable stack
   // trace.
   const pid_t self = getpid();
 
   unique_fd intercept_fd, output_fd;
-  InterceptStatus status;
-  tombstoned_intercept(self, &intercept_fd, &output_fd, &status, kDebuggerdJavaBacktrace);
-  ASSERT_EQ(InterceptStatus::kRegistered, status);
+  InterceptResponse response = {};
+  tombstoned_intercept(self, &intercept_fd, &output_fd, &response, kDebuggerdJavaBacktrace);
+  ASSERT_EQ(InterceptStatus::kRegistered, response.status)
+      << "Error message: " << response.error_message;
 
   // First connect to tombstoned requesting a native tombstone. This
   // should result in a "regular" FD and not the installed intercept.
@@ -1886,25 +2220,96 @@ TEST(tombstoned, java_trace_intercept_smoke) {
   ASSERT_STREQ("java", outbuf);
 }
 
-TEST(tombstoned, multiple_intercepts) {
+TEST(tombstoned, intercept_multiple_dump_types) {
   const pid_t fake_pid = 1'234'567;
   unique_fd intercept_fd, output_fd;
-  InterceptStatus status;
-  tombstoned_intercept(fake_pid, &intercept_fd, &output_fd, &status, kDebuggerdJavaBacktrace);
-  ASSERT_EQ(InterceptStatus::kRegistered, status);
+  InterceptResponse response = {};
+  tombstoned_intercept(fake_pid, &intercept_fd, &output_fd, &response, kDebuggerdJavaBacktrace);
+  ASSERT_EQ(InterceptStatus::kRegistered, response.status)
+      << "Error message: " << response.error_message;
 
   unique_fd intercept_fd_2, output_fd_2;
-  tombstoned_intercept(fake_pid, &intercept_fd_2, &output_fd_2, &status, kDebuggerdNativeBacktrace);
-  ASSERT_EQ(InterceptStatus::kFailedAlreadyRegistered, status);
+  tombstoned_intercept(fake_pid, &intercept_fd_2, &output_fd_2, &response,
+                       kDebuggerdNativeBacktrace);
+  ASSERT_EQ(InterceptStatus::kRegistered, response.status)
+      << "Error message: " << response.error_message;
+}
+
+TEST(tombstoned, intercept_bad_pid) {
+  const pid_t fake_pid = -1;
+  unique_fd intercept_fd, output_fd;
+  InterceptResponse response = {};
+  tombstoned_intercept(fake_pid, &intercept_fd, &output_fd, &response, kDebuggerdNativeBacktrace);
+  ASSERT_EQ(InterceptStatus::kFailed, response.status)
+      << "Error message: " << response.error_message;
+  ASSERT_MATCH(response.error_message, "bad pid");
+}
+
+TEST(tombstoned, intercept_bad_dump_types) {
+  const pid_t fake_pid = 1'234'567;
+  unique_fd intercept_fd, output_fd;
+  InterceptResponse response = {};
+  tombstoned_intercept(fake_pid, &intercept_fd, &output_fd, &response,
+                       static_cast<DebuggerdDumpType>(20));
+  ASSERT_EQ(InterceptStatus::kFailed, response.status)
+      << "Error message: " << response.error_message;
+  ASSERT_MATCH(response.error_message, "bad dump type \\[unknown\\]");
+
+  tombstoned_intercept(fake_pid, &intercept_fd, &output_fd, &response, kDebuggerdAnyIntercept);
+  ASSERT_EQ(InterceptStatus::kFailed, response.status)
+      << "Error message: " << response.error_message;
+  ASSERT_MATCH(response.error_message, "bad dump type kDebuggerdAnyIntercept");
+
+  tombstoned_intercept(fake_pid, &intercept_fd, &output_fd, &response, kDebuggerdTombstoneProto);
+  ASSERT_EQ(InterceptStatus::kFailed, response.status)
+      << "Error message: " << response.error_message;
+  ASSERT_MATCH(response.error_message, "bad dump type kDebuggerdTombstoneProto");
+}
+
+TEST(tombstoned, intercept_already_registered) {
+  const pid_t fake_pid = 1'234'567;
+  unique_fd intercept_fd1, output_fd1;
+  InterceptResponse response = {};
+  tombstoned_intercept(fake_pid, &intercept_fd1, &output_fd1, &response, kDebuggerdTombstone);
+  ASSERT_EQ(InterceptStatus::kRegistered, response.status)
+      << "Error message: " << response.error_message;
+
+  unique_fd intercept_fd2, output_fd2;
+  tombstoned_intercept(fake_pid, &intercept_fd2, &output_fd2, &response, kDebuggerdTombstone);
+  ASSERT_EQ(InterceptStatus::kFailedAlreadyRegistered, response.status)
+      << "Error message: " << response.error_message;
+  ASSERT_MATCH(response.error_message, "already registered, type kDebuggerdTombstone");
+}
+
+TEST(tombstoned, intercept_tombstone_proto_matched_to_tombstone) {
+  const pid_t fake_pid = 1'234'567;
+
+  unique_fd intercept_fd, output_fd;
+  InterceptResponse response = {};
+  tombstoned_intercept(fake_pid, &intercept_fd, &output_fd, &response, kDebuggerdTombstone);
+  ASSERT_EQ(InterceptStatus::kRegistered, response.status)
+      << "Error message: " << response.error_message;
+
+  const char data[] = "tombstone_proto";
+  unique_fd tombstoned_socket, input_fd;
+  ASSERT_TRUE(
+      tombstoned_connect(fake_pid, &tombstoned_socket, &input_fd, kDebuggerdTombstoneProto));
+  ASSERT_TRUE(android::base::WriteFully(input_fd.get(), data, sizeof(data)));
+  tombstoned_notify_completion(tombstoned_socket.get());
+
+  char outbuf[sizeof(data)];
+  ASSERT_TRUE(android::base::ReadFully(output_fd.get(), outbuf, sizeof(outbuf)));
+  ASSERT_STREQ("tombstone_proto", outbuf);
 }
 
 TEST(tombstoned, intercept_any) {
   const pid_t fake_pid = 1'234'567;
 
   unique_fd intercept_fd, output_fd;
-  InterceptStatus status;
-  tombstoned_intercept(fake_pid, &intercept_fd, &output_fd, &status, kDebuggerdNativeBacktrace);
-  ASSERT_EQ(InterceptStatus::kRegistered, status);
+  InterceptResponse response = {};
+  tombstoned_intercept(fake_pid, &intercept_fd, &output_fd, &response, kDebuggerdNativeBacktrace);
+  ASSERT_EQ(InterceptStatus::kRegistered, response.status)
+      << "Error message: " << response.error_message;
 
   const char any[] = "any";
   unique_fd tombstoned_socket, input_fd;
@@ -1917,6 +2322,77 @@ TEST(tombstoned, intercept_any) {
   ASSERT_STREQ("any", outbuf);
 }
 
+TEST(tombstoned, intercept_any_failed_with_multiple_intercepts) {
+  const pid_t fake_pid = 1'234'567;
+
+  InterceptResponse response = {};
+  unique_fd intercept_fd1, output_fd1;
+  tombstoned_intercept(fake_pid, &intercept_fd1, &output_fd1, &response, kDebuggerdNativeBacktrace);
+  ASSERT_EQ(InterceptStatus::kRegistered, response.status)
+      << "Error message: " << response.error_message;
+
+  unique_fd intercept_fd2, output_fd2;
+  tombstoned_intercept(fake_pid, &intercept_fd2, &output_fd2, &response, kDebuggerdJavaBacktrace);
+  ASSERT_EQ(InterceptStatus::kRegistered, response.status)
+      << "Error message: " << response.error_message;
+
+  unique_fd tombstoned_socket, input_fd;
+  ASSERT_FALSE(tombstoned_connect(fake_pid, &tombstoned_socket, &input_fd, kDebuggerdAnyIntercept));
+}
+
+TEST(tombstoned, intercept_multiple_verify_intercept) {
+  // Need to use our pid for java since that will verify the pid.
+  const pid_t fake_pid = getpid();
+
+  InterceptResponse response = {};
+  unique_fd intercept_fd1, output_fd1;
+  tombstoned_intercept(fake_pid, &intercept_fd1, &output_fd1, &response, kDebuggerdNativeBacktrace);
+  ASSERT_EQ(InterceptStatus::kRegistered, response.status)
+      << "Error message: " << response.error_message;
+
+  unique_fd intercept_fd2, output_fd2;
+  tombstoned_intercept(fake_pid, &intercept_fd2, &output_fd2, &response, kDebuggerdJavaBacktrace);
+  ASSERT_EQ(InterceptStatus::kRegistered, response.status)
+      << "Error message: " << response.error_message;
+
+  unique_fd intercept_fd3, output_fd3;
+  tombstoned_intercept(fake_pid, &intercept_fd3, &output_fd3, &response, kDebuggerdTombstone);
+  ASSERT_EQ(InterceptStatus::kRegistered, response.status)
+      << "Error message: " << response.error_message;
+
+  const char native_data[] = "native";
+  unique_fd tombstoned_socket1, input_fd1;
+  ASSERT_TRUE(
+      tombstoned_connect(fake_pid, &tombstoned_socket1, &input_fd1, kDebuggerdNativeBacktrace));
+  ASSERT_TRUE(android::base::WriteFully(input_fd1.get(), native_data, sizeof(native_data)));
+  tombstoned_notify_completion(tombstoned_socket1.get());
+
+  char native_outbuf[sizeof(native_data)];
+  ASSERT_TRUE(android::base::ReadFully(output_fd1.get(), native_outbuf, sizeof(native_outbuf)));
+  ASSERT_STREQ("native", native_outbuf);
+
+  const char java_data[] = "java";
+  unique_fd tombstoned_socket2, input_fd2;
+  ASSERT_TRUE(
+      tombstoned_connect(fake_pid, &tombstoned_socket2, &input_fd2, kDebuggerdJavaBacktrace));
+  ASSERT_TRUE(android::base::WriteFully(input_fd2.get(), java_data, sizeof(java_data)));
+  tombstoned_notify_completion(tombstoned_socket2.get());
+
+  char java_outbuf[sizeof(java_data)];
+  ASSERT_TRUE(android::base::ReadFully(output_fd2.get(), java_outbuf, sizeof(java_outbuf)));
+  ASSERT_STREQ("java", java_outbuf);
+
+  const char tomb_data[] = "tombstone";
+  unique_fd tombstoned_socket3, input_fd3;
+  ASSERT_TRUE(tombstoned_connect(fake_pid, &tombstoned_socket3, &input_fd3, kDebuggerdTombstone));
+  ASSERT_TRUE(android::base::WriteFully(input_fd3.get(), tomb_data, sizeof(tomb_data)));
+  tombstoned_notify_completion(tombstoned_socket3.get());
+
+  char tomb_outbuf[sizeof(tomb_data)];
+  ASSERT_TRUE(android::base::ReadFully(output_fd3.get(), tomb_outbuf, sizeof(tomb_outbuf)));
+  ASSERT_STREQ("tombstone", tomb_outbuf);
+}
+
 TEST(tombstoned, interceptless_backtrace) {
   // Generate 50 backtraces, and then check to see that we haven't created 50 new tombstones.
   auto get_tombstone_timestamps = []() -> std::map<int, time_t> {
@@ -2094,28 +2570,10 @@ TEST_F(CrasherTest, unreadable_elf) {
   ASSERT_MATCH(result, match_str);
 }
 
-TEST(tombstoned, proto) {
-  const pid_t self = getpid();
-  unique_fd tombstoned_socket, text_fd, proto_fd;
-  ASSERT_TRUE(
-      tombstoned_connect(self, &tombstoned_socket, &text_fd, &proto_fd, kDebuggerdTombstoneProto));
-
-  tombstoned_notify_completion(tombstoned_socket.get());
-
-  ASSERT_NE(-1, text_fd.get());
-  ASSERT_NE(-1, proto_fd.get());
-
-  struct stat text_st;
-  ASSERT_EQ(0, fstat(text_fd.get(), &text_st));
-
-  // Give tombstoned some time to link the files into place.
-  std::this_thread::sleep_for(100ms);
-
-  // Find the tombstone.
-  std::optional<std::string> tombstone_file;
+void CheckForTombstone(const struct stat& text_st, std::optional<std::string>& tombstone_file) {
+  static std::regex tombstone_re("tombstone_\\d+");
   std::unique_ptr<DIR, decltype(&closedir)> dir_h(opendir("/data/tombstones"), closedir);
   ASSERT_TRUE(dir_h != nullptr);
-  std::regex tombstone_re("tombstone_\\d+");
   dirent* entry;
   while ((entry = readdir(dir_h.get())) != nullptr) {
     if (!std::regex_match(entry->d_name, tombstone_re)) {
@@ -2133,8 +2591,38 @@ TEST(tombstoned, proto) {
       break;
     }
   }
+}
+
+TEST(tombstoned, proto) {
+  const pid_t self = getpid();
+  unique_fd tombstoned_socket, text_fd, proto_fd;
+  ASSERT_TRUE(
+      tombstoned_connect(self, &tombstoned_socket, &text_fd, &proto_fd, kDebuggerdTombstoneProto));
+
+  tombstoned_notify_completion(tombstoned_socket.get());
+
+  ASSERT_NE(-1, text_fd.get());
+  ASSERT_NE(-1, proto_fd.get());
+
+  struct stat text_st;
+  ASSERT_EQ(0, fstat(text_fd.get(), &text_st));
+
+  std::optional<std::string> tombstone_file;
+  // Allow up to 5 seconds for the tombstone to be written to the system.
+  const auto max_wait_time = std::chrono::seconds(5) * android::base::HwTimeoutMultiplier();
+  const auto start = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
+  while (true) {
+    std::this_thread::sleep_for(100ms);
+    CheckForTombstone(text_st, tombstone_file);
+    if (tombstone_file) {
+      break;
+    }
+    if (std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now() - start > max_wait_time) {
+      break;
+    }
+  }
 
-  ASSERT_TRUE(tombstone_file);
+  ASSERT_TRUE(tombstone_file) << "Timed out trying to find tombstone file.";
   std::string proto_path = tombstone_file.value() + ".pb";
 
   struct stat proto_fd_st;
@@ -2149,10 +2637,11 @@ TEST(tombstoned, proto) {
 TEST(tombstoned, proto_intercept) {
   const pid_t self = getpid();
   unique_fd intercept_fd, output_fd;
-  InterceptStatus status;
 
-  tombstoned_intercept(self, &intercept_fd, &output_fd, &status, kDebuggerdTombstone);
-  ASSERT_EQ(InterceptStatus::kRegistered, status);
+  InterceptResponse response = {};
+  tombstoned_intercept(self, &intercept_fd, &output_fd, &response, kDebuggerdTombstone);
+  ASSERT_EQ(InterceptStatus::kRegistered, response.status)
+      << "Error message: " << response.error_message;
 
   unique_fd tombstoned_socket, text_fd, proto_fd;
   ASSERT_TRUE(
@@ -2279,12 +2768,16 @@ TEST_F(CrasherTest, fault_address_after_last_map) {
   match_str += format_full_pointer(crash_uptr);
   ASSERT_MATCH(result, match_str);
 
-  ASSERT_MATCH(result, R"(\nmemory map \(.*\): \(fault address prefixed with --->)\n)");
+  ASSERT_MATCH(result, R"(\nmemory map \(.*\): \(fault address prefixed with --->\)\n)");
 
-  // Assumes that the open files section comes after the map section.
-  // If that assumption changes, the regex below needs to change.
+  // Verifies that the fault address error message is at the end of the
+  // maps section. To do this, the check below looks for the start of the
+  // open files section or the start of the log file section. It's possible
+  // for either of these sections to be present after the maps section right
+  // now.
+  // If the sections move around, this check might need to be modified.
   match_str = android::base::StringPrintf(
-      R"(\n--->Fault address falls at %s after any mapped regions\n\nopen files:)",
+      R"(\n--->Fault address falls at %s after any mapped regions\n(---------|\nopen files:))",
       format_pointer(crash_uptr).c_str());
   ASSERT_MATCH(result, match_str);
 }
@@ -2295,6 +2788,10 @@ TEST_F(CrasherTest, fault_address_between_maps) {
   void* start_ptr =
       mmap(nullptr, 3 * getpagesize(), PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, MAP_ANONYMOUS | MAP_PRIVATE, -1, 0);
   ASSERT_NE(MAP_FAILED, start_ptr);
+  // Add a name to guarantee that this map is distinct and not combined in the map listing.
+  EXPECT_EQ(
+      prctl(PR_SET_VMA, PR_SET_VMA_ANON_NAME, start_ptr, 3 * getpagesize(), "debuggerd map start"),
+      0);
   // Unmap the page in the middle.
   void* middle_ptr =
       reinterpret_cast<void*>(reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(start_ptr) + getpagesize());
@@ -2327,7 +2824,7 @@ TEST_F(CrasherTest, fault_address_between_maps) {
   match_str += format_full_pointer(reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(middle_ptr));
   ASSERT_MATCH(result, match_str);
 
-  ASSERT_MATCH(result, R"(\nmemory map \(.*\): \(fault address prefixed with --->)\n)");
+  ASSERT_MATCH(result, R"(\nmemory map \(.*\): \(fault address prefixed with --->\)\n)");
 
   match_str = android::base::StringPrintf(
       R"(    %s.*\n--->Fault address falls at %s between mapped regions\n    %s)",
@@ -2341,6 +2838,8 @@ TEST_F(CrasherTest, fault_address_in_map) {
   // Create a map before the fork so it will be present in the child.
   void* ptr = mmap(nullptr, getpagesize(), 0, MAP_ANONYMOUS | MAP_PRIVATE, -1, 0);
   ASSERT_NE(MAP_FAILED, ptr);
+  // Add a name to guarantee that this map is distinct and not combined in the map listing.
+  EXPECT_EQ(prctl(PR_SET_VMA, PR_SET_VMA_ANON_NAME, ptr, getpagesize(), "debuggerd map"), 0);
 
   StartProcess([ptr]() {
     ASSERT_EQ(0, crash_call(reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(ptr)));
@@ -2365,7 +2864,7 @@ TEST_F(CrasherTest, fault_address_in_map) {
   match_str += format_full_pointer(reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(ptr));
   ASSERT_MATCH(result, match_str);
 
-  ASSERT_MATCH(result, R"(\nmemory map \(.*\): \(fault address prefixed with --->)\n)");
+  ASSERT_MATCH(result, R"(\nmemory map \(.*\): \(fault address prefixed with --->\)\n)");
 
   match_str = android::base::StringPrintf(R"(\n--->%s.*\n)", format_pointer(ptr).c_str());
   ASSERT_MATCH(result, match_str);
@@ -2412,7 +2911,7 @@ TEST_F(CrasherTest, verify_dex_pc_with_function_name) {
         mmap(nullptr, sizeof(kDexData), PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, MAP_ANONYMOUS | MAP_PRIVATE, -1, 0);
     ASSERT_TRUE(ptr != MAP_FAILED);
     memcpy(ptr, kDexData, sizeof(kDexData));
-    prctl(PR_SET_VMA, PR_SET_VMA_ANON_NAME, ptr, sizeof(kDexData), "dex");
+    EXPECT_EQ(prctl(PR_SET_VMA, PR_SET_VMA_ANON_NAME, ptr, sizeof(kDexData), "dex"), 0);
 
     JITCodeEntry dex_entry = {.symfile_addr = reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(ptr),
                               .symfile_size = sizeof(kDexData)};
@@ -2513,12 +3012,18 @@ TEST_F(CrasherTest, verify_map_format) {
   // Create multiple maps to make sure that the map data is formatted properly.
   void* none_map = mmap(nullptr, getpagesize(), 0, MAP_ANONYMOUS | MAP_PRIVATE, -1, 0);
   ASSERT_NE(MAP_FAILED, none_map);
+  // Add names to guarantee that the maps are distinct and not combined in the map listing.
+  EXPECT_EQ(prctl(PR_SET_VMA, PR_SET_VMA_ANON_NAME, none_map, getpagesize(), "debuggerd map none"),
+            0);
   void* r_map = mmap(nullptr, getpagesize(), PROT_READ, MAP_ANONYMOUS | MAP_PRIVATE, -1, 0);
   ASSERT_NE(MAP_FAILED, r_map);
+  EXPECT_EQ(prctl(PR_SET_VMA, PR_SET_VMA_ANON_NAME, r_map, getpagesize(), "debuggerd map r"), 0);
   void* w_map = mmap(nullptr, getpagesize(), PROT_WRITE, MAP_ANONYMOUS | MAP_PRIVATE, -1, 0);
+  EXPECT_EQ(prctl(PR_SET_VMA, PR_SET_VMA_ANON_NAME, w_map, getpagesize(), "debuggerd map w"), 0);
   ASSERT_NE(MAP_FAILED, w_map);
   void* x_map = mmap(nullptr, getpagesize(), PROT_EXEC, MAP_ANONYMOUS | MAP_PRIVATE, -1, 0);
   ASSERT_NE(MAP_FAILED, x_map);
+  EXPECT_EQ(prctl(PR_SET_VMA, PR_SET_VMA_ANON_NAME, x_map, getpagesize(), "debuggerd map x"), 0);
 
   TemporaryFile tf;
   ASSERT_EQ(0x2000, lseek(tf.fd, 0x2000, SEEK_SET));
@@ -2553,30 +3058,34 @@ TEST_F(CrasherTest, verify_map_format) {
   std::string match_str;
   // Verify none.
   match_str = android::base::StringPrintf(
-      "    %s-%s ---         0      1000\\n",
+      "    %s-%s ---         0      %x  \\[anon:debuggerd map none\\]\\n",
       format_map_pointer(reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(none_map)).c_str(),
-      format_map_pointer(reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(none_map) + getpagesize() - 1).c_str());
+      format_map_pointer(reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(none_map) + getpagesize() - 1).c_str(),
+      getpagesize());
   ASSERT_MATCH(result, match_str);
 
   // Verify read-only.
   match_str = android::base::StringPrintf(
-      "    %s-%s r--         0      1000\\n",
+      "    %s-%s r--         0      %x  \\[anon:debuggerd map r\\]\\n",
       format_map_pointer(reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(r_map)).c_str(),
-      format_map_pointer(reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(r_map) + getpagesize() - 1).c_str());
+      format_map_pointer(reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(r_map) + getpagesize() - 1).c_str(),
+      getpagesize());
   ASSERT_MATCH(result, match_str);
 
   // Verify write-only.
   match_str = android::base::StringPrintf(
-      "    %s-%s -w-         0      1000\\n",
+      "    %s-%s -w-         0      %x  \\[anon:debuggerd map w\\]\\n",
       format_map_pointer(reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(w_map)).c_str(),
-      format_map_pointer(reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(w_map) + getpagesize() - 1).c_str());
+      format_map_pointer(reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(w_map) + getpagesize() - 1).c_str(),
+      getpagesize());
   ASSERT_MATCH(result, match_str);
 
   // Verify exec-only.
   match_str = android::base::StringPrintf(
-      "    %s-%s --x         0      1000\\n",
+      "    %s-%s --x         0      %x  \\[anon:debuggerd map x\\]\\n",
       format_map_pointer(reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(x_map)).c_str(),
-      format_map_pointer(reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(x_map) + getpagesize() - 1).c_str());
+      format_map_pointer(reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(x_map) + getpagesize() - 1).c_str(),
+      getpagesize());
   ASSERT_MATCH(result, match_str);
 
   // Verify file map with non-zero offset and a name.
@@ -2693,7 +3202,8 @@ TEST_F(CrasherTest, verify_build_id) {
     }
 
     prev_file = match[1];
-    unwindstack::Elf elf(unwindstack::Memory::CreateFileMemory(prev_file, 0).release());
+    auto elf_memory = unwindstack::Memory::CreateFileMemory(prev_file, 0);
+    unwindstack::Elf elf(elf_memory);
     if (!elf.Init() || !elf.valid()) {
       // Skipping invalid elf files.
       continue;
@@ -2759,3 +3269,134 @@ TEST_F(CrasherTest, logd_skips_reading_logs_not_main_thread) {
   ASSERT_BACKTRACE_FRAME(result, "raise_debugger_signal");
   ASSERT_NOT_MATCH(result, kLogMessage);
 }
+
+// Disable this test since there is a high liklihood that this would
+// be flaky since it requires 500 messages being in the log.
+TEST_F(CrasherTest, DISABLED_max_log_messages) {
+  StartProcess([]() {
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < 600; i++) {
+      LOG(INFO) << "Message number " << i;
+    }
+    abort();
+  });
+
+  unique_fd output_fd;
+  StartIntercept(&output_fd);
+  FinishCrasher();
+  AssertDeath(SIGABRT);
+  int intercept_result;
+  FinishIntercept(&intercept_result);
+  ASSERT_EQ(1, intercept_result) << "tombstoned reported failure";
+
+  std::string result;
+  ConsumeFd(std::move(output_fd), &result);
+  ASSERT_NOT_MATCH(result, "Message number 99");
+  ASSERT_MATCH(result, "Message number 100");
+  ASSERT_MATCH(result, "Message number 599");
+}
+
+TEST_F(CrasherTest, log_with_newline) {
+  StartProcess([]() {
+    LOG(INFO) << "This line has a newline.\nThis is on the next line.";
+    abort();
+  });
+
+  unique_fd output_fd;
+  StartIntercept(&output_fd);
+  FinishCrasher();
+  AssertDeath(SIGABRT);
+  int intercept_result;
+  FinishIntercept(&intercept_result);
+  ASSERT_EQ(1, intercept_result) << "tombstoned reported failure";
+
+  std::string result;
+  ConsumeFd(std::move(output_fd), &result);
+  ASSERT_MATCH(result, ":\\s*This line has a newline.");
+  ASSERT_MATCH(result, ":\\s*This is on the next line.");
+}
+
+TEST_F(CrasherTest, log_with_non_printable_ascii_verify_encoded) {
+  static const std::string kEncodedStr =
+      "\x5C\x31"
+      "\x5C\x32"
+      "\x5C\x33"
+      "\x5C\x34"
+      "\x5C\x35"
+      "\x5C\x36"
+      "\x5C\x37"
+      "\x5C\x31\x30"
+      "\x5C\x31\x36"
+      "\x5C\x31\x37"
+      "\x5C\x32\x30"
+      "\x5C\x32\x31"
+      "\x5C\x32\x32"
+      "\x5C\x32\x33"
+      "\x5C\x32\x34"
+      "\x5C\x32\x35"
+      "\x5C\x32\x36"
+      "\x5C\x32\x37"
+      "\x5C\x33\x30"
+      "\x5C\x33\x31"
+      "\x5C\x33\x32"
+      "\x5C\x33\x33"
+      "\x5C\x33\x34"
+      "\x5C\x33\x35"
+      "\x5C\x33\x36"
+      "\x5C\x33\x37"
+      "\x5C\x31\x37\x37"
+      "\x5C\x32\x34\x30"
+      "\x5C\x32\x36\x30"
+      "\x5C\x33\x30\x30"
+      "\x5C\x33\x32\x30";
+  StartProcess([]() {
+    LOG(FATAL) << "Encoded: "
+                  "\x1\x2\x3\x4\x5\x6\x7\x8\xe\xf\x10\x11\x12\x13\x14\x15\x16\x17\x18\x19\x1a\x1b"
+                  "\x1c\x1d\x1e\x1f\x7f\xA0\xB0\xC0\xD0 after";
+  });
+
+  unique_fd output_fd;
+  StartIntercept(&output_fd);
+  FinishCrasher();
+  AssertDeath(SIGABRT);
+  int intercept_result;
+  FinishIntercept(&intercept_result);
+  ASSERT_EQ(1, intercept_result) << "tombstoned reported failure";
+
+  std::string result;
+  ConsumeFd(std::move(output_fd), &result);
+  // Verify the abort message is sanitized properly.
+  size_t pos = result.find(std::string("Abort message: 'Encoded: ") + kEncodedStr + " after'");
+  EXPECT_TRUE(pos != std::string::npos) << "Couldn't find sanitized abort message: " << result;
+
+  // Make sure that the log message is sanitized properly too.
+  EXPECT_TRUE(result.find(std::string("Encoded: ") + kEncodedStr + " after", pos + 1) !=
+              std::string::npos)
+      << "Couldn't find sanitized log message: " << result;
+}
+
+TEST_F(CrasherTest, log_with_with_special_printable_ascii) {
+  static const std::string kMsg = "Not encoded: \t\v\f\r\n after";
+  StartProcess([]() { LOG(FATAL) << kMsg; });
+
+  unique_fd output_fd;
+  StartIntercept(&output_fd);
+  FinishCrasher();
+  AssertDeath(SIGABRT);
+  int intercept_result;
+  FinishIntercept(&intercept_result);
+  ASSERT_EQ(1, intercept_result) << "tombstoned reported failure";
+
+  std::string result;
+  ConsumeFd(std::move(output_fd), &result);
+  // Verify the abort message does not remove characters that are UTF8 but
+  // are, technically, not printable.
+  size_t pos = result.find(std::string("Abort message: '") + kMsg + "'");
+  EXPECT_TRUE(pos != std::string::npos) << "Couldn't find abort message: " << result;
+
+  // Make sure that the log message is handled properly too.
+  // The logger automatically splits a newline message into two pieces.
+  pos = result.find("Not encoded: \t\v\f\r", pos + kMsg.size());
+  EXPECT_TRUE(pos != std::string::npos) << "Couldn't find log message: " << result;
+  EXPECT_TRUE(result.find(" after", pos + 1) != std::string::npos)
+      << "Couldn't find sanitized log message: " << result;
+}
diff --git a/debuggerd/handler/debuggerd_fallback.cpp b/debuggerd/handler/debuggerd_fallback.cpp
index 4721391ef58b..8ab5f253fcc7 100644
--- a/debuggerd/handler/debuggerd_fallback.cpp
+++ b/debuggerd/handler/debuggerd_fallback.cpp
@@ -48,50 +48,69 @@ using android::base::unique_fd;
 extern "C" bool __linker_enable_fallback_allocator();
 extern "C" void __linker_disable_fallback_allocator();
 
-// This is incredibly sketchy to do inside of a signal handler, especially when libbacktrace
-// uses the C++ standard library throughout, but this code runs in the linker, so we'll be using
-// the linker's malloc instead of the libc one. Switch it out for a replacement, just in case.
-//
-// This isn't the default method of dumping because it can fail in cases such as address space
-// exhaustion.
-static void debuggerd_fallback_trace(int output_fd, ucontext_t* ucontext) {
-  if (!__linker_enable_fallback_allocator()) {
-    async_safe_format_log(ANDROID_LOG_ERROR, "libc", "fallback allocator already in use");
-    return;
+// This file implements a fallback path for processes that do not allow the
+// normal fork and exec of crash_dump to handle crashes/unwinds.
+// The issue is that all of this happens from within a signal handler, which
+// can cause problems since this code uses the linker allocator which is not
+// thread safe. In order to avoid any problems allocating, the code calls
+// a function to switch to use a fallback allocator in the linker that will
+// only be used for the current thread. All of the libunwindstack code does
+// allocations using C++ stl, but should be fine since the code runs in the
+// linker and should use the fallback handler.
+
+// This method can still fail if the virtual space is exhausted on a 32 bit
+// process or mmap failing due to hitting the maximum number of maps (65535
+// total maps) on a 64 bit process.
+
+// Class to handle automatically turning on and off the fallback allocator.
+class ScopedUseFallbackAllocator {
+ public:
+  ScopedUseFallbackAllocator() { Enable(); }
+
+  ~ScopedUseFallbackAllocator() { Disable(); }
+
+  bool Enable() {
+    if (!enabled_) {
+      enabled_ = __linker_enable_fallback_allocator();
+      if (!enabled_) {
+        async_safe_format_log(ANDROID_LOG_ERROR, "libc",
+                              "Unable to enable fallback allocator, already in use.");
+      }
+    }
+    return enabled_;
   }
 
-  {
-    std::unique_ptr<unwindstack::Regs> regs;
-
-    ThreadInfo thread;
-    thread.pid = getpid();
-    thread.tid = gettid();
-    thread.thread_name = get_thread_name(gettid());
-    thread.registers.reset(
-        unwindstack::Regs::CreateFromUcontext(unwindstack::Regs::CurrentArch(), ucontext));
-
-    // Do not use the thread cache here because it will call pthread_key_create
-    // which doesn't work in linker code. See b/189803009.
-    // Use a normal cached object because the thread is stopped, and there
-    // is no chance of data changing between reads.
-    auto process_memory = unwindstack::Memory::CreateProcessMemoryCached(getpid());
-    // TODO: Create this once and store it in a global?
-    unwindstack::AndroidLocalUnwinder unwinder(process_memory);
-    dump_backtrace_thread(output_fd, &unwinder, thread);
+  void Disable() {
+    if (enabled_) {
+      __linker_disable_fallback_allocator();
+      enabled_ = false;
+    }
   }
-  __linker_disable_fallback_allocator();
-}
 
-static void debuggerd_fallback_tombstone(int output_fd, int proto_fd, ucontext_t* ucontext,
-                                         siginfo_t* siginfo, void* abort_message) {
-  if (!__linker_enable_fallback_allocator()) {
-    async_safe_format_log(ANDROID_LOG_ERROR, "libc", "fallback allocator already in use");
-    return;
-  }
+  bool enabled() { return enabled_; }
 
-  engrave_tombstone_ucontext(output_fd, proto_fd, reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(abort_message),
-                             siginfo, ucontext);
-  __linker_disable_fallback_allocator();
+ private:
+  bool enabled_ = false;
+};
+
+static void debuggerd_fallback_trace(int output_fd, ucontext_t* ucontext) {
+  std::unique_ptr<unwindstack::Regs> regs;
+
+  ThreadInfo thread;
+  thread.pid = getpid();
+  thread.tid = gettid();
+  thread.thread_name = get_thread_name(gettid());
+  thread.registers.reset(
+      unwindstack::Regs::CreateFromUcontext(unwindstack::Regs::CurrentArch(), ucontext));
+
+  // Do not use the thread cache here because it will call pthread_key_create
+  // which doesn't work in linker code. See b/189803009.
+  // Use a normal cached object because the thread is stopped, and there
+  // is no chance of data changing between reads.
+  auto process_memory = unwindstack::Memory::CreateProcessMemoryCached(getpid());
+  // TODO: Create this once and store it in a global?
+  unwindstack::AndroidLocalUnwinder unwinder(process_memory);
+  dump_backtrace_thread(output_fd, &unwinder, thread);
 }
 
 static bool forward_output(int src_fd, int dst_fd, pid_t expected_tid) {
@@ -154,6 +173,11 @@ static std::pair<pid_t, int> unpack_thread_fd(uint64_t value) {
 }
 
 static void trace_handler(siginfo_t* info, ucontext_t* ucontext) {
+  ScopedUseFallbackAllocator allocator;
+  if (!allocator.enabled()) {
+    return;
+  }
+
   static std::atomic<uint64_t> trace_output(pack_thread_fd(-1, -1));
 
   if (info->si_value.sival_ptr == kDebuggerdFallbackSivalPtrRequestDump) {
@@ -181,6 +205,11 @@ static void trace_handler(siginfo_t* info, ucontext_t* ucontext) {
       async_safe_format_log(ANDROID_LOG_ERROR, "libc", "failed to write to output fd");
     }
 
+    // Stop using the fallback allocator before the close. This will prevent
+    // a race condition where the thread backtracing all of the threads tries
+    // to re-acquire the fallback allocator.
+    allocator.Disable();
+
     close(fd);
     return;
   }
@@ -210,10 +239,15 @@ static void trace_handler(siginfo_t* info, ucontext_t* ucontext) {
 
   // Send a signal to all of our siblings, asking them to dump their stack.
   pid_t current_tid = gettid();
-  if (!iterate_tids(current_tid, [&output_fd, &current_tid](pid_t tid) {
+  if (!iterate_tids(current_tid, [&allocator, &output_fd, &current_tid](pid_t tid) {
         if (current_tid == tid) {
           return;
         }
+
+        if (!allocator.enabled()) {
+          return;
+        }
+
         // Use a pipe, to be able to detect situations where the thread gracefully exits before
         // receiving our signal.
         unique_fd pipe_read, pipe_write;
@@ -233,22 +267,29 @@ static void trace_handler(siginfo_t* info, ucontext_t* ucontext) {
           return;
         }
 
+        // Disable our use of the fallback allocator while the target thread
+        // is getting the backtrace.
+        allocator.Disable();
+
         siginfo_t siginfo = {};
         siginfo.si_code = SI_QUEUE;
         siginfo.si_value.sival_ptr = kDebuggerdFallbackSivalPtrRequestDump;
         siginfo.si_pid = getpid();
         siginfo.si_uid = getuid();
 
-        if (syscall(__NR_rt_tgsigqueueinfo, getpid(), tid, BIONIC_SIGNAL_DEBUGGER, &siginfo) != 0) {
+        if (syscall(__NR_rt_tgsigqueueinfo, getpid(), tid, BIONIC_SIGNAL_DEBUGGER, &siginfo) == 0) {
+          if (!forward_output(pipe_read.get(), output_fd.get(), tid)) {
+            async_safe_format_log(ANDROID_LOG_ERROR, "libc",
+                                  "timeout expired while waiting for thread %d to dump", tid);
+          }
+        } else {
           async_safe_format_log(ANDROID_LOG_ERROR, "libc", "failed to send trace signal to %d: %s",
                                 tid, strerror(errno));
-          return;
         }
 
-        bool success = forward_output(pipe_read.get(), output_fd.get(), tid);
-        if (!success) {
-          async_safe_format_log(ANDROID_LOG_ERROR, "libc",
-                                "timeout expired while waiting for thread %d to dump", tid);
+        // The thread should be finished now, so try and re-enable the fallback allocator.
+        if (!allocator.Enable()) {
+          return;
         }
 
         // Regardless of whether the poll succeeds, check to see if the thread took fd ownership.
@@ -260,14 +301,15 @@ static void trace_handler(siginfo_t* info, ucontext_t* ucontext) {
             close(fd);
           }
         }
-
-        return;
       })) {
     async_safe_format_log(ANDROID_LOG_ERROR, "libc", "failed to open /proc/%d/task: %s",
                           current_tid, strerror(errno));
   }
 
-  dump_backtrace_footer(output_fd.get());
+  if (allocator.enabled()) {
+    dump_backtrace_footer(output_fd.get());
+  }
+
   tombstoned_notify_completion(tombstone_socket.get());
 }
 
@@ -295,7 +337,13 @@ static void crash_handler(siginfo_t* info, ucontext_t* ucontext, void* abort_mes
   unique_fd tombstone_socket, output_fd, proto_fd;
   bool tombstoned_connected = tombstoned_connect(getpid(), &tombstone_socket, &output_fd, &proto_fd,
                                                  kDebuggerdTombstoneProto);
-  debuggerd_fallback_tombstone(output_fd.get(), proto_fd.get(), ucontext, info, abort_message);
+  {
+    ScopedUseFallbackAllocator allocator;
+    if (allocator.enabled()) {
+      engrave_tombstone_ucontext(output_fd.get(), proto_fd.get(),
+                                 reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(abort_message), info, ucontext);
+    }
+  }
   if (tombstoned_connected) {
     tombstoned_notify_completion(tombstone_socket.get());
   }
diff --git a/debuggerd/handler/debuggerd_handler.cpp b/debuggerd/handler/debuggerd_handler.cpp
index baa5bfb50677..88278ca667e8 100644
--- a/debuggerd/handler/debuggerd_handler.cpp
+++ b/debuggerd/handler/debuggerd_handler.cpp
@@ -36,10 +36,12 @@
 #include <sys/uio.h>
 #include <sys/un.h>
 #include <sys/wait.h>
+#include <time.h>
 #include <unistd.h>
 
 #include <android-base/macros.h>
 #include <android-base/parsebool.h>
+#include <android-base/parseint.h>
 #include <android-base/properties.h>
 #include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
 #include <async_safe/log.h>
@@ -108,13 +110,66 @@ static bool is_permissive_mte() {
                            "persist.device_config.memory_safety_native.permissive.process.%s",
                            getprogname());
   // DO NOT REPLACE this with GetBoolProperty. That uses std::string which allocates, so it is
-  // not async-safe (and this functiong gets used in a signal handler).
+  // not async-safe, and this function gets used in a signal handler.
   return property_parse_bool("persist.sys.mte.permissive") ||
          property_parse_bool("persist.device_config.memory_safety_native.permissive.default") ||
          property_parse_bool(process_sysprop_name) ||
          (permissive_env && ParseBool(permissive_env) == ParseBoolResult::kTrue);
 }
 
+static bool parse_uint_with_error_reporting(const char* s, const char* name, int* v) {
+  if (android::base::ParseInt(s, v) && *v >= 0) {
+    return true;
+  }
+  async_safe_format_log(ANDROID_LOG_ERROR, "libc", "invalid %s: %s", name, s);
+  return false;
+}
+
+// We cannot use base::GetIntProperty, because that internally uses
+// std::string, which allocates.
+static bool property_parse_int(const char* name, int* out) {
+  const prop_info* pi = __system_property_find(name);
+  if (!pi) return false;
+  struct cookie_t {
+    int* out;
+    bool empty;
+  } cookie{out, true};
+  __system_property_read_callback(
+      pi,
+      [](void* raw_cookie, const char* name, const char* value, uint32_t) {
+        // Property is set to empty value, ignoring.
+        if (!*value) return;
+        cookie_t* cookie = reinterpret_cast<cookie_t*>(raw_cookie);
+        if (parse_uint_with_error_reporting(value, name, cookie->out)) cookie->empty = false;
+      },
+      &cookie);
+  return !cookie.empty;
+}
+
+static int permissive_mte_renable_timer() {
+  if (char* env = getenv("MTE_PERMISSIVE_REENABLE_TIME_CPUMS")) {
+    int v;
+    if (parse_uint_with_error_reporting(env, "MTE_PERMISSIVE_REENABLE_TIME_CPUMS", &v)) return v;
+  }
+
+  char process_sysprop_name[512];
+  async_safe_format_buffer(process_sysprop_name, sizeof(process_sysprop_name),
+                           "persist.sys.mte.permissive_reenable_timer.process.%s", getprogname());
+  int v;
+  if (property_parse_int(process_sysprop_name, &v)) return v;
+  if (property_parse_int("persist.sys.mte.permissive_reenable_timer.default", &v)) return v;
+  char process_deviceconf_sysprop_name[512];
+  async_safe_format_buffer(
+      process_deviceconf_sysprop_name, sizeof(process_deviceconf_sysprop_name),
+      "persist.device_config.memory_safety_native.permissive_reenable_timer.process.%s",
+      getprogname());
+  if (property_parse_int(process_deviceconf_sysprop_name, &v)) return v;
+  if (property_parse_int(
+          "persist.device_config.memory_safety_native.permissive_reenable_timer.default", &v))
+    return v;
+  return 0;
+}
+
 static inline void futex_wait(volatile void* ftx, int value) {
   syscall(__NR_futex, ftx, FUTEX_WAIT, value, nullptr, nullptr, 0);
 }
@@ -275,10 +330,6 @@ static void raise_caps() {
   }
 }
 
-static pid_t __fork() {
-  return clone(nullptr, nullptr, 0, nullptr);
-}
-
 // Double-clone, with CLONE_FILES to share the file descriptor table for kcmp validation.
 // Returns 0 in the orphaned child, the pid of the orphan in the original process, or -1 on failure.
 static void create_vm_process() {
@@ -338,6 +389,13 @@ static DebuggerdDumpType get_dump_type(const debugger_thread_info* thread_info)
   return kDebuggerdTombstoneProto;
 }
 
+static const char* get_unwind_type(const debugger_thread_info* thread_info) {
+  if (thread_info->siginfo->si_signo == BIONIC_SIGNAL_DEBUGGER) {
+    return "Unwind request";
+  }
+  return "Crash due to signal";
+}
+
 static int debuggerd_dispatch_pseudothread(void* arg) {
   debugger_thread_info* thread_info = static_cast<debugger_thread_info*>(arg);
 
@@ -395,7 +453,9 @@ static int debuggerd_dispatch_pseudothread(void* arg) {
     ASSERT_SAME_OFFSET(scudo_region_info, scudo_region_info);
     ASSERT_SAME_OFFSET(scudo_ring_buffer, scudo_ring_buffer);
     ASSERT_SAME_OFFSET(scudo_ring_buffer_size, scudo_ring_buffer_size);
-    ASSERT_SAME_OFFSET(recoverable_gwp_asan_crash, recoverable_gwp_asan_crash);
+    ASSERT_SAME_OFFSET(scudo_stack_depot_size, scudo_stack_depot_size);
+    ASSERT_SAME_OFFSET(recoverable_crash, recoverable_crash);
+    ASSERT_SAME_OFFSET(crash_detail_page, crash_detail_page);
 #undef ASSERT_SAME_OFFSET
 
     iovs[3] = {.iov_base = &thread_info->process_info,
@@ -424,7 +484,7 @@ static int debuggerd_dispatch_pseudothread(void* arg) {
   }
 
   // Don't use fork(2) to avoid calling pthread_atfork handlers.
-  pid_t crash_dump_pid = __fork();
+  pid_t crash_dump_pid = _Fork();
   if (crash_dump_pid == -1) {
     async_safe_format_log(ANDROID_LOG_FATAL, "libc",
                           "failed to fork in debuggerd signal handler: %s", strerror(errno));
@@ -449,8 +509,8 @@ static int debuggerd_dispatch_pseudothread(void* arg) {
 
     execle(CRASH_DUMP_PATH, CRASH_DUMP_NAME, main_tid, pseudothread_tid, debuggerd_dump_type,
            nullptr, nullptr);
-    async_safe_format_log(ANDROID_LOG_FATAL, "libc", "failed to exec crash_dump helper: %s",
-                          strerror(errno));
+    async_safe_format_log(ANDROID_LOG_FATAL, "libc", "%s: failed to exec crash_dump helper: %s",
+                          get_unwind_type(thread_info), strerror(errno));
     return 1;
   }
 
@@ -471,26 +531,30 @@ static int debuggerd_dispatch_pseudothread(void* arg) {
   } else {
     // Something went wrong, log it.
     if (rc == -1) {
-      async_safe_format_log(ANDROID_LOG_FATAL, "libc", "read of IPC pipe failed: %s",
-                            strerror(errno));
+      async_safe_format_log(ANDROID_LOG_FATAL, "libc", "%s: read of IPC pipe failed: %s",
+                            get_unwind_type(thread_info), strerror(errno));
     } else if (rc == 0) {
       async_safe_format_log(ANDROID_LOG_FATAL, "libc",
-                            "crash_dump helper failed to exec, or was killed");
+                            "%s: crash_dump helper failed to exec, or was killed",
+                            get_unwind_type(thread_info));
     } else if (rc != 1) {
       async_safe_format_log(ANDROID_LOG_FATAL, "libc",
-                            "read of IPC pipe returned unexpected value: %zd", rc);
+                            "%s: read of IPC pipe returned unexpected value: %zd",
+                            get_unwind_type(thread_info), rc);
     } else if (buf[0] != '\1') {
-      async_safe_format_log(ANDROID_LOG_FATAL, "libc", "crash_dump helper reported failure");
+      async_safe_format_log(ANDROID_LOG_FATAL, "libc", "%s: crash_dump helper reported failure",
+                            get_unwind_type(thread_info));
     }
   }
 
   // Don't leave a zombie child.
   int status;
   if (TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(waitpid(crash_dump_pid, &status, 0)) == -1) {
-    async_safe_format_log(ANDROID_LOG_FATAL, "libc", "failed to wait for crash_dump helper: %s",
-                          strerror(errno));
+    async_safe_format_log(ANDROID_LOG_FATAL, "libc", "%s: failed to wait for crash_dump helper: %s",
+                          get_unwind_type(thread_info), strerror(errno));
   } else if (WIFSTOPPED(status) || WIFSIGNALED(status)) {
-    async_safe_format_log(ANDROID_LOG_FATAL, "libc", "crash_dump helper crashed or stopped");
+    async_safe_format_log(ANDROID_LOG_FATAL, "libc", "%s: crash_dump helper crashed or stopped",
+                          get_unwind_type(thread_info));
   }
 
   if (success) {
@@ -552,8 +616,14 @@ static void debuggerd_signal_handler(int signal_number, siginfo_t* info, void* c
   }
 
   debugger_process_info process_info = {};
+  if (g_callbacks.get_process_info) {
+    process_info = g_callbacks.get_process_info();
+  }
   uintptr_t si_val = reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(info->si_ptr);
   if (signal_number == BIONIC_SIGNAL_DEBUGGER) {
+    // Applications can set abort messages via android_set_abort_message without
+    // actually aborting; ignore those messages in non-fatal dumps.
+    process_info.abort_msg = nullptr;
     if (info->si_code == SI_QUEUE && info->si_pid == __getpid()) {
       // Allow for the abort message to be explicitly specified via the sigqueue value.
       // Keep the bottom bit intact for representing whether we want a backtrace or a tombstone.
@@ -562,24 +632,74 @@ static void debuggerd_signal_handler(int signal_number, siginfo_t* info, void* c
         info->si_ptr = reinterpret_cast<void*>(si_val & 1);
       }
     }
-  } else if (g_callbacks.get_process_info) {
-    process_info = g_callbacks.get_process_info();
   }
 
-  // GWP-ASan catches use-after-free and heap-buffer-overflow by using PROT_NONE
-  // guard pages, which lead to SEGV. Normally, debuggerd prints a bug report
-  // and the process terminates, but in some cases, we actually want to print
-  // the bug report and let the signal handler return, and restart the process.
-  // In order to do that, we need to disable GWP-ASan's guard pages. The
-  // following callbacks handle this case.
-  gwp_asan_callbacks_t gwp_asan_callbacks = g_callbacks.get_gwp_asan_callbacks();
-  if (signal_number == SIGSEGV && signal_has_si_addr(info) &&
-      gwp_asan_callbacks.debuggerd_needs_gwp_asan_recovery &&
-      gwp_asan_callbacks.debuggerd_gwp_asan_pre_crash_report &&
-      gwp_asan_callbacks.debuggerd_gwp_asan_post_crash_report &&
-      gwp_asan_callbacks.debuggerd_needs_gwp_asan_recovery(info->si_addr)) {
-    gwp_asan_callbacks.debuggerd_gwp_asan_pre_crash_report(info->si_addr);
-    process_info.recoverable_gwp_asan_crash = true;
+  gwp_asan_callbacks_t gwp_asan_callbacks = {};
+  bool recoverable_gwp_asan_crash = false;
+  if (g_callbacks.get_gwp_asan_callbacks != nullptr) {
+    // GWP-ASan catches use-after-free and heap-buffer-overflow by using PROT_NONE
+    // guard pages, which lead to SEGV. Normally, debuggerd prints a bug report
+    // and the process terminates, but in some cases, we actually want to print
+    // the bug report and let the signal handler return, and restart the process.
+    // In order to do that, we need to disable GWP-ASan's guard pages. The
+    // following callbacks handle this case.
+    gwp_asan_callbacks = g_callbacks.get_gwp_asan_callbacks();
+    if (signal_number == SIGSEGV && signal_has_si_addr(info) &&
+        gwp_asan_callbacks.debuggerd_needs_gwp_asan_recovery &&
+        gwp_asan_callbacks.debuggerd_gwp_asan_pre_crash_report &&
+        gwp_asan_callbacks.debuggerd_gwp_asan_post_crash_report &&
+        gwp_asan_callbacks.debuggerd_needs_gwp_asan_recovery(info->si_addr)) {
+      gwp_asan_callbacks.debuggerd_gwp_asan_pre_crash_report(info->si_addr);
+      recoverable_gwp_asan_crash = true;
+      process_info.recoverable_crash = true;
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (info->si_signo == SIGSEGV &&
+      (info->si_code == SEGV_MTESERR || info->si_code == SEGV_MTEAERR) && is_permissive_mte()) {
+    process_info.recoverable_crash = true;
+    // If we are in permissive MTE mode, we do not crash, but instead disable MTE on this thread,
+    // and then let the failing instruction be retried. The second time should work (except
+    // if there is another non-MTE fault).
+    int tagged_addr_ctrl = prctl(PR_GET_TAGGED_ADDR_CTRL, 0, 0, 0, 0);
+    if (tagged_addr_ctrl < 0) {
+      fatal_errno("failed to PR_GET_TAGGED_ADDR_CTRL");
+    }
+    int previous = tagged_addr_ctrl & PR_MTE_TCF_MASK;
+    tagged_addr_ctrl = (tagged_addr_ctrl & ~PR_MTE_TCF_MASK) | PR_MTE_TCF_NONE;
+    if (prctl(PR_SET_TAGGED_ADDR_CTRL, tagged_addr_ctrl, 0, 0, 0) < 0) {
+      fatal_errno("failed to PR_SET_TAGGED_ADDR_CTRL");
+    }
+    if (int reenable_timer = permissive_mte_renable_timer()) {
+      async_safe_format_log(ANDROID_LOG_ERROR, "libc",
+                            "MTE ERROR DETECTED BUT RUNNING IN PERMISSIVE MODE. CONTINUING WITH "
+                            "MTE DISABLED FOR %d MS OF CPU TIME.",
+                            reenable_timer);
+      timer_t timerid{};
+      struct sigevent sev {};
+      sev.sigev_signo = BIONIC_ENABLE_MTE;
+      sev.sigev_notify = SIGEV_THREAD_ID;
+      sev.sigev_value.sival_int = previous;
+      sev.sigev_notify_thread_id = __gettid();
+      // This MUST be CLOCK_THREAD_CPUTIME_ID. If we used CLOCK_MONOTONIC we could get stuck
+      // in an endless loop of re-running the same instruction, calling this signal handler,
+      // and re-enabling MTE before we had a chance to re-run the instruction.
+      if (timer_create(CLOCK_THREAD_CPUTIME_ID, &sev, &timerid) == -1) {
+        fatal_errno("timer_create() failed");
+      }
+      struct itimerspec its {};
+      its.it_value.tv_sec = reenable_timer / 1000;
+      its.it_value.tv_nsec = (reenable_timer % 1000) * 1000000;
+
+      if (timer_settime(timerid, 0, &its, nullptr) == -1) {
+        fatal_errno("timer_settime() failed");
+      }
+    } else {
+      async_safe_format_log(
+          ANDROID_LOG_ERROR, "libc",
+          "MTE ERROR DETECTED BUT RUNNING IN PERMISSIVE MODE. CONTINUING WITH MTE DISABLED.");
+    }
+    pthread_mutex_unlock(&crash_mutex);
   }
 
   // If sival_int is ~0, it means that the fallback handler has been called
@@ -593,7 +713,7 @@ static void debuggerd_signal_handler(int signal_number, siginfo_t* info, void* c
     // you can only set NO_NEW_PRIVS to 1, and the effect should be at worst a single missing
     // ANR trace.
     debuggerd_fallback_handler(info, ucontext, process_info.abort_msg);
-    if (no_new_privs && process_info.recoverable_gwp_asan_crash) {
+    if (no_new_privs && recoverable_gwp_asan_crash) {
       gwp_asan_callbacks.debuggerd_gwp_asan_post_crash_report(info->si_addr);
       return;
     }
@@ -670,29 +790,14 @@ static void debuggerd_signal_handler(int signal_number, siginfo_t* info, void* c
     // If the signal is fatal, don't unlock the mutex to prevent other crashing threads from
     // starting to dump right before our death.
     pthread_mutex_unlock(&crash_mutex);
-  } else if (process_info.recoverable_gwp_asan_crash) {
-    gwp_asan_callbacks.debuggerd_gwp_asan_post_crash_report(info->si_addr);
+  } else if (process_info.recoverable_crash) {
+    if (recoverable_gwp_asan_crash) {
+      gwp_asan_callbacks.debuggerd_gwp_asan_post_crash_report(info->si_addr);
+    }
     pthread_mutex_unlock(&crash_mutex);
   }
 #ifdef __aarch64__
-  else if (info->si_signo == SIGSEGV &&
-           (info->si_code == SEGV_MTESERR || info->si_code == SEGV_MTEAERR) &&
-           is_permissive_mte()) {
-    // If we are in permissive MTE mode, we do not crash, but instead disable MTE on this thread,
-    // and then let the failing instruction be retried. The second time should work (except
-    // if there is another non-MTE fault).
-    int tagged_addr_ctrl = prctl(PR_GET_TAGGED_ADDR_CTRL, 0, 0, 0, 0);
-    if (tagged_addr_ctrl < 0) {
-      fatal_errno("failed to PR_GET_TAGGED_ADDR_CTRL");
-    }
-    tagged_addr_ctrl = (tagged_addr_ctrl & ~PR_MTE_TCF_MASK) | PR_MTE_TCF_NONE;
-    if (prctl(PR_SET_TAGGED_ADDR_CTRL, tagged_addr_ctrl, 0, 0, 0) < 0) {
-      fatal_errno("failed to PR_SET_TAGGED_ADDR_CTRL");
-    }
-    async_safe_format_log(ANDROID_LOG_ERROR, "libc",
-                          "MTE ERROR DETECTED BUT RUNNING IN PERMISSIVE MODE. CONTINUING.");
-    pthread_mutex_unlock(&crash_mutex);
-  } else if (info->si_signo == SIGSEGV && info->si_code == SEGV_MTEAERR && getppid() == 1) {
+  else if (info->si_signo == SIGSEGV && info->si_code == SEGV_MTEAERR && getppid() == 1) {
     // Back channel to init (see system/core/init/service.cpp) to signal that
     // this process crashed due to an ASYNC MTE fault and should be considered
     // for upgrade to SYNC mode. We are re-using the ART profiler signal, which
@@ -718,19 +823,19 @@ void debuggerd_init(debuggerd_callbacks_t* callbacks) {
   }
 
   size_t thread_stack_pages = 8;
-  void* thread_stack_allocation = mmap(nullptr, PAGE_SIZE * (thread_stack_pages + 2), PROT_NONE,
+  void* thread_stack_allocation = mmap(nullptr, getpagesize() * (thread_stack_pages + 2), PROT_NONE,
                                        MAP_ANONYMOUS | MAP_PRIVATE, -1, 0);
   if (thread_stack_allocation == MAP_FAILED) {
     fatal_errno("failed to allocate debuggerd thread stack");
   }
 
-  char* stack = static_cast<char*>(thread_stack_allocation) + PAGE_SIZE;
-  if (mprotect(stack, PAGE_SIZE * thread_stack_pages, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE) != 0) {
+  char* stack = static_cast<char*>(thread_stack_allocation) + getpagesize();
+  if (mprotect(stack, getpagesize() * thread_stack_pages, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE) != 0) {
     fatal_errno("failed to mprotect debuggerd thread stack");
   }
 
   // Stack grows negatively, set it to the last byte in the page...
-  stack = (stack + thread_stack_pages * PAGE_SIZE - 1);
+  stack = (stack + thread_stack_pages * getpagesize() - 1);
   // and align it.
   stack -= 15;
   pseudothread_stack = stack;
@@ -744,7 +849,6 @@ void debuggerd_init(debuggerd_callbacks_t* callbacks) {
   // Use the alternate signal stack if available so we can catch stack overflows.
   action.sa_flags |= SA_ONSTACK;
 
-#define SA_EXPOSE_TAGBITS 0x00000800
   // Request that the kernel set tag bits in the fault address. This is necessary for diagnosing MTE
   // faults.
   action.sa_flags |= SA_EXPOSE_TAGBITS;
@@ -752,18 +856,8 @@ void debuggerd_init(debuggerd_callbacks_t* callbacks) {
   debuggerd_register_handlers(&action);
 }
 
-// When debuggerd's signal handler is the first handler called, it's great at
-// handling the recoverable GWP-ASan mode. For apps, sigchain (from libart) is
-// always the first signal handler, and so the following function is what
-// sigchain must call before processing the signal. This allows for processing
-// of a potentially recoverable GWP-ASan crash. If the signal requires GWP-ASan
-// recovery, then dump a report (via the regular debuggerd hanndler), and patch
-// up the allocator, and allow the process to continue (indicated by returning
-// 'true'). If the crash has nothing to do with GWP-ASan, or recovery isn't
-// possible, return 'false'.
-bool debuggerd_handle_signal(int signal_number, siginfo_t* info, void* context) {
-  if (signal_number != SIGSEGV || !signal_has_si_addr(info)) return false;
-
+bool debuggerd_handle_gwp_asan_signal(int signal_number, siginfo_t* info, void* context) {
+  if (g_callbacks.get_gwp_asan_callbacks == nullptr) return false;
   gwp_asan_callbacks_t gwp_asan_callbacks = g_callbacks.get_gwp_asan_callbacks();
   if (gwp_asan_callbacks.debuggerd_needs_gwp_asan_recovery == nullptr ||
       gwp_asan_callbacks.debuggerd_gwp_asan_pre_crash_report == nullptr ||
@@ -800,3 +894,33 @@ bool debuggerd_handle_signal(int signal_number, siginfo_t* info, void* context)
   pthread_mutex_unlock(&first_crash_mutex);
   return true;
 }
+
+// When debuggerd's signal handler is the first handler called, it's great at
+// handling the recoverable GWP-ASan and permissive MTE modes. For apps,
+// sigchain (from libart) is always the first signal handler, and so the
+// following function is what sigchain must call before processing the signal.
+// This allows for processing of a potentially recoverable GWP-ASan or MTE
+// crash. If the signal requires recovery, then dump a report (via the regular
+// debuggerd hanndler), and patch up the allocator (in the case of GWP-ASan) or
+// disable MTE on the thread, and allow the process to continue (indicated by
+// returning 'true'). If the crash has nothing to do with GWP-ASan/MTE, or
+// recovery isn't possible, return 'false'.
+bool debuggerd_handle_signal(int signal_number, siginfo_t* info, void* context) {
+  if (signal_number != SIGSEGV) return false;
+  if (info->si_code == SEGV_MTEAERR || info->si_code == SEGV_MTESERR) {
+    if (!is_permissive_mte()) return false;
+    // Because permissive MTE disables MTE for the entire thread, we're less
+    // worried about getting a whole bunch of crashes in a row. ActivityManager
+    // doesn't like multiple native crashes for an app in a short period of time
+    // (see the comment about recoverable GWP-ASan in
+    // `debuggerd_handle_gwp_asan_signal`), but that shouldn't happen if MTE is
+    // disabled for the entire thread. This might need to be changed if there's
+    // some low-hanging bug that happens across multiple threads in quick
+    // succession.
+    debuggerd_signal_handler(signal_number, info, context);
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  if (!signal_has_si_addr(info)) return false;
+  return debuggerd_handle_gwp_asan_signal(signal_number, info, context);
+}
diff --git a/debuggerd/include/debuggerd/client.h b/debuggerd/include/debuggerd/client.h
index b7284b08ecff..e7401cc4e2b3 100644
--- a/debuggerd/include/debuggerd/client.h
+++ b/debuggerd/include/debuggerd/client.h
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@
 
 // Trigger a dump of specified process to output_fd.
 // output_fd is consumed, timeout of 0 will wait forever.
-bool debuggerd_trigger_dump(pid_t pid, enum DebuggerdDumpType dump_type, unsigned int timeout_ms,
+bool debuggerd_trigger_dump(pid_t tid, enum DebuggerdDumpType dump_type, unsigned int timeout_ms,
                             android::base::unique_fd output_fd);
 
 int dump_backtrace_to_file(pid_t tid, enum DebuggerdDumpType dump_type, int output_fd);
diff --git a/debuggerd/include/debuggerd/handler.h b/debuggerd/include/debuggerd/handler.h
index ebb537236d83..954f049a6f55 100644
--- a/debuggerd/include/debuggerd/handler.h
+++ b/debuggerd/include/debuggerd/handler.h
@@ -33,6 +33,8 @@ struct AllocatorState;
 struct AllocationMetadata;
 };  // namespace gwp_asan
 
+struct crash_detail_page_t;
+
 // When updating this data structure, CrashInfoDataDynamic and the code in
 // ReadCrashInfo() must also be updated.
 struct __attribute__((packed)) debugger_process_info {
@@ -44,7 +46,9 @@ struct __attribute__((packed)) debugger_process_info {
   const char* scudo_region_info;
   const char* scudo_ring_buffer;
   size_t scudo_ring_buffer_size;
-  bool recoverable_gwp_asan_crash;
+  size_t scudo_stack_depot_size;
+  bool recoverable_crash;
+  struct crash_detail_page_t* crash_detail_page;
 };
 
 // GWP-ASan calbacks to support the recoverable mode. Separate from the
diff --git a/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/include/libdebuggerd/open_files_list.h b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/include/libdebuggerd/open_files_list.h
index d47f2ddf6d6b..12a425e95bf2 100644
--- a/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/include/libdebuggerd/open_files_list.h
+++ b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/include/libdebuggerd/open_files_list.h
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@
 #include <sys/types.h>
 
 #include <map>
+#include <memory>
 #include <optional>
 #include <string>
 #include <utility>
diff --git a/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/include/libdebuggerd/scudo.h b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/include/libdebuggerd/scudo.h
index a506859a4211..89bf5a96da74 100644
--- a/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/include/libdebuggerd/scudo.h
+++ b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/include/libdebuggerd/scudo.h
@@ -16,6 +16,8 @@
 
 #pragma once
 
+#if defined(USE_SCUDO)
+
 #include "types.h"
 #include "utility.h"
 
@@ -49,3 +51,5 @@ class ScudoCrashData {
   void FillInCause(Cause* cause, const scudo_error_report* report,
                    unwindstack::AndroidUnwinder* unwinder) const;
 };
+
+#endif  // USE_SCUDO
diff --git a/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/include/libdebuggerd/tombstone.h b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/include/libdebuggerd/tombstone.h
index be999e04e6a0..39989c3a3c82 100644
--- a/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/include/libdebuggerd/tombstone.h
+++ b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/include/libdebuggerd/tombstone.h
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@
 #include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
 
 #include "open_files_list.h"
+#include "tombstone.pb.h"
 #include "types.h"
 
 // Forward declarations
@@ -54,20 +55,22 @@ void engrave_tombstone(android::base::unique_fd output_fd, android::base::unique
                        unwindstack::AndroidUnwinder* unwinder,
                        const std::map<pid_t, ThreadInfo>& thread_info, pid_t target_thread,
                        const ProcessInfo& process_info, OpenFilesList* open_files,
-                       std::string* amfd_data);
+                       std::string* amfd_data, const Architecture* guest_arch = nullptr,
+                       unwindstack::AndroidUnwinder* guest_unwinder = nullptr);
 
 void engrave_tombstone_ucontext(int tombstone_fd, int proto_fd, uint64_t abort_msg_address,
                                 siginfo_t* siginfo, ucontext_t* ucontext);
 
 void engrave_tombstone_proto(Tombstone* tombstone, unwindstack::AndroidUnwinder* unwinder,
                              const std::map<pid_t, ThreadInfo>& threads, pid_t target_thread,
-                             const ProcessInfo& process_info, const OpenFilesList* open_files);
-
-bool tombstone_proto_to_text(
-    const Tombstone& tombstone,
-    std::function<void(const std::string& line, bool should_log)> callback);
+                             const ProcessInfo& process_info, const OpenFilesList* open_files,
+                             const Architecture* guest_arch,
+                             unwindstack::AndroidUnwinder* guest_unwinder);
 
 void fill_in_backtrace_frame(BacktraceFrame* f, const unwindstack::FrameData& frame);
 void set_human_readable_cause(Cause* cause, uint64_t fault_addr);
-
+#if defined(__aarch64__)
+void dump_stack_history(unwindstack::AndroidUnwinder* unwinder, uintptr_t target_tls,
+                        StackHistoryBuffer& shb_ob, bool nounwind = false);
+#endif
 #endif  // _DEBUGGERD_TOMBSTONE_H
diff --git a/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/include/libdebuggerd/tombstone_proto_to_text.h b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/include/libdebuggerd/tombstone_proto_to_text.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..2de9723447a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/include/libdebuggerd/tombstone_proto_to_text.h
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2024 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <functional>
+#include <string>
+
+class BacktraceFrame;
+class Tombstone;
+
+bool tombstone_proto_to_text(
+    const Tombstone& tombstone,
+    std::function<void(const std::string& line, bool should_log)> callback,
+    std::function<void(const BacktraceFrame& frame)> symbolize);
diff --git a/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/include/libdebuggerd/types.h b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/include/libdebuggerd/types.h
index 5a2a7abad43f..f7fc2a3b7df3 100644
--- a/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/include/libdebuggerd/types.h
+++ b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/include/libdebuggerd/types.h
@@ -39,6 +39,11 @@ struct ThreadInfo {
 
   int signo = 0;
   siginfo_t* siginfo = nullptr;
+
+  std::unique_ptr<unwindstack::Regs> guest_registers;
+#if defined(__aarch64__)
+  uintptr_t tls;  // This is currently used for MTE stack history buffer.
+#endif
 };
 
 // This struct is written into a pipe from inside the crashing process.
@@ -51,8 +56,10 @@ struct ProcessInfo {
   uintptr_t scudo_region_info = 0;
   uintptr_t scudo_ring_buffer = 0;
   size_t scudo_ring_buffer_size = 0;
+  size_t scudo_stack_depot_size = 0;
 
   bool has_fault_address = false;
   uintptr_t untagged_fault_address = 0;
   uintptr_t maybe_tagged_fault_address = 0;
+  uintptr_t crash_detail_page = 0;
 };
diff --git a/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/include/libdebuggerd/utility.h b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/include/libdebuggerd/utility.h
index 198de37a6263..b86c13d0806a 100644
--- a/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/include/libdebuggerd/utility.h
+++ b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/include/libdebuggerd/utility.h
@@ -91,12 +91,3 @@ bool signal_has_si_addr(const siginfo_t*);
 void get_signal_sender(char* buf, size_t n, const siginfo_t*);
 const char* get_signame(const siginfo_t*);
 const char* get_sigcode(const siginfo_t*);
-std::string describe_tagged_addr_ctrl(long ctrl);
-std::string describe_pac_enabled_keys(long keys);
-
-// Number of bytes per MTE granule.
-constexpr size_t kTagGranuleSize = 16;
-
-// Number of rows and columns to display in an MTE tag dump.
-constexpr size_t kNumTagColumns = 16;
-constexpr size_t kNumTagRows = 16;
diff --git a/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/include/libdebuggerd/utility_host.h b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/include/libdebuggerd/utility_host.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..819a99d2d942
--- /dev/null
+++ b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/include/libdebuggerd/utility_host.h
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2024, The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <string>
+
+#include <stddef.h>
+
+std::string describe_tagged_addr_ctrl(long ctrl);
+std::string describe_pac_enabled_keys(long keys);
+
+// Number of bytes per MTE granule.
+constexpr size_t kTagGranuleSize = 16;
+
+// Number of rows and columns to display in an MTE tag dump.
+constexpr size_t kNumTagColumns = 16;
+constexpr size_t kNumTagRows = 16;
+
+// Encode all non-ascii values and also ascii values that are not printable.
+std::string oct_encode_non_ascii_printable(const std::string& data);
+// Encode any value that fails isprint(), includes encoding chars like '\n' and '\t'.
+std::string oct_encode_non_printable(const std::string& data);
diff --git a/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/scudo.cpp b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/scudo.cpp
index 5a62fe1e762c..71d5fcfa73ba 100644
--- a/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/scudo.cpp
+++ b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/scudo.cpp
@@ -14,14 +14,18 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
+#if defined(USE_SCUDO)
+
 #include "libdebuggerd/scudo.h"
 #include "libdebuggerd/tombstone.h"
+#include "libdebuggerd/utility_host.h"
 
 #include "unwindstack/AndroidUnwinder.h"
 #include "unwindstack/Memory.h"
 
 #include <android-base/macros.h>
 #include <bionic/macros.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
 
 #include "tombstone.pb.h"
 
@@ -40,8 +44,6 @@ ScudoCrashData::ScudoCrashData(unwindstack::Memory* process_memory,
     return;
   }
 
-  auto stack_depot = AllocAndReadFully(process_memory, process_info.scudo_stack_depot,
-                                       __scudo_get_stack_depot_size());
   auto region_info = AllocAndReadFully(process_memory, process_info.scudo_region_info,
                                        __scudo_get_region_info_size());
   std::unique_ptr<char[]> ring_buffer;
@@ -49,26 +51,31 @@ ScudoCrashData::ScudoCrashData(unwindstack::Memory* process_memory,
     ring_buffer = AllocAndReadFully(process_memory, process_info.scudo_ring_buffer,
                                     process_info.scudo_ring_buffer_size);
   }
-  if (!stack_depot || !region_info) {
+  std::unique_ptr<char[]> stack_depot;
+  if (process_info.scudo_stack_depot_size != 0) {
+    stack_depot = AllocAndReadFully(process_memory, process_info.scudo_stack_depot,
+                                    process_info.scudo_stack_depot_size);
+  }
+  if (!region_info) {
     return;
   }
 
   untagged_fault_addr_ = process_info.untagged_fault_address;
-  uintptr_t fault_page = untagged_fault_addr_ & ~(PAGE_SIZE - 1);
+  uintptr_t fault_page = untagged_fault_addr_ & ~(getpagesize() - 1);
 
-  uintptr_t memory_begin = fault_page - PAGE_SIZE * 16;
+  uintptr_t memory_begin = fault_page - getpagesize() * 16;
   if (memory_begin > fault_page) {
     return;
   }
 
-  uintptr_t memory_end = fault_page + PAGE_SIZE * 16;
+  uintptr_t memory_end = fault_page + getpagesize() * 16;
   if (memory_end < fault_page) {
     return;
   }
 
   auto memory = std::make_unique<char[]>(memory_end - memory_begin);
-  for (auto i = memory_begin; i != memory_end; i += PAGE_SIZE) {
-    process_memory->ReadFully(i, memory.get() + i - memory_begin, PAGE_SIZE);
+  for (auto i = memory_begin; i != memory_end; i += getpagesize()) {
+    process_memory->ReadFully(i, memory.get() + i - memory_begin, getpagesize());
   }
 
   auto memory_tags = std::make_unique<char[]>((memory_end - memory_begin) / kTagGranuleSize);
@@ -77,7 +84,8 @@ ScudoCrashData::ScudoCrashData(unwindstack::Memory* process_memory,
   }
 
   __scudo_get_error_info(&error_info_, process_info.maybe_tagged_fault_address, stack_depot.get(),
-                         region_info.get(), ring_buffer.get(), memory.get(), memory_tags.get(),
+                         process_info.scudo_stack_depot_size, region_info.get(), ring_buffer.get(),
+                         process_info.scudo_ring_buffer_size, memory.get(), memory_tags.get(),
                          memory_begin, memory_end - memory_begin);
 }
 
@@ -136,3 +144,5 @@ void ScudoCrashData::AddCauseProtos(Tombstone* tombstone,
     FillInCause(tombstone->add_causes(), &error_info_.reports[report_num++], unwinder);
   }
 }
+
+#endif  // USE_SCUDO
diff --git a/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/test/dump_memory_test.cpp b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/test/dump_memory_test.cpp
index 5be145aad128..dee7b4827af7 100644
--- a/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/test/dump_memory_test.cpp
+++ b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/test/dump_memory_test.cpp
@@ -20,6 +20,8 @@
 #include <string>
 
 #include <android-base/file.h>
+#include <android-base/logging.h>
+#include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
 #include <unwindstack/Memory.h>
 
@@ -27,61 +29,64 @@
 
 #include "log_fake.h"
 
-const char g_expected_full_dump[] =
-"\nmemory near r1:\n"
+std::string GetMemoryString(uintptr_t addr, const std::vector<uint64_t>& data) {
+  // Must be even number of data values.
+  CHECK((data.size() & 1) == 0);
+
+  std::string str;
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < data.size(); i += 2) {
+    str += "    ";
+    std::string ascii_str = "";
+    for (size_t j = 0; j < 2; j++) {
+      for (size_t k = 0; k < 8; k++) {
+        uint8_t c = (data[i + j] >> (k * 8)) & 0xff;
+        if (c >= 0x20 && c < 0x7f) {
+          ascii_str += c;
+        } else {
+          ascii_str += '.';
+        }
+      }
+    }
 #if defined(__LP64__)
-"    0000000012345650 0706050403020100 0f0e0d0c0b0a0908  ................\n"
-"    0000000012345660 1716151413121110 1f1e1d1c1b1a1918  ................\n"
-"    0000000012345670 2726252423222120 2f2e2d2c2b2a2928   !\"#$%&'()*+,-./\n"
-"    0000000012345680 3736353433323130 3f3e3d3c3b3a3938  0123456789:;<=>?\n"
-"    0000000012345690 4746454443424140 4f4e4d4c4b4a4948  @ABCDEFGHIJKLMNO\n"
-"    00000000123456a0 5756555453525150 5f5e5d5c5b5a5958  PQRSTUVWXYZ[\\]^_\n"
-"    00000000123456b0 6766656463626160 6f6e6d6c6b6a6968  `abcdefghijklmno\n"
-"    00000000123456c0 7776757473727170 7f7e7d7c7b7a7978  pqrstuvwxyz{|}~.\n"
-"    00000000123456d0 8786858483828180 8f8e8d8c8b8a8988  ................\n"
-"    00000000123456e0 9796959493929190 9f9e9d9c9b9a9998  ................\n"
-"    00000000123456f0 a7a6a5a4a3a2a1a0 afaeadacabaaa9a8  ................\n"
-"    0000000012345700 b7b6b5b4b3b2b1b0 bfbebdbcbbbab9b8  ................\n"
-"    0000000012345710 c7c6c5c4c3c2c1c0 cfcecdcccbcac9c8  ................\n"
-"    0000000012345720 d7d6d5d4d3d2d1d0 dfdedddcdbdad9d8  ................\n"
-"    0000000012345730 e7e6e5e4e3e2e1e0 efeeedecebeae9e8  ................\n"
-"    0000000012345740 f7f6f5f4f3f2f1f0 fffefdfcfbfaf9f8  ................\n";
+    str += android::base::StringPrintf("%016zx %016zx %016zx  ", addr, data[i], data[i + 1]);
 #else
-"    12345650 03020100 07060504 0b0a0908 0f0e0d0c  ................\n"
-"    12345660 13121110 17161514 1b1a1918 1f1e1d1c  ................\n"
-"    12345670 23222120 27262524 2b2a2928 2f2e2d2c   !\"#$%&'()*+,-./\n"
-"    12345680 33323130 37363534 3b3a3938 3f3e3d3c  0123456789:;<=>?\n"
-"    12345690 43424140 47464544 4b4a4948 4f4e4d4c  @ABCDEFGHIJKLMNO\n"
-"    123456a0 53525150 57565554 5b5a5958 5f5e5d5c  PQRSTUVWXYZ[\\]^_\n"
-"    123456b0 63626160 67666564 6b6a6968 6f6e6d6c  `abcdefghijklmno\n"
-"    123456c0 73727170 77767574 7b7a7978 7f7e7d7c  pqrstuvwxyz{|}~.\n"
-"    123456d0 83828180 87868584 8b8a8988 8f8e8d8c  ................\n"
-"    123456e0 93929190 97969594 9b9a9998 9f9e9d9c  ................\n"
-"    123456f0 a3a2a1a0 a7a6a5a4 abaaa9a8 afaeadac  ................\n"
-"    12345700 b3b2b1b0 b7b6b5b4 bbbab9b8 bfbebdbc  ................\n"
-"    12345710 c3c2c1c0 c7c6c5c4 cbcac9c8 cfcecdcc  ................\n"
-"    12345720 d3d2d1d0 d7d6d5d4 dbdad9d8 dfdedddc  ................\n"
-"    12345730 e3e2e1e0 e7e6e5e4 ebeae9e8 efeeedec  ................\n"
-"    12345740 f3f2f1f0 f7f6f5f4 fbfaf9f8 fffefdfc  ................\n";
+    str += android::base::StringPrintf(
+        "%08zx %08zx %08zx %08zx %08zx  ", addr, static_cast<uintptr_t>(data[i] & 0xffffffff),
+        static_cast<uintptr_t>(data[i] >> 32), static_cast<uintptr_t>(data[i + 1] & 0xffffffff),
+        static_cast<uintptr_t>(data[i + 1] >> 32));
 #endif
+    str += ascii_str + "\n";
+    addr += 0x10;
+  }
+  return str;
+}
 
-const char g_expected_partial_dump[] = \
-"\nmemory near pc:\n"
-#if defined(__LP64__)
-"    00000000123455e0 0706050403020100 0f0e0d0c0b0a0908  ................\n"
-"    00000000123455f0 1716151413121110 1f1e1d1c1b1a1918  ................\n"
-"    0000000012345600 2726252423222120 2f2e2d2c2b2a2928   !\"#$%&'()*+,-./\n"
-"    0000000012345610 3736353433323130 3f3e3d3c3b3a3938  0123456789:;<=>?\n"
-"    0000000012345620 4746454443424140 4f4e4d4c4b4a4948  @ABCDEFGHIJKLMNO\n"
-"    0000000012345630 5756555453525150 5f5e5d5c5b5a5958  PQRSTUVWXYZ[\\]^_\n";
-#else
-"    123455e0 03020100 07060504 0b0a0908 0f0e0d0c  ................\n"
-"    123455f0 13121110 17161514 1b1a1918 1f1e1d1c  ................\n"
-"    12345600 23222120 27262524 2b2a2928 2f2e2d2c   !\"#$%&'()*+,-./\n"
-"    12345610 33323130 37363534 3b3a3938 3f3e3d3c  0123456789:;<=>?\n"
-"    12345620 43424140 47464544 4b4a4948 4f4e4d4c  @ABCDEFGHIJKLMNO\n"
-"    12345630 53525150 57565554 5b5a5958 5f5e5d5c  PQRSTUVWXYZ[\\]^_\n";
-#endif
+const std::vector<uint64_t>& GetDefaultData() {
+  static std::vector<uint64_t> data(
+      {0x0706050403020100UL, 0x0f0e0d0c0b0a0908UL, 0x1716151413121110UL, 0x1f1e1d1c1b1a1918UL,
+       0x2726252423222120UL, 0x2f2e2d2c2b2a2928UL, 0x3736353433323130UL, 0x3f3e3d3c3b3a3938UL,
+       0x4746454443424140UL, 0x4f4e4d4c4b4a4948UL, 0x5756555453525150UL, 0x5f5e5d5c5b5a5958UL,
+       0x6766656463626160UL, 0x6f6e6d6c6b6a6968UL, 0x7776757473727170UL, 0x7f7e7d7c7b7a7978UL,
+       0x8786858483828180UL, 0x8f8e8d8c8b8a8988UL, 0x9796959493929190UL, 0x9f9e9d9c9b9a9998UL,
+       0xa7a6a5a4a3a2a1a0UL, 0xafaeadacabaaa9a8UL, 0xb7b6b5b4b3b2b1b0UL, 0xbfbebdbcbbbab9b8UL,
+       0xc7c6c5c4c3c2c1c0UL, 0xcfcecdcccbcac9c8UL, 0xd7d6d5d4d3d2d1d0UL, 0xdfdedddcdbdad9d8UL,
+       0xe7e6e5e4e3e2e1e0UL, 0xefeeedecebeae9e8UL, 0xf7f6f5f4f3f2f1f0UL, 0xfffefdfcfbfaf9f8UL});
+  return data;
+}
+
+std::string GetFullDumpString() {
+  std::string str = "\nmemory near r1:\n";
+  str += GetMemoryString(0x12345650U, GetDefaultData());
+  return str;
+}
+
+std::string GetPartialDumpString() {
+  std::string str = "\nmemory near pc:\n";
+  std::vector<uint64_t> data = GetDefaultData();
+  data.resize(12);
+  str += GetMemoryString(0x123455e0U, data);
+  return str;
+}
 
 class MemoryMock : public unwindstack::Memory {
  public:
@@ -189,7 +194,7 @@ TEST_F(DumpMemoryTest, aligned_addr) {
   std::string tombstone_contents;
   ASSERT_TRUE(lseek(log_.tfd, 0, SEEK_SET) == 0);
   ASSERT_TRUE(android::base::ReadFdToString(log_.tfd, &tombstone_contents));
-  ASSERT_STREQ(g_expected_full_dump, tombstone_contents.c_str());
+  ASSERT_EQ(GetFullDumpString(), tombstone_contents);
 
   // Verify that the log buf is empty, and no error messages.
   ASSERT_STREQ("", getFakeLogBuf().c_str());
@@ -209,7 +214,7 @@ TEST_F(DumpMemoryTest, partial_read) {
   std::string tombstone_contents;
   ASSERT_TRUE(lseek(log_.tfd, 0, SEEK_SET) == 0);
   ASSERT_TRUE(android::base::ReadFdToString(log_.tfd, &tombstone_contents));
-  ASSERT_STREQ(g_expected_full_dump, tombstone_contents.c_str());
+  ASSERT_EQ(GetFullDumpString(), tombstone_contents);
 
   // Verify that the log buf is empty, and no error messages.
   ASSERT_STREQ("", getFakeLogBuf().c_str());
@@ -228,7 +233,7 @@ TEST_F(DumpMemoryTest, unaligned_addr) {
   std::string tombstone_contents;
   ASSERT_TRUE(lseek(log_.tfd, 0, SEEK_SET) == 0);
   ASSERT_TRUE(android::base::ReadFdToString(log_.tfd, &tombstone_contents));
-  ASSERT_STREQ(g_expected_full_dump, tombstone_contents.c_str());
+  ASSERT_EQ(GetFullDumpString(), tombstone_contents);
 
   // Verify that the log buf is empty, and no error messages.
   ASSERT_STREQ("", getFakeLogBuf().c_str());
@@ -260,7 +265,7 @@ TEST_F(DumpMemoryTest, memory_partially_unreadable) {
   std::string tombstone_contents;
   ASSERT_TRUE(lseek(log_.tfd, 0, SEEK_SET) == 0);
   ASSERT_TRUE(android::base::ReadFdToString(log_.tfd, &tombstone_contents));
-  ASSERT_STREQ(g_expected_partial_dump, tombstone_contents.c_str());
+  ASSERT_EQ(GetPartialDumpString(), tombstone_contents);
 
   // Verify that the log buf is empty, and no error messages.
   ASSERT_STREQ("", getFakeLogBuf().c_str());
@@ -280,7 +285,7 @@ TEST_F(DumpMemoryTest, memory_partially_unreadable_unaligned_return) {
   std::string tombstone_contents;
   ASSERT_TRUE(lseek(log_.tfd, 0, SEEK_SET) == 0);
   ASSERT_TRUE(android::base::ReadFdToString(log_.tfd, &tombstone_contents));
-  ASSERT_STREQ(g_expected_partial_dump, tombstone_contents.c_str());
+  ASSERT_EQ(GetPartialDumpString(), tombstone_contents);
 
 #if defined(__LP64__)
   ASSERT_STREQ("6 DEBUG Bytes read 102, is not a multiple of 8\n", getFakeLogPrint().c_str());
@@ -305,7 +310,7 @@ TEST_F(DumpMemoryTest, memory_partially_unreadable_two_unaligned_reads) {
   std::string tombstone_contents;
   ASSERT_TRUE(lseek(log_.tfd, 0, SEEK_SET) == 0);
   ASSERT_TRUE(android::base::ReadFdToString(log_.tfd, &tombstone_contents));
-  ASSERT_STREQ(g_expected_partial_dump, tombstone_contents.c_str());
+  ASSERT_EQ(GetPartialDumpString(), tombstone_contents);
 
 #if defined(__LP64__)
   ASSERT_STREQ("6 DEBUG Bytes read 45, is not a multiple of 8\n"
@@ -331,44 +336,9 @@ TEST_F(DumpMemoryTest, address_low_fence) {
   std::string tombstone_contents;
   ASSERT_TRUE(lseek(log_.tfd, 0, SEEK_SET) == 0);
   ASSERT_TRUE(android::base::ReadFdToString(log_.tfd, &tombstone_contents));
-  const char* expected_dump = \
-"\nmemory near r1:\n"
-#if defined(__LP64__)
-"    0000000000001000 0000000000000000 0000000000000000  ................\n"
-"    0000000000001010 0000000000000000 0000000000000000  ................\n"
-"    0000000000001020 0000000000000000 0000000000000000  ................\n"
-"    0000000000001030 0000000000000000 0000000000000000  ................\n"
-"    0000000000001040 0000000000000000 0000000000000000  ................\n"
-"    0000000000001050 0000000000000000 0000000000000000  ................\n"
-"    0000000000001060 0000000000000000 0000000000000000  ................\n"
-"    0000000000001070 0000000000000000 0000000000000000  ................\n"
-"    0000000000001080 0000000000000000 0000000000000000  ................\n"
-"    0000000000001090 0000000000000000 0000000000000000  ................\n"
-"    00000000000010a0 0000000000000000 0000000000000000  ................\n"
-"    00000000000010b0 0000000000000000 0000000000000000  ................\n"
-"    00000000000010c0 0000000000000000 0000000000000000  ................\n"
-"    00000000000010d0 0000000000000000 0000000000000000  ................\n"
-"    00000000000010e0 0000000000000000 0000000000000000  ................\n"
-"    00000000000010f0 0000000000000000 0000000000000000  ................\n";
-#else
-"    00001000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000  ................\n"
-"    00001010 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000  ................\n"
-"    00001020 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000  ................\n"
-"    00001030 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000  ................\n"
-"    00001040 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000  ................\n"
-"    00001050 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000  ................\n"
-"    00001060 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000  ................\n"
-"    00001070 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000  ................\n"
-"    00001080 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000  ................\n"
-"    00001090 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000  ................\n"
-"    000010a0 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000  ................\n"
-"    000010b0 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000  ................\n"
-"    000010c0 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000  ................\n"
-"    000010d0 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000  ................\n"
-"    000010e0 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000  ................\n"
-"    000010f0 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000  ................\n";
-#endif
-  ASSERT_STREQ(expected_dump, tombstone_contents.c_str());
+  std::string expected_dump = "\nmemory near r1:\n";
+  expected_dump += GetMemoryString(0x1000, std::vector<uint64_t>(32, 0UL));
+  ASSERT_EQ(expected_dump, tombstone_contents);
 
   // Verify that the log buf is empty, and no error messages.
   ASSERT_STREQ("", getFakeLogBuf().c_str());
@@ -414,61 +384,17 @@ TEST_F(DumpMemoryTest, memory_address_nearly_too_high) {
   std::string tombstone_contents;
   ASSERT_TRUE(lseek(log_.tfd, 0, SEEK_SET) == 0);
   ASSERT_TRUE(android::base::ReadFdToString(log_.tfd, &tombstone_contents));
-  const char* expected_dump = \
-"\nmemory near r4:\n"
+  std::string expected_dump = "\nmemory near r4:\n";
+  uintptr_t addr;
 #if defined(__aarch64__)
-"    00ffffffffffff00 0706050403020100 0f0e0d0c0b0a0908  ................\n"
-"    00ffffffffffff10 1716151413121110 1f1e1d1c1b1a1918  ................\n"
-"    00ffffffffffff20 2726252423222120 2f2e2d2c2b2a2928   !\"#$%&'()*+,-./\n"
-"    00ffffffffffff30 3736353433323130 3f3e3d3c3b3a3938  0123456789:;<=>?\n"
-"    00ffffffffffff40 4746454443424140 4f4e4d4c4b4a4948  @ABCDEFGHIJKLMNO\n"
-"    00ffffffffffff50 5756555453525150 5f5e5d5c5b5a5958  PQRSTUVWXYZ[\\]^_\n"
-"    00ffffffffffff60 6766656463626160 6f6e6d6c6b6a6968  `abcdefghijklmno\n"
-"    00ffffffffffff70 7776757473727170 7f7e7d7c7b7a7978  pqrstuvwxyz{|}~.\n"
-"    00ffffffffffff80 8786858483828180 8f8e8d8c8b8a8988  ................\n"
-"    00ffffffffffff90 9796959493929190 9f9e9d9c9b9a9998  ................\n"
-"    00ffffffffffffa0 a7a6a5a4a3a2a1a0 afaeadacabaaa9a8  ................\n"
-"    00ffffffffffffb0 b7b6b5b4b3b2b1b0 bfbebdbcbbbab9b8  ................\n"
-"    00ffffffffffffc0 c7c6c5c4c3c2c1c0 cfcecdcccbcac9c8  ................\n"
-"    00ffffffffffffd0 d7d6d5d4d3d2d1d0 dfdedddcdbdad9d8  ................\n"
-"    00ffffffffffffe0 e7e6e5e4e3e2e1e0 efeeedecebeae9e8  ................\n"
-"    00fffffffffffff0 f7f6f5f4f3f2f1f0 fffefdfcfbfaf9f8  ................\n";
+  addr = 0x00ffffffffffff00UL;
 #elif defined(__LP64__)
-"    ffffffffffffff00 0706050403020100 0f0e0d0c0b0a0908  ................\n"
-"    ffffffffffffff10 1716151413121110 1f1e1d1c1b1a1918  ................\n"
-"    ffffffffffffff20 2726252423222120 2f2e2d2c2b2a2928   !\"#$%&'()*+,-./\n"
-"    ffffffffffffff30 3736353433323130 3f3e3d3c3b3a3938  0123456789:;<=>?\n"
-"    ffffffffffffff40 4746454443424140 4f4e4d4c4b4a4948  @ABCDEFGHIJKLMNO\n"
-"    ffffffffffffff50 5756555453525150 5f5e5d5c5b5a5958  PQRSTUVWXYZ[\\]^_\n"
-"    ffffffffffffff60 6766656463626160 6f6e6d6c6b6a6968  `abcdefghijklmno\n"
-"    ffffffffffffff70 7776757473727170 7f7e7d7c7b7a7978  pqrstuvwxyz{|}~.\n"
-"    ffffffffffffff80 8786858483828180 8f8e8d8c8b8a8988  ................\n"
-"    ffffffffffffff90 9796959493929190 9f9e9d9c9b9a9998  ................\n"
-"    ffffffffffffffa0 a7a6a5a4a3a2a1a0 afaeadacabaaa9a8  ................\n"
-"    ffffffffffffffb0 b7b6b5b4b3b2b1b0 bfbebdbcbbbab9b8  ................\n"
-"    ffffffffffffffc0 c7c6c5c4c3c2c1c0 cfcecdcccbcac9c8  ................\n"
-"    ffffffffffffffd0 d7d6d5d4d3d2d1d0 dfdedddcdbdad9d8  ................\n"
-"    ffffffffffffffe0 e7e6e5e4e3e2e1e0 efeeedecebeae9e8  ................\n"
-"    fffffffffffffff0 f7f6f5f4f3f2f1f0 fffefdfcfbfaf9f8  ................\n";
+  addr = 0xffffffffffffff00UL;
 #else
-"    ffffff00 03020100 07060504 0b0a0908 0f0e0d0c  ................\n"
-"    ffffff10 13121110 17161514 1b1a1918 1f1e1d1c  ................\n"
-"    ffffff20 23222120 27262524 2b2a2928 2f2e2d2c   !\"#$%&'()*+,-./\n"
-"    ffffff30 33323130 37363534 3b3a3938 3f3e3d3c  0123456789:;<=>?\n"
-"    ffffff40 43424140 47464544 4b4a4948 4f4e4d4c  @ABCDEFGHIJKLMNO\n"
-"    ffffff50 53525150 57565554 5b5a5958 5f5e5d5c  PQRSTUVWXYZ[\\]^_\n"
-"    ffffff60 63626160 67666564 6b6a6968 6f6e6d6c  `abcdefghijklmno\n"
-"    ffffff70 73727170 77767574 7b7a7978 7f7e7d7c  pqrstuvwxyz{|}~.\n"
-"    ffffff80 83828180 87868584 8b8a8988 8f8e8d8c  ................\n"
-"    ffffff90 93929190 97969594 9b9a9998 9f9e9d9c  ................\n"
-"    ffffffa0 a3a2a1a0 a7a6a5a4 abaaa9a8 afaeadac  ................\n"
-"    ffffffb0 b3b2b1b0 b7b6b5b4 bbbab9b8 bfbebdbc  ................\n"
-"    ffffffc0 c3c2c1c0 c7c6c5c4 cbcac9c8 cfcecdcc  ................\n"
-"    ffffffd0 d3d2d1d0 d7d6d5d4 dbdad9d8 dfdedddc  ................\n"
-"    ffffffe0 e3e2e1e0 e7e6e5e4 ebeae9e8 efeeedec  ................\n"
-"    fffffff0 f3f2f1f0 f7f6f5f4 fbfaf9f8 fffefdfc  ................\n";
+  addr = 0xffffff00UL;
 #endif
-  ASSERT_STREQ(expected_dump, tombstone_contents.c_str());
+  expected_dump += GetMemoryString(addr, GetDefaultData());
+  ASSERT_EQ(expected_dump, tombstone_contents);
 
   // Verify that the log buf is empty, and no error messages.
   ASSERT_STREQ("", getFakeLogBuf().c_str());
@@ -490,30 +416,15 @@ TEST_F(DumpMemoryTest, first_read_empty) {
   std::string tombstone_contents;
   ASSERT_TRUE(lseek(log_.tfd, 0, SEEK_SET) == 0);
   ASSERT_TRUE(android::base::ReadFdToString(log_.tfd, &tombstone_contents));
-  const char* expected_dump = \
-"\nmemory near r4:\n"
-#if defined(__LP64__)
-R"(    0000000010001000 8786858483828180 8f8e8d8c8b8a8988  ................
-    0000000010001010 9796959493929190 9f9e9d9c9b9a9998  ................
-    0000000010001020 a7a6a5a4a3a2a1a0 afaeadacabaaa9a8  ................
-    0000000010001030 b7b6b5b4b3b2b1b0 bfbebdbcbbbab9b8  ................
-    0000000010001040 c7c6c5c4c3c2c1c0 cfcecdcccbcac9c8  ................
-    0000000010001050 d7d6d5d4d3d2d1d0 dfdedddcdbdad9d8  ................
-    0000000010001060 e7e6e5e4e3e2e1e0 efeeedecebeae9e8  ................
-    0000000010001070 f7f6f5f4f3f2f1f0 fffefdfcfbfaf9f8  ................
-)";
-#else
-R"(    10001000 83828180 87868584 8b8a8988 8f8e8d8c  ................
-    10001010 93929190 97969594 9b9a9998 9f9e9d9c  ................
-    10001020 a3a2a1a0 a7a6a5a4 abaaa9a8 afaeadac  ................
-    10001030 b3b2b1b0 b7b6b5b4 bbbab9b8 bfbebdbc  ................
-    10001040 c3c2c1c0 c7c6c5c4 cbcac9c8 cfcecdcc  ................
-    10001050 d3d2d1d0 d7d6d5d4 dbdad9d8 dfdedddc  ................
-    10001060 e3e2e1e0 e7e6e5e4 ebeae9e8 efeeedec  ................
-    10001070 f3f2f1f0 f7f6f5f4 fbfaf9f8 fffefdfc  ................
-)";
-#endif
-  ASSERT_STREQ(expected_dump, tombstone_contents.c_str());
+  std::string expected_dump = "\nmemory near r4:\n";
+  expected_dump += GetMemoryString(
+      0x10000000 + page_size,
+      std::vector<uint64_t>{
+          0x8786858483828180UL, 0x8f8e8d8c8b8a8988UL, 0x9796959493929190UL, 0x9f9e9d9c9b9a9998UL,
+          0xa7a6a5a4a3a2a1a0UL, 0xafaeadacabaaa9a8UL, 0xb7b6b5b4b3b2b1b0UL, 0xbfbebdbcbbbab9b8UL,
+          0xc7c6c5c4c3c2c1c0UL, 0xcfcecdcccbcac9c8UL, 0xd7d6d5d4d3d2d1d0UL, 0xdfdedddcdbdad9d8UL,
+          0xe7e6e5e4e3e2e1e0UL, 0xefeeedecebeae9e8UL, 0xf7f6f5f4f3f2f1f0UL, 0xfffefdfcfbfaf9f8UL});
+  ASSERT_EQ(expected_dump, tombstone_contents);
 
   // Verify that the log buf is empty, and no error messages.
   ASSERT_STREQ("", getFakeLogBuf().c_str());
@@ -535,16 +446,11 @@ TEST_F(DumpMemoryTest, first_read_empty_second_read_stops) {
   std::string tombstone_contents;
   ASSERT_TRUE(lseek(log_.tfd, 0, SEEK_SET) == 0);
   ASSERT_TRUE(android::base::ReadFdToString(log_.tfd, &tombstone_contents));
-  const char* expected_dump = \
-"\nmemory near r4:\n"
-#if defined(__LP64__)
-"    0000000010001000 c7c6c5c4c3c2c1c0 cfcecdcccbcac9c8  ................\n"
-"    0000000010001010 d7d6d5d4d3d2d1d0 dfdedddcdbdad9d8  ................\n";
-#else
-"    10001000 c3c2c1c0 c7c6c5c4 cbcac9c8 cfcecdcc  ................\n"
-"    10001010 d3d2d1d0 d7d6d5d4 dbdad9d8 dfdedddc  ................\n";
-#endif
-  ASSERT_STREQ(expected_dump, tombstone_contents.c_str());
+  std::string expected_dump = "\nmemory near r4:\n";
+  expected_dump += GetMemoryString(
+      0x10000000 + page_size, std::vector<uint64_t>{0xc7c6c5c4c3c2c1c0UL, 0xcfcecdcccbcac9c8UL,
+                                                    0xd7d6d5d4d3d2d1d0UL, 0xdfdedddcdbdad9d8UL});
+  ASSERT_EQ(expected_dump, tombstone_contents);
 
   // Verify that the log buf is empty, and no error messages.
   ASSERT_STREQ("", getFakeLogBuf().c_str());
diff --git a/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/test/host_signal_fixup.h b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/test/host_signal_fixup.h
deleted file mode 100644
index 762bae5fb504..000000000000
--- a/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/test/host_signal_fixup.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,65 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2015 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#ifndef _DEBUGGERD_TEST_HOST_SIGNAL_FIXUP_H
-#define _DEBUGGERD_TEST_HOST_SIGNAL_FIXUP_H
-
-#include <signal.h>
-
-#if !defined(__BIONIC__)
-
-// In order to compile parts of debuggerd for the host, we need to
-// define these values.
-
-#if !defined(NSIGILL)
-#define NSIGILL ILL_BADSTK
-#endif
-
-#if !defined(BUS_MCEERR_AR)
-#define BUS_MCEERR_AR 4
-#endif
-#if !defined(BUS_MCEERR_AO)
-#define BUS_MCEERR_AO 5
-#endif
-#if !defined(NSIGBUS)
-#define NSIGBUS BUS_MCEERR_AO
-#endif
-
-#if !defined(NSIGFPE)
-#define NSIGFPE FPE_FLTSUB
-#endif
-
-#if !defined(NSIGSEGV)
-#define NSIGSEGV SEGV_ACCERR
-#endif
-
-#if !defined(TRAP_BRANCH)
-#define TRAP_BRANCH 3
-#endif
-#if !defined(TRAP_HWBKPT)
-#define TRAP_HWBKPT 4
-#endif
-#if !defined(NSIGTRAP)
-#define NSIGTRAP TRAP_HWBKPT
-#endif
-
-#if !defined(SI_DETHREAD)
-#define SI_DETHREAD (-7)
-#endif
-
-#endif
-
-#endif // _DEBUGGERD_TEST_HOST_SIGNAL_FIXUP_H
diff --git a/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/test/mte_stack_record_test.cpp b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/test/mte_stack_record_test.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..bcda0ca5d25a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/test/mte_stack_record_test.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,186 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2024 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+#if defined(__aarch64__)
+
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <sys/mman.h>
+
+#include <optional>
+
+#include "bionic/mte.h"
+#include "bionic/page.h"
+#include "unwindstack/AndroidUnwinder.h"
+#include "unwindstack/Memory.h"
+
+#include <android-base/test_utils.h>
+#include <procinfo/process_map.h>
+
+#include "gtest/gtest.h"
+
+#include "libdebuggerd/tombstone.h"
+
+struct ScopedUnmap {
+  void* ptr;
+  size_t size;
+  ~ScopedUnmap() { munmap(ptr, size); }
+};
+
+class MteStackHistoryTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<int> {
+  void SetUp() override {
+#if !defined(__aarch64__)
+    GTEST_SKIP();
+#endif
+    SKIP_WITH_HWASAN;
+    unwinder.emplace();
+    unwindstack::ErrorData E;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(unwinder->Initialize(E));
+  }
+
+ protected:
+  // std::optional so we don't construct it for the SKIP cases.
+  std::optional<unwindstack::AndroidLocalUnwinder> unwinder;
+};
+
+TEST(MteStackHistoryUnwindTest, TestOne) {
+#if !defined(__aarch64__)
+  GTEST_SKIP();
+#endif
+  SKIP_WITH_HWASAN;
+  size_t size = stack_mte_ringbuffer_size(0);
+  char* data = static_cast<char*>(stack_mte_ringbuffer_allocate(0, nullptr));
+  ScopedUnmap s{data, size};
+
+  uintptr_t taggedfp = (1ULL << 56) | 1;
+  uintptr_t pc = reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(&memcpy);
+  memcpy(data, &pc, sizeof(pc));
+  memcpy(data + 8, &taggedfp, sizeof(taggedfp));
+
+  // The MTE TLS is at TLS - 3, so we allocate 3 placeholders.
+  void* tls[4] = {data + 16};
+
+  unwindstack::AndroidLocalUnwinder unwinder;
+  unwindstack::ErrorData E;
+  unwinder.Initialize(E);
+  StackHistoryBuffer shb;
+  dump_stack_history(&unwinder, reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(&tls[3]), shb, /* nounwind= */ false);
+  ASSERT_EQ(shb.entries_size(), 1);
+  const StackHistoryBufferEntry& e = shb.entries(0);
+  EXPECT_EQ(e.addr().pc(), pc);
+  EXPECT_EQ(e.addr().file_name(), "/apex/com.android.runtime/lib64/bionic/libc.so");
+  EXPECT_EQ(e.fp(), 1ULL);
+  EXPECT_EQ(e.tag(), 1ULL);
+}
+
+static std::optional<android::procinfo::MapInfo> FindMapping(void* data) {
+  std::optional<android::procinfo::MapInfo> result;
+  android::procinfo::ReadMapFile(
+      "/proc/self/maps", [&result, data](const android::procinfo::MapInfo& info) {
+        auto data_int = reinterpret_cast<uint64_t>(data) & ((1ULL << 56ULL) - 1ULL);
+        if (info.start <= data_int && data_int < info.end) {
+          result = info;
+        }
+      });
+  return result;
+}
+
+TEST_P(MteStackHistoryTest, TestFree) {
+  int size_cls = GetParam();
+  size_t size = stack_mte_ringbuffer_size(size_cls);
+  void* data = stack_mte_ringbuffer_allocate(size_cls, nullptr);
+  EXPECT_EQ(stack_mte_ringbuffer_size_from_pointer(reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(data)), size);
+  auto before = FindMapping(data);
+  ASSERT_TRUE(before.has_value());
+  EXPECT_EQ(before->end - before->start, size);
+  stack_mte_free_ringbuffer(reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(data));
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < size; i += page_size()) {
+    auto after = FindMapping(static_cast<char*>(data) + i);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(!after.has_value() || after->name != before->name);
+  }
+}
+
+TEST_P(MteStackHistoryTest, TestEmpty) {
+  int size_cls = GetParam();
+  size_t size = stack_mte_ringbuffer_size(size_cls);
+  void* data = stack_mte_ringbuffer_allocate(size_cls, nullptr);
+  ScopedUnmap s{data, size};
+  // The MTE TLS is at TLS - 3, so we allocate 3 placeholders.
+  void* tls[4] = {data};
+
+  StackHistoryBuffer shb;
+  dump_stack_history(&*unwinder, reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(&tls[3]), shb, /* nounwind= */ true);
+  EXPECT_EQ(shb.entries_size(), 0);
+}
+
+TEST_P(MteStackHistoryTest, TestFull) {
+  int size_cls = GetParam();
+  size_t size = stack_mte_ringbuffer_size(size_cls);
+  char* data = static_cast<char*>(stack_mte_ringbuffer_allocate(size_cls, nullptr));
+  ScopedUnmap s{data, size};
+  uintptr_t itr = 1;
+  for (char* d = data; d < &data[size]; d += 16) {
+    uintptr_t taggedfp = ((itr & 15) << 56) | itr;
+    uintptr_t pc = itr;
+    memcpy(d, &pc, sizeof(pc));
+    memcpy(d + 8, &taggedfp, sizeof(taggedfp));
+    ++itr;
+  }
+  // The MTE TLS is at TLS - 3, so we allocate 3 placeholders.
+  // Because the buffer is full, and we point at one past the last inserted element,
+  // due to wrap-around we point at the beginning of the buffer.
+  void* tls[4] = {data};
+
+  StackHistoryBuffer shb;
+  dump_stack_history(&*unwinder, reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(&tls[3]), shb, /* nounwind= */ true);
+  EXPECT_EQ(static_cast<size_t>(shb.entries_size()), size / 16);
+  for (const auto& entry : shb.entries()) {
+    EXPECT_EQ(entry.addr().pc(), --itr);
+    EXPECT_EQ(entry.addr().pc(), entry.fp());
+    EXPECT_EQ(entry.addr().pc() & 15, entry.tag());
+  }
+}
+
+TEST_P(MteStackHistoryTest, TestHalfFull) {
+  int size_cls = GetParam();
+  size_t size = stack_mte_ringbuffer_size(size_cls);
+  size_t half_size = size / 2;
+
+  char* data = static_cast<char*>(stack_mte_ringbuffer_allocate(size_cls, nullptr));
+  ScopedUnmap s{data, size};
+
+  uintptr_t itr = 1;
+  for (char* d = data; d < &data[half_size]; d += 16) {
+    uintptr_t taggedfp = ((itr & 15) << 56) | itr;
+    uintptr_t pc = itr;
+    memcpy(d, &pc, sizeof(pc));
+    memcpy(d + 8, &taggedfp, sizeof(taggedfp));
+    ++itr;
+  }
+  // The MTE TLS is at TLS - 3, so we allocate 3 placeholders.
+  void* tls[4] = {&data[half_size]};
+
+  StackHistoryBuffer shb;
+  dump_stack_history(&*unwinder, reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(&tls[3]), shb, /* nounwind= */ true);
+  EXPECT_EQ(static_cast<size_t>(shb.entries_size()), half_size / 16);
+  for (const auto& entry : shb.entries()) {
+    EXPECT_EQ(entry.addr().pc(), --itr);
+    EXPECT_EQ(entry.addr().pc(), entry.fp());
+    EXPECT_EQ(entry.addr().pc() & 15, entry.tag());
+  }
+}
+
+INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(MteStackHistoryTestInstance, MteStackHistoryTest, testing::Range(0, 8));
+
+#endif
diff --git a/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/test/tombstone_proto_to_text_test.cpp b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/test/tombstone_proto_to_text_test.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..988ca0cd1257
--- /dev/null
+++ b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/test/tombstone_proto_to_text_test.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,182 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2021 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+#include <sys/prctl.h>
+
+#include <string>
+
+#include <android-base/test_utils.h>
+
+#include "libdebuggerd/tombstone.h"
+#include "libdebuggerd/tombstone_proto_to_text.h"
+#include "tombstone.pb.h"
+
+using CallbackType = std::function<void(const std::string& line, bool should_log)>;
+
+class TombstoneProtoToTextTest : public ::testing::Test {
+ public:
+  void SetUp() {
+    tombstone_.reset(new Tombstone);
+
+    tombstone_->set_arch(Architecture::ARM64);
+    tombstone_->set_build_fingerprint("Test fingerprint");
+    tombstone_->set_timestamp("1970-01-01 00:00:00");
+    tombstone_->set_pid(100);
+    tombstone_->set_tid(100);
+    tombstone_->set_uid(0);
+    tombstone_->set_selinux_label("none");
+
+    Signal signal;
+    signal.set_number(SIGSEGV);
+    signal.set_name("SIGSEGV");
+    signal.set_code(0);
+    signal.set_code_name("none");
+
+    *tombstone_->mutable_signal_info() = signal;
+
+    Thread thread;
+    thread.set_id(100);
+    thread.set_name("main");
+    thread.set_tagged_addr_ctrl(0);
+    thread.set_pac_enabled_keys(0);
+
+    auto& threads = *tombstone_->mutable_threads();
+    threads[100] = thread;
+    main_thread_ = &threads[100];
+  }
+
+  void ProtoToString() {
+    text_ = "";
+    EXPECT_TRUE(tombstone_proto_to_text(
+        *tombstone_,
+        [this](const std::string& line, bool should_log) {
+          if (should_log) {
+            text_ += "LOG ";
+          }
+          text_ += line + '\n';
+        },
+        [&](const BacktraceFrame& frame) {
+          text_ += "SYMBOLIZE " + frame.build_id() + " " + std::to_string(frame.pc()) + "\n";
+        }));
+  }
+
+  Thread* main_thread_;
+  std::string text_;
+  std::unique_ptr<Tombstone> tombstone_;
+};
+
+TEST_F(TombstoneProtoToTextTest, tagged_addr_ctrl) {
+  main_thread_->set_tagged_addr_ctrl(0);
+  ProtoToString();
+  EXPECT_MATCH(text_, "LOG tagged_addr_ctrl: 0000000000000000\\n");
+
+  main_thread_->set_tagged_addr_ctrl(PR_TAGGED_ADDR_ENABLE);
+  ProtoToString();
+  EXPECT_MATCH(text_, "LOG tagged_addr_ctrl: 0000000000000001 \\(PR_TAGGED_ADDR_ENABLE\\)\\n");
+
+  main_thread_->set_tagged_addr_ctrl(PR_TAGGED_ADDR_ENABLE | PR_MTE_TCF_SYNC |
+                                     (0xfffe << PR_MTE_TAG_SHIFT));
+  ProtoToString();
+  EXPECT_MATCH(text_,
+               "LOG tagged_addr_ctrl: 000000000007fff3 \\(PR_TAGGED_ADDR_ENABLE, PR_MTE_TCF_SYNC, "
+               "mask 0xfffe\\)\\n");
+
+  main_thread_->set_tagged_addr_ctrl(0xf0000000 | PR_TAGGED_ADDR_ENABLE | PR_MTE_TCF_SYNC |
+                                     PR_MTE_TCF_ASYNC | (0xfffe << PR_MTE_TAG_SHIFT));
+  ProtoToString();
+  EXPECT_MATCH(text_,
+               "LOG tagged_addr_ctrl: 00000000f007fff7 \\(PR_TAGGED_ADDR_ENABLE, PR_MTE_TCF_SYNC, "
+               "PR_MTE_TCF_ASYNC, mask 0xfffe, unknown 0xf0000000\\)\\n");
+}
+
+TEST_F(TombstoneProtoToTextTest, pac_enabled_keys) {
+  main_thread_->set_pac_enabled_keys(0);
+  ProtoToString();
+  EXPECT_MATCH(text_, "LOG pac_enabled_keys: 0000000000000000\\n");
+
+  main_thread_->set_pac_enabled_keys(PR_PAC_APIAKEY);
+  ProtoToString();
+  EXPECT_MATCH(text_, "LOG pac_enabled_keys: 0000000000000001 \\(PR_PAC_APIAKEY\\)\\n");
+
+  main_thread_->set_pac_enabled_keys(PR_PAC_APIAKEY | PR_PAC_APDBKEY);
+  ProtoToString();
+  EXPECT_MATCH(text_,
+               "LOG pac_enabled_keys: 0000000000000009 \\(PR_PAC_APIAKEY, PR_PAC_APDBKEY\\)\\n");
+
+  main_thread_->set_pac_enabled_keys(PR_PAC_APIAKEY | PR_PAC_APDBKEY | 0x1000);
+  ProtoToString();
+  EXPECT_MATCH(text_,
+               "LOG pac_enabled_keys: 0000000000001009 \\(PR_PAC_APIAKEY, PR_PAC_APDBKEY, unknown "
+               "0x1000\\)\\n");
+}
+
+TEST_F(TombstoneProtoToTextTest, crash_detail_string) {
+  auto* crash_detail = tombstone_->add_crash_details();
+  crash_detail->set_name("CRASH_DETAIL_NAME");
+  crash_detail->set_data("crash_detail_value");
+  ProtoToString();
+  EXPECT_MATCH(text_, "(CRASH_DETAIL_NAME: 'crash_detail_value')");
+}
+
+TEST_F(TombstoneProtoToTextTest, crash_detail_bytes) {
+  auto* crash_detail = tombstone_->add_crash_details();
+  crash_detail->set_name("CRASH_DETAIL_NAME");
+  crash_detail->set_data("helloworld\1\255\3");
+  ProtoToString();
+  EXPECT_MATCH(text_, R"(CRASH_DETAIL_NAME: 'helloworld\\1\\255\\3')");
+}
+
+TEST_F(TombstoneProtoToTextTest, stack_record) {
+  auto* cause = tombstone_->add_causes();
+  cause->set_human_readable("stack tag-mismatch on thread 123");
+  auto* stack = tombstone_->mutable_stack_history_buffer();
+  stack->set_tid(123);
+  {
+    auto* shb_entry = stack->add_entries();
+    shb_entry->set_fp(0x1);
+    shb_entry->set_tag(0xb);
+    auto* addr = shb_entry->mutable_addr();
+    addr->set_rel_pc(0x567);
+    addr->set_file_name("foo.so");
+    addr->set_build_id("ABC123");
+  }
+  {
+    auto* shb_entry = stack->add_entries();
+    shb_entry->set_fp(0x2);
+    shb_entry->set_tag(0xc);
+    auto* addr = shb_entry->mutable_addr();
+    addr->set_rel_pc(0x678);
+    addr->set_file_name("bar.so");
+  }
+  ProtoToString();
+  EXPECT_MATCH(text_, "stack tag-mismatch on thread 123");
+  EXPECT_MATCH(text_, "stack_record fp:0x1 tag:0xb pc:foo\\.so\\+0x567 \\(BuildId: ABC123\\)");
+  EXPECT_MATCH(text_, "stack_record fp:0x2 tag:0xc pc:bar\\.so\\+0x678");
+}
+
+TEST_F(TombstoneProtoToTextTest, symbolize) {
+  BacktraceFrame* frame = main_thread_->add_current_backtrace();
+  frame->set_pc(12345);
+  frame->set_build_id("0123456789abcdef");
+  ProtoToString();
+  EXPECT_MATCH(text_, "\\(BuildId: 0123456789abcdef\\)\\nSYMBOLIZE 0123456789abcdef 12345\\n");
+}
+
+TEST_F(TombstoneProtoToTextTest, uid) {
+  ProtoToString();
+  EXPECT_MATCH(text_, "\\nLOG uid: 0\\n");
+}
diff --git a/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/test/utility_test.cpp b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/test/utility_test.cpp
deleted file mode 100644
index dad338054859..000000000000
--- a/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/test/utility_test.cpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,42 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2021 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#include <gtest/gtest.h>
-#include <sys/prctl.h>
-
-#include "libdebuggerd/utility.h"
-
-TEST(UtilityTest, describe_tagged_addr_ctrl) {
-  EXPECT_EQ("", describe_tagged_addr_ctrl(0));
-  EXPECT_EQ(" (PR_TAGGED_ADDR_ENABLE)", describe_tagged_addr_ctrl(PR_TAGGED_ADDR_ENABLE));
-  EXPECT_EQ(" (PR_TAGGED_ADDR_ENABLE, PR_MTE_TCF_SYNC, mask 0xfffe)",
-            describe_tagged_addr_ctrl(PR_TAGGED_ADDR_ENABLE | PR_MTE_TCF_SYNC |
-                                      (0xfffe << PR_MTE_TAG_SHIFT)));
-  EXPECT_EQ(
-      " (PR_TAGGED_ADDR_ENABLE, PR_MTE_TCF_SYNC, PR_MTE_TCF_ASYNC, mask 0xfffe, unknown "
-      "0xf0000000)",
-      describe_tagged_addr_ctrl(0xf0000000 | PR_TAGGED_ADDR_ENABLE | PR_MTE_TCF_SYNC |
-                                PR_MTE_TCF_ASYNC | (0xfffe << PR_MTE_TAG_SHIFT)));
-}
-
-TEST(UtilityTest, describe_pac_enabled_keys) {
-  EXPECT_EQ("", describe_pac_enabled_keys(0));
-  EXPECT_EQ(" (PR_PAC_APIAKEY)", describe_pac_enabled_keys(PR_PAC_APIAKEY));
-  EXPECT_EQ(" (PR_PAC_APIAKEY, PR_PAC_APDBKEY)",
-            describe_pac_enabled_keys(PR_PAC_APIAKEY | PR_PAC_APDBKEY));
-  EXPECT_EQ(" (PR_PAC_APIAKEY, PR_PAC_APDBKEY, unknown 0x1000)",
-            describe_pac_enabled_keys(PR_PAC_APIAKEY | PR_PAC_APDBKEY | 0x1000));
-}
diff --git a/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/tombstone.cpp b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/tombstone.cpp
index 375ed8a2cccc..30c6fe4c50c2 100644
--- a/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/tombstone.cpp
+++ b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/tombstone.cpp
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 #define LOG_TAG "DEBUG"
 
 #include "libdebuggerd/tombstone.h"
+#include "libdebuggerd/tombstone_proto_to_text.h"
 
 #include <errno.h>
 #include <signal.h>
@@ -76,7 +77,7 @@ void engrave_tombstone_ucontext(int tombstone_fd, int proto_fd, uint64_t abort_m
   threads[target_tid] = ThreadInfo {
     .registers = std::move(regs), .uid = uid, .tid = target_tid,
     .thread_name = std::move(thread_name), .pid = pid, .command_line = std::move(command_line),
-    .selinux_label = std::move(selinux_label), .siginfo = siginfo,
+    .selinux_label = std::move(selinux_label), .siginfo = siginfo, .signo = siginfo->si_signo,
     // Only supported on aarch64 for now.
 #if defined(__aarch64__)
     .tagged_addr_ctrl = prctl(PR_GET_TAGGED_ADDR_CTRL, 0, 0, 0, 0),
@@ -125,10 +126,12 @@ void engrave_tombstone(unique_fd output_fd, unique_fd proto_fd,
                        unwindstack::AndroidUnwinder* unwinder,
                        const std::map<pid_t, ThreadInfo>& threads, pid_t target_thread,
                        const ProcessInfo& process_info, OpenFilesList* open_files,
-                       std::string* amfd_data) {
+                       std::string* amfd_data, const Architecture* guest_arch,
+                       unwindstack::AndroidUnwinder* guest_unwinder) {
   // Don't copy log messages to tombstone unless this is a development device.
   Tombstone tombstone;
-  engrave_tombstone_proto(&tombstone, unwinder, threads, target_thread, process_info, open_files);
+  engrave_tombstone_proto(&tombstone, unwinder, threads, target_thread, process_info, open_files,
+                          guest_arch, guest_unwinder);
 
   if (proto_fd != -1) {
     if (!tombstone.SerializeToFileDescriptor(proto_fd.get())) {
@@ -143,7 +146,10 @@ void engrave_tombstone(unique_fd output_fd, unique_fd proto_fd,
   log.tfd = output_fd.get();
   log.amfd_data = amfd_data;
 
-  tombstone_proto_to_text(tombstone, [&log](const std::string& line, bool should_log) {
-    _LOG(&log, should_log ? logtype::HEADER : logtype::LOGS, "%s\n", line.c_str());
-  });
+  tombstone_proto_to_text(
+      tombstone,
+      [&log](const std::string& line, bool should_log) {
+        _LOG(&log, should_log ? logtype::HEADER : logtype::LOGS, "%s\n", line.c_str());
+      },
+      [](const BacktraceFrame&) {});
 }
diff --git a/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/tombstone_proto.cpp b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/tombstone_proto.cpp
index acd814efa68b..d3ac49a17f8d 100644
--- a/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/tombstone_proto.cpp
+++ b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/tombstone_proto.cpp
@@ -27,16 +27,20 @@
 #include <inttypes.h>
 #include <signal.h>
 #include <stddef.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #include <string.h>
 #include <sys/mman.h>
 #include <sys/sysinfo.h>
 #include <time.h>
 
+#include <map>
 #include <memory>
 #include <optional>
 #include <set>
 #include <string>
+#include <utility>
+#include <vector>
 
 #include <async_safe/log.h>
 
@@ -48,8 +52,12 @@
 #include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
 
 #include <android/log.h>
+#include <android/set_abort_message.h>
+#include <bionic/crash_detail_internal.h>
 #include <bionic/macros.h>
+#include <bionic/mte.h>
 #include <bionic/reserved_signals.h>
+#include <bionic/tls_defines.h>
 #include <log/log.h>
 #include <log/log_read.h>
 #include <log/logprint.h>
@@ -64,12 +72,16 @@
 
 #include "libdebuggerd/open_files_list.h"
 #include "libdebuggerd/utility.h"
+#include "libdebuggerd/utility_host.h"
 #include "util.h"
 
 #include "tombstone.pb.h"
 
 using android::base::StringPrintf;
 
+// The maximum number of messages to save in the protobuf per file.
+static constexpr size_t kMaxLogMessages = 500;
+
 // Use the demangler from libc++.
 extern "C" char* __cxa_demangle(const char*, char*, size_t*, int* status);
 
@@ -91,6 +103,11 @@ static Architecture get_arch() {
 
 static std::optional<std::string> get_stack_overflow_cause(uint64_t fault_addr, uint64_t sp,
                                                            unwindstack::Maps* maps) {
+  // Under stack MTE the stack pointer and/or the fault address can be tagged.
+  // In order to calculate deltas between them, strip off the tags off both
+  // addresses.
+  fault_addr = untag_address(fault_addr);
+  sp = untag_address(sp);
   static constexpr uint64_t kMaxDifferenceBytes = 256;
   uint64_t difference;
   if (sp >= fault_addr) {
@@ -192,8 +209,117 @@ void set_human_readable_cause(Cause* cause, uint64_t fault_addr) {
       error_type_str, diff, byte_suffix, location_str, heap_object.size(), heap_object.address()));
 }
 
+#if defined(__aarch64__)
+void dump_stack_history(unwindstack::AndroidUnwinder* unwinder, uintptr_t target_tls,
+                        StackHistoryBuffer& shb_obj, bool nounwind) {
+  auto process_memory = unwinder->GetProcessMemory();
+  target_tls += sizeof(void*) * TLS_SLOT_STACK_MTE;
+  uintptr_t stack_mte;
+  if (!process_memory->ReadFully(target_tls, &stack_mte, sizeof(stack_mte))) {
+    async_safe_format_log(ANDROID_LOG_ERROR, LOG_TAG,
+                          "dump_stack_history: failed to read TLS_SLOT_STACK_MTE: %m");
+    return;
+  }
+  if (stack_mte == 0) {
+    async_safe_format_log(ANDROID_LOG_DEBUG, LOG_TAG,
+                          "dump_stack_history: stack history buffer is null");
+    return;
+  }
+  uintptr_t untagged_stack_mte = untag_address(stack_mte);
+  uintptr_t buf_size = stack_mte_ringbuffer_size_from_pointer(stack_mte);
+  if (buf_size == 0) {
+    async_safe_format_log(ANDROID_LOG_ERROR, LOG_TAG, "dump_stack_history: empty size");
+    return;
+  }
+  uintptr_t buf_start = untagged_stack_mte & ~(buf_size - 1ULL);
+  std::vector<char> buf(buf_size);
+  if (!process_memory->ReadFully(buf_start, buf.data(), buf.size())) {
+    async_safe_format_log(ANDROID_LOG_ERROR, LOG_TAG,
+                          "dump_stack_history: failed to read stack history: %m");
+    return;
+  }
+  uintptr_t original_off = untagged_stack_mte - buf_start;
+  if (original_off % 16 || original_off > buf_size) {
+    async_safe_format_log(ANDROID_LOG_ERROR, LOG_TAG,
+                          "dump_stack_history: invalid offset: %" PRIuPTR, original_off);
+    return;
+  }
+
+  // The original_off is the next slot that would have been written, so the last
+  // slot that was written is the previous one.
+  for (uintptr_t idx = 16; idx <= buf_size; idx += 16) {
+    int64_t off = original_off - idx;
+    if (off < 0) off += buf_size;
+    uintptr_t pc, taggedfp;
+    memcpy(&pc, &(buf[off]), sizeof(pc));
+    memcpy(&taggedfp, &(buf[off + sizeof(pc)]), sizeof(taggedfp));
+
+    if (pc == 0) break;
+    uintptr_t fp = untag_address(taggedfp);
+    uintptr_t tag = taggedfp >> 56;
+
+    unwindstack::FrameData frame_data;
+
+    if (nounwind) {
+      frame_data.pc = pc;
+    } else {
+      // +4 is to counteract the "pc adjustment" in BuildFrameFromPcOnly.
+      // BuildFrameFromPcOnly assumes we are unwinding, so it needs to correct for that
+      // the PC is the return address. That is not the case here.
+      // It doesn't really matter, because either should be in the correct function, but
+      // this is more correct (and consistent with the nounwind case).
+      frame_data = unwinder->BuildFrameFromPcOnly(pc);
+      frame_data.pc += 4;
+      frame_data.rel_pc += 4;
+    }
+
+    StackHistoryBufferEntry* entry = shb_obj.add_entries();
+    fill_in_backtrace_frame(entry->mutable_addr(), frame_data);
+    entry->set_fp(fp);
+    entry->set_tag(tag);
+  }
+}
+
+static pid_t get_containing_thread(unwindstack::MapInfo* map_info, pid_t main_tid) {
+  if (map_info == nullptr) return 0;
+
+  std::string name = map_info->name();
+  if (name == "[stack]") {
+    return main_tid;
+  }
+  int tid;
+  if (sscanf(name.c_str(), "[anon:stack_and_tls:%d", &tid) != 1) {
+    return 0;
+  }
+  return tid;
+}
+
+static std::optional<std::string> maybe_stack_mte_cause(
+    Tombstone* tombstone, unwindstack::AndroidUnwinder* unwinder, const ThreadInfo& target_thread,
+    [[maybe_unused]] const std::map<pid_t, ThreadInfo>& threads, uint64_t fault_addr) {
+  unwindstack::Maps* maps = unwinder->GetMaps();
+  auto map_info = maps->Find(untag_address(fault_addr));
+  pid_t tid = get_containing_thread(map_info.get(), target_thread.tid);
+  if (!tid) {
+    return std::nullopt;
+  }
+  auto it = threads.find(tid);
+  if (it != threads.end()) {
+    StackHistoryBuffer* shb = tombstone->mutable_stack_history_buffer();
+    shb->set_tid(tid);
+    dump_stack_history(unwinder, it->second.tls, *shb);
+  } else {
+    async_safe_format_log(ANDROID_LOG_ERROR, LOG_TAG,
+                          "dump_probable_cause: unknown target thread %d", tid);
+  }
+  return StringPrintf("stack tag-mismatch on thread %u", tid);
+}
+
+#endif
+
 static void dump_probable_cause(Tombstone* tombstone, unwindstack::AndroidUnwinder* unwinder,
-                                const ProcessInfo& process_info, const ThreadInfo& main_thread) {
+                                const ProcessInfo& process_info, const ThreadInfo& target_thread,
+                                [[maybe_unused]] const std::map<pid_t, ThreadInfo>& threads) {
 #if defined(USE_SCUDO)
   ScudoCrashData scudo_crash_data(unwinder->GetProcessMemory().get(), process_info);
   if (scudo_crash_data.CrashIsMine()) {
@@ -203,13 +329,13 @@ static void dump_probable_cause(Tombstone* tombstone, unwindstack::AndroidUnwind
 #endif
 
   GwpAsanCrashData gwp_asan_crash_data(unwinder->GetProcessMemory().get(), process_info,
-                                       main_thread);
+                                       target_thread);
   if (gwp_asan_crash_data.CrashIsMine()) {
     gwp_asan_crash_data.AddCauseProtos(tombstone, unwinder);
     return;
   }
 
-  const siginfo *si = main_thread.siginfo;
+  const siginfo *si = target_thread.siginfo;
   auto fault_addr = reinterpret_cast<uint64_t>(si->si_addr);
   unwindstack::Maps* maps = unwinder->GetMaps();
 
@@ -228,16 +354,27 @@ static void dump_probable_cause(Tombstone* tombstone, unwindstack::AndroidUnwind
     } else if (fault_addr == 0xffff0f60) {
       cause = "call to kuser_cmpxchg64";
     } else {
-      cause = get_stack_overflow_cause(fault_addr, main_thread.registers->sp(), maps);
+      cause = get_stack_overflow_cause(fault_addr, target_thread.registers->sp(), maps);
     }
   } else if (si->si_signo == SIGSEGV && si->si_code == SEGV_ACCERR) {
     auto map_info = maps->Find(fault_addr);
     if (map_info != nullptr && map_info->flags() == PROT_EXEC) {
       cause = "execute-only (no-read) memory access error; likely due to data in .text.";
+    } else if (fault_addr == target_thread.registers->pc() &&
+               map_info != nullptr && (map_info->flags() & PROT_EXEC) == 0) {
+      cause = "trying to execute non-executable memory.";
     } else {
-      cause = get_stack_overflow_cause(fault_addr, main_thread.registers->sp(), maps);
+      cause = get_stack_overflow_cause(fault_addr, target_thread.registers->sp(), maps);
     }
-  } else if (si->si_signo == SIGSYS && si->si_code == SYS_SECCOMP) {
+  }
+#if defined(__aarch64__) && defined(SEGV_MTESERR)
+  else if (si->si_signo == SIGSEGV && si->si_code == SEGV_MTESERR) {
+    // If this was a heap MTE crash, it would have been handled by scudo. Checking whether it
+    // is a stack one.
+    cause = maybe_stack_mte_cause(tombstone, unwinder, target_thread, threads, fault_addr);
+  }
+#endif
+  else if (si->si_signo == SIGSYS && si->si_code == SYS_SECCOMP) {
     cause = StringPrintf("seccomp prevented call to disallowed %s system call %d", ABI_STRING,
                          si->si_syscall);
   }
@@ -248,6 +385,46 @@ static void dump_probable_cause(Tombstone* tombstone, unwindstack::AndroidUnwind
   }
 }
 
+static void dump_crash_details(Tombstone* tombstone,
+                               std::shared_ptr<unwindstack::Memory>& process_memory,
+                               const ProcessInfo& process_info) {
+  uintptr_t address = process_info.crash_detail_page;
+  while (address) {
+    struct crash_detail_page_t page;
+    if (!process_memory->ReadFully(address, &page, sizeof(page))) {
+      async_safe_format_log(ANDROID_LOG_ERROR, LOG_TAG, "failed to read crash detail page: %m");
+      break;
+    }
+    if (page.used > kNumCrashDetails) {
+      async_safe_format_log(ANDROID_LOG_ERROR, LOG_TAG, "crash detail: page corrupted");
+      break;
+    }
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < page.used; ++i) {
+      const crash_detail_t& crash_detail = page.crash_details[i];
+      if (!crash_detail.data) {
+        continue;
+      }
+      std::string name(crash_detail.name_size, '\0');
+      if (!process_memory->ReadFully(reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(crash_detail.name), name.data(),
+                                     crash_detail.name_size)) {
+        async_safe_format_log(ANDROID_LOG_ERROR, LOG_TAG, "crash detail: failed to read name: %m");
+        continue;
+      }
+      std::string data(crash_detail.data_size, '\0');
+      if (!process_memory->ReadFully(reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(crash_detail.data), data.data(),
+                                     crash_detail.data_size)) {
+        async_safe_format_log(ANDROID_LOG_ERROR, LOG_TAG,
+                              "crash detail: failed to read data for %s: %m", name.c_str());
+        continue;
+      }
+      auto* proto_detail = tombstone->add_crash_details();
+      proto_detail->set_name(name);
+      proto_detail->set_data(data);
+    }
+    address = reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(page.prev);
+  }
+}
+
 static void dump_abort_message(Tombstone* tombstone,
                                std::shared_ptr<unwindstack::Memory>& process_memory,
                                const ProcessInfo& process_info) {
@@ -289,7 +466,8 @@ static void dump_abort_message(Tombstone* tombstone,
   }
   msg.resize(index);
 
-  tombstone->set_abort_message(msg);
+  // Make sure only UTF8 characters are present since abort_message is a string.
+  tombstone->set_abort_message(oct_encode_non_ascii_printable(msg));
 }
 
 static void dump_open_fds(Tombstone* tombstone, const OpenFilesList* open_files) {
@@ -432,7 +610,8 @@ static void dump_thread_backtrace(std::vector<unwindstack::FrameData>& frames, T
 }
 
 static void dump_thread(Tombstone* tombstone, unwindstack::AndroidUnwinder* unwinder,
-                        const ThreadInfo& thread_info, bool memory_dump = false) {
+                        const ThreadInfo& thread_info, bool memory_dump = false,
+                        unwindstack::AndroidUnwinder* guest_unwinder = nullptr) {
   Thread thread;
 
   thread.set_id(thread_info.tid);
@@ -459,6 +638,27 @@ static void dump_thread(Tombstone* tombstone, unwindstack::AndroidUnwinder* unwi
 
   auto& threads = *tombstone->mutable_threads();
   threads[thread_info.tid] = thread;
+
+  if (guest_unwinder) {
+    if (!thread_info.guest_registers) {
+      async_safe_format_log(ANDROID_LOG_INFO, LOG_TAG,
+                            "No guest state registers information for tid %d", thread_info.tid);
+      return;
+    }
+    Thread guest_thread;
+    unwindstack::AndroidUnwinderData guest_data;
+    guest_data.saved_initial_regs = std::make_optional<std::unique_ptr<unwindstack::Regs>>();
+    if (guest_unwinder->Unwind(thread_info.guest_registers.get(), guest_data)) {
+      dump_thread_backtrace(guest_data.frames, guest_thread);
+    } else {
+      async_safe_format_log(ANDROID_LOG_ERROR, LOG_TAG,
+                            "Unwind guest state registers failed for tid %d: Error %s",
+                            thread_info.tid, guest_data.GetErrorString().c_str());
+    }
+    dump_registers(guest_unwinder, *guest_data.saved_initial_regs, guest_thread, memory_dump);
+    auto& guest_threads = *tombstone->mutable_guest_threads();
+    guest_threads[thread_info.tid] = guest_thread;
+  }
 }
 
 static void dump_mappings(Tombstone* tombstone, unwindstack::Maps* maps,
@@ -490,27 +690,48 @@ static void dump_mappings(Tombstone* tombstone, unwindstack::Maps* maps,
   }
 }
 
+// This creates a fake log message that indicates an error occurred when
+// reading the log.
+static void add_error_log_msg(Tombstone* tombstone, const std::string&& error_msg) {
+  LogBuffer buffer;
+  buffer.set_name("ERROR");
+
+  LogMessage* log_msg = buffer.add_logs();
+  log_msg->set_timestamp("00-00 00:00:00.000");
+  log_msg->set_pid(0);
+  log_msg->set_tid(0);
+  log_msg->set_priority(ANDROID_LOG_ERROR);
+  log_msg->set_tag("");
+  log_msg->set_message(error_msg);
+
+  *tombstone->add_log_buffers() = std::move(buffer);
+
+  async_safe_format_log(ANDROID_LOG_ERROR, LOG_TAG, "%s", error_msg.c_str());
+}
+
 static void dump_log_file(Tombstone* tombstone, const char* logger, pid_t pid) {
-  logger_list* logger_list =
-      android_logger_list_open(android_name_to_log_id(logger), ANDROID_LOG_NONBLOCK, 0, pid);
+  logger_list* logger_list = android_logger_list_open(android_name_to_log_id(logger),
+                                                      ANDROID_LOG_NONBLOCK, kMaxLogMessages, pid);
+  if (logger_list == nullptr) {
+    add_error_log_msg(tombstone, android::base::StringPrintf("Cannot open log file %s", logger));
+    return;
+  }
 
   LogBuffer buffer;
-
   while (true) {
     log_msg log_entry;
     ssize_t actual = android_logger_list_read(logger_list, &log_entry);
-
     if (actual < 0) {
       if (actual == -EINTR) {
         // interrupted by signal, retry
         continue;
       }
-      if (actual == -EAGAIN) {
-        // non-blocking EOF; we're done
-        break;
-      } else {
-        break;
+      // Don't consider EAGAIN an error since this is a non-blocking call.
+      if (actual != -EAGAIN) {
+        add_error_log_msg(tombstone, android::base::StringPrintf("reading log %s failed (%s)",
+                                                                 logger, strerror(-actual)));
       }
+      break;
     } else if (actual == 0) {
       break;
     }
@@ -554,7 +775,8 @@ static void dump_log_file(Tombstone* tombstone, const char* logger, pid_t pid) {
       log_msg->set_tid(log_entry.entry.tid);
       log_msg->set_priority(prio);
       log_msg->set_tag(tag);
-      log_msg->set_message(msg);
+      // Make sure only UTF8 characters are present since message is a string.
+      log_msg->set_message(oct_encode_non_ascii_printable(msg));
     } while ((msg = nl));
   }
   android_logger_list_free(logger_list);
@@ -614,28 +836,35 @@ static void dump_tags_around_fault_addr(Signal* signal, const Tombstone& tombsto
 }
 
 void engrave_tombstone_proto(Tombstone* tombstone, unwindstack::AndroidUnwinder* unwinder,
-                             const std::map<pid_t, ThreadInfo>& threads, pid_t target_thread,
-                             const ProcessInfo& process_info, const OpenFilesList* open_files) {
+                             const std::map<pid_t, ThreadInfo>& threads, pid_t target_tid,
+                             const ProcessInfo& process_info, const OpenFilesList* open_files,
+                             const Architecture* guest_arch,
+                             unwindstack::AndroidUnwinder* guest_unwinder) {
   Tombstone result;
 
   result.set_arch(get_arch());
+  if (guest_arch != nullptr) {
+    result.set_guest_arch(*guest_arch);
+  } else {
+    result.set_guest_arch(Architecture::NONE);
+  }
   result.set_build_fingerprint(android::base::GetProperty("ro.build.fingerprint", "unknown"));
   result.set_revision(android::base::GetProperty("ro.revision", "unknown"));
   result.set_timestamp(get_timestamp());
 
-  const ThreadInfo& main_thread = threads.at(target_thread);
-  result.set_pid(main_thread.pid);
-  result.set_tid(main_thread.tid);
-  result.set_uid(main_thread.uid);
-  result.set_selinux_label(main_thread.selinux_label);
+  const ThreadInfo& target_thread = threads.at(target_tid);
+  result.set_pid(target_thread.pid);
+  result.set_tid(target_thread.tid);
+  result.set_uid(target_thread.uid);
+  result.set_selinux_label(target_thread.selinux_label);
   // The main thread must have a valid siginfo.
-  CHECK(main_thread.siginfo != nullptr);
+  CHECK(target_thread.siginfo != nullptr);
 
   struct sysinfo si;
   sysinfo(&si);
   android::procinfo::ProcessInfo proc_info;
   std::string error;
-  if (android::procinfo::GetProcessInfo(main_thread.pid, &proc_info, &error)) {
+  if (android::procinfo::GetProcessInfo(target_thread.pid, &proc_info, &error)) {
     uint64_t starttime = proc_info.starttime / sysconf(_SC_CLK_TCK);
     result.set_process_uptime(si.uptime - starttime);
   } else {
@@ -643,25 +872,28 @@ void engrave_tombstone_proto(Tombstone* tombstone, unwindstack::AndroidUnwinder*
                           error.c_str());
   }
 
+  result.set_page_size(getpagesize());
+  result.set_has_been_16kb_mode(android::base::GetBoolProperty("ro.misctrl.16kb_before", false));
+
   auto cmd_line = result.mutable_command_line();
-  for (const auto& arg : main_thread.command_line) {
+  for (const auto& arg : target_thread.command_line) {
     *cmd_line->Add() = arg;
   }
 
-  if (!main_thread.siginfo) {
+  if (!target_thread.siginfo) {
     async_safe_fatal("siginfo missing");
   }
 
   Signal sig;
-  sig.set_number(main_thread.signo);
-  sig.set_name(get_signame(main_thread.siginfo));
-  sig.set_code(main_thread.siginfo->si_code);
-  sig.set_code_name(get_sigcode(main_thread.siginfo));
+  sig.set_number(target_thread.signo);
+  sig.set_name(get_signame(target_thread.siginfo));
+  sig.set_code(target_thread.siginfo->si_code);
+  sig.set_code_name(get_sigcode(target_thread.siginfo));
 
-  if (signal_has_sender(main_thread.siginfo, main_thread.pid)) {
+  if (signal_has_sender(target_thread.siginfo, target_thread.pid)) {
     sig.set_has_sender(true);
-    sig.set_sender_uid(main_thread.siginfo->si_uid);
-    sig.set_sender_pid(main_thread.siginfo->si_pid);
+    sig.set_sender_uid(target_thread.siginfo->si_uid);
+    sig.set_sender_pid(target_thread.siginfo->si_pid);
   }
 
   if (process_info.has_fault_address) {
@@ -674,29 +906,29 @@ void engrave_tombstone_proto(Tombstone* tombstone, unwindstack::AndroidUnwinder*
   *result.mutable_signal_info() = sig;
 
   dump_abort_message(&result, unwinder->GetProcessMemory(), process_info);
-
-  // Dump the main thread, but save the memory around the registers.
-  dump_thread(&result, unwinder, main_thread, /* memory_dump */ true);
+  dump_crash_details(&result, unwinder->GetProcessMemory(), process_info);
+  // Dump the target thread, but save the memory around the registers.
+  dump_thread(&result, unwinder, target_thread, /* memory_dump */ true, guest_unwinder);
 
   for (const auto& [tid, thread_info] : threads) {
-    if (tid != target_thread) {
-      dump_thread(&result, unwinder, thread_info);
+    if (tid != target_tid) {
+      dump_thread(&result, unwinder, thread_info, /* memory_dump */ false, guest_unwinder);
     }
   }
 
-  dump_probable_cause(&result, unwinder, process_info, main_thread);
+  dump_probable_cause(&result, unwinder, process_info, target_thread, threads);
 
   dump_mappings(&result, unwinder->GetMaps(), unwinder->GetProcessMemory());
 
   // Only dump logs on debuggable devices.
   if (android::base::GetBoolProperty("ro.debuggable", false)) {
     // Get the thread that corresponds to the main pid of the process.
-    const ThreadInfo& thread = threads.at(main_thread.pid);
+    const ThreadInfo& thread = threads.at(target_thread.pid);
 
     // Do not attempt to dump logs of the logd process because the gathering
     // of logs can hang until a timeout occurs.
     if (thread.thread_name != "logd") {
-      dump_logcat(&result, main_thread.pid);
+      dump_logcat(&result, target_thread.pid);
     }
   }
 
diff --git a/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/tombstone_proto_to_text.cpp b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/tombstone_proto_to_text.cpp
index 8e6abdfa117e..11841b290d5f 100644
--- a/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/tombstone_proto_to_text.cpp
+++ b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/tombstone_proto_to_text.cpp
@@ -14,11 +14,15 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
-#include <libdebuggerd/tombstone.h>
+#include <libdebuggerd/tombstone_proto_to_text.h>
+#include <libdebuggerd/utility_host.h>
 
+#include <ctype.h>
 #include <inttypes.h>
 
+#include <algorithm>
 #include <functional>
+#include <optional>
 #include <set>
 #include <string>
 #include <unordered_set>
@@ -28,9 +32,8 @@
 #include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
 #include <android-base/strings.h>
 #include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
-#include <async_safe/log.h>
-#include <bionic/macros.h>
 
+#include "libdebuggerd/utility_host.h"
 #include "tombstone.pb.h"
 
 using android::base::StringAppendF;
@@ -40,9 +43,24 @@ using android::base::StringPrintf;
 #define CBL(...) CB(true, __VA_ARGS__)
 #define CBS(...) CB(false, __VA_ARGS__)
 using CallbackType = std::function<void(const std::string& line, bool should_log)>;
+using SymbolizeCallbackType = std::function<void(const BacktraceFrame& frame)>;
 
-static const char* abi_string(const Tombstone& tombstone) {
-  switch (tombstone.arch()) {
+#define DESCRIBE_FLAG(flag) \
+  if (value & flag) {       \
+    desc += ", ";           \
+    desc += #flag;          \
+    value &= ~flag;         \
+  }
+
+static std::string describe_end(long value, std::string& desc) {
+  if (value) {
+    desc += StringPrintf(", unknown 0x%lx", value);
+  }
+  return desc.empty() ? "" : " (" + desc.substr(2) + ")";
+}
+
+static const char* abi_string(const Architecture& arch) {
+  switch (arch) {
     case Architecture::ARM32:
       return "arm";
     case Architecture::ARM64:
@@ -75,12 +93,21 @@ static int pointer_width(const Tombstone& tombstone) {
   }
 }
 
+static uint64_t untag_address(Architecture arch, uint64_t addr) {
+  if (arch == Architecture::ARM64) {
+    return addr & ((1ULL << 56) - 1);
+  }
+  return addr;
+}
+
 static void print_thread_header(CallbackType callback, const Tombstone& tombstone,
                                 const Thread& thread, bool should_log) {
   const char* process_name = "<unknown>";
   if (!tombstone.command_line().empty()) {
     process_name = tombstone.command_line()[0].c_str();
     CB(should_log, "Cmdline: %s", android::base::Join(tombstone.command_line(), " ").c_str());
+  } else {
+    CB(should_log, "Cmdline: <unknown>");
   }
   CB(should_log, "pid: %d, tid: %d, name: %s  >>> %s <<<", tombstone.pid(), thread.id(),
      thread.name().c_str(), process_name);
@@ -136,7 +163,8 @@ static void print_thread_registers(CallbackType callback, const Tombstone& tombs
       break;
 
     default:
-      async_safe_fatal("unknown architecture");
+      CBL("Unknown architecture %d printing thread registers", tombstone.arch());
+      return;
   }
 
   for (const auto& reg : thread.registers()) {
@@ -159,7 +187,8 @@ static void print_thread_registers(CallbackType callback, const Tombstone& tombs
   print_register_row(callback, word_size, special_row, should_log);
 }
 
-static void print_backtrace(CallbackType callback, const Tombstone& tombstone,
+static void print_backtrace(CallbackType callback, SymbolizeCallbackType symbolize,
+                            const Tombstone& tombstone,
                             const google::protobuf::RepeatedPtrField<BacktraceFrame>& backtrace,
                             bool should_log) {
   int index = 0;
@@ -184,11 +213,14 @@ static void print_backtrace(CallbackType callback, const Tombstone& tombstone,
     }
     line += function + build_id;
     CB(should_log, "%s", line.c_str());
+
+    symbolize(frame);
   }
 }
 
-static void print_thread_backtrace(CallbackType callback, const Tombstone& tombstone,
-                                   const Thread& thread, bool should_log) {
+static void print_thread_backtrace(CallbackType callback, SymbolizeCallbackType symbolize,
+                                   const Tombstone& tombstone, const Thread& thread,
+                                   bool should_log) {
   CBS("");
   CB(should_log, "%d total frames", thread.current_backtrace().size());
   CB(should_log, "backtrace:");
@@ -196,7 +228,7 @@ static void print_thread_backtrace(CallbackType callback, const Tombstone& tombs
     CB(should_log, "  NOTE: %s",
        android::base::Join(thread.backtrace_note(), "\n  NOTE: ").c_str());
   }
-  print_backtrace(callback, tombstone, thread.current_backtrace(), should_log);
+  print_backtrace(callback, symbolize, tombstone, thread.current_backtrace(), should_log);
 }
 
 static void print_thread_memory_dump(CallbackType callback, const Tombstone& tombstone,
@@ -249,10 +281,11 @@ static void print_thread_memory_dump(CallbackType callback, const Tombstone& tom
   }
 }
 
-static void print_thread(CallbackType callback, const Tombstone& tombstone, const Thread& thread) {
+static void print_thread(CallbackType callback, SymbolizeCallbackType symbolize,
+                         const Tombstone& tombstone, const Thread& thread) {
   print_thread_header(callback, tombstone, thread, false);
   print_thread_registers(callback, tombstone, thread, false);
-  print_thread_backtrace(callback, tombstone, thread, false);
+  print_thread_backtrace(callback, symbolize, tombstone, thread, false);
   print_thread_memory_dump(callback, tombstone, thread);
 }
 
@@ -280,7 +313,8 @@ static void print_tag_dump(CallbackType callback, const Tombstone& tombstone) {
 
   size_t tag_index = 0;
   size_t num_tags = tags.length();
-  uintptr_t fault_granule = untag_address(signal.fault_address()) & ~(kTagGranuleSize - 1);
+  uintptr_t fault_granule =
+      untag_address(tombstone.arch(), signal.fault_address()) & ~(kTagGranuleSize - 1);
   for (size_t row = 0; tag_index < num_tags; ++row) {
     uintptr_t row_addr =
         (memory_dump.begin_address() + row * kNumTagColumns * kTagGranuleSize) & kRowStartMask;
@@ -328,7 +362,7 @@ static void print_memory_maps(CallbackType callback, const Tombstone& tombstone)
 
   const Signal& signal_info = tombstone.signal_info();
   bool has_fault_address = signal_info.has_fault_address();
-  uint64_t fault_address = untag_address(signal_info.fault_address());
+  uint64_t fault_address = untag_address(tombstone.arch(), signal_info.fault_address());
   bool preamble_printed = false;
   bool printed_fault_address_marker = false;
   for (const auto& map : tombstone.memory_mappings()) {
@@ -386,8 +420,8 @@ static void print_memory_maps(CallbackType callback, const Tombstone& tombstone)
   }
 }
 
-static void print_main_thread(CallbackType callback, const Tombstone& tombstone,
-                              const Thread& thread) {
+static void print_main_thread(CallbackType callback, SymbolizeCallbackType symbolize,
+                              const Tombstone& tombstone, const Thread& thread) {
   print_thread_header(callback, tombstone, thread, true);
 
   const Signal& signal_info = tombstone.signal_info();
@@ -429,13 +463,19 @@ static void print_main_thread(CallbackType callback, const Tombstone& tombstone,
     CBL("Abort message: '%s'", tombstone.abort_message().c_str());
   }
 
+  for (const auto& crash_detail : tombstone.crash_details()) {
+    std::string oct_encoded_name = oct_encode_non_printable(crash_detail.name());
+    std::string oct_encoded_data = oct_encode_non_printable(crash_detail.data());
+    CBL("Extra crash detail: %s: '%s'", oct_encoded_name.c_str(), oct_encoded_data.c_str());
+  }
+
   print_thread_registers(callback, tombstone, thread, true);
   if (is_async_mte_crash) {
     CBL("Note: This crash is a delayed async MTE crash. Memory corruption has occurred");
     CBL("      in this process. The stack trace below is the first system call or context");
     CBL("      switch that was executed after the memory corruption happened.");
   }
-  print_thread_backtrace(callback, tombstone, thread, true);
+  print_thread_backtrace(callback, symbolize, tombstone, thread, true);
 
   if (tombstone.causes_size() > 1) {
     CBS("");
@@ -443,6 +483,19 @@ static void print_main_thread(CallbackType callback, const Tombstone& tombstone,
         "order of likelihood.");
   }
 
+  if (tombstone.has_stack_history_buffer()) {
+    for (const StackHistoryBufferEntry& shbe : tombstone.stack_history_buffer().entries()) {
+      std::string stack_record_str = StringPrintf(
+          "stack_record fp:0x%" PRIx64 " tag:0x%" PRIx64 " pc:%s+0x%" PRIx64, shbe.fp(), shbe.tag(),
+          shbe.addr().file_name().c_str(), shbe.addr().rel_pc());
+      if (!shbe.addr().build_id().empty()) {
+        StringAppendF(&stack_record_str, " (BuildId: %s)", shbe.addr().build_id().c_str());
+      }
+
+      CBL("%s", stack_record_str.c_str());
+    }
+  }
+
   for (const Cause& cause : tombstone.causes()) {
     if (tombstone.causes_size() > 1) {
       CBS("");
@@ -455,13 +508,13 @@ static void print_main_thread(CallbackType callback, const Tombstone& tombstone,
       if (heap_object.deallocation_backtrace_size() != 0) {
         CBS("");
         CBL("deallocated by thread %" PRIu64 ":", heap_object.deallocation_tid());
-        print_backtrace(callback, tombstone, heap_object.deallocation_backtrace(), true);
+        print_backtrace(callback, symbolize, tombstone, heap_object.deallocation_backtrace(), true);
       }
 
       if (heap_object.allocation_backtrace_size() != 0) {
         CBS("");
         CBL("allocated by thread %" PRIu64 ":", heap_object.allocation_tid());
-        print_backtrace(callback, tombstone, heap_object.allocation_backtrace(), true);
+        print_backtrace(callback, symbolize, tombstone, heap_object.allocation_backtrace(), true);
       }
     }
   }
@@ -510,14 +563,40 @@ void print_logs(CallbackType callback, const Tombstone& tombstone, int tail) {
   }
 }
 
-bool tombstone_proto_to_text(const Tombstone& tombstone, CallbackType callback) {
+static void print_guest_thread(CallbackType callback, SymbolizeCallbackType symbolize,
+                               const Tombstone& tombstone, const Thread& guest_thread, pid_t tid,
+                               bool should_log) {
+  CBS("--- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---");
+  CBS("Guest thread information for tid: %d", tid);
+  print_thread_registers(callback, tombstone, guest_thread, should_log);
+
+  CBS("");
+  CB(true, "%d total frames", guest_thread.current_backtrace().size());
+  CB(true, "backtrace:");
+  print_backtrace(callback, symbolize, tombstone, guest_thread.current_backtrace(), should_log);
+
+  print_thread_memory_dump(callback, tombstone, guest_thread);
+}
+
+bool tombstone_proto_to_text(const Tombstone& tombstone, CallbackType callback,
+                             SymbolizeCallbackType symbolize) {
   CBL("*** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***");
   CBL("Build fingerprint: '%s'", tombstone.build_fingerprint().c_str());
   CBL("Revision: '%s'", tombstone.revision().c_str());
-  CBL("ABI: '%s'", abi_string(tombstone));
+  CBL("ABI: '%s'", abi_string(tombstone.arch()));
+  if (tombstone.guest_arch() != Architecture::NONE) {
+    CBL("Guest architecture: '%s'", abi_string(tombstone.guest_arch()));
+  }
   CBL("Timestamp: %s", tombstone.timestamp().c_str());
   CBL("Process uptime: %ds", tombstone.process_uptime());
 
+  // only print this info if the page size is not 4k or has been in 16k mode
+  if (tombstone.page_size() != 4096) {
+    CBL("Page size: %d bytes", tombstone.page_size());
+  } else if (tombstone.has_been_16kb_mode()) {
+    CBL("Has been in 16 KB mode before: yes");
+  }
+
   // Process header
   const auto& threads = tombstone.threads();
   auto main_thread_it = threads.find(tombstone.tid());
@@ -528,10 +607,17 @@ bool tombstone_proto_to_text(const Tombstone& tombstone, CallbackType callback)
 
   const auto& main_thread = main_thread_it->second;
 
-  print_main_thread(callback, tombstone, main_thread);
+  print_main_thread(callback, symbolize, tombstone, main_thread);
 
   print_logs(callback, tombstone, 50);
 
+  const auto& guest_threads = tombstone.guest_threads();
+  auto main_guest_thread_it = guest_threads.find(tombstone.tid());
+  if (main_guest_thread_it != threads.end()) {
+    print_guest_thread(callback, symbolize, tombstone, main_guest_thread_it->second,
+                       tombstone.tid(), true);
+  }
+
   // protobuf's map is unordered, so sort the keys first.
   std::set<int> thread_ids;
   for (const auto& [tid, _] : threads) {
@@ -542,7 +628,11 @@ bool tombstone_proto_to_text(const Tombstone& tombstone, CallbackType callback)
 
   for (const auto& tid : thread_ids) {
     CBS("--- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---");
-    print_thread(callback, tombstone, threads.find(tid)->second);
+    print_thread(callback, symbolize, tombstone, threads.find(tid)->second);
+    auto guest_thread_it = guest_threads.find(tid);
+    if (guest_thread_it != guest_threads.end()) {
+      print_guest_thread(callback, symbolize, tombstone, guest_thread_it->second, tid, false);
+    }
   }
 
   if (tombstone.open_fds().size() > 0) {
diff --git a/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/utility.cpp b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/utility.cpp
index d71fc6c7f14c..b5a93b7db503 100644
--- a/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/utility.cpp
+++ b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/utility.cpp
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 #define LOG_TAG "DEBUG"
 
 #include "libdebuggerd/utility.h"
+#include "libdebuggerd/utility_host.h"
 
 #include <errno.h>
 #include <signal.h>
@@ -382,8 +383,10 @@ const char* get_sigcode(const siginfo_t* si) {
           return "SEGV_MTEAERR";
         case SEGV_MTESERR:
           return "SEGV_MTESERR";
+        case SEGV_CPERR:
+          return "SEGV_CPERR";
       }
-      static_assert(NSIGSEGV == SEGV_MTESERR, "missing SEGV_* si_code");
+      static_assert(NSIGSEGV == SEGV_CPERR, "missing SEGV_* si_code");
       break;
     case SIGSYS:
       switch (si->si_code) {
@@ -443,42 +446,6 @@ const char* get_sigcode(const siginfo_t* si) {
   return "?";
 }
 
-#define DESCRIBE_FLAG(flag) \
-  if (value & flag) {       \
-    desc += ", ";           \
-    desc += #flag;          \
-    value &= ~flag;         \
-  }
-
-static std::string describe_end(long value, std::string& desc) {
-  if (value) {
-    desc += StringPrintf(", unknown 0x%lx", value);
-  }
-  return desc.empty() ? "" : " (" + desc.substr(2) + ")";
-}
-
-std::string describe_tagged_addr_ctrl(long value) {
-  std::string desc;
-  DESCRIBE_FLAG(PR_TAGGED_ADDR_ENABLE);
-  DESCRIBE_FLAG(PR_MTE_TCF_SYNC);
-  DESCRIBE_FLAG(PR_MTE_TCF_ASYNC);
-  if (value & PR_MTE_TAG_MASK) {
-    desc += StringPrintf(", mask 0x%04lx", (value & PR_MTE_TAG_MASK) >> PR_MTE_TAG_SHIFT);
-    value &= ~PR_MTE_TAG_MASK;
-  }
-  return describe_end(value, desc);
-}
-
-std::string describe_pac_enabled_keys(long value) {
-  std::string desc;
-  DESCRIBE_FLAG(PR_PAC_APIAKEY);
-  DESCRIBE_FLAG(PR_PAC_APIBKEY);
-  DESCRIBE_FLAG(PR_PAC_APDAKEY);
-  DESCRIBE_FLAG(PR_PAC_APDBKEY);
-  DESCRIBE_FLAG(PR_PAC_APGAKEY);
-  return describe_end(value, desc);
-}
-
 void log_backtrace(log_t* log, unwindstack::AndroidUnwinder* unwinder,
                    unwindstack::AndroidUnwinderData& data, const char* prefix) {
   std::set<std::string> unreadable_elf_files;
diff --git a/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/utility_host.cpp b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/utility_host.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..d87f4fb8e1a7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/utility_host.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,133 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2024, The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include "libdebuggerd/utility_host.h"
+
+#include <ctype.h>
+#include <sys/prctl.h>
+
+#include <charconv>
+#include <limits>
+#include <string>
+
+#include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
+
+using android::base::StringPrintf;
+
+#ifndef PR_MTE_TAG_SHIFT
+#define PR_MTE_TAG_SHIFT 3
+#endif
+
+#ifndef PR_MTE_TAG_MASK
+#define PR_MTE_TAG_MASK (0xffffUL << PR_MTE_TAG_SHIFT)
+#endif
+
+#ifndef PR_MTE_TCF_ASYNC
+#define PR_MTE_TCF_ASYNC (1UL << 2)
+#endif
+
+#ifndef PR_MTE_TCF_SYNC
+#define PR_MTE_TCF_SYNC (1UL << 1)
+#endif
+
+#ifndef PR_PAC_APIAKEY
+#define PR_PAC_APIAKEY (1UL << 0)
+#endif
+
+#ifndef PR_PAC_APIBKEY
+#define PR_PAC_APIBKEY (1UL << 1)
+#endif
+
+#ifndef PR_PAC_APDAKEY
+#define PR_PAC_APDAKEY (1UL << 2)
+#endif
+
+#ifndef PR_PAC_APDBKEY
+#define PR_PAC_APDBKEY (1UL << 3)
+#endif
+
+#ifndef PR_PAC_APGAKEY
+#define PR_PAC_APGAKEY (1UL << 4)
+#endif
+
+#ifndef PR_TAGGED_ADDR_ENABLE
+#define PR_TAGGED_ADDR_ENABLE (1UL << 0)
+#endif
+
+#define DESCRIBE_FLAG(flag) \
+  if (value & flag) {       \
+    desc += ", ";           \
+    desc += #flag;          \
+    value &= ~flag;         \
+  }
+
+static std::string describe_end(long value, std::string& desc) {
+  if (value) {
+    desc += StringPrintf(", unknown 0x%lx", value);
+  }
+  return desc.empty() ? "" : " (" + desc.substr(2) + ")";
+}
+
+std::string describe_tagged_addr_ctrl(long value) {
+  std::string desc;
+  DESCRIBE_FLAG(PR_TAGGED_ADDR_ENABLE);
+  DESCRIBE_FLAG(PR_MTE_TCF_SYNC);
+  DESCRIBE_FLAG(PR_MTE_TCF_ASYNC);
+  if (value & PR_MTE_TAG_MASK) {
+    desc += StringPrintf(", mask 0x%04lx", (value & PR_MTE_TAG_MASK) >> PR_MTE_TAG_SHIFT);
+    value &= ~PR_MTE_TAG_MASK;
+  }
+  return describe_end(value, desc);
+}
+
+std::string describe_pac_enabled_keys(long value) {
+  std::string desc;
+  DESCRIBE_FLAG(PR_PAC_APIAKEY);
+  DESCRIBE_FLAG(PR_PAC_APIBKEY);
+  DESCRIBE_FLAG(PR_PAC_APDAKEY);
+  DESCRIBE_FLAG(PR_PAC_APDBKEY);
+  DESCRIBE_FLAG(PR_PAC_APGAKEY);
+  return describe_end(value, desc);
+}
+
+static std::string oct_encode(const std::string& data, bool (*should_encode_func)(int)) {
+  std::string oct_encoded;
+  oct_encoded.reserve(data.size());
+
+  // N.B. the unsigned here is very important, otherwise e.g. \255 would render as
+  // \-123 (and overflow our buffer).
+  for (unsigned char c : data) {
+    if (should_encode_func(c)) {
+      std::string oct_digits("\\\0\0\0", 4);
+      // char is encodable in 3 oct digits
+      static_assert(std::numeric_limits<unsigned char>::max() <= 8 * 8 * 8);
+      auto [ptr, ec] = std::to_chars(oct_digits.data() + 1, oct_digits.data() + 4, c, 8);
+      oct_digits.resize(ptr - oct_digits.data());
+      oct_encoded += oct_digits;
+    } else {
+      oct_encoded += c;
+    }
+  }
+  return oct_encoded;
+}
+
+std::string oct_encode_non_ascii_printable(const std::string& data) {
+  return oct_encode(data, [](int c) { return !isgraph(c) && !isspace(c); });
+}
+
+std::string oct_encode_non_printable(const std::string& data) {
+  return oct_encode(data, [](int c) { return !isprint(c); });
+}
diff --git a/debuggerd/pbtombstone.cpp b/debuggerd/pbtombstone.cpp
index 7527e31e1ffd..0902b386f50e 100644
--- a/debuggerd/pbtombstone.cpp
+++ b/debuggerd/pbtombstone.cpp
@@ -16,32 +16,55 @@
 
 #include <err.h>
 #include <fcntl.h>
+#include <getopt.h>
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <unistd.h>
 
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
+
 #include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
-#include <libdebuggerd/tombstone.h>
+#include <libdebuggerd/tombstone_proto_to_text.h>
 
 #include "tombstone.pb.h"
+#include "tombstone_symbolize.h"
 
 using android::base::unique_fd;
 
 [[noreturn]] void usage(bool error) {
-  fprintf(stderr, "usage: pbtombstone TOMBSTONE.PB\n");
+  fprintf(stderr, "usage: pbtombstone [OPTION] TOMBSTONE.PB\n");
   fprintf(stderr, "Convert a protobuf tombstone to text.\n");
+  fprintf(stderr, "Arguments:\n");
+  fprintf(stderr, "  -h, --help                   print this message\n");
+  fprintf(stderr, "  --debug-file-directory PATH  specify the path to a symbols directory\n");
   exit(error);
 }
 
-int main(int argc, const char* argv[]) {
-  if (argc != 2) {
-    usage(true);
+int main(int argc, char* argv[]) {
+  std::vector<std::string> debug_file_directories;
+  static struct option long_options[] = {
+      {"debug-file-directory", required_argument, 0, 0},
+      {"help", no_argument, 0, 'h'},
+      {},
+  };
+  int c;
+  while ((c = getopt_long(argc, argv, "h", long_options, 0)) != -1) {
+    switch (c) {
+      case 0:
+        debug_file_directories.push_back(optarg);
+        break;
+
+      case 'h':
+        usage(false);
+        break;
+    }
   }
 
-  if (strcmp("-h", argv[1]) == 0 || strcmp("--help", argv[1]) == 0) {
-    usage(false);
+  if (optind != argc-1) {
+    usage(true);
   }
 
-  unique_fd fd(open(argv[1], O_RDONLY | O_CLOEXEC));
+  unique_fd fd(open(argv[optind], O_RDONLY | O_CLOEXEC));
   if (fd == -1) {
     err(1, "failed to open tombstone '%s'", argv[1]);
   }
@@ -51,8 +74,11 @@ int main(int argc, const char* argv[]) {
     err(1, "failed to parse tombstone");
   }
 
+  Symbolizer sym;
+  sym.Start(debug_file_directories);
   bool result = tombstone_proto_to_text(
-      tombstone, [](const std::string& line, bool) { printf("%s\n", line.c_str()); });
+      tombstone, [](const std::string& line, bool) { printf("%s\n", line.c_str()); },
+      [&](const BacktraceFrame& frame) { symbolize_backtrace_frame(frame, sym); });
 
   if (!result) {
     errx(1, "tombstone was malformed");
diff --git a/debuggerd/proto/Android.bp b/debuggerd/proto/Android.bp
index 73cf5737d12e..70deb3cdda48 100644
--- a/debuggerd/proto/Android.bp
+++ b/debuggerd/proto/Android.bp
@@ -35,6 +35,21 @@ cc_library_static {
         "com.android.runtime",
     ],
 
+    ramdisk_available: true,
     recovery_available: true,
     vendor_ramdisk_available: true,
+    host_supported: true,
+}
+
+java_library_static {
+    name: "libtombstone_proto_java",
+    proto: {
+        type: "lite",
+    },
+    srcs: [
+        "tombstone.proto",
+    ],
+    jarjar_rules: "jarjar-rules.txt",
+    sdk_version: "current",
+    static_libs: ["libprotobuf-java-lite"],
 }
diff --git a/debuggerd/proto/jarjar-rules.txt b/debuggerd/proto/jarjar-rules.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..66878a9489c1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/debuggerd/proto/jarjar-rules.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+rule com.google.protobuf.** com.android.server.os.protobuf.@1
diff --git a/debuggerd/proto/tombstone.proto b/debuggerd/proto/tombstone.proto
index 49865a2bb75f..9deeeec9e185 100644
--- a/debuggerd/proto/tombstone.proto
+++ b/debuggerd/proto/tombstone.proto
@@ -15,8 +15,40 @@ option java_outer_classname = "TombstoneProtos";
 // NOTE TO OEMS:
 // If you add custom fields to this proto, do not use numbers in the reserved range.
 
+// NOTE TO CONSUMERS:
+// With proto3 -- unlike proto2 -- HasValue is unreliable for any field
+// where the default value for that type is also a valid value for the field.
+// This means, for example, that a boolean that is false or an integer that
+// is zero will appear to be missing --- but because they're not actually
+// marked as `optional` in this schema, consumers should just use values
+// without first checking whether or not they're "present".
+// https://protobuf.dev/programming-guides/proto3/#default
+
+message CrashDetail {
+  bytes name = 1;
+  bytes data = 2;
+
+  reserved 3 to 999;
+}
+
+message StackHistoryBufferEntry {
+  BacktraceFrame addr = 1;
+  uint64 fp = 2;
+  uint64 tag = 3;
+
+  reserved 4 to 999;
+}
+
+message StackHistoryBuffer {
+  uint64 tid = 1;
+  repeated StackHistoryBufferEntry entries = 2;
+
+  reserved 3 to 999;
+}
+
 message Tombstone {
   Architecture arch = 1;
+  Architecture guest_arch = 24;
   string build_fingerprint = 2;
   string revision = 3;
   string timestamp = 4;
@@ -33,14 +65,21 @@ message Tombstone {
 
   Signal signal_info = 10;
   string abort_message = 14;
+  repeated CrashDetail crash_details = 21;
   repeated Cause causes = 15;
 
   map<uint32, Thread> threads = 16;
+  map<uint32, Thread> guest_threads = 25;
   repeated MemoryMapping memory_mappings = 17;
   repeated LogBuffer log_buffers = 18;
   repeated FD open_fds = 19;
 
-  reserved 21 to 999;
+  uint32 page_size = 22;
+  bool has_been_16kb_mode = 23;
+
+  StackHistoryBuffer stack_history_buffer = 26;
+
+  reserved 27 to 999;
 }
 
 enum Architecture {
@@ -49,8 +88,9 @@ enum Architecture {
   X86 = 2;
   X86_64 = 3;
   RISCV64 = 4;
+  NONE = 5;
 
-  reserved 5 to 999;
+  reserved 6 to 999;
 }
 
 message Signal {
diff --git a/debuggerd/protocol.h b/debuggerd/protocol.h
index b60cf5bb6295..9af7377df802 100644
--- a/debuggerd/protocol.h
+++ b/debuggerd/protocol.h
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ struct InterceptRequest {
 };
 
 enum class InterceptStatus : uint8_t {
-  // Returned when an intercept of a different type has already been
+  // Returned when an intercept of the same type has already been
   // registered (and is active) for a given PID.
   kFailedAlreadyRegistered,
   // Returned in all other failure cases.
@@ -99,7 +99,9 @@ struct __attribute__((__packed__)) CrashInfoDataDynamic : public CrashInfoDataSt
   uintptr_t scudo_region_info;
   uintptr_t scudo_ring_buffer;
   size_t scudo_ring_buffer_size;
-  bool recoverable_gwp_asan_crash;
+  size_t scudo_stack_depot_size;
+  bool recoverable_crash;
+  uintptr_t crash_detail_page;
 };
 
 struct __attribute__((__packed__)) CrashInfo {
diff --git a/debuggerd/rust/tombstoned_client/Android.bp b/debuggerd/rust/tombstoned_client/Android.bp
index 2007f39343c6..bf19bb779eff 100644
--- a/debuggerd/rust/tombstoned_client/Android.bp
+++ b/debuggerd/rust/tombstoned_client/Android.bp
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ cc_library_static {
         "wrapper.cpp",
     ],
     generated_sources: [
-        "libtombstoned_client_rust_bridge_code"
+        "libtombstoned_client_rust_bridge_code",
     ],
     header_libs: [
         "libbase_headers",
diff --git a/debuggerd/rust/tombstoned_client/src/lib.rs b/debuggerd/rust/tombstoned_client/src/lib.rs
index 5c8abef2cdb8..d1b5e696e481 100644
--- a/debuggerd/rust/tombstoned_client/src/lib.rs
+++ b/debuggerd/rust/tombstoned_client/src/lib.rs
@@ -39,20 +39,26 @@ pub struct TombstonedConnection {
 }
 
 impl TombstonedConnection {
+    /// # Safety
+    ///
+    /// The file descriptors must be valid and open.
     unsafe fn from_raw_fds(
         tombstoned_socket: RawFd,
         text_output_fd: RawFd,
         proto_output_fd: RawFd,
     ) -> Self {
         Self {
-            tombstoned_socket: File::from_raw_fd(tombstoned_socket),
+            // SAFETY: The caller guarantees that the file descriptor is valid and open.
+            tombstoned_socket: unsafe { File::from_raw_fd(tombstoned_socket) },
             text_output: if text_output_fd >= 0 {
-                Some(File::from_raw_fd(text_output_fd))
+                // SAFETY: The caller guarantees that the file descriptor is valid and open.
+                Some(unsafe { File::from_raw_fd(text_output_fd) })
             } else {
                 None
             },
             proto_output: if proto_output_fd >= 0 {
-                Some(File::from_raw_fd(proto_output_fd))
+                // SAFETY: The caller guarantees that the file descriptor is valid and open.
+                Some(unsafe { File::from_raw_fd(proto_output_fd) })
             } else {
                 None
             },
@@ -71,6 +77,8 @@ impl TombstonedConnection {
             &mut proto_output_fd,
             dump_type,
         ) {
+            // SAFETY: If tombstoned_connect_files returns successfully then they file descriptors
+            // are valid and open.
             Ok(unsafe { Self::from_raw_fds(tombstoned_socket, text_output_fd, proto_output_fd) })
         } else {
             Err(Error)
@@ -146,8 +154,6 @@ mod tests {
             .write_all(b"test data")
             .expect("Failed to write to text output FD.");
 
-        connection
-            .notify_completion()
-            .expect("Failed to notify completion.");
+        connection.notify_completion().expect("Failed to notify completion.");
     }
 }
diff --git a/debuggerd/seccomp_policy/crash_dump.arm.policy b/debuggerd/seccomp_policy/crash_dump.arm.policy
index 8fd03c4273ce..a70ab203d257 100644
--- a/debuggerd/seccomp_policy/crash_dump.arm.policy
+++ b/debuggerd/seccomp_policy/crash_dump.arm.policy
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ getdents64: 1
 faccessat: 1
 recvmsg: 1
 recvfrom: 1
+setsockopt: 1
 sysinfo: 1
 process_vm_readv: 1
 tgkill: 1
diff --git a/debuggerd/seccomp_policy/crash_dump.arm64.policy b/debuggerd/seccomp_policy/crash_dump.arm64.policy
index 8241f0ee443b..c5d10d66b8ca 100644
--- a/debuggerd/seccomp_policy/crash_dump.arm64.policy
+++ b/debuggerd/seccomp_policy/crash_dump.arm64.policy
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ getdents64: 1
 faccessat: 1
 recvmsg: 1
 recvfrom: 1
+setsockopt: 1
 sysinfo: 1
 process_vm_readv: 1
 tgkill: 1
@@ -27,11 +28,11 @@ rt_sigaction: 1
 rt_tgsigqueueinfo: 1
 prctl: arg0 == PR_GET_NO_NEW_PRIVS || arg0 == 0x53564d41 || arg0 == PR_PAC_RESET_KEYS || arg0 == 56 || arg0 == 61
 madvise: 1
-mprotect: arg2 in 0x1|0x2
+mprotect: arg2 in 0x1|0x2|0x20
 munmap: 1
 getuid: 1
 fstat: 1
-mmap: arg2 in 0x1|0x2
+mmap: arg2 in 0x1|0x2|0x20
 geteuid: 1
 getgid: 1
 getegid: 1
diff --git a/debuggerd/seccomp_policy/crash_dump.policy.def b/debuggerd/seccomp_policy/crash_dump.policy.def
index 0cb8e081dfff..dc751da6be5f 100644
--- a/debuggerd/seccomp_policy/crash_dump.policy.def
+++ b/debuggerd/seccomp_policy/crash_dump.policy.def
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ getdents64: 1
 faccessat: 1
 recvmsg: 1
 recvfrom: 1
+setsockopt: 1
 sysinfo: 1
 
 process_vm_readv: 1
@@ -52,20 +53,29 @@ prctl: arg0 == PR_GET_NO_NEW_PRIVS || arg0 == PR_SET_VMA
 
 #if 0
 libminijail on vendor partitions older than P does not have constants from <sys/mman.h>.
-Define the values of PROT_READ and PROT_WRITE ourselves to maintain backwards compatibility.
+Define values for PROT_READ, PROT_WRITE and PROT_MTE ourselves to maintain backwards compatibility.
 #else
 #define PROT_READ 0x1
 #define PROT_WRITE 0x2
+#define PROT_MTE 0x20
 #endif
 
 madvise: 1
+#if defined(__aarch64__)
+mprotect: arg2 in PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE|PROT_MTE
+#else
 mprotect: arg2 in PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE
+#endif
 munmap: 1
 
 #if defined(__LP64__)
 getuid: 1
 fstat: 1
+#if defined(__aarch64__)
+mmap: arg2 in PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE|PROT_MTE
+#else
 mmap: arg2 in PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE
+#endif
 #else
 getuid32: 1
 fstat64: 1
diff --git a/debuggerd/seccomp_policy/crash_dump.riscv64.policy b/debuggerd/seccomp_policy/crash_dump.riscv64.policy
index 21887abe0799..94a56772a672 100644
--- a/debuggerd/seccomp_policy/crash_dump.riscv64.policy
+++ b/debuggerd/seccomp_policy/crash_dump.riscv64.policy
@@ -19,12 +19,14 @@ getdents64: 1
 faccessat: 1
 recvmsg: 1
 recvfrom: 1
+setsockopt: 1
+sysinfo: 1
 process_vm_readv: 1
 tgkill: 1
 rt_sigprocmask: 1
 rt_sigaction: 1
 rt_tgsigqueueinfo: 1
-prctl: arg0 == PR_GET_NO_NEW_PRIVS || arg0 == 0x53564d41 || arg0 == PR_PAC_RESET_KEYS
+prctl: arg0 == PR_GET_NO_NEW_PRIVS || arg0 == 0x53564d41
 madvise: 1
 mprotect: arg2 in 0x1|0x2
 munmap: 1
diff --git a/debuggerd/seccomp_policy/crash_dump.x86.policy b/debuggerd/seccomp_policy/crash_dump.x86.policy
index 8fd03c4273ce..a70ab203d257 100644
--- a/debuggerd/seccomp_policy/crash_dump.x86.policy
+++ b/debuggerd/seccomp_policy/crash_dump.x86.policy
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ getdents64: 1
 faccessat: 1
 recvmsg: 1
 recvfrom: 1
+setsockopt: 1
 sysinfo: 1
 process_vm_readv: 1
 tgkill: 1
diff --git a/debuggerd/seccomp_policy/crash_dump.x86_64.policy b/debuggerd/seccomp_policy/crash_dump.x86_64.policy
index 281e231b0135..94a56772a672 100644
--- a/debuggerd/seccomp_policy/crash_dump.x86_64.policy
+++ b/debuggerd/seccomp_policy/crash_dump.x86_64.policy
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ getdents64: 1
 faccessat: 1
 recvmsg: 1
 recvfrom: 1
+setsockopt: 1
 sysinfo: 1
 process_vm_readv: 1
 tgkill: 1
diff --git a/debuggerd/test_permissive_mte/Android.bp b/debuggerd/test_permissive_mte/Android.bp
index d3f7520649a3..4403b8a94c67 100644
--- a/debuggerd/test_permissive_mte/Android.bp
+++ b/debuggerd/test_permissive_mte/Android.bp
@@ -17,23 +17,28 @@ package {
 }
 
 cc_binary {
-  name: "mte_crash",
-  tidy: false,
-  srcs: ["mte_crash.cpp"],
-  sanitize: {
-    memtag_heap: true,
-    diag: {
-      memtag_heap: true,
+    name: "mte_crash",
+    srcs: ["mte_crash.cpp"],
+    sanitize: {
+        memtag_heap: true,
+        diag: {
+            memtag_heap: true,
+        },
     },
-  },
 }
 
 java_test_host {
     name: "permissive_mte_test",
     libs: ["tradefed"],
-    static_libs: ["frameworks-base-hostutils", "cts-install-lib-host"],
-    srcs:  ["src/**/PermissiveMteTest.java", ":libtombstone_proto-src"],
-    data: [":mte_crash"],
+    static_libs: [
+        "frameworks-base-hostutils",
+        "cts-install-lib-host",
+    ],
+    srcs: [
+        "src/**/PermissiveMteTest.java",
+        ":libtombstone_proto-src",
+    ],
+    device_first_data: [":mte_crash"],
     test_config: "AndroidTest.xml",
     test_suites: ["general-tests"],
 }
diff --git a/debuggerd/test_permissive_mte/AndroidTest.xml b/debuggerd/test_permissive_mte/AndroidTest.xml
index bd3d0182c67a..db5f5b81296c 100644
--- a/debuggerd/test_permissive_mte/AndroidTest.xml
+++ b/debuggerd/test_permissive_mte/AndroidTest.xml
@@ -17,8 +17,6 @@
     <option name="test-suite-tag" value="init_test_upgrade_mte" />
     <option name="test-suite-tag" value="apct" />
 
-    <!-- For tombstone inspection. -->
-    <target_preparer class="com.android.tradefed.targetprep.RootTargetPreparer"/>
     <target_preparer class="com.android.tradefed.targetprep.PushFilePreparer">
       <option name="cleanup" value="true" />
       <option name="push" value="mte_crash->/data/local/tmp/mte_crash" />
diff --git a/debuggerd/test_permissive_mte/mte_crash.cpp b/debuggerd/test_permissive_mte/mte_crash.cpp
index 97ad73fbc381..75b70edb8fbb 100644
--- a/debuggerd/test_permissive_mte/mte_crash.cpp
+++ b/debuggerd/test_permissive_mte/mte_crash.cpp
@@ -20,5 +20,14 @@
 int main(int, char**) {
   volatile char* f = (char*)malloc(1);
   printf("%c\n", f[17]);
+#ifdef __aarch64__
+  if (getenv("MTE_PERMISSIVE_REENABLE_TIME_CPUMS")) {
+    // Burn some cycles because the MTE_PERMISSIVE_REENABLE_TIME_CPUMS is based on CPU clock.
+    for (int i = 0; i < 1000000000; ++i) {
+      asm("isb");
+    }
+    printf("%c\n", f[17]);
+  }
+#endif
   return 0;
 }
diff --git a/debuggerd/test_permissive_mte/src/com/android/tests/debuggerd/PermissiveMteTest.java b/debuggerd/test_permissive_mte/src/com/android/tests/debuggerd/PermissiveMteTest.java
index 0203adcd4ac7..544299dd1a31 100644
--- a/debuggerd/test_permissive_mte/src/com/android/tests/debuggerd/PermissiveMteTest.java
+++ b/debuggerd/test_permissive_mte/src/com/android/tests/debuggerd/PermissiveMteTest.java
@@ -97,6 +97,34 @@ public void testCrash() throws Exception {
     }
     assertThat(numberTombstones).isEqualTo(1);
   }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testReenableCrash() throws Exception {
+    CommandResult result =
+        getDevice().executeShellV2Command("MTE_PERMISSIVE=1 MTE_PERMISSIVE_REENABLE_TIME_CPUMS=1 "
+                                          + "/data/local/tmp/mte_crash testReenableCrash "
+                                          + mUUID);
+    assertThat(result.getExitCode()).isEqualTo(0);
+    int numberTombstones = 0;
+    String[] tombstones = getDevice().getChildren("/data/tombstones");
+    for (String tombstone : tombstones) {
+      if (!tombstone.endsWith(".pb")) {
+        continue;
+      }
+      String tombstonePath = "/data/tombstones/" + tombstone;
+      Tombstone tombstoneProto = parseTombstone(tombstonePath);
+      if (!tombstoneProto.getCommandLineList().stream().anyMatch(x -> x.contains(mUUID))) {
+        continue;
+      }
+      if (!tombstoneProto.getCommandLineList().stream().anyMatch(
+              x -> x.contains("testReenableCrash"))) {
+        continue;
+      }
+      numberTombstones++;
+    }
+    assertThat(numberTombstones).isEqualTo(2);
+  }
+
   @Test
   public void testCrashProperty() throws Exception {
     String prevValue = getDevice().getProperty("persist.sys.mte.permissive");
diff --git a/debuggerd/tombstone_symbolize.cpp b/debuggerd/tombstone_symbolize.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..07735d0ee25f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/debuggerd/tombstone_symbolize.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,160 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2024 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include "tombstone_symbolize.h"
+
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <inttypes.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "android-base/stringprintf.h"
+#include "android-base/unique_fd.h"
+
+#include "tombstone.pb.h"
+
+using android::base::StringPrintf;
+using android::base::unique_fd;
+
+bool Symbolizer::Start(const std::vector<std::string>& debug_file_directories) {
+  unique_fd parent_in, parent_out, child_in, child_out;
+  if (!Pipe(&parent_in, &child_out) || !Pipe(&child_in, &parent_out)) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  std::vector<const char *> args;
+  args.push_back("llvm-symbolizer");
+  for (const std::string &dir : debug_file_directories) {
+    args.push_back("--debug-file-directory");
+    args.push_back(dir.c_str());
+  }
+  args.push_back(0);
+
+  int pid = fork();
+  if (pid == -1) {
+    return false;
+  } else if (pid == 0) {
+    parent_in.reset();
+    parent_out.reset();
+
+    dup2(child_in.get(), STDIN_FILENO);
+    dup2(child_out.get(), STDOUT_FILENO);
+
+    execvp("llvm-symbolizer", const_cast<char *const *>(args.data()));
+
+    fprintf(stderr, "unable to start llvm-symbolizer: %s\n", strerror(errno));
+    _exit(1);
+  } else {
+    child_in.reset();
+    child_out.reset();
+
+    // TODO: Check that llvm-symbolizer started up successfully.
+    // There used to be an easy way to do this, but it was removed in:
+    // https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/commit/1792852f86dc75efa1f44d46b1a0daf386d64afa
+
+    in_fd = std::move(parent_in);
+    out_fd = std::move(parent_out);
+    return true;
+  }
+}
+
+std::string Symbolizer::read_response() {
+  std::string resp;
+
+  while (resp.size() < 2 || resp[resp.size() - 2] != '\n' || resp[resp.size() - 1] != '\n') {
+    char buf[4096];
+    ssize_t size = read(in_fd, buf, 4096);
+    if (size <= 0) {
+      return "";
+    }
+    resp.append(buf, size);
+  }
+
+  return resp;
+}
+
+std::vector<Symbolizer::Frame> Symbolizer::SymbolizeCode(std::string path, uint64_t rel_pc) {
+  std::string request = StringPrintf("CODE %s 0x%" PRIx64 "\n", path.c_str(), rel_pc);
+  if (write(out_fd, request.c_str(), request.size()) != static_cast<ssize_t>(request.size())) {
+    return {};
+  }
+
+  std::string response = read_response();
+  if (response.empty()) {
+    return {};
+  }
+
+  std::vector<Symbolizer::Frame> frames;
+
+  size_t frame_start = 0;
+  while (frame_start < response.size() - 1) {
+    Symbolizer::Frame frame;
+
+    size_t second_line_start = response.find('\n', frame_start) + 1;
+    if (second_line_start == std::string::npos + 1) {
+      return {};
+    }
+
+    size_t third_line_start = response.find('\n', second_line_start) + 1;
+    if (third_line_start == std::string::npos + 1) {
+      return {};
+    }
+
+    frame.function_name = response.substr(frame_start, second_line_start - frame_start - 1);
+
+    size_t column_number_start = response.rfind(':', third_line_start);
+    if (column_number_start == std::string::npos) {
+      return {};
+    }
+
+    size_t line_number_start = response.rfind(':', column_number_start - 1);
+    if (line_number_start == std::string::npos) {
+      return {};
+    }
+
+    frame.file = response.substr(second_line_start, line_number_start - second_line_start);
+
+    errno = 0;
+    frame.line = strtoull(response.c_str() + line_number_start + 1, 0, 10);
+    frame.column = strtoull(response.c_str() + column_number_start + 1, 0, 10);
+    if (errno != 0) {
+      return {};
+    }
+
+    frames.push_back(frame);
+
+    frame_start = third_line_start;
+  }
+
+  if (frames.size() == 1 && frames[0].file == "??") {
+    return {};
+  }
+
+  return frames;
+}
+
+void symbolize_backtrace_frame(const BacktraceFrame& frame, Symbolizer& sym) {
+  if (frame.build_id().empty()) {
+    return;
+  }
+
+  for (Symbolizer::Frame f : sym.SymbolizeCode("BUILDID:" + frame.build_id(), frame.rel_pc())) {
+    printf("          %s:%" PRId64 ":%" PRId64 " (%s)\n", f.file.c_str(), f.line, f.column,
+           f.function_name.c_str());
+  }
+}
diff --git a/debuggerd/tombstone_symbolize.h b/debuggerd/tombstone_symbolize.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..c22d677eed3b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/debuggerd/tombstone_symbolize.h
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2024 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "android-base/unique_fd.h"
+
+class BacktraceFrame;
+
+class Symbolizer {
+  android::base::unique_fd in_fd, out_fd;
+
+  std::string read_response();
+
+ public:
+  bool Start(const std::vector<std::string>& debug_file_directories);
+
+  struct Frame {
+    std::string function_name, file;
+    uint64_t line, column;
+  };
+
+  std::vector<Frame> SymbolizeCode(std::string path, uint64_t rel_pc);
+};
+
+void symbolize_backtrace_frame(const BacktraceFrame& frame, Symbolizer& sym);
diff --git a/debuggerd/tombstoned/intercept_manager.cpp b/debuggerd/tombstoned/intercept_manager.cpp
index 613e6f57d4d3..ac7b43132900 100644
--- a/debuggerd/tombstoned/intercept_manager.cpp
+++ b/debuggerd/tombstoned/intercept_manager.cpp
@@ -19,7 +19,10 @@
 #include <inttypes.h>
 #include <sys/types.h>
 
+#include <limits>
+#include <memory>
 #include <unordered_map>
+#include <utility>
 
 #include <event2/event.h>
 #include <event2/listener.h>
@@ -36,8 +39,7 @@ using android::base::ReceiveFileDescriptors;
 using android::base::unique_fd;
 
 static void intercept_close_cb(evutil_socket_t sockfd, short event, void* arg) {
-  auto intercept = reinterpret_cast<Intercept*>(arg);
-  InterceptManager* intercept_manager = intercept->intercept_manager;
+  std::unique_ptr<Intercept> intercept(reinterpret_cast<Intercept*>(arg));
 
   CHECK_EQ(sockfd, intercept->sockfd.get());
 
@@ -46,131 +48,108 @@ static void intercept_close_cb(evutil_socket_t sockfd, short event, void* arg) {
 
   // Ownership of intercept differs based on whether we've registered it with InterceptManager.
   if (!intercept->registered) {
-    delete intercept;
-  } else {
-    auto it = intercept_manager->intercepts.find(intercept->intercept_pid);
-    if (it == intercept_manager->intercepts.end()) {
-      LOG(FATAL) << "intercept close callback called after intercept was already removed?";
-    }
-    if (it->second.get() != intercept) {
-      LOG(FATAL) << "intercept close callback has different Intercept from InterceptManager?";
-    }
-
-    const char* reason;
-    if ((event & EV_TIMEOUT) != 0) {
-      reason = "due to timeout";
-    } else {
-      reason = "due to input";
-    }
-
-    LOG(INFO) << "intercept for pid " << intercept->intercept_pid << " and type "
-              << intercept->dump_type << " terminated: " << reason;
-    intercept_manager->intercepts.erase(it);
+    LOG(WARNING) << "intercept for pid " << intercept->pid << " and type " << intercept->dump_type
+                 << " closed before being registered.";
+    return;
   }
+
+  const char* reason = (event & EV_TIMEOUT) ? "due to timeout" : "due to input";
+  LOG(INFO) << "intercept for pid " << intercept->pid << " and type " << intercept->dump_type
+            << " terminated: " << reason;
 }
 
-static bool is_intercept_request_valid(const InterceptRequest& request) {
-  if (request.pid <= 0 || request.pid > std::numeric_limits<pid_t>::max()) {
-    return false;
+void InterceptManager::Unregister(Intercept* intercept) {
+  CHECK(intercept->registered);
+  auto pid_entry = intercepts.find(intercept->pid);
+  if (pid_entry == intercepts.end()) {
+    LOG(FATAL) << "No intercepts found for pid " << intercept->pid;
   }
-
-  if (request.dump_type < 0 || request.dump_type > kDebuggerdJavaBacktrace) {
-    return false;
+  auto& dump_type_hash = pid_entry->second;
+  auto dump_type_entry = dump_type_hash.find(intercept->dump_type);
+  if (dump_type_entry == dump_type_hash.end()) {
+    LOG(FATAL) << "Unknown intercept " << intercept->pid << " " << intercept->dump_type;
+  }
+  if (intercept != dump_type_entry->second) {
+    LOG(FATAL) << "Mismatch pointer trying to unregister intercept " << intercept->pid << " "
+               << intercept->dump_type;
   }
 
-  return true;
+  dump_type_hash.erase(dump_type_entry);
+  if (dump_type_hash.empty()) {
+    intercepts.erase(pid_entry);
+  }
 }
 
 static void intercept_request_cb(evutil_socket_t sockfd, short ev, void* arg) {
-  auto intercept = reinterpret_cast<Intercept*>(arg);
+  std::unique_ptr<Intercept> intercept(reinterpret_cast<Intercept*>(arg));
   InterceptManager* intercept_manager = intercept->intercept_manager;
 
   CHECK_EQ(sockfd, intercept->sockfd.get());
 
   if ((ev & EV_TIMEOUT) != 0) {
     LOG(WARNING) << "tombstoned didn't receive InterceptRequest before timeout";
-    goto fail;
+    return;
   } else if ((ev & EV_READ) == 0) {
     LOG(WARNING) << "tombstoned received unexpected event on intercept socket";
-    goto fail;
-  }
-
-  {
-    unique_fd rcv_fd;
-    InterceptRequest intercept_request;
-    ssize_t result =
-        ReceiveFileDescriptors(sockfd, &intercept_request, sizeof(intercept_request), &rcv_fd);
-
-    if (result == -1) {
-      PLOG(WARNING) << "failed to read from intercept socket";
-      goto fail;
-    } else if (result != sizeof(intercept_request)) {
-      LOG(WARNING) << "intercept socket received short read of length " << result << " (expected "
-                   << sizeof(intercept_request) << ")";
-      goto fail;
-    }
+    return;
+  }
 
-    // Move the received FD to the upper half, in order to more easily notice FD leaks.
-    int moved_fd = fcntl(rcv_fd.get(), F_DUPFD, 512);
-    if (moved_fd == -1) {
-      LOG(WARNING) << "failed to move received fd (" << rcv_fd.get() << ")";
-      goto fail;
-    }
-    rcv_fd.reset(moved_fd);
-
-    // We trust the other side, so only do minimal validity checking.
-    if (!is_intercept_request_valid(intercept_request)) {
-      InterceptResponse response = {};
-      response.status = InterceptStatus::kFailed;
-      snprintf(response.error_message, sizeof(response.error_message), "invalid intercept request");
-      TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(write(sockfd, &response, sizeof(response)));
-      goto fail;
-    }
+  unique_fd rcv_fd;
+  InterceptRequest intercept_request;
+  ssize_t result =
+      ReceiveFileDescriptors(sockfd, &intercept_request, sizeof(intercept_request), &rcv_fd);
 
-    intercept->intercept_pid = intercept_request.pid;
-    intercept->dump_type = intercept_request.dump_type;
-
-    // Check if it's already registered.
-    if (intercept_manager->intercepts.count(intercept_request.pid) > 0) {
-      InterceptResponse response = {};
-      response.status = InterceptStatus::kFailedAlreadyRegistered;
-      snprintf(response.error_message, sizeof(response.error_message),
-               "pid %" PRId32 " already intercepted, type %d", intercept_request.pid,
-               intercept_request.dump_type);
-      TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(write(sockfd, &response, sizeof(response)));
-      LOG(WARNING) << response.error_message;
-      goto fail;
-    }
+  if (result == -1) {
+    PLOG(WARNING) << "failed to read from intercept socket";
+    return;
+  }
+  if (result != sizeof(intercept_request)) {
+    LOG(WARNING) << "intercept socket received short read of length " << result << " (expected "
+                 << sizeof(intercept_request) << ")";
+    return;
+  }
 
-    // Let the other side know that the intercept has been registered, now that we know we can't
-    // fail. tombstoned is single threaded, so this isn't racy.
-    InterceptResponse response = {};
-    response.status = InterceptStatus::kRegistered;
-    if (TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(write(sockfd, &response, sizeof(response))) == -1) {
-      PLOG(WARNING) << "failed to notify interceptor of registration";
-      goto fail;
-    }
+  // Move the received FD to the upper half, in order to more easily notice FD leaks.
+  int moved_fd = fcntl(rcv_fd.get(), F_DUPFD, 512);
+  if (moved_fd == -1) {
+    LOG(WARNING) << "failed to move received fd (" << rcv_fd.get() << ")";
+    return;
+  }
+  rcv_fd.reset(moved_fd);
 
-    intercept->output_fd = std::move(rcv_fd);
-    intercept_manager->intercepts[intercept_request.pid] = std::unique_ptr<Intercept>(intercept);
-    intercept->registered = true;
+  // See if we can properly register the intercept.
+  InterceptResponse response = {};
+  if (!intercept_manager->CanRegister(intercept_request, response)) {
+    TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(write(sockfd, &response, sizeof(response)));
+    LOG(WARNING) << response.error_message;
+    return;
+  }
 
-    LOG(INFO) << "registered intercept for pid " << intercept_request.pid << " and type "
-              << intercept_request.dump_type;
+  // Let the other side know that the intercept has been registered, now that we know we can't
+  // fail. tombstoned is single threaded, so this isn't racy.
+  response.status = InterceptStatus::kRegistered;
+  if (TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(write(sockfd, &response, sizeof(response))) == -1) {
+    PLOG(WARNING) << "failed to notify interceptor of registration";
+    return;
+  }
 
-    // Register a different read event on the socket so that we can remove intercepts if the socket
-    // closes (e.g. if a user CTRL-C's the process that requested the intercept).
-    event_assign(intercept->intercept_event, intercept_manager->base, sockfd, EV_READ | EV_TIMEOUT,
-                 intercept_close_cb, arg);
+  intercept->pid = intercept_request.pid;
+  intercept->dump_type = intercept_request.dump_type;
+  intercept->output_fd = std::move(rcv_fd);
+  intercept_manager->Register(intercept.get());
 
-    struct timeval timeout = {.tv_sec = 10 * android::base::HwTimeoutMultiplier(), .tv_usec = 0};
-    event_add(intercept->intercept_event, &timeout);
-  }
+  LOG(INFO) << "registered intercept for pid " << intercept_request.pid << " and type "
+            << intercept_request.dump_type;
 
-  return;
+  // Register a different read event on the socket so that we can remove intercepts if the socket
+  // closes (e.g. if a user CTRL-C's the process that requested the intercept).
+  event_assign(intercept->intercept_event, intercept_manager->base, sockfd, EV_READ | EV_TIMEOUT,
+               intercept_close_cb, arg);
 
-fail:
-  delete intercept;
+  // If no request comes in, then this will close the intercept and free the pointer.
+  struct timeval timeout = {.tv_sec = 10 * android::base::HwTimeoutMultiplier(), .tv_usec = 0};
+  event_add(intercept->intercept_event, &timeout);
+  intercept.release();
 }
 
 static void intercept_accept_cb(evconnlistener* listener, evutil_socket_t sockfd, sockaddr*, int,
@@ -187,41 +166,97 @@ static void intercept_accept_cb(evconnlistener* listener, evutil_socket_t sockfd
   event_add(intercept_event, &timeout);
 }
 
+Intercept::~Intercept() {
+  event_free(intercept_event);
+  if (registered) {
+    CHECK(intercept_manager != nullptr);
+    intercept_manager->Unregister(this);
+  }
+}
+
 InterceptManager::InterceptManager(event_base* base, int intercept_socket) : base(base) {
   this->listener = evconnlistener_new(base, intercept_accept_cb, this, LEV_OPT_CLOSE_ON_FREE,
                                       /* backlog */ -1, intercept_socket);
 }
 
-bool dump_types_compatible(DebuggerdDumpType interceptor, DebuggerdDumpType dump) {
-  if (interceptor == dump) {
-    return true;
+static DebuggerdDumpType canonical_dump_type(const DebuggerdDumpType dump_type) {
+  // kDebuggerdTombstone and kDebuggerdTombstoneProto should be treated as
+  // a single dump_type for intercepts (kDebuggerdTombstone).
+  if (dump_type == kDebuggerdTombstoneProto) {
+    return kDebuggerdTombstone;
   }
+  return dump_type;
+}
 
-  if (interceptor == kDebuggerdTombstone && dump == kDebuggerdTombstoneProto) {
-    return true;
+Intercept* InterceptManager::Get(const pid_t pid, const DebuggerdDumpType dump_type) {
+  auto pid_entry = intercepts.find(pid);
+  if (pid_entry == intercepts.end()) {
+    return nullptr;
   }
 
-  return false;
+  const auto& dump_type_hash = pid_entry->second;
+  auto dump_type_entry = dump_type_hash.find(canonical_dump_type(dump_type));
+  if (dump_type_entry == dump_type_hash.end()) {
+    if (dump_type != kDebuggerdAnyIntercept) {
+      return nullptr;
+    }
+    // If doing a dump with an any intercept, only allow an any to match
+    // a single intercept. If there are multiple dump types with intercepts
+    // then there would be no way to figure out which to use.
+    if (dump_type_hash.size() != 1) {
+      LOG(WARNING) << "Cannot intercept using kDebuggerdAnyIntercept: there is more than one "
+                      "intercept registered for pid "
+                   << pid;
+      return nullptr;
+    }
+    dump_type_entry = dump_type_hash.begin();
+  }
+  return dump_type_entry->second;
 }
 
-bool InterceptManager::GetIntercept(pid_t pid, DebuggerdDumpType dump_type,
-                                    android::base::unique_fd* out_fd) {
-  auto it = this->intercepts.find(pid);
-  if (it == this->intercepts.end()) {
+bool InterceptManager::CanRegister(const InterceptRequest& request, InterceptResponse& response) {
+  if (request.pid <= 0 || request.pid > std::numeric_limits<pid_t>::max()) {
+    response.status = InterceptStatus::kFailed;
+    snprintf(response.error_message, sizeof(response.error_message),
+             "invalid intercept request: bad pid %" PRId32, request.pid);
     return false;
   }
+  if (request.dump_type < 0 || request.dump_type > kDebuggerdJavaBacktrace) {
+    response.status = InterceptStatus::kFailed;
+    snprintf(response.error_message, sizeof(response.error_message),
+             "invalid intercept request: bad dump type %s", get_dump_type_name(request.dump_type));
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  if (Get(request.pid, request.dump_type) != nullptr) {
+    response.status = InterceptStatus::kFailedAlreadyRegistered;
+    snprintf(response.error_message, sizeof(response.error_message),
+             "pid %" PRId32 " already registered, type %s", request.pid,
+             get_dump_type_name(request.dump_type));
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  return true;
+}
+
+void InterceptManager::Register(Intercept* intercept) {
+  CHECK(!intercept->registered);
+  auto& dump_type_hash = intercepts[intercept->pid];
+  dump_type_hash[canonical_dump_type(intercept->dump_type)] = intercept;
+  intercept->registered = true;
+}
 
-  if (dump_type == kDebuggerdAnyIntercept) {
-    LOG(INFO) << "found registered intercept of type " << it->second->dump_type
-              << " for requested type kDebuggerdAnyIntercept";
-  } else if (!dump_types_compatible(it->second->dump_type, dump_type)) {
-    LOG(WARNING) << "found non-matching intercept of type " << it->second->dump_type
-                 << " for requested type: " << dump_type;
+bool InterceptManager::FindIntercept(pid_t pid, DebuggerdDumpType dump_type,
+                                     android::base::unique_fd* out_fd) {
+  Intercept* intercept = Get(pid, dump_type);
+  if (intercept == nullptr) {
     return false;
   }
 
-  auto intercept = std::move(it->second);
-  this->intercepts.erase(it);
+  if (dump_type != intercept->dump_type) {
+    LOG(INFO) << "found registered intercept of type " << intercept->dump_type
+              << " for requested type " << dump_type;
+  }
 
   LOG(INFO) << "found intercept fd " << intercept->output_fd.get() << " for pid " << pid
             << " and type " << intercept->dump_type;
@@ -230,5 +265,8 @@ bool InterceptManager::GetIntercept(pid_t pid, DebuggerdDumpType dump_type,
   TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(write(intercept->sockfd, &response, sizeof(response)));
   *out_fd = std::move(intercept->output_fd);
 
+  // Delete the intercept data, which will unregister the intercept and remove the timeout event.
+  delete intercept;
+
   return true;
 }
diff --git a/debuggerd/tombstoned/intercept_manager.h b/debuggerd/tombstoned/intercept_manager.h
index a11d565a32ab..dc13aa9c0129 100644
--- a/debuggerd/tombstoned/intercept_manager.h
+++ b/debuggerd/tombstoned/intercept_manager.h
@@ -28,17 +28,17 @@
 #include "dump_type.h"
 
 struct InterceptManager;
+struct InterceptRequest;
+struct InterceptResponse;
 
 struct Intercept {
-  ~Intercept() {
-    event_free(intercept_event);
-  }
+  ~Intercept();
 
   InterceptManager* intercept_manager = nullptr;
   event* intercept_event = nullptr;
   android::base::unique_fd sockfd;
 
-  pid_t intercept_pid = -1;
+  pid_t pid = -1;
   android::base::unique_fd output_fd;
   bool registered = false;
   DebuggerdDumpType dump_type = kDebuggerdNativeBacktrace;
@@ -46,12 +46,17 @@ struct Intercept {
 
 struct InterceptManager {
   event_base* base;
-  std::unordered_map<pid_t, std::unique_ptr<Intercept>> intercepts;
+  std::unordered_map<pid_t, std::unordered_map<DebuggerdDumpType, Intercept*>> intercepts;
   evconnlistener* listener = nullptr;
 
   InterceptManager(event_base* _Nonnull base, int intercept_socket);
   InterceptManager(InterceptManager& copy) = delete;
   InterceptManager(InterceptManager&& move) = delete;
 
-  bool GetIntercept(pid_t pid, DebuggerdDumpType dump_type, android::base::unique_fd* out_fd);
+  bool CanRegister(const InterceptRequest& request, InterceptResponse& response);
+  Intercept* Get(const pid_t pid, const DebuggerdDumpType dump_type);
+  void Register(Intercept* intercept);
+  void Unregister(Intercept* intercept);
+
+  bool FindIntercept(pid_t pid, DebuggerdDumpType dump_type, android::base::unique_fd* out_fd);
 };
diff --git a/debuggerd/tombstoned/tombstoned.cpp b/debuggerd/tombstoned/tombstoned.cpp
index 50558f7a3c3c..dd20dc5dffac 100644
--- a/debuggerd/tombstoned/tombstoned.cpp
+++ b/debuggerd/tombstoned/tombstoned.cpp
@@ -61,7 +61,6 @@ enum CrashStatus {
 
 struct CrashArtifact {
   unique_fd fd;
-  std::optional<std::string> temporary_path;
 
   static CrashArtifact devnull() {
     CrashArtifact result;
@@ -97,7 +96,7 @@ struct Crash {
 class CrashQueue {
  public:
   CrashQueue(const std::string& dir_path, const std::string& file_name_prefix, size_t max_artifacts,
-             size_t max_concurrent_dumps, bool supports_proto)
+             size_t max_concurrent_dumps, bool supports_proto, bool world_readable)
       : file_name_prefix_(file_name_prefix),
         dir_path_(dir_path),
         dir_fd_(open(dir_path.c_str(), O_DIRECTORY | O_RDONLY | O_CLOEXEC)),
@@ -105,7 +104,8 @@ class CrashQueue {
         next_artifact_(0),
         max_concurrent_dumps_(max_concurrent_dumps),
         num_concurrent_dumps_(0),
-        supports_proto_(supports_proto) {
+        supports_proto_(supports_proto),
+        world_readable_(world_readable) {
     if (dir_fd_ == -1) {
       PLOG(FATAL) << "failed to open directory: " << dir_path;
     }
@@ -128,36 +128,36 @@ class CrashQueue {
   static CrashQueue* for_tombstones() {
     static CrashQueue queue("/data/tombstones", "tombstone_" /* file_name_prefix */,
                             GetIntProperty("tombstoned.max_tombstone_count", 32),
-                            1 /* max_concurrent_dumps */, true /* supports_proto */);
+                            1 /* max_concurrent_dumps */, true /* supports_proto */,
+                            true /* world_readable */);
     return &queue;
   }
 
   static CrashQueue* for_anrs() {
     static CrashQueue queue("/data/anr", "trace_" /* file_name_prefix */,
                             GetIntProperty("tombstoned.max_anr_count", 64),
-                            4 /* max_concurrent_dumps */, false /* supports_proto */);
+                            4 /* max_concurrent_dumps */, false /* supports_proto */,
+                            false /* world_readable */);
     return &queue;
   }
 
   CrashArtifact create_temporary_file() const {
     CrashArtifact result;
 
-    std::optional<std::string> path;
     result.fd.reset(openat(dir_fd_, ".", O_WRONLY | O_APPEND | O_TMPFILE | O_CLOEXEC, 0660));
     if (result.fd == -1) {
-      // We might not have O_TMPFILE. Try creating with an arbitrary filename instead.
-      static size_t counter = 0;
-      std::string tmp_filename = StringPrintf(".temporary%zu", counter++);
-      result.fd.reset(openat(dir_fd_, tmp_filename.c_str(),
-                             O_WRONLY | O_APPEND | O_CREAT | O_TRUNC | O_CLOEXEC, 0660));
-      if (result.fd == -1) {
-        PLOG(FATAL) << "failed to create temporary tombstone in " << dir_path_;
-      }
+      PLOG(FATAL) << "failed to create temporary tombstone in " << dir_path_;
+    }
 
-      result.temporary_path = std::move(tmp_filename);
+    if (world_readable_) {
+      // We need to fchmodat after creating to avoid getting the umask applied.
+      std::string fd_path = StringPrintf("/proc/self/fd/%d", result.fd.get());
+      if (fchmodat(dir_fd_, fd_path.c_str(), 0664, 0) != 0) {
+        PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to make tombstone world-readable";
+      }
     }
 
-    return std::move(result);
+    return result;
   }
 
   std::optional<CrashOutput> get_output(DebuggerdDumpType dump_type) {
@@ -266,6 +266,7 @@ class CrashQueue {
   size_t num_concurrent_dumps_;
 
   bool supports_proto_;
+  bool world_readable_;
 
   std::deque<std::unique_ptr<Crash>> queued_requests_;
 
@@ -283,9 +284,7 @@ static void crash_completed_cb(evutil_socket_t sockfd, short ev, void* arg);
 
 static void perform_request(std::unique_ptr<Crash> crash) {
   unique_fd output_fd;
-  bool intercepted =
-      intercept_manager->GetIntercept(crash->crash_pid, crash->crash_type, &output_fd);
-  if (intercepted) {
+  if (intercept_manager->FindIntercept(crash->crash_pid, crash->crash_type, &output_fd)) {
     if (crash->crash_type == kDebuggerdTombstoneProto) {
       crash->output.proto = CrashArtifact::devnull();
     }
@@ -419,6 +418,7 @@ static bool rename_tombstone_fd(borrowed_fd fd, borrowed_fd dirfd, const std::st
     return false;
   }
 
+  // This fd is created inside of dirfd in CrashQueue::create_temporary_file.
   std::string fd_path = StringPrintf("/proc/self/fd/%d", fd.get());
   rc = linkat(AT_FDCWD, fd_path.c_str(), dirfd.get(), path.c_str(), AT_SYMLINK_FOLLOW);
   if (rc != 0) {
@@ -455,17 +455,6 @@ static void crash_completed(borrowed_fd sockfd, std::unique_ptr<Crash> crash) {
 
   CrashArtifactPaths paths = queue->get_next_artifact_paths();
 
-  if (rename_tombstone_fd(crash->output.text.fd, queue->dir_fd(), paths.text)) {
-    if (crash->crash_type == kDebuggerdJavaBacktrace) {
-      LOG(ERROR) << "Traces for pid " << crash->crash_pid << " written to: " << paths.text;
-    } else {
-      // NOTE: Several tools parse this log message to figure out where the
-      // tombstone associated with a given native crash was written. Any changes
-      // to this message must be carefully considered.
-      LOG(ERROR) << "Tombstone written to: " << paths.text;
-    }
-  }
-
   if (crash->output.proto && crash->output.proto->fd != -1) {
     if (!paths.proto) {
       LOG(ERROR) << "missing path for proto tombstone";
@@ -474,17 +463,14 @@ static void crash_completed(borrowed_fd sockfd, std::unique_ptr<Crash> crash) {
     }
   }
 
-  // If we don't have O_TMPFILE, we need to clean up after ourselves.
-  if (crash->output.text.temporary_path) {
-    rc = unlinkat(queue->dir_fd().get(), crash->output.text.temporary_path->c_str(), 0);
-    if (rc != 0) {
-      PLOG(ERROR) << "failed to unlink temporary tombstone at " << paths.text;
-    }
-  }
-  if (crash->output.proto && crash->output.proto->temporary_path) {
-    rc = unlinkat(queue->dir_fd().get(), crash->output.proto->temporary_path->c_str(), 0);
-    if (rc != 0) {
-      PLOG(ERROR) << "failed to unlink temporary proto tombstone";
+  if (rename_tombstone_fd(crash->output.text.fd, queue->dir_fd(), paths.text)) {
+    if (crash->crash_type == kDebuggerdJavaBacktrace) {
+      LOG(ERROR) << "Traces for pid " << crash->crash_pid << " written to: " << paths.text;
+    } else {
+      // NOTE: Several tools parse this log message to figure out where the
+      // tombstone associated with a given native crash was written. Any changes
+      // to this message must be carefully considered.
+      LOG(ERROR) << "Tombstone written to: " << paths.text;
     }
   }
 }
diff --git a/fastboot/Android.bp b/fastboot/Android.bp
index 7794c4b464fd..d0938eefaab7 100644
--- a/fastboot/Android.bp
+++ b/fastboot/Android.bp
@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ cc_binary {
         "android.hardware.fastboot@1.1",
         "android.hardware.fastboot-V1-ndk",
         "android.hardware.health@2.0",
-        "android.hardware.health-V2-ndk",
+        "android.hardware.health-V4-ndk",
         "libasyncio",
         "libbase",
         "libbinder_ndk",
@@ -186,21 +186,21 @@ cc_binary {
         "libprotobuf-cpp-lite",
         "libsparse",
         "libutils",
+        "libselinux",
     ],
 
     static_libs: [
         "android.hardware.health-translate-ndk",
-        "libc++fs",
         "libhealthhalutils",
         "libhealthshim",
         "libfastbootshim",
         "libsnapshot_cow",
         "liblz4",
+        "libzstd",
         "libsnapshot_nobinder",
         "update_metadata-protos",
         "liburing",
     ],
-    include_dirs: ["bionic/libc/kernel"],
 
     header_libs: [
         "avb_headers",
@@ -307,12 +307,6 @@ cc_library_host_static {
 
     generated_headers: ["platform_tools_version"],
 
-    tidy_flags: [
-        // DO NOT add quotes around header-filter flag regex argument,
-        // because build/soong will add quotes around the whole flag.
-        "-header-filter=(system/core/fastboot/|development/host/windows/usb/api/)",
-    ],
-
     target: {
         windows: {
             srcs: ["usb_windows.cpp"],
@@ -415,7 +409,6 @@ cc_test_host {
     srcs: ["vendor_boot_img_utils_test.cpp"],
     static_libs: [
         "libbase",
-        "libc++fs",
         "libfastboot",
         "libgmock",
         "liblog",
@@ -430,6 +423,7 @@ cc_test_host {
     ],
     data: [
         ":fastboot_test_dtb",
+        ":fastboot_test_dtb_replace",
         ":fastboot_test_bootconfig",
         ":fastboot_test_vendor_ramdisk_none",
         ":fastboot_test_vendor_ramdisk_platform",
@@ -445,3 +439,14 @@ cc_library_headers {
     host_supported: true,
     export_include_dirs: ["."],
 }
+
+python_test_host {
+    name: "fastboot_integration_test",
+    main: "test_fastboot.py",
+    srcs: ["test_fastboot.py"],
+    data: [":fastboot"],
+    test_config: "fastboot_integration_test.xml",
+    test_options: {
+        unit_test: false,
+    },
+}
diff --git a/fastboot/OWNERS b/fastboot/OWNERS
index 3dec07e2d595..2444081f7a78 100644
--- a/fastboot/OWNERS
+++ b/fastboot/OWNERS
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 dvander@google.com
 elsk@google.com
 enh@google.com
+sanglardf@google.com
 zhangkelvin@google.com
 
diff --git a/fastboot/README.md b/fastboot/README.md
index 63db5c38bf2d..6996d4a00247 100644
--- a/fastboot/README.md
+++ b/fastboot/README.md
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ Linux, macOS, or Windows.
 ## Transport and Framing
 
 1. Host sends a command, which is an ascii string in a single
-   packet no greater than 64 bytes.
+   packet no greater than 4096 bytes.
 
 2. Client response with a single packet no greater than 256 bytes.
    The first four bytes of the response are "OKAY", "FAIL", "DATA",
@@ -165,6 +165,43 @@ The various currently defined commands are:
                        using the new bootloader.
 
 
+## Flashing Logic
+
+Fastboot binary will follow directions listed out fastboot-info.txt
+build artifact for fastboot flashall && fastboot update comamnds.
+This build artifact will live inside of ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT &&
+target_files_package && updatepackage.
+
+
+The currently defined commands are:
+
+    flash %s           Flash a given partition. Optional arguments include
+                       --slot-other, {filename_path}, --apply-vbmeta
+
+    reboot %s          Reboot to either bootloader or fastbootd
+
+    update-super       Updates the super partition
+
+    if-wipe            Conditionally run some other functionality if
+                       wipe is specified
+
+    erase %s           Erase a given partition (can only be used in conjunction)
+                       with if-wipe -> eg. if-wipe erase cache
+
+Flashing Optimization:
+
+    After generating the list of tasks to execute, Fastboot will try and
+    optimize the flashing of the dynamic partitions by constructing an
+    optimized flash super task. Fastboot will explicitly pattern match the
+    following commands and try and concatenate it into this task. (doing so
+    will allow us to avoid the reboot into userspace fastbootd which takes
+    significant time)
+
+    //Optimizable Block
+    reboot fastboot
+    update-super                        ---> generate optimized flash super task
+    $FOR EACH {dynamic partition}
+        flash {dynamic partition}
 
 ## Client Variables
 
diff --git a/fastboot/constants.h b/fastboot/constants.h
index ad169d1dc5cc..af4d1eb1231d 100644
--- a/fastboot/constants.h
+++ b/fastboot/constants.h
@@ -69,6 +69,7 @@
 #define FB_VAR_VARIANT "variant"
 #define FB_VAR_OFF_MODE_CHARGE_STATE "off-mode-charge"
 #define FB_VAR_BATTERY_VOLTAGE "battery-voltage"
+#define FB_VAR_BATTERY_SOC "battery-soc"
 #define FB_VAR_BATTERY_SOC_OK "battery-soc-ok"
 #define FB_VAR_SUPER_PARTITION_NAME "super-partition-name"
 #define FB_VAR_SNAPSHOT_UPDATE_STATUS "snapshot-update-status"
@@ -81,3 +82,5 @@
 #define FB_VAR_TREBLE_ENABLED "treble-enabled"
 #define FB_VAR_MAX_FETCH_SIZE "max-fetch-size"
 #define FB_VAR_DMESG "dmesg"
+#define FB_VAR_BATTERY_SERIAL_NUMBER "battery-serial-number"
+#define FB_VAR_BATTERY_PART_STATUS "battery-part-status"
diff --git a/fastboot/device/commands.cpp b/fastboot/device/commands.cpp
index e929f42c2402..e522f4d4d3ff 100644
--- a/fastboot/device/commands.cpp
+++ b/fastboot/device/commands.cpp
@@ -134,6 +134,7 @@ const std::unordered_map<std::string, VariableHandlers> kVariableMap = {
         {FB_VAR_IS_FORCE_DEBUGGABLE, {GetIsForceDebuggable, nullptr}},
         {FB_VAR_OFF_MODE_CHARGE_STATE, {GetOffModeChargeState, nullptr}},
         {FB_VAR_BATTERY_VOLTAGE, {GetBatteryVoltage, nullptr}},
+        {FB_VAR_BATTERY_SOC, {GetBatterySoC, nullptr}},
         {FB_VAR_BATTERY_SOC_OK, {GetBatterySoCOk, nullptr}},
         {FB_VAR_HW_REVISION, {GetHardwareRevision, nullptr}},
         {FB_VAR_SUPER_PARTITION_NAME, {GetSuperPartitionName, nullptr}},
@@ -146,6 +147,8 @@ const std::unordered_map<std::string, VariableHandlers> kVariableMap = {
         {FB_VAR_SECURITY_PATCH_LEVEL, {GetSecurityPatchLevel, nullptr}},
         {FB_VAR_TREBLE_ENABLED, {GetTrebleEnabled, nullptr}},
         {FB_VAR_MAX_FETCH_SIZE, {GetMaxFetchSize, nullptr}},
+        {FB_VAR_BATTERY_SERIAL_NUMBER, {GetBatterySerialNumber, nullptr}},
+        {FB_VAR_BATTERY_PART_STATUS, {GetBatteryPartStatus, nullptr}},
 };
 
 static bool GetVarAll(FastbootDevice* device) {
@@ -639,6 +642,12 @@ bool UpdateSuperHandler(FastbootDevice* device, const std::vector<std::string>&
     return UpdateSuper(device, args[1], wipe);
 }
 
+static bool IsLockedDsu() {
+    std::string active_dsu;
+    android::gsi::GetActiveDsu(&active_dsu);
+    return android::base::EndsWith(active_dsu, ".lock");
+}
+
 bool GsiHandler(FastbootDevice* device, const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
     if (args.size() != 2) {
         return device->WriteFail("Invalid arguments");
@@ -653,6 +662,11 @@ bool GsiHandler(FastbootDevice* device, const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
         return device->WriteStatus(FastbootResult::FAIL, "No GSI is installed");
     }
 
+    if ((args[1] == "wipe" || args[1] == "disable") && GetDeviceLockStatus() && IsLockedDsu()) {
+        // Block commands that modify the states of locked DSU
+        return device->WriteFail("Command not available on locked DSU/devices");
+    }
+
     if (args[1] == "wipe") {
         if (!android::gsi::UninstallGsi()) {
             return device->WriteStatus(FastbootResult::FAIL, strerror(errno));
@@ -661,6 +675,17 @@ bool GsiHandler(FastbootDevice* device, const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
         if (!android::gsi::DisableGsi()) {
             return device->WriteStatus(FastbootResult::FAIL, strerror(errno));
         }
+    } else if (args[1] == "status") {
+        std::string active_dsu;
+        if (!android::gsi::IsGsiRunning()) {
+            device->WriteInfo("Not running");
+        } else if (!android::gsi::GetActiveDsu(&active_dsu)) {
+            return device->WriteFail(strerror(errno));
+        } else {
+            device->WriteInfo("Running active DSU: " + active_dsu);
+        }
+    } else {
+        return device->WriteFail("Invalid arguments");
     }
     return device->WriteStatus(FastbootResult::OKAY, "Success");
 }
diff --git a/fastboot/device/fastboot_device.cpp b/fastboot/device/fastboot_device.cpp
index 6b6a9820e212..0dc4e97640c0 100644
--- a/fastboot/device/fastboot_device.cpp
+++ b/fastboot/device/fastboot_device.cpp
@@ -151,7 +151,8 @@ std::string FastbootDevice::GetCurrentSlot() {
 }
 
 BootControlClient* FastbootDevice::boot1_1() const {
-    if (boot_control_hal_->GetVersion() >= android::hal::BootControlVersion::BOOTCTL_V1_1) {
+    if (boot_control_hal_ &&
+        boot_control_hal_->GetVersion() >= android::hal::BootControlVersion::BOOTCTL_V1_1) {
         return boot_control_hal_.get();
     }
     return nullptr;
diff --git a/fastboot/device/variables.cpp b/fastboot/device/variables.cpp
index d2a794715ba8..77210abcbc15 100644
--- a/fastboot/device/variables.cpp
+++ b/fastboot/device/variables.cpp
@@ -130,6 +130,21 @@ bool GetBatteryVoltageHelper(FastbootDevice* device, int32_t* battery_voltage) {
     return true;
 }
 
+bool GetBatterySoCHelper(FastbootDevice* device, int32_t* battery_soc) {
+    using aidl::android::hardware::health::HealthInfo;
+
+    auto health_hal = device->health_hal();
+    if (!health_hal) {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    HealthInfo health_info;
+    auto res = health_hal->getHealthInfo(&health_info);
+    if (!res.isOk()) return false;
+    *battery_soc = health_info.batteryLevel;
+    return true;
+}
+
 bool GetBatterySoCOk(FastbootDevice* device, const std::vector<std::string>& /* args */,
                      std::string* message) {
     int32_t battery_voltage = 0;
@@ -185,6 +200,17 @@ bool GetBatteryVoltage(FastbootDevice* device, const std::vector<std::string>& /
     return false;
 }
 
+bool GetBatterySoC(FastbootDevice* device, const std::vector<std::string>& /* args */,
+                   std::string* message) {
+    int32_t battery_soc = 0;
+    if (GetBatterySoCHelper(device, &battery_soc)) {
+        *message = std::to_string(battery_soc);
+        return true;
+    }
+    *message = "Unable to get battery soc";
+    return false;
+}
+
 bool GetCurrentSlot(FastbootDevice* device, const std::vector<std::string>& /* args */,
                     std::string* message) {
     std::string suffix = device->GetCurrentSlot();
@@ -544,3 +570,79 @@ bool GetDmesg(FastbootDevice* device) {
 
     return true;
 }
+
+bool GetBatterySerialNumber(FastbootDevice* device, const std::vector<std::string>&,
+                            std::string* message) {
+    auto health_hal = device->health_hal();
+    if (!health_hal) {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    if (GetDeviceLockStatus()) {
+        return device->WriteFail("Device is locked");
+    }
+
+    *message = "unsupported";
+
+    int32_t version = 0;
+    auto res = health_hal->getInterfaceVersion(&version);
+    if (!res.isOk()) {
+        return device->WriteFail("Unable to query battery data");
+    }
+    if (version >= 3) {
+        using aidl::android::hardware::health::BatteryHealthData;
+
+        BatteryHealthData data;
+        auto res = health_hal->getBatteryHealthData(&data);
+        if (!res.isOk()) {
+            return device->WriteFail("Unable to query battery data");
+        }
+        if (data.batterySerialNumber) {
+            *message = *data.batterySerialNumber;
+        }
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
+bool GetBatteryPartStatus(FastbootDevice* device, const std::vector<std::string>&,
+                          std::string* message) {
+    auto health_hal = device->health_hal();
+    if (!health_hal) {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    using aidl::android::hardware::health::BatteryPartStatus;
+
+    BatteryPartStatus status = BatteryPartStatus::UNSUPPORTED;
+
+    int32_t version = 0;
+    auto res = health_hal->getInterfaceVersion(&version);
+    if (!res.isOk()) {
+        return device->WriteFail("Unable to query battery data");
+    }
+    if (version >= 3) {
+        using aidl::android::hardware::health::BatteryHealthData;
+
+        BatteryHealthData data;
+        auto res = health_hal->getBatteryHealthData(&data);
+        if (!res.isOk()) {
+            return device->WriteFail("Unable to query battery data");
+        }
+        status = data.batteryPartStatus;
+    }
+    switch (status) {
+        case BatteryPartStatus::UNSUPPORTED:
+            *message = "unsupported";
+            break;
+        case BatteryPartStatus::ORIGINAL:
+            *message = "original";
+            break;
+        case BatteryPartStatus::REPLACED:
+            *message = "replaced";
+            break;
+        default:
+            *message = "unknown";
+            break;
+    }
+    return true;
+}
diff --git a/fastboot/device/variables.h b/fastboot/device/variables.h
index 3b2d48447473..99d1355ef6b2 100644
--- a/fastboot/device/variables.h
+++ b/fastboot/device/variables.h
@@ -63,8 +63,14 @@ bool GetOffModeChargeState(FastbootDevice* device, const std::vector<std::string
                            std::string* message);
 bool GetBatteryVoltage(FastbootDevice* device, const std::vector<std::string>& args,
                        std::string* message);
+bool GetBatterySoC(FastbootDevice* device, const std::vector<std::string>& args,
+                   std::string* message);
 bool GetBatterySoCOk(FastbootDevice* device, const std::vector<std::string>& args,
                      std::string* message);
+bool GetBatterySerialNumber(FastbootDevice* device, const std::vector<std::string>& args,
+                            std::string* message);
+bool GetBatteryPartStatus(FastbootDevice* device, const std::vector<std::string>& args,
+                          std::string* message);
 bool GetSuperPartitionName(FastbootDevice* device, const std::vector<std::string>& args,
                            std::string* message);
 bool GetSnapshotUpdateStatus(FastbootDevice* device, const std::vector<std::string>& args,
diff --git a/fastboot/fastboot.cpp b/fastboot/fastboot.cpp
index f09616a49507..1c52da2382ad 100644
--- a/fastboot/fastboot.cpp
+++ b/fastboot/fastboot.cpp
@@ -28,7 +28,6 @@
 
 #include "fastboot.h"
 
-#include <ctype.h>
 #include <errno.h>
 #include <fcntl.h>
 #include <getopt.h>
@@ -44,12 +43,10 @@
 #include <unistd.h>
 
 #include <chrono>
-#include <fstream>
 #include <functional>
 #include <iostream>
 #include <memory>
 #include <regex>
-#include <sstream>
 #include <string>
 #include <thread>
 #include <utility>
@@ -76,9 +73,9 @@
 #include "constants.h"
 #include "diagnose_usb.h"
 #include "fastboot_driver.h"
+#include "fastboot_driver_interface.h"
 #include "fs.h"
 #include "storage.h"
-#include "super_flash_helper.h"
 #include "task.h"
 #include "tcp.h"
 #include "transport.h"
@@ -92,7 +89,6 @@ using android::base::ReadFully;
 using android::base::Split;
 using android::base::Trim;
 using android::base::unique_fd;
-using namespace std::string_literals;
 using namespace std::placeholders;
 
 #define FASTBOOT_INFO_VERSION 1
@@ -104,7 +100,6 @@ static bool g_long_listing = false;
 // libsparse will support INT_MAX, but this results in large allocations, so
 // let's keep it at 1GB to avoid memory pressure on the host.
 static constexpr int64_t RESPARSE_LIMIT = 1 * 1024 * 1024 * 1024;
-static uint64_t sparse_limit = 0;
 static int64_t target_sparse_limit = -1;
 
 static unsigned g_base_addr = 0x10000000;
@@ -120,6 +115,9 @@ fastboot::FastBootDriver* fb = nullptr;
 static std::vector<Image> images = {
         // clang-format off
     { "boot",     "boot.img",         "boot.sig",     "boot",     false, ImageType::BootCritical },
+    { "bootloader",
+                  "bootloader.img",   "",             "bootloader",
+                                                                  true,  ImageType::Extra },
     { "init_boot",
                   "init_boot.img",    "init_boot.sig",
                                                       "init_boot",
@@ -132,6 +130,7 @@ static std::vector<Image> images = {
     { "odm_dlkm", "odm_dlkm.img",     "odm_dlkm.sig", "odm_dlkm", true,  ImageType::Normal },
     { "product",  "product.img",      "product.sig",  "product",  true,  ImageType::Normal },
     { "pvmfw",    "pvmfw.img",        "pvmfw.sig",    "pvmfw",    true,  ImageType::BootCritical },
+    { "radio",    "radio.img",        "",             "radio",    true,  ImageType::Extra },
     { "recovery", "recovery.img",     "recovery.sig", "recovery", true,  ImageType::BootCritical },
     { "super",    "super.img",        "super.sig",    "super",    true,  ImageType::Extra },
     { "system",   "system.img",       "system.sig",   "system",   false, ImageType::Normal },
@@ -174,7 +173,7 @@ static std::vector<Image> images = {
         // clang-format on
 };
 
-static char* get_android_product_out() {
+char* get_android_product_out() {
     char* dir = getenv("ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT");
     if (dir == nullptr || dir[0] == '\0') {
         return nullptr;
@@ -346,23 +345,21 @@ Result<NetworkSerial, FastbootError> ParseNetworkSerial(const std::string& seria
 //
 // The returned Transport is a singleton, so multiple calls to this function will return the same
 // object, and the caller should not attempt to delete the returned Transport.
-static Transport* open_device(const char* local_serial, bool wait_for_device = true,
-                              bool announce = true) {
+static std::unique_ptr<Transport> open_device(const char* local_serial, bool wait_for_device = true,
+                                              bool announce = true) {
     const Result<NetworkSerial, FastbootError> network_serial = ParseNetworkSerial(local_serial);
 
-    Transport* transport = nullptr;
+    std::unique_ptr<Transport> transport;
     while (true) {
         if (network_serial.ok()) {
             std::string error;
             if (network_serial->protocol == Socket::Protocol::kTcp) {
-                transport = tcp::Connect(network_serial->address, network_serial->port, &error)
-                                    .release();
+                transport = tcp::Connect(network_serial->address, network_serial->port, &error);
             } else if (network_serial->protocol == Socket::Protocol::kUdp) {
-                transport = udp::Connect(network_serial->address, network_serial->port, &error)
-                                    .release();
+                transport = udp::Connect(network_serial->address, network_serial->port, &error);
             }
 
-            if (transport == nullptr && announce) {
+            if (!transport && announce) {
                 LOG(ERROR) << "error: " << error;
             }
         } else if (network_serial.error().code() ==
@@ -374,12 +371,12 @@ static Transport* open_device(const char* local_serial, bool wait_for_device = t
             Expect(network_serial);
         }
 
-        if (transport != nullptr) {
+        if (transport) {
             return transport;
         }
 
         if (!wait_for_device) {
-            return nullptr;
+            return transport;
         }
 
         if (announce) {
@@ -390,13 +387,13 @@ static Transport* open_device(const char* local_serial, bool wait_for_device = t
     }
 }
 
-static Transport* NetworkDeviceConnected(bool print = false) {
-    Transport* transport = nullptr;
-    Transport* result = nullptr;
+static std::unique_ptr<Transport> NetworkDeviceConnected(bool print = false) {
+    std::unique_ptr<Transport> transport;
+    std::unique_ptr<Transport> result;
 
     ConnectedDevicesStorage storage;
     std::set<std::string> devices;
-    {
+    if (storage.Exists()) {
         FileLock lock = storage.Lock();
         devices = storage.ReadDevices(lock);
     }
@@ -405,11 +402,11 @@ static Transport* NetworkDeviceConnected(bool print = false) {
         transport = open_device(device.c_str(), false, false);
 
         if (print) {
-            PrintDevice(device.c_str(), transport == nullptr ? "offline" : "fastboot");
+            PrintDevice(device.c_str(), transport ? "fastboot" : "offline");
         }
 
-        if (transport != nullptr) {
-            result = transport;
+        if (transport) {
+            result = std::move(transport);
         }
     }
 
@@ -427,21 +424,21 @@ static Transport* NetworkDeviceConnected(bool print = false) {
 //
 // The returned Transport is a singleton, so multiple calls to this function will return the same
 // object, and the caller should not attempt to delete the returned Transport.
-static Transport* open_device() {
+static std::unique_ptr<Transport> open_device() {
     if (serial != nullptr) {
         return open_device(serial);
     }
 
     bool announce = true;
-    Transport* transport = nullptr;
+    std::unique_ptr<Transport> transport;
     while (true) {
         transport = usb_open(match_fastboot(nullptr));
-        if (transport != nullptr) {
+        if (transport) {
             return transport;
         }
 
         transport = NetworkDeviceConnected();
-        if (transport != nullptr) {
+        if (transport) {
             return transport;
         }
 
@@ -451,6 +448,8 @@ static Transport* open_device() {
         }
         std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::seconds(1));
     }
+
+    return transport;
 }
 
 static int Connect(int argc, char* argv[]) {
@@ -462,8 +461,7 @@ static int Connect(int argc, char* argv[]) {
     const char* local_serial = *argv;
     Expect(ParseNetworkSerial(local_serial));
 
-    const Transport* transport = open_device(local_serial, false);
-    if (transport == nullptr) {
+    if (!open_device(local_serial, false)) {
         return 1;
     }
 
@@ -527,6 +525,7 @@ static void list_devices() {
     usb_open(list_devices_callback);
     NetworkDeviceConnected(/* print */ true);
 }
+
 void syntax_error(const char* fmt, ...) {
     fprintf(stderr, "fastboot: usage: ");
 
@@ -553,6 +552,12 @@ static int show_help() {
             "                            Secondary images may be flashed to inactive slot.\n"
             " flash PARTITION [FILENAME] Flash given partition, using the image from\n"
             "                            $ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT if no filename is given.\n"
+            " flash vendor_boot:RAMDISK [FILENAME]\n"
+            "                            Flash vendor_boot ramdisk, fetching the existing\n"
+            "                            vendor_boot image and repackaging it with the new\n"
+            "                            ramdisk.\n"
+            " --dtb DTB                  If set with flash vendor_boot:RAMDISK, then\n"
+            "                            update the vendor_boot image with provided DTB.\n"
             "\n"
             "basics:\n"
             " devices [-l]               List devices in bootloader (-l: with device paths).\n"
@@ -572,7 +577,8 @@ static int show_help() {
             "                            Format a flash partition.\n"
             " set_active SLOT            Set the active slot.\n"
             " oem [COMMAND...]           Execute OEM-specific command.\n"
-            " gsi wipe|disable           Wipe or disable a GSI installation (fastbootd only).\n"
+            " gsi wipe|disable|status    Wipe, disable or show status of a GSI installation\n"
+            "                            (fastbootd only).\n"
             " wipe-super [SUPER_EMPTY]   Wipe the super partition. This will reset it to\n"
             "                            contain an empty set of default dynamic partitions.\n"
             " create-logical-partition NAME SIZE\n"
@@ -630,6 +636,12 @@ static int show_help() {
             " --skip-reboot              Don't reboot device after flashing.\n"
             " --disable-verity           Sets disable-verity when flashing vbmeta.\n"
             " --disable-verification     Sets disable-verification when flashing vbmeta.\n"
+            " --disable-super-optimization\n"
+            "                            Disables optimizations on flashing super partition.\n"
+            " --exclude-dynamic-partitions\n"
+            "                            Excludes flashing of dynamic partitions.\n"
+            " --disable-fastboot-info    Will collects tasks from image list rather than \n"
+            "                            $OUT/fastboot-info.txt.\n"
             " --fs-options=OPTION[,OPTION]\n"
             "                            Enable filesystem features. OPTION supports casefold, projid, compress\n"
             // TODO: remove --unbuffered?
@@ -775,7 +787,7 @@ static int make_temporary_fd(const char* what) {
 
 #endif
 
-static unique_fd unzip_to_file(ZipArchiveHandle zip, const char* entry_name) {
+static unique_fd UnzipToFile(ZipArchiveHandle zip, const char* entry_name) {
     unique_fd fd(make_temporary_fd(entry_name));
 
     ZipEntry64 zip_entry;
@@ -997,7 +1009,7 @@ static std::vector<SparsePtr> load_sparse_files(int fd, int64_t max_size) {
     return resparse_file(s.get(), max_size);
 }
 
-static uint64_t get_uint_var(const char* var_name) {
+static uint64_t get_uint_var(const char* var_name, fastboot::IFastBootDriver* fb) {
     std::string value_str;
     if (fb->GetVar(var_name, &value_str) != fastboot::SUCCESS || value_str.empty()) {
         verbose("target didn't report %s", var_name);
@@ -1016,13 +1028,15 @@ static uint64_t get_uint_var(const char* var_name) {
     return value;
 }
 
-int64_t get_sparse_limit(int64_t size) {
-    int64_t limit = sparse_limit;
+int64_t get_sparse_limit(int64_t size, const FlashingPlan* fp) {
+    if (!fp) return 0;
+
+    int64_t limit = int64_t(fp->sparse_limit);
     if (limit == 0) {
         // Unlimited, so see what the target device's limit is.
         // TODO: shouldn't we apply this limit even if you've used -S?
         if (target_sparse_limit == -1) {
-            target_sparse_limit = static_cast<int64_t>(get_uint_var("max-download-size"));
+            target_sparse_limit = static_cast<int64_t>(get_uint_var("max-download-size", fp->fb));
         }
         if (target_sparse_limit > 0) {
             limit = target_sparse_limit;
@@ -1038,7 +1052,7 @@ int64_t get_sparse_limit(int64_t size) {
     return 0;
 }
 
-static bool load_buf_fd(unique_fd fd, struct fastboot_buffer* buf) {
+static bool load_buf_fd(unique_fd fd, struct fastboot_buffer* buf, const FlashingPlan* fp) {
     int64_t sz = get_file_size(fd);
     if (sz == -1) {
         return false;
@@ -1051,12 +1065,14 @@ static bool load_buf_fd(unique_fd fd, struct fastboot_buffer* buf) {
             return false;
         }
         sparse_file_destroy(s);
+        buf->file_type = FB_BUFFER_SPARSE;
     } else {
         buf->image_size = sz;
+        buf->file_type = FB_BUFFER_FD;
     }
 
     lseek(fd.get(), 0, SEEK_SET);
-    int64_t limit = get_sparse_limit(sz);
+    int64_t limit = get_sparse_limit(sz, fp);
     buf->fd = std::move(fd);
     if (limit) {
         buf->files = load_sparse_files(buf->fd.get(), limit);
@@ -1072,13 +1088,11 @@ static bool load_buf_fd(unique_fd fd, struct fastboot_buffer* buf) {
     return true;
 }
 
-static bool load_buf(const char* fname, struct fastboot_buffer* buf) {
+static bool load_buf(const char* fname, struct fastboot_buffer* buf, const FlashingPlan* fp) {
     unique_fd fd(TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(open(fname, O_RDONLY | O_BINARY)));
 
     if (fd == -1) {
-        auto path = find_item_given_name(fname);
-        fd = unique_fd(TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(open(path.c_str(), O_RDONLY | O_BINARY)));
-        if (fd == -1) return false;
+        return false;
     }
 
     struct stat s;
@@ -1090,7 +1104,7 @@ static bool load_buf(const char* fname, struct fastboot_buffer* buf) {
         return false;
     }
 
-    return load_buf_fd(std::move(fd), buf);
+    return load_buf_fd(std::move(fd), buf, fp);
 }
 
 static void rewrite_vbmeta_buffer(struct fastboot_buffer* buf, bool vbmeta_in_boot) {
@@ -1185,11 +1199,21 @@ static uint64_t get_partition_size(const std::string& partition) {
     return partition_size;
 }
 
-static void copy_avb_footer(const std::string& partition, struct fastboot_buffer* buf) {
+static void copy_avb_footer(const ImageSource* source, const std::string& partition,
+                            struct fastboot_buffer* buf) {
     if (buf->sz < AVB_FOOTER_SIZE || is_logical(partition) ||
-        should_flash_in_userspace(partition)) {
+        should_flash_in_userspace(source, partition)) {
         return;
     }
+
+    // If the image is sparse, moving the footer will simply corrupt the sparse
+    // format, so currently we don't support moving the footer on sparse files.
+    if (buf->file_type == FB_BUFFER_SPARSE) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Warning: skip copying " << partition << " image avb footer due to sparse "
+                   << "image.";
+        return;
+    }
+
     // If overflows and negative, it should be < buf->sz.
     int64_t partition_size = static_cast<int64_t>(get_partition_size(partition));
 
@@ -1244,9 +1268,9 @@ void flash_partition_files(const std::string& partition, const std::vector<Spars
     }
 }
 
-static void flash_buf(const std::string& partition, struct fastboot_buffer* buf,
-                      const bool apply_vbmeta) {
-    copy_avb_footer(partition, buf);
+static void flash_buf(const ImageSource* source, const std::string& partition,
+                      struct fastboot_buffer* buf, const bool apply_vbmeta) {
+    copy_avb_footer(source, partition, buf);
 
     // Rewrite vbmeta if that's what we're flashing and modification has been requested.
     if (g_disable_verity || g_disable_verification) {
@@ -1280,7 +1304,7 @@ std::string get_current_slot() {
     return current_slot;
 }
 
-static int get_slot_count() {
+static int get_slot_count(fastboot::IFastBootDriver* fb) {
     std::string var;
     int count = 0;
     if (fb->GetVar("slot-count", &var) != fastboot::SUCCESS ||
@@ -1290,8 +1314,8 @@ static int get_slot_count() {
     return count;
 }
 
-bool supports_AB() {
-    return get_slot_count() >= 2;
+bool supports_AB(fastboot::IFastBootDriver* fb) {
+    return get_slot_count(fb) >= 2;
 }
 
 // Given a current slot, this returns what the 'other' slot is.
@@ -1303,7 +1327,7 @@ static std::string get_other_slot(const std::string& current_slot, int count) {
 }
 
 static std::string get_other_slot(const std::string& current_slot) {
-    return get_other_slot(current_slot, get_slot_count());
+    return get_other_slot(current_slot, get_slot_count(fb));
 }
 
 static std::string get_other_slot(int count) {
@@ -1311,7 +1335,7 @@ static std::string get_other_slot(int count) {
 }
 
 static std::string get_other_slot() {
-    return get_other_slot(get_current_slot(), get_slot_count());
+    return get_other_slot(get_current_slot(), get_slot_count(fb));
 }
 
 static std::string verify_slot(const std::string& slot_name, bool allow_all) {
@@ -1320,7 +1344,7 @@ static std::string verify_slot(const std::string& slot_name, bool allow_all) {
         if (allow_all) {
             return "all";
         } else {
-            int count = get_slot_count();
+            int count = get_slot_count(fb);
             if (count > 0) {
                 return "a";
             } else {
@@ -1329,7 +1353,7 @@ static std::string verify_slot(const std::string& slot_name, bool allow_all) {
         }
     }
 
-    int count = get_slot_count();
+    int count = get_slot_count(fb);
     if (count == 0) die("Device does not support slots");
 
     if (slot == "other") {
@@ -1402,7 +1426,7 @@ void do_for_partitions(const std::string& part, const std::string& slot,
                 slot.c_str());
         }
         if (has_slot == "yes") {
-            for (int i = 0; i < get_slot_count(); i++) {
+            for (int i = 0; i < get_slot_count(fb); i++) {
                 do_for_partition(part, std::string(1, (char)(i + 'a')), func, force_slot);
             }
         } else {
@@ -1413,18 +1437,11 @@ void do_for_partitions(const std::string& part, const std::string& slot,
     }
 }
 
-bool is_retrofit_device() {
-    std::string value;
-    if (fb->GetVar("super-partition-name", &value) != fastboot::SUCCESS) {
-        return false;
-    }
-    return android::base::StartsWith(value, "system_");
-}
-
 // Fetch a partition from the device to a given fd. This is a wrapper over FetchToFd to fetch
 // the full image.
-static uint64_t fetch_partition(const std::string& partition, borrowed_fd fd) {
-    uint64_t fetch_size = get_uint_var(FB_VAR_MAX_FETCH_SIZE);
+static uint64_t fetch_partition(const std::string& partition, borrowed_fd fd,
+                                fastboot::IFastBootDriver* fb) {
+    uint64_t fetch_size = get_uint_var(FB_VAR_MAX_FETCH_SIZE, fb);
     if (fetch_size == 0) {
         die("Unable to get %s. Device does not support fetch command.", FB_VAR_MAX_FETCH_SIZE);
     }
@@ -1446,18 +1463,20 @@ static uint64_t fetch_partition(const std::string& partition, borrowed_fd fd) {
 }
 
 static void do_fetch(const std::string& partition, const std::string& slot_override,
-                     const std::string& outfile) {
+                     const std::string& outfile, fastboot::IFastBootDriver* fb) {
     unique_fd fd(TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(
             open(outfile.c_str(), O_WRONLY | O_CREAT | O_TRUNC | O_CLOEXEC | O_BINARY, 0644)));
-    auto fetch = std::bind(fetch_partition, _1, borrowed_fd(fd));
+    auto fetch = std::bind(fetch_partition, _1, borrowed_fd(fd), fb);
     do_for_partitions(partition, slot_override, fetch, false /* force slot */);
 }
 
 // Return immediately if not flashing a vendor boot image. If flashing a vendor boot image,
 // repack vendor_boot image with an updated ramdisk. After execution, buf is set
 // to the new image to flash, and return value is the real partition name to flash.
-static std::string repack_ramdisk(const char* pname, struct fastboot_buffer* buf) {
+static std::string repack_ramdisk(const char* pname, struct fastboot_buffer* buf,
+                                  fastboot::IFastBootDriver* fb) {
     std::string_view pname_sv{pname};
+    struct fastboot_buffer dtb_buf = {.sz = 0, .fd = unique_fd(-1)};
 
     if (!android::base::StartsWith(pname_sv, "vendor_boot:") &&
         !android::base::StartsWith(pname_sv, "vendor_boot_a:") &&
@@ -1473,10 +1492,25 @@ static std::string repack_ramdisk(const char* pname, struct fastboot_buffer* buf
     std::string partition(pname_sv.substr(0, pname_sv.find(':')));
     std::string ramdisk(pname_sv.substr(pname_sv.find(':') + 1));
 
+    if (!g_dtb_path.empty()) {
+        if (!load_buf(g_dtb_path.c_str(), &dtb_buf, nullptr)) {
+            die("cannot load '%s': %s", g_dtb_path.c_str(), strerror(errno));
+        }
+
+        if (dtb_buf.type != FB_BUFFER_FD) {
+            die("Flashing sparse vendor ramdisk image with dtb is not supported.");
+        }
+        if (dtb_buf.sz <= 0) {
+            die("repack_ramdisk() sees invalid dtb size: %" PRId64, buf->sz);
+        }
+        verbose("Updating DTB with %s", pname_sv.data());
+    }
+
     unique_fd vendor_boot(make_temporary_fd("vendor boot repack"));
-    uint64_t vendor_boot_size = fetch_partition(partition, vendor_boot);
+    uint64_t vendor_boot_size = fetch_partition(partition, vendor_boot, fb);
     auto repack_res = replace_vendor_ramdisk(vendor_boot, vendor_boot_size, ramdisk, buf->fd,
-                                             static_cast<uint64_t>(buf->sz));
+                                             static_cast<uint64_t>(buf->sz), dtb_buf.fd,
+                                             static_cast<uint64_t>(dtb_buf.sz));
     if (!repack_res.ok()) {
         die("%s", repack_res.error().message().c_str());
     }
@@ -1487,24 +1521,41 @@ static std::string repack_ramdisk(const char* pname, struct fastboot_buffer* buf
     return partition;
 }
 
-void do_flash(const char* pname, const char* fname, const bool apply_vbmeta) {
+void do_flash(const char* pname, const char* fname, const bool apply_vbmeta,
+              const FlashingPlan* fp) {
+    if (!fp) {
+        die("do flash was called without a valid flashing plan");
+    }
     verbose("Do flash %s %s", pname, fname);
     struct fastboot_buffer buf;
 
-    if (!load_buf(fname, &buf)) {
+    if (fp->source) {
+        unique_fd fd = fp->source->OpenFile(fname);
+        if (fd < 0 || !load_buf_fd(std::move(fd), &buf, fp)) {
+            die("could not load '%s': %s", fname, strerror(errno));
+        }
+        std::vector<char> signature_data;
+        std::string file_string(fname);
+        if (fp->source->ReadFile(file_string.substr(0, file_string.find('.')) + ".sig",
+                                 &signature_data)) {
+            fb->Download("signature", signature_data);
+            fb->RawCommand("signature", "installing signature");
+        }
+    } else if (!load_buf(fname, &buf, fp)) {
         die("cannot load '%s': %s", fname, strerror(errno));
     }
+
     if (is_logical(pname)) {
         fb->ResizePartition(pname, std::to_string(buf.image_size));
     }
-    std::string flash_pname = repack_ramdisk(pname, &buf);
-    flash_buf(flash_pname, &buf, apply_vbmeta);
+    std::string flash_pname = repack_ramdisk(pname, &buf, fp->fb);
+    flash_buf(fp->source.get(), flash_pname, &buf, apply_vbmeta);
 }
 
 // Sets slot_override as the active slot. If slot_override is blank,
 // set current slot as active instead. This clears slot-unbootable.
 static void set_active(const std::string& slot_override) {
-    if (!supports_AB()) return;
+    if (!supports_AB(fb)) return;
 
     if (slot_override != "") {
         fb->SetActive(slot_override);
@@ -1523,11 +1574,14 @@ bool is_userspace_fastboot() {
 
 void reboot_to_userspace_fastboot() {
     fb->RebootTo("fastboot");
+    if (fb->WaitForDisconnect() != fastboot::SUCCESS) {
+        die("Error waiting for USB disconnect.");
+    }
+    fb->set_transport(nullptr);
 
-    auto* old_transport = fb->set_transport(nullptr);
-    delete old_transport;
-
-    // Give the current connection time to close.
+    // Not all platforms support WaitForDisconnect. There also isn't a great way to tell whether
+    // or not WaitForDisconnect is supported. So, just wait a bit extra for everyone, in order to
+    // make sure that the device has had time to initiate its reboot and disconnect itself.
     std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::seconds(1));
 
     fb->set_transport(open_device());
@@ -1592,7 +1646,7 @@ std::unique_ptr<FlashTask> ParseFlashCommand(const FlashingPlan* fp,
     if (img_name.empty()) {
         img_name = partition + ".img";
     }
-    return std::make_unique<FlashTask>(slot, partition, img_name, apply_vbmeta);
+    return std::make_unique<FlashTask>(slot, partition, img_name, apply_vbmeta, fp);
 }
 
 std::unique_ptr<RebootTask> ParseRebootCommand(const FlashingPlan* fp,
@@ -1639,14 +1693,22 @@ std::unique_ptr<Task> ParseFastbootInfoLine(const FlashingPlan* fp,
     return task;
 }
 
-void AddResizeTasks(const FlashingPlan* fp, std::vector<std::unique_ptr<Task>>* tasks) {
+bool AddResizeTasks(const FlashingPlan* fp, std::vector<std::unique_ptr<Task>>* tasks) {
     // expands "resize-partitions" into individual commands : resize {os_partition_1}, resize
     // {os_partition_2}, etc.
     std::vector<std::unique_ptr<Task>> resize_tasks;
     std::optional<size_t> loc;
+    std::vector<char> contents;
+    if (!fp->source->ReadFile("super_empty.img", &contents)) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    auto metadata = android::fs_mgr::ReadFromImageBlob(contents.data(), contents.size());
+    if (!metadata) {
+        return false;
+    }
     for (size_t i = 0; i < tasks->size(); i++) {
         if (auto flash_task = tasks->at(i)->AsFlashTask()) {
-            if (should_flash_in_userspace(flash_task->GetPartitionAndSlot())) {
+            if (FlashTask::IsDynamicPartition(fp->source.get(), flash_task)) {
                 if (!loc) {
                     loc = i;
                 }
@@ -1658,15 +1720,15 @@ void AddResizeTasks(const FlashingPlan* fp, std::vector<std::unique_ptr<Task>>*
     // if no logical partitions (although should never happen since system will always need to be
     // flashed)
     if (!loc) {
-        return;
+        return false;
     }
     tasks->insert(tasks->begin() + loc.value(), std::make_move_iterator(resize_tasks.begin()),
                   std::make_move_iterator(resize_tasks.end()));
-    return;
+    return true;
 }
 
 static bool IsIgnore(const std::vector<std::string>& command) {
-    if (command[0][0] == '#') {
+    if (command.size() == 0 || command[0][0] == '#') {
         return true;
     }
     return false;
@@ -1728,34 +1790,16 @@ std::vector<std::unique_ptr<Task>> ParseFastbootInfo(const FlashingPlan* fp,
         }
         tasks.emplace_back(std::move(task));
     }
-    if (auto flash_super_task = FlashSuperLayoutTask::InitializeFromTasks(fp, tasks)) {
-        auto it = tasks.begin();
-        for (size_t i = 0; i < tasks.size(); i++) {
-            if (auto flash_task = tasks[i]->AsFlashTask()) {
-                if (should_flash_in_userspace(flash_task->GetPartitionAndSlot())) {
-                    break;
-                }
-            }
-            if (auto wipe_task = tasks[i]->AsWipeTask()) {
-                break;
-            }
-            it++;
-        }
-        tasks.insert(it, std::move(flash_super_task));
+
+    if (auto flash_super_task = OptimizedFlashSuperTask::Initialize(fp, tasks)) {
+        tasks.emplace_back(std::move(flash_super_task));
     } else {
-        AddResizeTasks(fp, &tasks);
+        if (!AddResizeTasks(fp, &tasks)) {
+            LOG(WARNING) << "Failed to add resize tasks";
+        }
     }
-    return tasks;
-}
 
-std::vector<std::unique_ptr<Task>> ParseFastbootInfo(const FlashingPlan* fp, std::ifstream& fs) {
-    std::string text;
-    std::vector<std::string> file;
-    // Get os_partitions that need to be resized
-    while (std::getline(fs, text)) {
-        file.emplace_back(text);
-    }
-    return ParseFastbootInfo(fp, file);
+    return tasks;
 }
 
 FlashAllTool::FlashAllTool(FlashingPlan* fp) : fp_(fp) {}
@@ -1773,31 +1817,39 @@ void FlashAllTool::Flash() {
     }
 
     DetermineSlot();
-    CollectImages();
 
     CancelSnapshotIfNeeded();
 
-    std::string path = find_item_given_name("fastboot-info.txt");
-    std::ifstream stream(path);
-    if (!stream || stream.eof()) {
-        LOG(VERBOSE) << "Flashing from hardcoded images. fastboot-info.txt is empty or does not "
-                        "exist";
-        HardcodedFlash();
-        return;
-    }
+    tasks_ = CollectTasks();
 
-    std::vector<std::unique_ptr<Task>> tasks = ParseFastbootInfo(fp_, stream);
-    if (tasks.empty()) {
-        LOG(FATAL) << "Invalid fastboot-info.txt file.";
-    }
-    LOG(VERBOSE) << "Flashing from fastboot-info.txt";
-    for (auto& task : tasks) {
+    for (auto& task : tasks_) {
         task->Run();
     }
-    if (fp_->wants_wipe) {
-        // avoid adding duplicate wipe tasks in fastboot main code.
-        fp_->wants_wipe = false;
+    return;
+}
+
+std::vector<std::unique_ptr<Task>> FlashAllTool::CollectTasks() {
+    std::vector<std::unique_ptr<Task>> tasks;
+    if (fp_->should_use_fastboot_info) {
+        tasks = CollectTasksFromFastbootInfo();
+
+    } else {
+        tasks = CollectTasksFromImageList();
+    }
+    if (fp_->exclude_dynamic_partitions) {
+        auto is_non_static_flash_task = [&](const auto& task) -> bool {
+            if (auto flash_task = task->AsFlashTask()) {
+                if (!should_flash_in_userspace(fp_->source.get(),
+                                               flash_task->GetPartitionAndSlot())) {
+                    return false;
+                }
+            }
+            return true;
+        };
+        tasks.erase(std::remove_if(tasks.begin(), tasks.end(), is_non_static_flash_task),
+                    tasks.end());
     }
+    return tasks;
 }
 
 void FlashAllTool::CheckRequirements() {
@@ -1824,7 +1876,7 @@ void FlashAllTool::DetermineSlot() {
         fp_->secondary_slot = get_other_slot();
     }
     if (fp_->secondary_slot == "") {
-        if (supports_AB()) {
+        if (supports_AB(fb)) {
             fprintf(stderr, "Warning: Could not determine slot for secondary images. Ignoring.\n");
         }
         fp_->skip_secondary = true;
@@ -1848,89 +1900,65 @@ void FlashAllTool::CollectImages() {
     }
 }
 
-void FlashAllTool::HardcodedFlash() {
+std::vector<std::unique_ptr<Task>> FlashAllTool::CollectTasksFromImageList() {
     CollectImages();
     // First flash boot partitions. We allow this to happen either in userspace
     // or in bootloader fastboot.
-    FlashImages(boot_images_);
-
     std::vector<std::unique_ptr<Task>> tasks;
+    AddFlashTasks(boot_images_, tasks);
+
+    // Sync the super partition. This will reboot to userspace fastboot if needed.
+    tasks.emplace_back(std::make_unique<UpdateSuperTask>(fp_));
 
-    if (auto flash_super_task = FlashSuperLayoutTask::Initialize(fp_, os_images_)) {
+    AddFlashTasks(os_images_, tasks);
+
+    if (auto flash_super_task = OptimizedFlashSuperTask::Initialize(fp_, tasks)) {
         tasks.emplace_back(std::move(flash_super_task));
     } else {
-        // Sync the super partition. This will reboot to userspace fastboot if needed.
-        tasks.emplace_back(std::make_unique<UpdateSuperTask>(fp_));
         // Resize any logical partition to 0, so each partition is reset to 0
         // extents, and will achieve more optimal allocation.
-        for (const auto& [image, slot] : os_images_) {
-            // Retrofit devices have two super partitions, named super_a and super_b.
-            // On these devices, secondary slots must be flashed as physical
-            // partitions (otherwise they would not mount on first boot). To enforce
-            // this, we delete any logical partitions for the "other" slot.
-            if (is_retrofit_device()) {
-                std::string partition_name = image->part_name + "_"s + slot;
-                if (image->IsSecondary() && should_flash_in_userspace(partition_name)) {
-                    fp_->fb->DeletePartition(partition_name);
-                }
-                tasks.emplace_back(std::make_unique<DeleteTask>(fp_, partition_name));
-            }
-            tasks.emplace_back(std::make_unique<ResizeTask>(fp_, image->part_name, "0", slot));
+        if (!AddResizeTasks(fp_, &tasks)) {
+            LOG(WARNING) << "Failed to add resize tasks";
         }
     }
-    for (auto& i : tasks) {
-        i->Run();
+
+    return tasks;
+}
+
+std::vector<std::unique_ptr<Task>> FlashAllTool::CollectTasksFromFastbootInfo() {
+    std::vector<std::unique_ptr<Task>> tasks;
+    std::vector<char> contents;
+    if (!fp_->source->ReadFile("fastboot-info.txt", &contents)) {
+        LOG(VERBOSE) << "Flashing from hardcoded images. fastboot-info.txt is empty or does not "
+                        "exist";
+        return CollectTasksFromImageList();
     }
-    FlashImages(os_images_);
+    tasks = ParseFastbootInfo(fp_, Split({contents.data(), contents.size()}, "\n"));
+    return tasks;
 }
 
-void FlashAllTool::FlashImages(const std::vector<std::pair<const Image*, std::string>>& images) {
+void FlashAllTool::AddFlashTasks(const std::vector<std::pair<const Image*, std::string>>& images,
+                                 std::vector<std::unique_ptr<Task>>& tasks) {
     for (const auto& [image, slot] : images) {
         fastboot_buffer buf;
         unique_fd fd = fp_->source->OpenFile(image->img_name);
-        if (fd < 0 || !load_buf_fd(std::move(fd), &buf)) {
+        if (fd < 0 || !load_buf_fd(std::move(fd), &buf, fp_)) {
             if (image->optional_if_no_image) {
                 continue;
             }
             die("could not load '%s': %s", image->img_name.c_str(), strerror(errno));
         }
-        FlashImage(*image, slot, &buf);
+        tasks.emplace_back(std::make_unique<FlashTask>(slot, image->part_name, image->img_name,
+                                                       is_vbmeta_partition(image->part_name), fp_));
     }
 }
 
-void FlashAllTool::FlashImage(const Image& image, const std::string& slot, fastboot_buffer* buf) {
-    auto flash = [&, this](const std::string& partition_name) {
-        std::vector<char> signature_data;
-        if (fp_->source->ReadFile(image.sig_name, &signature_data)) {
-            fb->Download("signature", signature_data);
-            fb->RawCommand("signature", "installing signature");
-        }
-
-        if (is_logical(partition_name)) {
-            fb->ResizePartition(partition_name, std::to_string(buf->image_size));
-        }
-
-        flash_buf(partition_name.c_str(), buf, is_vbmeta_partition(partition_name));
-    };
-    do_for_partitions(image.part_name, slot, flash, false);
-}
-
-class ZipImageSource final : public ImageSource {
-  public:
-    explicit ZipImageSource(ZipArchiveHandle zip) : zip_(zip) {}
-    bool ReadFile(const std::string& name, std::vector<char>* out) const override;
-    unique_fd OpenFile(const std::string& name) const override;
-
-  private:
-    ZipArchiveHandle zip_;
-};
-
 bool ZipImageSource::ReadFile(const std::string& name, std::vector<char>* out) const {
     return UnzipToMemory(zip_, name, out);
 }
 
 unique_fd ZipImageSource::OpenFile(const std::string& name) const {
-    return unzip_to_file(zip_, name.c_str());
+    return UnzipToFile(zip_, name.c_str());
 }
 
 static void do_update(const char* filename, FlashingPlan* fp) {
@@ -1939,21 +1967,13 @@ static void do_update(const char* filename, FlashingPlan* fp) {
     if (error != 0) {
         die("failed to open zip file '%s': %s", filename, ErrorCodeString(error));
     }
-    ZipImageSource zp = ZipImageSource(zip);
-    fp->source = &zp;
-    fp->wants_wipe = false;
+    fp->source.reset(new ZipImageSource(zip));
     FlashAllTool tool(fp);
     tool.Flash();
 
     CloseArchive(zip);
 }
 
-class LocalImageSource final : public ImageSource {
-  public:
-    bool ReadFile(const std::string& name, std::vector<char>* out) const override;
-    unique_fd OpenFile(const std::string& name) const override;
-};
-
 bool LocalImageSource::ReadFile(const std::string& name, std::vector<char>* out) const {
     auto path = find_item_given_name(name);
     if (path.empty()) {
@@ -1968,8 +1988,7 @@ unique_fd LocalImageSource::OpenFile(const std::string& name) const {
 }
 
 static void do_flashall(FlashingPlan* fp) {
-    LocalImageSource s = LocalImageSource();
-    fp->source = &s;
+    fp->source.reset(new LocalImageSource());
     FlashAllTool tool(fp);
     tool.Flash();
 }
@@ -2013,7 +2032,7 @@ static unsigned fb_get_flash_block_size(std::string name) {
 
 void fb_perform_format(const std::string& partition, int skip_if_not_supported,
                        const std::string& type_override, const std::string& size_override,
-                       const unsigned fs_options) {
+                       const unsigned fs_options, const FlashingPlan* fp) {
     std::string partition_type, partition_size;
 
     struct fastboot_buffer buf;
@@ -2026,8 +2045,8 @@ void fb_perform_format(const std::string& partition, int skip_if_not_supported,
     if (target_sparse_limit > 0 && target_sparse_limit < limit) {
         limit = target_sparse_limit;
     }
-    if (sparse_limit > 0 && sparse_limit < limit) {
-        limit = sparse_limit;
+    if (fp->sparse_limit > 0 && fp->sparse_limit < limit) {
+        limit = fp->sparse_limit;
     }
 
     if (fb->GetVar("partition-type:" + partition, &partition_type) != fastboot::SUCCESS) {
@@ -2082,10 +2101,11 @@ void fb_perform_format(const std::string& partition, int skip_if_not_supported,
     if (fd == -1) {
         die("Cannot open generated image: %s", strerror(errno));
     }
-    if (!load_buf_fd(std::move(fd), &buf)) {
+    if (!load_buf_fd(std::move(fd), &buf, fp)) {
         die("Cannot read image: %s", strerror(errno));
     }
-    flash_buf(partition, &buf, is_vbmeta_partition(partition));
+
+    flash_buf(fp->source.get(), partition, &buf, is_vbmeta_partition(partition));
     return;
 
 failed:
@@ -2099,23 +2119,31 @@ void fb_perform_format(const std::string& partition, int skip_if_not_supported,
     }
 }
 
-bool should_flash_in_userspace(const std::string& partition_name) {
-    if (!get_android_product_out()) {
-        return false;
-    }
-    auto path = find_item_given_name("super_empty.img");
-    if (path.empty() || access(path.c_str(), R_OK)) {
-        return false;
+bool should_flash_in_userspace(const ImageSource* source, const std::string& partition_name) {
+    if (!source) {
+        if (!get_android_product_out()) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        auto path = find_item_given_name("super_empty.img");
+        if (path.empty() || access(path.c_str(), R_OK)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        auto metadata = android::fs_mgr::ReadFromImageFile(path);
+        if (!metadata) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        return should_flash_in_userspace(*metadata.get(), partition_name);
     }
-    auto metadata = android::fs_mgr::ReadFromImageFile(path);
-    if (!metadata) {
+    std::vector<char> contents;
+    if (!source->ReadFile("super_empty.img", &contents)) {
         return false;
     }
+    auto metadata = android::fs_mgr::ReadFromImageBlob(contents.data(), contents.size());
     return should_flash_in_userspace(*metadata.get(), partition_name);
 }
 
 static bool wipe_super(const android::fs_mgr::LpMetadata& metadata, const std::string& slot,
-                       std::string* message) {
+                       std::string* message, const FlashingPlan* fp) {
     auto super_device = GetMetadataSuperBlockDevice(metadata);
     auto block_size = metadata.geometry.logical_block_size;
     auto super_bdev_name = android::fs_mgr::GetBlockDevicePartitionName(*super_device);
@@ -2134,7 +2162,7 @@ static bool wipe_super(const android::fs_mgr::LpMetadata& metadata, const std::s
     if (metadata.block_devices.size() > 1) {
         ok = WriteSplitImageFiles(temp_dir.path, metadata, block_size, {}, true);
     } else {
-        auto image_path = temp_dir.path + "/"s + super_bdev_name + ".img";
+        auto image_path = std::string(temp_dir.path) + "/" + std::string(super_bdev_name) + ".img";
         ok = WriteToImageFile(image_path, metadata, block_size, {}, true);
     }
     if (!ok) {
@@ -2153,9 +2181,9 @@ static bool wipe_super(const android::fs_mgr::LpMetadata& metadata, const std::s
             image_name = partition + ".img";
         }
 
-        auto image_path = temp_dir.path + "/"s + image_name;
+        auto image_path = std::string(temp_dir.path) + "/" + image_name;
         auto flash = [&](const std::string& partition_name) {
-            do_flash(partition_name.c_str(), image_path.c_str(), false);
+            do_flash(partition_name.c_str(), image_path.c_str(), false, fp);
         };
         do_for_partitions(partition, slot, flash, force_slot);
 
@@ -2164,7 +2192,8 @@ static bool wipe_super(const android::fs_mgr::LpMetadata& metadata, const std::s
     return true;
 }
 
-static void do_wipe_super(const std::string& image, const std::string& slot_override) {
+static void do_wipe_super(const std::string& image, const std::string& slot_override,
+                          const FlashingPlan* fp) {
     if (access(image.c_str(), R_OK) != 0) {
         die("Could not read image: %s", image.c_str());
     }
@@ -2179,7 +2208,7 @@ static void do_wipe_super(const std::string& image, const std::string& slot_over
     }
 
     std::string message;
-    if (!wipe_super(*metadata.get(), slot, &message)) {
+    if (!wipe_super(*metadata.get(), slot, &message, fp)) {
         die(message);
     }
 }
@@ -2221,6 +2250,9 @@ int FastBootTool::Main(int argc, char* argv[]) {
                                       {"cmdline", required_argument, 0, 0},
                                       {"disable-verification", no_argument, 0, 0},
                                       {"disable-verity", no_argument, 0, 0},
+                                      {"disable-super-optimization", no_argument, 0, 0},
+                                      {"exclude-dynamic-partitions", no_argument, 0, 0},
+                                      {"disable-fastboot-info", no_argument, 0, 0},
                                       {"force", no_argument, 0, 0},
                                       {"fs-options", required_argument, 0, 0},
                                       {"header-version", required_argument, 0, 0},
@@ -2242,7 +2274,10 @@ int FastBootTool::Main(int argc, char* argv[]) {
                                       {"version", no_argument, 0, 0},
                                       {0, 0, 0, 0}};
 
-    serial = getenv("ANDROID_SERIAL");
+    serial = getenv("FASTBOOT_DEVICE");
+    if (!serial) {
+        serial = getenv("ANDROID_SERIAL");
+    }
 
     int c;
     while ((c = getopt_long(argc, argv, "a::hls:S:vw", longopts, &longindex)) != -1) {
@@ -2256,6 +2291,13 @@ int FastBootTool::Main(int argc, char* argv[]) {
                 g_disable_verification = true;
             } else if (name == "disable-verity") {
                 g_disable_verity = true;
+            } else if (name == "disable-super-optimization") {
+                fp->should_optimize_flash_super = false;
+            } else if (name == "exclude-dynamic-partitions") {
+                fp->exclude_dynamic_partitions = true;
+                fp->should_optimize_flash_super = false;
+            } else if (name == "disable-fastboot-info") {
+                fp->should_use_fastboot_info = false;
             } else if (name == "force") {
                 fp->force_flash = true;
             } else if (name == "fs-options") {
@@ -2311,7 +2353,7 @@ int FastBootTool::Main(int argc, char* argv[]) {
                     serial = optarg;
                     break;
                 case 'S':
-                    if (!android::base::ParseByteCount(optarg, &sparse_limit)) {
+                    if (!android::base::ParseByteCount(optarg, &fp->sparse_limit)) {
                         die("invalid sparse limit %s", optarg);
                     }
                     break;
@@ -2355,8 +2397,8 @@ int FastBootTool::Main(int argc, char* argv[]) {
         return show_help();
     }
 
-    Transport* transport = open_device();
-    if (transport == nullptr) {
+    std::unique_ptr<Transport> transport = open_device();
+    if (!transport) {
         return 1;
     }
     fastboot::DriverCallbacks driver_callbacks = {
@@ -2366,7 +2408,7 @@ int FastBootTool::Main(int argc, char* argv[]) {
             .text = TextMessage,
     };
 
-    fastboot::FastBootDriver fastboot_driver(transport, driver_callbacks, false);
+    fastboot::FastBootDriver fastboot_driver(std::move(transport), driver_callbacks, false);
     fb = &fastboot_driver;
     fp->fb = &fastboot_driver;
 
@@ -2429,7 +2471,8 @@ int FastBootTool::Main(int argc, char* argv[]) {
             std::string partition = next_arg(&args);
 
             auto format = [&](const std::string& partition) {
-                fb_perform_format(partition, 0, type_override, size_override, fp->fs_options);
+                fb_perform_format(partition, 0, type_override, size_override, fp->fs_options,
+                                  fp.get());
             };
             do_for_partitions(partition, fp->slot_override, format, true);
         } else if (command == "signature") {
@@ -2476,7 +2519,7 @@ int FastBootTool::Main(int argc, char* argv[]) {
             }
             if (fname.empty()) die("cannot determine image filename for '%s'", pname.c_str());
 
-            FlashTask task(fp->slot_override, pname, fname, is_vbmeta_partition(pname));
+            FlashTask task(fp->slot_override, pname, fname, is_vbmeta_partition(pname), fp.get());
             task.Run();
         } else if (command == "flash:raw") {
             std::string partition = next_arg(&args);
@@ -2523,7 +2566,7 @@ int FastBootTool::Main(int argc, char* argv[]) {
             std::string filename = next_arg(&args);
 
             struct fastboot_buffer buf;
-            if (!load_buf(filename.c_str(), &buf) || buf.type != FB_BUFFER_FD) {
+            if (!load_buf(filename.c_str(), &buf, fp.get()) || buf.type != FB_BUFFER_FD) {
                 die("cannot load '%s'", filename.c_str());
             }
             fb->Download(filename, buf.fd.get(), buf.sz);
@@ -2556,14 +2599,12 @@ int FastBootTool::Main(int argc, char* argv[]) {
                     std::make_unique<ResizeTask>(fp.get(), partition, size, fp->slot_override);
             resize_task->Run();
         } else if (command == "gsi") {
-            std::string arg = next_arg(&args);
-            if (arg == "wipe") {
-                fb->RawCommand("gsi:wipe", "wiping GSI");
-            } else if (arg == "disable") {
-                fb->RawCommand("gsi:disable", "disabling GSI");
-            } else {
-                syntax_error("expected 'wipe' or 'disable'");
+            if (args.empty()) syntax_error("invalid gsi command");
+            std::string cmd("gsi");
+            while (!args.empty()) {
+                cmd += ":" + next_arg(&args);
             }
+            fb->RawCommand(cmd, "");
         } else if (command == "wipe-super") {
             std::string image;
             if (args.empty()) {
@@ -2571,7 +2612,7 @@ int FastBootTool::Main(int argc, char* argv[]) {
             } else {
                 image = next_arg(&args);
             }
-            do_wipe_super(image, fp->slot_override);
+            do_wipe_super(image, fp->slot_override, fp.get());
         } else if (command == "snapshot-update") {
             std::string arg;
             if (!args.empty()) {
@@ -2584,7 +2625,7 @@ int FastBootTool::Main(int argc, char* argv[]) {
         } else if (command == FB_CMD_FETCH) {
             std::string partition = next_arg(&args);
             std::string outfile = next_arg(&args);
-            do_fetch(partition, fp->slot_override, outfile);
+            do_fetch(partition, fp->slot_override, outfile, fp->fb);
         } else {
             syntax_error("unknown command %s", command.c_str());
         }
@@ -2594,10 +2635,13 @@ int FastBootTool::Main(int argc, char* argv[]) {
         if (fp->force_flash) {
             CancelSnapshotIfNeeded();
         }
+        std::vector<std::unique_ptr<Task>> wipe_tasks;
         std::vector<std::string> partitions = {"userdata", "cache", "metadata"};
         for (const auto& partition : partitions) {
-            tasks.emplace_back(std::make_unique<WipeTask>(fp.get(), partition));
+            wipe_tasks.emplace_back(std::make_unique<WipeTask>(fp.get(), partition));
         }
+        tasks.insert(tasks.begin(), std::make_move_iterator(wipe_tasks.begin()),
+                     std::make_move_iterator(wipe_tasks.end()));
     }
     if (fp->wants_set_active) {
         fb->SetActive(next_active);
@@ -2607,9 +2651,6 @@ int FastBootTool::Main(int argc, char* argv[]) {
     }
     fprintf(stderr, "Finished. Total time: %.3fs\n", (now() - start));
 
-    auto* old_transport = fb->set_transport(nullptr);
-    delete old_transport;
-
     return 0;
 }
 
diff --git a/fastboot/fastboot.h b/fastboot/fastboot.h
index 80b77a0e95e3..6a4997049cde 100644
--- a/fastboot/fastboot.h
+++ b/fastboot/fastboot.h
@@ -27,11 +27,11 @@
  */
 #pragma once
 
+#include <functional>
+#include <memory>
 #include <string>
-#include "fastboot_driver.h"
 #include "fastboot_driver_interface.h"
 #include "filesystem.h"
-#include "super_flash_helper.h"
 #include "task.h"
 #include "util.h"
 
@@ -40,6 +40,7 @@
 #include "result.h"
 #include "socket.h"
 #include "util.h"
+#include "ziparchive/zip_archive.h"
 
 class FastBootTool {
   public:
@@ -56,7 +57,8 @@ enum fb_buffer_type {
 };
 
 struct fastboot_buffer {
-    enum fb_buffer_type type;
+    fb_buffer_type type;
+    fb_buffer_type file_type;
     std::vector<SparsePtr> files;
     int64_t sz;
     unique_fd fd;
@@ -89,12 +91,16 @@ struct FlashingPlan {
     // If the image uses the default slot, or the user specified "all", then
     // the paired string will be empty. If the image requests a specific slot
     // (for example, system_other) it is specified instead.
-    ImageSource* source;
+    std::unique_ptr<ImageSource> source;
     bool wants_wipe = false;
     bool skip_reboot = false;
     bool wants_set_active = false;
     bool skip_secondary = false;
     bool force_flash = false;
+    bool should_optimize_flash_super = true;
+    bool should_use_fastboot_info = true;
+    bool exclude_dynamic_partitions = false;
+    uint64_t sparse_limit = 0;
 
     std::string slot_override;
     std::string current_slot;
@@ -108,23 +114,46 @@ class FlashAllTool {
     FlashAllTool(FlashingPlan* fp);
 
     void Flash();
+    std::vector<std::unique_ptr<Task>> CollectTasks();
 
   private:
     void CheckRequirements();
     void DetermineSlot();
     void CollectImages();
-    void FlashImages(const std::vector<std::pair<const Image*, std::string>>& images);
-    void FlashImage(const Image& image, const std::string& slot, fastboot_buffer* buf);
-    void HardcodedFlash();
+    void AddFlashTasks(const std::vector<std::pair<const Image*, std::string>>& images,
+                       std::vector<std::unique_ptr<Task>>& tasks);
+
+    std::vector<std::unique_ptr<Task>> CollectTasksFromFastbootInfo();
+    std::vector<std::unique_ptr<Task>> CollectTasksFromImageList();
 
     std::vector<ImageEntry> boot_images_;
     std::vector<ImageEntry> os_images_;
+    std::vector<std::unique_ptr<Task>> tasks_;
+
     FlashingPlan* fp_;
 };
 
-bool should_flash_in_userspace(const std::string& partition_name);
+class ZipImageSource final : public ImageSource {
+  public:
+    explicit ZipImageSource(ZipArchiveHandle zip) : zip_(zip) {}
+    bool ReadFile(const std::string& name, std::vector<char>* out) const override;
+    unique_fd OpenFile(const std::string& name) const override;
+
+  private:
+    ZipArchiveHandle zip_;
+};
+
+class LocalImageSource final : public ImageSource {
+  public:
+    bool ReadFile(const std::string& name, std::vector<char>* out) const override;
+    unique_fd OpenFile(const std::string& name) const override;
+};
+
+char* get_android_product_out();
+bool should_flash_in_userspace(const ImageSource* source, const std::string& partition_name);
 bool is_userspace_fastboot();
-void do_flash(const char* pname, const char* fname, const bool apply_vbmeta);
+void do_flash(const char* pname, const char* fname, const bool apply_vbmeta,
+              const FlashingPlan* fp);
 void do_for_partitions(const std::string& part, const std::string& slot,
                        const std::function<void(const std::string&)>& func, bool force_slot);
 std::string find_item(const std::string& item);
@@ -143,7 +172,7 @@ std::unique_ptr<WipeTask> ParseWipeCommand(const FlashingPlan* fp,
                                            const std::vector<std::string>& parts);
 std::unique_ptr<Task> ParseFastbootInfoLine(const FlashingPlan* fp,
                                             const std::vector<std::string>& command);
-void AddResizeTasks(const FlashingPlan* fp, std::vector<std::unique_ptr<Task>>& tasks);
+bool AddResizeTasks(const FlashingPlan* fp, std::vector<std::unique_ptr<Task>>& tasks);
 std::vector<std::unique_ptr<Task>> ParseFastbootInfo(const FlashingPlan* fp,
                                                      const std::vector<std::string>& file);
 
@@ -154,14 +183,13 @@ struct NetworkSerial {
 };
 
 Result<NetworkSerial, FastbootError> ParseNetworkSerial(const std::string& serial);
-bool supports_AB();
 std::string GetPartitionName(const ImageEntry& entry, const std::string& current_slot_);
 void flash_partition_files(const std::string& partition, const std::vector<SparsePtr>& files);
-int64_t get_sparse_limit(int64_t size);
+int64_t get_sparse_limit(int64_t size, const FlashingPlan* fp);
 std::vector<SparsePtr> resparse_file(sparse_file* s, int64_t max_size);
 
-bool is_retrofit_device();
+bool supports_AB(fastboot::IFastBootDriver* fb);
 bool is_logical(const std::string& partition);
 void fb_perform_format(const std::string& partition, int skip_if_not_supported,
                        const std::string& type_override, const std::string& size_override,
-                       const unsigned fs_options);
+                       const unsigned fs_options, const FlashingPlan* fp);
diff --git a/fastboot/fastboot_driver.cpp b/fastboot/fastboot_driver.cpp
index 9770ab25cfc1..e5ef66bafe90 100644
--- a/fastboot/fastboot_driver.cpp
+++ b/fastboot/fastboot_driver.cpp
@@ -58,9 +58,10 @@ using namespace android::storage_literals;
 namespace fastboot {
 
 /*************************** PUBLIC *******************************/
-FastBootDriver::FastBootDriver(Transport* transport, DriverCallbacks driver_callbacks,
+FastBootDriver::FastBootDriver(std::unique_ptr<Transport> transport,
+                               DriverCallbacks driver_callbacks,
                                bool no_checks)
-    : transport_(transport),
+    : transport_(std::move(transport)),
       prolog_(std::move(driver_callbacks.prolog)),
       epilog_(std::move(driver_callbacks.epilog)),
       info_(std::move(driver_callbacks.info)),
@@ -627,9 +628,8 @@ int FastBootDriver::SparseWriteCallback(std::vector<char>& tpbuf, const char* da
     return 0;
 }
 
-Transport* FastBootDriver::set_transport(Transport* transport) {
-    std::swap(transport_, transport);
-    return transport;
+void FastBootDriver::set_transport(std::unique_ptr<Transport> transport) {
+    transport_ = std::move(transport);
 }
 
 }  // End namespace fastboot
diff --git a/fastboot/fastboot_driver.h b/fastboot/fastboot_driver.h
index 3d6c7b017c3c..49cebd97a1c0 100644
--- a/fastboot/fastboot_driver.h
+++ b/fastboot/fastboot_driver.h
@@ -27,8 +27,9 @@
  */
 #pragma once
 #include <cstdlib>
-#include <deque>
+#include <functional>
 #include <limits>
+#include <memory>
 #include <string>
 #include <vector>
 
@@ -36,10 +37,8 @@
 #include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
 #include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
 #include <bootimg.h>
-#include <inttypes.h>
 #include <sparse/sparse.h>
 
-#include "constants.h"
 #include "fastboot_driver_interface.h"
 #include "transport.h"
 
@@ -62,7 +61,7 @@ class FastBootDriver : public IFastBootDriver {
     static constexpr uint32_t MAX_DOWNLOAD_SIZE = std::numeric_limits<uint32_t>::max();
     static constexpr size_t TRANSPORT_CHUNK_SIZE = 1024;
 
-    FastBootDriver(Transport* transport, DriverCallbacks driver_callbacks = {},
+    FastBootDriver(std::unique_ptr<Transport> transport, DriverCallbacks driver_callbacks = {},
                    bool no_checks = false);
     ~FastBootDriver();
 
@@ -104,7 +103,7 @@ class FastBootDriver : public IFastBootDriver {
                                   std::vector<std::string>* info = nullptr);
     RetCode FetchToFd(const std::string& partition, android::base::borrowed_fd fd,
                       int64_t offset = -1, int64_t size = -1, std::string* response = nullptr,
-                      std::vector<std::string>* info = nullptr);
+                      std::vector<std::string>* info = nullptr) override;
 
     /* HIGHER LEVEL COMMANDS -- Composed of the commands above */
     RetCode FlashPartition(const std::string& partition, const std::vector<char>& data);
@@ -123,9 +122,7 @@ class FastBootDriver : public IFastBootDriver {
     std::string Error();
     RetCode WaitForDisconnect() override;
 
-    // Note: set_transport will return the previous transport.
-    Transport* set_transport(Transport* transport);
-    Transport* transport() const { return transport_; }
+    void set_transport(std::unique_ptr<Transport> transport);
 
     RetCode RawCommand(const std::string& cmd, const std::string& message,
                        std::string* response = nullptr, std::vector<std::string>* info = nullptr,
@@ -142,7 +139,7 @@ class FastBootDriver : public IFastBootDriver {
 
     std::string ErrnoStr(const std::string& msg);
 
-    Transport* transport_;
+    std::unique_ptr<Transport> transport_;
 
   private:
     RetCode SendBuffer(android::base::borrowed_fd fd, size_t size);
diff --git a/fastboot/fastboot_driver_interface.h b/fastboot/fastboot_driver_interface.h
index 795938fb41f7..7cb8a6b6acdf 100644
--- a/fastboot/fastboot_driver_interface.h
+++ b/fastboot/fastboot_driver_interface.h
@@ -45,6 +45,10 @@ class IFastBootDriver {
                              std::vector<std::string>* info = nullptr) = 0;
     RetCode virtual GetVar(const std::string& key, std::string* val,
                            std::vector<std::string>* info = nullptr) = 0;
+    RetCode virtual FetchToFd(const std::string& partition, android::base::borrowed_fd fd,
+                              int64_t offset = -1, int64_t size = -1,
+                              std::string* response = nullptr,
+                              std::vector<std::string>* info = nullptr) = 0;
     RetCode virtual Download(const std::string& name, android::base::borrowed_fd fd, size_t size,
                              std::string* response = nullptr,
                              std::vector<std::string>* info = nullptr) = 0;
diff --git a/fastboot/fastboot_driver_mock.h b/fastboot/fastboot_driver_mock.h
index d2a123b199c5..7c41d78a1839 100644
--- a/fastboot/fastboot_driver_mock.h
+++ b/fastboot/fastboot_driver_mock.h
@@ -28,15 +28,16 @@ class MockFastbootDriver : public IFastBootDriver {
     MOCK_METHOD(RetCode, Reboot, (std::string*, std::vector<std::string>*), (override));
     MOCK_METHOD(RetCode, RebootTo, (std::string, std::string*, std::vector<std::string>*),
                 (override));
-
     MOCK_METHOD(RetCode, GetVar, (const std::string&, std::string*, std::vector<std::string>*),
                 (override));
-
+    MOCK_METHOD(RetCode, FetchToFd,
+                (const std::string&, android::base::borrowed_fd, int64_t offset, int64_t size,
+                 std::string*, std::vector<std::string>*),
+                (override));
     MOCK_METHOD(RetCode, Download,
                 (const std::string&, android::base::borrowed_fd, size_t, std::string*,
                  std::vector<std::string>*),
                 (override));
-
     MOCK_METHOD(RetCode, RawCommand,
                 (const std::string&, const std::string&, std::string*, std::vector<std::string>*,
                  int*),
diff --git a/fastboot/fastboot_driver_test.cpp b/fastboot/fastboot_driver_test.cpp
index 6f6cf8c49b04..d2033b0e2081 100644
--- a/fastboot/fastboot_driver_test.cpp
+++ b/fastboot/fastboot_driver_test.cpp
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 
 #include "fastboot_driver.h"
 
+#include <memory>
 #include <optional>
 
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
@@ -30,13 +31,14 @@ class DriverTest : public ::testing::Test {
 };
 
 TEST_F(DriverTest, GetVar) {
-    MockTransport transport;
-    FastBootDriver driver(&transport);
+    std::unique_ptr<MockTransport> transport_pointer = std::make_unique<MockTransport>();
+    MockTransport* transport = transport_pointer.get();
+    FastBootDriver driver(std::move(transport_pointer));
 
-    EXPECT_CALL(transport, Write(_, _))
+    EXPECT_CALL(*transport, Write(_, _))
             .With(AllArgs(RawData("getvar:version")))
             .WillOnce(ReturnArg<1>());
-    EXPECT_CALL(transport, Read(_, _)).WillOnce(Invoke(CopyData("OKAY0.4")));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*transport, Read(_, _)).WillOnce(Invoke(CopyData("OKAY0.4")));
 
     std::string output;
     ASSERT_EQ(driver.GetVar("version", &output), SUCCESS) << driver.Error();
@@ -44,14 +46,15 @@ TEST_F(DriverTest, GetVar) {
 }
 
 TEST_F(DriverTest, InfoMessage) {
-    MockTransport transport;
-    FastBootDriver driver(&transport);
+    std::unique_ptr<MockTransport> transport_pointer = std::make_unique<MockTransport>();
+    MockTransport* transport = transport_pointer.get();
+    FastBootDriver driver(std::move(transport_pointer));
 
-    EXPECT_CALL(transport, Write(_, _))
+    EXPECT_CALL(*transport, Write(_, _))
             .With(AllArgs(RawData("oem dmesg")))
             .WillOnce(ReturnArg<1>());
-    EXPECT_CALL(transport, Read(_, _)).WillOnce(Invoke(CopyData("INFOthis is an info line")));
-    EXPECT_CALL(transport, Read(_, _)).WillOnce(Invoke(CopyData("OKAY")));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*transport, Read(_, _)).WillOnce(Invoke(CopyData("INFOthis is an info line")));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*transport, Read(_, _)).WillOnce(Invoke(CopyData("OKAY")));
 
     std::vector<std::string> info;
     ASSERT_EQ(driver.RawCommand("oem dmesg", "", nullptr, &info), SUCCESS) << driver.Error();
@@ -60,28 +63,29 @@ TEST_F(DriverTest, InfoMessage) {
 }
 
 TEST_F(DriverTest, TextMessage) {
-    MockTransport transport;
     std::string text;
+    std::unique_ptr<MockTransport> transport_pointer = std::make_unique<MockTransport>();
+    MockTransport* transport = transport_pointer.get();
 
     DriverCallbacks callbacks{[](const std::string&) {}, [](int) {}, [](const std::string&) {},
                               [&text](const std::string& extra_text) { text += extra_text; }};
 
-    FastBootDriver driver(&transport, callbacks);
+    FastBootDriver driver(std::move(transport_pointer), callbacks);
 
-    EXPECT_CALL(transport, Write(_, _))
+    EXPECT_CALL(*transport, Write(_, _))
             .With(AllArgs(RawData("oem trusty runtest trusty.hwaes.bench")))
             .WillOnce(ReturnArg<1>());
-    EXPECT_CALL(transport, Read(_, _)).WillOnce(Invoke(CopyData("TEXTthis is a text line")));
-    EXPECT_CALL(transport, Read(_, _))
+    EXPECT_CALL(*transport, Read(_, _)).WillOnce(Invoke(CopyData("TEXTthis is a text line")));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*transport, Read(_, _))
             .WillOnce(Invoke(
                     CopyData("TEXT, albeit very long and split over multiple TEXT messages.")));
-    EXPECT_CALL(transport, Read(_, _))
+    EXPECT_CALL(*transport, Read(_, _))
             .WillOnce(Invoke(CopyData("TEXT Indeed we can do that now with a TEXT message whenever "
                                       "we feel like it.")));
-    EXPECT_CALL(transport, Read(_, _))
+    EXPECT_CALL(*transport, Read(_, _))
             .WillOnce(Invoke(CopyData("TEXT Isn't that truly super cool?")));
 
-    EXPECT_CALL(transport, Read(_, _)).WillOnce(Invoke(CopyData("OKAY")));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*transport, Read(_, _)).WillOnce(Invoke(CopyData("OKAY")));
 
     std::vector<std::string> info;
     ASSERT_EQ(driver.RawCommand("oem trusty runtest trusty.hwaes.bench", "", nullptr, &info),
diff --git a/fastboot/fastboot_integration_test.xml b/fastboot/fastboot_integration_test.xml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..ad14caba1ef0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/fastboot/fastboot_integration_test.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
+<!-- Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+     Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+     you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+     You may obtain a copy of the License at
+          http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+     Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+     distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+     WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+     See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+     limitations under the License.
+-->
+<configuration description="Config to run fastboot integration tests">
+    <option name="test-suite-tag" value="fastboot_unittests" />
+    <test class="com.android.tradefed.testtype.python.PythonBinaryHostTest" >
+        <option name="par-file-name" value="fastboot_integration_test" />
+        <option name="test-timeout" value="1m" />
+    </test>
+</configuration>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/fastboot/filesystem.h b/fastboot/filesystem.h
index 5f41fbc9fcfa..c5f9c948d68f 100644
--- a/fastboot/filesystem.h
+++ b/fastboot/filesystem.h
@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@ const char kPathSeparator =
 #endif
 
 std::string GetHomeDirPath();
+bool FileExists(const std::string& path);
 bool EnsureDirectoryExists(const std::string& directory_path);
 
 class FileLock {
diff --git a/fastboot/fuzzer/Android.bp b/fastboot/fuzzer/Android.bp
index a89807082499..59533fad50ac 100644
--- a/fastboot/fuzzer/Android.bp
+++ b/fastboot/fuzzer/Android.bp
@@ -55,7 +55,10 @@ cc_fuzz {
     ],
     fuzz_config: {
         cc: [
-            "android-media-fuzzing-reports@google.com",
+            "dvander@google.com",
+            "elsk@google.com",
+            "enh@google.com",
+            "zhangkelvin@google.com",
         ],
         componentid: 533764,
         hotlists: [
diff --git a/fastboot/fuzzer/fastboot_fuzzer.cpp b/fastboot/fuzzer/fastboot_fuzzer.cpp
index 60940fe3d49d..4594a8ab4403 100644
--- a/fastboot/fuzzer/fastboot_fuzzer.cpp
+++ b/fastboot/fuzzer/fastboot_fuzzer.cpp
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
  *
  */
 #include <android-base/file.h>
+#include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
 #include "fastboot.h"
 #include "socket.h"
 #include "socket_mock_fuzz.h"
@@ -25,6 +26,7 @@
 #include <fuzzer/FuzzedDataProvider.h>
 
 using namespace std;
+using android::base::unique_fd;
 
 const size_t kYearMin = 2000;
 const size_t kYearMax = 2127;
@@ -255,7 +257,7 @@ void FastbootFuzzer::InvokeVendorBootImgUtils(const uint8_t* data, size_t size)
     uint64_t ramdisk_size =
             fdp_->ConsumeBool() ? content_ramdisk_fd.size() : fdp_->ConsumeIntegral<uint64_t>();
     (void)replace_vendor_ramdisk(vendor_boot_fd, vendor_boot_size, ramdisk_name, ramdisk_fd,
-                                 ramdisk_size);
+                                 ramdisk_size, unique_fd(-1), 0);
     close(vendor_boot_fd);
     close(ramdisk_fd);
 }
diff --git a/fastboot/fuzzy_fastboot/fixtures.cpp b/fastboot/fuzzy_fastboot/fixtures.cpp
index 9b5e5f7bd2c2..94a53ed8c0c3 100644
--- a/fastboot/fuzzy_fastboot/fixtures.cpp
+++ b/fastboot/fuzzy_fastboot/fixtures.cpp
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ void FastBootTest::SetUp() {
             return MatchFastboot(info, device_serial);
         };
         for (int i = 0; i < MAX_USB_TRIES && !transport; i++) {
-            std::unique_ptr<UsbTransport> usb(usb_open(matcher, USB_TIMEOUT));
+            std::unique_ptr<UsbTransport> usb = usb_open(matcher, USB_TIMEOUT);
             if (usb)
                 transport = std::unique_ptr<TransportSniffer>(
                         new TransportSniffer(std::move(usb), serial_port));
@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ void FastBootTest::SetUp() {
     } else {
         ASSERT_EQ(device_path, cb_scratch);  // The path can not change
     }
-    fb = std::unique_ptr<FastBootDriver>(new FastBootDriver(transport.get(), {}, true));
+    fb = std::unique_ptr<FastBootDriver>(new FastBootDriver(std::move(transport), {}, true));
     // No error checking since non-A/B devices may not support the command
     fb->GetVar("current-slot", &initial_slot);
 }
@@ -200,7 +200,7 @@ void FastBootTest::ReconnectFastbootDevice() {
     if (IsFastbootOverTcp()) {
         ConnectTcpFastbootDevice();
         device_path = cb_scratch;
-        fb = std::unique_ptr<FastBootDriver>(new FastBootDriver(transport.get(), {}, true));
+        fb = std::unique_ptr<FastBootDriver>(new FastBootDriver(std::move(transport), {}, true));
         return;
     }
 
@@ -212,7 +212,7 @@ void FastBootTest::ReconnectFastbootDevice() {
         return MatchFastboot(info, device_serial);
     };
     while (!transport) {
-        std::unique_ptr<UsbTransport> usb(usb_open(matcher, USB_TIMEOUT));
+        std::unique_ptr<UsbTransport> usb = usb_open(matcher, USB_TIMEOUT);
         if (usb) {
             transport = std::unique_ptr<TransportSniffer>(
                     new TransportSniffer(std::move(usb), serial_port));
@@ -220,7 +220,7 @@ void FastBootTest::ReconnectFastbootDevice() {
         std::this_thread::sleep_for(1s);
     }
     device_path = cb_scratch;
-    fb = std::unique_ptr<FastBootDriver>(new FastBootDriver(transport.get(), {}, true));
+    fb = std::unique_ptr<FastBootDriver>(new FastBootDriver(std::move(transport), {}, true));
 }
 
 void FastBootTest::SetLockState(bool unlock, bool assert_change) {
diff --git a/fastboot/fuzzy_fastboot/main.cpp b/fastboot/fuzzy_fastboot/main.cpp
index e6359374eb32..9eabbd3116ee 100644
--- a/fastboot/fuzzy_fastboot/main.cpp
+++ b/fastboot/fuzzy_fastboot/main.cpp
@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@
 #include <sys/time.h>
 #include <sys/types.h>
 #include <unistd.h>
+#include <algorithm>
 #include <chrono>
 #include <cstdlib>
 #include <fstream>
@@ -50,6 +51,7 @@
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
 #include <sparse/sparse.h>
 
+#include "constants.h"
 #include "fastboot_driver.h"
 #include "usb.h"
 
@@ -166,16 +168,15 @@ TEST(USBFunctionality, USBConnect) {
     const auto matcher = [](usb_ifc_info* info) -> int {
         return FastBootTest::MatchFastboot(info, fastboot::FastBootTest::device_serial);
     };
-    Transport* transport = nullptr;
+    std::unique_ptr<Transport> transport;
     for (int i = 0; i < FastBootTest::MAX_USB_TRIES && !transport; i++) {
         transport = usb_open(matcher);
         std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(10));
     }
-    ASSERT_NE(transport, nullptr) << "Could not find the fastboot device after: "
-                                  << 10 * FastBootTest::MAX_USB_TRIES << "ms";
+    ASSERT_NE(transport.get(), nullptr) << "Could not find the fastboot device after: "
+                                        << 10 * FastBootTest::MAX_USB_TRIES << "ms";
     if (transport) {
         transport->Close();
-        delete transport;
     }
 }
 
@@ -929,8 +930,7 @@ TEST_F(Fuzz, BadCommandTooLarge) {
 
     ASSERT_TRUE(UsbStillAvailible()) << USB_PORT_GONE;
     std::string resp;
-    EXPECT_EQ(fb->GetVar("product", &resp), SUCCESS)
-                << "Device is unresponsive to getvar command";
+    EXPECT_EQ(fb->GetVar("product", &resp), SUCCESS) << "Device is unresponsive to getvar command";
 }
 
 TEST_F(Fuzz, CommandTooLarge) {
@@ -986,11 +986,10 @@ TEST_F(Fuzz, SparseZeroLength) {
 TEST_F(Fuzz, SparseZeroBlkSize) {
     // handcrafted malform sparse file with zero as block size
     const std::vector<char> buf = {
-        '\x3a', '\xff', '\x26', '\xed', '\x01', '\x00', '\x00', '\x00', '\x1c', '\x00', '\x0c', '\x00',
-        '\x00', '\x00', '\x00', '\x00', '\x01', '\x00', '\x00', '\x00', '\x01', '\x00', '\x00', '\x00',
-        '\x00', '\x00', '\x00', '\x00', '\xc2', '\xca', '\x00', '\x00', '\x01', '\x00', '\x00', '\x00',
-        '\x10', '\x00', '\x00', '\x00', '\x11', '\x22', '\x33', '\x44'
-    };
+            '\x3a', '\xff', '\x26', '\xed', '\x01', '\x00', '\x00', '\x00', '\x1c', '\x00', '\x0c',
+            '\x00', '\x00', '\x00', '\x00', '\x00', '\x01', '\x00', '\x00', '\x00', '\x01', '\x00',
+            '\x00', '\x00', '\x00', '\x00', '\x00', '\x00', '\xc2', '\xca', '\x00', '\x00', '\x01',
+            '\x00', '\x00', '\x00', '\x10', '\x00', '\x00', '\x00', '\x11', '\x22', '\x33', '\x44'};
 
     ASSERT_EQ(DownloadCommand(buf.size()), SUCCESS) << "Device rejected download command";
     ASSERT_EQ(SendBuffer(buf), SUCCESS) << "Downloading payload failed";
@@ -1005,13 +1004,10 @@ TEST_F(Fuzz, SparseZeroBlkSize) {
 TEST_F(Fuzz, SparseVeryLargeBlkSize) {
     // handcrafted sparse file with block size of ~4GB and divisible 4
     const std::vector<char> buf = {
-        '\x3a', '\xff', '\x26', '\xed', '\x01', '\x00', '\x00', '\x00',
-        '\x1c', '\x00', '\x0c', '\x00', '\xF0', '\xFF', '\xFF', '\xFF',
-        '\x01', '\x00', '\x00', '\x00', '\x01', '\x00', '\x00', '\x00',
-        '\x00', '\x00', '\x00', '\x00', '\xc3', '\xca', '\x00', '\x00',
-        '\x01', '\x00', '\x00', '\x00', '\x0c', '\x00', '\x00', '\x00',
-        '\x11', '\x22', '\x33', '\x44'
-    };
+            '\x3a', '\xff', '\x26', '\xed', '\x01', '\x00', '\x00', '\x00', '\x1c', '\x00', '\x0c',
+            '\x00', '\xF0', '\xFF', '\xFF', '\xFF', '\x01', '\x00', '\x00', '\x00', '\x01', '\x00',
+            '\x00', '\x00', '\x00', '\x00', '\x00', '\x00', '\xc3', '\xca', '\x00', '\x00', '\x01',
+            '\x00', '\x00', '\x00', '\x0c', '\x00', '\x00', '\x00', '\x11', '\x22', '\x33', '\x44'};
 
     ASSERT_EQ(DownloadCommand(buf.size()), SUCCESS) << "Device rejected download command";
     ASSERT_EQ(SendBuffer(buf), SUCCESS) << "Downloading payload failed";
@@ -1022,11 +1018,10 @@ TEST_F(Fuzz, SparseVeryLargeBlkSize) {
 TEST_F(Fuzz, SparseTrimmed) {
     // handcrafted malform sparse file which is trimmed
     const std::vector<char> buf = {
-        '\x3a', '\xff', '\x26', '\xed', '\x01', '\x00', '\x00', '\x00', '\x1c', '\x00', '\x0c', '\x00',
-        '\x00', '\x10', '\x00', '\x00', '\x00', '\x00', '\x08', '\x00', '\x01', '\x00', '\x00', '\x00',
-        '\x00', '\x00', '\x00', '\x00', '\xc1', '\xca', '\x00', '\x00', '\x01', '\x00', '\x00', '\x00',
-        '\x00', '\x00', '\x00', '\x80', '\x11', '\x22', '\x33', '\x44'
-    };
+            '\x3a', '\xff', '\x26', '\xed', '\x01', '\x00', '\x00', '\x00', '\x1c', '\x00', '\x0c',
+            '\x00', '\x00', '\x10', '\x00', '\x00', '\x00', '\x00', '\x08', '\x00', '\x01', '\x00',
+            '\x00', '\x00', '\x00', '\x00', '\x00', '\x00', '\xc1', '\xca', '\x00', '\x00', '\x01',
+            '\x00', '\x00', '\x00', '\x00', '\x00', '\x00', '\x80', '\x11', '\x22', '\x33', '\x44'};
 
     ASSERT_EQ(DownloadCommand(buf.size()), SUCCESS) << "Device rejected download command";
     ASSERT_EQ(SendBuffer(buf), SUCCESS) << "Downloading payload failed";
@@ -1041,11 +1036,10 @@ TEST_F(Fuzz, SparseTrimmed) {
 TEST_F(Fuzz, SparseInvalidChurk) {
     // handcrafted malform sparse file with invalid churk
     const std::vector<char> buf = {
-        '\x3a', '\xff', '\x26', '\xed', '\x01', '\x00', '\x00', '\x00', '\x1c', '\x00', '\x0c', '\x00',
-        '\x00', '\x10', '\x00', '\x00', '\x00', '\x00', '\x08', '\x00', '\x01', '\x00', '\x00', '\x00',
-        '\x00', '\x00', '\x00', '\x00', '\xc1', '\xca', '\x00', '\x00', '\x01', '\x00', '\x00', '\x00',
-        '\x10', '\x00', '\x00', '\x00', '\x11', '\x22', '\x33', '\x44'
-    };
+            '\x3a', '\xff', '\x26', '\xed', '\x01', '\x00', '\x00', '\x00', '\x1c', '\x00', '\x0c',
+            '\x00', '\x00', '\x10', '\x00', '\x00', '\x00', '\x00', '\x08', '\x00', '\x01', '\x00',
+            '\x00', '\x00', '\x00', '\x00', '\x00', '\x00', '\xc1', '\xca', '\x00', '\x00', '\x01',
+            '\x00', '\x00', '\x00', '\x10', '\x00', '\x00', '\x00', '\x11', '\x22', '\x33', '\x44'};
 
     ASSERT_EQ(DownloadCommand(buf.size()), SUCCESS) << "Device rejected download command";
     ASSERT_EQ(SendBuffer(buf), SUCCESS) << "Downloading payload failed";
@@ -1895,9 +1889,10 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv) {
     if (!fastboot::FastBootTest::IsFastbootOverTcp()) {
         printf("<Waiting for Device>\n");
         const auto matcher = [](usb_ifc_info* info) -> int {
-            return fastboot::FastBootTest::MatchFastboot(info, fastboot::FastBootTest::device_serial);
+            return fastboot::FastBootTest::MatchFastboot(info,
+                                                         fastboot::FastBootTest::device_serial);
         };
-        Transport* transport = nullptr;
+        std::unique_ptr<Transport> transport;
         while (!transport) {
             transport = usb_open(matcher);
             std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(10));
diff --git a/fastboot/fuzzy_fastboot/test_utils.cpp b/fastboot/fuzzy_fastboot/test_utils.cpp
index 9ad98be60acf..b80db2357b7d 100644
--- a/fastboot/fuzzy_fastboot/test_utils.cpp
+++ b/fastboot/fuzzy_fastboot/test_utils.cpp
@@ -28,6 +28,8 @@
 #include "test_utils.h"
 #include <fcntl.h>
 #include <termios.h>
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <iterator>
 #include <sstream>
 
 namespace fastboot {
diff --git a/fastboot/fuzzy_fastboot/transport_sniffer.cpp b/fastboot/fuzzy_fastboot/transport_sniffer.cpp
index b55ffd31a888..fffa9a230471 100644
--- a/fastboot/fuzzy_fastboot/transport_sniffer.cpp
+++ b/fastboot/fuzzy_fastboot/transport_sniffer.cpp
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 #include <sys/select.h>
 #include <sys/time.h>
 #include <sys/types.h>
+#include <algorithm>
 #include <iomanip>
 #include <sstream>
 
@@ -90,7 +91,7 @@ std::string TransportSniffer::CreateTrace() {
     // and be printed as a string, or just a raw byte-buffer
     const auto msg = [&ret, no_print](const std::vector<char>& buf) {
         ret += android::base::StringPrintf("(%lu bytes): ", buf.size());
-        std::vector<const char>::iterator iter = buf.end();
+        std::vector<char>::const_iterator iter = buf.end();
         const unsigned max_chars = 50;
         if (buf.size() > max_chars) {
             iter = buf.begin() + max_chars;
diff --git a/fastboot/storage.cpp b/fastboot/storage.cpp
index d6e00cffaf73..629ebc88eff7 100644
--- a/fastboot/storage.cpp
+++ b/fastboot/storage.cpp
@@ -18,29 +18,25 @@
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
 
 #include <fstream>
+#include <iterator>
 
 #include "storage.h"
 #include "util.h"
 
 ConnectedDevicesStorage::ConnectedDevicesStorage() {
-    const std::string home_path = GetHomeDirPath();
-    if (home_path.empty()) {
-        return;
-    }
-
-    const std::string home_fastboot_path = home_path + kPathSeparator + ".fastboot";
-
-    if (!EnsureDirectoryExists(home_fastboot_path)) {
-        LOG(FATAL) << "Cannot create directory: " << home_fastboot_path;
-    }
+    home_fastboot_path_ = GetHomeDirPath() + kPathSeparator + ".fastboot";
+    devices_path_ = home_fastboot_path_ + kPathSeparator + "devices";
 
     // We're using a separate file for locking because the Windows LockFileEx does not
     // permit opening a file stream for the locked file, even within the same process. So,
     // we have to use fd or handle API to manipulate the storage files, which makes it
     // nearly impossible to fully rewrite a file content without having to recreate it.
     // Unfortunately, this is not an option during holding a lock.
-    devices_path_ = home_fastboot_path + kPathSeparator + "devices";
-    devices_lock_path_ = home_fastboot_path + kPathSeparator + "devices.lock";
+    devices_lock_path_ = home_fastboot_path_ + kPathSeparator + "devices.lock";
+}
+
+bool ConnectedDevicesStorage::Exists() const {
+    return FileExists(devices_path_);
 }
 
 void ConnectedDevicesStorage::WriteDevices(const FileLock&, const std::set<std::string>& devices) {
@@ -63,5 +59,8 @@ void ConnectedDevicesStorage::Clear(const FileLock&) {
 }
 
 FileLock ConnectedDevicesStorage::Lock() const {
+    if (!EnsureDirectoryExists(home_fastboot_path_)) {
+        LOG(FATAL) << "Cannot create directory: " << home_fastboot_path_;
+    }
     return FileLock(devices_lock_path_);
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+}
diff --git a/fastboot/storage.h b/fastboot/storage.h
index 0cc3d86d670a..ae9d846e65b1 100644
--- a/fastboot/storage.h
+++ b/fastboot/storage.h
@@ -24,13 +24,15 @@
 class ConnectedDevicesStorage {
   public:
     ConnectedDevicesStorage();
+
+    bool Exists() const;
     void WriteDevices(const FileLock&, const std::set<std::string>& devices);
     std::set<std::string> ReadDevices(const FileLock&);
     void Clear(const FileLock&);
-
     FileLock Lock() const;
 
   private:
+    std::string home_fastboot_path_;
     std::string devices_path_;
     std::string devices_lock_path_;
 };
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/fastboot/task.cpp b/fastboot/task.cpp
index ce46e91d5095..ea78a01b5832 100644
--- a/fastboot/task.cpp
+++ b/fastboot/task.cpp
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
 //
 #include "task.h"
 
-#include <iostream>
+#include "fastboot_driver.h"
 
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
 #include <android-base/parseint.h>
@@ -26,13 +26,23 @@
 #include "util.h"
 
 using namespace std::string_literals;
-FlashTask::FlashTask(const std::string& _slot, const std::string& _pname, const std::string& _fname,
-                     const bool apply_vbmeta)
-    : pname_(_pname), fname_(_fname), slot_(_slot), apply_vbmeta_(apply_vbmeta) {}
+FlashTask::FlashTask(const std::string& slot, const std::string& pname, const std::string& fname,
+                     const bool apply_vbmeta, const FlashingPlan* fp)
+    : pname_(pname), fname_(fname), slot_(slot), apply_vbmeta_(apply_vbmeta), fp_(fp) {}
+
+bool FlashTask::IsDynamicPartition(const ImageSource* source, const FlashTask* task) {
+    std::vector<char> contents;
+    if (!source->ReadFile("super_empty.img", &contents)) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    auto metadata = android::fs_mgr::ReadFromImageBlob(contents.data(), contents.size());
+    return should_flash_in_userspace(*metadata.get(), task->GetPartitionAndSlot());
+}
 
 void FlashTask::Run() {
     auto flash = [&](const std::string& partition) {
-        if (should_flash_in_userspace(partition) && !is_userspace_fastboot()) {
+        if (should_flash_in_userspace(fp_->source.get(), partition) && !is_userspace_fastboot() &&
+            !fp_->force_flash) {
             die("The partition you are trying to flash is dynamic, and "
                 "should be flashed via fastbootd. Please run:\n"
                 "\n"
@@ -41,12 +51,20 @@ void FlashTask::Run() {
                 "And try again. If you are intentionally trying to "
                 "overwrite a fixed partition, use --force.");
         }
-        do_flash(partition.c_str(), fname_.c_str(), apply_vbmeta_);
+        do_flash(partition.c_str(), fname_.c_str(), apply_vbmeta_, fp_);
     };
     do_for_partitions(pname_, slot_, flash, true);
 }
 
-std::string FlashTask::GetPartitionAndSlot() {
+std::string FlashTask::ToString() const {
+    std::string apply_vbmeta_string = "";
+    if (apply_vbmeta_) {
+        apply_vbmeta_string = " --apply_vbmeta";
+    }
+    return "flash" + apply_vbmeta_string + " " + pname_ + " " + fname_;
+}
+
+std::string FlashTask::GetPartitionAndSlot() const {
     auto slot = slot_;
     if (slot.empty()) {
         slot = get_current_slot();
@@ -84,20 +102,26 @@ void RebootTask::Run() {
     }
 }
 
-FlashSuperLayoutTask::FlashSuperLayoutTask(const std::string& super_name,
-                                           std::unique_ptr<SuperFlashHelper> helper,
-                                           SparsePtr sparse_layout, uint64_t super_size)
+std::string RebootTask::ToString() const {
+    return "reboot " + reboot_target_;
+}
+
+OptimizedFlashSuperTask::OptimizedFlashSuperTask(const std::string& super_name,
+                                                 std::unique_ptr<SuperFlashHelper> helper,
+                                                 SparsePtr sparse_layout, uint64_t super_size,
+                                                 const FlashingPlan* fp)
     : super_name_(super_name),
       helper_(std::move(helper)),
       sparse_layout_(std::move(sparse_layout)),
-      super_size_(super_size) {}
+      super_size_(super_size),
+      fp_(fp) {}
 
-void FlashSuperLayoutTask::Run() {
+void OptimizedFlashSuperTask::Run() {
     // Use the reported super partition size as the upper limit, rather than
     // sparse_file_len, which (1) can fail and (2) is kind of expensive, since
     // it will map in all of the embedded fds.
     std::vector<SparsePtr> files;
-    if (int limit = get_sparse_limit(super_size_)) {
+    if (int limit = get_sparse_limit(super_size_, fp_)) {
         files = resparse_file(sparse_layout_.get(), limit);
     } else {
         files.emplace_back(std::move(sparse_layout_));
@@ -107,73 +131,42 @@ void FlashSuperLayoutTask::Run() {
     flash_partition_files(super_name_, files);
 }
 
-std::unique_ptr<FlashSuperLayoutTask> FlashSuperLayoutTask::Initialize(
-        const FlashingPlan* fp, std::vector<ImageEntry>& os_images) {
-    if (!supports_AB()) {
-        LOG(VERBOSE) << "Cannot optimize flashing super on non-AB device";
-        return nullptr;
-    }
-    if (fp->slot_override == "all") {
-        LOG(VERBOSE) << "Cannot optimize flashing super for all slots";
-        return nullptr;
-    }
-
-    // Does this device use dynamic partitions at all?
-    unique_fd fd = fp->source->OpenFile("super_empty.img");
-
-    if (fd < 0) {
-        LOG(VERBOSE) << "could not open super_empty.img";
-        return nullptr;
-    }
-
-    std::string super_name;
-    // Try to find whether there is a super partition.
-    if (fp->fb->GetVar("super-partition-name", &super_name) != fastboot::SUCCESS) {
-        super_name = "super";
-    }
-
-    uint64_t partition_size;
-    std::string partition_size_str;
-    if (fp->fb->GetVar("partition-size:" + super_name, &partition_size_str) != fastboot::SUCCESS) {
-        LOG(VERBOSE) << "Cannot optimize super flashing: could not determine super partition";
-        return nullptr;
-    }
-    partition_size_str = fb_fix_numeric_var(partition_size_str);
-    if (!android::base::ParseUint(partition_size_str, &partition_size)) {
-        LOG(VERBOSE) << "Could not parse " << super_name << " size: " << partition_size_str;
-        return nullptr;
-    }
-
-    std::unique_ptr<SuperFlashHelper> helper = std::make_unique<SuperFlashHelper>(*fp->source);
-    if (!helper->Open(fd)) {
-        return nullptr;
-    }
-
-    for (const auto& entry : os_images) {
-        auto partition = GetPartitionName(entry, fp->current_slot);
-        auto image = entry.first;
+std::string OptimizedFlashSuperTask::ToString() const {
+    return "optimized-flash-super";
+}
 
-        if (!helper->AddPartition(partition, image->img_name, image->optional_if_no_image)) {
-            return nullptr;
+// This looks for a block within tasks that has the following pattern [reboot fastboot,
+// update-super, $LIST_OF_DYNAMIC_FLASH_TASKS] and returns true if this is found.Theoretically
+// this check is just a pattern match and could break if fastboot-info has a bunch of junk commands
+// but all devices should pretty much follow this pattern
+bool OptimizedFlashSuperTask::CanOptimize(const ImageSource* source,
+                                          const std::vector<std::unique_ptr<Task>>& tasks) {
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < tasks.size(); i++) {
+        auto reboot_task = tasks[i]->AsRebootTask();
+        if (!reboot_task || reboot_task->GetTarget() != "fastboot") {
+            continue;
+        }
+        // The check for i >= tasks.size() - 2 is because we are peeking two tasks ahead. We need to
+        // check for an update-super && flash {dynamic_partition}
+        if (i >= tasks.size() - 2 || !tasks[i + 1]->AsUpdateSuperTask()) {
+            continue;
         }
+        auto flash_task = tasks[i + 2]->AsFlashTask();
+        if (!FlashTask::IsDynamicPartition(source, flash_task)) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        return true;
     }
-
-    auto s = helper->GetSparseLayout();
-    if (!s) return nullptr;
-
-    // Remove images that we already flashed, just in case we have non-dynamic OS images.
-    auto remove_if_callback = [&](const ImageEntry& entry) -> bool {
-        return helper->WillFlash(GetPartitionName(entry, fp->current_slot));
-    };
-    os_images.erase(std::remove_if(os_images.begin(), os_images.end(), remove_if_callback),
-                    os_images.end());
-    return std::make_unique<FlashSuperLayoutTask>(super_name, std::move(helper), std::move(s),
-                                                  partition_size);
+    return false;
 }
 
-std::unique_ptr<FlashSuperLayoutTask> FlashSuperLayoutTask::InitializeFromTasks(
+std::unique_ptr<OptimizedFlashSuperTask> OptimizedFlashSuperTask::Initialize(
         const FlashingPlan* fp, std::vector<std::unique_ptr<Task>>& tasks) {
-    if (!supports_AB()) {
+    if (!fp->should_optimize_flash_super) {
+        LOG(INFO) << "super optimization is disabled";
+        return nullptr;
+    }
+    if (!supports_AB(fp->fb)) {
         LOG(VERBOSE) << "Cannot optimize flashing super on non-AB device";
         return nullptr;
     }
@@ -181,6 +174,9 @@ std::unique_ptr<FlashSuperLayoutTask> FlashSuperLayoutTask::InitializeFromTasks(
         LOG(VERBOSE) << "Cannot optimize flashing super for all slots";
         return nullptr;
     }
+    if (!CanOptimize(fp->source.get(), tasks)) {
+        return nullptr;
+    }
 
     // Does this device use dynamic partitions at all?
     unique_fd fd = fp->source->OpenFile("super_empty.img");
@@ -214,32 +210,34 @@ std::unique_ptr<FlashSuperLayoutTask> FlashSuperLayoutTask::InitializeFromTasks(
 
     for (const auto& task : tasks) {
         if (auto flash_task = task->AsFlashTask()) {
-            if (should_flash_in_userspace(flash_task->GetPartitionAndSlot())) {
-                auto partition = flash_task->GetPartitionAndSlot();
-                if (!helper->AddPartition(partition, flash_task->GetImageName(), false)) {
-                    return nullptr;
-                }
+            auto partition = flash_task->GetPartitionAndSlot();
+            if (!helper->AddPartition(partition, flash_task->GetImageName(), false)) {
+                return nullptr;
             }
         }
     }
 
     auto s = helper->GetSparseLayout();
     if (!s) return nullptr;
-    // Remove images that we already flashed, just in case we have non-dynamic OS images.
+
+    // Remove tasks that are concatenated into this optimized task
     auto remove_if_callback = [&](const auto& task) -> bool {
         if (auto flash_task = task->AsFlashTask()) {
             return helper->WillFlash(flash_task->GetPartitionAndSlot());
-        } else if (auto update_super_task = task->AsUpdateSuperTask()) {
+        } else if (task->AsUpdateSuperTask()) {
             return true;
         } else if (auto reboot_task = task->AsRebootTask()) {
-            return true;
+            if (reboot_task->GetTarget() == "fastboot") {
+                return true;
+            }
         }
         return false;
     };
+
     tasks.erase(std::remove_if(tasks.begin(), tasks.end(), remove_if_callback), tasks.end());
 
-    return std::make_unique<FlashSuperLayoutTask>(super_name, std::move(helper), std::move(s),
-                                                  partition_size);
+    return std::make_unique<OptimizedFlashSuperTask>(super_name, std::move(helper), std::move(s),
+                                                     partition_size, fp);
 }
 
 UpdateSuperTask::UpdateSuperTask(const FlashingPlan* fp) : fp_(fp) {}
@@ -265,6 +263,9 @@ void UpdateSuperTask::Run() {
     }
     fp_->fb->RawCommand(command, "Updating super partition");
 }
+std::string UpdateSuperTask::ToString() const {
+    return "update-super";
+}
 
 ResizeTask::ResizeTask(const FlashingPlan* fp, const std::string& pname, const std::string& size,
                        const std::string& slot)
@@ -279,12 +280,20 @@ void ResizeTask::Run() {
     do_for_partitions(pname_, slot_, resize_partition, false);
 }
 
+std::string ResizeTask::ToString() const {
+    return "resize " + pname_;
+}
+
 DeleteTask::DeleteTask(const FlashingPlan* fp, const std::string& pname) : fp_(fp), pname_(pname){};
 
 void DeleteTask::Run() {
     fp_->fb->DeletePartition(pname_);
 }
 
+std::string DeleteTask::ToString() const {
+    return "delete " + pname_;
+}
+
 WipeTask::WipeTask(const FlashingPlan* fp, const std::string& pname) : fp_(fp), pname_(pname){};
 
 void WipeTask::Run() {
@@ -298,5 +307,9 @@ void WipeTask::Run() {
         LOG(ERROR) << "wipe task erase failed with partition: " << pname_;
         return;
     }
-    fb_perform_format(pname_, 1, partition_type, "", fp_->fs_options);
+    fb_perform_format(pname_, 1, partition_type, "", fp_->fs_options, fp_);
+}
+
+std::string WipeTask::ToString() const {
+    return "erase " + pname_;
 }
diff --git a/fastboot/task.h b/fastboot/task.h
index 34e3e92aaebd..7a713cf2b0ea 100644
--- a/fastboot/task.h
+++ b/fastboot/task.h
@@ -15,10 +15,8 @@
 //
 #pragma once
 
-#include <sstream>
 #include <string>
 
-#include "fastboot_driver.h"
 #include "super_flash_helper.h"
 #include "util.h"
 
@@ -29,16 +27,21 @@ using ImageEntry = std::pair<const Image*, std::string>;
 class FlashTask;
 class RebootTask;
 class UpdateSuperTask;
+class OptimizedFlashSuperTask;
 class WipeTask;
-
+class ResizeTask;
 class Task {
   public:
     Task() = default;
     virtual void Run() = 0;
+    virtual std::string ToString() const = 0;
+
     virtual FlashTask* AsFlashTask() { return nullptr; }
     virtual RebootTask* AsRebootTask() { return nullptr; }
     virtual UpdateSuperTask* AsUpdateSuperTask() { return nullptr; }
+    virtual OptimizedFlashSuperTask* AsOptimizedFlashSuperTask() { return nullptr; }
     virtual WipeTask* AsWipeTask() { return nullptr; }
+    virtual ResizeTask* AsResizeTask() { return nullptr; }
 
     virtual ~Task() = default;
 };
@@ -46,20 +49,23 @@ class Task {
 class FlashTask : public Task {
   public:
     FlashTask(const std::string& slot, const std::string& pname, const std::string& fname,
-              const bool apply_vbmeta);
+              const bool apply_vbmeta, const FlashingPlan* fp);
     virtual FlashTask* AsFlashTask() override { return this; }
 
-    std::string GetPartition() { return pname_; }
-    std::string GetImageName() { return fname_; }
-    std::string GetPartitionAndSlot();
-    std::string GetSlot() { return slot_; }
+    static bool IsDynamicPartition(const ImageSource* source, const FlashTask* task);
     void Run() override;
+    std::string ToString() const override;
+    std::string GetPartition() const { return pname_; }
+    std::string GetImageName() const { return fname_; }
+    std::string GetSlot() const { return slot_; }
+    std::string GetPartitionAndSlot() const;
 
   private:
     const std::string pname_;
     const std::string fname_;
     const std::string slot_;
     const bool apply_vbmeta_;
+    const FlashingPlan* fp_;
 };
 
 class RebootTask : public Task {
@@ -68,28 +74,34 @@ class RebootTask : public Task {
     RebootTask(const FlashingPlan* fp, const std::string& reboot_target);
     virtual RebootTask* AsRebootTask() override { return this; }
     void Run() override;
+    std::string ToString() const override;
+    std::string GetTarget() const { return reboot_target_; };
 
   private:
     const std::string reboot_target_ = "";
     const FlashingPlan* fp_;
 };
 
-class FlashSuperLayoutTask : public Task {
+class OptimizedFlashSuperTask : public Task {
   public:
-    FlashSuperLayoutTask(const std::string& super_name, std::unique_ptr<SuperFlashHelper> helper,
-                         SparsePtr sparse_layout, uint64_t super_size);
-    static std::unique_ptr<FlashSuperLayoutTask> Initialize(const FlashingPlan* fp,
-                                                            std::vector<ImageEntry>& os_images);
-    static std::unique_ptr<FlashSuperLayoutTask> InitializeFromTasks(
+    OptimizedFlashSuperTask(const std::string& super_name, std::unique_ptr<SuperFlashHelper> helper,
+                            SparsePtr sparse_layout, uint64_t super_size, const FlashingPlan* fp);
+    virtual OptimizedFlashSuperTask* AsOptimizedFlashSuperTask() override { return this; }
+
+    static std::unique_ptr<OptimizedFlashSuperTask> Initialize(
             const FlashingPlan* fp, std::vector<std::unique_ptr<Task>>& tasks);
-    using ImageEntry = std::pair<const Image*, std::string>;
+    static bool CanOptimize(const ImageSource* source,
+                            const std::vector<std::unique_ptr<Task>>& tasks);
+
     void Run() override;
+    std::string ToString() const override;
 
   private:
     const std::string super_name_;
     std::unique_ptr<SuperFlashHelper> helper_;
     SparsePtr sparse_layout_;
     uint64_t super_size_;
+    const FlashingPlan* fp_;
 };
 
 class UpdateSuperTask : public Task {
@@ -98,6 +110,7 @@ class UpdateSuperTask : public Task {
     virtual UpdateSuperTask* AsUpdateSuperTask() override { return this; }
 
     void Run() override;
+    std::string ToString() const override;
 
   private:
     const FlashingPlan* fp_;
@@ -108,6 +121,8 @@ class ResizeTask : public Task {
     ResizeTask(const FlashingPlan* fp, const std::string& pname, const std::string& size,
                const std::string& slot);
     void Run() override;
+    std::string ToString() const override;
+    virtual ResizeTask* AsResizeTask() override { return this; }
 
   private:
     const FlashingPlan* fp_;
@@ -118,8 +133,9 @@ class ResizeTask : public Task {
 
 class DeleteTask : public Task {
   public:
-    DeleteTask(const FlashingPlan* _fp, const std::string& _pname);
+    DeleteTask(const FlashingPlan* fp, const std::string& pname);
     void Run() override;
+    std::string ToString() const override;
 
   private:
     const FlashingPlan* fp_;
@@ -130,8 +146,8 @@ class WipeTask : public Task {
   public:
     WipeTask(const FlashingPlan* fp, const std::string& pname);
     virtual WipeTask* AsWipeTask() override { return this; }
-
     void Run() override;
+    std::string ToString() const override;
 
   private:
     const FlashingPlan* fp_;
diff --git a/fastboot/task_test.cpp b/fastboot/task_test.cpp
index b4e139b8dd03..519d4edd9d2e 100644
--- a/fastboot/task_test.cpp
+++ b/fastboot/task_test.cpp
@@ -19,11 +19,11 @@
 #include "fastboot_driver_mock.h"
 
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
-#include <fstream>
 #include <iostream>
 #include <memory>
-#include <unordered_map>
 #include "android-base/strings.h"
+#include "gmock/gmock.h"
+
 using android::base::Split;
 using testing::_;
 
@@ -60,6 +60,33 @@ std::unique_ptr<Task> ParseCommand(FlashingPlan* fp, std::string command) {
     return ParseFastbootInfoLine(fp, vec_command);
 }
 
+// tests if tasks_a is a superset of tasks_b. Used for checking to ensure all partitions flashed
+// from hardcoded image list is also flashed in new fastboot-info.txt
+static bool compareTaskList(std::vector<std::unique_ptr<Task>>& tasks_a,
+                            std::vector<std::unique_ptr<Task>>& tasks_b) {
+    std::set<std::string> list;
+    for (auto& task : tasks_a) {
+        list.insert(task->ToString());
+    }
+    for (auto& task : tasks_b) {
+        if (list.find(task->ToString()) == list.end()) {
+            std::cout << "ERROR: " << task->ToString()
+                      << " not found in task list created by fastboot-info.txt";
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
+static std::string tasksToString(std::vector<std::unique_ptr<Task>>& tasks) {
+    std::string output;
+    for (auto& task : tasks) {
+        output.append(task->ToString());
+        output.append("\n");
+    }
+    return output;
+}
+
 TEST_F(ParseTest, CorrectFlashTaskFormed) {
     std::vector<std::string> commands = {"flash dtbo", "flash --slot-other system system_other.img",
                                          "flash system", "flash --apply-vbmeta vbmeta"};
@@ -159,3 +186,185 @@ TEST_F(ParseTest, CorrectDriverCalls) {
         task->Run();
     }
 }
+
+TEST_F(ParseTest, CorrectTaskLists) {
+    if (!get_android_product_out()) {
+        GTEST_SKIP();
+    }
+
+    fp->source.reset(new LocalImageSource);
+    fp->sparse_limit = std::numeric_limits<int64_t>::max();
+
+    fastboot::MockFastbootDriver fb;
+    fp->fb = &fb;
+    fp->should_optimize_flash_super = false;
+
+    ON_CALL(fb, GetVar("super-partition-name", _, _))
+            .WillByDefault(testing::Return(fastboot::BAD_ARG));
+
+    FlashAllTool tool(fp.get());
+
+    fp->should_use_fastboot_info = false;
+    auto hardcoded_tasks = tool.CollectTasks();
+    fp->should_use_fastboot_info = true;
+    auto fastboot_info_tasks = tool.CollectTasks();
+
+    auto is_non_flash_task = [](const auto& task) -> bool {
+        return task->AsFlashTask() == nullptr;
+    };
+
+    // remove non flash tasks for testing purposes
+    hardcoded_tasks.erase(
+            std::remove_if(hardcoded_tasks.begin(), hardcoded_tasks.end(), is_non_flash_task),
+            hardcoded_tasks.end());
+    fastboot_info_tasks.erase(std::remove_if(fastboot_info_tasks.begin(), fastboot_info_tasks.end(),
+                                             is_non_flash_task),
+                              fastboot_info_tasks.end());
+
+    if (!compareTaskList(fastboot_info_tasks, hardcoded_tasks)) {
+        std::cout << "\n\n---Hardcoded Task List---\n"
+                  << tasksToString(hardcoded_tasks) << "\n---Fastboot-Info Task List---\n"
+                  << tasksToString(fastboot_info_tasks);
+    }
+
+    ASSERT_TRUE(compareTaskList(fastboot_info_tasks, hardcoded_tasks));
+
+    ASSERT_TRUE(fastboot_info_tasks.size() >= hardcoded_tasks.size())
+            << "size of fastboot-info task list: " << fastboot_info_tasks.size()
+            << " size of hardcoded task list: " << hardcoded_tasks.size();
+}
+TEST_F(ParseTest, IsDynamicPartitiontest) {
+    if (!get_android_product_out()) {
+        GTEST_SKIP();
+    }
+
+    fp->source.reset(new LocalImageSource);
+
+    fastboot::MockFastbootDriver fb;
+    fp->fb = &fb;
+    fp->should_optimize_flash_super = true;
+    fp->should_use_fastboot_info = true;
+
+    std::vector<std::pair<std::string, bool>> test_cases = {
+            {"flash boot", false},
+            {"flash init_boot", false},
+            {"flash --apply-vbmeta vbmeta", false},
+            {"flash product", true},
+            {"flash system", true},
+            {"flash --slot-other system system_other.img", true},
+    };
+    for (auto& test : test_cases) {
+        std::unique_ptr<Task> task =
+                ParseFastbootInfoLine(fp.get(), android::base::Tokenize(test.first, " "));
+        auto flash_task = task->AsFlashTask();
+        ASSERT_FALSE(flash_task == nullptr);
+        ASSERT_EQ(FlashTask::IsDynamicPartition(fp->source.get(), flash_task), test.second);
+    }
+}
+
+TEST_F(ParseTest, CanOptimizeTest) {
+    if (!get_android_product_out()) {
+        GTEST_SKIP();
+    }
+
+    fp->source.reset(new LocalImageSource);
+    fp->sparse_limit = std::numeric_limits<int64_t>::max();
+
+    fastboot::MockFastbootDriver fb;
+    fp->fb = &fb;
+    fp->should_optimize_flash_super = false;
+    fp->should_use_fastboot_info = true;
+
+    std::vector<std::pair<std::vector<std::string>, bool>> patternmatchtest = {
+            {{"flash boot", "flash init_boot", "flash vendor_boot", "reboot fastboot",
+              "update-super", "flash product", "flash system", "flash system_ext", "flash odm",
+              "if-wipe erase userdata"},
+             true},
+            {{"flash boot", "flash init_boot", "flash vendor_boot", "reboot fastboot",
+              "update-super", "flash product", "flash system", "flash system_ext", "flash odm",
+              "if-wipe erase userdata"},
+             true},
+            {{"flash boot", "flash init_boot", "flash vendor_boot", "reboot fastboot",
+              "flash product", "flash system", "flash system_ext", "flash odm",
+              "if-wipe erase userdata"},
+             false},
+            {{"flash boot", "flash init_boot", "flash vendor_boot", "update-super", "flash product",
+              "flash system", "flash system_ext", "flash odm", "if-wipe erase userdata"},
+             false},
+    };
+
+    auto remove_if_callback = [&](const auto& task) -> bool { return !!task->AsResizeTask(); };
+
+    for (auto& test : patternmatchtest) {
+        std::vector<std::unique_ptr<Task>> tasks = ParseFastbootInfo(fp.get(), test.first);
+        tasks.erase(std::remove_if(tasks.begin(), tasks.end(), remove_if_callback), tasks.end());
+        ASSERT_EQ(OptimizedFlashSuperTask::CanOptimize(fp->source.get(), tasks), test.second);
+    }
+}
+
+// Note: this test is exclusively testing that optimized flash super pattern matches a given task
+// list and is able to optimized based on a correct sequence of tasks
+TEST_F(ParseTest, OptimizedFlashSuperPatternMatchTest) {
+    if (!get_android_product_out()) {
+        GTEST_SKIP();
+    }
+
+    fp->source.reset(new LocalImageSource);
+    fp->sparse_limit = std::numeric_limits<int64_t>::max();
+
+    fastboot::MockFastbootDriver fb;
+    fp->fb = &fb;
+    fp->should_optimize_flash_super = true;
+    fp->should_use_fastboot_info = true;
+
+    ON_CALL(fb, GetVar("super-partition-name", _, _))
+            .WillByDefault(testing::Return(fastboot::BAD_ARG));
+
+    ON_CALL(fb, GetVar("slot-count", _, _))
+            .WillByDefault(testing::DoAll(testing::SetArgPointee<1>("2"),
+                                          testing::Return(fastboot::SUCCESS)));
+
+    ON_CALL(fb, GetVar("partition-size:super", _, _))
+            .WillByDefault(testing::DoAll(testing::SetArgPointee<1>("1000"),
+                                          testing::Return(fastboot::SUCCESS)));
+
+    std::vector<std::pair<std::vector<std::string>, bool>> patternmatchtest = {
+            {{"flash boot", "flash init_boot", "flash vendor_boot", "reboot fastboot",
+              "update-super", "flash product", "flash system", "flash system_ext", "flash odm",
+              "if-wipe erase userdata"},
+             true},
+            {{"flash boot", "flash init_boot", "flash vendor_boot", "reboot fastboot",
+              "update-super", "flash product", "flash system", "flash system_ext", "flash odm",
+              "if-wipe erase userdata"},
+             true},
+            {{"flash boot", "flash init_boot", "flash vendor_boot", "reboot fastboot",
+              "flash product", "flash system", "flash system_ext", "flash odm",
+              "if-wipe erase userdata"},
+             false},
+            {{"flash boot", "flash init_boot", "flash vendor_boot", "update-super", "flash product",
+              "flash system", "flash system_ext", "flash odm", "if-wipe erase userdata"},
+             false},
+    };
+
+    for (auto& test : patternmatchtest) {
+        std::vector<std::unique_ptr<Task>> tasks = ParseFastbootInfo(fp.get(), test.first);
+        // Check to make sure we have an optimized flash super task && no more dynamic partition
+        // flashing tasks
+        auto&& IsOptimized = [](const FlashingPlan* fp,
+                                const std::vector<std::unique_ptr<Task>>& tasks) {
+            bool contains_optimized_task = false;
+            for (auto& task : tasks) {
+                if (task->AsOptimizedFlashSuperTask()) {
+                    contains_optimized_task = true;
+                }
+                if (auto flash_task = task->AsFlashTask()) {
+                    if (FlashTask::IsDynamicPartition(fp->source.get(), flash_task)) {
+                        return false;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            return contains_optimized_task;
+        };
+        ASSERT_EQ(IsOptimized(fp.get(), tasks), test.second);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/fastboot/test_fastboot.py b/fastboot/test_fastboot.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..adcaec7694f9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/fastboot/test_fastboot.py
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+#
+# Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+#
+"""Tests for the fastboot command line utility.
+"""
+
+import re
+import subprocess
+import unittest
+
+
+class DevicesTest(unittest.TestCase):
+    """Tests for `fastboot devices`."""
+
+
+    def test_devices(self):
+        """Ensure that the format of `fastboot devices` does not change.
+
+        `fastboot devices` should alternate between a line containing the
+        device's serial number and fastboot state and an empty line
+        """
+        output = subprocess.check_output(["fastboot", "devices"])
+
+        previous_line_was_empty = True
+        for line in output.decode().splitlines():
+            if previous_line_was_empty:
+                if not re.match(r"[a-zA-Z\d]+\s+(bootloader|fastbootd)", line):
+                    self.fail("%s does not match the expected format <serial no>\\s+(bootloader|fastbootd)" % line)
+                previous_line_was_empty = False
+            else:
+                if line:
+                    self.fail("Expected an empty line. Received '%s'" % line)
+                previous_line_was_empty = True
+
+        if len(output) == 0:
+            self.fail("Output is empty. Are any devices connected?")
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/fastboot/testdata/Android.bp b/fastboot/testdata/Android.bp
index a490fe270ca0..47bf0959e7ba 100644
--- a/fastboot/testdata/Android.bp
+++ b/fastboot/testdata/Android.bp
@@ -40,6 +40,14 @@ genrule {
     cmd: "$(location fastboot_gen_rand) --seed dtb --length 1024 > $(out)",
 }
 
+// Fake dtb image for replacement.
+genrule {
+    name: "fastboot_test_dtb_replace",
+    defaults: ["fastboot_test_data_gen_defaults"],
+    out: ["dtb_replace.img"],
+    cmd: "$(location fastboot_gen_rand) --seed dtb --length 2048 > $(out)",
+}
+
 // Fake bootconfig image.
 genrule {
     name: "fastboot_test_bootconfig",
diff --git a/fastboot/usb.h b/fastboot/usb.h
index 69581ab128d7..d85cb81868ec 100644
--- a/fastboot/usb.h
+++ b/fastboot/usb.h
@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@
 #pragma once
 
 #include <functional>
+#include <memory>
 
 #include "transport.h"
 
@@ -66,4 +67,4 @@ class UsbTransport : public Transport {
 typedef std::function<int(usb_ifc_info*)> ifc_match_func;
 
 // 0 is non blocking
-UsbTransport* usb_open(ifc_match_func callback, uint32_t timeout_ms = 0);
+std::unique_ptr<UsbTransport> usb_open(ifc_match_func callback, uint32_t timeout_ms = 0);
diff --git a/fastboot/usb_linux.cpp b/fastboot/usb_linux.cpp
index 964488cc87b5..03af8f76b4fb 100644
--- a/fastboot/usb_linux.cpp
+++ b/fastboot/usb_linux.cpp
@@ -83,7 +83,18 @@ using namespace std::chrono_literals;
 // be reliable.
 // 256KiB seems to work, but 1MiB bulk transfers lock up my z620 with a 3.13
 // kernel.
-#define MAX_USBFS_BULK_SIZE (16 * 1024)
+// 128KiB was experimentally found to be enough to saturate the bus at
+// SuperSpeed+, so we first try double that for writes. If the operation fails
+// due to a lack of contiguous regions (or an ancient kernel), try smaller sizes
+// until we find one that works (see LinuxUsbTransport::Write). Reads are less
+// performance critical so for now just use a known good size.
+#define MAX_USBFS_BULK_WRITE_SIZE (256 * 1024)
+#define MAX_USBFS_BULK_READ_SIZE (16 * 1024)
+
+// This size should pretty much always work (it's compatible with pre-3.3
+// kernels and it's what we used to use historically), so if it doesn't work
+// something has gone badly wrong.
+#define MIN_USBFS_BULK_WRITE_SIZE (16 * 1024)
 
 struct usb_handle
 {
@@ -108,6 +119,7 @@ class LinuxUsbTransport : public UsbTransport {
   private:
     std::unique_ptr<usb_handle> handle_;
     const uint32_t ms_timeout_;
+    size_t max_usbfs_bulk_write_size_ = MAX_USBFS_BULK_WRITE_SIZE;
 
     DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(LinuxUsbTransport);
 };
@@ -269,6 +281,9 @@ static int filter_usb_device(char* sysfs_name,
         auto path = android::base::StringPrintf("/sys/bus/usb/devices/%s/%s:1.%d/interface",
                                                 sysfs_name, sysfs_name, ifc->bInterfaceNumber);
         if (android::base::ReadFileToString(path, &interface)) {
+            if (!interface.empty() && interface.back() == '\n') {
+                interface.pop_back();
+            }
             snprintf(info.interface, sizeof(info.interface), "%s", interface.c_str());
         }
 
@@ -404,34 +419,90 @@ ssize_t LinuxUsbTransport::Write(const void* _data, size_t len)
 {
     unsigned char *data = (unsigned char*) _data;
     unsigned count = 0;
-    struct usbdevfs_bulktransfer bulk;
-    int n;
+    struct usbdevfs_urb urb[2] = {};
+    bool pending[2] = {};
 
     if (handle_->ep_out == 0 || handle_->desc == -1) {
         return -1;
     }
 
-    do {
-        int xfer;
-        xfer = (len > MAX_USBFS_BULK_SIZE) ? MAX_USBFS_BULK_SIZE : len;
+    auto submit_urb = [&](size_t i) {
+        while (true) {
+            int xfer = (len > max_usbfs_bulk_write_size_) ? max_usbfs_bulk_write_size_ : len;
 
-        bulk.ep = handle_->ep_out;
-        bulk.len = xfer;
-        bulk.data = data;
-        bulk.timeout = ms_timeout_;
+            urb[i].type = USBDEVFS_URB_TYPE_BULK;
+            urb[i].endpoint = handle_->ep_out;
+            urb[i].buffer_length = xfer;
+            urb[i].buffer = data;
+            urb[i].usercontext = (void *)i;
 
-        n = ioctl(handle_->desc, USBDEVFS_BULK, &bulk);
-        if(n != xfer) {
-            DBG("ERROR: n = %d, errno = %d (%s)\n",
-                n, errno, strerror(errno));
-            return -1;
-        }
+            int n = ioctl(handle_->desc, USBDEVFS_SUBMITURB, &urb[i]);
+            if (n != 0) {
+                if (errno == ENOMEM && max_usbfs_bulk_write_size_ > MIN_USBFS_BULK_WRITE_SIZE) {
+                    max_usbfs_bulk_write_size_ /= 2;
+                    continue;
+                }
+                DBG("ioctl(USBDEVFS_SUBMITURB) failed\n");
+                return false;
+            }
 
-        count += xfer;
-        len -= xfer;
-        data += xfer;
-    } while(len > 0);
+            pending[i] = true;
+            count += xfer;
+            len -= xfer;
+            data += xfer;
 
+            return true;
+        }
+    };
+
+    auto reap_urb = [&](size_t i) {
+        while (pending[i]) {
+            struct usbdevfs_urb *urbp;
+            int res = ioctl(handle_->desc, USBDEVFS_REAPURB, &urbp);
+            if (res != 0) {
+                DBG("ioctl(USBDEVFS_REAPURB) failed\n");
+                return false;
+            }
+            size_t done = (size_t)urbp->usercontext;
+            if (done >= 2 || !pending[done]) {
+                DBG("unexpected urb\n");
+                return false;
+            }
+            if (urbp->status != 0 || urbp->actual_length != urbp->buffer_length) {
+                DBG("urb returned error\n");
+                return false;
+            }
+            pending[done] = false;
+        }
+        return true;
+    };
+
+    if (!submit_urb(0)) {
+        return -1;
+    }
+    while (len > 0) {
+        if (!submit_urb(1)) {
+            return -1;
+        }
+        if (!reap_urb(0)) {
+            return -1;
+        }
+        if (len <= 0) {
+            if (!reap_urb(1)) {
+                return -1;
+            }
+            return count;
+        }
+        if (!submit_urb(0)) {
+            return -1;
+        }
+        if (!reap_urb(1)) {
+            return -1;
+        }
+    }
+    if (!reap_urb(0)) {
+        return -1;
+    }
     return count;
 }
 
@@ -447,7 +518,7 @@ ssize_t LinuxUsbTransport::Read(void* _data, size_t len)
     }
 
     while (len > 0) {
-        int xfer = (len > MAX_USBFS_BULK_SIZE) ? MAX_USBFS_BULK_SIZE : len;
+        int xfer = (len > MAX_USBFS_BULK_READ_SIZE) ? MAX_USBFS_BULK_READ_SIZE : len;
 
         bulk.ep = handle_->ep_in;
         bulk.len = xfer;
@@ -503,9 +574,15 @@ int LinuxUsbTransport::Reset() {
     return 0;
 }
 
-UsbTransport* usb_open(ifc_match_func callback, uint32_t timeout_ms) {
+std::unique_ptr<UsbTransport> usb_open(ifc_match_func callback, uint32_t timeout_ms) {
+    std::unique_ptr<UsbTransport> result;
     std::unique_ptr<usb_handle> handle = find_usb_device("/sys/bus/usb/devices", callback);
-    return handle ? new LinuxUsbTransport(std::move(handle), timeout_ms) : nullptr;
+
+    if (handle) {
+        result = std::make_unique<LinuxUsbTransport>(std::move(handle), timeout_ms);
+    }
+
+    return result;
 }
 
 /* Wait for the system to notice the device is gone, so that a subsequent
diff --git a/fastboot/usb_osx.cpp b/fastboot/usb_osx.cpp
index 5b9e5c8af0b5..28300b2e1808 100644
--- a/fastboot/usb_osx.cpp
+++ b/fastboot/usb_osx.cpp
@@ -436,12 +436,7 @@ static int init_usb(ifc_match_func callback, std::unique_ptr<usb_handle>* handle
 
     for (;;) {
         if (! IOIteratorIsValid(iterator)) {
-            /*
-             * Apple documentation advises resetting the iterator if
-             * it should become invalid during iteration.
-             */
-            IOIteratorReset(iterator);
-            continue;
+            break;
         }
 
         io_service_t device = IOIteratorNext(iterator);
@@ -474,16 +469,20 @@ static int init_usb(ifc_match_func callback, std::unique_ptr<usb_handle>* handle
 /*
  * Definitions of this file's public functions.
  */
-
-UsbTransport* usb_open(ifc_match_func callback, uint32_t timeout_ms) {
+std::unique_ptr<UsbTransport> usb_open(ifc_match_func callback, uint32_t timeout_ms) {
+    std::unique_ptr<UsbTransport> result;
     std::unique_ptr<usb_handle> handle;
 
     if (init_usb(callback, &handle) < 0) {
         /* Something went wrong initializing USB. */
-        return nullptr;
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    if (handle) {
+        result = std::make_unique<OsxUsbTransport>(std::move(handle), timeout_ms);
     }
 
-    return new OsxUsbTransport(std::move(handle), timeout_ms);
+    return result;
 }
 
 OsxUsbTransport::~OsxUsbTransport() {
diff --git a/fastboot/usb_windows.cpp b/fastboot/usb_windows.cpp
index 67bf8a30bf24..56a6e7d0e70d 100644
--- a/fastboot/usb_windows.cpp
+++ b/fastboot/usb_windows.cpp
@@ -381,7 +381,13 @@ static std::unique_ptr<usb_handle> find_usb_device(ifc_match_func callback) {
     return handle;
 }
 
-UsbTransport* usb_open(ifc_match_func callback, uint32_t) {
+std::unique_ptr<UsbTransport> usb_open(ifc_match_func callback, uint32_t) {
+    std::unique_ptr<UsbTransport> result;
     std::unique_ptr<usb_handle> handle = find_usb_device(callback);
-    return handle ? new WindowsUsbTransport(std::move(handle)) : nullptr;
+
+    if (handle) {
+        result = std::make_unique<WindowsUsbTransport>(std::move(handle));
+    }
+
+    return result;
 }
diff --git a/fastboot/util.cpp b/fastboot/util.cpp
index e03012a058aa..5966aead6a1b 100644
--- a/fastboot/util.cpp
+++ b/fastboot/util.cpp
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #include <string.h>
 #include <sys/stat.h>
-#include <sys/time.h>
+#include <time.h>
 
 #include <android-base/parseint.h>
 #include <android-base/strings.h>
@@ -43,9 +43,9 @@ using android::base::borrowed_fd;
 static bool g_verbose = false;
 
 double now() {
-    struct timeval tv;
-    gettimeofday(&tv, NULL);
-    return (double)tv.tv_sec + (double)tv.tv_usec / 1000000;
+    struct timespec ts;
+    clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &ts);
+    return (double)ts.tv_sec + (double)ts.tv_nsec / 1000000000;
 }
 
 void die(const char* fmt, ...) {
diff --git a/fastboot/vendor_boot_img_utils.cpp b/fastboot/vendor_boot_img_utils.cpp
index 9f05253c086d..da547f1bf432 100644
--- a/fastboot/vendor_boot_img_utils.cpp
+++ b/fastboot/vendor_boot_img_utils.cpp
@@ -209,7 +209,8 @@ inline uint32_t round_up(uint32_t value, uint32_t page_size) {
 
 // Replace the vendor ramdisk as a whole.
 [[nodiscard]] Result<std::string> replace_default_vendor_ramdisk(const std::string& vendor_boot,
-                                                                 const std::string& new_ramdisk) {
+                                                                 const std::string& new_ramdisk,
+                                                                 const std::string& new_dtb) {
     if (auto res = check_vendor_boot_hdr(vendor_boot, 3); !res.ok()) return res.error();
     auto hdr = reinterpret_cast<const vendor_boot_img_hdr_v3*>(vendor_boot.data());
     auto hdr_size = get_vendor_boot_header_size(hdr);
@@ -244,8 +245,19 @@ inline uint32_t round_up(uint32_t value, uint32_t page_size) {
         return res.error();
     if (auto res = updater.CheckOffset(o + p, o + new_p); !res.ok()) return res.error();
 
-    // Copy DTB (Q bytes).
-    if (auto res = updater.Copy(q); !res.ok()) return res.error();
+    // Copy DTB (Q bytes). Replace if a new one was provided.
+    new_hdr->dtb_size = !new_dtb.empty() ? new_dtb.size() : hdr->dtb_size;
+    const uint32_t new_q = round_up(new_hdr->dtb_size, new_hdr->page_size);
+    if (new_dtb.empty()) {
+        if (auto res = updater.Copy(q); !res.ok()) return res.error();
+    } else {
+        if (auto res = updater.Replace(hdr->dtb_size, new_dtb); !res.ok()) return res.error();
+        if (auto res = updater.Skip(q - hdr->dtb_size, new_q - new_hdr->dtb_size); !res.ok())
+            return res.error();
+    }
+    if (auto res = updater.CheckOffset(o + p + q, o + new_p + new_q); !res.ok()) {
+        return res.error();
+    }
 
     if (new_hdr->header_version >= 4) {
         auto hdr_v4 = static_cast<const vendor_boot_img_hdr_v4*>(hdr);
@@ -256,7 +268,7 @@ inline uint32_t round_up(uint32_t value, uint32_t page_size) {
         auto new_hdr_v4 = static_cast<const vendor_boot_img_hdr_v4*>(new_hdr);
         auto new_r = round_up(new_hdr_v4->vendor_ramdisk_table_size, new_hdr->page_size);
         if (auto res = updater.Skip(r, new_r); !res.ok()) return res.error();
-        if (auto res = updater.CheckOffset(o + p + q + r, o + new_p + q + new_r); !res.ok())
+        if (auto res = updater.CheckOffset(o + p + q + r, o + new_p + new_q + new_r); !res.ok())
             return res.error();
 
         // Replace table with single entry representing the full ramdisk.
@@ -303,7 +315,8 @@ inline uint32_t round_up(uint32_t value, uint32_t page_size) {
 // replace it with the content of |new_ramdisk|.
 [[nodiscard]] Result<std::string> replace_vendor_ramdisk_fragment(const std::string& ramdisk_name,
                                                                   const std::string& vendor_boot,
-                                                                  const std::string& new_ramdisk) {
+                                                                  const std::string& new_ramdisk,
+                                                                  const std::string& new_dtb) {
     if (auto res = check_vendor_boot_hdr(vendor_boot, 4); !res.ok()) return res.error();
     auto hdr = reinterpret_cast<const vendor_boot_img_hdr_v4*>(vendor_boot.data());
     auto hdr_size = get_vendor_boot_header_size(hdr);
@@ -368,8 +381,19 @@ inline uint32_t round_up(uint32_t value, uint32_t page_size) {
         return res.error();
     if (auto res = updater.CheckOffset(o + p, o + new_p); !res.ok()) return res.error();
 
-    // Copy DTB (Q bytes).
-    if (auto res = updater.Copy(q); !res.ok()) return res.error();
+    // Copy DTB (Q bytes). Replace if a new one was provided.
+    new_hdr->dtb_size = !new_dtb.empty() ? new_dtb.size() : hdr->dtb_size;
+    const uint32_t new_q = round_up(new_hdr->dtb_size, new_hdr->page_size);
+    if (new_dtb.empty()) {
+        if (auto res = updater.Copy(q); !res.ok()) return res.error();
+    } else {
+        if (auto res = updater.Replace(hdr->dtb_size, new_dtb); !res.ok()) return res.error();
+        if (auto res = updater.Skip(q - hdr->dtb_size, new_q - new_hdr->dtb_size); !res.ok())
+            return res.error();
+    }
+    if (auto res = updater.CheckOffset(o + p + q, o + new_p + new_q); !res.ok()) {
+        return res.error();
+    }
 
     // Copy table, but with corresponding entries modified, including:
     // - ramdisk_size of the entry replaced
@@ -392,7 +416,7 @@ inline uint32_t round_up(uint32_t value, uint32_t page_size) {
                                             hdr->vendor_ramdisk_table_entry_size);
         !res.ok())
         return res.error();
-    if (auto res = updater.CheckOffset(o + p + q + r, o + new_p + q + r); !res.ok())
+    if (auto res = updater.CheckOffset(o + p + q + r, o + new_p + new_q + r); !res.ok())
         return res.error();
 
     // Copy bootconfig (S bytes).
@@ -404,11 +428,11 @@ inline uint32_t round_up(uint32_t value, uint32_t page_size) {
 
 }  // namespace
 
-[[nodiscard]] Result<void> replace_vendor_ramdisk(android::base::borrowed_fd vendor_boot_fd,
-                                                  uint64_t vendor_boot_size,
-                                                  const std::string& ramdisk_name,
-                                                  android::base::borrowed_fd new_ramdisk_fd,
-                                                  uint64_t new_ramdisk_size) {
+[[nodiscard]] Result<void> replace_vendor_ramdisk(
+        android::base::borrowed_fd vendor_boot_fd, uint64_t vendor_boot_size,
+        const std::string& ramdisk_name, android::base::borrowed_fd new_ramdisk_fd,
+        uint64_t new_ramdisk_size, android::base::borrowed_fd new_dtb_fd, uint64_t new_dtb_size) {
+    Result<std::string> new_dtb = {""};
     if (new_ramdisk_size > std::numeric_limits<uint32_t>::max()) {
         return Errorf("New vendor ramdisk is too big");
     }
@@ -417,12 +441,17 @@ inline uint32_t round_up(uint32_t value, uint32_t page_size) {
     if (!vendor_boot.ok()) return vendor_boot.error();
     auto new_ramdisk = load_file(new_ramdisk_fd, new_ramdisk_size, "new vendor ramdisk");
     if (!new_ramdisk.ok()) return new_ramdisk.error();
+    if (new_dtb_size > 0 && new_dtb_fd >= 0) {
+        new_dtb = load_file(new_dtb_fd, new_dtb_size, "new dtb");
+        if (!new_dtb.ok()) return new_dtb.error();
+    }
 
     Result<std::string> new_vendor_boot;
     if (ramdisk_name == "default") {
-        new_vendor_boot = replace_default_vendor_ramdisk(*vendor_boot, *new_ramdisk);
+        new_vendor_boot = replace_default_vendor_ramdisk(*vendor_boot, *new_ramdisk, *new_dtb);
     } else {
-        new_vendor_boot = replace_vendor_ramdisk_fragment(ramdisk_name, *vendor_boot, *new_ramdisk);
+        new_vendor_boot =
+                replace_vendor_ramdisk_fragment(ramdisk_name, *vendor_boot, *new_ramdisk, *new_dtb);
     }
     if (!new_vendor_boot.ok()) return new_vendor_boot.error();
     if (auto res = store_file(vendor_boot_fd, *new_vendor_boot, "new vendor boot image"); !res.ok())
diff --git a/fastboot/vendor_boot_img_utils.h b/fastboot/vendor_boot_img_utils.h
index 0b702bc4dd4b..0ca78dae2660 100644
--- a/fastboot/vendor_boot_img_utils.h
+++ b/fastboot/vendor_boot_img_utils.h
@@ -31,4 +31,4 @@
 [[nodiscard]] android::base::Result<void> replace_vendor_ramdisk(
         android::base::borrowed_fd vendor_boot_fd, uint64_t vendor_boot_size,
         const std::string& ramdisk_name, android::base::borrowed_fd new_ramdisk_fd,
-        uint64_t new_ramdisk_size);
+        uint64_t new_ramdisk_size, android::base::borrowed_fd new_dtb_fd, uint64_t new_dtb_size);
diff --git a/fastboot/vendor_boot_img_utils_test.cpp b/fastboot/vendor_boot_img_utils_test.cpp
index 467c6e9d9b7d..841e532ac621 100644
--- a/fastboot/vendor_boot_img_utils_test.cpp
+++ b/fastboot/vendor_boot_img_utils_test.cpp
@@ -163,7 +163,7 @@ struct TestFileHandle {
   protected:
     // |rel_path| is the relative path under test data directory.
     TestFileHandle(const std::filesystem::path& rel_path)
-        : abs_path_(std::move(std::filesystem::path(GetExecutableDirectory()) / rel_path)) {}
+        : abs_path_(std::filesystem::path(GetExecutableDirectory()) / rel_path) {}
     // Given |read_fd|, the readonly fd on the test file, return an fd that's suitable for client
     // to use. Implementation is responsible for managing the lifetime of the returned fd.
     virtual android::base::Result<borrowed_fd> Transform(const std::filesystem::path& abs_path,
@@ -241,6 +241,7 @@ RepackVendorBootImgTestEnv* env = nullptr;
 
 struct RepackVendorBootImgTestParam {
     std::string vendor_boot_file_name;
+    std::string dtb_file_name;
     uint32_t expected_header_version;
     friend std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const RepackVendorBootImgTestParam& param) {
         return os << param.vendor_boot_file_name;
@@ -252,22 +253,50 @@ class RepackVendorBootImgTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<RepackVendorBoot
     virtual void SetUp() {
         vboot = std::make_unique<ReadWriteTestFileHandle>(GetParam().vendor_boot_file_name);
         ASSERT_RESULT_OK(vboot->Open());
+
+        if (!GetParam().dtb_file_name.empty()) {
+            dtb_replacement = std::make_unique<ReadOnlyTestFileHandle>(GetParam().dtb_file_name);
+            ASSERT_RESULT_OK(dtb_replacement->Open());
+        }
     }
     std::unique_ptr<TestFileHandle> vboot;
+    std::unique_ptr<TestFileHandle> dtb_replacement;
 };
 
 TEST_P(RepackVendorBootImgTest, InvalidSize) {
-    EXPECT_ERROR(replace_vendor_ramdisk(vboot->fd(), vboot->size() + 1, "default",
-                                        env->replace->fd(), env->replace->size()),
-                 HasSubstr("Size of vendor boot does not match"));
-    EXPECT_ERROR(replace_vendor_ramdisk(vboot->fd(), vboot->size(), "default", env->replace->fd(),
-                                        env->replace->size() + 1),
-                 HasSubstr("Size of new vendor ramdisk does not match"));
+    EXPECT_ERROR(
+            replace_vendor_ramdisk(vboot->fd(), vboot->size() + 1, "default", env->replace->fd(),
+                                   env->replace->size(),
+                                   !GetParam().dtb_file_name.empty() ? dtb_replacement->fd()
+                                                                     : android::base::unique_fd(-1),
+                                   !GetParam().dtb_file_name.empty() ? dtb_replacement->size() : 0),
+            HasSubstr("Size of vendor boot does not match"));
+    EXPECT_ERROR(
+            replace_vendor_ramdisk(vboot->fd(), vboot->size(), "default", env->replace->fd(),
+                                   env->replace->size() + 1,
+                                   !GetParam().dtb_file_name.empty() ? dtb_replacement->fd()
+                                                                     : android::base::unique_fd(-1),
+                                   !GetParam().dtb_file_name.empty() ? dtb_replacement->size() : 0),
+            HasSubstr("Size of new vendor ramdisk does not match"));
+    if (!GetParam().dtb_file_name.empty()) {
+        EXPECT_ERROR(replace_vendor_ramdisk(vboot->fd(), vboot->size(), "default",
+                                            env->replace->fd(), env->replace->size(),
+                                            dtb_replacement->fd(), dtb_replacement->size() + 1),
+                     HasSubstr("Size of new dtb does not match"));
+    }
+    EXPECT_ERROR(
+            replace_vendor_ramdisk(
+                    vboot->fd(), vboot->size(), "default", env->replace->fd(), env->replace->size(),
+                    android::base::unique_fd(std::numeric_limits<int32_t>::max()), 1),
+            HasSubstr("Can't seek to the beginning of new dtb image"));
 }
 
 TEST_P(RepackVendorBootImgTest, ReplaceUnknown) {
-    auto res = replace_vendor_ramdisk(vboot->fd(), vboot->size(), "unknown", env->replace->fd(),
-                                      env->replace->size());
+    auto res = replace_vendor_ramdisk(
+            vboot->fd(), vboot->size(), "unknown", env->replace->fd(), env->replace->size(),
+            !GetParam().dtb_file_name.empty() ? dtb_replacement->fd()
+                                              : android::base::unique_fd(-1),
+            !GetParam().dtb_file_name.empty() ? dtb_replacement->size() : 0);
     if (GetParam().expected_header_version == 3) {
         EXPECT_ERROR(res, Eq("Require vendor boot header V4 but is V3"));
     } else if (GetParam().expected_header_version == 4) {
@@ -279,8 +308,11 @@ TEST_P(RepackVendorBootImgTest, ReplaceDefault) {
     auto old_content = vboot->Read();
     ASSERT_RESULT_OK(old_content);
 
-    ASSERT_RESULT_OK(replace_vendor_ramdisk(vboot->fd(), vboot->size(), "default",
-                                            env->replace->fd(), env->replace->size()));
+    ASSERT_RESULT_OK(replace_vendor_ramdisk(
+            vboot->fd(), vboot->size(), "default", env->replace->fd(), env->replace->size(),
+            !GetParam().dtb_file_name.empty() ? dtb_replacement->fd()
+                                              : android::base::unique_fd(-1),
+            !GetParam().dtb_file_name.empty() ? dtb_replacement->size() : 0));
     EXPECT_RESULT(vboot->fsize(), vboot->size()) << "File size should not change after repack";
 
     auto new_content_res = vboot->Read();
@@ -291,14 +323,23 @@ TEST_P(RepackVendorBootImgTest, ReplaceDefault) {
     ASSERT_EQ(0, memcmp(VENDOR_BOOT_MAGIC, hdr->magic, VENDOR_BOOT_MAGIC_SIZE));
     ASSERT_EQ(GetParam().expected_header_version, hdr->header_version);
     EXPECT_EQ(hdr->vendor_ramdisk_size, env->replace->size());
-    EXPECT_EQ(hdr->dtb_size, env->dtb->size());
+    if (GetParam().dtb_file_name.empty()) {
+        EXPECT_EQ(hdr->dtb_size, env->dtb->size());
+    } else {
+        EXPECT_EQ(hdr->dtb_size, dtb_replacement->size());
+    }
 
     auto o = round_up(sizeof(vendor_boot_img_hdr_v3), hdr->page_size);
     auto p = round_up(hdr->vendor_ramdisk_size, hdr->page_size);
     auto q = round_up(hdr->dtb_size, hdr->page_size);
 
     EXPECT_THAT(new_content.substr(o, p), IsPadded(env->replace_content));
-    EXPECT_THAT(new_content.substr(o + p, q), IsPadded(env->dtb_content));
+    if (GetParam().dtb_file_name.empty()) {
+        EXPECT_THAT(new_content.substr(o + p, q), IsPadded(env->dtb_content));
+    } else {
+        auto dtb_content_res = dtb_replacement->Read();
+        EXPECT_THAT(new_content.substr(o + p, q), IsPadded(*dtb_content_res));
+    }
 
     if (hdr->header_version < 4) return;
 
@@ -321,11 +362,17 @@ TEST_P(RepackVendorBootImgTest, ReplaceDefault) {
 
 INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(
         RepackVendorBootImgTest, RepackVendorBootImgTest,
-        ::testing::Values(RepackVendorBootImgTestParam{"vendor_boot_v3.img", 3},
-                          RepackVendorBootImgTestParam{"vendor_boot_v4_with_frag.img", 4},
-                          RepackVendorBootImgTestParam{"vendor_boot_v4_without_frag.img", 4}),
+        ::testing::Values(RepackVendorBootImgTestParam{"vendor_boot_v3.img", "", 3},
+                          RepackVendorBootImgTestParam{"vendor_boot_v4_with_frag.img", "", 4},
+                          RepackVendorBootImgTestParam{"vendor_boot_v4_without_frag.img", "", 4},
+                          RepackVendorBootImgTestParam{"vendor_boot_v4_with_frag.img",
+                                                       "dtb_replace.img", 4},
+                          RepackVendorBootImgTestParam{"vendor_boot_v4_without_frag.img",
+                                                       "dtb_replace.img", 4}),
         [](const auto& info) {
-            return android::base::StringReplace(info.param.vendor_boot_file_name, ".", "_", false);
+            std::string test_name =
+                    android::base::StringReplace(info.param.vendor_boot_file_name, ".", "_", false);
+            return test_name + (!info.param.dtb_file_name.empty() ? "_replace_dtb" : "");
         });
 
 std::string_view GetRamdiskName(const vendor_ramdisk_table_entry_v4* entry) {
@@ -368,7 +415,8 @@ TEST_P(RepackVendorBootImgTestV4, Replace) {
     ASSERT_RESULT_OK(old_content);
 
     ASSERT_RESULT_OK(replace_vendor_ramdisk(vboot->fd(), vboot->size(), replace_ramdisk_name,
-                                            env->replace->fd(), env->replace->size()));
+                                            env->replace->fd(), env->replace->size(),
+                                            android::base::unique_fd(-1), 0));
     EXPECT_RESULT(vboot->fsize(), vboot->size()) << "File size should not change after repack";
 
     auto new_content_res = vboot->Read();
diff --git a/fs_mgr/Android.bp b/fs_mgr/Android.bp
index dd612720f26d..87db98b0877d 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/Android.bp
+++ b/fs_mgr/Android.bp
@@ -49,7 +49,6 @@ cc_defaults {
     sanitize: {
         misc_undefined: ["integer"],
     },
-    local_include_dirs: ["include/"],
     cflags: [
         "-Wall",
         "-Werror",
@@ -60,7 +59,7 @@ cc_defaults {
     name: "libfs_mgr_defaults",
     defaults: ["fs_mgr_defaults"],
     export_include_dirs: ["include"],
-    include_dirs: ["system/vold"],
+    local_include_dirs: ["include/"],
     cflags: [
         "-D_FILE_OFFSET_BITS=64",
     ],
@@ -70,8 +69,9 @@ cc_defaults {
         "fs_mgr.cpp",
         "fs_mgr_format.cpp",
         "fs_mgr_dm_linear.cpp",
-        "fs_mgr_overlayfs.cpp",
         "fs_mgr_roots.cpp",
+        "fs_mgr_overlayfs_control.cpp",
+        "fs_mgr_overlayfs_mount.cpp",
         "fs_mgr_vendor_overlay.cpp",
         ":libfiemap_srcs",
     ],
@@ -89,8 +89,6 @@ cc_defaults {
     static_libs: [
         "libavb",
         "libfs_avb",
-        "libfstab",
-        "libdm",
         "libgsi",
     ],
     export_static_lib_headers: [
@@ -174,38 +172,22 @@ cc_library {
 }
 
 cc_library_static {
-    // Do not ever make this a shared library as long as it is vendor_available.
-    // It does not have a stable interface.
-    name: "libfstab",
-    vendor_available: true,
-    ramdisk_available: true,
-    vendor_ramdisk_available: true,
-    recovery_available: true,
-    host_supported: true,
+    name: "libfs_mgr_file_wait",
     defaults: ["fs_mgr_defaults"],
+    export_include_dirs: ["include"],
+    cflags: [
+        "-D_FILE_OFFSET_BITS=64",
+    ],
     srcs: [
-        "fs_mgr_fstab.cpp",
-        "fs_mgr_boot_config.cpp",
-        "fs_mgr_slotselect.cpp",
+        "file_wait.cpp",
     ],
-    target: {
-        darwin: {
-            enabled: false,
-        },
-        vendor: {
-            cflags: [
-                // Skipping entries in fstab should only be done in a system
-                // process as the config file is in /system_ext.
-                // Remove the op from the vendor variant.
-                "-DNO_SKIP_MOUNT",
-            ],
-        },
-    },
-    export_include_dirs: ["include_fstab"],
-    header_libs: [
-        "libbase_headers",
-        "libgsi_headers",
+    shared_libs: [
+        "libbase",
     ],
+    host_supported: true,
+    ramdisk_available: true,
+    vendor_ramdisk_available: true,
+    recovery_available: true,
 }
 
 cc_binary {
diff --git a/fs_mgr/TEST_MAPPING b/fs_mgr/TEST_MAPPING
index d357e4571dcf..ccbb67ed5448 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/TEST_MAPPING
+++ b/fs_mgr/TEST_MAPPING
@@ -16,7 +16,8 @@
       "name": "fiemap_writer_test"
     },
     {
-      "name": "fs_mgr_vendor_overlay_test"
+      "name": "fs_mgr_vendor_overlay_test",
+      "keywords": ["internal"]
     },
     {
       "name": "vts_libsnapshot_test"
@@ -24,26 +25,27 @@
     {
       "name": "vab_legacy_tests"
     },
-    // TODO: b/279009697
-    //{"name": "vabc_legacy_tests"},
     {
       "name": "cow_api_test"
     }
   ],
+  "postsubmit": [
+    {
+      "name": "snapuserd_test"
+    }
+  ],
   "kernel-presubmit": [
     {
-      "name": "vts_libdm_test"
+      "name": "libdm_test"
     },
     {
-      "name": "vts_core_liblp_test"
+      "name": "liblp_test"
     },
     {
-      "name": "vts_libsnapshot_test"
+      "name": "vab_legacy_tests"
     },
     {
-      "name": "vab_legacy_tests"
+      "name": "snapuserd_test"
     }
-    // TODO: b/279009697
-    //{"name": "vabc_legacy_tests"}
   ]
 }
diff --git a/fs_mgr/clean_scratch_files.rc b/fs_mgr/clean_scratch_files.rc
index 25a7e690ac05..71708f8c1dff 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/clean_scratch_files.rc
+++ b/fs_mgr/clean_scratch_files.rc
@@ -1,2 +1,2 @@
-on post-fs-data && property:ro.debuggable=1
+on post-fs-data && property:ro.debuggable=1 && property:ro.boot.dynamic_partitions=true
     exec_background - root root -- /system/bin/clean_scratch_files
diff --git a/fs_mgr/fs_mgr.cpp b/fs_mgr/fs_mgr.cpp
index 742cdfab012a..204e690936d0 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/fs_mgr.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/fs_mgr.cpp
@@ -16,7 +16,6 @@
 
 #include "fs_mgr.h"
 
-#include <ctype.h>
 #include <dirent.h>
 #include <errno.h>
 #include <fcntl.h>
@@ -29,6 +28,7 @@
 #include <sys/ioctl.h>
 #include <sys/mount.h>
 #include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <sys/statvfs.h>
 #include <sys/swap.h>
 #include <sys/types.h>
 #include <sys/utsname.h>
@@ -38,7 +38,6 @@
 
 #include <array>
 #include <chrono>
-#include <functional>
 #include <map>
 #include <memory>
 #include <string>
@@ -65,6 +64,7 @@
 #include <fs_mgr/file_wait.h>
 #include <fs_mgr_overlayfs.h>
 #include <fscrypt/fscrypt.h>
+#include <fstab/fstab.h>
 #include <libdm/dm.h>
 #include <libdm/loop_control.h>
 #include <liblp/metadata_format.h>
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@
 #define F2FS_FSCK_BIN   "/system/bin/fsck.f2fs"
 #define MKSWAP_BIN      "/system/bin/mkswap"
 #define TUNE2FS_BIN     "/system/bin/tune2fs"
-#define RESIZE2FS_BIN "/system/bin/resize2fs"
+#define RESIZE2FS_BIN   "/system/bin/resize2fs"
 
 #define FSCK_LOG_FILE   "/dev/fscklogs/log"
 
@@ -137,8 +137,8 @@ enum FsStatFlags {
 static void log_fs_stat(const std::string& blk_device, int fs_stat) {
     std::string msg =
             android::base::StringPrintf("\nfs_stat,%s,0x%x\n", blk_device.c_str(), fs_stat);
-    android::base::unique_fd fd(TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(open(FSCK_LOG_FILE, O_WRONLY | O_CLOEXEC |
-                                                        O_APPEND | O_CREAT, 0664)));
+    android::base::unique_fd fd(TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(
+            open(FSCK_LOG_FILE, O_WRONLY | O_CLOEXEC | O_APPEND | O_CREAT, 0664)));
     if (fd == -1 || !android::base::WriteStringToFd(msg, fd)) {
         LWARNING << __FUNCTION__ << "() cannot log " << msg;
     }
@@ -215,10 +215,6 @@ static void check_fs(const std::string& blk_device, const std::string& fs_type,
          */
         if (!(*fs_stat & FS_STAT_FULL_MOUNT_FAILED)) {  // already tried if full mount failed
             errno = 0;
-            if (fs_type == "ext4") {
-                // This option is only valid with ext4
-                tmpmnt_opts += ",nomblk_io_submit";
-            }
             ret = mount(blk_device.c_str(), target.c_str(), fs_type.c_str(), tmpmnt_flags,
                         tmpmnt_opts.c_str());
             PINFO << __FUNCTION__ << "(): mount(" << blk_device << "," << target << "," << fs_type
@@ -596,7 +592,7 @@ static void tune_metadata_csum(const std::string& blk_device, const FstabEntry&
 
     // Must give `-T now` to prevent last_fsck_time from growing too large,
     // otherwise, tune2fs won't enable metadata_csum.
-    const char* tune2fs_args[] = {TUNE2FS_BIN, "-O",        "metadata_csum,64bit,extent",
+    const char* tune2fs_args[] = {TUNE2FS_BIN, "-O",  "metadata_csum,64bit,extent",
                                   "-T",        "now", blk_device.c_str()};
     const char* resize2fs_args[] = {RESIZE2FS_BIN, "-b", blk_device.c_str()};
 
@@ -613,7 +609,6 @@ static void tune_metadata_csum(const std::string& blk_device, const FstabEntry&
 
 // Read the primary superblock from an f2fs filesystem.  On failure return
 // false.  If it's not an f2fs filesystem, also set FS_STAT_INVALID_MAGIC.
-#define F2FS_BLKSIZE 4096
 #define F2FS_SUPER_OFFSET 1024
 static bool read_f2fs_superblock(const std::string& blk_device, int* fs_stat) {
     android::base::unique_fd fd(TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(open(blk_device.c_str(), O_RDONLY | O_CLOEXEC)));
@@ -628,7 +623,9 @@ static bool read_f2fs_superblock(const std::string& blk_device, int* fs_stat) {
         PERROR << "Can't read '" << blk_device << "' superblock1";
         return false;
     }
-    if (TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(pread(fd, &sb2, sizeof(sb2), F2FS_BLKSIZE + F2FS_SUPER_OFFSET)) !=
+    // F2FS only supports block_size=page_size case. So, it is safe to call
+    // `getpagesize()` and use that as size of super block.
+    if (TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(pread(fd, &sb2, sizeof(sb2), getpagesize() + F2FS_SUPER_OFFSET)) !=
         sizeof(sb2)) {
         PERROR << "Can't read '" << blk_device << "' superblock2";
         return false;
@@ -652,7 +649,7 @@ bool fs_mgr_is_f2fs(const std::string& blk_device) {
         return false;
     }
     if (sb == cpu_to_le32(F2FS_SUPER_MAGIC)) return true;
-    if (TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(pread(fd, &sb, sizeof(sb), F2FS_BLKSIZE + F2FS_SUPER_OFFSET)) !=
+    if (TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(pread(fd, &sb, sizeof(sb), getpagesize() + F2FS_SUPER_OFFSET)) !=
         sizeof(sb)) {
         return false;
     }
@@ -699,6 +696,29 @@ static void SetReadAheadSize(const std::string& entry_block_device, off64_t size
     }
 }
 
+//
+// Mechanism to allow fsck to be triggered by setting ro.preventative_fsck
+// Introduced to address b/305658663
+// If the property value is not equal to the flag file contents, trigger
+// fsck and store the property value in the flag file
+// If we want to trigger again, simply change the property value
+//
+static bool check_if_preventative_fsck_needed(const FstabEntry& entry) {
+    const char* flag_file = "/metadata/vold/preventative_fsck";
+    if (entry.mount_point != "/data") return false;
+
+    // Don't error check - both default to empty string, which is OK
+    std::string prop = android::base::GetProperty("ro.preventative_fsck", "");
+    std::string flag;
+    android::base::ReadFileToString(flag_file, &flag);
+    if (prop == flag) return false;
+    // fsck is run immediately, so assume it runs or there is some deeper problem
+    if (!android::base::WriteStringToFile(prop, flag_file))
+        PERROR << "Failed to write file " << flag_file;
+    LINFO << "Run preventative fsck on /data";
+    return true;
+}
+
 //
 // Prepare the filesystem on the given block device to be mounted.
 //
@@ -749,7 +769,7 @@ static int prepare_fs_for_mount(const std::string& blk_device, const FstabEntry&
         }
     }
 
-    if (entry.fs_mgr_flags.check ||
+    if (check_if_preventative_fsck_needed(entry) || entry.fs_mgr_flags.check ||
         (fs_stat & (FS_STAT_UNCLEAN_SHUTDOWN | FS_STAT_QUOTA_ENABLED))) {
         check_fs(blk_device, entry.fs_type, mount_point, &fs_stat);
     }
@@ -795,9 +815,13 @@ bool fs_mgr_is_device_unlocked() {
 // __mount(): wrapper around the mount() system call which also
 // sets the underlying block device to read-only if the mount is read-only.
 // See "man 2 mount" for return values.
-static int __mount(const std::string& source, const std::string& target, const FstabEntry& entry) {
+static int __mount(const std::string& source, const std::string& target, const FstabEntry& entry,
+                   bool read_only = false) {
     errno = 0;
     unsigned long mountflags = entry.flags;
+    if (read_only) {
+        mountflags |= MS_RDONLY;
+    }
     int ret = 0;
     int save_errno = 0;
     int gc_allowance = 0;
@@ -827,7 +851,18 @@ static int __mount(const std::string& source, const std::string& target, const F
                   << ",type=" << entry.fs_type << ", gc_allowance=" << gc_allowance << "%)=" << ret
                   << "(" << save_errno << ")";
         }
-        ret = mount(source.c_str(), target.c_str(), entry.fs_type.c_str(), mountflags,
+
+        // Let's get the raw dm target, if it's a symlink, since some existing applications
+        // rely on /proc/mounts to find the userdata's dm target path. Don't break that assumption.
+        std::string real_source;
+        if (!android::base::Realpath(source, &real_source)) {
+            real_source = source;
+        }
+
+        // Clear errno prior to calling `mount`, to avoid clobbering with any errno that
+        // may have been set from prior calls (e.g. realpath).
+        errno = 0;
+        ret = mount(real_source.c_str(), target.c_str(), entry.fs_type.c_str(), mountflags,
                     opts.c_str());
         save_errno = errno;
         if (try_f2fs_gc_allowance) gc_allowance += 10;
@@ -884,6 +919,10 @@ static bool fs_match(const std::string& in1, const std::string& in2) {
     return true;
 }
 
+static bool should_use_metadata_encryption(const FstabEntry& entry) {
+    return !entry.metadata_key_dir.empty() && entry.fs_mgr_flags.file_encryption;
+}
+
 // Tries to mount any of the consecutive fstab entries that match
 // the mountpoint of the one given by fstab[start_idx].
 //
@@ -891,7 +930,7 @@ static bool fs_match(const std::string& in1, const std::string& in2) {
 // attempted_idx: On return, will indicate which fstab entry
 //     succeeded. In case of failure, it will be the start_idx.
 // Sets errno to match the 1st mount failure on failure.
-static bool mount_with_alternatives(Fstab& fstab, int start_idx, int* end_idx,
+static bool mount_with_alternatives(Fstab& fstab, int start_idx, bool interrupted, int* end_idx,
                                     int* attempted_idx) {
     unsigned long i;
     int mount_errno = 0;
@@ -911,6 +950,13 @@ static bool mount_with_alternatives(Fstab& fstab, int start_idx, int* end_idx,
             continue;
         }
 
+        if (interrupted) {
+            LINFO << __FUNCTION__ << "(): skipping fstab mountpoint=" << fstab[i].mount_point
+                  << " rec[" << i << "].fs_type=" << fstab[i].fs_type
+                  << " (previously interrupted during encryption step)";
+            continue;
+        }
+
         // fstab[start_idx].blk_device is already updated to /dev/dm-<N> by
         // AVB related functions. Copy it from start_idx to the current index i.
         if ((i != start_idx) && fstab[i].fs_mgr_flags.logical &&
@@ -930,8 +976,15 @@ static bool mount_with_alternatives(Fstab& fstab, int start_idx, int* end_idx,
         }
 
         int retry_count = 2;
+        const auto read_only = should_use_metadata_encryption(fstab[i]);
+        if (read_only) {
+            LOG(INFO) << "Mount point " << fstab[i].blk_device << " @ " << fstab[i].mount_point
+                      << " uses metadata encryption, which means we need to unmount it later and "
+                         "call encryptFstab/encrypt_inplace. To avoid file operations before "
+                         "encryption, we will mount it as read-only first";
+        }
         while (retry_count-- > 0) {
-            if (!__mount(fstab[i].blk_device, fstab[i].mount_point, fstab[i])) {
+            if (!__mount(fstab[i].blk_device, fstab[i].mount_point, fstab[i], read_only)) {
                 *attempted_idx = i;
                 mounted = true;
                 if (i != start_idx) {
@@ -1023,10 +1076,6 @@ static bool TranslateExtLabels(FstabEntry* entry) {
     return false;
 }
 
-static bool should_use_metadata_encryption(const FstabEntry& entry) {
-    return !entry.metadata_key_dir.empty() && entry.fs_mgr_flags.file_encryption;
-}
-
 // Check to see if a mountable volume has encryption requirements
 static int handle_encryptable(const FstabEntry& entry) {
     if (should_use_metadata_encryption(entry)) {
@@ -1096,8 +1145,11 @@ static bool SupportsCheckpoint(FstabEntry* entry) {
 
 class CheckpointManager {
   public:
-    CheckpointManager(int needs_checkpoint = -1, bool metadata_encrypted = false)
-        : needs_checkpoint_(needs_checkpoint), metadata_encrypted_(metadata_encrypted) {}
+    CheckpointManager(int needs_checkpoint = -1, bool metadata_encrypted = false,
+                      bool needs_encrypt = false)
+        : needs_checkpoint_(needs_checkpoint),
+          metadata_encrypted_(metadata_encrypted),
+          needs_encrypt_(needs_encrypt) {}
 
     bool NeedsCheckpoint() {
         if (needs_checkpoint_ != UNKNOWN) {
@@ -1160,7 +1212,7 @@ class CheckpointManager {
             } else {
                 LERROR << entry->fs_type << " does not implement checkpoints.";
             }
-        } else if (entry->fs_mgr_flags.checkpoint_blk) {
+        } else if (entry->fs_mgr_flags.checkpoint_blk && !needs_encrypt_) {
             auto actual_block_device = block_device.empty() ? entry->blk_device : block_device;
             if (fs_mgr_find_bow_device(actual_block_device).empty()) {
                 unique_fd fd(
@@ -1228,21 +1280,32 @@ class CheckpointManager {
     enum { UNKNOWN = -1, NO = 0, YES = 1 };
     int needs_checkpoint_;
     bool metadata_encrypted_;
+    bool needs_encrypt_;
     std::map<std::string, std::string> device_map_;
 };
 
 std::string fs_mgr_find_bow_device(const std::string& block_device) {
-    if (block_device.substr(0, 5) != "/dev/") {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "Expected block device, got " << block_device;
-        return std::string();
+    // handle symlink such as "/dev/block/mapper/userdata"
+    std::string real_path;
+    if (!android::base::Realpath(block_device, &real_path)) {
+        real_path = block_device;
     }
 
-    std::string sys_dir = std::string("/sys/") + block_device.substr(5);
-
+    struct stat st;
+    if (stat(real_path.c_str(), &st) < 0) {
+        PLOG(ERROR) << "stat failed: " << real_path;
+        return std::string();
+    }
+    if (!S_ISBLK(st.st_mode)) {
+        PLOG(ERROR) << real_path << " is not block device";
+        return std::string();
+    }
+    std::string sys_dir = android::base::StringPrintf("/sys/dev/block/%u:%u", major(st.st_rdev),
+                                                      minor(st.st_rdev));
     for (;;) {
         std::string name;
         if (!android::base::ReadFileToString(sys_dir + "/dm/name", &name)) {
-            PLOG(ERROR) << block_device << " is not dm device";
+            PLOG(ERROR) << real_path << " is not dm device";
             return std::string();
         }
 
@@ -1361,21 +1424,63 @@ static bool IsMountPointMounted(const std::string& mount_point) {
     return GetEntryForMountPoint(&fstab, mount_point) != nullptr;
 }
 
+std::string fs_mgr_metadata_encryption_in_progress_file_name(const FstabEntry& entry) {
+    return entry.metadata_key_dir + "/in_progress";
+}
+
+bool WasMetadataEncryptionInterrupted(const FstabEntry& entry) {
+    if (!should_use_metadata_encryption(entry)) return false;
+    return access(fs_mgr_metadata_encryption_in_progress_file_name(entry).c_str(), R_OK) == 0;
+}
+
+static FstabEntry* LocateFormattableEntry(FstabEntry* const begin, FstabEntry* const end) {
+    if (begin == end) {
+        return nullptr;
+    }
+    const bool dev_option_enabled =
+            android::base::GetBoolProperty("ro.product.build.16k_page.enabled", false);
+    FstabEntry* f2fs_entry = nullptr;
+    for (auto iter = begin; iter != end && iter->blk_device == begin->blk_device; iter++) {
+        if (iter->fs_mgr_flags.formattable) {
+            if (getpagesize() != 4096 && is_f2fs(iter->fs_type) && dev_option_enabled) {
+                f2fs_entry = iter;
+                continue;
+            }
+            if (f2fs_entry) {
+                LOG(INFO) << "Skipping F2FS format for block device " << iter->blk_device << " @ "
+                          << iter->mount_point
+                          << " in non-4K mode for dev option enabled devices, "
+                             "as these devices need to toggle between 4K/16K mode, and F2FS does "
+                             "not support page_size != block_size configuration.";
+            }
+            return iter;
+        }
+    }
+    if (f2fs_entry) {
+        LOG(INFO) << "Using F2FS for " << f2fs_entry->blk_device << " @ " << f2fs_entry->mount_point
+                  << " even though we are in non-4K mode. Device might require a data wipe after "
+                     "going back to 4K mode, as F2FS does not support page_size != block_size";
+    }
+    return f2fs_entry;
+}
+
 // When multiple fstab records share the same mount_point, it will try to mount each
 // one in turn, and ignore any duplicates after a first successful mount.
 // Returns -1 on error, and  FS_MGR_MNTALL_* otherwise.
-MountAllResult fs_mgr_mount_all(Fstab* fstab, int mount_mode) {
+int fs_mgr_mount_all(Fstab* fstab, int mount_mode) {
     int encryptable = FS_MGR_MNTALL_DEV_NOT_ENCRYPTABLE;
     int error_count = 0;
     CheckpointManager checkpoint_manager;
     AvbUniquePtr avb_handle(nullptr);
     bool wiped = false;
-
     bool userdata_mounted = false;
+
     if (fstab->empty()) {
-        return {FS_MGR_MNTALL_FAIL, userdata_mounted};
+        return FS_MGR_MNTALL_FAIL;
     }
 
+    bool scratch_can_be_mounted = true;
+
     // Keep i int to prevent unsigned integer overflow from (i = top_idx - 1),
     // where top_idx is 0. It will give SIGABRT
     for (int i = 0; i < static_cast<int>(fstab->size()); i++) {
@@ -1450,7 +1555,7 @@ MountAllResult fs_mgr_mount_all(Fstab* fstab, int mount_mode) {
                 if (!avb_handle) {
                     LERROR << "Failed to open AvbHandle";
                     set_type_property(encryptable);
-                    return {FS_MGR_MNTALL_FAIL, userdata_mounted};
+                    return FS_MGR_MNTALL_FAIL;
                 }
             }
             if (avb_handle->SetUpAvbHashtree(&current_entry, true /* wait_for_verity_dev */) ==
@@ -1469,11 +1574,13 @@ MountAllResult fs_mgr_mount_all(Fstab* fstab, int mount_mode) {
             }
         }
 
-        int last_idx_inspected;
-        int top_idx = i;
+        int last_idx_inspected = -1;
+        const int top_idx = i;
         int attempted_idx = -1;
 
-        bool mret = mount_with_alternatives(*fstab, i, &last_idx_inspected, &attempted_idx);
+        bool encryption_interrupted = WasMetadataEncryptionInterrupted(current_entry);
+        bool mret = mount_with_alternatives(*fstab, i, encryption_interrupted, &last_idx_inspected,
+                                            &attempted_idx);
         auto& attempted_entry = (*fstab)[attempted_idx];
         i = last_idx_inspected;
         int mount_errno = errno;
@@ -1484,7 +1591,7 @@ MountAllResult fs_mgr_mount_all(Fstab* fstab, int mount_mode) {
 
             if (status == FS_MGR_MNTALL_FAIL) {
                 // Fatal error - no point continuing.
-                return {status, userdata_mounted};
+                return status;
             }
 
             if (status != FS_MGR_MNTALL_DEV_NOT_ENCRYPTABLE) {
@@ -1494,13 +1601,18 @@ MountAllResult fs_mgr_mount_all(Fstab* fstab, int mount_mode) {
                 }
                 encryptable = status;
                 if (status == FS_MGR_MNTALL_DEV_NEEDS_METADATA_ENCRYPTION) {
+                    fs_mgr_set_blk_ro(attempted_entry.blk_device, false);
                     if (!call_vdc({"cryptfs", "encryptFstab", attempted_entry.blk_device,
                                    attempted_entry.mount_point, wiped ? "true" : "false",
-                                   attempted_entry.fs_type, attempted_entry.zoned_device},
+                                   attempted_entry.fs_type,
+                                   attempted_entry.fs_mgr_flags.is_zoned ? "true" : "false",
+                                   std::to_string(attempted_entry.length),
+                                   android::base::Join(attempted_entry.user_devices, ' '),
+                                   android::base::Join(attempted_entry.device_aliased, ' ')},
                                   nullptr)) {
                         LERROR << "Encryption failed";
                         set_type_property(encryptable);
-                        return {FS_MGR_MNTALL_FAIL, userdata_mounted};
+                        return FS_MGR_MNTALL_FAIL;
                     }
                 }
             }
@@ -1508,20 +1620,29 @@ MountAllResult fs_mgr_mount_all(Fstab* fstab, int mount_mode) {
             if (current_entry.mount_point == "/data") {
                 userdata_mounted = true;
             }
+
+            MountOverlayfs(attempted_entry, &scratch_can_be_mounted);
+
             // Success!  Go get the next one.
             continue;
         }
-
+        auto formattable_entry =
+                LocateFormattableEntry(fstab->data() + top_idx, fstab->data() + fstab->size());
         // Mounting failed, understand why and retry.
         wiped = partition_wiped(current_entry.blk_device.c_str());
         if (mount_errno != EBUSY && mount_errno != EACCES &&
-            current_entry.fs_mgr_flags.formattable && wiped) {
+            current_entry.fs_mgr_flags.formattable && (wiped || encryption_interrupted)) {
             // current_entry and attempted_entry point at the same partition, but sometimes
             // at two different lines in the fstab.  Use current_entry for formatting
             // as that is the preferred one.
-            LERROR << __FUNCTION__ << "(): " << realpath(current_entry.blk_device)
-                   << " is wiped and " << current_entry.mount_point << " " << current_entry.fs_type
-                   << " is formattable. Format it.";
+            if (wiped)
+                LERROR << __FUNCTION__ << "(): " << realpath(current_entry.blk_device)
+                       << " is wiped and " << current_entry.mount_point << " "
+                       << current_entry.fs_type << " is formattable. Format it.";
+            if (encryption_interrupted)
+                LERROR << __FUNCTION__ << "(): " << realpath(current_entry.blk_device)
+                       << " was interrupted during encryption and " << current_entry.mount_point
+                       << " " << current_entry.fs_type << " is formattable. Format it.";
 
             checkpoint_manager.Revert(&current_entry);
 
@@ -1534,9 +1655,13 @@ MountAllResult fs_mgr_mount_all(Fstab* fstab, int mount_mode) {
                 encryptable = FS_MGR_MNTALL_DEV_IS_METADATA_ENCRYPTED;
                 set_type_property(encryptable);
 
-                if (!call_vdc({"cryptfs", "encryptFstab", current_entry.blk_device,
-                               current_entry.mount_point, "true" /* shouldFormat */,
-                               current_entry.fs_type, current_entry.zoned_device},
+                if (!call_vdc({"cryptfs", "encryptFstab", formattable_entry->blk_device,
+                               formattable_entry->mount_point, "true" /* shouldFormat */,
+                               formattable_entry->fs_type,
+                               formattable_entry->fs_mgr_flags.is_zoned ? "true" : "false",
+                               std::to_string(formattable_entry->length),
+                               android::base::Join(formattable_entry->user_devices, ' '),
+                               android::base::Join(formattable_entry->device_aliased, ' ')},
                               nullptr)) {
                     LERROR << "Encryption failed";
                 } else {
@@ -1545,7 +1670,7 @@ MountAllResult fs_mgr_mount_all(Fstab* fstab, int mount_mode) {
                 }
             }
 
-            if (fs_mgr_do_format(current_entry) == 0) {
+            if (fs_mgr_do_format(*formattable_entry) == 0) {
                 // Let's replay the mount actions.
                 i = top_idx - 1;
                 continue;
@@ -1558,10 +1683,12 @@ MountAllResult fs_mgr_mount_all(Fstab* fstab, int mount_mode) {
         }
 
         // mount(2) returned an error, handle the encryptable/formattable case.
-        if (mount_errno != EBUSY && mount_errno != EACCES &&
+        if (mount_errno != EBUSY && mount_errno != EACCES && !encryption_interrupted &&
             should_use_metadata_encryption(attempted_entry)) {
             if (!call_vdc({"cryptfs", "mountFstab", attempted_entry.blk_device,
-                           attempted_entry.mount_point, attempted_entry.zoned_device},
+                           attempted_entry.mount_point,
+                           current_entry.fs_mgr_flags.is_zoned ? "true" : "false",
+                           android::base::Join(current_entry.user_devices, ' ')},
                           nullptr)) {
                 ++error_count;
             } else if (current_entry.mount_point == "/data") {
@@ -1574,13 +1701,13 @@ MountAllResult fs_mgr_mount_all(Fstab* fstab, int mount_mode) {
             // Use StringPrintf to output "(null)" instead.
             if (attempted_entry.fs_mgr_flags.no_fail) {
                 PERROR << android::base::StringPrintf(
-                        "Ignoring failure to mount an un-encryptable or wiped "
+                        "Ignoring failure to mount an un-encryptable, interrupted, or wiped "
                         "partition on %s at %s options: %s",
                         attempted_entry.blk_device.c_str(), attempted_entry.mount_point.c_str(),
                         attempted_entry.fs_options.c_str());
             } else {
                 PERROR << android::base::StringPrintf(
-                        "Failed to mount an un-encryptable or wiped partition "
+                        "Failed to mount an un-encryptable, interrupted, or wiped partition "
                         "on %s at %s options: %s",
                         attempted_entry.blk_device.c_str(), attempted_entry.mount_point.c_str(),
                         attempted_entry.fs_options.c_str());
@@ -1589,17 +1716,26 @@ MountAllResult fs_mgr_mount_all(Fstab* fstab, int mount_mode) {
             continue;
         }
     }
+    if (userdata_mounted) {
+        Fstab mounted_fstab;
+        if (!ReadFstabFromFile("/proc/mounts", &mounted_fstab)) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "Could't load fstab from /proc/mounts , unable to set ro.fstype.data . "
+                          "init.rc actions depending on this prop would not run, boot might fail.";
+        } else {
+            for (const auto& entry : mounted_fstab) {
+                if (entry.mount_point == "/data") {
+                    android::base::SetProperty("ro.fstype.data", entry.fs_type);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
 
     set_type_property(encryptable);
 
-#if ALLOW_ADBD_DISABLE_VERITY == 1  // "userdebug" build
-    fs_mgr_overlayfs_mount_all(fstab);
-#endif
-
     if (error_count) {
-        return {FS_MGR_MNTALL_FAIL, userdata_mounted};
+        return FS_MGR_MNTALL_FAIL;
     } else {
-        return {encryptable, userdata_mounted};
+        return encryptable;
     }
 }
 
@@ -1636,190 +1772,6 @@ int fs_mgr_umount_all(android::fs_mgr::Fstab* fstab) {
     return ret;
 }
 
-static std::chrono::milliseconds GetMillisProperty(const std::string& name,
-                                                   std::chrono::milliseconds default_value) {
-    auto value = GetUintProperty(name, static_cast<uint64_t>(default_value.count()));
-    return std::chrono::milliseconds(std::move(value));
-}
-
-static bool fs_mgr_unmount_all_data_mounts(const std::string& data_block_device) {
-    LINFO << __FUNCTION__ << "(): about to umount everything on top of " << data_block_device;
-    Timer t;
-    auto timeout = GetMillisProperty("init.userspace_reboot.userdata_remount.timeoutmillis", 5s);
-    while (true) {
-        bool umount_done = true;
-        Fstab proc_mounts;
-        if (!ReadFstabFromFile("/proc/mounts", &proc_mounts)) {
-            LERROR << __FUNCTION__ << "(): Can't read /proc/mounts";
-            return false;
-        }
-        // Now proceed with other bind mounts on top of /data.
-        for (const auto& entry : proc_mounts) {
-            std::string block_device;
-            if (StartsWith(entry.blk_device, "/dev/block") &&
-                !Realpath(entry.blk_device, &block_device)) {
-                PWARNING << __FUNCTION__ << "(): failed to realpath " << entry.blk_device;
-                block_device = entry.blk_device;
-            }
-            if (data_block_device == block_device) {
-                if (umount2(entry.mount_point.c_str(), 0) != 0) {
-                    PERROR << __FUNCTION__ << "(): Failed to umount " << entry.mount_point;
-                    umount_done = false;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        if (umount_done) {
-            LINFO << __FUNCTION__ << "(): Unmounting /data took " << t;
-            return true;
-        }
-        if (t.duration() > timeout) {
-            LERROR << __FUNCTION__ << "(): Timed out unmounting all mounts on "
-                   << data_block_device;
-            Fstab remaining_mounts;
-            if (!ReadFstabFromFile("/proc/mounts", &remaining_mounts)) {
-                LERROR << __FUNCTION__ << "(): Can't read /proc/mounts";
-            } else {
-                LERROR << __FUNCTION__ << "(): Following mounts remaining";
-                for (const auto& e : remaining_mounts) {
-                    LERROR << __FUNCTION__ << "(): mount point: " << e.mount_point
-                           << " block device: " << e.blk_device;
-                }
-            }
-            return false;
-        }
-        std::this_thread::sleep_for(50ms);
-    }
-}
-
-static bool UnwindDmDeviceStack(const std::string& block_device,
-                                std::vector<std::string>* dm_stack) {
-    if (!StartsWith(block_device, "/dev/block/")) {
-        LWARNING << block_device << " is not a block device";
-        return false;
-    }
-    std::string current = block_device;
-    DeviceMapper& dm = DeviceMapper::Instance();
-    while (true) {
-        dm_stack->push_back(current);
-        if (!dm.IsDmBlockDevice(current)) {
-            break;
-        }
-        auto parent = dm.GetParentBlockDeviceByPath(current);
-        if (!parent) {
-            return false;
-        }
-        current = *parent;
-    }
-    return true;
-}
-
-FstabEntry* fs_mgr_get_mounted_entry_for_userdata(Fstab* fstab,
-                                                  const std::string& data_block_device) {
-    std::vector<std::string> dm_stack;
-    if (!UnwindDmDeviceStack(data_block_device, &dm_stack)) {
-        LERROR << "Failed to unwind dm-device stack for " << data_block_device;
-        return nullptr;
-    }
-    for (auto& entry : *fstab) {
-        if (entry.mount_point != "/data") {
-            continue;
-        }
-        std::string block_device;
-        if (entry.fs_mgr_flags.logical) {
-            if (!fs_mgr_update_logical_partition(&entry)) {
-                LERROR << "Failed to update logic partition " << entry.blk_device;
-                continue;
-            }
-            block_device = entry.blk_device;
-        } else if (!Realpath(entry.blk_device, &block_device)) {
-            PWARNING << "Failed to realpath " << entry.blk_device;
-            block_device = entry.blk_device;
-        }
-        if (std::find(dm_stack.begin(), dm_stack.end(), block_device) != dm_stack.end()) {
-            return &entry;
-        }
-    }
-    LERROR << "Didn't find entry that was used to mount /data onto " << data_block_device;
-    return nullptr;
-}
-
-// TODO(b/143970043): return different error codes based on which step failed.
-int fs_mgr_remount_userdata_into_checkpointing(Fstab* fstab) {
-    Fstab proc_mounts;
-    if (!ReadFstabFromFile("/proc/mounts", &proc_mounts)) {
-        LERROR << "Can't read /proc/mounts";
-        return -1;
-    }
-    auto mounted_entry = GetEntryForMountPoint(&proc_mounts, "/data");
-    if (mounted_entry == nullptr) {
-        LERROR << "/data is not mounted";
-        return -1;
-    }
-    std::string block_device;
-    if (!Realpath(mounted_entry->blk_device, &block_device)) {
-        PERROR << "Failed to realpath " << mounted_entry->blk_device;
-        return -1;
-    }
-    auto fstab_entry = fs_mgr_get_mounted_entry_for_userdata(fstab, block_device);
-    if (fstab_entry == nullptr) {
-        LERROR << "Can't find /data in fstab";
-        return -1;
-    }
-    bool force_umount = GetBoolProperty("sys.init.userdata_remount.force_umount", false);
-    if (force_umount) {
-        LINFO << "Will force an umount of userdata even if it's not required";
-    }
-    if (!force_umount && !SupportsCheckpoint(fstab_entry)) {
-        LINFO << "Userdata doesn't support checkpointing. Nothing to do";
-        return 0;
-    }
-    CheckpointManager checkpoint_manager;
-    if (!force_umount && !checkpoint_manager.NeedsCheckpoint()) {
-        LINFO << "Checkpointing not needed. Don't remount";
-        return 0;
-    }
-    if (!force_umount && fstab_entry->fs_mgr_flags.checkpoint_fs) {
-        // Userdata is f2fs, simply remount it.
-        if (!checkpoint_manager.Update(fstab_entry)) {
-            LERROR << "Failed to remount userdata in checkpointing mode";
-            return -1;
-        }
-        if (mount(block_device.c_str(), fstab_entry->mount_point.c_str(), "none",
-                  MS_REMOUNT | fstab_entry->flags, fstab_entry->fs_options.c_str()) != 0) {
-            PERROR << "Failed to remount userdata in checkpointing mode";
-            return -1;
-        }
-    } else {
-        LINFO << "Unmounting /data before remounting into checkpointing mode";
-        if (!fs_mgr_unmount_all_data_mounts(block_device)) {
-            LERROR << "Failed to umount /data";
-            return -1;
-        }
-        DeviceMapper& dm = DeviceMapper::Instance();
-        while (dm.IsDmBlockDevice(block_device)) {
-            auto next_device = dm.GetParentBlockDeviceByPath(block_device);
-            auto name = dm.GetDmDeviceNameByPath(block_device);
-            if (!name) {
-                LERROR << "Failed to get dm-name for " << block_device;
-                return -1;
-            }
-            LINFO << "Deleting " << block_device << " named " << *name;
-            if (!dm.DeleteDevice(*name, 3s)) {
-                return -1;
-            }
-            if (!next_device) {
-                LERROR << "Failed to find parent device for " << block_device;
-            }
-            block_device = *next_device;
-        }
-        LINFO << "Remounting /data";
-        // TODO(b/143970043): remove this hack after fs_mgr_mount_all is refactored.
-        auto result = fs_mgr_mount_all(fstab, MOUNT_MODE_ONLY_USERDATA);
-        return result.code == FS_MGR_MNTALL_FAIL ? -1 : 0;
-    }
-    return 0;
-}
-
 // wrapper to __mount() and expects a fully prepared fstab_rec,
 // unlike fs_mgr_do_mount which does more things with avb / verity etc.
 int fs_mgr_do_mount_one(const FstabEntry& entry, const std::string& alt_mount_point) {
@@ -1834,28 +1786,25 @@ int fs_mgr_do_mount_one(const FstabEntry& entry, const std::string& alt_mount_po
     int ret = prepare_fs_for_mount(entry.blk_device, entry, mount_point);
     // Wiped case doesn't require to try __mount below.
     if (ret & FS_STAT_INVALID_MAGIC) {
-      return FS_MGR_DOMNT_FAILED;
+        return FS_MGR_DOMNT_FAILED;
     }
 
     ret = __mount(entry.blk_device, mount_point, entry);
     if (ret) {
-      ret = (errno == EBUSY) ? FS_MGR_DOMNT_BUSY : FS_MGR_DOMNT_FAILED;
+        ret = (errno == EBUSY) ? FS_MGR_DOMNT_BUSY : FS_MGR_DOMNT_FAILED;
     }
 
     return ret;
 }
 
-// If tmp_mount_point is non-null, mount the filesystem there.  This is for the
-// tmp mount we do to check the user password
 // If multiple fstab entries are to be mounted on "n_name", it will try to mount each one
 // in turn, and stop on 1st success, or no more match.
-static int fs_mgr_do_mount_helper(Fstab* fstab, const std::string& n_name,
-                                  const std::string& n_blk_device, const char* tmp_mount_point,
-                                  int needs_checkpoint, bool metadata_encrypted) {
+int fs_mgr_do_mount(Fstab* fstab, const std::string& n_name, const std::string& n_blk_device,
+                    int needs_checkpoint, bool needs_encrypt) {
     int mount_errors = 0;
     int first_mount_errno = 0;
     std::string mount_point;
-    CheckpointManager checkpoint_manager(needs_checkpoint, metadata_encrypted);
+    CheckpointManager checkpoint_manager(needs_checkpoint, true, needs_encrypt);
     AvbUniquePtr avb_handle(nullptr);
 
     if (!fstab) {
@@ -1897,11 +1846,7 @@ static int fs_mgr_do_mount_helper(Fstab* fstab, const std::string& n_name,
         }
 
         // Now mount it where requested */
-        if (tmp_mount_point) {
-            mount_point = tmp_mount_point;
-        } else {
-            mount_point = fstab_entry.mount_point;
-        }
+        mount_point = fstab_entry.mount_point;
 
         int fs_stat = prepare_fs_for_mount(n_blk_device, fstab_entry, mount_point);
 
@@ -1939,6 +1884,8 @@ static int fs_mgr_do_mount_helper(Fstab* fstab, const std::string& n_name,
                 if (retry_count <= 0) break;  // run check_fs only once
                 if (!first_mount_errno) first_mount_errno = errno;
                 mount_errors++;
+                PERROR << "Cannot mount filesystem on " << n_blk_device << " at " << mount_point
+                       << " with fstype " << fstab_entry.fs_type;
                 fs_stat |= FS_STAT_FULL_MOUNT_FAILED;
                 // try again after fsck
                 check_fs(n_blk_device, fstab_entry.fs_type, mount_point, &fs_stat);
@@ -1958,35 +1905,6 @@ static int fs_mgr_do_mount_helper(Fstab* fstab, const std::string& n_name,
     return FS_MGR_DOMNT_FAILED;
 }
 
-int fs_mgr_do_mount(Fstab* fstab, const char* n_name, char* n_blk_device, char* tmp_mount_point) {
-    return fs_mgr_do_mount_helper(fstab, n_name, n_blk_device, tmp_mount_point, -1, false);
-}
-
-int fs_mgr_do_mount(Fstab* fstab, const char* n_name, char* n_blk_device, char* tmp_mount_point,
-                    bool needs_checkpoint, bool metadata_encrypted) {
-    return fs_mgr_do_mount_helper(fstab, n_name, n_blk_device, tmp_mount_point, needs_checkpoint,
-                                  metadata_encrypted);
-}
-
-/*
- * mount a tmpfs filesystem at the given point.
- * return 0 on success, non-zero on failure.
- */
-int fs_mgr_do_tmpfs_mount(const char *n_name)
-{
-    int ret;
-
-    ret = mount("tmpfs", n_name, "tmpfs", MS_NOATIME | MS_NOSUID | MS_NODEV | MS_NOEXEC,
-                CRYPTO_TMPFS_OPTIONS);
-    if (ret < 0) {
-        LERROR << "Cannot mount tmpfs filesystem at " << n_name;
-        return -1;
-    }
-
-    /* Success */
-    return 0;
-}
-
 static bool ConfigureIoScheduler(const std::string& device_path) {
     if (!StartsWith(device_path, "/dev/")) {
         LERROR << __func__ << ": invalid argument " << device_path;
@@ -2025,11 +1943,45 @@ static bool InstallZramDevice(const std::string& device) {
     return true;
 }
 
+/*
+ * Zram backing device can be created as long as /data has at least `size`
+ * free space, though we may want to leave some extra space for the remaining
+ * boot process and other system activities.
+ */
+static bool ZramBackingDeviceSizeAvailable(off64_t size) {
+    constexpr const char* data_path = "/data";
+    uint64_t min_free_mb =
+            android::base::GetUintProperty<uint64_t>("ro.zram_backing_device_min_free_mb", 0);
+
+    // No min_free property. Skip the available size check.
+    if (min_free_mb == 0) return true;
+
+    struct statvfs vst;
+    if (statvfs(data_path, &vst) < 0) {
+        PERROR << "Cannot check available space: " << data_path;
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    uint64_t size_free = static_cast<uint64_t>(vst.f_bfree) * vst.f_frsize;
+    uint64_t size_required = size + (min_free_mb * 1024 * 1024);
+    if (size_required > size_free) {
+        PERROR << "Free space is not enough for zram backing device: " << size_required << " > "
+               << size_free;
+        return false;
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
 static bool PrepareZramBackingDevice(off64_t size) {
 
     constexpr const char* file_path = "/data/per_boot/zram_swap";
     if (size == 0) return true;
 
+    // Check available space
+    if (!ZramBackingDeviceSizeAvailable(size)) {
+        PERROR << "No space for target path: " << file_path;
+        return false;
+    }
     // Prepare target path
     unique_fd target_fd(TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(open(file_path, O_RDWR | O_CREAT | O_CLOEXEC, 0600)));
     if (target_fd.get() == -1) {
@@ -2038,6 +1990,7 @@ static bool PrepareZramBackingDevice(off64_t size) {
     }
     if (fallocate(target_fd.get(), 0, 0, size) < 0) {
         PERROR << "Cannot truncate target path: " << file_path;
+        unlink(file_path);
         return false;
     }
 
@@ -2070,6 +2023,84 @@ static bool PrepareZramBackingDevice(off64_t size) {
     return InstallZramDevice(loop_device);
 }
 
+// Check whether it is in recovery mode or not.
+//
+// This is a copy from util.h in libinit.
+//
+// You need to check ALL relevant executables calling this function has access to
+// "/system/bin/recovery" (including SELinux permissions and UNIX permissions).
+static bool IsRecovery() {
+    return access("/system/bin/recovery", F_OK) == 0;
+}
+
+// Decides whether swapon_all should skip setting up zram.
+//
+// swapon_all is deprecated to setup zram after mmd is launched. swapon_all command should skip
+// setting up zram if mmd is enabled by AConfig flag and mmd is configured to set up zram.
+static bool ShouldSkipZramSetup() {
+    if (IsRecovery()) {
+        // swapon_all continue to support zram setup in recovery mode after mmd launch.
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    // Since AConfig does not support to load the status from init, we use the system property
+    // "mmd.enabled_aconfig" copied from AConfig by `mmd --set-property` command to check whether
+    // mmd is enabled or not.
+    //
+    // aconfig_prop can have either of:
+    //
+    // * "true": mmd is enabled by AConfig
+    // * "false": mmd is disabled by AConfig
+    // * "": swapon_all is executed before `mmd --set-property`
+    //
+    // During mmd being launched, we request OEMs, who decided to use mmd to set up zram, to execute
+    // swapon_all after "mmd.enabled_aconfig" system property is initialized. Init can wait the
+    // "mmd.enabled_aconfig" initialization by `property:mmd.enabled_aconfig=*` trigger.
+    //
+    // After mmd is launched, we deprecate swapon_all command for setting up zram but recommend to
+    // use `mmd --setup-zram`. It means that the system should call swapon_all with fstab with no
+    // zram entry or the system should never call swapon_all.
+    //
+    // As a transition, OEMs can use the deprecated swapon_all to set up zram for several versions
+    // after mmd is launched. swapon_all command will show warning logs during the transition
+    // period.
+    const std::string aconfig_prop = android::base::GetProperty("mmd.enabled_aconfig", "");
+    const bool is_zram_managed_by_mmd = android::base::GetBoolProperty("mmd.zram.enabled", false);
+    if (aconfig_prop == "true" && is_zram_managed_by_mmd) {
+        // Skip zram setup since zram is managed by mmd.
+        //
+        // We expect swapon_all is not called when mmd is enabled by AConfig flag.
+        // TODO: b/394484720 - Make this log as warning after mmd is launched.
+        LINFO << "Skip setting up zram because mmd sets up zram instead.";
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    if (aconfig_prop == "false") {
+        // It is expected to swapon_all command to set up zram before mmd is launched.
+        LOG(DEBUG) << "mmd is not launched yet. swapon_all setup zram.";
+    } else if (is_zram_managed_by_mmd) {
+        // This branch is for aconfig_prop == ""
+
+        // On the system which uses mmd to setup zram, swapon_all must be executed after
+        // mmd.enabled_aconfig is initialized.
+        LERROR << "swapon_all must be called after mmd.enabled_aconfig system "
+                  "property is initialized";
+        // Since we don't know whether mmd is enabled on the system or not, we fall back to enable
+        // zram from swapon_all conservatively. Both swapon_all and `mmd --setup-zram` command
+        // trying to set up zram does not break the system but just either ends up failing.
+    } else {
+        // We show the warning log for swapon_all deprecation on both aconfig_prop is "true" and ""
+        // cases.
+        // If mmd is enabled, swapon_all is already deprecated.
+        // If aconfig_prop is "", we don't know whether mmd is launched or not. But we show the
+        // deprecation warning log conservatively.
+        LWARNING << "mmd is recommended to set up zram over swapon_all command with "
+                    "fstab entry.";
+    }
+
+    return false;
+}
+
 bool fs_mgr_swapon_all(const Fstab& fstab) {
     bool ret = true;
     for (const auto& entry : fstab) {
@@ -2079,6 +2110,10 @@ bool fs_mgr_swapon_all(const Fstab& fstab) {
         }
 
         if (entry.zram_size > 0) {
+            if (ShouldSkipZramSetup()) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
             if (!PrepareZramBackingDevice(entry.zram_backingdev_size)) {
                 LERROR << "Failure of zram backing device file for '" << entry.blk_device << "'";
             }
@@ -2258,19 +2293,19 @@ bool fs_mgr_create_canonical_mount_point(const std::string& mount_point) {
 }
 
 bool fs_mgr_mount_overlayfs_fstab_entry(const FstabEntry& entry) {
-    auto overlayfs_valid_result = fs_mgr_overlayfs_valid();
-    if (overlayfs_valid_result == OverlayfsValidResult::kNotSupported) {
+    const auto overlayfs_check_result = android::fs_mgr::CheckOverlayfs();
+    if (!overlayfs_check_result.supported) {
         LERROR << __FUNCTION__ << "(): kernel does not support overlayfs";
         return false;
     }
 
 #if ALLOW_ADBD_DISABLE_VERITY == 0
     // Allowlist the mount point if user build.
-    static const std::vector<const std::string> kAllowedPaths = {
+    static const std::vector<std::string> kAllowedPaths = {
             "/odm",         "/odm_dlkm",   "/oem",    "/product",
             "/system_dlkm", "/system_ext", "/vendor", "/vendor_dlkm",
     };
-    static const std::vector<const std::string> kAllowedPrefixes = {
+    static const std::vector<std::string> kAllowedPrefixes = {
             "/mnt/product/",
             "/mnt/vendor/",
     };
@@ -2311,10 +2346,7 @@ bool fs_mgr_mount_overlayfs_fstab_entry(const FstabEntry& entry) {
         }
     }
 
-    auto options = "lowerdir=" + lowerdir;
-    if (overlayfs_valid_result == OverlayfsValidResult::kOverrideCredsRequired) {
-        options += ",override_creds=off";
-    }
+    const auto options = "lowerdir=" + lowerdir + overlayfs_check_result.mount_flags;
 
     // Use "overlay-" + entry.blk_device as the mount() source, so that adb-remout-test don't
     // confuse this with adb remount overlay, whose device name is "overlay".
@@ -2370,30 +2402,51 @@ std::string fs_mgr_get_context(const std::string& mount_point) {
     return context;
 }
 
-OverlayfsValidResult fs_mgr_overlayfs_valid() {
-    // Overlayfs available in the kernel, and patched for override_creds?
-    if (access("/sys/module/overlay/parameters/override_creds", F_OK) == 0) {
-        return OverlayfsValidResult::kOverrideCredsRequired;
-    }
+int fs_mgr_f2fs_ideal_block_size() {
+#if defined(__i386__) || defined(__x86_64__)
+    return 4096;
+#else
+    return getpagesize();
+#endif
+}
+
+namespace android {
+namespace fs_mgr {
+
+OverlayfsCheckResult CheckOverlayfs() {
     if (!fs_mgr_filesystem_available("overlay")) {
-        return OverlayfsValidResult::kNotSupported;
+        return {.supported = false};
     }
+
     struct utsname uts;
     if (uname(&uts) == -1) {
-        return OverlayfsValidResult::kNotSupported;
+        return {.supported = false};
     }
     int major, minor;
     if (sscanf(uts.release, "%d.%d", &major, &minor) != 2) {
-        return OverlayfsValidResult::kNotSupported;
+        return {.supported = false};
     }
-    if (major < 4) {
-        return OverlayfsValidResult::kOk;
+
+    if (!use_override_creds) {
+        if (major > 5 || (major == 5 && minor >= 15)) {
+            return {.supported = true, ",userxattr"};
+        }
+        return {.supported = true};
     }
-    if (major > 4) {
-        return OverlayfsValidResult::kNotSupported;
+
+    // Overlayfs available in the kernel, and patched for override_creds?
+    if (access("/sys/module/overlay/parameters/override_creds", F_OK) == 0) {
+        auto mount_flags = ",override_creds=off"s;
+        if (major > 5 || (major == 5 && minor >= 15)) {
+            mount_flags += ",userxattr"s;
+        }
+        return {.supported = true, .mount_flags = mount_flags};
     }
-    if (minor > 3) {
-        return OverlayfsValidResult::kNotSupported;
+    if (major < 4 || (major == 4 && minor <= 3)) {
+        return {.supported = true};
     }
-    return OverlayfsValidResult::kOk;
+    return {.supported = false};
 }
+
+}  // namespace fs_mgr
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_boot_config.cpp b/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_boot_config.cpp
deleted file mode 100644
index 75d1e0db69d4..000000000000
--- a/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_boot_config.cpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,173 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2017 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#include <algorithm>
-#include <iterator>
-#include <string>
-#include <vector>
-
-#include <android-base/file.h>
-#include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
-#include <android-base/strings.h>
-#include <android-base/properties.h>
-
-#include "fs_mgr_priv.h"
-
-std::vector<std::pair<std::string, std::string>> fs_mgr_parse_cmdline(const std::string& cmdline) {
-    static constexpr char quote = '"';
-
-    std::vector<std::pair<std::string, std::string>> result;
-    size_t base = 0;
-    while (true) {
-        // skip quoted spans
-        auto found = base;
-        while (((found = cmdline.find_first_of(" \"", found)) != cmdline.npos) &&
-               (cmdline[found] == quote)) {
-            // unbalanced quote is ok
-            if ((found = cmdline.find(quote, found + 1)) == cmdline.npos) break;
-            ++found;
-        }
-        std::string piece;
-        auto source = cmdline.substr(base, found - base);
-        std::remove_copy(source.begin(), source.end(),
-                         std::back_insert_iterator<std::string>(piece), quote);
-        auto equal_sign = piece.find('=');
-        if (equal_sign == piece.npos) {
-            if (!piece.empty()) {
-                // no difference between <key> and <key>=
-                result.emplace_back(std::move(piece), "");
-            }
-        } else {
-            result.emplace_back(piece.substr(0, equal_sign), piece.substr(equal_sign + 1));
-        }
-        if (found == cmdline.npos) break;
-        base = found + 1;
-    }
-
-    return result;
-}
-
-std::vector<std::pair<std::string, std::string>> fs_mgr_parse_proc_bootconfig(
-        const std::string& cmdline) {
-    static constexpr char quote = '"';
-
-    std::vector<std::pair<std::string, std::string>> result;
-    for (auto& line : android::base::Split(cmdline, "\n")) {
-        line.erase(std::remove(line.begin(), line.end(), quote), line.end());
-        auto equal_sign = line.find('=');
-        if (equal_sign == line.npos) {
-            if (!line.empty()) {
-                // no difference between <key> and <key>=
-                result.emplace_back(std::move(line), "");
-            }
-        } else {
-            result.emplace_back(android::base::Trim(line.substr(0, equal_sign)),
-                                android::base::Trim(line.substr(equal_sign + 1)));
-        }
-    }
-
-    return result;
-}
-
-bool fs_mgr_get_boot_config_from_bootconfig(const std::string& bootconfig,
-                                            const std::string& android_key, std::string* out_val) {
-    FS_MGR_CHECK(out_val != nullptr);
-
-    const std::string bootconfig_key("androidboot." + android_key);
-    for (const auto& [key, value] : fs_mgr_parse_proc_bootconfig(bootconfig)) {
-        if (key == bootconfig_key) {
-            *out_val = value;
-            return true;
-        }
-    }
-
-    *out_val = "";
-    return false;
-}
-
-bool fs_mgr_get_boot_config_from_kernel(const std::string& cmdline, const std::string& android_key,
-                                        std::string* out_val) {
-    FS_MGR_CHECK(out_val != nullptr);
-
-    const std::string cmdline_key("androidboot." + android_key);
-    for (const auto& [key, value] : fs_mgr_parse_cmdline(cmdline)) {
-        if (key == cmdline_key) {
-            *out_val = value;
-            return true;
-        }
-    }
-
-    *out_val = "";
-    return false;
-}
-
-// Tries to get the given boot config value from bootconfig.
-// Returns true if successfully found, false otherwise.
-bool fs_mgr_get_boot_config_from_bootconfig_source(const std::string& key, std::string* out_val) {
-    std::string bootconfig;
-    if (!android::base::ReadFileToString("/proc/bootconfig", &bootconfig)) return false;
-    if (!bootconfig.empty() && bootconfig.back() == '\n') {
-        bootconfig.pop_back();
-    }
-    return fs_mgr_get_boot_config_from_bootconfig(bootconfig, key, out_val);
-}
-
-// Tries to get the given boot config value from kernel cmdline.
-// Returns true if successfully found, false otherwise.
-bool fs_mgr_get_boot_config_from_kernel_cmdline(const std::string& key, std::string* out_val) {
-    std::string cmdline;
-    if (!android::base::ReadFileToString("/proc/cmdline", &cmdline)) return false;
-    if (!cmdline.empty() && cmdline.back() == '\n') {
-        cmdline.pop_back();
-    }
-    return fs_mgr_get_boot_config_from_kernel(cmdline, key, out_val);
-}
-
-// Tries to get the boot config value in device tree, properties and
-// kernel cmdline (in that order).  Returns 'true' if successfully
-// found, 'false' otherwise.
-bool fs_mgr_get_boot_config(const std::string& key, std::string* out_val) {
-    FS_MGR_CHECK(out_val != nullptr);
-
-    // firstly, check the device tree
-    if (is_dt_compatible()) {
-        std::string file_name = get_android_dt_dir() + "/" + key;
-        if (android::base::ReadFileToString(file_name, out_val)) {
-            if (!out_val->empty()) {
-                out_val->pop_back();  // Trims the trailing '\0' out.
-                return true;
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    // next, check if we have "ro.boot" property already
-    *out_val = android::base::GetProperty("ro.boot." + key, "");
-    if (!out_val->empty()) {
-        return true;
-    }
-
-    // next, check if we have the property in bootconfig
-    if (fs_mgr_get_boot_config_from_bootconfig_source(key, out_val)) {
-        return true;
-    }
-
-    // finally, fallback to kernel cmdline, properties may not be ready yet
-    if (fs_mgr_get_boot_config_from_kernel_cmdline(key, out_val)) {
-        return true;
-    }
-
-    return false;
-}
diff --git a/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_format.cpp b/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_format.cpp
index 7385f796161a..57e35a275a82 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_format.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_format.cpp
@@ -32,6 +32,8 @@
 #include <selinux/android.h>
 #include <selinux/label.h>
 #include <selinux/selinux.h>
+#include <filesystem>
+#include <string>
 
 #include "fs_mgr_priv.h"
 
@@ -68,6 +70,13 @@ static int format_ext4(const std::string& fs_blkdev, const std::string& fs_mnt_p
 
     /* Format the partition using the calculated length */
 
+    // EXT4 supports 4K block size on 16K page sizes. A 4K block
+    // size formatted EXT4 partition will mount fine on both 4K and 16K page
+    // size kernels.
+    // However, EXT4 does not support 16K block size on 4K systems.
+    // If we want the same userspace code to work on both 4k/16k kernels,
+    // using a hardcoded 4096 block size is a simple solution. Using
+    // getpagesize() here would work as well, but 4096 is simpler.
     std::string size_str = std::to_string(dev_sz / 4096);
 
     std::vector<const char*> mke2fs_args = {"/system/bin/mke2fs", "-t", "ext4", "-b", "4096"};
@@ -117,7 +126,9 @@ static int format_ext4(const std::string& fs_blkdev, const std::string& fs_mnt_p
 }
 
 static int format_f2fs(const std::string& fs_blkdev, uint64_t dev_sz, bool needs_projid,
-                       bool needs_casefold, bool fs_compress, const std::string& zoned_device) {
+                       bool needs_casefold, bool fs_compress, bool is_zoned,
+                       const std::vector<std::string>& user_devices,
+                       const std::vector<int>& device_aliased) {
     if (!dev_sz) {
         int rc = get_dev_sz(fs_blkdev, &dev_sz);
         if (rc) {
@@ -127,7 +138,8 @@ static int format_f2fs(const std::string& fs_blkdev, uint64_t dev_sz, bool needs
 
     /* Format the partition using the calculated length */
 
-    std::string size_str = std::to_string(dev_sz / 4096);
+    const auto size_str = std::to_string(dev_sz / getpagesize());
+    std::string block_size = std::to_string(getpagesize());
 
     std::vector<const char*> args = {"/system/bin/make_f2fs", "-g", "android"};
     if (needs_projid) {
@@ -146,16 +158,31 @@ static int format_f2fs(const std::string& fs_blkdev, uint64_t dev_sz, bool needs
         args.push_back("-O");
         args.push_back("extra_attr");
     }
-    if (!zoned_device.empty()) {
-        args.push_back("-c");
-        args.push_back(zoned_device.c_str());
+    args.push_back("-w");
+    args.push_back(block_size.c_str());
+    args.push_back("-b");
+    args.push_back(block_size.c_str());
+
+    if (is_zoned) {
         args.push_back("-m");
+    }
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < user_devices.size(); i++) {
+        std::string device_name = user_devices[i];
+
+        args.push_back("-c");
+        if (device_aliased[i]) {
+            std::filesystem::path path = device_name;
+            device_name += "@" + path.filename().string();
+        }
+        args.push_back(device_name.c_str());
+    }
+
+    if (user_devices.empty()) {
         args.push_back(fs_blkdev.c_str());
+        args.push_back(size_str.c_str());
     } else {
         args.push_back(fs_blkdev.c_str());
-        args.push_back(size_str.c_str());
     }
-
     return logwrap_fork_execvp(args.size(), args.data(), nullptr, false, LOG_KLOG, false, nullptr);
 }
 
@@ -171,7 +198,8 @@ int fs_mgr_do_format(const FstabEntry& entry) {
 
     if (entry.fs_type == "f2fs") {
         return format_f2fs(entry.blk_device, entry.length, needs_projid, needs_casefold,
-                           entry.fs_mgr_flags.fs_compress, entry.zoned_device);
+                           entry.fs_mgr_flags.fs_compress, entry.fs_mgr_flags.is_zoned,
+                           entry.user_devices, entry.device_aliased);
     } else if (entry.fs_type == "ext4") {
         return format_ext4(entry.blk_device, entry.mount_point, needs_projid,
                            entry.fs_mgr_flags.ext_meta_csum);
diff --git a/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_overlayfs.cpp b/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_overlayfs_control.cpp
similarity index 52%
rename from fs_mgr/fs_mgr_overlayfs.cpp
rename to fs_mgr/fs_mgr_overlayfs_control.cpp
index ef436e580023..489b32e7e75b 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_overlayfs.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_overlayfs_control.cpp
@@ -18,17 +18,10 @@
 #include <errno.h>
 #include <fcntl.h>
 #include <linux/fs.h>
-#include <selinux/selinux.h>
-#include <stdio.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
-#include <string.h>
-#include <sys/mount.h>
-#include <sys/param.h>
 #include <sys/stat.h>
 #include <sys/statvfs.h>
 #include <sys/types.h>
-#include <sys/utsname.h>
-#include <sys/vfs.h>
 #include <unistd.h>
 
 #include <algorithm>
@@ -38,13 +31,9 @@
 #include <vector>
 
 #include <android-base/file.h>
-#include <android-base/macros.h>
 #include <android-base/properties.h>
 #include <android-base/strings.h>
-#include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
-#include <ext4_utils/ext4_utils.h>
 #include <fs_mgr.h>
-#include <fs_mgr/file_wait.h>
 #include <fs_mgr_dm_linear.h>
 #include <fs_mgr_overlayfs.h>
 #include <fstab/fstab.h>
@@ -55,8 +44,9 @@
 #include <liblp/liblp.h>
 #include <storage_literals/storage_literals.h>
 
+#include "fs_mgr_overlayfs_control.h"
+#include "fs_mgr_overlayfs_mount.h"
 #include "fs_mgr_priv.h"
-#include "fs_mgr_priv_overlayfs.h"
 #include "libfiemap/utility.h"
 
 using namespace std::literals;
@@ -69,198 +59,29 @@ using android::fiemap::IImageManager;
 namespace {
 
 constexpr char kDataScratchSizeMbProp[] = "fs_mgr.overlayfs.data_scratch_size_mb";
-constexpr char kPreferCacheBackingStorageProp[] = "fs_mgr.overlayfs.prefer_cache_backing_storage";
 
-bool fs_mgr_access(const std::string& path) {
-    return access(path.c_str(), F_OK) == 0;
-}
-
-const auto kLowerdirOption = "lowerdir="s;
-const auto kUpperdirOption = "upperdir="s;
-
-bool fs_mgr_in_recovery() {
-    // Check the existence of recovery binary instead of using the compile time
-    // __ANDROID_RECOVERY__ macro.
-    // If BOARD_USES_RECOVERY_AS_BOOT is true, both normal and recovery boot
-    // mode would use the same init binary, which would mean during normal boot
-    // the '/init' binary is actually a symlink pointing to
-    // init_second_stage.recovery, which would be compiled with
-    // __ANDROID_RECOVERY__ defined.
-    return fs_mgr_access("/system/bin/recovery");
-}
-
-bool fs_mgr_is_dsu_running() {
-    // Since android::gsi::CanBootIntoGsi() or android::gsi::MarkSystemAsGsi() is
-    // never called in recovery, the return value of android::gsi::IsGsiRunning()
-    // is not well-defined. In this case, just return false as being in recovery
-    // implies not running a DSU system.
-    if (fs_mgr_in_recovery()) return false;
-    return android::gsi::IsGsiRunning();
-}
-
-// list of acceptable overlayfs backing storage
-const auto kScratchMountPoint = "/mnt/scratch"s;
-const auto kCacheMountPoint = "/cache"s;
-
-bool IsABDevice() {
-    return !android::base::GetProperty("ro.boot.slot_suffix", "").empty();
-}
-
-std::vector<const std::string> OverlayMountPoints() {
-    // Never fallback to legacy cache mount point if within a DSU system,
-    // because running a DSU system implies the device supports dynamic
-    // partitions, which means legacy cache mustn't be used.
-    if (fs_mgr_is_dsu_running()) {
-        return {kScratchMountPoint};
-    }
-
-    // For non-A/B devices prefer cache backing storage if
-    // kPreferCacheBackingStorageProp property set.
-    if (!IsABDevice() && android::base::GetBoolProperty(kPreferCacheBackingStorageProp, false) &&
-        android::base::GetIntProperty("ro.vendor.api_level", -1) < __ANDROID_API_T__) {
-        return {kCacheMountPoint, kScratchMountPoint};
-    }
+constexpr char kPhysicalDevice[] = "/dev/block/by-name/";
+constexpr char kScratchImageMetadata[] = "/metadata/gsi/remount/lp_metadata";
 
-    return {kScratchMountPoint, kCacheMountPoint};
-}
+constexpr char kMkF2fs[] = "/system/bin/make_f2fs";
+constexpr char kMkExt4[] = "/system/bin/mke2fs";
 
 // Return true if everything is mounted, but before adb is started.  Right
 // after 'trigger load_persist_props_action' is done.
-bool fs_mgr_boot_completed() {
+static bool fs_mgr_boot_completed() {
     return android::base::GetBoolProperty("ro.persistent_properties.ready", false);
 }
 
-bool fs_mgr_is_dir(const std::string& path) {
-    struct stat st;
-    return !stat(path.c_str(), &st) && S_ISDIR(st.st_mode);
-}
-
-bool fs_mgr_rw_access(const std::string& path) {
-    if (path.empty()) return false;
-    return access(path.c_str(), R_OK | W_OK) == 0;
-}
-
-// At less than 1% or 8MB of free space return value of false,
-// means we will try to wrap with overlayfs.
-bool fs_mgr_filesystem_has_space(const std::string& mount_point) {
-    // If we have access issues to find out space remaining, return true
-    // to prevent us trying to override with overlayfs.
-    struct statvfs vst;
-    if (statvfs(mount_point.c_str(), &vst)) {
-        PLOG(ERROR) << "statvfs " << mount_point;
-        return true;
-    }
-
-    static constexpr int kPercentThreshold = 1;                       // 1%
-    static constexpr unsigned long kSizeThreshold = 8 * 1024 * 1024;  // 8MB
-
-    return (vst.f_bfree >= (vst.f_blocks * kPercentThreshold / 100)) &&
-           (static_cast<uint64_t>(vst.f_bfree) * vst.f_frsize) >= kSizeThreshold;
-}
-
-const auto kPhysicalDevice = "/dev/block/by-name/"s;
-constexpr char kScratchImageMetadata[] = "/metadata/gsi/remount/lp_metadata";
-
 // Note: this is meant only for recovery/first-stage init.
-bool ScratchIsOnData() {
+static bool ScratchIsOnData() {
     // The scratch partition of DSU is managed by gsid.
     if (fs_mgr_is_dsu_running()) {
         return false;
     }
-    return fs_mgr_access(kScratchImageMetadata);
-}
-
-bool fs_mgr_update_blk_device(FstabEntry* entry) {
-    if (entry->fs_mgr_flags.logical) {
-        fs_mgr_update_logical_partition(entry);
-    }
-    if (fs_mgr_access(entry->blk_device)) {
-        return true;
-    }
-    if (entry->blk_device != "/dev/root") {
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    // special case for system-as-root (taimen and others)
-    auto blk_device = kPhysicalDevice + "system";
-    if (!fs_mgr_access(blk_device)) {
-        blk_device += fs_mgr_get_slot_suffix();
-        if (!fs_mgr_access(blk_device)) {
-            return false;
-        }
-    }
-    entry->blk_device = blk_device;
-    return true;
-}
-
-bool fs_mgr_has_shared_blocks(const std::string& mount_point, const std::string& dev) {
-    struct statfs fs;
-    if ((statfs((mount_point + "/lost+found").c_str(), &fs) == -1) ||
-        (fs.f_type != EXT4_SUPER_MAGIC)) {
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    android::base::unique_fd fd(open(dev.c_str(), O_RDONLY | O_CLOEXEC));
-    if (fd < 0) return false;
-
-    struct ext4_super_block sb;
-    if ((TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(lseek64(fd, 1024, SEEK_SET)) < 0) ||
-        (TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(read(fd, &sb, sizeof(sb))) < 0)) {
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    struct fs_info info;
-    if (ext4_parse_sb(&sb, &info) < 0) return false;
-
-    return (info.feat_ro_compat & EXT4_FEATURE_RO_COMPAT_SHARED_BLOCKS) != 0;
-}
-
-#define F2FS_SUPER_OFFSET 1024
-#define F2FS_FEATURE_OFFSET 2180
-#define F2FS_FEATURE_RO 0x4000
-bool fs_mgr_is_read_only_f2fs(const std::string& dev) {
-    if (!fs_mgr_is_f2fs(dev)) return false;
-
-    android::base::unique_fd fd(open(dev.c_str(), O_RDONLY | O_CLOEXEC));
-    if (fd < 0) return false;
-
-    __le32 feat;
-    if ((TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(lseek64(fd, F2FS_SUPER_OFFSET + F2FS_FEATURE_OFFSET, SEEK_SET)) < 0) ||
-        (TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(read(fd, &feat, sizeof(feat))) < 0)) {
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    return (feat & cpu_to_le32(F2FS_FEATURE_RO)) != 0;
-}
-
-bool fs_mgr_overlayfs_enabled(FstabEntry* entry) {
-    // readonly filesystem, can not be mount -o remount,rw
-    // for squashfs, erofs or if free space is (near) zero making such a remount
-    // virtually useless, or if there are shared blocks that prevent remount,rw
-    if (!fs_mgr_filesystem_has_space(entry->mount_point)) {
-        return true;
-    }
-
-    // blk_device needs to be setup so we can check superblock.
-    // If we fail here, because during init first stage and have doubts.
-    if (!fs_mgr_update_blk_device(entry)) {
-        return true;
-    }
-
-    // f2fs read-only mode doesn't support remount,rw
-    if (fs_mgr_is_read_only_f2fs(entry->blk_device)) {
-        return true;
-    }
-
-    // check if ext4 de-dupe
-    auto has_shared_blocks = fs_mgr_has_shared_blocks(entry->mount_point, entry->blk_device);
-    if (!has_shared_blocks && (entry->mount_point == "/system")) {
-        has_shared_blocks = fs_mgr_has_shared_blocks("/", entry->blk_device);
-    }
-    return has_shared_blocks;
+    return access(kScratchImageMetadata, F_OK) == 0;
 }
 
-bool fs_mgr_rm_all(const std::string& path, bool* change = nullptr, int level = 0) {
+static bool fs_mgr_rm_all(const std::string& path, bool* change = nullptr, int level = 0) {
     std::unique_ptr<DIR, decltype(&closedir)> dir(opendir(path.c_str()), closedir);
     if (!dir) {
         if (errno == ENOENT) {
@@ -301,98 +122,8 @@ bool fs_mgr_rm_all(const std::string& path, bool* change = nullptr, int level =
     return ret;
 }
 
-const auto kUpperName = "upper"s;
-const auto kWorkName = "work"s;
-const auto kOverlayTopDir = "/overlay"s;
-
-std::string fs_mgr_get_overlayfs_candidate(const std::string& mount_point) {
-    if (!fs_mgr_is_dir(mount_point)) return "";
-    const auto base = android::base::Basename(mount_point) + "/";
-    for (const auto& overlay_mount_point : OverlayMountPoints()) {
-        auto dir = overlay_mount_point + kOverlayTopDir + "/" + base;
-        auto upper = dir + kUpperName;
-        if (!fs_mgr_is_dir(upper)) continue;
-        auto work = dir + kWorkName;
-        if (!fs_mgr_is_dir(work)) continue;
-        if (!fs_mgr_rw_access(work)) continue;
-        return dir;
-    }
-    return "";
-}
-
-static inline bool KernelSupportsUserXattrs() {
-    struct utsname uts;
-    uname(&uts);
-
-    int major, minor;
-    if (sscanf(uts.release, "%d.%d", &major, &minor) != 2) {
-        return false;
-    }
-    return major > 5 || (major == 5 && minor >= 15);
-}
-
-const std::string fs_mgr_mount_point(const std::string& mount_point) {
-    if ("/"s != mount_point) return mount_point;
-    return "/system";
-}
-
-// default options for mount_point, returns empty string for none available.
-std::string fs_mgr_get_overlayfs_options(const FstabEntry& entry) {
-    const auto mount_point = fs_mgr_mount_point(entry.mount_point);
-    auto candidate = fs_mgr_get_overlayfs_candidate(mount_point);
-    if (candidate.empty()) return "";
-    auto ret = kLowerdirOption + mount_point + "," + kUpperdirOption + candidate + kUpperName +
-               ",workdir=" + candidate + kWorkName;
-    if (fs_mgr_overlayfs_valid() == OverlayfsValidResult::kOverrideCredsRequired) {
-        ret += ",override_creds=off";
-    }
-    if (KernelSupportsUserXattrs()) {
-        ret += ",userxattr";
-    }
-    for (const auto& flag : android::base::Split(entry.fs_options, ",")) {
-        if (android::base::StartsWith(flag, "context=")) {
-            ret += "," + flag;
-        }
-    }
-    return ret;
-}
-
-constexpr char kOverlayfsFileContext[] = "u:object_r:overlayfs_file:s0";
-
-class AutoSetFsCreateCon final {
-  public:
-    AutoSetFsCreateCon() {}
-    AutoSetFsCreateCon(const std::string& context) { Set(context); }
-    ~AutoSetFsCreateCon() { Restore(); }
-
-    bool Ok() const { return ok_; }
-    bool Set(const std::string& context) {
-        if (setfscreatecon(context.c_str())) {
-            PLOG(ERROR) << "setfscreatecon " << context;
-            return false;
-        }
-        ok_ = true;
-        return true;
-    }
-    bool Restore() {
-        if (restored_ || !ok_) {
-            return true;
-        }
-        if (setfscreatecon(nullptr)) {
-            PLOG(ERROR) << "setfscreatecon null";
-            return false;
-        }
-        restored_ = true;
-        return true;
-    }
-
-  private:
-    bool ok_ = false;
-    bool restored_ = false;
-};
-
 std::string fs_mgr_overlayfs_setup_dir(const std::string& dir) {
-    auto top = dir + kOverlayTopDir;
+    auto top = dir + "/" + kOverlayTopDir;
 
     AutoSetFsCreateCon createcon(kOverlayfsFileContext);
     if (!createcon.Ok()) {
@@ -413,7 +144,8 @@ bool fs_mgr_overlayfs_setup_one(const std::string& overlay, const std::string& m
     if (fs_mgr_overlayfs_already_mounted(mount_point)) {
         return true;
     }
-    auto fsrec_mount_point = overlay + "/" + android::base::Basename(mount_point) + "/";
+    const auto base = GetEncodedBaseDirForMountPoint(mount_point);
+    auto fsrec_mount_point = overlay + "/" + base + "/";
 
     AutoSetFsCreateCon createcon(kOverlayfsFileContext);
     if (!createcon.Ok()) {
@@ -452,15 +184,11 @@ bool fs_mgr_overlayfs_setup_one(const std::string& overlay, const std::string& m
     return true;
 }
 
-uint32_t fs_mgr_overlayfs_slot_number() {
+static uint32_t fs_mgr_overlayfs_slot_number() {
     return SlotNumberForSlotSuffix(fs_mgr_get_slot_suffix());
 }
 
-std::string fs_mgr_overlayfs_super_device(uint32_t slot_number) {
-    return kPhysicalDevice + fs_mgr_get_super_partition_name(slot_number);
-}
-
-bool fs_mgr_overlayfs_has_logical(const Fstab& fstab) {
+static bool fs_mgr_overlayfs_has_logical(const Fstab& fstab) {
     for (const auto& entry : fstab) {
         if (entry.fs_mgr_flags.logical) {
             return true;
@@ -469,18 +197,6 @@ bool fs_mgr_overlayfs_has_logical(const Fstab& fstab) {
     return false;
 }
 
-// Returns true if immediate unmount succeeded and the scratch mount point was
-// removed.
-bool fs_mgr_overlayfs_umount_scratch() {
-    if (umount(kScratchMountPoint.c_str()) != 0) {
-        return false;
-    }
-    if (rmdir(kScratchMountPoint.c_str()) != 0 && errno != ENOENT) {
-        PLOG(ERROR) << "rmdir " << kScratchMountPoint;
-    }
-    return true;
-}
-
 OverlayfsTeardownResult TeardownDataScratch(IImageManager* images,
                                             const std::string& partition_name, bool was_mounted) {
     if (!images) {
@@ -503,6 +219,35 @@ OverlayfsTeardownResult TeardownDataScratch(IImageManager* images,
     return OverlayfsTeardownResult::Ok;
 }
 
+bool GetOverlaysActiveFlag() {
+    auto slot_number = fs_mgr_overlayfs_slot_number();
+    const auto super_device = kPhysicalDevice + fs_mgr_get_super_partition_name();
+
+    auto metadata = ReadMetadata(super_device, slot_number);
+    if (!metadata) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    return !!(metadata->header.flags & LP_HEADER_FLAG_OVERLAYS_ACTIVE);
+}
+
+bool SetOverlaysActiveFlag(bool flag) {
+    // Mark overlays as active in the partition table, to detect re-flash.
+    auto slot_number = fs_mgr_overlayfs_slot_number();
+    const auto super_device = kPhysicalDevice + fs_mgr_get_super_partition_name();
+    auto builder = MetadataBuilder::New(super_device, slot_number);
+    if (!builder) {
+        LERROR << "open " << super_device << " metadata";
+        return false;
+    }
+    builder->SetOverlaysActiveFlag(flag);
+    auto metadata = builder->Export();
+    if (!metadata || !UpdatePartitionTable(super_device, *metadata.get(), slot_number)) {
+        LERROR << "update super metadata";
+        return false;
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
 OverlayfsTeardownResult fs_mgr_overlayfs_teardown_scratch(const std::string& overlay,
                                                           bool* change) {
     // umount and delete kScratchMountPoint storage if we have logical partitions
@@ -516,6 +261,10 @@ OverlayfsTeardownResult fs_mgr_overlayfs_teardown_scratch(const std::string& ove
         return OverlayfsTeardownResult::Error;
     }
 
+    // Note: we don't care if SetOverlaysActiveFlag fails, since
+    // the overlays are removed no matter what.
+    SetOverlaysActiveFlag(false);
+
     bool was_mounted = fs_mgr_overlayfs_already_mounted(kScratchMountPoint, false);
     if (was_mounted) {
         fs_mgr_overlayfs_umount_scratch();
@@ -531,8 +280,8 @@ OverlayfsTeardownResult fs_mgr_overlayfs_teardown_scratch(const std::string& ove
     }
 
     auto slot_number = fs_mgr_overlayfs_slot_number();
-    auto super_device = fs_mgr_overlayfs_super_device(slot_number);
-    if (!fs_mgr_rw_access(super_device)) {
+    const auto super_device = kPhysicalDevice + fs_mgr_get_super_partition_name();
+    if (access(super_device.c_str(), R_OK | W_OK)) {
         return OverlayfsTeardownResult::Ok;
     }
 
@@ -563,18 +312,18 @@ OverlayfsTeardownResult fs_mgr_overlayfs_teardown_scratch(const std::string& ove
 
 bool fs_mgr_overlayfs_teardown_one(const std::string& overlay, const std::string& mount_point,
                                    bool* change, bool* should_destroy_scratch = nullptr) {
-    const auto top = overlay + kOverlayTopDir;
+    const auto top = overlay + "/" + kOverlayTopDir;
 
-    if (!fs_mgr_access(top)) {
+    if (access(top.c_str(), F_OK)) {
         if (should_destroy_scratch) *should_destroy_scratch = true;
         return true;
     }
 
     auto cleanup_all = mount_point.empty();
-    const auto partition_name = android::base::Basename(mount_point);
-    const auto oldpath = top + (cleanup_all ? "" : ("/" + partition_name));
-    const auto newpath = cleanup_all ? overlay + "/." + kOverlayTopDir.substr(1) + ".teardown"
-                                     : top + "/." + partition_name + ".teardown";
+    const auto base = GetEncodedBaseDirForMountPoint(mount_point);
+    const auto oldpath = top + (cleanup_all ? "" : ("/" + base));
+    const auto newpath = cleanup_all ? overlay + "/." + kOverlayTopDir + ".teardown"
+                                     : top + "/." + base + ".teardown";
     auto ret = fs_mgr_rm_all(newpath);
     if (!rename(oldpath.c_str(), newpath.c_str())) {
         if (change) *change = true;
@@ -619,280 +368,6 @@ bool fs_mgr_overlayfs_teardown_one(const std::string& overlay, const std::string
     return ret;
 }
 
-bool fs_mgr_overlayfs_set_shared_mount(const std::string& mount_point, bool shared_flag) {
-    auto ret = mount(nullptr, mount_point.c_str(), nullptr, shared_flag ? MS_SHARED : MS_PRIVATE,
-                     nullptr);
-    if (ret) {
-        PERROR << "__mount(target=" << mount_point
-               << ",flag=" << (shared_flag ? "MS_SHARED" : "MS_PRIVATE") << ")=" << ret;
-        // If "/system" doesn't look like a mountpoint, retry with "/".
-        if (errno == EINVAL && mount_point == "/system") {
-            return fs_mgr_overlayfs_set_shared_mount("/", shared_flag);
-        }
-        return false;
-    }
-    return true;
-}
-
-bool fs_mgr_overlayfs_move_mount(const std::string& source, const std::string& target) {
-    auto ret = mount(source.c_str(), target.c_str(), nullptr, MS_MOVE, nullptr);
-    if (ret) {
-        PERROR << "__mount(source=" << source << ",target=" << target << ",flag=MS_MOVE)=" << ret;
-        return false;
-    }
-    return true;
-}
-
-struct mount_info {
-    std::string mount_point;
-    bool shared_flag;
-};
-
-std::vector<mount_info> ReadMountinfoFromFile(const std::string& path) {
-    std::vector<mount_info> info;
-
-    auto file = std::unique_ptr<FILE, decltype(&fclose)>{fopen(path.c_str(), "re"), fclose};
-    if (!file) {
-        PERROR << __FUNCTION__ << "(): cannot open file: '" << path << "'";
-        return info;
-    }
-
-    ssize_t len;
-    size_t alloc_len = 0;
-    char* line = nullptr;
-    while ((len = getline(&line, &alloc_len, file.get())) != -1) {
-        /* if the last character is a newline, shorten the string by 1 byte */
-        if (line[len - 1] == '\n') {
-            line[len - 1] = '\0';
-        }
-
-        static constexpr char delim[] = " \t";
-        char* save_ptr;
-        if (!strtok_r(line, delim, &save_ptr)) {
-            LERROR << "Error parsing mount ID";
-            break;
-        }
-        if (!strtok_r(nullptr, delim, &save_ptr)) {
-            LERROR << "Error parsing parent ID";
-            break;
-        }
-        if (!strtok_r(nullptr, delim, &save_ptr)) {
-            LERROR << "Error parsing mount source";
-            break;
-        }
-        if (!strtok_r(nullptr, delim, &save_ptr)) {
-            LERROR << "Error parsing root";
-            break;
-        }
-
-        char* p;
-        if (!(p = strtok_r(nullptr, delim, &save_ptr))) {
-            LERROR << "Error parsing mount_point";
-            break;
-        }
-        mount_info entry = {p, false};
-
-        if (!strtok_r(nullptr, delim, &save_ptr)) {
-            LERROR << "Error parsing mount_flags";
-            break;
-        }
-
-        while ((p = strtok_r(nullptr, delim, &save_ptr))) {
-            if ((p[0] == '-') && (p[1] == '\0')) break;
-            if (android::base::StartsWith(p, "shared:")) entry.shared_flag = true;
-        }
-        if (!p) {
-            LERROR << "Error parsing fields";
-            break;
-        }
-        info.emplace_back(std::move(entry));
-    }
-
-    free(line);
-    if (info.empty()) {
-        LERROR << __FUNCTION__ << "(): failed to load mountinfo from : '" << path << "'";
-    }
-    return info;
-}
-
-bool fs_mgr_overlayfs_mount(const FstabEntry& entry) {
-    const auto mount_point = fs_mgr_mount_point(entry.mount_point);
-    const auto options = fs_mgr_get_overlayfs_options(entry);
-    if (options.empty()) return false;
-
-    auto retval = true;
-
-    struct move_entry {
-        std::string mount_point;
-        std::string dir;
-        bool shared_flag;
-    };
-    std::vector<move_entry> move;
-    auto parent_private = false;
-    auto parent_made_private = false;
-    auto dev_private = false;
-    auto dev_made_private = false;
-    for (auto& entry : ReadMountinfoFromFile("/proc/self/mountinfo")) {
-        if ((entry.mount_point == mount_point) && !entry.shared_flag) {
-            parent_private = true;
-        }
-        if ((entry.mount_point == "/dev") && !entry.shared_flag) {
-            dev_private = true;
-        }
-
-        if (!android::base::StartsWith(entry.mount_point, mount_point + "/")) {
-            continue;
-        }
-        if (std::find_if(move.begin(), move.end(), [&entry](const auto& it) {
-                return android::base::StartsWith(entry.mount_point, it.mount_point + "/");
-            }) != move.end()) {
-            continue;
-        }
-
-        // use as the bound directory in /dev.
-        AutoSetFsCreateCon createcon;
-        auto new_context = fs_mgr_get_context(entry.mount_point);
-        if (new_context.empty() || !createcon.Set(new_context)) {
-            continue;
-        }
-        move_entry new_entry = {std::move(entry.mount_point), "/dev/TemporaryDir-XXXXXX",
-                                entry.shared_flag};
-        const auto target = mkdtemp(new_entry.dir.data());
-        if (!createcon.Restore()) {
-            return false;
-        }
-        if (!target) {
-            retval = false;
-            PERROR << "temporary directory for MS_BIND";
-            continue;
-        }
-
-        if (!parent_private && !parent_made_private) {
-            parent_made_private = fs_mgr_overlayfs_set_shared_mount(mount_point, false);
-        }
-        if (new_entry.shared_flag) {
-            new_entry.shared_flag = fs_mgr_overlayfs_set_shared_mount(new_entry.mount_point, false);
-        }
-        if (!fs_mgr_overlayfs_move_mount(new_entry.mount_point, new_entry.dir)) {
-            retval = false;
-            if (new_entry.shared_flag) {
-                fs_mgr_overlayfs_set_shared_mount(new_entry.mount_point, true);
-            }
-            continue;
-        }
-        move.emplace_back(std::move(new_entry));
-    }
-
-    // hijack __mount() report format to help triage
-    auto report = "__mount(source=overlay,target="s + mount_point + ",type=overlay";
-    const auto opt_list = android::base::Split(options, ",");
-    for (const auto& opt : opt_list) {
-        if (android::base::StartsWith(opt, kUpperdirOption)) {
-            report = report + "," + opt;
-            break;
-        }
-    }
-    report = report + ")=";
-
-    auto ret = mount("overlay", mount_point.c_str(), "overlay", MS_RDONLY | MS_NOATIME,
-                     options.c_str());
-    if (ret) {
-        retval = false;
-        PERROR << report << ret;
-    } else {
-        LINFO << report << ret;
-    }
-
-    // Move submounts back.
-    for (const auto& entry : move) {
-        if (!dev_private && !dev_made_private) {
-            dev_made_private = fs_mgr_overlayfs_set_shared_mount("/dev", false);
-        }
-
-        if (!fs_mgr_overlayfs_move_mount(entry.dir, entry.mount_point)) {
-            retval = false;
-        } else if (entry.shared_flag &&
-                   !fs_mgr_overlayfs_set_shared_mount(entry.mount_point, true)) {
-            retval = false;
-        }
-        rmdir(entry.dir.c_str());
-    }
-    if (dev_made_private) {
-        fs_mgr_overlayfs_set_shared_mount("/dev", true);
-    }
-    if (parent_made_private) {
-        fs_mgr_overlayfs_set_shared_mount(mount_point, true);
-    }
-
-    return retval;
-}
-
-// Mount kScratchMountPoint
-bool MountScratch(const std::string& device_path, bool readonly = false) {
-    if (readonly) {
-        if (!fs_mgr_access(device_path)) {
-            LOG(ERROR) << "Path does not exist: " << device_path;
-            return false;
-        }
-    } else if (!fs_mgr_rw_access(device_path)) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "Path does not exist or is not readwrite: " << device_path;
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    std::vector<const char*> filesystem_candidates;
-    if (fs_mgr_is_f2fs(device_path)) {
-        filesystem_candidates = {"f2fs", "ext4"};
-    } else if (fs_mgr_is_ext4(device_path)) {
-        filesystem_candidates = {"ext4", "f2fs"};
-    } else {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "Scratch partition is not f2fs or ext4";
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    AutoSetFsCreateCon createcon(kOverlayfsFileContext);
-    if (!createcon.Ok()) {
-        return false;
-    }
-    if (mkdir(kScratchMountPoint.c_str(), 0755) && (errno != EEXIST)) {
-        PERROR << "create " << kScratchMountPoint;
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    FstabEntry entry;
-    entry.blk_device = device_path;
-    entry.mount_point = kScratchMountPoint;
-    entry.flags = MS_NOATIME | MS_RDONLY;
-    if (!readonly) {
-        entry.flags &= ~MS_RDONLY;
-        entry.flags |= MS_SYNCHRONOUS;
-        entry.fs_options = "nodiscard";
-        fs_mgr_set_blk_ro(device_path, false);
-    }
-    // check_fs requires apex runtime library
-    if (fs_mgr_overlayfs_already_mounted("/data", false)) {
-        entry.fs_mgr_flags.check = true;
-    }
-    bool mounted = false;
-    for (auto fs_type : filesystem_candidates) {
-        entry.fs_type = fs_type;
-        if (fs_mgr_do_mount_one(entry) == 0) {
-            mounted = true;
-            break;
-        }
-    }
-    if (!createcon.Restore()) {
-        return false;
-    }
-    if (!mounted) {
-        rmdir(kScratchMountPoint.c_str());
-        return false;
-    }
-    return true;
-}
-
-const std::string kMkF2fs("/system/bin/make_f2fs");
-const std::string kMkExt4("/system/bin/mke2fs");
-
 // Note: The scratch partition of DSU is managed by gsid, and should be initialized during
 // first-stage-mount. Just check if the DM device for DSU scratch partition is created or not.
 static std::string GetDsuScratchDevice() {
@@ -905,44 +380,19 @@ static std::string GetDsuScratchDevice() {
     return "";
 }
 
-// This returns the scratch device that was detected during early boot (first-
-// stage init). If the device was created later, for example during setup for
-// the adb remount command, it can return an empty string since it does not
-// query ImageManager. (Note that ImageManager in first-stage init will always
-// use device-mapper, since /data is not available to use loop devices.)
-static std::string GetBootScratchDevice() {
-    // Note: fs_mgr_is_dsu_running() always returns false in recovery or fastbootd.
-    if (fs_mgr_is_dsu_running()) {
-        return GetDsuScratchDevice();
-    }
-
-    auto& dm = DeviceMapper::Instance();
-
-    // If there is a scratch partition allocated in /data or on super, we
-    // automatically prioritize that over super_other or system_other.
-    // Some devices, for example, have a write-protected eMMC and the
-    // super partition cannot be used even if it exists.
-    std::string device;
-    auto partition_name = android::base::Basename(kScratchMountPoint);
-    if (dm.GetState(partition_name) != DmDeviceState::INVALID &&
-        dm.GetDmDevicePathByName(partition_name, &device)) {
-        return device;
-    }
-
-    return "";
-}
-
 bool MakeScratchFilesystem(const std::string& scratch_device) {
     // Force mkfs by design for overlay support of adb remount, simplify and
     // thus do not rely on fsck to correct problems that could creep in.
     auto fs_type = ""s;
     auto command = ""s;
-    if (!access(kMkF2fs.c_str(), X_OK) && fs_mgr_filesystem_available("f2fs")) {
+    if (!access(kMkF2fs, X_OK) && fs_mgr_filesystem_available("f2fs")) {
         fs_type = "f2fs";
-        command = kMkF2fs + " -w 4096 -f -d1 -l" + android::base::Basename(kScratchMountPoint);
-    } else if (!access(kMkExt4.c_str(), X_OK) && fs_mgr_filesystem_available("ext4")) {
+        command = kMkF2fs + " -b "s;
+        command += std::to_string(fs_mgr_f2fs_ideal_block_size());
+        command += " -f -d1 -l" + android::base::Basename(kScratchMountPoint);
+    } else if (!access(kMkExt4, X_OK) && fs_mgr_filesystem_available("ext4")) {
         fs_type = "ext4";
-        command = kMkExt4 + " -F -b 4096 -t ext4 -m 0 -O has_journal -M " + kScratchMountPoint;
+        command = kMkExt4 + " -F -b 4096 -t ext4 -m 0 -O has_journal -M "s + kScratchMountPoint;
     } else {
         LERROR << "No supported mkfs command or filesystem driver available, supported filesystems "
                   "are: f2fs, ext4";
@@ -985,7 +435,7 @@ static bool CreateDynamicScratch(std::string* scratch_device, bool* partition_ex
 
     auto partition_create = !*partition_exists;
     auto slot_number = fs_mgr_overlayfs_slot_number();
-    auto super_device = fs_mgr_overlayfs_super_device(slot_number);
+    const auto super_device = kPhysicalDevice + fs_mgr_get_super_partition_name();
     auto builder = MetadataBuilder::New(super_device, slot_number);
     if (!builder) {
         LERROR << "open " << super_device << " metadata";
@@ -1008,21 +458,7 @@ static bool CreateDynamicScratch(std::string* scratch_device, bool* partition_ex
         auto partition_size =
                 builder->AllocatableSpace() - builder->UsedSpace() + partition->size();
         if ((partition_size > kMinimumSize) || !partition->size()) {
-            // Leave some space for free space jitter of a few erase
-            // blocks, in case they are needed for any individual updates
-            // to any other partition that needs to be flashed while
-            // overlayfs is in force.  Of course if margin_size is not
-            // enough could normally get a flash failure, so
-            // ResizePartition() will delete the scratch partition in
-            // order to fulfill.  Deleting scratch will destroy all of
-            // the adb remount overrides :-( .
-            auto margin_size = uint64_t(3 * 256 * 1024);
-            BlockDeviceInfo info;
-            if (builder->GetBlockDeviceInfo(fs_mgr_get_super_partition_name(slot_number), &info)) {
-                margin_size = 3 * info.logical_block_size;
-            }
-            partition_size = std::max(std::min(kMinimumSize, partition_size - margin_size),
-                                      partition_size / 2);
+            partition_size = std::max(std::min(kMinimumSize, partition_size), partition_size / 2);
             if (partition_size > partition->size()) {
                 if (!builder->ResizePartition(partition, partition_size)) {
                     // Try to free up space by deallocating partitions in the other slot.
@@ -1030,8 +466,8 @@ static bool CreateDynamicScratch(std::string* scratch_device, bool* partition_ex
 
                     partition_size =
                             builder->AllocatableSpace() - builder->UsedSpace() + partition->size();
-                    partition_size = std::max(std::min(kMinimumSize, partition_size - margin_size),
-                                              partition_size / 2);
+                    partition_size =
+                            std::max(std::min(kMinimumSize, partition_size), partition_size / 2);
                     if (!builder->ResizePartition(partition, partition_size)) {
                         LERROR << "resize " << partition_name;
                         return false;
@@ -1043,6 +479,7 @@ static bool CreateDynamicScratch(std::string* scratch_device, bool* partition_ex
             }
         }
     }
+
     // land the update back on to the partition
     if (changed) {
         auto metadata = builder->Export();
@@ -1083,7 +520,7 @@ static inline uint64_t GetIdealDataScratchSize() {
         return 0;
     }
 
-    auto ideal_size = std::min(super_info.size, uint64_t(s.f_frsize * s.f_bfree * 0.85));
+    auto ideal_size = std::min(super_info.size, uint64_t(uint64_t(s.f_frsize) * s.f_bfree * 0.85));
 
     // Align up to the filesystem block size.
     if (auto remainder = ideal_size % s.f_bsize; remainder > 0) {
@@ -1139,8 +576,8 @@ static bool CreateScratchOnData(std::string* scratch_device, bool* partition_exi
 
 static bool CanUseSuperPartition(const Fstab& fstab) {
     auto slot_number = fs_mgr_overlayfs_slot_number();
-    auto super_device = fs_mgr_overlayfs_super_device(slot_number);
-    if (!fs_mgr_rw_access(super_device) || !fs_mgr_overlayfs_has_logical(fstab)) {
+    const auto super_device = kPhysicalDevice + fs_mgr_get_super_partition_name();
+    if (access(super_device.c_str(), R_OK | W_OK) || !fs_mgr_overlayfs_has_logical(fstab)) {
         return false;
     }
     auto metadata = ReadMetadata(super_device, slot_number);
@@ -1187,11 +624,17 @@ bool fs_mgr_overlayfs_setup_scratch(const Fstab& fstab) {
         return false;
     }
 
+    if (!SetOverlaysActiveFlag(true)) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to update dynamic partition data";
+        fs_mgr_overlayfs_teardown_scratch(kScratchMountPoint, nullptr);
+        return false;
+    }
+
     // If the partition exists, assume first that it can be mounted.
     if (partition_exists) {
         if (MountScratch(scratch_device)) {
-            if (fs_mgr_access(kScratchMountPoint + kOverlayTopDir) ||
-                fs_mgr_filesystem_has_space(kScratchMountPoint)) {
+            const auto top = kScratchMountPoint + "/"s + kOverlayTopDir;
+            if (access(top.c_str(), F_OK) == 0 || fs_mgr_filesystem_has_space(kScratchMountPoint)) {
                 return true;
             }
             // declare it useless, no overrides and no free space
@@ -1210,38 +653,6 @@ bool fs_mgr_overlayfs_setup_scratch(const Fstab& fstab) {
     return MountScratch(scratch_device);
 }
 
-#if ALLOW_ADBD_DISABLE_VERITY
-constexpr bool kAllowOverlayfs = true;
-#else
-constexpr bool kAllowOverlayfs = false;
-#endif
-
-// NOTE: OverlayfsSetupAllowed() must be "stricter" than OverlayfsTeardownAllowed().
-// Setup is allowed only if teardown is also allowed.
-bool OverlayfsSetupAllowed(bool verbose = false) {
-    if (!kAllowOverlayfs) {
-        if (verbose) {
-            LOG(ERROR) << "Overlayfs remounts can only be used in debuggable builds";
-        }
-        return false;
-    }
-    // Check mandatory kernel patches.
-    if (fs_mgr_overlayfs_valid() == OverlayfsValidResult::kNotSupported) {
-        if (verbose) {
-            LOG(ERROR) << "Kernel does not support overlayfs";
-        }
-        return false;
-    }
-    // in recovery or fastbootd, not allowed!
-    if (fs_mgr_in_recovery()) {
-        if (verbose) {
-            LOG(ERROR) << "Unsupported overlayfs setup from recovery";
-        }
-        return false;
-    }
-    return true;
-}
-
 constexpr bool OverlayfsTeardownAllowed() {
     // Never allow on non-debuggable build.
     return kAllowOverlayfs;
@@ -1249,114 +660,6 @@ constexpr bool OverlayfsTeardownAllowed() {
 
 }  // namespace
 
-bool fs_mgr_wants_overlayfs(FstabEntry* entry) {
-    // Don't check entries that are managed by vold.
-    if (entry->fs_mgr_flags.vold_managed || entry->fs_mgr_flags.recovery_only) return false;
-
-    // *_other doesn't want overlayfs.
-    if (entry->fs_mgr_flags.slot_select_other) return false;
-
-    // Only concerned with readonly partitions.
-    if (!(entry->flags & MS_RDONLY)) return false;
-
-    // If unbindable, do not allow overlayfs as this could expose us to
-    // security issues.  On Android, this could also be used to turn off
-    // the ability to overlay an otherwise acceptable filesystem since
-    // /system and /vendor are never bound(sic) to.
-    if (entry->flags & MS_UNBINDABLE) return false;
-
-    if (!fs_mgr_overlayfs_enabled(entry)) return false;
-
-    return true;
-}
-
-Fstab fs_mgr_overlayfs_candidate_list(const Fstab& fstab) {
-    android::fs_mgr::Fstab mounts;
-    if (!android::fs_mgr::ReadFstabFromFile("/proc/mounts", &mounts)) {
-        PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to read /proc/mounts";
-        return {};
-    }
-
-    Fstab candidates;
-    for (const auto& entry : fstab) {
-        // Filter out partitions whose type doesn't match what's mounted.
-        // This avoids spammy behavior on devices which can mount different
-        // filesystems for each partition.
-        auto proc_mount_point = (entry.mount_point == "/system") ? "/" : entry.mount_point;
-        auto mounted = GetEntryForMountPoint(&mounts, proc_mount_point);
-        if (!mounted || mounted->fs_type != entry.fs_type) {
-            continue;
-        }
-
-        FstabEntry new_entry = entry;
-        if (!fs_mgr_overlayfs_already_mounted(entry.mount_point) &&
-            !fs_mgr_wants_overlayfs(&new_entry)) {
-            continue;
-        }
-        auto new_mount_point = fs_mgr_mount_point(entry.mount_point);
-        auto duplicate_or_more_specific = false;
-        for (auto it = candidates.begin(); it != candidates.end();) {
-            auto it_mount_point = fs_mgr_mount_point(it->mount_point);
-            if ((it_mount_point == new_mount_point) ||
-                (android::base::StartsWith(new_mount_point, it_mount_point + "/"))) {
-                duplicate_or_more_specific = true;
-                break;
-            }
-            if (android::base::StartsWith(it_mount_point, new_mount_point + "/")) {
-                it = candidates.erase(it);
-            } else {
-                ++it;
-            }
-        }
-        if (!duplicate_or_more_specific) candidates.emplace_back(std::move(new_entry));
-    }
-    return candidates;
-}
-
-static void TryMountScratch() {
-    // Note we get the boot scratch device here, which means if scratch was
-    // just created through ImageManager, this could fail. In practice this
-    // should not happen because "remount" detects this scenario (by checking
-    // if verity is still disabled, i.e. no reboot occurred), and skips calling
-    // fs_mgr_overlayfs_mount_all().
-    auto scratch_device = GetBootScratchDevice();
-    if (!fs_mgr_rw_access(scratch_device)) {
-        return;
-    }
-    if (!WaitForFile(scratch_device, 10s)) {
-        return;
-    }
-    if (!MountScratch(scratch_device, true /* readonly */)) {
-        return;
-    }
-    auto has_overlayfs_dir = fs_mgr_access(kScratchMountPoint + kOverlayTopDir);
-    fs_mgr_overlayfs_umount_scratch();
-    if (has_overlayfs_dir) {
-        MountScratch(scratch_device);
-    }
-}
-
-bool fs_mgr_overlayfs_mount_all(Fstab* fstab) {
-    if (!OverlayfsSetupAllowed()) {
-        return false;
-    }
-    auto ret = true;
-    auto scratch_can_be_mounted = true;
-    for (const auto& entry : fs_mgr_overlayfs_candidate_list(*fstab)) {
-        if (fs_mgr_is_verity_enabled(entry)) continue;
-        auto mount_point = fs_mgr_mount_point(entry.mount_point);
-        if (fs_mgr_overlayfs_already_mounted(mount_point)) {
-            continue;
-        }
-        if (scratch_can_be_mounted) {
-            scratch_can_be_mounted = false;
-            TryMountScratch();
-        }
-        ret &= fs_mgr_overlayfs_mount(entry);
-    }
-    return ret;
-}
-
 bool fs_mgr_overlayfs_setup(const Fstab& fstab, const char* mount_point, bool* want_reboot,
                             bool just_disabled_verity) {
     if (!OverlayfsSetupAllowed(/*verbose=*/true)) {
@@ -1399,7 +702,7 @@ bool fs_mgr_overlayfs_setup(const Fstab& fstab, const char* mount_point, bool* w
                 continue;
             }
         } else {
-            if (GetEntryForMountPoint(&fstab, overlay_mount_point) == nullptr) {
+            if (!fs_mgr_overlayfs_already_mounted(overlay_mount_point, false /* overlay */)) {
                 continue;
             }
         }
@@ -1451,7 +754,7 @@ static std::optional<MapInfo> EnsureScratchMapped() {
     if (!info.device.empty()) {
         return {std::move(info)};
     }
-    if (!fs_mgr_in_recovery()) {
+    if (!InRecovery()) {
         return {};
     }
 
@@ -1474,8 +777,7 @@ static std::optional<MapInfo> EnsureScratchMapped() {
     }
 
     // Avoid uart spam by first checking for a scratch partition.
-    auto metadata_slot = fs_mgr_overlayfs_slot_number();
-    auto super_device = fs_mgr_overlayfs_super_device(metadata_slot);
+    const auto super_device = kPhysicalDevice + fs_mgr_get_super_partition_name();
     auto metadata = ReadCurrentMetadata(super_device);
     if (!metadata) {
         return {};
@@ -1580,22 +882,6 @@ OverlayfsTeardownResult fs_mgr_overlayfs_teardown(const char* mount_point, bool*
     return rv;
 }
 
-bool fs_mgr_overlayfs_is_setup() {
-    if (!OverlayfsSetupAllowed()) {
-        return false;
-    }
-    if (fs_mgr_overlayfs_already_mounted(kScratchMountPoint, false)) return true;
-    Fstab fstab;
-    if (!ReadDefaultFstab(&fstab)) {
-        return false;
-    }
-    for (const auto& entry : fs_mgr_overlayfs_candidate_list(fstab)) {
-        if (fs_mgr_is_verity_enabled(entry)) continue;
-        if (fs_mgr_overlayfs_already_mounted(fs_mgr_mount_point(entry.mount_point))) return true;
-    }
-    return false;
-}
-
 namespace android {
 namespace fs_mgr {
 
@@ -1608,21 +894,9 @@ void MapScratchPartitionIfNeeded(Fstab* fstab,
         return;
     }
 
-    bool want_scratch = false;
-    for (const auto& entry : fs_mgr_overlayfs_candidate_list(*fstab)) {
-        if (fs_mgr_is_verity_enabled(entry)) {
-            continue;
-        }
-        if (fs_mgr_overlayfs_already_mounted(fs_mgr_mount_point(entry.mount_point))) {
-            continue;
-        }
-        want_scratch = true;
-        break;
-    }
-    if (!want_scratch) {
+    if (!GetOverlaysActiveFlag()) {
         return;
     }
-
     if (ScratchIsOnData()) {
         if (auto images = IImageManager::Open("remount", 0ms)) {
             images->MapAllImages(init);
@@ -1646,14 +920,44 @@ void CleanupOldScratchFiles() {
     }
     if (auto images = IImageManager::Open("remount", 0ms)) {
         images->RemoveDisabledImages();
+        if (!GetOverlaysActiveFlag()) {
+            fs_mgr_overlayfs_teardown_scratch(kScratchMountPoint, nullptr);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+// This returns the scratch device that was detected during early boot (first-
+// stage init). If the device was created later, for example during setup for
+// the adb remount command, it can return an empty string since it does not
+// query ImageManager. (Note that ImageManager in first-stage init will always
+// use device-mapper, since /data is not available to use loop devices.)
+std::string GetBootScratchDevice() {
+    // Note: fs_mgr_is_dsu_running() always returns false in recovery or fastbootd.
+    if (fs_mgr_is_dsu_running()) {
+        return GetDsuScratchDevice();
+    }
+
+    auto& dm = DeviceMapper::Instance();
+
+    // If there is a scratch partition allocated in /data or on super, we
+    // automatically prioritize that over super_other or system_other.
+    // Some devices, for example, have a write-protected eMMC and the
+    // super partition cannot be used even if it exists.
+    std::string device;
+    auto partition_name = android::base::Basename(kScratchMountPoint);
+    if (dm.GetState(partition_name) != DmDeviceState::INVALID &&
+        dm.GetDmDevicePathByName(partition_name, &device)) {
+        return device;
     }
+
+    return "";
 }
 
 void TeardownAllOverlayForMountPoint(const std::string& mount_point) {
     if (!OverlayfsTeardownAllowed()) {
         return;
     }
-    if (!fs_mgr_in_recovery()) {
+    if (!InRecovery()) {
         LERROR << __FUNCTION__ << "(): must be called within recovery.";
         return;
     }
@@ -1712,23 +1016,3 @@ void TeardownAllOverlayForMountPoint(const std::string& mount_point) {
 
 }  // namespace fs_mgr
 }  // namespace android
-
-bool fs_mgr_overlayfs_already_mounted(const std::string& mount_point, bool overlay_only) {
-    Fstab fstab;
-    if (!ReadFstabFromFile("/proc/mounts", &fstab)) {
-        return false;
-    }
-    const auto lowerdir = kLowerdirOption + mount_point;
-    for (const auto& entry : fstab) {
-        if (overlay_only && "overlay" != entry.fs_type && "overlayfs" != entry.fs_type) continue;
-        if (mount_point != entry.mount_point) continue;
-        if (!overlay_only) return true;
-        const auto options = android::base::Split(entry.fs_options, ",");
-        for (const auto& opt : options) {
-            if (opt == lowerdir) {
-                return true;
-            }
-        }
-    }
-    return false;
-}
diff --git a/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_priv_overlayfs.h b/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_overlayfs_control.h
similarity index 52%
rename from fs_mgr/fs_mgr_priv_overlayfs.h
rename to fs_mgr/fs_mgr_overlayfs_control.h
index 2033701d9a58..3516c462d432 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_priv_overlayfs.h
+++ b/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_overlayfs_control.h
@@ -1,30 +1,23 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
+// Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
 
 #pragma once
 
-#include <string>
-
 #include <fstab/fstab.h>
 
-bool fs_mgr_overlayfs_already_mounted(const std::string& mount_point, bool overlay_only = true);
-bool fs_mgr_wants_overlayfs(android::fs_mgr::FstabEntry* entry);
-android::fs_mgr::Fstab fs_mgr_overlayfs_candidate_list(const android::fs_mgr::Fstab& fstab);
-
 // If "mount_point" is non-null, set up exactly one overlay.
+//
 // If "mount_point" is null, setup any overlays.
 //
 // If |want_reboot| is non-null, and a reboot is needed to apply overlays, then
@@ -45,5 +38,7 @@ namespace fs_mgr {
 
 void CleanupOldScratchFiles();
 
+std::string GetBootScratchDevice();
+
 }  // namespace fs_mgr
 }  // namespace android
diff --git a/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_overlayfs_mount.cpp b/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_overlayfs_mount.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..69d316125a8b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_overlayfs_mount.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,833 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2018 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <linux/fs.h>
+#include <selinux/selinux.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <sys/mount.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <sys/statvfs.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <sys/vfs.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <memory>
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include <android-base/file.h>
+#include <android-base/macros.h>
+#include <android-base/properties.h>
+#include <android-base/scopeguard.h>
+#include <android-base/strings.h>
+#include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
+#include <ext4_utils/ext4_utils.h>
+#include <fs_mgr.h>
+#include <fs_mgr/file_wait.h>
+#include <fs_mgr_overlayfs.h>
+#include <fstab/fstab.h>
+#include <libgsi/libgsi.h>
+#include <storage_literals/storage_literals.h>
+
+#include "fs_mgr_overlayfs_control.h"
+#include "fs_mgr_overlayfs_mount.h"
+#include "fs_mgr_priv.h"
+
+using namespace std::literals;
+using namespace android::fs_mgr;
+using namespace android::storage_literals;
+
+constexpr char kPreferCacheBackingStorageProp[] = "fs_mgr.overlayfs.prefer_cache_backing_storage";
+
+constexpr char kCacheMountPoint[] = "/cache";
+constexpr char kPhysicalDevice[] = "/dev/block/by-name/";
+
+// Mount tree to temporarily hold references to submounts.
+constexpr char kMoveMountTempDir[] = "/dev/remount";
+
+constexpr char kLowerdirOption[] = "lowerdir=";
+constexpr char kUpperdirOption[] = "upperdir=";
+constexpr char kWorkdirOption[] = "workdir=";
+
+bool fs_mgr_is_dsu_running() {
+    // Since android::gsi::CanBootIntoGsi() or android::gsi::MarkSystemAsGsi() is
+    // never called in recovery, the return value of android::gsi::IsGsiRunning()
+    // is not well-defined. In this case, just return false as being in recovery
+    // implies not running a DSU system.
+    if (InRecovery()) return false;
+    return android::gsi::IsGsiRunning();
+}
+
+std::vector<std::string> OverlayMountPoints() {
+    // Never fallback to legacy cache mount point if within a DSU system,
+    // because running a DSU system implies the device supports dynamic
+    // partitions, which means legacy cache mustn't be used.
+    if (fs_mgr_is_dsu_running()) {
+        return {kScratchMountPoint};
+    }
+
+    // For non-A/B devices prefer cache backing storage if
+    // kPreferCacheBackingStorageProp property set.
+    if (fs_mgr_get_slot_suffix().empty() &&
+        android::base::GetBoolProperty(kPreferCacheBackingStorageProp, false) &&
+        android::base::GetIntProperty("ro.vendor.api_level", -1) < __ANDROID_API_T__) {
+        return {kCacheMountPoint, kScratchMountPoint};
+    }
+
+    return {kScratchMountPoint, kCacheMountPoint};
+}
+
+std::string GetEncodedBaseDirForMountPoint(const std::string& mount_point) {
+    std::string normalized_path;
+    if (mount_point.empty() || !android::base::Realpath(mount_point, &normalized_path)) {
+        return "";
+    }
+    std::string_view sv(normalized_path);
+    if (sv != "/") {
+        android::base::ConsumePrefix(&sv, "/");
+        android::base::ConsumeSuffix(&sv, "/");
+    }
+    return android::base::StringReplace(sv, "/", "@", true);
+}
+
+static bool fs_mgr_is_dir(const std::string& path) {
+    struct stat st;
+    return !stat(path.c_str(), &st) && S_ISDIR(st.st_mode);
+}
+
+// At less than 1% or 8MB of free space return value of false,
+// means we will try to wrap with overlayfs.
+bool fs_mgr_filesystem_has_space(const std::string& mount_point) {
+    // If we have access issues to find out space remaining, return true
+    // to prevent us trying to override with overlayfs.
+    struct statvfs vst;
+    if (statvfs(mount_point.c_str(), &vst)) {
+        PLOG(ERROR) << "statvfs " << mount_point;
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    static constexpr int kPercentThreshold = 1;                       // 1%
+    static constexpr unsigned long kSizeThreshold = 8 * 1024 * 1024;  // 8MB
+
+    return (vst.f_bfree >= (vst.f_blocks * kPercentThreshold / 100)) &&
+           (static_cast<uint64_t>(vst.f_bfree) * vst.f_frsize) >= kSizeThreshold;
+}
+
+static bool fs_mgr_update_blk_device(FstabEntry* entry) {
+    if (entry->fs_mgr_flags.logical) {
+        fs_mgr_update_logical_partition(entry);
+    }
+    if (access(entry->blk_device.c_str(), F_OK) == 0) {
+        return true;
+    }
+    if (entry->blk_device != "/dev/root") {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    // special case for system-as-root (taimen and others)
+    auto blk_device = kPhysicalDevice + "system"s;
+    if (access(blk_device.c_str(), F_OK)) {
+        blk_device += fs_mgr_get_slot_suffix();
+        if (access(blk_device.c_str(), F_OK)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+    entry->blk_device = blk_device;
+    return true;
+}
+
+static bool fs_mgr_has_shared_blocks(const std::string& mount_point, const std::string& dev) {
+    struct statfs fs;
+    if ((statfs((mount_point + "/lost+found").c_str(), &fs) == -1) ||
+        (fs.f_type != EXT4_SUPER_MAGIC)) {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    android::base::unique_fd fd(open(dev.c_str(), O_RDONLY | O_CLOEXEC));
+    if (fd < 0) return false;
+
+    struct ext4_super_block sb;
+    if ((TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(lseek64(fd, 1024, SEEK_SET)) < 0) ||
+        (TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(read(fd, &sb, sizeof(sb))) < 0)) {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    struct fs_info info;
+    if (ext4_parse_sb(&sb, &info) < 0) return false;
+
+    return (info.feat_ro_compat & EXT4_FEATURE_RO_COMPAT_SHARED_BLOCKS) != 0;
+}
+
+#define F2FS_SUPER_OFFSET 1024
+#define F2FS_FEATURE_OFFSET 2180
+#define F2FS_FEATURE_RO 0x4000
+static bool fs_mgr_is_read_only_f2fs(const std::string& dev) {
+    if (!fs_mgr_is_f2fs(dev)) return false;
+
+    android::base::unique_fd fd(open(dev.c_str(), O_RDONLY | O_CLOEXEC));
+    if (fd < 0) return false;
+
+    __le32 feat;
+    if ((TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(lseek64(fd, F2FS_SUPER_OFFSET + F2FS_FEATURE_OFFSET, SEEK_SET)) < 0) ||
+        (TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(read(fd, &feat, sizeof(feat))) < 0)) {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    return (feat & cpu_to_le32(F2FS_FEATURE_RO)) != 0;
+}
+
+static bool fs_mgr_overlayfs_enabled(FstabEntry* entry) {
+    // readonly filesystem, can not be mount -o remount,rw
+    // for squashfs, erofs, or if there are shared blocks that prevent remount,rw
+    if (entry->fs_type == "erofs" || entry->fs_type == "squashfs") {
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    // blk_device needs to be setup so we can check superblock.
+    // If we fail here, because during init first stage and have doubts.
+    if (!fs_mgr_update_blk_device(entry)) {
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    // f2fs read-only mode doesn't support remount,rw
+    if (fs_mgr_is_read_only_f2fs(entry->blk_device)) {
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    // check if ext4 de-dupe
+    auto has_shared_blocks = fs_mgr_has_shared_blocks(entry->mount_point, entry->blk_device);
+    if (!has_shared_blocks && (entry->mount_point == "/system")) {
+        has_shared_blocks = fs_mgr_has_shared_blocks("/", entry->blk_device);
+    }
+    return has_shared_blocks;
+}
+
+const std::string fs_mgr_mount_point(const std::string& mount_point) {
+    if ("/"s != mount_point) return mount_point;
+    return "/system";
+}
+
+// default options for mount_point, returns empty string for none available.
+static std::string fs_mgr_get_overlayfs_options(const FstabEntry& entry) {
+    const auto mount_point = fs_mgr_mount_point(entry.mount_point);
+    if (!fs_mgr_is_dir(mount_point)) {
+        return "";
+    }
+    const auto base = GetEncodedBaseDirForMountPoint(mount_point);
+    if (base.empty()) {
+        return "";
+    }
+    for (const auto& overlay_mount_point : OverlayMountPoints()) {
+        const auto dir = overlay_mount_point + "/" + kOverlayTopDir + "/" + base + "/";
+        const auto upper = dir + kUpperName;
+        const auto work = dir + kWorkName;
+        if (!fs_mgr_is_dir(upper) || !fs_mgr_is_dir(work) || access(work.c_str(), R_OK | W_OK)) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        auto ret = kLowerdirOption + mount_point + "," + kUpperdirOption + upper + "," +
+                   kWorkdirOption + work + android::fs_mgr::CheckOverlayfs().mount_flags;
+        for (const auto& flag : android::base::Split(entry.fs_options, ",")) {
+            if (android::base::StartsWith(flag, "context=")) {
+                ret += "," + flag;
+            }
+        }
+        return ret;
+    }
+    return "";
+}
+
+bool AutoSetFsCreateCon::Set(const std::string& context) {
+    if (setfscreatecon(context.c_str())) {
+        PLOG(ERROR) << "setfscreatecon " << context;
+        return false;
+    }
+    ok_ = true;
+    return true;
+}
+
+bool AutoSetFsCreateCon::Restore() {
+    if (restored_ || !ok_) {
+        return true;
+    }
+    if (setfscreatecon(nullptr)) {
+        PLOG(ERROR) << "setfscreatecon null";
+        return false;
+    }
+    restored_ = true;
+    return true;
+}
+
+// Returns true if immediate unmount succeeded and the scratch mount point was
+// removed.
+bool fs_mgr_overlayfs_umount_scratch() {
+    if (umount(kScratchMountPoint) != 0) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    if (rmdir(kScratchMountPoint) != 0 && errno != ENOENT) {
+        PLOG(ERROR) << "rmdir " << kScratchMountPoint;
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
+static bool fs_mgr_overlayfs_set_shared_mount(const std::string& mount_point, bool shared_flag) {
+    auto ret = mount(nullptr, mount_point.c_str(), nullptr, shared_flag ? MS_SHARED : MS_PRIVATE,
+                     nullptr);
+    if (ret) {
+        PERROR << "__mount(target=" << mount_point
+               << ",flag=" << (shared_flag ? "MS_SHARED" : "MS_PRIVATE") << ")=" << ret;
+        return false;
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
+static bool fs_mgr_overlayfs_move_mount(const std::string& source, const std::string& target) {
+    auto ret = mount(source.c_str(), target.c_str(), nullptr, MS_MOVE, nullptr);
+    if (ret) {
+        PERROR << "__mount(source=" << source << ",target=" << target << ",flag=MS_MOVE)=" << ret;
+        return false;
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
+static bool fs_mgr_overlayfs_mount(const std::string& mount_point, const std::string& options) {
+    auto report = "__mount(source=overlay,target="s + mount_point + ",type=overlay";
+    for (const auto& opt : android::base::Split(options, ",")) {
+        if (android::base::StartsWith(opt, kUpperdirOption)) {
+            report = report + "," + opt;
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+    report = report + ")=";
+    auto ret = mount("overlay", mount_point.c_str(), "overlay", MS_RDONLY | MS_NOATIME,
+                     options.c_str());
+    if (ret) {
+        PERROR << report << ret;
+    } else {
+        LINFO << report << ret;
+    }
+    return !ret;
+}
+
+struct mount_info {
+    std::string mount_point;
+    bool shared_flag;
+};
+
+static std::vector<mount_info> ReadMountinfoFromFile(const std::string& path) {
+    std::vector<mount_info> info;
+
+    auto file = std::unique_ptr<FILE, decltype(&fclose)>{fopen(path.c_str(), "re"), fclose};
+    if (!file) {
+        PERROR << __FUNCTION__ << "(): cannot open file: '" << path << "'";
+        return info;
+    }
+
+    ssize_t len;
+    size_t alloc_len = 0;
+    char* line = nullptr;
+    while ((len = getline(&line, &alloc_len, file.get())) != -1) {
+        /* if the last character is a newline, shorten the string by 1 byte */
+        if (line[len - 1] == '\n') {
+            line[len - 1] = '\0';
+        }
+
+        static constexpr char delim[] = " \t";
+        char* save_ptr;
+        if (!strtok_r(line, delim, &save_ptr)) {
+            LERROR << "Error parsing mount ID";
+            break;
+        }
+        if (!strtok_r(nullptr, delim, &save_ptr)) {
+            LERROR << "Error parsing parent ID";
+            break;
+        }
+        if (!strtok_r(nullptr, delim, &save_ptr)) {
+            LERROR << "Error parsing mount source";
+            break;
+        }
+        if (!strtok_r(nullptr, delim, &save_ptr)) {
+            LERROR << "Error parsing root";
+            break;
+        }
+
+        char* p;
+        if (!(p = strtok_r(nullptr, delim, &save_ptr))) {
+            LERROR << "Error parsing mount_point";
+            break;
+        }
+        mount_info entry = {p, false};
+
+        if (!strtok_r(nullptr, delim, &save_ptr)) {
+            LERROR << "Error parsing mount_flags";
+            break;
+        }
+
+        while ((p = strtok_r(nullptr, delim, &save_ptr))) {
+            if ((p[0] == '-') && (p[1] == '\0')) break;
+            if (android::base::StartsWith(p, "shared:")) entry.shared_flag = true;
+        }
+        if (!p) {
+            LERROR << "Error parsing fields";
+            break;
+        }
+        info.emplace_back(std::move(entry));
+    }
+
+    free(line);
+    if (info.empty()) {
+        LERROR << __FUNCTION__ << "(): failed to load mountinfo from : '" << path << "'";
+    }
+    return info;
+}
+
+static bool fs_mgr_overlayfs_mount_one(const FstabEntry& fstab_entry) {
+    const auto mount_point = fs_mgr_mount_point(fstab_entry.mount_point);
+    const auto options = fs_mgr_get_overlayfs_options(fstab_entry);
+    if (options.empty()) return false;
+
+    struct MoveEntry {
+        std::string mount_point;
+        std::string dir;
+        bool shared_flag;
+    };
+    std::vector<MoveEntry> moved_mounts;
+
+    bool retval = true;
+    bool move_dir_shared = true;
+    bool parent_shared = true;
+    bool parent_have_parent = false;
+    bool parent_made_private = false;
+    bool root_shared = true;
+    bool root_made_private = false;
+
+    // There could be multiple mount entries with the same mountpoint.
+    // Group these entries together with stable_sort, and keep only the last entry of a group.
+    // Only move mount the last entry in an over mount group, because the other entries are
+    // overshadowed and only the filesystem mounted with the last entry participates in file
+    // pathname resolution.
+    auto mountinfo = ReadMountinfoFromFile("/proc/self/mountinfo");
+    std::stable_sort(mountinfo.begin(), mountinfo.end(), [](const auto& lhs, const auto& rhs) {
+        return lhs.mount_point < rhs.mount_point;
+    });
+    std::reverse(mountinfo.begin(), mountinfo.end());
+    auto erase_from = std::unique(
+            mountinfo.begin(), mountinfo.end(),
+            [](const auto& lhs, const auto& rhs) { return lhs.mount_point == rhs.mount_point; });
+    mountinfo.erase(erase_from, mountinfo.end());
+    std::reverse(mountinfo.begin(), mountinfo.end());
+    // mountinfo is reversed twice, so still is in lexical sorted order.
+
+    for (const auto& entry : mountinfo) {
+        if (entry.mount_point == kMoveMountTempDir) {
+            move_dir_shared = entry.shared_flag;
+        }
+        if (entry.mount_point == mount_point ||
+            (mount_point == "/system" && entry.mount_point == "/")) {
+            parent_shared = entry.shared_flag;
+        }
+        if (entry.mount_point == "/") {
+            root_shared = entry.shared_flag;
+        }
+        // Ignore "/" as we don't overlay "/" directly.
+        if (entry.mount_point != "/") {
+            parent_have_parent |= android::base::StartsWith(mount_point, entry.mount_point + "/");
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Precondition is that kMoveMountTempDir is MS_PRIVATE, otherwise don't try to move any
+    // submount in to or out of it.
+    if (move_dir_shared) {
+        mountinfo.clear();
+    }
+
+    // Need to make the original mountpoint MS_PRIVATE, so that the overlayfs can be MS_MOVE.
+    // This could happen if its parent mount is remounted later.
+    if (parent_have_parent) {
+        parent_made_private |= fs_mgr_overlayfs_set_shared_mount(mount_point, false);
+        if (!parent_made_private && errno == EINVAL && mount_point == "/system") {
+            // If failed to set "/system" mount type, it might be due to "/system" not being a valid
+            // mountpoint after switch root. Retry with "/" in this case.
+            parent_made_private |= fs_mgr_overlayfs_set_shared_mount("/", false);
+            root_made_private |= parent_made_private;
+        }
+    }
+
+    for (const auto& entry : mountinfo) {
+        // Find all immediate submounts.
+        if (!android::base::StartsWith(entry.mount_point, mount_point + "/")) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        // Exclude duplicated or more specific entries.
+        if (std::find_if(moved_mounts.begin(), moved_mounts.end(), [&entry](const auto& it) {
+                return it.mount_point == entry.mount_point ||
+                       android::base::StartsWith(entry.mount_point, it.mount_point + "/");
+            }) != moved_mounts.end()) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        // mountinfo is in lexical order, so no need to worry about |entry| being a parent mount of
+        // entries of |moved_mounts|.
+
+        MoveEntry new_entry{entry.mount_point, kMoveMountTempDir + "/TemporaryDir-XXXXXX"s,
+                            entry.shared_flag};
+        {
+            AutoSetFsCreateCon createcon;
+            auto new_context = fs_mgr_get_context(entry.mount_point);
+            if (new_context.empty() || !createcon.Set(new_context)) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            const auto target = mkdtemp(new_entry.dir.data());
+            if (!target) {
+                retval = false;
+                PERROR << "temporary directory for MS_MOVE";
+                continue;
+            }
+            if (!createcon.Restore()) {
+                retval = false;
+                rmdir(new_entry.dir.c_str());
+                continue;
+            }
+        }
+        if (!parent_made_private) {
+            parent_made_private |= fs_mgr_overlayfs_set_shared_mount(mount_point, false);
+            if (!parent_made_private && errno == EINVAL && mount_point == "/system") {
+                // If failed to set "/system" mount type, it might be due to "/system" not being a
+                // valid mountpoint after switch root. Retry with "/" in this case.
+                parent_made_private |= fs_mgr_overlayfs_set_shared_mount("/", false);
+                root_made_private |= parent_made_private;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (new_entry.shared_flag) {
+            new_entry.shared_flag = fs_mgr_overlayfs_set_shared_mount(new_entry.mount_point, false);
+        }
+        if (!fs_mgr_overlayfs_move_mount(new_entry.mount_point, new_entry.dir)) {
+            retval = false;
+            if (new_entry.shared_flag) {
+                fs_mgr_overlayfs_set_shared_mount(new_entry.mount_point, true);
+            }
+            rmdir(new_entry.dir.c_str());
+            continue;
+        }
+        moved_mounts.push_back(std::move(new_entry));
+    }
+
+    retval &= fs_mgr_overlayfs_mount(mount_point, options);
+
+    // Move submounts back.
+    for (const auto& entry : moved_mounts) {
+        if (!fs_mgr_overlayfs_move_mount(entry.dir, entry.mount_point)) {
+            retval = false;
+        } else if (entry.shared_flag &&
+                   !fs_mgr_overlayfs_set_shared_mount(entry.mount_point, true)) {
+            retval = false;
+        }
+        rmdir(entry.dir.c_str());
+    }
+    // If the original (overridden) mount was MS_SHARED, then set the overlayfs mount to MS_SHARED.
+    if (parent_shared && parent_made_private) {
+        fs_mgr_overlayfs_set_shared_mount(mount_point, true);
+    }
+    if (root_shared && root_made_private) {
+        fs_mgr_overlayfs_set_shared_mount("/", true);
+    }
+
+    return retval;
+}
+
+// Mount kScratchMountPoint
+bool MountScratch(const std::string& device_path, bool readonly) {
+    if (readonly) {
+        if (access(device_path.c_str(), F_OK)) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "Path does not exist: " << device_path;
+            return false;
+        }
+    } else if (access(device_path.c_str(), R_OK | W_OK)) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Path does not exist or is not readwrite: " << device_path;
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    std::vector<const char*> filesystem_candidates;
+    if (fs_mgr_is_f2fs(device_path)) {
+        filesystem_candidates = {"f2fs", "ext4"};
+    } else if (fs_mgr_is_ext4(device_path)) {
+        filesystem_candidates = {"ext4", "f2fs"};
+    } else {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Scratch partition is not f2fs or ext4";
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    AutoSetFsCreateCon createcon(kOverlayfsFileContext);
+    if (!createcon.Ok()) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    if (mkdir(kScratchMountPoint, 0755) && (errno != EEXIST)) {
+        PERROR << "create " << kScratchMountPoint;
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    FstabEntry entry;
+    entry.blk_device = device_path;
+    entry.mount_point = kScratchMountPoint;
+    entry.flags = MS_NOATIME | MS_RDONLY;
+    if (!readonly) {
+        entry.flags &= ~MS_RDONLY;
+        entry.flags |= MS_SYNCHRONOUS;
+        entry.fs_options = "nodiscard";
+        fs_mgr_set_blk_ro(device_path, false);
+    }
+    // check_fs requires apex runtime library
+    if (fs_mgr_overlayfs_already_mounted("/data", false)) {
+        entry.fs_mgr_flags.check = true;
+    }
+    bool mounted = false;
+    for (auto fs_type : filesystem_candidates) {
+        entry.fs_type = fs_type;
+        if (fs_mgr_do_mount_one(entry) == 0) {
+            mounted = true;
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+    if (!createcon.Restore()) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    if (!mounted) {
+        rmdir(kScratchMountPoint);
+        return false;
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
+// NOTE: OverlayfsSetupAllowed() must be "stricter" than OverlayfsTeardownAllowed().
+// Setup is allowed only if teardown is also allowed.
+bool OverlayfsSetupAllowed(bool verbose) {
+    if (!kAllowOverlayfs) {
+        if (verbose) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "Overlayfs remounts can only be used in debuggable builds";
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+    // Check mandatory kernel patches.
+    if (!android::fs_mgr::CheckOverlayfs().supported) {
+        if (verbose) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "Kernel does not support overlayfs";
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+    // in recovery or fastbootd, not allowed!
+    if (InRecovery()) {
+        if (verbose) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "Unsupported overlayfs setup from recovery";
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
+bool fs_mgr_wants_overlayfs(FstabEntry* entry) {
+    // Don't check entries that are managed by vold.
+    if (entry->fs_mgr_flags.vold_managed || entry->fs_mgr_flags.recovery_only) return false;
+
+    // *_other doesn't want overlayfs.
+    if (entry->fs_mgr_flags.slot_select_other) return false;
+
+    // Only concerned with readonly partitions.
+    if (!(entry->flags & MS_RDONLY)) return false;
+
+    // If unbindable, do not allow overlayfs as this could expose us to
+    // security issues.  On Android, this could also be used to turn off
+    // the ability to overlay an otherwise acceptable filesystem since
+    // /system and /vendor are never bound(sic) to.
+    if (entry->flags & MS_UNBINDABLE) return false;
+
+    if (!fs_mgr_overlayfs_enabled(entry)) return false;
+
+    return true;
+}
+
+Fstab fs_mgr_overlayfs_candidate_list(const Fstab& fstab) {
+    android::fs_mgr::Fstab mounts;
+    if (!android::fs_mgr::ReadFstabFromFile("/proc/mounts", &mounts)) {
+        PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to read /proc/mounts";
+        return {};
+    }
+
+    Fstab candidates;
+    for (const auto& entry : fstab) {
+        // Filter out partitions whose type doesn't match what's mounted.
+        // This avoids spammy behavior on devices which can mount different
+        // filesystems for each partition.
+        auto proc_mount_point = (entry.mount_point == "/system") ? "/" : entry.mount_point;
+        auto mounted = GetEntryForMountPoint(&mounts, proc_mount_point);
+        if (!mounted || mounted->fs_type != entry.fs_type) {
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        FstabEntry new_entry = entry;
+        if (!fs_mgr_overlayfs_already_mounted(entry.mount_point) &&
+            !fs_mgr_wants_overlayfs(&new_entry)) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        const auto new_mount_point = fs_mgr_mount_point(new_entry.mount_point);
+        if (std::find_if(candidates.begin(), candidates.end(), [&](const auto& it) {
+                return fs_mgr_mount_point(it.mount_point) == new_mount_point;
+            }) != candidates.end()) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        candidates.push_back(std::move(new_entry));
+    }
+    return candidates;
+}
+
+static void TryMountScratch() {
+    // Note we get the boot scratch device here, which means if scratch was
+    // just created through ImageManager, this could fail. In practice this
+    // should not happen because "remount" detects this scenario (by checking
+    // if verity is still disabled, i.e. no reboot occurred), and skips calling
+    // fs_mgr_overlayfs_mount_all().
+    auto scratch_device = GetBootScratchDevice();
+    if (access(scratch_device.c_str(), R_OK | W_OK)) {
+        return;
+    }
+    if (!WaitForFile(scratch_device, 10s)) {
+        return;
+    }
+    if (!MountScratch(scratch_device, true /* readonly */)) {
+        return;
+    }
+    const auto top = kScratchMountPoint + "/"s + kOverlayTopDir;
+    const bool has_overlayfs_dir = access(top.c_str(), F_OK) == 0;
+    fs_mgr_overlayfs_umount_scratch();
+    if (has_overlayfs_dir) {
+        MountScratch(scratch_device);
+    }
+}
+
+bool fs_mgr_overlayfs_mount_all(Fstab* fstab) {
+    if (!OverlayfsSetupAllowed()) {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    // Ensure kMoveMountTempDir is standalone mount tree with 'private' propagation by bind mounting
+    // to itself and set to MS_PRIVATE.
+    // Otherwise mounts moved in to it would have their propagation type changed unintentionally.
+    // Section 5d, https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/filesystems/sharedsubtree.txt
+    if (!fs_mgr_overlayfs_already_mounted(kMoveMountTempDir, false)) {
+        if (mkdir(kMoveMountTempDir, 0755) && errno != EEXIST) {
+            PERROR << "mkdir " << kMoveMountTempDir;
+        }
+        if (mount(kMoveMountTempDir, kMoveMountTempDir, nullptr, MS_BIND, nullptr)) {
+            PERROR << "bind mount " << kMoveMountTempDir;
+        }
+    }
+    fs_mgr_overlayfs_set_shared_mount(kMoveMountTempDir, false);
+    android::base::ScopeGuard umountDir([]() {
+        umount(kMoveMountTempDir);
+        rmdir(kMoveMountTempDir);
+    });
+
+    auto ret = true;
+    auto scratch_can_be_mounted = !fs_mgr_overlayfs_already_mounted(kScratchMountPoint, false);
+    for (const auto& entry : fs_mgr_overlayfs_candidate_list(*fstab)) {
+        if (fs_mgr_is_verity_enabled(entry)) continue;
+        auto mount_point = fs_mgr_mount_point(entry.mount_point);
+        if (fs_mgr_overlayfs_already_mounted(mount_point)) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        if (scratch_can_be_mounted) {
+            scratch_can_be_mounted = false;
+            TryMountScratch();
+        }
+        ret &= fs_mgr_overlayfs_mount_one(entry);
+    }
+    return ret;
+}
+
+bool fs_mgr_overlayfs_is_setup() {
+    if (!OverlayfsSetupAllowed()) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    if (fs_mgr_overlayfs_already_mounted(kScratchMountPoint, false)) return true;
+    Fstab fstab;
+    if (!ReadDefaultFstab(&fstab)) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    for (const auto& entry : fs_mgr_overlayfs_candidate_list(fstab)) {
+        if (fs_mgr_is_verity_enabled(entry)) continue;
+        if (fs_mgr_overlayfs_already_mounted(fs_mgr_mount_point(entry.mount_point))) return true;
+    }
+    return false;
+}
+
+bool fs_mgr_overlayfs_already_mounted(const std::string& mount_point, bool overlay_only) {
+    Fstab fstab;
+    if (!ReadFstabFromProcMounts(&fstab)) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    const auto lowerdir = kLowerdirOption + mount_point;
+    for (const auto& entry : GetEntriesForMountPoint(&fstab, mount_point)) {
+        if (!overlay_only) {
+            return true;
+        }
+        if (entry->fs_type != "overlay" && entry->fs_type != "overlayfs") {
+            continue;
+        }
+        const auto options = android::base::Split(entry->fs_options, ",");
+        for (const auto& opt : options) {
+            if (opt == lowerdir) {
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    return false;
+}
+
+namespace android {
+namespace fs_mgr {
+
+void MountOverlayfs(const FstabEntry& fstab_entry, bool* scratch_can_be_mounted) {
+    if (!OverlayfsSetupAllowed()) {
+        return;
+    }
+    const auto candidates = fs_mgr_overlayfs_candidate_list({fstab_entry});
+    if (candidates.empty()) {
+        return;
+    }
+    const auto& entry = candidates.front();
+    if (fs_mgr_is_verity_enabled(entry)) {
+        return;
+    }
+    const auto mount_point = fs_mgr_mount_point(entry.mount_point);
+    if (fs_mgr_overlayfs_already_mounted(mount_point)) {
+        return;
+    }
+    if (*scratch_can_be_mounted) {
+        *scratch_can_be_mounted = false;
+        if (!fs_mgr_overlayfs_already_mounted(kScratchMountPoint, false)) {
+            TryMountScratch();
+        }
+    }
+    const auto options = fs_mgr_get_overlayfs_options(entry);
+    if (options.empty()) {
+        return;
+    }
+    fs_mgr_overlayfs_mount(mount_point, options);
+}
+
+}  // namespace fs_mgr
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_overlayfs_mount.h b/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_overlayfs_mount.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..f941ab1d63f6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_overlayfs_mount.h
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <string>
+
+#include <fstab/fstab.h>
+
+constexpr char kOverlayfsFileContext[] = "u:object_r:overlayfs_file:s0";
+
+constexpr char kScratchMountPoint[] = "/mnt/scratch";
+constexpr char kOverlayTopDir[] = "overlay";
+constexpr char kUpperName[] = "upper";
+constexpr char kWorkName[] = "work";
+
+#if ALLOW_ADBD_DISABLE_VERITY
+constexpr bool kAllowOverlayfs = true;
+#else
+constexpr bool kAllowOverlayfs = false;
+#endif
+
+class AutoSetFsCreateCon final {
+  public:
+    AutoSetFsCreateCon() {}
+    AutoSetFsCreateCon(const std::string& context) { Set(context); }
+    ~AutoSetFsCreateCon() { Restore(); }
+
+    bool Ok() const { return ok_; }
+    bool Set(const std::string& context);
+    bool Restore();
+
+  private:
+    bool ok_ = false;
+    bool restored_ = false;
+};
+
+bool fs_mgr_is_dsu_running();
+bool fs_mgr_filesystem_has_space(const std::string& mount_point);
+const std::string fs_mgr_mount_point(const std::string& mount_point);
+bool OverlayfsSetupAllowed(bool verbose = false);
+bool MountScratch(const std::string& device_path, bool readonly = false);
+bool fs_mgr_overlayfs_umount_scratch();
+std::vector<std::string> OverlayMountPoints();
+bool fs_mgr_overlayfs_already_mounted(const std::string& mount_point, bool overlay_only = true);
+bool fs_mgr_wants_overlayfs(android::fs_mgr::FstabEntry* entry);
+android::fs_mgr::Fstab fs_mgr_overlayfs_candidate_list(const android::fs_mgr::Fstab& fstab);
+std::string GetEncodedBaseDirForMountPoint(const std::string& mount_point);
diff --git a/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_priv.h b/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_priv.h
index 46cdb62cfcc1..84e4924fba19 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_priv.h
+++ b/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_priv.h
@@ -23,15 +23,7 @@
 #include <fs_mgr.h>
 #include <fstab/fstab.h>
 
-#include "fs_mgr_priv_boot_config.h"
-
-/* The CHECK() in logging.h will use program invocation name as the tag.
- * Thus, the log will have prefix "init: " when libfs_mgr is statically
- * linked in the init process. This might be opaque when debugging.
- * Appends "in libfs_mgr" at the end of the abort message to explicitly
- * indicate the check happens in fs_mgr.
- */
-#define FS_MGR_CHECK(x) CHECK(x) << "in libfs_mgr "
+#include "libfstab/fstab_priv.h"
 
 #define FS_MGR_TAG "[libfs_mgr] "
 
@@ -88,29 +80,24 @@
 
 using namespace std::chrono_literals;
 
-bool fs_mgr_set_blk_ro(const std::string& blockdev, bool readonly = true);
-bool fs_mgr_update_for_slotselect(android::fs_mgr::Fstab* fstab);
 bool fs_mgr_is_device_unlocked();
-const std::string& get_android_dt_dir();
-bool is_dt_compatible();
 
-bool fs_mgr_is_ext4(const std::string& blk_device);
 bool fs_mgr_is_f2fs(const std::string& blk_device);
 
-bool fs_mgr_teardown_verity(android::fs_mgr::FstabEntry* fstab);
-
 bool fs_mgr_filesystem_available(const std::string& filesystem);
 std::string fs_mgr_get_context(const std::string& mount_point);
 
-enum class OverlayfsValidResult {
-    kNotSupported = 0,
-    kOk,
-    kOverrideCredsRequired,
-};
-OverlayfsValidResult fs_mgr_overlayfs_valid();
-
 namespace android {
 namespace fs_mgr {
+
 bool UnmapDevice(const std::string& name);
+
+struct OverlayfsCheckResult {
+    bool supported;
+    std::string mount_flags;
+};
+
+OverlayfsCheckResult CheckOverlayfs();
+
 }  // namespace fs_mgr
 }  // namespace android
diff --git a/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_priv_boot_config.h b/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_priv_boot_config.h
deleted file mode 100644
index 6a38401319b4..000000000000
--- a/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_priv_boot_config.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,37 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2017 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#ifndef __CORE_FS_MGR_PRIV_BOOTCONFIG_H
-#define __CORE_FS_MGR_PRIV_BOOTCONFIG_H
-
-#include <sys/cdefs.h>
-#include <string>
-#include <utility>
-#include <vector>
-
-std::vector<std::pair<std::string, std::string>> fs_mgr_parse_cmdline(const std::string& cmdline);
-
-bool fs_mgr_get_boot_config_from_kernel(const std::string& cmdline, const std::string& key,
-                                        std::string* out_val);
-bool fs_mgr_get_boot_config_from_kernel_cmdline(const std::string& key, std::string* out_val);
-bool fs_mgr_get_boot_config(const std::string& key, std::string* out_val);
-std::vector<std::pair<std::string, std::string>> fs_mgr_parse_proc_bootconfig(
-        const std::string& bootconfig);
-bool fs_mgr_get_boot_config_from_bootconfig(const std::string& bootconfig, const std::string& key,
-                                            std::string* out_val);
-bool fs_mgr_get_boot_config_from_bootconfig_source(const std::string& key, std::string* out_val);
-
-#endif /* __CORE_FS_MGR_PRIV_BOOTCONFIG_H */
diff --git a/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_remount.cpp b/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_remount.cpp
index 5a9f391a4ade..f91d2327c857 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_remount.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_remount.cpp
@@ -42,8 +42,10 @@
 #include <fstab/fstab.h>
 #include <libavb_user/libavb_user.h>
 #include <libgsi/libgsid.h>
+#include <private/android_filesystem_config.h>
 
-#include "fs_mgr_priv_overlayfs.h"
+#include "fs_mgr_overlayfs_control.h"
+#include "fs_mgr_overlayfs_mount.h"
 
 using namespace std::literals;
 using android::fs_mgr::Fstab;
@@ -87,17 +89,6 @@ const std::string system_mount_point(const android::fs_mgr::FstabEntry& entry) {
     return entry.mount_point;
 }
 
-const FstabEntry* GetWrappedEntry(const Fstab& overlayfs_candidates, const FstabEntry& entry) {
-    auto mount_point = system_mount_point(entry);
-    auto it = std::find_if(overlayfs_candidates.begin(), overlayfs_candidates.end(),
-                           [&mount_point](const auto& entry) {
-                               return android::base::StartsWith(mount_point,
-                                                                system_mount_point(entry) + "/");
-                           });
-    if (it == overlayfs_candidates.end()) return nullptr;
-    return &(*it);
-}
-
 class MyLogger {
   public:
     explicit MyLogger(bool verbose) : verbose_(verbose) {}
@@ -127,12 +118,11 @@ class MyLogger {
 }
 
 static android::sp<android::os::IVold> GetVold() {
+    auto sm = android::defaultServiceManager();
     while (true) {
-        if (auto sm = android::defaultServiceManager()) {
-            if (auto binder = sm->getService(android::String16("vold"))) {
-                if (auto vold = android::interface_cast<android::os::IVold>(binder)) {
-                    return vold;
-                }
+        if (auto binder = sm->checkService(android::String16("vold"))) {
+            if (auto vold = android::interface_cast<android::os::IVold>(binder)) {
+                return vold;
             }
         }
         std::this_thread::sleep_for(2s);
@@ -169,15 +159,26 @@ bool VerifyCheckpointing() {
     // not checkpointing.
     auto vold = GetVold();
     bool checkpointing = false;
-    if (!vold->isCheckpointing(&checkpointing).isOk()) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "Could not determine checkpointing status.";
-        return false;
-    }
-    if (checkpointing) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "Cannot use remount when a checkpoint is in progress.";
-        LOG(ERROR) << "To force end checkpointing, call 'vdc checkpoint commitChanges'";
-        LOG(ERROR) << "Warning: this can lead to data corruption if rolled back.";
-        return false;
+    bool show_help = true;
+
+    while (true) {
+        if (!vold->isCheckpointing(&checkpointing).isOk()) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "Could not determine checkpointing status.";
+            return false;
+        }
+        if (!checkpointing) {
+            break;
+        }
+        if (show_help) {
+            show_help = false;
+            std::cerr << "WARNING: Userdata checkpoint is in progress. "
+                         "To forcibly end checkpointing, "
+                         "call 'vdc checkpoint commitChanges'. "
+                         "This can lead to data corruption if rolled back."
+                      << std::endl;
+            LOG(INFO) << "Waiting for checkpoint to complete before remounting...";
+        }
+        std::this_thread::sleep_for(4s);
     }
     return true;
 }
@@ -196,9 +197,6 @@ static bool IsRemountable(Fstab& candidates, const FstabEntry& entry) {
     if (auto candidate_entry = GetEntryForMountPoint(&candidates, entry.mount_point)) {
         return candidate_entry->fs_type == entry.fs_type;
     }
-    if (GetWrappedEntry(candidates, entry)) {
-        return false;
-    }
     return true;
 }
 
@@ -252,11 +250,6 @@ bool GetRemountList(const Fstab& fstab, const std::vector<std::string>& argv, Fs
         }
 
         const FstabEntry* entry = &*it;
-        if (auto wrap = GetWrappedEntry(candidates, *entry); wrap != nullptr) {
-            LOG(INFO) << "partition " << arg << " covered by overlayfs for " << wrap->mount_point
-                      << ", switching";
-            entry = wrap;
-        }
 
         // If it's already remounted, include it so it gets gracefully skipped
         // later on.
@@ -389,8 +382,8 @@ bool RemountPartition(Fstab& fstab, Fstab& mounts, FstabEntry& entry) {
 
     // Now remount!
     for (const auto& mnt_point : {mount_point, entry.mount_point}) {
-        if (::mount(blk_device.c_str(), mnt_point.c_str(), entry.fs_type.c_str(), MS_REMOUNT,
-                    nullptr) == 0) {
+        if (::mount(blk_device.c_str(), mnt_point.c_str(), entry.fs_type.c_str(),
+                    MS_REMOUNT | MS_NOATIME, nullptr) == 0) {
             LOG(INFO) << "Remounted " << mnt_point << " as RW";
             return true;
         }
@@ -617,7 +610,19 @@ int main(int argc, char* argv[]) {
     }
 
     // Make sure we are root.
-    if (::getuid() != 0) {
+    if (const auto uid = ::getuid(); uid != AID_ROOT) {
+        // If requesting auto reboot, also try to auto gain root.
+        if (auto_reboot && uid == AID_SHELL && access("/system/xbin/su", F_OK) == 0) {
+            std::vector<char*> args{const_cast<char*>("/system/xbin/su"),
+                                    const_cast<char*>("root")};
+            for (int i = 0; i < argc; ++i) {
+                args.push_back(argv[i]);
+            }
+            args.push_back(nullptr);
+            LOG(INFO) << "Attempting to gain root with \"su root\"";
+            execv(args[0], args.data());
+            PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to execute \"su root\"";
+        }
         LOG(ERROR) << "Not running as root. Try \"adb root\" first.";
         return EXIT_FAILURE;
     }
diff --git a/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_roots.cpp b/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_roots.cpp
index 2ad8125e78ff..a697fb3de4b4 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_roots.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_roots.cpp
@@ -115,8 +115,8 @@ bool TryPathMount(FstabEntry* rec, const std::string& mount_pt) {
         return true;
     }
 
-    static const std::vector<std::string> supported_fs{"ext4", "squashfs", "vfat", "f2fs", "erofs",
-                                                       "none"};
+    static const std::vector<std::string> supported_fs{"ext4", "squashfs", "vfat", "exfat", "f2fs",
+                                                       "erofs", "none"};
     if (std::find(supported_fs.begin(), supported_fs.end(), rec->fs_type) == supported_fs.end()) {
         LERROR << "unknown fs_type \"" << rec->fs_type << "\" for " << mount_point;
         return false;
diff --git a/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_vendor_overlay.cpp b/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_vendor_overlay.cpp
index 6b32b4d6fcd4..6687283842b4 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_vendor_overlay.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_vendor_overlay.cpp
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ namespace {
 
 // The order of the list means the priority to show the files in the directory.
 // The last one has the highest priority.
-const std::vector<const std::string> kVendorOverlaySourceDirs = {
+const std::vector<std::string> kVendorOverlaySourceDirs = {
         "/system/vendor_overlay/",
         "/product/vendor_overlay/",
 };
@@ -85,10 +85,8 @@ bool fs_mgr_vendor_overlay_mount(const std::pair<std::string, std::string>& moun
         return false;
     }
 
-    auto options = kLowerdirOption + source_directory + ":" + vendor_mount_point;
-    if (fs_mgr_overlayfs_valid() == OverlayfsValidResult::kOverrideCredsRequired) {
-        options += ",override_creds=off";
-    }
+    const auto options = kLowerdirOption + source_directory + ":" + vendor_mount_point +
+                         android::fs_mgr::CheckOverlayfs().mount_flags;
     auto report = "__mount(source=overlay,target="s + vendor_mount_point + ",type=overlay," +
                   options + ")=";
     auto ret = mount("overlay", vendor_mount_point.c_str(), "overlay", MS_RDONLY | MS_NOATIME,
@@ -114,13 +112,14 @@ bool fs_mgr_vendor_overlay_mount_all() {
     // properties are loaded.
     static const auto vndk_version = android::base::GetProperty(kVndkVersionPropertyName, "");
     if (vndk_version.empty()) {
+        // Vendor overlay is disabled from VNDK deprecated devices.
         LINFO << "vendor overlay: vndk version not defined";
         return false;
     }
 
     const auto vendor_overlay_dirs = fs_mgr_get_vendor_overlay_dirs(vndk_version);
     if (vendor_overlay_dirs.empty()) return true;
-    if (fs_mgr_overlayfs_valid() == OverlayfsValidResult::kNotSupported) {
+    if (!android::fs_mgr::CheckOverlayfs().supported) {
         LINFO << "vendor overlay: kernel does not support overlayfs";
         return false;
     }
diff --git a/fs_mgr/include/fs_mgr.h b/fs_mgr/include/fs_mgr.h
index 43de6d84c388..79690874e2e7 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/include/fs_mgr.h
+++ b/fs_mgr/include/fs_mgr.h
@@ -58,13 +58,8 @@ enum mount_mode {
 #define FS_MGR_MNTALL_DEV_NEEDS_RECOVERY 4
 #define FS_MGR_MNTALL_DEV_NOT_ENCRYPTABLE 0
 #define FS_MGR_MNTALL_FAIL (-1)
-
-struct MountAllResult {
-    // One of the FS_MGR_MNTALL_* returned code defined above.
-    int code;
-    // Whether userdata was mounted as a result of |fs_mgr_mount_all| call.
-    bool userdata_mounted;
-};
+// fs_mgr_mount_all() updates fstab entries that reference device-mapper.
+int fs_mgr_mount_all(android::fs_mgr::Fstab* fstab, int mount_mode);
 
 struct HashtreeInfo {
     // The hash algorithm used to build the merkle tree.
@@ -75,23 +70,13 @@ struct HashtreeInfo {
     bool check_at_most_once;
 };
 
-// fs_mgr_mount_all() updates fstab entries that reference device-mapper.
-// Returns a |MountAllResult|. The first element is one of the FS_MNG_MNTALL_* return codes
-// defined above, and the second element tells whether this call to fs_mgr_mount_all was responsible
-// for mounting userdata. Later is required for init to correctly enqueue fs-related events as part
-// of userdata remount during userspace reboot.
-MountAllResult fs_mgr_mount_all(android::fs_mgr::Fstab* fstab, int mount_mode);
-
 #define FS_MGR_DOMNT_FAILED (-1)
 #define FS_MGR_DOMNT_BUSY (-2)
 #define FS_MGR_DOMNT_SUCCESS 0
-int fs_mgr_do_mount(android::fs_mgr::Fstab* fstab, const char* n_name, char* n_blk_device,
-                    char* tmp_mount_point);
-int fs_mgr_do_mount(android::fs_mgr::Fstab* fstab, const char* n_name, char* n_blk_device,
-                    char* tmp_mount_point, bool need_cp, bool metadata_encrypted);
+int fs_mgr_do_mount(android::fs_mgr::Fstab* fstab, const std::string& n_name,
+                    const std::string& n_blk_device, int needs_checkpoint, bool needs_encrypt);
 int fs_mgr_do_mount_one(const android::fs_mgr::FstabEntry& entry,
                         const std::string& mount_point = "");
-int fs_mgr_do_tmpfs_mount(const char *n_name);
 bool fs_mgr_load_verity_state(int* mode);
 // Returns true if verity is enabled on this particular FstabEntry.
 bool fs_mgr_is_verity_enabled(const android::fs_mgr::FstabEntry& entry);
@@ -119,6 +104,12 @@ int fs_mgr_setup_verity(android::fs_mgr::FstabEntry* fstab, bool wait_for_verity
 // returned. Otherwise, it will use the current slot.
 std::string fs_mgr_get_super_partition_name(int slot = -1);
 
+// Set readonly for the block device
+bool fs_mgr_set_blk_ro(const std::string& blockdev, bool readonly = true);
+
+// Check if the block device has ext4 filesystem
+bool fs_mgr_is_ext4(const std::string& blk_device);
+
 enum FsMgrUmountStatus : int {
     SUCCESS = 0,
     ERROR_UNKNOWN = 1 << 0,
@@ -130,11 +121,6 @@ enum FsMgrUmountStatus : int {
 // it destroys verity devices from device mapper after the device is unmounted.
 int fs_mgr_umount_all(android::fs_mgr::Fstab* fstab);
 
-// Finds a entry in |fstab| that was used to mount a /data on |data_block_device|.
-android::fs_mgr::FstabEntry* fs_mgr_get_mounted_entry_for_userdata(
-        android::fs_mgr::Fstab* fstab, const std::string& data_block_device);
-int fs_mgr_remount_userdata_into_checkpointing(android::fs_mgr::Fstab* fstab);
-
 // Finds the dm_bow device on which this block device is stacked, or returns
 // empty string
 std::string fs_mgr_find_bow_device(const std::string& block_device);
@@ -147,3 +133,10 @@ bool fs_mgr_create_canonical_mount_point(const std::string& mount_point);
 // Unlike fs_mgr_overlayfs, mount overlayfs without upperdir and workdir, so the
 // filesystem cannot be remount read-write.
 bool fs_mgr_mount_overlayfs_fstab_entry(const android::fs_mgr::FstabEntry& entry);
+
+// File name used to track if encryption was interrupted, leading to a known bad fs state
+std::string fs_mgr_metadata_encryption_in_progress_file_name(
+        const android::fs_mgr::FstabEntry& entry);
+
+// Returns the ideal block size for make_f2fs. Returns -1 on failure.
+int fs_mgr_f2fs_ideal_block_size();
diff --git a/fs_mgr/include/fs_mgr/roots.h b/fs_mgr/include/fs_mgr/roots.h
index 65c59cfe6c7d..e19f9ad5346a 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/include/fs_mgr/roots.h
+++ b/fs_mgr/include/fs_mgr/roots.h
@@ -29,6 +29,8 @@ namespace fs_mgr {
 // first match or nullptr.
 FstabEntry* GetEntryForPath(Fstab* fstab, const std::string& path);
 
+std::vector<FstabEntry*> GetEntriesForPath(Fstab* fstab, const std::string& path);
+
 // Make sure that the volume 'path' is on is mounted.
 // * If 'mount_point' is nullptr, use mount point in fstab. Caller can call
 //   fs_mgr_ensure_path_unmounted() with the same 'path' argument to unmount.
diff --git a/fs_mgr/include/fs_mgr_overlayfs.h b/fs_mgr/include/fs_mgr_overlayfs.h
index bdaabbf07e0b..253013bdf544 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/include/fs_mgr_overlayfs.h
+++ b/fs_mgr/include/fs_mgr_overlayfs.h
@@ -30,6 +30,9 @@ bool fs_mgr_overlayfs_is_setup();
 namespace android {
 namespace fs_mgr {
 
+// Mount the overlayfs override for |fstab_entry|.
+void MountOverlayfs(const FstabEntry& fstab_entry, bool* scratch_can_be_mounted);
+
 void MapScratchPartitionIfNeeded(Fstab* fstab,
                                  const std::function<bool(const std::set<std::string>&)>& init);
 
@@ -40,5 +43,11 @@ void MapScratchPartitionIfNeeded(Fstab* fstab,
 // overlays if any partition is flashed or updated.
 void TeardownAllOverlayForMountPoint(const std::string& mount_point = {});
 
+// Are we using overlayfs's non-upstreamed override_creds feature?
+// b/388912628 removes the need for override_creds
+// Once this bug is fixed and has had enough soak time, remove this variable and hard code to false
+// where it used
+constexpr bool use_override_creds = false;
+
 }  // namespace fs_mgr
 }  // namespace android
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libdm/Android.bp b/fs_mgr/libdm/Android.bp
index 5cc0346faf9d..1efd7debcfd8 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libdm/Android.bp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libdm/Android.bp
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
 //
 
 package {
+    default_team: "trendy_team_android_kernel",
     default_applicable_licenses: ["Android-Apache-2.0"],
 }
 
@@ -71,6 +72,9 @@ cc_defaults {
         "libbase",
         "liblog",
     ],
+    header_libs: [
+        "libstorage_literals_headers",
+    ],
     srcs: [":libdm_test_srcs"],
     auto_gen_config: true,
     require_root: true,
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libdm/dm.cpp b/fs_mgr/libdm/dm.cpp
index deffae1ad6fe..94c320ac4dce 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libdm/dm.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libdm/dm.cpp
@@ -39,6 +39,9 @@
 #ifndef DM_DEFERRED_REMOVE
 #define DM_DEFERRED_REMOVE (1 << 17)
 #endif
+#ifndef DM_IMA_MEASUREMENT_FLAG
+#define DM_IMA_MEASUREMENT_FLAG (1 << 19)
+#endif
 
 namespace android {
 namespace dm {
@@ -106,6 +109,10 @@ bool DeviceMapper::DeleteDevice(const std::string& name,
     if (!GetDeviceUniquePath(name, &unique_path)) {
         LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to get unique path for device " << name;
     }
+    // Expect to have uevent generated if the unique path actually exists. This may not exist
+    // if the device was created but has never been activated before it gets deleted.
+    bool need_uevent = !unique_path.empty() && access(unique_path.c_str(), F_OK) == 0;
+
     struct dm_ioctl io;
     InitIo(&io, name);
 
@@ -116,7 +123,7 @@ bool DeviceMapper::DeleteDevice(const std::string& name,
 
     // Check to make sure appropriate uevent is generated so ueventd will
     // do the right thing and remove the corresponding device node and symlinks.
-    if ((io.flags & DM_UEVENT_GENERATED_FLAG) == 0) {
+    if (need_uevent && (io.flags & DM_UEVENT_GENERATED_FLAG) == 0) {
         LOG(ERROR) << "Didn't generate uevent for [" << name << "] removal";
         return false;
     }
@@ -243,6 +250,25 @@ bool DeviceMapper::GetDeviceUniquePath(const std::string& name, std::string* pat
     return true;
 }
 
+bool DeviceMapper::GetDeviceNameAndUuid(dev_t dev, std::string* name, std::string* uuid) {
+    struct dm_ioctl io;
+    InitIo(&io, {});
+    io.dev = dev;
+
+    if (ioctl(fd_, DM_DEV_STATUS, &io) < 0) {
+        PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to find device dev: " << major(dev) << ":" << minor(dev);
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    if (name) {
+        *name = io.name;
+    }
+    if (uuid) {
+        *uuid = io.uuid;
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
 std::optional<DeviceMapper::Info> DeviceMapper::GetDetailedInfo(const std::string& name) const {
     struct dm_ioctl io;
     InitIo(&io, name);
@@ -517,10 +543,25 @@ bool DeviceMapper::GetTableStatus(const std::string& name, std::vector<TargetInf
     return GetTable(name, 0, table);
 }
 
+bool DeviceMapper::GetTableStatusIma(const std::string& name, std::vector<TargetInfo>* table) {
+    return GetTable(name, DM_IMA_MEASUREMENT_FLAG, table);
+}
+
 bool DeviceMapper::GetTableInfo(const std::string& name, std::vector<TargetInfo>* table) {
     return GetTable(name, DM_STATUS_TABLE_FLAG, table);
 }
 
+void RedactTableInfo(const struct dm_target_spec& spec, std::string* data) {
+    if (DeviceMapper::GetTargetType(spec) == "crypt") {
+        auto parts = android::base::Split(*data, " ");
+        if (parts.size() < 2) {
+            return;
+        }
+        parts[1] = "redacted";
+        *data = android::base::Join(parts, " ");
+    }
+}
+
 // private methods of DeviceMapper
 bool DeviceMapper::GetTable(const std::string& name, uint32_t flags,
                             std::vector<TargetInfo>* table) {
@@ -559,6 +600,9 @@ bool DeviceMapper::GetTable(const std::string& name, uint32_t flags,
             // Note: we use c_str() to eliminate any extra trailing 0s.
             data = std::string(&buffer[data_offset], next_cursor - data_offset).c_str();
         }
+        if (flags & DM_STATUS_TABLE_FLAG) {
+            RedactTableInfo(*spec, &data);
+        }
         table->emplace_back(*spec, data);
         cursor = next_cursor;
     }
@@ -589,8 +633,12 @@ std::string DeviceMapper::GetTargetType(const struct dm_target_spec& spec) {
 
 std::optional<std::string> ExtractBlockDeviceName(const std::string& path) {
     static constexpr std::string_view kDevBlockPrefix("/dev/block/");
-    if (android::base::StartsWith(path, kDevBlockPrefix)) {
-        return path.substr(kDevBlockPrefix.length());
+    std::string real_path;
+    if (!android::base::Realpath(path, &real_path)) {
+        real_path = path;
+    }
+    if (android::base::StartsWith(real_path, kDevBlockPrefix)) {
+        return real_path.substr(kDevBlockPrefix.length());
     }
     return {};
 }
@@ -735,5 +783,25 @@ bool DeviceMapper::CreatePlaceholderDevice(const std::string& name) {
     return true;
 }
 
+bool DeviceMapper::SendMessage(const std::string& name, uint64_t sector,
+                               const std::string& message) {
+    std::string ioctl_buffer(sizeof(struct dm_ioctl) + sizeof(struct dm_target_msg), 0);
+    ioctl_buffer += message;
+    ioctl_buffer.push_back('\0');
+
+    struct dm_ioctl* io = reinterpret_cast<struct dm_ioctl*>(&ioctl_buffer[0]);
+    InitIo(io, name);
+    io->data_size = ioctl_buffer.size();
+    io->data_start = sizeof(struct dm_ioctl);
+    struct dm_target_msg* msg =
+            reinterpret_cast<struct dm_target_msg*>(&ioctl_buffer[sizeof(struct dm_ioctl)]);
+    msg->sector = sector;
+    if (ioctl(fd_, DM_TARGET_MSG, io)) {
+        PLOG(ERROR) << "DM_TARGET_MSG failed";
+        return false;
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
 }  // namespace dm
 }  // namespace android
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libdm/dm_target.cpp b/fs_mgr/libdm/dm_target.cpp
index 90d91a00c470..b5cc9aa8727f 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libdm/dm_target.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libdm/dm_target.cpp
@@ -61,6 +61,10 @@ std::string DmTargetLinear::GetParameterString() const {
     return block_device_ + " " + std::to_string(physical_sector_);
 }
 
+std::string DmTargetStripe::GetParameterString() const {
+    return "2 " + std::to_string(chunksize) + " " + block_device0_ + " 0 " + block_device1_ + " 0";
+}
+
 DmTargetVerity::DmTargetVerity(uint64_t start, uint64_t length, uint32_t version,
                                const std::string& block_device, const std::string& hash_device,
                                uint32_t data_block_size, uint32_t hash_block_size,
@@ -294,5 +298,43 @@ std::string DmTargetUser::GetParameterString() const {
     return android::base::Join(argv, " ");
 }
 
+DmTargetThinPool::DmTargetThinPool(uint64_t start, uint64_t length, const std::string& metadata_dev,
+                                   const std::string& data_dev, uint64_t data_block_size,
+                                   uint64_t low_water_mark)
+    : DmTarget(start, length),
+      metadata_dev_(metadata_dev),
+      data_dev_(data_dev),
+      data_block_size_(data_block_size),
+      low_water_mark_(low_water_mark) {}
+
+std::string DmTargetThinPool::GetParameterString() const {
+    std::vector<std::string> args{
+            metadata_dev_,
+            data_dev_,
+            std::to_string(data_block_size_),
+            std::to_string(low_water_mark_),
+    };
+    return android::base::Join(args, " ");
+}
+
+bool DmTargetThinPool::Valid() const {
+    // data_block_size: must be between 128 (64KB) and 2097152 (1GB) and a multiple of 128 (64KB)
+    if (data_block_size_ < 128 || data_block_size_ > 2097152) return false;
+    if (data_block_size_ % 128) return false;
+    return true;
+}
+
+DmTargetThin::DmTargetThin(uint64_t start, uint64_t length, const std::string& pool_dev,
+                           uint64_t dev_id)
+    : DmTarget(start, length), pool_dev_(pool_dev), dev_id_(dev_id) {}
+
+std::string DmTargetThin::GetParameterString() const {
+    std::vector<std::string> args{
+            pool_dev_,
+            std::to_string(dev_id_),
+    };
+    return android::base::Join(args, " ");
+}
+
 }  // namespace dm
 }  // namespace android
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libdm/dm_test.cpp b/fs_mgr/libdm/dm_test.cpp
index 788cf5174853..5eddb513c1f1 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libdm/dm_test.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libdm/dm_test.cpp
@@ -30,28 +30,55 @@
 #include <thread>
 
 #include <android-base/file.h>
+#include <android-base/logging.h>
 #include <android-base/scopeguard.h>
 #include <android-base/strings.h>
 #include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
 #include <libdm/dm.h>
 #include <libdm/loop_control.h>
+#include <storage_literals/storage_literals.h>
 #include "test_util.h"
 #include "utility.h"
 
 using namespace std;
 using namespace std::chrono_literals;
 using namespace android::dm;
-using unique_fd = android::base::unique_fd;
+using namespace android::storage_literals;
+using android::base::make_scope_guard;
+using android::base::unique_fd;
+
+class DmTest : public ::testing::Test {
+  protected:
+    void SetUp() override {
+        const testing::TestInfo* const test_info =
+                testing::UnitTest::GetInstance()->current_test_info();
+        test_name_ = test_info->name();
+        test_full_name_ = test_info->test_suite_name() + "/"s + test_name_;
+
+        LOG(INFO) << "Starting test: " << test_full_name_;
+    }
+    void TearDown() override {
+        LOG(INFO) << "Tearing down test: " << test_full_name_;
+
+        auto& dm = DeviceMapper::Instance();
+        ASSERT_TRUE(dm.DeleteDeviceIfExists(test_name_));
+
+        LOG(INFO) << "Teardown complete for test: " << test_full_name_;
+    }
 
-TEST(libdm, HasMinimumTargets) {
+    std::string test_name_;
+    std::string test_full_name_;
+};
+
+TEST_F(DmTest, HasMinimumTargets) {
     DmTargetTypeInfo info;
 
     DeviceMapper& dm = DeviceMapper::Instance();
     ASSERT_TRUE(dm.GetTargetByName("linear", &info));
 }
 
-TEST(libdm, DmLinear) {
+TEST_F(DmTest, DmLinear) {
     unique_fd tmp1(CreateTempFile("file_1", 4096));
     ASSERT_GE(tmp1, 0);
     unique_fd tmp2(CreateTempFile("file_2", 4096));
@@ -127,7 +154,7 @@ TEST(libdm, DmLinear) {
     ASSERT_TRUE(dev.Destroy());
 }
 
-TEST(libdm, DmSuspendResume) {
+TEST_F(DmTest, DmSuspendResume) {
     unique_fd tmp1(CreateTempFile("file_suspend_resume", 512));
     ASSERT_GE(tmp1, 0);
 
@@ -156,7 +183,14 @@ TEST(libdm, DmSuspendResume) {
     ASSERT_EQ(dm.GetState(dev.name()), DmDeviceState::ACTIVE);
 }
 
-TEST(libdm, DmVerityArgsAvb2) {
+TEST_F(DmTest, StripeArgs) {
+    DmTargetStripe target(0, 4096, 1024, "/dev/loop0", "/dev/loop1");
+    ASSERT_EQ(target.name(), "striped");
+    ASSERT_TRUE(target.Valid());
+    ASSERT_EQ(target.GetParameterString(), "2 1024 /dev/loop0 0 /dev/loop1 0");
+}
+
+TEST_F(DmTest, DmVerityArgsAvb2) {
     std::string device = "/dev/block/platform/soc/1da4000.ufshc/by-name/vendor_a";
     std::string algorithm = "sha1";
     std::string digest = "4be7e823b8c40f7bd5c8ccd5123f0722c5baca21";
@@ -178,7 +212,7 @@ TEST(libdm, DmVerityArgsAvb2) {
     EXPECT_EQ(target.GetParameterString(), expected);
 }
 
-TEST(libdm, DmSnapshotArgs) {
+TEST_F(DmTest, DmSnapshotArgs) {
     DmTargetSnapshot target1(0, 512, "base", "cow", SnapshotStorageMode::Persistent, 8);
     if (DmTargetSnapshot::ReportsOverflow("snapshot")) {
         EXPECT_EQ(target1.GetParameterString(), "base cow PO 8");
@@ -200,7 +234,7 @@ TEST(libdm, DmSnapshotArgs) {
     EXPECT_EQ(target3.name(), "snapshot-merge");
 }
 
-TEST(libdm, DmSnapshotOriginArgs) {
+TEST_F(DmTest, DmSnapshotOriginArgs) {
     DmTargetSnapshotOrigin target(0, 512, "base");
     EXPECT_EQ(target.GetParameterString(), "base");
     EXPECT_EQ(target.name(), "snapshot-origin");
@@ -330,7 +364,7 @@ bool CheckSnapshotAvailability() {
     return true;
 }
 
-TEST(libdm, DmSnapshot) {
+TEST_F(DmTest, DmSnapshot) {
     if (!CheckSnapshotAvailability()) {
         return;
     }
@@ -374,7 +408,7 @@ TEST(libdm, DmSnapshot) {
     ASSERT_EQ(read, data);
 }
 
-TEST(libdm, DmSnapshotOverflow) {
+TEST_F(DmTest, DmSnapshotOverflow) {
     if (!CheckSnapshotAvailability()) {
         return;
     }
@@ -421,7 +455,7 @@ TEST(libdm, DmSnapshotOverflow) {
     }
 }
 
-TEST(libdm, ParseStatusText) {
+TEST_F(DmTest, ParseStatusText) {
     DmTargetSnapshot::Status status;
 
     // Bad inputs
@@ -448,7 +482,7 @@ TEST(libdm, ParseStatusText) {
     EXPECT_TRUE(DmTargetSnapshot::ParseStatusText("Overflow", &status));
 }
 
-TEST(libdm, DmSnapshotMergePercent) {
+TEST_F(DmTest, DmSnapshotMergePercent) {
     DmTargetSnapshot::Status status;
 
     // Correct input
@@ -502,7 +536,7 @@ TEST(libdm, DmSnapshotMergePercent) {
     EXPECT_LE(DmTargetSnapshot::MergePercent(status, 0), 0.0);
 }
 
-TEST(libdm, CryptArgs) {
+TEST_F(DmTest, CryptArgs) {
     DmTargetCrypt target1(0, 512, "sha1", "abcdefgh", 50, "/dev/loop0", 100);
     ASSERT_EQ(target1.name(), "crypt");
     ASSERT_TRUE(target1.Valid());
@@ -518,7 +552,7 @@ TEST(libdm, CryptArgs) {
               "iv_large_sectors sector_size:64");
 }
 
-TEST(libdm, DefaultKeyArgs) {
+TEST_F(DmTest, DefaultKeyArgs) {
     DmTargetDefaultKey target(0, 4096, "aes-xts-plain64", "abcdef0123456789", "/dev/loop0", 0);
     target.SetSetDun();
     ASSERT_EQ(target.name(), "default-key");
@@ -529,7 +563,7 @@ TEST(libdm, DefaultKeyArgs) {
               "iv_large_sectors");
 }
 
-TEST(libdm, DefaultKeyLegacyArgs) {
+TEST_F(DmTest, DefaultKeyLegacyArgs) {
     DmTargetDefaultKey target(0, 4096, "AES-256-XTS", "abcdef0123456789", "/dev/loop0", 0);
     target.SetUseLegacyOptionsFormat();
     ASSERT_EQ(target.name(), "default-key");
@@ -537,7 +571,7 @@ TEST(libdm, DefaultKeyLegacyArgs) {
     ASSERT_EQ(target.GetParameterString(), "AES-256-XTS abcdef0123456789 /dev/loop0 0");
 }
 
-TEST(libdm, DeleteDeviceWithTimeout) {
+TEST_F(DmTest, DeleteDeviceWithTimeout) {
     unique_fd tmp(CreateTempFile("file_1", 4096));
     ASSERT_GE(tmp, 0);
     LoopDevice loop(tmp, 10s);
@@ -555,13 +589,22 @@ TEST(libdm, DeleteDeviceWithTimeout) {
     ASSERT_TRUE(dm.GetDmDevicePathByName("libdm-test-dm-linear", &path));
     ASSERT_EQ(0, access(path.c_str(), F_OK));
 
+    std::string unique_path;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(dm.GetDeviceUniquePath("libdm-test-dm-linear", &unique_path));
+    ASSERT_EQ(0, access(unique_path.c_str(), F_OK));
+
     ASSERT_TRUE(dm.DeleteDevice("libdm-test-dm-linear", 5s));
     ASSERT_EQ(DmDeviceState::INVALID, dm.GetState("libdm-test-dm-linear"));
-    ASSERT_NE(0, access(path.c_str(), F_OK));
+    // Check that unique path of this device has been deleteted.
+    // Previously this test case used to check that dev node (i.e. /dev/block/dm-XX) has been
+    // deleted. However, this introduces a race condition, ueventd will remove the unique symlink
+    // (i.e. /dev/block/mapper/by-uuid/...) **before** removing the device node, while DeleteDevice
+    // API synchronizes on the unique symlink being deleted.
+    ASSERT_NE(0, access(unique_path.c_str(), F_OK));
     ASSERT_EQ(ENOENT, errno);
 }
 
-TEST(libdm, IsDmBlockDevice) {
+TEST_F(DmTest, IsDmBlockDevice) {
     unique_fd tmp(CreateTempFile("file_1", 4096));
     ASSERT_GE(tmp, 0);
     LoopDevice loop(tmp, 10s);
@@ -580,7 +623,7 @@ TEST(libdm, IsDmBlockDevice) {
     ASSERT_FALSE(dm.IsDmBlockDevice(loop.device()));
 }
 
-TEST(libdm, GetDmDeviceNameByPath) {
+TEST_F(DmTest, GetDmDeviceNameByPath) {
     unique_fd tmp(CreateTempFile("file_1", 4096));
     ASSERT_GE(tmp, 0);
     LoopDevice loop(tmp, 10s);
@@ -601,7 +644,7 @@ TEST(libdm, GetDmDeviceNameByPath) {
     ASSERT_EQ("libdm-test-dm-linear", *name);
 }
 
-TEST(libdm, GetParentBlockDeviceByPath) {
+TEST_F(DmTest, GetParentBlockDeviceByPath) {
     unique_fd tmp(CreateTempFile("file_1", 4096));
     ASSERT_GE(tmp, 0);
     LoopDevice loop(tmp, 10s);
@@ -621,7 +664,7 @@ TEST(libdm, GetParentBlockDeviceByPath) {
     ASSERT_EQ(loop.device(), *sub_block_device);
 }
 
-TEST(libdm, DeleteDeviceDeferredNoReferences) {
+TEST_F(DmTest, DeleteDeviceDeferredNoReferences) {
     unique_fd tmp(CreateTempFile("file_1", 4096));
     ASSERT_GE(tmp, 0);
     LoopDevice loop(tmp, 10s);
@@ -647,7 +690,7 @@ TEST(libdm, DeleteDeviceDeferredNoReferences) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ENOENT, errno);
 }
 
-TEST(libdm, DeleteDeviceDeferredWaitsForLastReference) {
+TEST_F(DmTest, DeleteDeviceDeferredWaitsForLastReference) {
     unique_fd tmp(CreateTempFile("file_1", 4096));
     ASSERT_GE(tmp, 0);
     LoopDevice loop(tmp, 10s);
@@ -682,7 +725,7 @@ TEST(libdm, DeleteDeviceDeferredWaitsForLastReference) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ENOENT, errno);
 }
 
-TEST(libdm, CreateEmptyDevice) {
+TEST_F(DmTest, CreateEmptyDevice) {
     DeviceMapper& dm = DeviceMapper::Instance();
     ASSERT_TRUE(dm.CreateEmptyDevice("empty-device"));
     auto guard =
@@ -692,9 +735,7 @@ TEST(libdm, CreateEmptyDevice) {
     ASSERT_EQ(DmDeviceState::SUSPENDED, dm.GetState("empty-device"));
 }
 
-TEST(libdm, UeventAfterLoadTable) {
-    static const char* kDeviceName = "libdm-test-uevent-load-table";
-
+TEST_F(DmTest, UeventAfterLoadTable) {
     struct utsname u;
     ASSERT_EQ(uname(&u), 0);
 
@@ -706,18 +747,98 @@ TEST(libdm, UeventAfterLoadTable) {
     }
 
     DeviceMapper& dm = DeviceMapper::Instance();
-    ASSERT_TRUE(dm.CreateEmptyDevice(kDeviceName));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(dm.CreateEmptyDevice(test_name_));
 
     DmTable table;
     table.Emplace<DmTargetError>(0, 1);
-    ASSERT_TRUE(dm.LoadTable(kDeviceName, table));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(dm.LoadTable(test_name_, table));
 
     std::string ignore_path;
-    ASSERT_TRUE(dm.WaitForDevice(kDeviceName, 5s, &ignore_path));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(dm.WaitForDevice(test_name_, 5s, &ignore_path));
 
-    auto info = dm.GetDetailedInfo(kDeviceName);
+    auto info = dm.GetDetailedInfo(test_name_);
     ASSERT_TRUE(info.has_value());
     ASSERT_TRUE(info->IsSuspended());
 
-    ASSERT_TRUE(dm.DeleteDevice(kDeviceName));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(dm.DeleteDevice(test_name_));
+}
+
+TEST_F(DmTest, GetNameAndUuid) {
+    auto& dm = DeviceMapper::Instance();
+    ASSERT_TRUE(dm.CreatePlaceholderDevice(test_name_));
+
+    dev_t dev;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(dm.GetDeviceNumber(test_name_, &dev));
+
+    std::string name, uuid;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(dm.GetDeviceNameAndUuid(dev, &name, &uuid));
+    ASSERT_EQ(name, test_name_);
+    ASSERT_FALSE(uuid.empty());
+}
+
+TEST_F(DmTest, ThinProvisioning) {
+    if (!DeviceMapper::Instance().GetTargetByName("thin-pool", nullptr)) GTEST_SKIP();
+
+    constexpr uint64_t MetaSize = 2_MiB;
+    constexpr uint64_t DataSize = 64_MiB;
+    constexpr uint64_t ThinSize = 1_TiB;
+
+    // Prepare two loop devices for meta and data devices.
+    TemporaryFile meta;
+    ASSERT_GE(meta.fd, 0);
+    ASSERT_EQ(0, ftruncate64(meta.fd, MetaSize));
+    TemporaryFile data;
+    ASSERT_GE(data.fd, 0);
+    ASSERT_EQ(0, ftruncate64(data.fd, DataSize));
+
+    LoopDevice loop_meta(meta.fd, 10s);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(loop_meta.valid());
+    LoopDevice loop_data(data.fd, 10s);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(loop_data.valid());
+
+    // Create a thin-pool
+    DmTable poolTable;
+    poolTable.Emplace<DmTargetThinPool>(0, DataSize / kSectorSize, loop_meta.device(),
+                                        loop_data.device(), 128, 0);
+    TempDevice pool("pool", poolTable);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(pool.valid());
+
+    // Create a thin volume
+    uint64_t thin_volume_id = 0;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(DeviceMapper::Instance().SendMessage(
+            "pool", 0, "create_thin " + std::to_string(thin_volume_id)));
+
+    // Use a thin volume to create a 1T device
+    DmTable thinTable;
+    thinTable.Emplace<DmTargetThin>(0, ThinSize / kSectorSize, pool.path(), thin_volume_id);
+    TempDevice thin("thin", thinTable);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(thin.valid());
+}
+
+TEST_F(DmTest, RedactDmCrypt) {
+    static constexpr uint64_t kImageSize = 65536;
+    unique_fd temp_file(CreateTempFile("file_1", kImageSize));
+    ASSERT_GE(temp_file, 0);
+
+    LoopDevice loop(temp_file, 10s);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(loop.valid());
+
+    static constexpr const char* kAlgorithm = "aes-cbc-essiv:sha256";
+    static constexpr const char* kKey = "0e64ef514e6a1315b1f6390cb57c9e6a";
+
+    auto target = std::make_unique<DmTargetCrypt>(0, kImageSize / 512, kAlgorithm, kKey, 0,
+                                                  loop.device(), 0);
+    target->AllowDiscards();
+
+    DmTable table;
+    table.AddTarget(std::move(target));
+
+    auto& dm = DeviceMapper::Instance();
+    std::string crypt_path;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(dm.CreateDevice(test_name_, table, &crypt_path, 10s));
+
+    std::vector<DeviceMapper::TargetInfo> targets;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(dm.GetTableInfo(test_name_, &targets));
+    ASSERT_EQ(targets.size(), 1);
+    EXPECT_EQ(targets[0].data.find(kKey), std::string::npos);
 }
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libdm/include/libdm/dm.h b/fs_mgr/libdm/include/libdm/dm.h
index dbef8f902b29..43d84f9681d9 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libdm/include/libdm/dm.h
+++ b/fs_mgr/libdm/include/libdm/dm.h
@@ -52,8 +52,8 @@ enum class DmDeviceState { INVALID, SUSPENDED, ACTIVE };
 
 static constexpr uint64_t kSectorSize = 512;
 
-// Returns `path` without /dev/block prefix if and only if `path` starts with
-// that prefix.
+// Returns `path` without /dev/block prefix if `path` starts with that prefix.
+// Or, if `path` is a symlink, do the same with its real path.
 std::optional<std::string> ExtractBlockDeviceName(const std::string& path);
 
 // This interface is for testing purposes. See DeviceMapper proper for what these methods do.
@@ -78,6 +78,7 @@ class IDeviceMapper {
     virtual bool LoadTable(const std::string& name, const DmTable& table) = 0;
     virtual bool GetTableInfo(const std::string& name, std::vector<TargetInfo>* table) = 0;
     virtual bool GetTableStatus(const std::string& name, std::vector<TargetInfo>* table) = 0;
+    virtual bool GetTableStatusIma(const std::string& name, std::vector<TargetInfo>* table) = 0;
     virtual bool GetDmDevicePathByName(const std::string& name, std::string* path) = 0;
     virtual bool GetDeviceString(const std::string& name, std::string* dev) = 0;
     virtual bool DeleteDeviceIfExists(const std::string& name) = 0;
@@ -267,6 +268,12 @@ class DeviceMapper final : public IDeviceMapper {
     // false.
     bool GetTableStatus(const std::string& name, std::vector<TargetInfo>* table) override;
 
+    // Query the status of a table, given a device name. The output vector will
+    // contain IMA TargetInfo for each target in the table. If the device does
+    // not exist, or there were too many targets, the call will fail and return
+    // false.
+    bool GetTableStatusIma(const std::string& name, std::vector<TargetInfo>* table) override;
+
     // Identical to GetTableStatus, except also retrives the active table for the device
     // mapper device from the kernel.
     bool GetTableInfo(const std::string& name, std::vector<TargetInfo>* table) override;
@@ -298,6 +305,11 @@ class DeviceMapper final : public IDeviceMapper {
     // a placeholder table containing dm-error.
     bool CreatePlaceholderDevice(const std::string& name);
 
+    bool GetDeviceNameAndUuid(dev_t dev, std::string* name, std::string* uuid);
+
+    // Send |message| to target, pointed by |name| and |sector|. Use 0 if |sector| is not needed.
+    bool SendMessage(const std::string& name, uint64_t sector, const std::string& message);
+
   private:
     // Maximum possible device mapper targets registered in the kernel.
     // This is only used to read the list of targets from kernel so we allocate
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libdm/include/libdm/dm_target.h b/fs_mgr/libdm/include/libdm/dm_target.h
index 09fe20012ece..c49fc5ec829e 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libdm/include/libdm/dm_target.h
+++ b/fs_mgr/libdm/include/libdm/dm_target.h
@@ -116,6 +116,24 @@ class DmTargetLinear final : public DmTarget {
     uint64_t physical_sector_;
 };
 
+class DmTargetStripe final : public DmTarget {
+  public:
+    DmTargetStripe(uint64_t start, uint64_t length, uint64_t chunksize,
+                   const std::string& block_device0, const std::string& block_device1)
+        : DmTarget(start, length),
+          chunksize(chunksize),
+          block_device0_(block_device0),
+          block_device1_(block_device1) {}
+
+    std::string name() const override { return "striped"; }
+    std::string GetParameterString() const override;
+
+  private:
+    uint64_t chunksize;
+    std::string block_device0_;
+    std::string block_device1_;
+};
+
 class DmTargetVerity final : public DmTarget {
   public:
     DmTargetVerity(uint64_t start, uint64_t length, uint32_t version,
@@ -331,6 +349,35 @@ class DmTargetError final : public DmTarget {
     std::string GetParameterString() const override { return ""; }
 };
 
+class DmTargetThinPool final : public DmTarget {
+  public:
+    DmTargetThinPool(uint64_t start, uint64_t length, const std::string& metadata_dev,
+                     const std::string& data_dev, uint64_t data_block_size,
+                     uint64_t low_water_mark);
+
+    std::string name() const override { return "thin-pool"; }
+    std::string GetParameterString() const override;
+    bool Valid() const override;
+
+  private:
+    std::string metadata_dev_;
+    std::string data_dev_;
+    uint64_t data_block_size_;
+    uint64_t low_water_mark_;
+};
+
+class DmTargetThin final : public DmTarget {
+  public:
+    DmTargetThin(uint64_t start, uint64_t length, const std::string& pool_dev, uint64_t dev_id);
+
+    std::string name() const override { return "thin"; }
+    std::string GetParameterString() const override;
+
+  private:
+    std::string pool_dev_;
+    uint64_t dev_id_;
+};
+
 }  // namespace dm
 }  // namespace android
 
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libfiemap/Android.bp b/fs_mgr/libfiemap/Android.bp
index 5deba659dd56..a6be58582b01 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libfiemap/Android.bp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libfiemap/Android.bp
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
 //
 
 package {
+    default_team: "trendy_team_android_kernel",
     default_applicable_licenses: ["Android-Apache-2.0"],
 }
 
@@ -24,6 +25,7 @@ cc_library_headers {
     vendor_ramdisk_available: true,
     recovery_available: true,
     export_include_dirs: ["include"],
+    host_supported: true,
 }
 
 filegroup {
@@ -93,6 +95,9 @@ cc_test {
     test_options: {
         min_shipping_api_level: 29,
     },
+    header_libs: [
+        "libstorage_literals_headers",
+    ],
     require_root: true,
 }
 
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libfiemap/binder.cpp b/fs_mgr/libfiemap/binder.cpp
index 41e534af4a8d..8c5fb09b9d73 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libfiemap/binder.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libfiemap/binder.cpp
@@ -62,6 +62,7 @@ class ImageManagerBinder final : public IImageManager {
                                   std::string* dev) override;
     FiemapStatus ZeroFillNewImage(const std::string& name, uint64_t bytes) override;
     bool RemoveAllImages() override;
+    bool DisableAllImages() override;
     bool DisableImage(const std::string& name) override;
     bool RemoveDisabledImages() override;
     bool GetMappedImageDevice(const std::string& name, std::string* device) override;
@@ -77,7 +78,7 @@ class ImageManagerBinder final : public IImageManager {
 
 static FiemapStatus ToFiemapStatus(const char* func, const binder::Status& status) {
     if (!status.isOk()) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << func << " binder returned: " << status.toString8().string();
+        LOG(ERROR) << func << " binder returned: " << status.toString8().c_str();
         if (status.serviceSpecificErrorCode() != 0) {
             return FiemapStatus::FromErrorCode(status.serviceSpecificErrorCode());
         } else {
@@ -106,7 +107,7 @@ bool ImageManagerBinder::DeleteBackingImage(const std::string& name) {
     auto status = manager_->deleteBackingImage(name);
     if (!status.isOk()) {
         LOG(ERROR) << __PRETTY_FUNCTION__
-                   << " binder returned: " << status.exceptionMessage().string();
+                   << " binder returned: " << status.exceptionMessage().c_str();
         return false;
     }
     return true;
@@ -122,7 +123,7 @@ bool ImageManagerBinder::MapImageDevice(const std::string& name,
     auto status = manager_->mapImageDevice(name, timeout_ms_count, &map);
     if (!status.isOk()) {
         LOG(ERROR) << __PRETTY_FUNCTION__
-                   << " binder returned: " << status.exceptionMessage().string();
+                   << " binder returned: " << status.exceptionMessage().c_str();
         return false;
     }
     *path = map.path;
@@ -133,7 +134,7 @@ bool ImageManagerBinder::UnmapImageDevice(const std::string& name) {
     auto status = manager_->unmapImageDevice(name);
     if (!status.isOk()) {
         LOG(ERROR) << __PRETTY_FUNCTION__
-                   << " binder returned: " << status.exceptionMessage().string();
+                   << " binder returned: " << status.exceptionMessage().c_str();
         return false;
     }
     return true;
@@ -144,7 +145,7 @@ bool ImageManagerBinder::BackingImageExists(const std::string& name) {
     auto status = manager_->backingImageExists(name, &retval);
     if (!status.isOk()) {
         LOG(ERROR) << __PRETTY_FUNCTION__
-                   << " binder returned: " << status.exceptionMessage().string();
+                   << " binder returned: " << status.exceptionMessage().c_str();
         return false;
     }
     return retval;
@@ -155,7 +156,7 @@ bool ImageManagerBinder::IsImageMapped(const std::string& name) {
     auto status = manager_->isImageMapped(name, &retval);
     if (!status.isOk()) {
         LOG(ERROR) << __PRETTY_FUNCTION__
-                   << " binder returned: " << status.exceptionMessage().string();
+                   << " binder returned: " << status.exceptionMessage().c_str();
         return false;
     }
     return retval;
@@ -175,7 +176,7 @@ std::vector<std::string> ImageManagerBinder::GetAllBackingImages() {
     auto status = manager_->getAllBackingImages(&retval);
     if (!status.isOk()) {
         LOG(ERROR) << __PRETTY_FUNCTION__
-                   << " binder returned: " << status.exceptionMessage().string();
+                   << " binder returned: " << status.exceptionMessage().c_str();
     }
     return retval;
 }
@@ -189,17 +190,20 @@ bool ImageManagerBinder::RemoveAllImages() {
     auto status = manager_->removeAllImages();
     if (!status.isOk()) {
         LOG(ERROR) << __PRETTY_FUNCTION__
-                   << " binder returned: " << status.exceptionMessage().string();
+                   << " binder returned: " << status.exceptionMessage().c_str();
         return false;
     }
     return true;
 }
+bool ImageManagerBinder::DisableAllImages() {
+    return true;
+}
 
 bool ImageManagerBinder::DisableImage(const std::string& name) {
     auto status = manager_->disableImage(name);
     if (!status.isOk()) {
         LOG(ERROR) << __PRETTY_FUNCTION__
-                   << " binder returned: " << status.exceptionMessage().string();
+                   << " binder returned: " << status.exceptionMessage().c_str();
         return false;
     }
     return true;
@@ -209,7 +213,7 @@ bool ImageManagerBinder::RemoveDisabledImages() {
     auto status = manager_->removeDisabledImages();
     if (!status.isOk()) {
         LOG(ERROR) << __PRETTY_FUNCTION__
-                   << " binder returned: " << status.exceptionMessage().string();
+                   << " binder returned: " << status.exceptionMessage().c_str();
         return false;
     }
     return true;
@@ -219,7 +223,7 @@ bool ImageManagerBinder::GetMappedImageDevice(const std::string& name, std::stri
     auto status = manager_->getMappedImageDevice(name, device);
     if (!status.isOk()) {
         LOG(ERROR) << __PRETTY_FUNCTION__
-                   << " binder returned: " << status.exceptionMessage().string();
+                   << " binder returned: " << status.exceptionMessage().c_str();
         return false;
     }
     return !device->empty();
@@ -230,7 +234,7 @@ bool ImageManagerBinder::IsImageDisabled(const std::string& name) {
     auto status = manager_->isImageDisabled(name, &retval);
     if (!status.isOk()) {
         LOG(ERROR) << __PRETTY_FUNCTION__
-                   << " binder returned: " << status.exceptionMessage().string();
+                   << " binder returned: " << status.exceptionMessage().c_str();
         return false;
     }
     return retval;
@@ -249,7 +253,7 @@ std::unique_ptr<IImageManager> IImageManager::Open(const std::string& dir,
 
     auto status = service->openImageService(dir, &manager);
     if (!status.isOk() || !manager) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "Could not acquire IImageManager: " << status.exceptionMessage().string();
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Could not acquire IImageManager: " << status.exceptionMessage().c_str();
         return nullptr;
     }
     return std::make_unique<ImageManagerBinder>(std::move(service), std::move(manager));
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libfiemap/fiemap_writer.cpp b/fs_mgr/libfiemap/fiemap_writer.cpp
index 275388ed9e47..d61e0071b54f 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libfiemap/fiemap_writer.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libfiemap/fiemap_writer.cpp
@@ -60,6 +60,7 @@ static_assert(sizeof(off_t) == sizeof(uint64_t));
 static inline void cleanup(const std::string& file_path, bool created) {
     if (created) {
         unlink(file_path.c_str());
+        sync();
     }
 }
 
@@ -458,9 +459,34 @@ static FiemapStatus AllocateFile(int file_fd, const std::string& file_path, uint
             return FiemapStatus::Error();
     }
 
-    if (fallocate(file_fd, 0, 0, file_size)) {
-        PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to allocate space for file: " << file_path << " size: " << file_size;
-        return FiemapStatus::FromErrno(errno);
+    // F2FS can return EAGAIN and partially fallocate. Keep trying to fallocate,
+    // and if we don't make forward progress, return ENOSPC.
+    std::optional<off_t> prev_size;
+    while (true) {
+        if (fallocate(file_fd, 0, 0, file_size) == 0) {
+            break;
+        }
+        if (errno != EAGAIN) {
+            PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to allocate space for file: " << file_path
+                        << " size: " << file_size;
+            return FiemapStatus::FromErrno(errno);
+        }
+
+        struct stat s;
+        if (fstat(file_fd, &s) < 0) {
+            PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to fstat after fallocate failure: " << file_path;
+            return FiemapStatus::FromErrno(errno);
+        }
+        if (!prev_size) {
+            prev_size = {s.st_size};
+            continue;
+        }
+        if (*prev_size >= s.st_size) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "Fallocate retry failed, got " << s.st_size << ", asked for "
+                       << file_size;
+            return FiemapStatus(FiemapStatus::ErrorCode::NO_SPACE);
+        }
+        LOG(INFO) << "Retrying fallocate, got " << s.st_size << ", asked for " << file_size;
     }
 
     if (need_explicit_writes) {
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libfiemap/fiemap_writer_test.cpp b/fs_mgr/libfiemap/fiemap_writer_test.cpp
index c65481b78d36..115f53e8e554 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libfiemap/fiemap_writer_test.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libfiemap/fiemap_writer_test.cpp
@@ -22,21 +22,26 @@
 #include <string.h>
 #include <sys/mount.h>
 #include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <sys/statvfs.h>
 #include <sys/types.h>
 #include <sys/vfs.h>
 #include <unistd.h>
 
+#include <cstring>
 #include <string>
+#include <utility>
 
 #include <android-base/file.h>
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
 #include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
 #include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
+#include <fstab/fstab.h>
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
 #include <libdm/loop_control.h>
 #include <libfiemap/fiemap_writer.h>
 #include <libfiemap/split_fiemap_writer.h>
 #include <libgsi/libgsi.h>
+#include <storage_literals/storage_literals.h>
 
 #include "utility.h"
 
@@ -46,6 +51,7 @@ namespace fiemap {
 using namespace std;
 using namespace std::string_literals;
 using namespace android::fiemap;
+using namespace android::storage_literals;
 using unique_fd = android::base::unique_fd;
 using LoopDevice = android::dm::LoopDevice;
 
@@ -60,7 +66,11 @@ class FiemapWriterTest : public ::testing::Test {
         testfile = gTestDir + "/"s + tinfo->name();
     }
 
-    void TearDown() override { unlink(testfile.c_str()); }
+    void TearDown() override {
+        truncate(testfile.c_str(), 0);
+        unlink(testfile.c_str());
+        sync();
+    }
 
     // name of the file we use for testing
     std::string testfile;
@@ -427,90 +437,124 @@ TEST_F(SplitFiemapTest, WritePastEnd) {
     ASSERT_FALSE(ptr->Write(buffer.get(), kSize));
 }
 
-class VerifyBlockWritesExt4 : public ::testing::Test {
+// Get max file size and free space.
+std::pair<uint64_t, uint64_t> GetBigFileLimit(const std::string& mount_point) {
+    struct statvfs fs;
+    if (statvfs(mount_point.c_str(), &fs) < 0) {
+        PLOG(ERROR) << "statfs failed";
+        return {0, 0};
+    }
+
+    auto fs_limit = static_cast<uint64_t>(fs.f_blocks) * (fs.f_bsize - 1);
+    auto fs_free = static_cast<uint64_t>(fs.f_bfree) * fs.f_bsize;
+
+    LOG(INFO) << "Big file limit: " << fs_limit << ", free space: " << fs_free;
+
+    return {fs_limit, fs_free};
+}
+
+class FsTest : public ::testing::Test {
+  protected:
     // 2GB Filesystem and 4k block size by default
     static constexpr uint64_t block_size = 4096;
-    static constexpr uint64_t fs_size = 2147483648;
+    static constexpr uint64_t fs_size = 64 * 1024 * 1024;
+
+    void SetUp() {
+        android::fs_mgr::Fstab fstab;
+        ASSERT_TRUE(android::fs_mgr::ReadFstabFromFile("/proc/mounts", &fstab));
+
+        ASSERT_EQ(access(tmpdir_.path, F_OK), 0);
+        fs_path_ = tmpdir_.path + "/fs_image"s;
+        mntpoint_ = tmpdir_.path + "/mnt_point"s;
+
+        auto entry = android::fs_mgr::GetEntryForMountPoint(&fstab, "/data");
+        ASSERT_NE(entry, nullptr);
+        if (entry->fs_type == "ext4") {
+            SetUpExt4();
+        } else if (entry->fs_type == "f2fs") {
+            SetUpF2fs();
+        } else {
+            FAIL() << "Unrecognized fs_type: " << entry->fs_type;
+        }
+    }
 
-  protected:
-    void SetUp() override {
-        fs_path = std::string(getenv("TMPDIR")) + "/ext4_2G.img";
+    void SetUpExt4() {
         uint64_t count = fs_size / block_size;
         std::string dd_cmd =
                 ::android::base::StringPrintf("/system/bin/dd if=/dev/zero of=%s bs=%" PRIu64
                                               " count=%" PRIu64 " > /dev/null 2>&1",
-                                              fs_path.c_str(), block_size, count);
+                                              fs_path_.c_str(), block_size, count);
         std::string mkfs_cmd =
-                ::android::base::StringPrintf("/system/bin/mkfs.ext4 -q %s", fs_path.c_str());
+                ::android::base::StringPrintf("/system/bin/mkfs.ext4 -q %s", fs_path_.c_str());
         // create mount point
-        mntpoint = std::string(getenv("TMPDIR")) + "/fiemap_mnt";
-        ASSERT_EQ(mkdir(mntpoint.c_str(), S_IRWXU), 0);
+        ASSERT_EQ(mkdir(mntpoint_.c_str(), S_IRWXU), 0);
         // create file for the file system
         int ret = system(dd_cmd.c_str());
         ASSERT_EQ(ret, 0);
         // Get and attach a loop device to the filesystem we created
-        LoopDevice loop_dev(fs_path, 10s);
+        LoopDevice loop_dev(fs_path_, 10s);
         ASSERT_TRUE(loop_dev.valid());
         // create file system
         ret = system(mkfs_cmd.c_str());
         ASSERT_EQ(ret, 0);
 
         // mount the file system
-        ASSERT_EQ(mount(loop_dev.device().c_str(), mntpoint.c_str(), "ext4", 0, nullptr), 0);
-    }
-
-    void TearDown() override {
-        umount(mntpoint.c_str());
-        rmdir(mntpoint.c_str());
-        unlink(fs_path.c_str());
+        ASSERT_EQ(mount(loop_dev.device().c_str(), mntpoint_.c_str(), "ext4", 0, nullptr), 0);
     }
 
-    std::string mntpoint;
-    std::string fs_path;
-};
-
-class VerifyBlockWritesF2fs : public ::testing::Test {
-    // 2GB Filesystem and 4k block size by default
-    static constexpr uint64_t block_size = 4096;
-    static constexpr uint64_t fs_size = 2147483648;
-
-  protected:
-    void SetUp() override {
-        fs_path = std::string(getenv("TMPDIR")) + "/f2fs_2G.img";
+    void SetUpF2fs() {
         uint64_t count = fs_size / block_size;
         std::string dd_cmd =
                 ::android::base::StringPrintf("/system/bin/dd if=/dev/zero of=%s bs=%" PRIu64
                                               " count=%" PRIu64 " > /dev/null 2>&1",
-                                              fs_path.c_str(), block_size, count);
+                                              fs_path_.c_str(), block_size, count);
         std::string mkfs_cmd =
-                ::android::base::StringPrintf("/system/bin/make_f2fs -q %s", fs_path.c_str());
+                ::android::base::StringPrintf("/system/bin/make_f2fs -q %s", fs_path_.c_str());
         // create mount point
-        mntpoint = std::string(getenv("TMPDIR")) + "/fiemap_mnt";
-        ASSERT_EQ(mkdir(mntpoint.c_str(), S_IRWXU), 0);
+        ASSERT_EQ(mkdir(mntpoint_.c_str(), S_IRWXU), 0);
         // create file for the file system
         int ret = system(dd_cmd.c_str());
         ASSERT_EQ(ret, 0);
         // Get and attach a loop device to the filesystem we created
-        LoopDevice loop_dev(fs_path, 10s);
+        LoopDevice loop_dev(fs_path_, 10s);
         ASSERT_TRUE(loop_dev.valid());
         // create file system
         ret = system(mkfs_cmd.c_str());
         ASSERT_EQ(ret, 0);
 
         // mount the file system
-        ASSERT_EQ(mount(loop_dev.device().c_str(), mntpoint.c_str(), "f2fs", 0, nullptr), 0);
+        ASSERT_EQ(mount(loop_dev.device().c_str(), mntpoint_.c_str(), "f2fs", 0, nullptr), 0)
+                << strerror(errno);
     }
 
     void TearDown() override {
-        umount(mntpoint.c_str());
-        rmdir(mntpoint.c_str());
-        unlink(fs_path.c_str());
+        umount(mntpoint_.c_str());
+        rmdir(mntpoint_.c_str());
+        unlink(fs_path_.c_str());
     }
 
-    std::string mntpoint;
-    std::string fs_path;
+    TemporaryDir tmpdir_;
+    std::string mntpoint_;
+    std::string fs_path_;
 };
 
+TEST_F(FsTest, LowSpaceError) {
+    auto limits = GetBigFileLimit(mntpoint_);
+    ASSERT_GE(limits.first, 0);
+
+    FiemapUniquePtr ptr;
+
+    auto test_file = mntpoint_ + "/big_file";
+    auto status = FiemapWriter::Open(test_file, limits.first, &ptr);
+    ASSERT_FALSE(status.is_ok());
+    ASSERT_EQ(status.error_code(), FiemapStatus::ErrorCode::NO_SPACE);
+
+    // Also test for EFBIG.
+    status = FiemapWriter::Open(test_file, 16_TiB, &ptr);
+    ASSERT_FALSE(status.is_ok());
+    ASSERT_NE(status.error_code(), FiemapStatus::ErrorCode::NO_SPACE);
+}
+
 bool DetermineBlockSize() {
     struct statfs s;
     if (statfs(gTestDir.c_str(), &s)) {
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libfiemap/image_manager.cpp b/fs_mgr/libfiemap/image_manager.cpp
index c416f4df44af..bc61d15bce99 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libfiemap/image_manager.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libfiemap/image_manager.cpp
@@ -531,11 +531,16 @@ bool ImageManager::MapImageDevice(const std::string& name,
     // If there is no intermediate device-mapper node, then partitions cannot be
     // opened writable due to sepolicy and exclusivity of having a mounted
     // filesystem. This should only happen on devices with no encryption, or
-    // devices with FBE and no metadata encryption. For these cases it suffices
-    // to perform normal file writes to /data/gsi (which is unencrypted).
+    // devices with FBE and no metadata encryption. For these cases we COULD
+    // perform normal writes to /data/gsi (which is unencrypted), but given that
+    // metadata encryption has been mandated since Android R, we don't actually
+    // support or test this.
     //
-    // Note: this is not gated on DeviceInfo, because the recovery-specific path
-    // must only be used in actual recovery.
+    // So, we validate here that /data is backed by device-mapper. This code
+    // isn't needed in recovery since there is no /data.
+    //
+    // If this logic sticks for a release, we can remove MapWithLoopDevice, as
+    // well as WrapUserdataIfNeeded in fs_mgr.
     std::string block_device;
     bool can_use_devicemapper;
     if (!FiemapWriter::GetBlockDeviceForFile(image_header, &block_device, &can_use_devicemapper)) {
@@ -543,20 +548,15 @@ bool ImageManager::MapImageDevice(const std::string& name,
         return false;
     }
 
-    if (can_use_devicemapper) {
-        if (!MapWithDmLinear(*partition_opener_.get(), name, timeout_ms, path)) {
-            return false;
-        }
-    } else if (!MapWithLoopDevice(name, timeout_ms, path)) {
+    if (!can_use_devicemapper) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Cannot map image: /data must be mounted on top of device-mapper.";
         return false;
     }
-#else
-    // In recovery, we can *only* use device-mapper, since partitions aren't
-    // mounted. That also means we cannot call GetBlockDeviceForFile.
+#endif
+
     if (!MapWithDmLinear(*partition_opener_.get(), name, timeout_ms, path)) {
         return false;
     }
-#endif
 
     // Set a property so we remember this is mapped.
     auto prop_name = GetStatusPropertyName(name);
@@ -655,6 +655,23 @@ bool ImageManager::RemoveAllImages() {
     return ok && RemoveAllMetadata(metadata_dir_);
 }
 
+bool ImageManager::DisableAllImages() {
+    if (!MetadataExists(metadata_dir_)) {
+        return true;
+    }
+    auto metadata = OpenMetadata(metadata_dir_);
+    if (!metadata) {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    bool ok = true;
+    for (const auto& partition : metadata->partitions) {
+        auto partition_name = GetPartitionName(partition);
+        ok &= DisableImage(partition_name);
+    }
+    return ok;
+}
+
 bool ImageManager::Validate() {
     auto metadata = OpenMetadata(metadata_dir_);
     if (!metadata) {
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libfiemap/include/libfiemap/fiemap_status.h b/fs_mgr/libfiemap/include/libfiemap/fiemap_status.h
index d7b2cf18ecb7..1365ba4be54b 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libfiemap/include/libfiemap/fiemap_status.h
+++ b/fs_mgr/libfiemap/include/libfiemap/fiemap_status.h
@@ -56,8 +56,7 @@ class FiemapStatus {
     // For logging and debugging only.
     std::string string() const;
 
-  protected:
-    FiemapStatus(ErrorCode code) : error_code_(code) {}
+    explicit FiemapStatus(ErrorCode code) : error_code_(code) {}
 
   private:
     ErrorCode error_code_;
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libfiemap/include/libfiemap/image_manager.h b/fs_mgr/libfiemap/include/libfiemap/image_manager.h
index 0619c96a37d6..78e3080d7671 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libfiemap/include/libfiemap/image_manager.h
+++ b/fs_mgr/libfiemap/include/libfiemap/image_manager.h
@@ -127,6 +127,10 @@ class IImageManager {
     // Find and remove all images and metadata for this manager.
     virtual bool RemoveAllImages() = 0;
 
+    // Finds and marks all images for deletion upon next reboot. This is used during recovery since
+    // we cannot mount /data
+    virtual bool DisableAllImages() = 0;
+
     virtual bool UnmapImageIfExists(const std::string& name);
 
     // Returns whether DisableImage() was called.
@@ -158,6 +162,7 @@ class ImageManager final : public IImageManager {
     bool MapImageWithDeviceMapper(const IPartitionOpener& opener, const std::string& name,
                                   std::string* dev) override;
     bool RemoveAllImages() override;
+    bool DisableAllImages() override;
     bool DisableImage(const std::string& name) override;
     bool RemoveDisabledImages() override;
     bool GetMappedImageDevice(const std::string& name, std::string* device) override;
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libfiemap/metadata.cpp b/fs_mgr/libfiemap/metadata.cpp
index 22b8afb7dadc..0a56f6af7f83 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libfiemap/metadata.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libfiemap/metadata.cpp
@@ -111,13 +111,7 @@ bool SaveMetadata(MetadataBuilder* builder, const std::string& metadata_dir) {
         return true;
     }
 
-    unique_fd fd(open(metadata_file.c_str(), O_CREAT | O_RDWR | O_TRUNC | O_CLOEXEC | O_BINARY | O_SYNC, 0644));
-    if (fd < 0) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "open failed: " << metadata_file;
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    if (!WriteToImageFile(fd, *exported.get())) {
+    if (!WriteToImageFile(metadata_file, *exported.get())) {
         LOG(ERROR) << "Unable to save new metadata";
         return false;
     }
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libfiemap/split_fiemap_writer.cpp b/fs_mgr/libfiemap/split_fiemap_writer.cpp
index 0df61253c85b..1f32d2f99405 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libfiemap/split_fiemap_writer.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libfiemap/split_fiemap_writer.cpp
@@ -196,10 +196,13 @@ bool SplitFiemap::RemoveSplitFiles(const std::string& file_path, std::string* me
             if (access(file.c_str(), F_OK) != 0 && (errno == ENOENT || errno == ENAMETOOLONG)) {
                 continue;
             }
+            truncate(file.c_str(), 0);
             ok &= android::base::RemoveFileIfExists(file, message);
         }
     }
+    truncate(file_path.c_str(), 0);
     ok &= android::base::RemoveFileIfExists(file_path, message);
+    sync();
     return ok;
 }
 
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libfs_avb/avb_ops.cpp b/fs_mgr/libfs_avb/avb_ops.cpp
index a119bfcde274..7f0083997cd8 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libfs_avb/avb_ops.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libfs_avb/avb_ops.cpp
@@ -34,6 +34,7 @@
 
 #include <string>
 
+#include <android-base/logging.h>
 #include <android-base/macros.h>
 #include <android-base/strings.h>
 #include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
@@ -108,8 +109,8 @@ static AvbIOResult get_size_of_partition(AvbOps* ops ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED,
 // Converts a partition name (with ab_suffix) to the corresponding mount point.
 // e.g., "system_a" => "/system",
 // e.g., "vendor_a" => "/vendor",
-static std::string DeriveMountPoint(const std::string& partition_name) {
-    const std::string ab_suffix = fs_mgr_get_slot_suffix();
+static std::string DeriveMountPoint(const std::string& partition_name,
+                                    const std::string& ab_suffix) {
     std::string mount_point(partition_name);
     auto found = partition_name.rfind(ab_suffix);
     if (found != std::string::npos) {
@@ -119,7 +120,7 @@ static std::string DeriveMountPoint(const std::string& partition_name) {
     return "/" + mount_point;
 }
 
-FsManagerAvbOps::FsManagerAvbOps() {
+FsManagerAvbOps::FsManagerAvbOps(const std::string& slot_suffix) {
     // We only need to provide the implementation of read_from_partition()
     // operation since that's all what is being used by the avb_slot_verify().
     // Other I/O operations are only required in bootloader but not in
@@ -135,6 +136,11 @@ FsManagerAvbOps::FsManagerAvbOps() {
 
     // Sets user_data for GetInstanceFromAvbOps() to convert it back to FsManagerAvbOps.
     avb_ops_.user_data = this;
+
+    slot_suffix_ = slot_suffix;
+    if (slot_suffix_.empty()) {
+        slot_suffix_ = fs_mgr_get_slot_suffix();
+    }
 }
 
 // Given a partition name (with ab_suffix), e.g., system_a, returns the corresponding
@@ -149,7 +155,7 @@ std::string FsManagerAvbOps::GetLogicalPath(const std::string& partition_name) {
         return "";
     }
 
-    const auto mount_point = DeriveMountPoint(partition_name);
+    const auto mount_point = DeriveMountPoint(partition_name, slot_suffix_);
     if (mount_point.empty()) return "";
 
     auto fstab_entry = GetEntryForMountPoint(&fstab_, mount_point);
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libfs_avb/avb_ops.h b/fs_mgr/libfs_avb/avb_ops.h
index 12686a61df5b..709091e3832e 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libfs_avb/avb_ops.h
+++ b/fs_mgr/libfs_avb/avb_ops.h
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ namespace fs_mgr {
 //
 class FsManagerAvbOps {
   public:
-    FsManagerAvbOps();
+    explicit FsManagerAvbOps(const std::string& slot_suffix = {});
 
     static FsManagerAvbOps* GetInstanceFromAvbOps(AvbOps* ops) {
         return reinterpret_cast<FsManagerAvbOps*>(ops->user_data);
@@ -66,6 +66,7 @@ class FsManagerAvbOps {
     std::string GetPartitionPath(const char* partition_name);
     AvbOps avb_ops_;
     Fstab fstab_;
+    std::string slot_suffix_;
 };
 
 }  // namespace fs_mgr
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libfs_avb/avb_util.cpp b/fs_mgr/libfs_avb/avb_util.cpp
index 90b65ce4c5b0..37c9eabb8f70 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libfs_avb/avb_util.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libfs_avb/avb_util.cpp
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@
 #include <array>
 #include <sstream>
 
+#include <android-base/logging.h>
 #include <android-base/file.h>
 #include <android-base/strings.h>
 #include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libfs_avb/fs_avb.cpp b/fs_mgr/libfs_avb/fs_avb.cpp
index a28887627673..4e6aaf500a87 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libfs_avb/fs_avb.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libfs_avb/fs_avb.cpp
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@
 #include <vector>
 
 #include <android-base/file.h>
+#include <android-base/logging.h>
 #include <android-base/parseint.h>
 #include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
 #include <android-base/strings.h>
@@ -182,6 +183,11 @@ bool AvbVerifier::VerifyVbmetaImages(const std::vector<VBMetaData>& vbmeta_image
 
 // class AvbHandle
 // ---------------
+AvbHandle::AvbHandle() : status_(AvbHandleStatus::kUninitialized) {
+    slot_suffix_ = fs_mgr_get_slot_suffix();
+    other_slot_suffix_ = fs_mgr_get_other_slot_suffix();
+}
+
 AvbUniquePtr AvbHandle::LoadAndVerifyVbmeta(
         const std::string& partition_name, const std::string& ab_suffix,
         const std::string& ab_other_suffix, const std::string& expected_public_key_path,
@@ -194,6 +200,9 @@ AvbUniquePtr AvbHandle::LoadAndVerifyVbmeta(
         return nullptr;
     }
 
+    avb_handle->slot_suffix_ = ab_suffix;
+    avb_handle->other_slot_suffix_ = ab_other_suffix;
+
     std::string expected_key_blob;
     if (!expected_public_key_path.empty()) {
         if (access(expected_public_key_path.c_str(), F_OK) != 0) {
@@ -280,14 +289,82 @@ static bool IsAvbPermissive() {
     return false;
 }
 
-AvbUniquePtr AvbHandle::LoadAndVerifyVbmeta(const FstabEntry& fstab_entry,
-                                            const std::vector<std::string>& preload_avb_key_blobs) {
+bool IsPublicKeyMatching(const FstabEntry& fstab_entry, const std::string& public_key_data,
+                         const std::vector<std::string>& preload_avb_key_blobs) {
     // At least one of the following should be provided for public key matching.
     if (preload_avb_key_blobs.empty() && fstab_entry.avb_keys.empty()) {
         LERROR << "avb_keys=/path/to/key(s) is missing for " << fstab_entry.mount_point;
-        return nullptr;
+        return false;
     }
 
+    // Expected key shouldn't be empty.
+    if (public_key_data.empty()) {
+        LERROR << "public key data shouldn't be empty for " << fstab_entry.mount_point;
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    // Performs key matching for preload_avb_key_blobs first, if it is present.
+    if (!preload_avb_key_blobs.empty()) {
+        if (std::find(preload_avb_key_blobs.begin(), preload_avb_key_blobs.end(),
+                      public_key_data) != preload_avb_key_blobs.end()) {
+            return true;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Performs key matching for fstab_entry.avb_keys if necessary.
+    // Note that it is intentional to match both preload_avb_key_blobs and fstab_entry.avb_keys.
+    // Some keys might only be available before init chroots into /system, e.g., /avb/key1
+    // in the first-stage ramdisk, while other keys might only be available after the chroot,
+    // e.g., /system/etc/avb/key2.
+    // fstab_entry.avb_keys might be either a directory containing multiple keys,
+    // or a string indicating multiple keys separated by ':'.
+    std::vector<std::string> allowed_avb_keys;
+    auto list_avb_keys_in_dir = ListFiles(fstab_entry.avb_keys);
+    if (list_avb_keys_in_dir.ok()) {
+        std::sort(list_avb_keys_in_dir->begin(), list_avb_keys_in_dir->end());
+        allowed_avb_keys = *list_avb_keys_in_dir;
+    } else {
+        allowed_avb_keys = Split(fstab_entry.avb_keys, ":");
+    }
+    return ValidatePublicKeyBlob(public_key_data, allowed_avb_keys);
+}
+
+bool IsHashtreeDescriptorRootDigestMatching(const FstabEntry& fstab_entry,
+                                            const std::vector<VBMetaData>& vbmeta_images,
+                                            const std::string& ab_suffix,
+                                            const std::string& ab_other_suffix) {
+    // Read expected value of hashtree descriptor root digest from fstab_entry.
+    std::string root_digest_expected;
+    if (!ReadFileToString(fstab_entry.avb_hashtree_digest, &root_digest_expected)) {
+        LERROR << "Failed to load expected root digest for " << fstab_entry.mount_point;
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    // Read actual hashtree descriptor from vbmeta image.
+    std::string partition_name = DeriveAvbPartitionName(fstab_entry, ab_suffix, ab_other_suffix);
+    if (partition_name.empty()) {
+        LERROR << "Failed to find partition name for " << fstab_entry.mount_point;
+        return false;
+    }
+    std::unique_ptr<FsAvbHashtreeDescriptor> hashtree_descriptor =
+            android::fs_mgr::GetHashtreeDescriptor(partition_name, vbmeta_images);
+    if (!hashtree_descriptor) {
+        LERROR << "Not found hashtree descriptor for " << fstab_entry.mount_point;
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    // Performs hashtree descriptor root digest matching.
+    if (hashtree_descriptor->root_digest != root_digest_expected) {
+        LERROR << "root digest (" << hashtree_descriptor->root_digest
+               << ") is different from expected value (" << root_digest_expected << ")";
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    return true;
+}
+
+AvbUniquePtr AvbHandle::LoadAndVerifyVbmeta(const FstabEntry& fstab_entry,
+                                            const std::vector<std::string>& preload_avb_key_blobs) {
     // Binds allow_verification_error and rollback_protection to device unlock state.
     bool allow_verification_error = IsAvbPermissive();
     bool rollback_protection = !allow_verification_error;
@@ -325,40 +402,24 @@ AvbUniquePtr AvbHandle::LoadAndVerifyVbmeta(const FstabEntry& fstab_entry,
             return nullptr;
     }
 
-    bool public_key_match = false;
-    // Performs key matching for preload_avb_key_blobs first, if it is present.
-    if (!public_key_data.empty() && !preload_avb_key_blobs.empty()) {
-        if (std::find(preload_avb_key_blobs.begin(), preload_avb_key_blobs.end(),
-                      public_key_data) != preload_avb_key_blobs.end()) {
-            public_key_match = true;
-        }
-    }
-    // Performs key matching for fstab_entry.avb_keys if necessary.
-    // Note that it is intentional to match both preload_avb_key_blobs and fstab_entry.avb_keys.
-    // Some keys might only be availble before init chroots into /system, e.g., /avb/key1
-    // in the first-stage ramdisk, while other keys might only be available after the chroot,
-    // e.g., /system/etc/avb/key2.
-    if (!public_key_data.empty() && !public_key_match) {
-        // fstab_entry.avb_keys might be either a directory containing multiple keys,
-        // or a string indicating multiple keys separated by ':'.
-        std::vector<std::string> allowed_avb_keys;
-        auto list_avb_keys_in_dir = ListFiles(fstab_entry.avb_keys);
-        if (list_avb_keys_in_dir.ok()) {
-            std::sort(list_avb_keys_in_dir->begin(), list_avb_keys_in_dir->end());
-            allowed_avb_keys = *list_avb_keys_in_dir;
-        } else {
-            allowed_avb_keys = Split(fstab_entry.avb_keys, ":");
-        }
-        if (ValidatePublicKeyBlob(public_key_data, allowed_avb_keys)) {
-            public_key_match = true;
+    // Verify vbmeta image checking by either public key or hashtree descriptor root digest.
+    if (!preload_avb_key_blobs.empty() || !fstab_entry.avb_keys.empty()) {
+        if (!IsPublicKeyMatching(fstab_entry, public_key_data, preload_avb_key_blobs)) {
+            avb_handle->status_ = AvbHandleStatus::kVerificationError;
+            LWARNING << "Found unknown public key used to sign " << fstab_entry.mount_point;
+            if (!allow_verification_error) {
+                LERROR << "Unknown public key is not allowed";
+                return nullptr;
+            }
         }
-    }
-
-    if (!public_key_match) {
+    } else if (!IsHashtreeDescriptorRootDigestMatching(fstab_entry, avb_handle->vbmeta_images_,
+                                                       avb_handle->slot_suffix_,
+                                                       avb_handle->other_slot_suffix_)) {
         avb_handle->status_ = AvbHandleStatus::kVerificationError;
-        LWARNING << "Found unknown public key used to sign " << fstab_entry.mount_point;
+        LWARNING << "Found unknown hashtree descriptor root digest used on "
+                 << fstab_entry.mount_point;
         if (!allow_verification_error) {
-            LERROR << "Unknown public key is not allowed";
+            LERROR << "Verification based on root digest failed. Vbmeta image is not allowed.";
             return nullptr;
         }
     }
@@ -373,9 +434,14 @@ AvbUniquePtr AvbHandle::LoadAndVerifyVbmeta(const FstabEntry& fstab_entry,
     return avb_handle;
 }
 
-AvbUniquePtr AvbHandle::LoadAndVerifyVbmeta() {
+AvbUniquePtr AvbHandle::LoadAndVerifyVbmeta(const std::string& slot_suffix) {
     // Loads inline vbmeta images, starting from /vbmeta.
-    return LoadAndVerifyVbmeta("vbmeta", fs_mgr_get_slot_suffix(), fs_mgr_get_other_slot_suffix(),
+    auto suffix = slot_suffix;
+    if (suffix.empty()) {
+        suffix = fs_mgr_get_slot_suffix();
+    }
+    auto other_suffix = android::fs_mgr::OtherSlotSuffix(suffix);
+    return LoadAndVerifyVbmeta("vbmeta", suffix, other_suffix,
                                {} /* expected_public_key, already checked by bootloader */,
                                HashAlgorithm::kSHA256,
                                IsAvbPermissive(), /* allow_verification_error */
@@ -399,7 +465,7 @@ AvbUniquePtr AvbHandle::Open() {
                                        ? AVB_SLOT_VERIFY_FLAGS_ALLOW_VERIFICATION_ERROR
                                        : AVB_SLOT_VERIFY_FLAGS_NONE;
     AvbSlotVerifyResult verify_result =
-            avb_ops.AvbSlotVerify(fs_mgr_get_slot_suffix(), flags, &avb_handle->vbmeta_images_);
+            avb_ops.AvbSlotVerify(avb_handle->slot_suffix_, flags, &avb_handle->vbmeta_images_);
 
     // Only allow the following verify results:
     //   - AVB_SLOT_VERIFY_RESULT_OK.
@@ -492,7 +558,7 @@ AvbHashtreeResult AvbHandle::SetUpAvbHashtree(FstabEntry* fstab_entry, bool wait
     }
 
     if (!LoadAvbHashtreeToEnableVerity(fstab_entry, wait_for_verity_dev, vbmeta_images_,
-                                       fs_mgr_get_slot_suffix(), fs_mgr_get_other_slot_suffix())) {
+                                       slot_suffix_, other_slot_suffix_)) {
         return AvbHashtreeResult::kFail;
     }
 
@@ -526,8 +592,8 @@ std::string AvbHandle::GetSecurityPatchLevel(const FstabEntry& fstab_entry) cons
     if (vbmeta_images_.size() < 1) {
         return "";
     }
-    std::string avb_partition_name = DeriveAvbPartitionName(fstab_entry, fs_mgr_get_slot_suffix(),
-                                                            fs_mgr_get_other_slot_suffix());
+    std::string avb_partition_name =
+            DeriveAvbPartitionName(fstab_entry, slot_suffix_, other_slot_suffix_);
     auto avb_prop_name = "com.android.build." + avb_partition_name + ".security_patch";
     return GetAvbPropertyDescriptor(avb_prop_name, vbmeta_images_);
 }
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libfs_avb/fs_avb_util.cpp b/fs_mgr/libfs_avb/fs_avb_util.cpp
index 532622694bf0..a74aa2587d09 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libfs_avb/fs_avb_util.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libfs_avb/fs_avb_util.cpp
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@
 #include <string>
 #include <vector>
 
+#include <android-base/logging.h>
 #include <android-base/strings.h>
 #include <fstab/fstab.h>
 #include <libavb/libavb.h>
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libfs_avb/include/fs_avb/fs_avb.h b/fs_mgr/libfs_avb/include/fs_avb/fs_avb.h
index 4702e6807914..924ab247384f 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libfs_avb/include/fs_avb/fs_avb.h
+++ b/fs_mgr/libfs_avb/include/fs_avb/fs_avb.h
@@ -83,8 +83,8 @@ class AvbHandle {
     //     is verified and can be trusted.
     //
     // TODO(bowgotsai): remove Open() and switch to LoadAndVerifyVbmeta().
-    static AvbUniquePtr Open();                 // loads inline vbmeta, via libavb.
-    static AvbUniquePtr LoadAndVerifyVbmeta();  // loads inline vbmeta.
+    static AvbUniquePtr Open();  // loads inline vbmeta, via libavb.
+    static AvbUniquePtr LoadAndVerifyVbmeta(const std::string& slot_suffix = {});
 
     // The caller can specify optional preload_avb_key_blobs for public key matching.
     // This is mostly for init to preload AVB keys before chroot into /system.
@@ -137,12 +137,14 @@ class AvbHandle {
     AvbHandle& operator=(AvbHandle&&) noexcept = delete;  // no move assignment
 
   private:
-    AvbHandle() : status_(AvbHandleStatus::kUninitialized) {}
+    AvbHandle();
 
     std::vector<VBMetaData> vbmeta_images_;
     VBMetaInfo vbmeta_info_;  // A summary info for vbmeta_images_.
     AvbHandleStatus status_;
     std::string avb_version_;
+    std::string slot_suffix_;
+    std::string other_slot_suffix_;
 };
 
 }  // namespace fs_mgr
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libfs_avb/tests/avb_util_test.cpp b/fs_mgr/libfs_avb/tests/avb_util_test.cpp
index 2e34920124c9..85eeeb075fc0 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libfs_avb/tests/avb_util_test.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libfs_avb/tests/avb_util_test.cpp
@@ -16,10 +16,11 @@
 
 #include <endian.h>
 
+#include <random>
+
+#include <android-base/strings.h>
 #include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
 #include <base/files/file_util.h>
-#include <base/rand_util.h>
-#include <base/strings/string_util.h>
 #include <libavb/libavb.h>
 
 #include "avb_util.h"
@@ -70,7 +71,7 @@ void AvbUtilTest::SetVBMetaFlags(const base::FilePath& image_path, uint32_t flag
 
     std::string image_file_name = image_path.RemoveExtension().BaseName().value();
     bool is_vbmeta_partition =
-        base::StartsWith(image_file_name, "vbmeta", base::CompareCase::INSENSITIVE_ASCII);
+        android::base::StartsWithIgnoreCase(image_file_name, "vbmeta");
 
     android::base::unique_fd fd(open(image_path.value().c_str(), O_RDWR | O_CLOEXEC));
     EXPECT_TRUE(fd > 0);
@@ -603,7 +604,7 @@ bool AvbUtilTest::CompareVBMeta(const base::FilePath& avb_image_path,
     std::string image_file_name = avb_image_path.RemoveExtension().BaseName().value();
 
     base::FilePath extracted_vbmeta_path;
-    if (base::StartsWith(image_file_name, "vbmeta", base::CompareCase::INSENSITIVE_ASCII)) {
+    if (android::base::StartsWithIgnoreCase(image_file_name, "vbmeta")) {
         extracted_vbmeta_path = avb_image_path;  // no need to extract if it's a vbmeta image.
     } else {
         extracted_vbmeta_path = ExtractVBMetaImage(avb_image_path, image_file_name + "-vbmeta.img");
@@ -655,10 +656,12 @@ TEST_F(AvbUtilTest, VerifyVBMetaDataWithoutFooter) {
             "      Partition Name:          boot\n"
             "      Rollback Index Location: 1\n"
             "      Public key (sha1):       cdbb77177f731920bbe0a0f94f84d9038ae0617d\n"
+            "      Flags:                   0\n"
             "    Chain Partition descriptor:\n"
             "      Partition Name:          system\n"
             "      Rollback Index Location: 2\n"
-            "      Public key (sha1):       2597c218aae470a130f61162feaae70afd97f011\n",
+            "      Public key (sha1):       2597c218aae470a130f61162feaae70afd97f011\n"
+            "      Flags:                   0\n",
             InfoImage("vbmeta.img"));
 
     android::base::unique_fd fd(open(vbmeta_path.value().c_str(), O_RDONLY | O_CLOEXEC));
@@ -725,7 +728,10 @@ void AvbUtilTest::ModifyFile(const base::FilePath& file_path, size_t offset, ssi
 
     // Introduces a new modification.
     if (length > 0) {
-        int modify_location = base::RandInt(offset, offset + length - 1);
+        // mersenne_twister_engine seeded with the default seed source.
+        static std::mt19937 gen(std::random_device{}());
+        std::uniform_int_distribution<> rand_distribution(offset, offset + length - 1);
+        int modify_location = rand_distribution(gen);
         file_content[modify_location] ^= 0x80;
         last_file_path = file_path.value();
         last_modified_location = modify_location;
@@ -876,10 +882,12 @@ TEST_F(AvbUtilTest, GetChainPartitionInfo) {
             "      Partition Name:          boot\n"
             "      Rollback Index Location: 1\n"
             "      Public key (sha1):       cdbb77177f731920bbe0a0f94f84d9038ae0617d\n"
+            "      Flags:                   0\n"
             "    Chain Partition descriptor:\n"
             "      Partition Name:          vbmeta_system\n"
             "      Rollback Index Location: 2\n"
-            "      Public key (sha1):       2597c218aae470a130f61162feaae70afd97f011\n",
+            "      Public key (sha1):       2597c218aae470a130f61162feaae70afd97f011\n"
+            "      Flags:                   0\n",
             InfoImage("vbmeta.img"));
 
     bool fatal_error = false;
@@ -909,7 +917,8 @@ TEST_F(AvbUtilTest, GetChainPartitionInfo) {
             "    Chain Partition descriptor:\n"
             "      Partition Name:          system\n"
             "      Rollback Index Location: 3\n"
-            "      Public key (sha1):       2597c218aae470a130f61162feaae70afd97f011\n",
+            "      Public key (sha1):       2597c218aae470a130f61162feaae70afd97f011\n"
+            "      Flags:                   0\n",
             InfoImage("vbmeta_system.img"));
 
     chained_descriptors = GetChainPartitionInfo(LoadVBMetaData("vbmeta_system.img"), &fatal_error);
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libfs_avb/tests/basic_test.cpp b/fs_mgr/libfs_avb/tests/basic_test.cpp
index 1c47c0758692..e0d465e17213 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libfs_avb/tests/basic_test.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libfs_avb/tests/basic_test.cpp
@@ -20,7 +20,6 @@
 
 #include <android-base/file.h>
 #include <base/files/file_util.h>
-#include <base/strings/string_util.h>
 
 namespace fs_avb_host_test {
 
@@ -268,10 +267,12 @@ TEST_F(BaseFsAvbTest, GenerateVBMetaImageWithChainDescriptors) {
             "      Partition Name:          boot\n"
             "      Rollback Index Location: 1\n"
             "      Public key (sha1):       cdbb77177f731920bbe0a0f94f84d9038ae0617d\n"
+            "      Flags:                   0\n"
             "    Chain Partition descriptor:\n"
             "      Partition Name:          system\n"
             "      Rollback Index Location: 2\n"
-            "      Public key (sha1):       2597c218aae470a130f61162feaae70afd97f011\n",
+            "      Public key (sha1):       2597c218aae470a130f61162feaae70afd97f011\n"
+            "      Flags:                   0\n",
             InfoImage("vbmeta.img"));
 }
 
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libfs_avb/tests/fs_avb_test.cpp b/fs_mgr/libfs_avb/tests/fs_avb_test.cpp
index 2c819a929468..5f153f507226 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libfs_avb/tests/fs_avb_test.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libfs_avb/tests/fs_avb_test.cpp
@@ -18,8 +18,8 @@
 #include <stdlib.h>
 
 #include <android-base/file.h>
+#include <android-base/strings.h>
 #include <base/files/file_util.h>
-#include <base/strings/string_util.h>
 #include <fs_avb/fs_avb.h>
 #include <libavb/libavb.h>
 
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ void PublicFsAvbTest::ModifyVBMetaHeaderFlags(const base::FilePath& vbmeta_image
 
     // Only support modifying the flags in vbmeta*.img.
     std::string image_file_name = vbmeta_image_path.RemoveExtension().BaseName().value();
-    ASSERT_TRUE(base::StartsWith(image_file_name, "vbmeta", base::CompareCase::INSENSITIVE_ASCII));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(android::base::StartsWithIgnoreCase(image_file_name, "vbmeta"));
 
     android::base::unique_fd fd(open(vbmeta_image_path.value().c_str(), O_RDWR | O_CLOEXEC));
     EXPECT_TRUE(fd > 0);
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libfs_avb/tests/fs_avb_test_util.cpp b/fs_mgr/libfs_avb/tests/fs_avb_test_util.cpp
index 1c95cf0fe56d..28fdbc2860fa 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libfs_avb/tests/fs_avb_test_util.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libfs_avb/tests/fs_avb_test_util.cpp
@@ -19,8 +19,9 @@
 #include <stdlib.h>
 
 #include <android-base/file.h>
+#include <android-base/strings.h>
+#include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
 #include <base/files/file_util.h>
-#include <base/strings/string_util.h>
 
 namespace fs_avb_host_test {
 
@@ -64,9 +65,7 @@ std::string BaseFsAvbTest::CalcVBMetaDigest(const std::string& file_name,
     std::string vbmeta_digest_data;
     EXPECT_TRUE(base::ReadFileToString(vbmeta_digest_path, &vbmeta_digest_data));
     // Returns the trimmed digest.
-    std::string trimmed_digest_data;
-    base::TrimString(vbmeta_digest_data, " \t\n", &trimmed_digest_data);
-    return trimmed_digest_data;
+    return android::base::Trim(vbmeta_digest_data);
 }
 
 base::FilePath BaseFsAvbTest::GenerateVBMetaImage(
@@ -91,7 +90,7 @@ base::FilePath BaseFsAvbTest::GenerateVBMetaImage(
     // --chain_partitions
     std::string chain_partition_options;
     for (const auto& partition : chain_partitions) {
-        chain_partition_options += base::StringPrintf(
+        chain_partition_options += android::base::StringPrintf(
                 " --chain_partition %s:%u:%s", partition.partition_name.c_str(),
                 partition.rollback_index_location, partition.key_blob_path.value().c_str());
     }
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libfs_avb/tests/fs_avb_test_util.h b/fs_mgr/libfs_avb/tests/fs_avb_test_util.h
index ab1980bb92ef..fbda0e16bd7e 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libfs_avb/tests/fs_avb_test_util.h
+++ b/fs_mgr/libfs_avb/tests/fs_avb_test_util.h
@@ -26,9 +26,9 @@
 #include <string>
 #include <vector>
 
+#include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
 #include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
 #include <base/files/file_path.h>
-#include <base/strings/stringprintf.h>
 #include <fs_avb/types.h>
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
 
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@
 // the command exits normally with exit status |expected_exit_status|.
 #define EXPECT_COMMAND(expected_exit_status, command_format, ...)                   \
     do {                                                                            \
-        int rc = system(base::StringPrintf(command_format, ##__VA_ARGS__).c_str()); \
+        int rc = system(android::base::StringPrintf(command_format, ##__VA_ARGS__).c_str()); \
         EXPECT_TRUE(WIFEXITED(rc));                                                 \
         EXPECT_EQ(WEXITSTATUS(rc), expected_exit_status);                           \
     } while (0);
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libfs_avb/util.cpp b/fs_mgr/libfs_avb/util.cpp
index 7783d04e68e9..79c7b9494c0c 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libfs_avb/util.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libfs_avb/util.cpp
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@
 
 #include <thread>
 
+#include <android-base/logging.h>
 #include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
 #include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
 #include <linux/fs.h>
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libfs_avb/util.h b/fs_mgr/libfs_avb/util.h
index 29d1e9c548f2..570456046f72 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libfs_avb/util.h
+++ b/fs_mgr/libfs_avb/util.h
@@ -20,12 +20,6 @@
 #include <string>
 #include <vector>
 
-#ifdef HOST_TEST
-#include <base/logging.h>
-#else
-#include <android-base/logging.h>
-#endif
-
 #include <android-base/result.h>
 
 using android::base::ErrnoError;
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libfstab/Android.bp b/fs_mgr/libfstab/Android.bp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..df0269c3a6af
--- /dev/null
+++ b/fs_mgr/libfstab/Android.bp
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+//
+// Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+//
+
+package {
+    default_applicable_licenses: [
+        "Android-Apache-2.0",
+        "system_core_fs_mgr_license",
+    ],
+}
+
+cc_library_static {
+    // Do not ever make this a shared library as long as it is vendor_available.
+    // It does not have a stable interface.
+    name: "libfstab",
+    vendor_available: true,
+    ramdisk_available: true,
+    vendor_ramdisk_available: true,
+    recovery_available: true,
+    host_supported: true,
+    defaults: ["fs_mgr_defaults"],
+    export_include_dirs: ["include"],
+    header_libs: [
+        "libbase_headers",
+        "libgsi_headers",
+    ],
+    srcs: [
+        "fstab.cpp",
+        "boot_config.cpp",
+        "slotselect.cpp",
+    ],
+    target: {
+        darwin: {
+            enabled: false,
+        },
+        vendor: {
+            cflags: [
+                // Skipping entries in fstab should only be done in a system
+                // process as the config file is in /system_ext.
+                // Remove the op from the vendor variant.
+                "-DNO_SKIP_MOUNT",
+            ],
+        },
+    },
+    apex_available: [
+        "//apex_available:anyapex",
+        "//apex_available:platform",
+    ],
+    min_sdk_version: "31",
+}
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libfstab/boot_config.cpp b/fs_mgr/libfstab/boot_config.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..b21495ecd9e7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/fs_mgr/libfstab/boot_config.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,205 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2017 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <iterator>
+#include <string>
+
+#include <android-base/file.h>
+#include <android-base/properties.h>
+#include <android-base/strings.h>
+
+#include "fstab_priv.h"
+#include "logging_macros.h"
+
+namespace android {
+namespace fs_mgr {
+
+const std::string& GetAndroidDtDir() {
+    // Set once and saves time for subsequent calls to this function
+    static const std::string kAndroidDtDir = [] {
+        std::string android_dt_dir;
+        if ((GetBootconfig("androidboot.android_dt_dir", &android_dt_dir) ||
+             GetKernelCmdline("androidboot.android_dt_dir", &android_dt_dir)) &&
+            !android_dt_dir.empty()) {
+            // Ensure the returned path ends with a /
+            if (android_dt_dir.back() != '/') {
+                android_dt_dir.push_back('/');
+            }
+        } else {
+            // Fall back to the standard procfs-based path
+            android_dt_dir = "/proc/device-tree/firmware/android/";
+        }
+        LINFO << "Using Android DT directory " << android_dt_dir;
+        return android_dt_dir;
+    }();
+    return kAndroidDtDir;
+}
+
+void ImportBootconfigFromString(const std::string& bootconfig,
+                                const std::function<void(std::string, std::string)>& fn) {
+    for (std::string_view line : android::base::Split(bootconfig, "\n")) {
+        const auto equal_pos = line.find('=');
+        std::string key = android::base::Trim(line.substr(0, equal_pos));
+        if (key.empty()) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        std::string value;
+        if (equal_pos != line.npos) {
+            value = android::base::Trim(line.substr(equal_pos + 1));
+            // If the value is a comma-delimited list, the kernel would insert a space between the
+            // list elements when read from /proc/bootconfig.
+            // BoardConfig.mk:
+            //      BOARD_BOOTCONFIG := key=value1,value2,value3
+            // /proc/bootconfig:
+            //      key = "value1", "value2", "value3"
+            if (key == "androidboot.boot_device" || key == "androidboot.boot_devices") {
+                // boot_device[s] is a special case where a list element can contain comma and the
+                // caller expects a space-delimited list, so don't remove space here.
+                value.erase(std::remove(value.begin(), value.end(), '"'), value.end());
+            } else {
+                // In order to not break the expectations of existing code, we modify the value to
+                // keep the format consistent with the kernel cmdline by removing quote and space.
+                std::string_view sv(value);
+                android::base::ConsumePrefix(&sv, "\"");
+                android::base::ConsumeSuffix(&sv, "\"");
+                value = android::base::StringReplace(sv, R"(", ")", ",", true);
+            }
+        }
+        // "key" and "key =" means empty value.
+        fn(std::move(key), std::move(value));
+    }
+}
+
+bool GetBootconfigFromString(const std::string& bootconfig, const std::string& key,
+                             std::string* out) {
+    bool found = false;
+    ImportBootconfigFromString(bootconfig, [&](std::string config_key, std::string value) {
+        if (!found && config_key == key) {
+            *out = std::move(value);
+            found = true;
+        }
+    });
+    return found;
+}
+
+void ImportBootconfig(const std::function<void(std::string, std::string)>& fn) {
+    std::string bootconfig;
+    android::base::ReadFileToString("/proc/bootconfig", &bootconfig);
+    ImportBootconfigFromString(bootconfig, fn);
+}
+
+bool GetBootconfig(const std::string& key, std::string* out) {
+    std::string bootconfig;
+    android::base::ReadFileToString("/proc/bootconfig", &bootconfig);
+    return GetBootconfigFromString(bootconfig, key, out);
+}
+
+void ImportKernelCmdlineFromString(const std::string& cmdline,
+                                   const std::function<void(std::string, std::string)>& fn) {
+    static constexpr char quote = '"';
+
+    size_t base = 0;
+    while (true) {
+        // skip quoted spans
+        auto found = base;
+        while (((found = cmdline.find_first_of(" \"", found)) != cmdline.npos) &&
+               (cmdline[found] == quote)) {
+            // unbalanced quote is ok
+            if ((found = cmdline.find(quote, found + 1)) == cmdline.npos) break;
+            ++found;
+        }
+        std::string piece = cmdline.substr(base, found - base);
+        piece.erase(std::remove(piece.begin(), piece.end(), quote), piece.end());
+        auto equal_sign = piece.find('=');
+        if (equal_sign == piece.npos) {
+            if (!piece.empty()) {
+                // no difference between <key> and <key>=
+                fn(std::move(piece), "");
+            }
+        } else {
+            std::string value = piece.substr(equal_sign + 1);
+            piece.resize(equal_sign);
+            fn(std::move(piece), std::move(value));
+        }
+        if (found == cmdline.npos) break;
+        base = found + 1;
+    }
+}
+
+bool GetKernelCmdlineFromString(const std::string& cmdline, const std::string& key,
+                                std::string* out) {
+    bool found = false;
+    ImportKernelCmdlineFromString(cmdline, [&](std::string config_key, std::string value) {
+        if (!found && config_key == key) {
+            *out = std::move(value);
+            found = true;
+        }
+    });
+    return found;
+}
+
+void ImportKernelCmdline(const std::function<void(std::string, std::string)>& fn) {
+    std::string cmdline;
+    android::base::ReadFileToString("/proc/cmdline", &cmdline);
+    ImportKernelCmdlineFromString(android::base::Trim(cmdline), fn);
+}
+
+bool GetKernelCmdline(const std::string& key, std::string* out) {
+    std::string cmdline;
+    android::base::ReadFileToString("/proc/cmdline", &cmdline);
+    return GetKernelCmdlineFromString(android::base::Trim(cmdline), key, out);
+}
+
+}  // namespace fs_mgr
+}  // namespace android
+
+// Tries to get the boot config value in device tree, properties, kernel bootconfig and kernel
+// cmdline (in that order).
+// Returns 'true' if successfully found, 'false' otherwise.
+bool fs_mgr_get_boot_config(const std::string& key, std::string* out_val) {
+    FSTAB_CHECK(out_val != nullptr);
+
+    // firstly, check the device tree
+    if (is_dt_compatible()) {
+        std::string file_name = android::fs_mgr::GetAndroidDtDir() + key;
+        if (android::base::ReadFileToString(file_name, out_val)) {
+            if (!out_val->empty()) {
+                out_val->pop_back();  // Trims the trailing '\0' out.
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // next, check if we have "ro.boot" property already
+    *out_val = android::base::GetProperty("ro.boot." + key, "");
+    if (!out_val->empty()) {
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    // next, check if we have the property in bootconfig
+    const std::string config_key = "androidboot." + key;
+    if (android::fs_mgr::GetBootconfig(config_key, out_val)) {
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    // finally, fallback to kernel cmdline, properties may not be ready yet
+    if (android::fs_mgr::GetKernelCmdline(config_key, out_val)) {
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    return false;
+}
diff --git a/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_fstab.cpp b/fs_mgr/libfstab/fstab.cpp
similarity index 84%
rename from fs_mgr/fs_mgr_fstab.cpp
rename to fs_mgr/libfstab/fstab.cpp
index 598a3d2ecb4d..010fbc81d1a0 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_fstab.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libfstab/fstab.cpp
@@ -36,7 +36,8 @@
 #include <android-base/strings.h>
 #include <libgsi/libgsi.h>
 
-#include "fs_mgr_priv.h"
+#include "fstab_priv.h"
+#include "logging_macros.h"
 
 using android::base::EndsWith;
 using android::base::ParseByteCount;
@@ -50,10 +51,10 @@ namespace android {
 namespace fs_mgr {
 namespace {
 
-constexpr char kDefaultAndroidDtDir[] = "/proc/device-tree/firmware/android";
+constexpr char kProcMountsPath[] = "/proc/mounts";
 
 struct FlagList {
-    const char *name;
+    const char* name;
     uint64_t flag;
 };
 
@@ -73,13 +74,15 @@ FlagList kMountFlagsList[] = {
         {"private", MS_PRIVATE},
         {"slave", MS_SLAVE},
         {"shared", MS_SHARED},
+        {"lazytime", MS_LAZYTIME},
+        {"nosymfollow", MS_NOSYMFOLLOW},
         {"defaults", 0},
 };
 
 off64_t CalculateZramSize(int percentage) {
     off64_t total;
 
-    total  = sysconf(_SC_PHYS_PAGES);
+    total = sysconf(_SC_PHYS_PAGES);
     total *= percentage;
     total /= 100;
 
@@ -146,6 +149,30 @@ void ParseMountFlags(const std::string& flags, FstabEntry* entry) {
     entry->fs_options = std::move(fs_options);
 }
 
+void ParseUserDevices(const std::string& arg, FstabEntry* entry) {
+    auto param = Split(arg, ":");
+    if (param.size() != 2) {
+        LWARNING << "Warning: device= malformed: " << arg;
+        return;
+    }
+
+    if (access(param[1].c_str(), F_OK) != 0) {
+        LWARNING << "Warning: device does not exist : " << param[1];
+        return;
+    }
+
+    if (param[0] == "zoned") {
+        // atgc in f2fs does not support a zoned device
+        auto options = Split(entry->fs_options, ",");
+        options.erase(std::remove(options.begin(), options.end(), "atgc"), options.end());
+        entry->fs_options = android::base::Join(options, ",");
+        LINFO << "Removed ATGC in fs_options as " << entry->fs_options << " for zoned device";
+        entry->fs_mgr_flags.is_zoned = true;
+    }
+    entry->user_devices.push_back(param[1]);
+    entry->device_aliased.push_back(param[0] == "exp_alias" ? 1 : 0);
+}
+
 bool ParseFsMgrFlags(const std::string& flags, FstabEntry* entry) {
     for (const auto& flag : Split(flags, ",")) {
         if (flag.empty() || flag == "defaults") continue;
@@ -232,7 +259,7 @@ bool ParseFsMgrFlags(const std::string& flags, FstabEntry* entry) {
             if (!arg.empty() && arg.back() == '%') {
                 arg.pop_back();
                 int val;
-                if (ParseInt(arg, &val, 0, 100)) {
+                if (ParseInt(arg, &val, 0, 200)) {
                     entry->zram_size = CalculateZramSize(val);
                 } else {
                     LWARNING << "Warning: zramsize= flag malformed: " << arg;
@@ -242,7 +269,9 @@ bool ParseFsMgrFlags(const std::string& flags, FstabEntry* entry) {
                     LWARNING << "Warning: zramsize= flag malformed: " << arg;
                 }
             }
-        } else if (StartsWith(flag, "fileencryption=")) {
+        } else if (StartsWith(flag, "fileencryption=") || flag == "fileencryption") {
+            // "fileencryption" enables file-based encryption.  It's normally followed by an = and
+            // then the encryption options.  But that can be omitted to use the default options.
             ParseFileEncryption(arg, entry);
         } else if (StartsWith(flag, "max_comp_streams=")) {
             if (!ParseInt(arg, &entry->max_comp_streams)) {
@@ -283,6 +312,10 @@ bool ParseFsMgrFlags(const std::string& flags, FstabEntry* entry) {
             }
         } else if (StartsWith(flag, "avb_keys=")) {  // must before the following "avb"
             entry->avb_keys = arg;
+        } else if (StartsWith(flag, "avb_hashtree_digest=")) {
+            // "avb_hashtree_digest" must before the following "avb"
+            // The path where hex-encoded hashtree descriptor root digest is located.
+            entry->avb_hashtree_digest = arg;
         } else if (StartsWith(flag, "avb")) {
             entry->fs_mgr_flags.avb = true;
             entry->vbmeta_partition = arg;
@@ -304,17 +337,8 @@ bool ParseFsMgrFlags(const std::string& flags, FstabEntry* entry) {
             if (!ParseByteCount(arg, &entry->zram_backingdev_size)) {
                 LWARNING << "Warning: zram_backingdev_size= flag malformed: " << arg;
             }
-        } else if (flag == "zoned_device") {
-            if (access("/dev/block/by-name/zoned_device", F_OK) == 0) {
-                entry->zoned_device = "/dev/block/by-name/zoned_device";
-
-                // atgc in f2fs does not support a zoned device
-                auto options = Split(entry->fs_options, ",");
-                options.erase(std::remove(options.begin(), options.end(), "atgc"), options.end());
-                entry->fs_options = android::base::Join(options, ",");
-                LINFO << "Removed ATGC in fs_options as " << entry->fs_options
-                      << " for zoned device=" << entry->zoned_device;
-            }
+        } else if (StartsWith(flag, "device=")) {
+            ParseUserDevices(arg, entry);
         } else {
             LWARNING << "Warning: unknown flag: " << flag;
         }
@@ -325,8 +349,7 @@ bool ParseFsMgrFlags(const std::string& flags, FstabEntry* entry) {
     // some recovery fstabs still contain the FDE options since they didn't do
     // anything in recovery mode anyway (except possibly to cause the
     // reservation of a crypto footer) and thus never got removed.
-    if (entry->fs_mgr_flags.crypt && !entry->fs_mgr_flags.vold_managed &&
-        access("/system/bin/recovery", F_OK) != 0) {
+    if (entry->fs_mgr_flags.crypt && !entry->fs_mgr_flags.vold_managed && !InRecovery()) {
         LERROR << "FDE is no longer supported; 'encryptable' can only be used for adoptable "
                   "storage";
         return false;
@@ -334,25 +357,14 @@ bool ParseFsMgrFlags(const std::string& flags, FstabEntry* entry) {
     return true;
 }
 
-std::string InitAndroidDtDir() {
-    std::string android_dt_dir;
-    // The platform may specify a custom Android DT path in kernel cmdline
-    if (!fs_mgr_get_boot_config_from_bootconfig_source("android_dt_dir", &android_dt_dir) &&
-        !fs_mgr_get_boot_config_from_kernel_cmdline("android_dt_dir", &android_dt_dir)) {
-        // Fall back to the standard procfs-based path
-        android_dt_dir = kDefaultAndroidDtDir;
-    }
-    return android_dt_dir;
-}
-
 bool IsDtFstabCompatible() {
     std::string dt_value;
-    std::string file_name = get_android_dt_dir() + "/fstab/compatible";
+    std::string file_name = GetAndroidDtDir() + "fstab/compatible";
 
     if (ReadDtFile(file_name, &dt_value) && dt_value == "android,fstab") {
         // If there's no status property or its set to "ok" or "okay", then we use the DT fstab.
         std::string status_value;
-        std::string status_file_name = get_android_dt_dir() + "/fstab/status";
+        std::string status_file_name = GetAndroidDtDir() + "fstab/status";
         return !ReadDtFile(status_file_name, &status_value) || status_value == "ok" ||
                status_value == "okay";
     }
@@ -365,7 +377,7 @@ std::string ReadFstabFromDt() {
         return {};
     }
 
-    std::string fstabdir_name = get_android_dt_dir() + "/fstab";
+    std::string fstabdir_name = GetAndroidDtDir() + "fstab";
     std::unique_ptr<DIR, int (*)(DIR*)> fstabdir(opendir(fstabdir_name.c_str()), closedir);
     if (!fstabdir) return {};
 
@@ -398,7 +410,7 @@ std::string ReadFstabFromDt() {
 
         std::string mount_point;
         file_name =
-            android::base::StringPrintf("%s/%s/mnt_point", fstabdir_name.c_str(), dp->d_name);
+                android::base::StringPrintf("%s/%s/mnt_point", fstabdir_name.c_str(), dp->d_name);
         if (ReadDtFile(file_name, &value)) {
             LINFO << "dt_fstab: Using a specified mount point " << value << " for " << dp->d_name;
             mount_point = value;
@@ -414,14 +426,16 @@ std::string ReadFstabFromDt() {
         }
         fstab_entry.push_back(value);
 
-        file_name = android::base::StringPrintf("%s/%s/mnt_flags", fstabdir_name.c_str(), dp->d_name);
+        file_name =
+                android::base::StringPrintf("%s/%s/mnt_flags", fstabdir_name.c_str(), dp->d_name);
         if (!ReadDtFile(file_name, &value)) {
             LERROR << "dt_fstab: Failed to find type for partition " << dp->d_name;
             return {};
         }
         fstab_entry.push_back(value);
 
-        file_name = android::base::StringPrintf("%s/%s/fsmgr_flags", fstabdir_name.c_str(), dp->d_name);
+        file_name =
+                android::base::StringPrintf("%s/%s/fsmgr_flags", fstabdir_name.c_str(), dp->d_name);
         if (!ReadDtFile(file_name, &value)) {
             LERROR << "dt_fstab: Failed to find type for partition " << dp->d_name;
             return {};
@@ -509,6 +523,24 @@ std::vector<FstabPtrEntryType*> GetEntriesByPred(FstabPtr fstab, const Pred& pre
 
 }  // namespace
 
+// Return the path to the recovery fstab file.  There may be multiple fstab files;
+// the one that is returned will be the first that exists of recovery.fstab.<fstab_suffix>,
+// recovery.fstab.<hardware>, and recovery.fstab.<hardware.platform>.
+std::string GetRecoveryFstabPath() {
+    for (const char* prop : {"fstab_suffix", "hardware", "hardware.platform"}) {
+        std::string suffix;
+
+        if (!fs_mgr_get_boot_config(prop, &suffix)) continue;
+
+        std::string fstab_path = "/etc/recovery.fstab." + suffix;
+        if (access(fstab_path.c_str(), F_OK) == 0) {
+            return fstab_path;
+        }
+    }
+
+    return "/etc/recovery.fstab";
+}
+
 // Return the path to the fstab file.  There may be multiple fstab files; the
 // one that is returned will be the first that exists of fstab.<fstab_suffix>,
 // fstab.<hardware>, and fstab.<hardware.platform>.  The fstab is searched for
@@ -517,6 +549,9 @@ std::vector<FstabPtrEntryType*> GetEntriesByPred(FstabPtr fstab, const Pred& pre
 // ramdisk's copy of the fstab had to be located in the root directory, but now
 // the system/etc directory is supported too and is the preferred location.
 std::string GetFstabPath() {
+    if (InRecovery()) {
+        return GetRecoveryFstabPath();
+    }
     for (const char* prop : {"fstab_suffix", "hardware", "hardware.platform"}) {
         std::string suffix;
 
@@ -697,9 +732,7 @@ void EnableMandatoryFlags(Fstab* fstab) {
     }
 }
 
-bool ReadFstabFromFile(const std::string& path, Fstab* fstab_out) {
-    const bool is_proc_mounts = (path == "/proc/mounts");
-
+static bool ReadFstabFromFileCommon(const std::string& path, Fstab* fstab_out) {
     std::string fstab_str;
     if (!android::base::ReadFileToString(path, &fstab_str, /* follow_symlinks = */ true)) {
         PERROR << __FUNCTION__ << "(): failed to read file: '" << path << "'";
@@ -707,11 +740,22 @@ bool ReadFstabFromFile(const std::string& path, Fstab* fstab_out) {
     }
 
     Fstab fstab;
-    if (!ParseFstabFromString(fstab_str, is_proc_mounts, &fstab)) {
+    if (!ParseFstabFromString(fstab_str, path == kProcMountsPath, &fstab)) {
         LERROR << __FUNCTION__ << "(): failed to load fstab from : '" << path << "'";
         return false;
     }
-    if (!is_proc_mounts) {
+
+    EnableMandatoryFlags(&fstab);
+
+    *fstab_out = std::move(fstab);
+    return true;
+}
+
+bool ReadFstabFromFile(const std::string& path, Fstab* fstab) {
+    if (!ReadFstabFromFileCommon(path, fstab)) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    if (path != kProcMountsPath && !InRecovery()) {
         if (!access(android::gsi::kGsiBootedIndicatorFile, F_OK)) {
             std::string dsu_slot;
             if (!android::gsi::GetActiveDsu(&dsu_slot)) {
@@ -723,20 +767,23 @@ bool ReadFstabFromFile(const std::string& path, Fstab* fstab_out) {
                 PERROR << __FUNCTION__ << "(): failed to read DSU LP names";
                 return false;
             }
-            TransformFstabForDsu(&fstab, dsu_slot, Split(lp_names, ","));
+            TransformFstabForDsu(fstab, dsu_slot, Split(lp_names, ","));
         } else if (errno != ENOENT) {
             PERROR << __FUNCTION__ << "(): failed to access() DSU booted indicator";
             return false;
         }
-    }
 
-    SkipMountingPartitions(&fstab, false /* verbose */);
-    EnableMandatoryFlags(&fstab);
-
-    *fstab_out = std::move(fstab);
+        SkipMountingPartitions(fstab, false /* verbose */);
+    }
     return true;
 }
 
+bool ReadFstabFromProcMounts(Fstab* fstab) {
+    // Don't call `ReadFstabFromFile` because the code for `path != kProcMountsPath` has an extra
+    // code size cost, even if it's never executed.
+    return ReadFstabFromFileCommon(kProcMountsPath, fstab);
+}
+
 // Returns fstab entries parsed from the device tree if they exist
 bool ReadFstabFromDt(Fstab* fstab, bool verbose) {
     std::string fstab_buf = ReadFstabFromDt();
@@ -820,19 +867,11 @@ bool ReadDefaultFstab(Fstab* fstab) {
     fstab->clear();
     ReadFstabFromDt(fstab, false /* verbose */);
 
-    std::string default_fstab_path;
-    // Use different fstab paths for normal boot and recovery boot, respectively
-    if ((access("/sbin/recovery", F_OK) == 0) || (access("/system/bin/recovery", F_OK) == 0)) {
-        default_fstab_path = "/etc/recovery.fstab";
-    } else {  // normal boot
-        default_fstab_path = GetFstabPath();
-    }
-
     Fstab default_fstab;
+    const std::string default_fstab_path = GetFstabPath();
     if (!default_fstab_path.empty() && ReadFstabFromFile(default_fstab_path, &default_fstab)) {
-        for (auto&& entry : default_fstab) {
-            fstab->emplace_back(std::move(entry));
-        }
+        fstab->insert(fstab->end(), std::make_move_iterator(default_fstab.begin()),
+                      std::make_move_iterator(default_fstab.end()));
     } else {
         LINFO << __FUNCTION__ << "(): failed to find device default fstab";
     }
@@ -845,6 +884,14 @@ std::vector<FstabEntry*> GetEntriesForMountPoint(Fstab* fstab, const std::string
                             [&path](const FstabEntry& entry) { return entry.mount_point == path; });
 }
 
+FstabEntry* GetEntryForMountPoint(Fstab* fstab, const std::string_view path,
+                                  const std::string_view fstype) {
+    auto&& vec = GetEntriesByPred(fstab, [&path, fstype](const FstabEntry& entry) {
+        return entry.mount_point == path && entry.fs_type == fstype;
+    });
+    return vec.empty() ? nullptr : vec.front();
+}
+
 std::vector<const FstabEntry*> GetEntriesForMountPoint(const Fstab* fstab,
                                                        const std::string& path) {
     return GetEntriesByPred(fstab,
@@ -862,40 +909,33 @@ const FstabEntry* GetEntryForMountPoint(const Fstab* fstab, const std::string& p
 }
 
 std::set<std::string> GetBootDevices() {
+    std::set<std::string> boot_devices;
     // First check bootconfig, then kernel commandline, then the device tree
-    std::string dt_file_name = get_android_dt_dir() + "/boot_devices";
     std::string value;
-    if (fs_mgr_get_boot_config_from_bootconfig_source("boot_devices", &value) ||
-        fs_mgr_get_boot_config_from_bootconfig_source("boot_device", &value)) {
-        std::set<std::string> boot_devices;
-        // remove quotes and split by spaces
-        auto boot_device_strings = base::Split(base::StringReplace(value, "\"", "", true), " ");
-        for (std::string_view device : boot_device_strings) {
-            // trim the trailing comma, keep the rest.
+    if (GetBootconfig("androidboot.boot_devices", &value) ||
+        GetBootconfig("androidboot.boot_device", &value)) {
+        // split by spaces and trim the trailing comma.
+        for (std::string_view device : android::base::Split(value, " ")) {
             base::ConsumeSuffix(&device, ",");
             boot_devices.emplace(device);
         }
         return boot_devices;
     }
 
-    if (fs_mgr_get_boot_config_from_kernel_cmdline("boot_devices", &value) ||
-        ReadDtFile(dt_file_name, &value)) {
-        auto boot_devices = Split(value, ",");
-        return std::set<std::string>(boot_devices.begin(), boot_devices.end());
+    const std::string dt_file_name = GetAndroidDtDir() + "boot_devices";
+    if (GetKernelCmdline("androidboot.boot_devices", &value) || ReadDtFile(dt_file_name, &value)) {
+        auto boot_devices_list = Split(value, ",");
+        return {std::make_move_iterator(boot_devices_list.begin()),
+                std::make_move_iterator(boot_devices_list.end())};
     }
 
-    std::string cmdline;
-    if (android::base::ReadFileToString("/proc/cmdline", &cmdline)) {
-        std::set<std::string> boot_devices;
-        const std::string cmdline_key = "androidboot.boot_device";
-        for (const auto& [key, value] : fs_mgr_parse_cmdline(cmdline)) {
-            if (key == cmdline_key) {
-                boot_devices.emplace(value);
-            }
-        }
-        if (!boot_devices.empty()) {
-            return boot_devices;
+    ImportKernelCmdline([&](std::string key, std::string value) {
+        if (key == "androidboot.boot_device") {
+            boot_devices.emplace(std::move(value));
         }
+    });
+    if (!boot_devices.empty()) {
+        return boot_devices;
     }
 
     // Fallback to extract boot devices from fstab.
@@ -907,6 +947,22 @@ std::set<std::string> GetBootDevices() {
     return ExtraBootDevices(fstab);
 }
 
+std::string GetBootPartUuid() {
+    std::string boot_part_uuid;
+
+    if (GetBootconfig("androidboot.boot_part_uuid", &boot_part_uuid)) {
+        return boot_part_uuid;
+    }
+
+    ImportKernelCmdline([&](std::string key, std::string value) {
+        if (key == "androidboot.boot_part_uuid") {
+            boot_part_uuid = value;
+        }
+    });
+
+    return boot_part_uuid;
+}
+
 std::string GetVerityDeviceName(const FstabEntry& entry) {
     std::string base_device;
     if (entry.mount_point == "/") {
@@ -921,18 +977,22 @@ std::string GetVerityDeviceName(const FstabEntry& entry) {
     return base_device + "-verity";
 }
 
+bool InRecovery() {
+    // Check the existence of recovery binary instead of using the compile time
+    // __ANDROID_RECOVERY__ macro.
+    // If BOARD_USES_RECOVERY_AS_BOOT is true, both normal and recovery boot
+    // mode would use the same init binary, which would mean during normal boot
+    // the '/init' binary is actually a symlink pointing to
+    // init_second_stage.recovery, which would be compiled with
+    // __ANDROID_RECOVERY__ defined.
+    return access("/system/bin/recovery", F_OK) == 0 || access("/sbin/recovery", F_OK) == 0;
+}
+
 }  // namespace fs_mgr
 }  // namespace android
 
-// FIXME: The same logic is duplicated in system/core/init/
-const std::string& get_android_dt_dir() {
-    // Set once and saves time for subsequent calls to this function
-    static const std::string kAndroidDtDir = android::fs_mgr::InitAndroidDtDir();
-    return kAndroidDtDir;
-}
-
 bool is_dt_compatible() {
-    std::string file_name = get_android_dt_dir() + "/compatible";
+    std::string file_name = android::fs_mgr::GetAndroidDtDir() + "compatible";
     std::string dt_value;
     if (android::fs_mgr::ReadDtFile(file_name, &dt_value)) {
         if (dt_value == "android,firmware") {
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libfstab/fstab_priv.h b/fs_mgr/libfstab/fstab_priv.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..73cb1751863f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/fs_mgr/libfstab/fstab_priv.h
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <functional>
+#include <string>
+
+#include <fstab/fstab.h>
+
+// Do not include logging_macros.h here as this header is used by fs_mgr, too.
+
+bool fs_mgr_get_boot_config(const std::string& key, std::string* out_val);
+
+bool fs_mgr_update_for_slotselect(android::fs_mgr::Fstab* fstab);
+bool is_dt_compatible();
+
+namespace android {
+namespace fs_mgr {
+
+bool InRecovery();
+bool ParseFstabFromString(const std::string& fstab_str, bool proc_mounts, Fstab* fstab_out);
+bool SkipMountWithConfig(const std::string& skip_config, Fstab* fstab, bool verbose);
+std::string GetFstabPath();
+
+void ImportBootconfigFromString(const std::string& bootconfig,
+                                const std::function<void(std::string, std::string)>& fn);
+
+void ImportKernelCmdlineFromString(const std::string& cmdline,
+                                   const std::function<void(std::string, std::string)>& fn);
+
+bool GetKernelCmdlineFromString(const std::string& cmdline, const std::string& key,
+                                std::string* out);
+
+}  // namespace fs_mgr
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/fs_mgr/fuzz/Android.bp b/fs_mgr/libfstab/fuzz/Android.bp
similarity index 100%
rename from fs_mgr/fuzz/Android.bp
rename to fs_mgr/libfstab/fuzz/Android.bp
diff --git a/fs_mgr/fuzz/fs_mgr_fstab_fuzzer.cpp b/fs_mgr/libfstab/fuzz/fs_mgr_fstab_fuzzer.cpp
similarity index 98%
rename from fs_mgr/fuzz/fs_mgr_fstab_fuzzer.cpp
rename to fs_mgr/libfstab/fuzz/fs_mgr_fstab_fuzzer.cpp
index b5fdad4d54b6..b09b273df584 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/fuzz/fs_mgr_fstab_fuzzer.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libfstab/fuzz/fs_mgr_fstab_fuzzer.cpp
@@ -20,6 +20,8 @@
 #include <fstab/fstab.h>
 #include <fuzzer/FuzzedDataProvider.h>
 
+#include "../fstab_priv.h"
+
 extern "C" int LLVMFuzzerTestOneInput(const uint8_t* data, size_t size) {
     FuzzedDataProvider fdp(data, size);
 
diff --git a/fs_mgr/fuzz/fstab.dict b/fs_mgr/libfstab/fuzz/fstab.dict
similarity index 100%
rename from fs_mgr/fuzz/fstab.dict
rename to fs_mgr/libfstab/fuzz/fstab.dict
diff --git a/fs_mgr/include_fstab/fstab/fstab.h b/fs_mgr/libfstab/include/fstab/fstab.h
similarity index 67%
rename from fs_mgr/include_fstab/fstab/fstab.h
rename to fs_mgr/libfstab/include/fstab/fstab.h
index a914b53bb39c..0ff3188d4212 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/include_fstab/fstab/fstab.h
+++ b/fs_mgr/libfstab/include/fstab/fstab.h
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include <sys/types.h>
 
+#include <functional>
 #include <set>
 #include <string>
 #include <vector>
@@ -31,7 +32,8 @@ namespace fs_mgr {
 
 struct FstabEntry {
     std::string blk_device;
-    std::string zoned_device;
+    std::vector<std::string> user_devices;
+    std::vector<int> device_aliased;
     std::string logical_partition_name;
     std::string mount_point;
     std::string fs_type;
@@ -56,6 +58,7 @@ struct FstabEntry {
     uint64_t zram_backingdev_size = 0;
     std::string avb_keys;
     std::string lowerdir;
+    std::string avb_hashtree_digest;
 
     struct FsMgrFlags {
         bool wait : 1;
@@ -83,6 +86,7 @@ struct FstabEntry {
         bool ext_meta_csum : 1;
         bool fs_compress : 1;
         bool overlayfs_remove_missing_lowerdir : 1;
+        bool is_zoned : 1;
     } fs_mgr_flags = {};
 
     bool is_encryptable() const { return fs_mgr_flags.crypt; }
@@ -93,14 +97,8 @@ struct FstabEntry {
 // Unless explicitly requested, a lookup on mount point should always return the 1st one.
 using Fstab = std::vector<FstabEntry>;
 
-// Exported for testability. Regular users should use ReadFstabFromFile().
-bool ParseFstabFromString(const std::string& fstab_str, bool proc_mounts, Fstab* fstab_out);
-// Exported for testability. Regular users should use ReadDefaultFstab().
-std::string GetFstabPath();
-// Exported for testability.
-bool SkipMountWithConfig(const std::string& skip_config, Fstab* fstab, bool verbose);
-
 bool ReadFstabFromFile(const std::string& path, Fstab* fstab);
+bool ReadFstabFromProcMounts(Fstab* fstab);
 bool ReadFstabFromDt(Fstab* fstab, bool verbose = true);
 bool ReadDefaultFstab(Fstab* fstab);
 bool SkipMountingPartitions(Fstab* fstab, bool verbose = false);
@@ -112,6 +110,9 @@ std::vector<FstabEntry*> GetEntriesForMountPoint(Fstab* fstab, const std::string
 FstabEntry* GetEntryForMountPoint(Fstab* fstab, const std::string& path);
 const FstabEntry* GetEntryForMountPoint(const Fstab* fstab, const std::string& path);
 
+FstabEntry* GetEntryForMountPoint(Fstab* fstab, const std::string_view path,
+                                  const std::string_view fstype);
+
 // This method builds DSU fstab entries and transfer the fstab.
 //
 // fstab points to the unmodified fstab.
@@ -125,10 +126,46 @@ void TransformFstabForDsu(Fstab* fstab, const std::string& dsu_slot,
 
 std::set<std::string> GetBootDevices();
 
+// Get the Partition UUID the kernel loaded from if the bootloader passed it.
+//
+// If the kernel's Partition UUID is provided then we can use this to help
+// identify which block device contains the filesystems we care about.
+//
+// NOTE: Nothing secures a UUID other than the convention that two disks
+// aren't supposed to both have the same UUID. We still need other mechanisms
+// to ensure we've got the right disk.
+std::string GetBootPartUuid();
+
 // Return the name of the dm-verity device for the given fstab entry. This does
 // not check whether the device is valid or exists; it merely returns the
 // expected name.
 std::string GetVerityDeviceName(const FstabEntry& entry);
 
+// Returns the Android Device Tree directory as specified in the kernel bootconfig or cmdline.
+// If the platform does not configure a custom DT path, returns the standard one (based in procfs).
+const std::string& GetAndroidDtDir();
+
+// Import the kernel bootconfig by calling the callback |fn| with each key-value pair.
+void ImportBootconfig(const std::function<void(std::string, std::string)>& fn);
+
+// Get the kernel bootconfig value for |key|.
+// Returns true if |key| is found in bootconfig.
+// Otherwise returns false and |*out| is not modified.
+bool GetBootconfig(const std::string& key, std::string* out);
+
+// Import the kernel cmdline by calling the callback |fn| with each key-value pair.
+void ImportKernelCmdline(const std::function<void(std::string, std::string)>& fn);
+
+// Get the kernel cmdline value for |key|.
+// Returns true if |key| is found in the kernel cmdline.
+// Otherwise returns false and |*out| is not modified.
+bool GetKernelCmdline(const std::string& key, std::string* out);
+
+// Return the "other" slot for the given slot suffix.
+std::string OtherSlotSuffix(const std::string& suffix);
+
+bool GetBootconfigFromString(const std::string& bootconfig, const std::string& key,
+                             std::string* out);
+
 }  // namespace fs_mgr
 }  // namespace android
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libfstab/logging_macros.h b/fs_mgr/libfstab/logging_macros.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..7ea1b7720a54
--- /dev/null
+++ b/fs_mgr/libfstab/logging_macros.h
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <android-base/logging.h>
+
+#define FSTAB_TAG "[libfstab] "
+
+/* The CHECK() in logging.h will use program invocation name as the tag.
+ * Thus, the log will have prefix "init: " when libfs_mgr is statically
+ * linked in the init process. This might be opaque when debugging.
+ * Append a library name tag at the end of the abort message to aid debugging.
+ */
+#define FSTAB_CHECK(x) CHECK(x) << "in " << FSTAB_TAG
+
+// Logs a message to kernel
+#define LINFO LOG(INFO) << FSTAB_TAG
+#define LWARNING LOG(WARNING) << FSTAB_TAG
+#define LERROR LOG(ERROR) << FSTAB_TAG
+#define LFATAL LOG(FATAL) << FSTAB_TAG
+
+// Logs a message with strerror(errno) at the end
+#define PINFO PLOG(INFO) << FSTAB_TAG
+#define PWARNING PLOG(WARNING) << FSTAB_TAG
+#define PERROR PLOG(ERROR) << FSTAB_TAG
+#define PFATAL PLOG(FATAL) << FSTAB_TAG
diff --git a/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_slotselect.cpp b/fs_mgr/libfstab/slotselect.cpp
similarity index 91%
rename from fs_mgr/fs_mgr_slotselect.cpp
rename to fs_mgr/libfstab/slotselect.cpp
index 09c1b7e20e97..db3f8da64254 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_slotselect.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libfstab/slotselect.cpp
@@ -18,8 +18,8 @@
 
 #include <string>
 
-#include "fs_mgr.h"
-#include "fs_mgr_priv.h"
+#include "fstab_priv.h"
+#include "logging_macros.h"
 
 // Realistically, this file should be part of the android::fs_mgr namespace;
 using namespace android::fs_mgr;
@@ -74,3 +74,13 @@ bool fs_mgr_update_for_slotselect(Fstab* fstab) {
     }
     return true;
 }
+
+namespace android {
+namespace fs_mgr {
+
+std::string OtherSlotSuffix(const std::string& suffix) {
+    return other_suffix(suffix);
+}
+
+}  // namespace fs_mgr
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/fs_mgr/liblp/Android.bp b/fs_mgr/liblp/Android.bp
index 996ffd759d6d..b211e83dabdc 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/liblp/Android.bp
+++ b/fs_mgr/liblp/Android.bp
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
 //
 
 package {
+    default_team: "trendy_team_android_kernel",
     default_applicable_licenses: ["Android-Apache-2.0"],
 }
 
@@ -93,8 +94,8 @@ cc_defaults {
     srcs: [
         "builder_test.cpp",
         "super_layout_builder_test.cpp",
-        "test_partition_opener.cpp",
         "utility_test.cpp",
+        ":TestPartitionOpener_group",
     ],
 }
 
@@ -122,3 +123,8 @@ cc_test {
     name: "vts_kernel_liblp_test",
     defaults: ["liblp_test_defaults"],
 }
+
+filegroup {
+   name: "TestPartitionOpener_group",
+   srcs: [ "test_partition_opener.cpp"],
+}
diff --git a/fs_mgr/liblp/builder.cpp b/fs_mgr/liblp/builder.cpp
index 6cb2c5172aac..4e6e97b6758d 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/liblp/builder.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/liblp/builder.cpp
@@ -1211,6 +1211,15 @@ void MetadataBuilder::SetVirtualABDeviceFlag() {
     header_.flags |= LP_HEADER_FLAG_VIRTUAL_AB_DEVICE;
 }
 
+void MetadataBuilder::SetOverlaysActiveFlag(bool flag) {
+    RequireExpandedMetadataHeader();
+    if (flag) {
+        header_.flags |= LP_HEADER_FLAG_OVERLAYS_ACTIVE;
+    } else {
+        header_.flags &= ~LP_HEADER_FLAG_OVERLAYS_ACTIVE;
+    }
+}
+
 bool MetadataBuilder::IsABDevice() {
     return !IPropertyFetcher::GetInstance()->GetProperty("ro.boot.slot_suffix", "").empty();
 }
diff --git a/fs_mgr/liblp/fuzzer/Android.bp b/fs_mgr/liblp/fuzzer/Android.bp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..46bd03197dac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/fs_mgr/liblp/fuzzer/Android.bp
@@ -0,0 +1,205 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at:
+ *
+ * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ *
+ */
+
+package {
+    default_team: "trendy_team_android_kernel",
+}
+
+cc_defaults {
+    name: "liblp_fuzz_defaults",
+    header_libs: [
+        "libstorage_literals_headers",
+    ],
+    shared_libs: [
+        "liblp",
+        "libbase",
+        "liblog",
+    ],
+    static_libs: [
+        "libcutils",
+    ],
+    include_dirs: [
+        "system/core/fs_mgr/liblp",
+    ],
+    fuzz_config: {
+        cc: [
+            "android-systems-storage@google.com",
+        ],
+        componentid: 59148,
+        hotlists: ["4593311"],
+        description: "The fuzzers target the APIs of all liblp modules",
+        vector: "local_no_privileges_required",
+        service_privilege: "privileged",
+        users: "multi_user",
+        fuzzed_code_usage: "shipped",
+    },
+}
+
+cc_fuzz {
+    name: "liblp_builder_fuzzer",
+    srcs: ["liblp_builder_fuzzer.cpp"],
+    defaults: ["liblp_fuzz_defaults"],
+}
+
+cc_fuzz {
+    name: "liblp_super_layout_builder_fuzzer",
+    srcs: ["liblp_super_layout_builder_fuzzer.cpp"],
+    defaults: ["liblp_fuzz_defaults"],
+}
+
+python_binary_host {
+    name: "image_gen_rand",
+    srcs: ["image_gen_rand.py"],
+}
+
+genrule_defaults {
+    name: "test_data_gen_defaults",
+    tools: [
+        "image_gen_rand",
+    ],
+}
+
+// Fake dtb image.
+genrule {
+    name: "test_dtb",
+    defaults: ["test_data_gen_defaults"],
+    out: ["test_dtb.img"],
+    cmd: "$(location image_gen_rand) --seed dtb --length 1024 > $(out)",
+}
+
+// Fake bootconfig image.
+genrule {
+    name: "test_bootconfig",
+    defaults: ["test_data_gen_defaults"],
+    out: ["test_bootconfig.img"],
+    cmd: "$(location image_gen_rand) --seed bootconfig --length 1024 > $(out)",
+}
+
+// Fake vendor ramdisk with type "none".
+genrule {
+    name: "test_vendor_ramdisk_none",
+    defaults: ["test_data_gen_defaults"],
+    out: ["test_vendor_ramdisk_none.img"],
+    cmd: "$(location image_gen_rand) --seed vendor_ramdisk_none --length 1024 > $(out)",
+}
+
+// Fake vendor ramdisk with type "platform".
+genrule {
+    name: "test_vendor_ramdisk_platform",
+    defaults: ["test_data_gen_defaults"],
+    out: ["test_vendor_ramdisk_platform.img"],
+    cmd: "$(location image_gen_rand) --seed vendor_ramdisk_platform --length 1024 > $(out)",
+}
+
+// Fake replacement ramdisk.
+genrule {
+    name: "test_vendor_ramdisk_replace",
+    defaults: ["test_data_gen_defaults"],
+    out: ["test_vendor_ramdisk_replace.img"],
+    cmd: "$(location image_gen_rand) --seed replace --length 3072 > $(out)",
+}
+
+// Genrules for test vendor boot images.
+fastboot_sign_test_image = "$(location avbtool) add_hash_footer --salt 00 --image $(out) " +
+    "--partition_name vendor_boot --partition_size $$(( 1 * 1024 * 1024 ))"
+
+genrule_defaults {
+    name: "test_vendor_boot_gen_defaults",
+    defaults: ["test_data_gen_defaults"],
+    tools: [
+        "avbtool",
+        "mkbootimg",
+    ],
+}
+
+genrule {
+    name: "test_vendor_boot_v3",
+    defaults: ["test_vendor_boot_gen_defaults"],
+    out: ["test_vendor_boot_v3.img"],
+    srcs: [
+        ":test_dtb",
+        ":test_vendor_ramdisk_none",
+    ],
+    cmd: "$(location mkbootimg) --header_version 3 " +
+        "--vendor_ramdisk $(location :test_vendor_ramdisk_none) " +
+        "--dtb $(location :test_dtb) " +
+        "--vendor_boot $(out) && " +
+        fastboot_sign_test_image,
+}
+
+genrule {
+    name: "test_vendor_boot_v4_without_frag",
+    defaults: ["test_vendor_boot_gen_defaults"],
+    out: ["test_vendor_boot_v4_without_frag.img"],
+    srcs: [
+        ":test_dtb",
+        ":test_vendor_ramdisk_none",
+        ":test_bootconfig",
+    ],
+    cmd: "$(location mkbootimg) --header_version 4 " +
+        "--vendor_ramdisk $(location :test_vendor_ramdisk_none) " +
+        "--dtb $(location :test_dtb) " +
+        "--vendor_bootconfig $(location :test_bootconfig) " +
+        "--vendor_boot $(out) && " +
+        fastboot_sign_test_image,
+}
+
+genrule {
+    name: "test_vendor_boot_v4_with_frag",
+    defaults: ["test_vendor_boot_gen_defaults"],
+    out: ["test_vendor_boot_v4_with_frag.img"],
+    srcs: [
+        ":test_dtb",
+        ":test_vendor_ramdisk_none",
+        ":test_vendor_ramdisk_platform",
+        ":test_bootconfig",
+    ],
+    cmd: "$(location mkbootimg) --header_version 4 " +
+        "--dtb $(location :test_dtb) " +
+        "--vendor_bootconfig $(location :test_bootconfig) " +
+        "--ramdisk_type none --ramdisk_name none_ramdisk " +
+        "--vendor_ramdisk_fragment $(location :test_vendor_ramdisk_none) " +
+        "--ramdisk_type platform --ramdisk_name platform_ramdisk " +
+        "--vendor_ramdisk_fragment $(location :test_vendor_ramdisk_platform) " +
+        "--vendor_boot $(out) && " +
+        fastboot_sign_test_image,
+}
+
+cc_fuzz {
+    name: "liblp_apis_fuzzer",
+    srcs: [
+        "liblp_apis_fuzzer.cpp",
+        ":TestPartitionOpener_group",
+    ],
+    defaults: ["liblp_fuzz_defaults"],
+    shared_libs: [
+        "libsparse",
+    ],
+    data: [
+        ":test_dtb",
+        ":test_bootconfig",
+        ":test_vendor_ramdisk_none",
+        ":test_vendor_ramdisk_platform",
+        ":test_vendor_ramdisk_replace",
+        ":test_vendor_boot_v3",
+        ":test_vendor_boot_v4_without_frag",
+        ":test_vendor_boot_v4_with_frag",
+    ],
+    cflags: [
+        "-Wno-unused-parameter",
+    ],
+}
diff --git a/fs_mgr/liblp/fuzzer/README.md b/fs_mgr/liblp/fuzzer/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..015c59b5fd17
--- /dev/null
+++ b/fs_mgr/liblp/fuzzer/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,130 @@
+# Fuzzers for liblp
+## Table of contents
++  [liblp_builder_fuzzer](#Builder)
++  [liblp_super_layout_builder_fuzzer](#SuperBuilder)
++  [liblp_apis_fuzzer](#APIs)
+
+# <a  name="Builder"></a> Fuzzer for LiblpBuilder
+
+LiblpBuilder supports the following parameters:
+1. kAttributeTypes (parameter name: "attribute")
+2. blockDevSize (parameter name: "blockdev_size")
+3. metadataMaxSize (parameter name: "metadata_max_size")
+4. metadataSlotCount (parameter name: "metadata_slot_count")
+5. partitionName (parameter name: "partition_name")
+6. superBlockDeviceName (parameter name: "block_device_name")
+7. blockDeviceInfoSize (parameter name: "block_device_info_size")
+8. alignment (parameter name: "alignment")
+9. alignmentOffset (parameter name: "alignment_offset")
+10. logicalBlockSize (parameter name: "logical_block_size")
+11. maxMetadataSize (parameter name: "max_metadata_size")
+12. deviceIndex (parameter name: "device_index")
+13. start (parameter name: "start")
+14. end (parameter name: "end")
+15. addedGroupName (parameter name: "group_name")
+16. partitionGroupName (parameter name: "partition_name")
+17. numSectors (parameter name: "num_sectors")
+18. physicalSector (parameter name: "physical_sector")
+19. resizedPartitionSize (parameter name: "requested_size")
+
+| Parameter| Valid Values| Configured Value|
+|------------- |-------------| ----- |
+|`kAttributeTypes`| 1.`LP_PARTITION_ATTR_NONE`,<br/> 2.`LP_PARTITION_ATTR_READONLY`,<br/> 3.`LP_PARTITION_ATTR_SLOT_SUFFIXED`,<br/> 4.`LP_PARTITION_ATTR_UPDATED`,<br/> 5.`LP_PARTITION_ATTR_DISABLED`|Value obtained from FuzzedDataProvider|
+|`blockDevSize`| Integer value from `0` to `100000`|Value obtained from FuzzedDataProvider|
+|`metadataMaxSize`| Integer value from `0` to `10000` |Value obtained from FuzzedDataProvider|
+|`metadataSlotCount`| Integer value from `0` to `2` |Value obtained from FuzzedDataProvider|
+|`partitionName`| String |Value obtained from FuzzedDataProvider|
+|`superBlockDeviceName`| String |Value obtained from FuzzedDataProvider|
+|`blockDeviceInfoSize`| Integer |Value obtained from FuzzedDataProvider|
+|`alignment`| Integer |Value obtained from FuzzedDataProvider|
+|`alignmentOffset`| Integer |Value obtained from FuzzedDataProvider|
+|`logicalBlockSize`| Integer |Value obtained from FuzzedDataProvider|
+|`maxMetadataSize`| Integer value from `0` to `10000` |Value obtained from FuzzedDataProvider|
+|`deviceIndex`| Integer |Value obtained from FuzzedDataProvider|
+|`start`| Integer |Value obtained from FuzzedDataProvider|
+|`end`| Integer |Value obtained from FuzzedDataProvider|
+|`partitionGroupName`| String |Value obtained from FuzzedDataProvider|
+|`numSectors`| Integer value from `1` to `1000000` |Value obtained from FuzzedDataProvider|
+|`physicalSector`| Integer value from `1` to `1000000` |Value obtained from FuzzedDataProvider|
+|`resizedPartitionSize`| Integer value from `0` to `10000` |Value obtained from FuzzedDataProvider|
+
+#### Steps to run
+1. Build the fuzzer
+```
+  $ mm -j$(nproc) liblp_builder_fuzzer
+```
+2. Run on device
+```
+  $ adb sync data
+  $ adb shell /data/fuzz/arm64/liblp_builder_fuzzer/liblp_builder_fuzzer
+```
+
+# <a  name="SuperBuilder"></a> Fuzzer for LiblpSuperLayoutBuilder
+
+SuperLayoutBuilder supports the following parameters:
+1. kAttributeTypes (parameter name: "attribute")
+2. blockDevSize (parameter name: "blockdev_size")
+3. metadataMaxSize (parameter name: "metadata_max_size")
+4. partitionName (parameter name: "partition_name")
+5. data (parameter name: "data")
+6. imageName (parameter name: "image_name")
+
+| Parameter| Valid Values| Configured Value|
+|------------- |-------------| ----- |
+|`kAttributeTypes`| 1.`LP_PARTITION_ATTR_NONE`,<br/> 2.`LP_PARTITION_ATTR_READONLY`,<br/> 3.`LP_PARTITION_ATTR_SLOT_SUFFIXED`,<br/> 4.`LP_PARTITION_ATTR_UPDATED`,<br/> 5.`LP_PARTITION_ATTR_DISABLED`|Value obtained from FuzzedDataProvider|
+|`blockDevSize`| Integer value from `0` to `100000`|Value obtained from FuzzedDataProvider|
+|`metadataMaxSize`| Integer value from `0` to `10000` |Value obtained from FuzzedDataProvider|
+|`partitionName`| String |Value obtained from FuzzedDataProvider|
+|`data`| String |Value obtained from FuzzedDataProvider|
+|`imageName`| String |Value obtained from FuzzedDataProvider|
+
+#### Steps to run
+1. Build the fuzzer
+```
+  $ mm -j$(nproc) liblp_super_layout_builder_fuzzer
+```
+2. Run on device
+```
+  $ adb sync data
+  $ adb shell /data/fuzz/arm64/liblp_super_layout_builder_fuzzer/liblp_super_layout_builder_fuzzer
+```
+
+# <a  name="APIs"></a> Fuzzer for LiblpApis
+
+LiblpAPIs supports the following parameters:
+1. blockDeviceInfoSize (parameter name: "block_device_info_size")
+2. alignment (parameter name: "alignment")
+3. alignmentOffset (parameter name: "alignment_offset")
+4. logicalBlockSize (parameter name: "logical_block_size")
+5. blockDevSize (parameter name: "blockdev_size")
+6. metadataMaxSize (parameter name: "metadata_max_size")
+7. blockDeviceInfoName (parameter name: "block_device_info_name")
+8. numSectors (parameter name: "num_sectors")
+9. physicalSector (parameter name: "physical_sector")
+10. sparsify (parameter name: "sparsify")
+11. buffer (parameter name: "data")
+
+| Parameter| Valid Values| Configured Value|
+|------------- |-------------| ----- |
+|`blockDeviceInfoSize`| Integer |Value obtained from FuzzedDataProvider|
+|`alignment`| Integer |Value obtained from FuzzedDataProvider|
+|`alignmentOffset`| Integer |Value obtained from FuzzedDataProvider|
+|`logicalBlockSize`| Integer |Value obtained from FuzzedDataProvider|
+|`blockDevSize`| Integer value in multiples of `LP_SECTOR_SIZE`|Value obtained from FuzzedDataProvider|
+|`metadataMaxSize`| Integer value from `0` to `10000` |Value obtained from FuzzedDataProvider|
+|`blockDeviceInfoName`| String |Value obtained from FuzzedDataProvider|
+|`numSectors`| Integer value from `1` to `1000000` |Value obtained from FuzzedDataProvider|
+|`physicalSector`| Integer value from `1` to `1000000` |Value obtained from FuzzedDataProvider|
+|`alignment`| Bool |Value obtained from FuzzedDataProvider|
+|`alignment`| Vector |Value obtained from FuzzedDataProvider|
+
+#### Steps to run
+1. Build the fuzzer
+```
+  $ mm -j$(nproc) liblp_apis_fuzzer
+```
+2. Run on device
+```
+  $ adb sync data
+  $ adb shell /data/fuzz/arm64/liblp_apis_fuzzer/liblp_apis_fuzzer
+```
diff --git a/fs_mgr/liblp/fuzzer/image_gen_rand.py b/fs_mgr/liblp/fuzzer/image_gen_rand.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..6e8547276102
--- /dev/null
+++ b/fs_mgr/liblp/fuzzer/image_gen_rand.py
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+
+# Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+"""
+Write given number of random bytes, generated with optional seed.
+"""
+
+import random, argparse
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+  parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description=__doc__)
+  parser.add_argument('--seed', help='Seed to random generator')
+  parser.add_argument('--length', type=int, required=True, help='Length of output')
+  args = parser.parse_args()
+
+  if args.seed:
+    random.seed(args.seed)
+
+  print(''.join(chr(random.randrange(0,0xff)) for _ in range(args.length)))
diff --git a/fs_mgr/liblp/fuzzer/liblp_apis_fuzzer.cpp b/fs_mgr/liblp/fuzzer/liblp_apis_fuzzer.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..cb192ea52e1c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/fs_mgr/liblp/fuzzer/liblp_apis_fuzzer.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,242 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at:
+ *
+ * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include <android-base/file.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <fuzzer/FuzzedDataProvider.h>
+#include <liblp/builder.h>
+#include <liblp/partition_opener.h>
+#include <linux/memfd.h>
+#include <sys/syscall.h>
+#include <writer.h>
+#include "images.h"
+#include "test_partition_opener.h"
+
+using namespace std;
+using namespace android;
+using namespace android::fs_mgr;
+using unique_fd = android::base::unique_fd;
+
+static constexpr size_t kDiskSize = 131072;
+static constexpr size_t kMetadataSize = 512;
+static constexpr size_t kMetadataSlots = 2;
+static constexpr uint32_t kMaxBytes = 20;
+static constexpr uint32_t kValidAlignment = 0;
+static constexpr uint32_t kValidAlignmentOffset = 0;
+static constexpr uint32_t kValidLogicalBlockSize = 4096;
+static constexpr uint32_t kMinMetadataSize = 0;
+static constexpr uint32_t kMaxMetadataSize = 10000;
+static constexpr uint32_t kMinFactor = 0;
+static constexpr uint32_t kMaxFactor = 10;
+static constexpr uint32_t kMetadataGeometrySize = 4096;
+static constexpr uint64_t kValidNumSectors = 1901568;
+static constexpr uint64_t kValidPhysicalSector = 3608576;
+static constexpr uint64_t kMinSectorValue = 1;
+static constexpr uint64_t kMaxSectorValue = 1000000;
+static constexpr uint64_t kMaxBufferSize = 100000;
+
+const string kImageFile = "image_file";
+const string kSuperName = "super";
+const string kSystemPartitionName = "system";
+const string kPartitionName = "builder_partition";
+const string kSuperPartitionName = "super_partition";
+
+const string kSuffix[] = {"_a", "_b", "a", "b"};
+
+class LiplpApisFuzzer {
+  public:
+    LiplpApisFuzzer(const uint8_t* data, size_t size) : mFdp(data, size){};
+    void process();
+
+  private:
+    void setupBuilder();
+    BlockDeviceInfo getBlockDevice();
+    FuzzedDataProvider mFdp;
+    unique_ptr<MetadataBuilder> mBuilder;
+    string mBlockDeviceInfoName;
+    string mSuperPartitionName;
+    string mPartitionName;
+    const string mImagePaths[10] = {
+            "data/test_dtb.img",
+            "data/test_bootconfig.img",
+            "data/test_vendor_ramdisk_none.img",
+            "data/test_vendor_ramdisk_platform.img",
+            "data/test_vendor_ramdisk_replace.img",
+            "data/test_vendor_boot_v4_with_frag.img",
+            "data/test_vendor_boot_v4_without_frag.img",
+            "data/test_vendor_boot_v3.img",
+            "dev/null",
+            mFdp.ConsumeRandomLengthString(kMaxBytes),
+    };
+};
+
+BlockDeviceInfo LiplpApisFuzzer::getBlockDevice() {
+    mBlockDeviceInfoName =
+            mFdp.ConsumeBool() ? kSuperName : mFdp.ConsumeRandomLengthString(kMaxBytes);
+    uint64_t blockDeviceInfoSize =
+            mFdp.ConsumeBool() ? mFdp.ConsumeIntegral<uint64_t>() : kDiskSize;
+    uint32_t alignment = mFdp.ConsumeBool() ? mFdp.ConsumeIntegral<uint32_t>() : kValidAlignment;
+    uint32_t alignmentOffset =
+            mFdp.ConsumeBool() ? mFdp.ConsumeIntegral<uint32_t>() : kValidAlignmentOffset;
+    uint32_t logicalBlockSize =
+            mFdp.ConsumeBool() ? mFdp.ConsumeIntegral<uint32_t>() : kValidLogicalBlockSize;
+
+    BlockDeviceInfo superInfo{mBlockDeviceInfoName, blockDeviceInfoSize, alignment, alignmentOffset,
+                              logicalBlockSize};
+    return superInfo;
+}
+
+void LiplpApisFuzzer::setupBuilder() {
+    uint64_t randomBlockDevSize =
+            mFdp.ConsumeIntegralInRange<uint64_t>(kMinFactor, kMaxFactor) * LP_SECTOR_SIZE;
+    uint64_t blockDevSize = mFdp.ConsumeBool() ? randomBlockDevSize : kDiskSize;
+    uint32_t randomMetadataMaxSize =
+            mFdp.ConsumeIntegralInRange<uint32_t>(kMinMetadataSize, kMaxMetadataSize);
+    uint32_t metadataMaxSize = mFdp.ConsumeBool() ? kMetadataSize : randomMetadataMaxSize;
+    uint32_t metadataSlotCount = mFdp.ConsumeBool() ? 0 : 1;
+    mBuilder = MetadataBuilder::New(blockDevSize, metadataMaxSize, metadataSlotCount);
+
+    if (mBuilder.get()) {
+        mBuilder->AddPartition(kSystemPartitionName, LP_PARTITION_ATTR_READONLY);
+
+        mPartitionName =
+                mFdp.ConsumeBool() ? mFdp.ConsumeRandomLengthString(kMaxBytes) : kPartitionName;
+        if (!mPartitionName.size()) {
+            mPartitionName = kPartitionName;
+        }
+        mSuperPartitionName = mFdp.ConsumeBool() ? mFdp.ConsumeRandomLengthString(kMaxBytes)
+                                                 : kSuperPartitionName;
+        if (!mSuperPartitionName.size()) {
+            mSuperPartitionName = kSuperPartitionName;
+        }
+
+        Partition* super = mBuilder->AddPartition(mSuperPartitionName, LP_PARTITION_ATTR_READONLY);
+        mBuilder->AddPartition(mPartitionName, LP_PARTITION_ATTR_READONLY);
+
+        if (super) {
+            int64_t numSectors = mFdp.ConsumeBool() ? mFdp.ConsumeIntegralInRange<uint64_t>(
+                                                              kMinSectorValue, kMaxSectorValue)
+                                                    : kValidNumSectors;
+            int64_t physicalSector = mFdp.ConsumeBool() ? mFdp.ConsumeIntegralInRange<uint64_t>(
+                                                                  kMinSectorValue, kMaxSectorValue)
+                                                        : kValidPhysicalSector;
+            mBuilder->AddLinearExtent(super, mBlockDeviceInfoName, numSectors, physicalSector);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+void LiplpApisFuzzer::process() {
+    BlockDeviceInfo superInfo = getBlockDevice();
+    unique_fd fd(syscall(__NR_memfd_create, "image_file", MFD_ALLOW_SEALING));
+    setupBuilder();
+
+    TestPartitionOpener opener(
+            {{mFdp.ConsumeBool() ? mFdp.ConsumeRandomLengthString(kMaxBytes) : kSuperName, fd}},
+            {{mFdp.ConsumeBool() ? mFdp.ConsumeRandomLengthString(kMaxBytes) : kSuperName,
+              superInfo}});
+
+    if (mBuilder.get()) {
+        unique_ptr<LpMetadata> metadata = mBuilder->Export();
+        const LpMetadata& metadataValue = *metadata.get();
+
+        map<string, string> images = {};
+        if (mFdp.ConsumeBool()) {
+            images[mSuperPartitionName] = mFdp.PickValueInArray(mImagePaths);
+        }
+
+        while (mFdp.remaining_bytes()) {
+            auto invokeAPIs = mFdp.PickValueInArray<const function<void()>>({
+                    [&]() { WriteToImageFile(fd, metadataValue); },
+                    [&]() { WriteToImageFile(kImageFile.c_str(), metadataValue); },
+                    [&]() { FlashPartitionTable(opener, kSuperName, metadataValue); },
+                    [&]() {
+                        UpdatePartitionTable(opener, mPartitionName, metadataValue,
+                                             mFdp.ConsumeBool() ? 0 : 1 /* slot_number */);
+                    },
+                    [&]() {
+                        ReadMetadata(mPartitionName, mFdp.ConsumeBool() ? 0 : 1 /* slot_number */);
+                    },
+                    [&]() { FlashPartitionTable(mPartitionName, metadataValue); },
+                    [&]() {
+                        UpdatePartitionTable(mPartitionName, metadataValue,
+                                             mFdp.ConsumeBool() ? 0 : 1 /* slot_number */);
+                    },
+                    [&]() {
+                        WriteToImageFile(kImageFile.c_str(), metadataValue,
+                                         metadata->geometry.logical_block_size, images,
+                                         mFdp.ConsumeBool() ? true : false /* sparsify */);
+                    },
+
+                    [&]() {
+                        WriteSplitImageFiles(kImageFile.c_str(), metadataValue,
+                                             metadata->geometry.logical_block_size, images,
+                                             mFdp.ConsumeBool() ? true : false /* sparsify */);
+                    },
+                    [&]() { ReadFromImageFile(kImageFile.c_str()); },
+                    [&]() { IsEmptySuperImage(kImageFile.c_str()); },
+                    [&]() {
+                        uint64_t bufferSize = mFdp.ConsumeIntegralInRange<uint64_t>(
+                                2 * kMetadataGeometrySize, kMaxBufferSize);
+                        vector<uint8_t> buffer = mFdp.ConsumeBytes<uint8_t>(kMaxBytes);
+                        buffer.resize(bufferSize);
+                        ReadFromImageBlob(buffer.data(), buffer.size());
+                    },
+                    [&]() {
+                        uint32_t groupVectorSize = metadata->groups.size();
+                        uint32_t randomGroupIndex =
+                                mFdp.ConsumeIntegralInRange<uint32_t>(0, groupVectorSize - 1);
+                        GetPartitionGroupName(metadata->groups[randomGroupIndex]);
+                    },
+                    [&]() {
+                        uint32_t blockDeviceVectorSize = metadata->block_devices.size();
+                        uint32_t randomBlockDeviceIndex =
+                                mFdp.ConsumeIntegralInRange<uint32_t>(0, blockDeviceVectorSize - 1);
+                        GetBlockDevicePartitionName(
+                                metadata->block_devices[randomBlockDeviceIndex]);
+                    },
+                    [&]() { GetMetadataSuperBlockDevice(metadataValue); },
+                    [&]() {
+                        string suffix = mFdp.ConsumeBool()
+                                                ? mFdp.PickValueInArray<string>(kSuffix)
+                                                : mFdp.ConsumeRandomLengthString(kMaxBytes);
+                        SlotNumberForSlotSuffix(suffix);
+                    },
+                    [&]() {
+                        auto entry = FindPartition(metadataValue, kSystemPartitionName);
+                        GetPartitionSize(metadataValue, *entry);
+                    },
+                    [&]() { GetPartitionSlotSuffix(mPartitionName); },
+                    [&]() { FindPartition(metadataValue, mPartitionName); },
+                    [&]() {
+                        uint32_t partitionVectorSize = metadata->partitions.size();
+                        uint32_t randomPartitionIndex =
+                                mFdp.ConsumeIntegralInRange<uint32_t>(0, partitionVectorSize - 1);
+                        GetPartitionName(metadata->partitions[randomPartitionIndex]);
+                    },
+                    [&]() { GetTotalSuperPartitionSize(metadataValue); },
+                    [&]() { GetBlockDevicePartitionNames(metadataValue); },
+            });
+            invokeAPIs();
+        }
+        remove(kImageFile.c_str());
+    }
+}
+
+extern "C" int LLVMFuzzerTestOneInput(const uint8_t* data, size_t size) {
+    LiplpApisFuzzer liplpApisFuzzer(data, size);
+    liplpApisFuzzer.process();
+    return 0;
+}
diff --git a/fs_mgr/liblp/fuzzer/liblp_builder_fuzzer.cpp b/fs_mgr/liblp/fuzzer/liblp_builder_fuzzer.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..2e5933280bb6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/fs_mgr/liblp/fuzzer/liblp_builder_fuzzer.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,445 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at:
+ *
+ * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ *
+ */
+
+#include <functional>
+#include <fuzzer/FuzzedDataProvider.h>
+#include <liblp/builder.h>
+#include <liblp/property_fetcher.h>
+#include <storage_literals/storage_literals.h>
+
+using namespace android::fs_mgr;
+using namespace std;
+using namespace android::storage_literals;
+
+static constexpr uint64_t kValidBlockSize = 4096 * 50;
+static constexpr uint64_t kBlockDeviceInfoSize = 1024 * 1024;
+static constexpr uint64_t kValidBlockDeviceInfoSize = 8_GiB;
+static constexpr uint64_t kValidMaxGroupSize = 40960;
+static constexpr uint64_t kMinBlockDevValue = 1;
+static constexpr uint64_t kMaxBlockDevValue = 100000;
+static constexpr uint64_t kMinSectorValue = 1;
+static constexpr uint64_t kMaxSectorValue = 1000000;
+static constexpr uint64_t kMinValue = 0;
+static constexpr uint64_t kMaxValue = 10000;
+static constexpr uint64_t kValidNumSectors = 1901568;
+static constexpr uint64_t kValidPhysicalSector = 3608576;
+static constexpr uint64_t kMinElements = 0;
+static constexpr uint64_t kMaxElements = 10;
+static constexpr uint32_t kValidAlignment = 786432;
+static constexpr uint32_t kValidMetadataSize = 40960;
+static constexpr uint32_t kValidAlignmentOffset = 229376;
+static constexpr uint32_t kValidLogicalBlockSize = 4096;
+static constexpr uint32_t kValidMaxMetadataSize = 65536;
+static constexpr uint32_t kMinMetadataValue = 0;
+static constexpr uint32_t kMaxMetadataValue = 10000;
+static constexpr uint32_t kZeroAlignment = 0;
+static constexpr uint32_t kZeroAlignmentOffset = 0;
+static constexpr uint32_t kMaxBytes = 20;
+static constexpr uint32_t kMinBuilder = 0;
+static constexpr uint32_t kMaxBuilder = 4;
+
+const uint64_t kAttributeTypes[] = {
+        LP_PARTITION_ATTR_NONE,    LP_PARTITION_ATTR_READONLY, LP_PARTITION_ATTR_SLOT_SUFFIXED,
+        LP_PARTITION_ATTR_UPDATED, LP_PARTITION_ATTR_DISABLED,
+};
+
+const string kFuzzPartitionName = "fuzz_partition_name";
+const string kSuperPartitionName = "super_partition";
+const string kDeviceInfoName = "super";
+const string kDefaultGroupName = "default";
+
+class BuilderFuzzer {
+  public:
+    BuilderFuzzer(const uint8_t* data, size_t size) : mFdp(data, size){};
+    void process();
+
+  private:
+    FuzzedDataProvider mFdp;
+    void invokeBuilderAPIs();
+    void selectRandomBuilder(int32_t randomBuilder, string superBlockDeviceName);
+    void setupBuilder(string superBlockDeviceName);
+    void callChangePartitionGroup();
+    void callVerifyExtentsAgainstSourceMetadata();
+    vector<BlockDeviceInfo> mBlockDevices;
+    unique_ptr<MetadataBuilder> mBuilder;
+    string mResizePartitionName;
+    string mGroupNames[4] = {
+            "default",
+            "group_a",
+            "group_b",
+            mFdp.ConsumeRandomLengthString(kMaxBytes),
+    };
+    string mPartitionNames[5] = {
+            "system_a",
+            "vendor_a",
+            "system_b",
+            "vendor_b",
+            mFdp.ConsumeRandomLengthString(kMaxBytes),
+    };
+    Partition* mPartition;
+    Partition* mFuzzPartition;
+    Partition* mResizePartition;
+    template <typename T>
+    T getParamValue(T validValue) {
+        T parameter = validValue;
+        if (mFdp.ConsumeBool()) {
+            parameter = mFdp.ConsumeIntegralInRange<T>(kMinValue, kMaxValue);
+        }
+        return parameter;
+    }
+};
+
+void BuilderFuzzer::selectRandomBuilder(int32_t randomBuilder, string superBlockDeviceName) {
+    switch (randomBuilder) {
+        case 0: {
+            uint32_t maxMetadataSize = getParamValue(kValidMaxMetadataSize);
+            uint32_t numSlots = mFdp.ConsumeBool() ? 0 : 1;
+            mBuilder = MetadataBuilder::New(mBlockDevices, superBlockDeviceName, maxMetadataSize,
+                                            numSlots);
+            break;
+        }
+        case 1: {
+            uint64_t blockDevSize =
+                    mFdp.ConsumeIntegralInRange<uint64_t>(kMinBlockDevValue, kMaxBlockDevValue);
+            uint32_t metadataMaxSize =
+                    mFdp.ConsumeIntegralInRange<uint32_t>(kMinMetadataValue, kMaxMetadataValue);
+            uint32_t metadataSlotCount = mFdp.ConsumeBool() ? 0 : 1;
+            mBuilder = MetadataBuilder::New(blockDevSize, metadataMaxSize, metadataSlotCount);
+            break;
+        }
+        case 2: {
+            uint64_t blockDevSize = getParamValue(kValidBlockSize);
+            uint32_t metadataSize = getParamValue(kValidMetadataSize);
+            uint32_t metadataSlotCount = mFdp.ConsumeBool() ? 0 : 1;
+            mBuilder = MetadataBuilder::New(blockDevSize, metadataSize, metadataSlotCount);
+            break;
+        }
+        case 3: {
+            string superPartitionName = mFdp.ConsumeBool()
+                                                ? kSuperPartitionName
+                                                : mFdp.ConsumeRandomLengthString(kMaxBytes);
+            mBuilder = MetadataBuilder::New(PartitionOpener(), superPartitionName,
+                                            mFdp.ConsumeIntegralInRange(0, 1) /* slot_number */);
+            break;
+        }
+        case 4: {
+            string superPartitionName = mFdp.ConsumeBool()
+                                                ? kSuperPartitionName
+                                                : mFdp.ConsumeRandomLengthString(kMaxBytes);
+            mBuilder = MetadataBuilder::New(
+                    superPartitionName,
+                    mFdp.ConsumeIntegralInRange<uint32_t>(0, 1) /* slot_number */);
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+void BuilderFuzzer::setupBuilder(string superBlockDeviceName) {
+    uint64_t blockDeviceInfoSize =
+            mFdp.ConsumeBool()
+                    ? mFdp.ConsumeIntegralInRange<uint64_t>(kMinBlockDevValue, kMaxBlockDevValue)
+                    : kValidBlockDeviceInfoSize;
+    uint32_t alignment = mFdp.ConsumeBool() ? mFdp.ConsumeIntegral<uint32_t>() : kValidAlignment;
+    uint32_t alignmentOffset =
+            mFdp.ConsumeBool() ? mFdp.ConsumeIntegral<uint32_t>() : kValidAlignmentOffset;
+    uint32_t logicalBlockSize = mFdp.ConsumeBool() ? mFdp.ConsumeIntegralInRange<uint32_t>(
+                                                             kMinBlockDevValue, kMaxBlockDevValue)
+                                                   : kValidLogicalBlockSize;
+
+    BlockDeviceInfo super(superBlockDeviceName, blockDeviceInfoSize, alignment, alignmentOffset,
+                          logicalBlockSize);
+    mBlockDevices.push_back(super);
+
+    mBuilder->AddGroup(kDefaultGroupName, mFdp.ConsumeIntegral<uint64_t>() /* max_size */);
+    mPartition = mBuilder->AddPartition(kSuperPartitionName, LP_PARTITION_ATTR_READONLY);
+
+    mFuzzPartition = mBuilder->AddPartition(kFuzzPartitionName, kDefaultGroupName,
+                                            LP_PARTITION_ATTR_READONLY);
+
+    string mResizePartitionName = mFdp.ConsumeRandomLengthString(kMaxBytes);
+    if (!mResizePartitionName.size()) {
+        mResizePartitionName = "resize_partition";
+    }
+    mResizePartition = mBuilder->AddPartition(mResizePartitionName, kDefaultGroupName,
+                                              LP_PARTITION_ATTR_READONLY);
+
+    string changePartitionDeviceInfoName =
+            mFdp.ConsumeBool() ? kDeviceInfoName : mFdp.ConsumeRandomLengthString(kMaxBytes);
+    BlockDeviceInfo changePartitionDeviceInfo(
+            changePartitionDeviceInfoName,
+            mFdp.ConsumeBool()
+                    ? mFdp.ConsumeIntegralInRange<uint64_t>(kMinBlockDevValue, kMaxBlockDevValue)
+                    : kBlockDeviceInfoSize /* size */,
+            mFdp.ConsumeBool() ? mFdp.ConsumeIntegral<uint32_t>()
+                               : kZeroAlignmentOffset /* alignment */,
+            mFdp.ConsumeBool() ? mFdp.ConsumeIntegral<uint32_t>()
+                               : kZeroAlignmentOffset /* alignment_offset */,
+            mFdp.ConsumeBool()
+                    ? mFdp.ConsumeIntegralInRange<uint32_t>(kMinBlockDevValue, kMaxBlockDevValue)
+                    : kValidLogicalBlockSize);
+    mBlockDevices.push_back(changePartitionDeviceInfo);
+}
+
+void BuilderFuzzer::callChangePartitionGroup() {
+    string group1 = mFdp.ConsumeBool() ? mFdp.ConsumeRandomLengthString(kMaxBytes) : "group1";
+    uint64_t group1Size = getParamValue(0);
+
+    string group2 = mFdp.ConsumeBool() ? mFdp.ConsumeRandomLengthString(kMaxBytes) : "group2";
+    uint64_t group2Size = getParamValue(0);
+
+    bool group1Added = mBuilder->AddGroup(group1, group1Size);
+    bool group2Added = mBuilder->AddGroup(group2, group2Size);
+
+    string changeGroupPartitionName = mFdp.ConsumeRandomLengthString(kMaxBytes);
+    if (changeGroupPartitionName.size() && group1Added && group2Added) {
+        Partition* changeGroupPartition = mBuilder->AddPartition(changeGroupPartitionName, group1,
+                                                                 LP_PARTITION_ATTR_READONLY);
+        if (changeGroupPartition) {
+            mBuilder->ChangePartitionGroup(changeGroupPartition, group2);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+void BuilderFuzzer::callVerifyExtentsAgainstSourceMetadata() {
+    uint64_t sourceBlockDevSize = getParamValue(kValidBlockSize);
+    uint32_t sourceMetadataMaxSize = getParamValue(kValidMetadataSize);
+    uint32_t sourceSlotCount = mFdp.ConsumeIntegralInRange<uint32_t>(0, 1);
+    auto sourceBuilder =
+            MetadataBuilder::New(sourceBlockDevSize, sourceMetadataMaxSize, sourceSlotCount);
+
+    uint64_t targetBlockDevSize = getParamValue(kValidBlockSize);
+    uint32_t targetMetadataMaxSize = getParamValue(kValidMetadataSize);
+    uint32_t targetSlotCount = mFdp.ConsumeIntegralInRange<uint32_t>(0, 1);
+    auto targetBuilder =
+            MetadataBuilder::New(targetBlockDevSize, targetMetadataMaxSize, targetSlotCount);
+
+    if (sourceBuilder && targetBuilder) {
+        int64_t sourceGroups = mFdp.ConsumeIntegralInRange<int64_t>(kMinElements, kMaxElements);
+        for (int64_t idx = 0; idx < sourceGroups; ++idx) {
+            sourceBuilder->AddGroup(
+                    mFdp.PickValueInArray(mGroupNames),
+                    mFdp.ConsumeBool() ? kValidMaxGroupSize : mFdp.ConsumeIntegral<uint64_t>());
+        }
+
+        int64_t sourcePartitions = mFdp.ConsumeIntegralInRange<int64_t>(kMinElements, kMaxElements);
+        for (int64_t idx = 0; idx < sourcePartitions; ++idx) {
+            sourceBuilder->AddPartition(mFdp.PickValueInArray(mPartitionNames),
+                                        LP_PARTITION_ATTR_READONLY);
+        }
+
+        int64_t targetGroups = mFdp.ConsumeIntegralInRange<int64_t>(kMinElements, kMaxElements);
+        for (int64_t idx = 0; idx < targetGroups; ++idx) {
+            targetBuilder->AddGroup(
+                    mFdp.PickValueInArray(mGroupNames),
+                    mFdp.ConsumeBool() ? kValidMaxGroupSize : mFdp.ConsumeIntegral<uint64_t>());
+        }
+
+        int64_t targetPartitions = mFdp.ConsumeIntegralInRange<int64_t>(kMinElements, kMaxElements);
+        for (int64_t idx = 0; idx < targetPartitions; ++idx) {
+            targetBuilder->AddPartition(mFdp.PickValueInArray(mPartitionNames),
+                                        LP_PARTITION_ATTR_READONLY);
+        }
+
+        MetadataBuilder::VerifyExtentsAgainstSourceMetadata(
+                *sourceBuilder, mFdp.ConsumeBool() ? 0 : 1 /* source_slot_number */, *targetBuilder,
+                mFdp.ConsumeBool() ? 0 : 1 /* target_slot_number */,
+                vector<string>{"system", "vendor", mFdp.ConsumeRandomLengthString(kMaxBytes)});
+    }
+}
+
+void BuilderFuzzer::invokeBuilderAPIs() {
+    string superBlockDeviceName =
+            mFdp.ConsumeBool() ? mFdp.ConsumeRandomLengthString(kMaxBytes) : kDeviceInfoName;
+    uint32_t randomBuilder = mFdp.ConsumeIntegralInRange<uint32_t>(kMinBuilder, kMaxBuilder);
+    selectRandomBuilder(randomBuilder, superBlockDeviceName);
+
+    if (mBuilder.get()) {
+        setupBuilder(superBlockDeviceName);
+
+        while (mFdp.remaining_bytes()) {
+            auto invokeAPIs = mFdp.PickValueInArray<const function<void()>>({
+                    [&]() { callChangePartitionGroup(); },
+                    [&]() {
+                        string addedGroupName = mFdp.PickValueInArray(mGroupNames);
+                        mBuilder->AddGroup(addedGroupName,
+                                           mFdp.ConsumeIntegralInRange<uint64_t>(
+                                                   kMinValue, kMaxValue) /* max_size */);
+                    },
+                    [&]() {
+                        string partitionName = mFdp.PickValueInArray(mPartitionNames);
+                        Partition* addedPartition = mBuilder->AddPartition(
+                                partitionName, mFdp.PickValueInArray(kAttributeTypes));
+                    },
+                    [&]() {
+                        int64_t numSectors = mFdp.ConsumeBool()
+                                                     ? mFdp.ConsumeIntegralInRange<uint64_t>(
+                                                               kMinSectorValue, kMaxSectorValue)
+                                                     : kValidNumSectors;
+                        int64_t physicalSector = mFdp.ConsumeBool()
+                                                         ? mFdp.ConsumeIntegralInRange<uint64_t>(
+                                                                   kMinSectorValue, kMaxSectorValue)
+                                                         : kValidPhysicalSector;
+
+                        int64_t numExtents =
+                                mFdp.ConsumeIntegralInRange<int64_t>(kMinElements, kMaxElements);
+                        if (mFuzzPartition) {
+                            bool extentAdded = false;
+                            for (int64_t i = 0; i <= numExtents; ++i) {
+                                extentAdded =
+                                        mBuilder->AddLinearExtent(mFuzzPartition, kDeviceInfoName,
+                                                                  numSectors, physicalSector);
+                            }
+
+                            if (extentAdded) {
+                                unique_ptr<LpMetadata> metadata = mBuilder->Export();
+                                uint64_t alignedSize =
+                                        mFdp.ConsumeIntegralInRange<uint64_t>(kMinValue, kMaxValue);
+                                mFuzzPartition->GetBeginningExtents(LP_SECTOR_SIZE * numExtents);
+                            }
+                        }
+                    },
+                    [&]() { callVerifyExtentsAgainstSourceMetadata(); },
+                    [&]() { mBuilder->ListPartitionsInGroup(mFdp.PickValueInArray(mGroupNames)); },
+                    [&]() {
+                        int64_t maxSize = mFdp.ConsumeIntegral<uint64_t>();
+                        mBuilder->ChangeGroupSize(mFdp.PickValueInArray(mGroupNames), maxSize);
+                    },
+                    [&]() {
+                        string deviceInfoName = mFdp.ConsumeBool()
+                                                        ? kDeviceInfoName
+                                                        : mFdp.ConsumeRandomLengthString(kMaxBytes);
+                        mBuilder->GetBlockDeviceInfo(deviceInfoName, &mBlockDevices[1]);
+                    },
+                    [&]() {
+                        string deviceInfoName = mFdp.ConsumeBool()
+                                                        ? kDeviceInfoName
+                                                        : mFdp.ConsumeRandomLengthString(kMaxBytes);
+                        mBuilder->UpdateBlockDeviceInfo(deviceInfoName, mBlockDevices[1]);
+                    },
+                    [&]() {
+                        unique_ptr<LpMetadata> metadata = mBuilder->Export();
+                        mBuilder->ImportPartitions(*metadata.get(),
+                                                   {mFdp.PickValueInArray(mPartitionNames)});
+                    },
+                    [&]() { mBuilder->HasBlockDevice(mFdp.PickValueInArray(mPartitionNames)); },
+                    [&]() { mBuilder->SetVirtualABDeviceFlag(); },
+                    [&]() { mBuilder->SetAutoSlotSuffixing(); },
+                    [&]() { mBuilder->ListGroups(); },
+                    [&]() { mBuilder->UsedSpace(); },
+                    [&]() { mBuilder->RequireExpandedMetadataHeader(); },
+                    [&]() {
+                        uint64_t resizedPartitionSize = getParamValue(0);
+                        mBuilder->ResizePartition(mResizePartition, resizedPartitionSize);
+                    },
+                    [&]() {
+                        uint32_t sourceSlot = mFdp.ConsumeBool() ? 0 : 1;
+                        uint32_t targetSlot = mFdp.ConsumeBool() ? 0 : 1;
+                        PartitionOpener partitionOpener;
+                        string sourcePartition =
+                                mFdp.ConsumeBool() ? kFuzzPartitionName : kDeviceInfoName;
+
+                        MetadataBuilder::NewForUpdate(partitionOpener, sourcePartition, sourceSlot,
+                                                      targetSlot);
+                        partitionOpener.GetDeviceString(mFdp.PickValueInArray(mPartitionNames));
+                    },
+                    [&]() {
+                        unique_ptr<LpMetadata> metadata = mBuilder->Export();
+                        MetadataBuilder::New(*metadata.get());
+                    },
+                    [&]() { mBuilder->AllocatableSpace(); },
+                    [&]() {
+                        PartitionOpener pOpener;
+                        string superPartitionName =
+                                mFdp.ConsumeBool() ? kSuperPartitionName
+                                                   : mFdp.ConsumeRandomLengthString(kMaxBytes);
+                        pOpener.Open(superPartitionName, O_RDONLY);
+                        pOpener.GetInfo(superPartitionName, &mBlockDevices[0]);
+                    },
+                    [&]() {
+                        PartitionOpener pOpener;
+                        string superPartitionName =
+                                mFdp.ConsumeBool() ? kSuperPartitionName
+                                                   : mFdp.ConsumeRandomLengthString(kMaxBytes);
+                        pOpener.Open(superPartitionName, O_RDONLY);
+                        pOpener.GetDeviceString(superPartitionName);
+                    },
+                    [&]() {
+                        Interval::Intersect(
+                                Interval(mFdp.ConsumeIntegral<uint64_t>() /* device _index */,
+                                         mFdp.ConsumeIntegral<uint64_t>() /* start */,
+                                         mFdp.ConsumeIntegral<uint64_t>()) /* end */,
+                                Interval(mFdp.ConsumeIntegral<uint64_t>() /* device _index */,
+                                         mFdp.ConsumeIntegral<uint64_t>() /* start */,
+                                         mFdp.ConsumeIntegral<uint64_t>() /* end */));
+                    },
+                    [&]() {
+                        vector<Interval> intervalVectorA;
+                        int64_t internalVectorAElements =
+                                mFdp.ConsumeIntegralInRange<int64_t>(kMinElements, kMaxElements);
+                        for (int64_t idx = 0; idx < internalVectorAElements; ++idx) {
+                            intervalVectorA.push_back(
+                                    Interval(mFdp.ConsumeIntegral<uint64_t>() /* device _index */,
+                                             mFdp.ConsumeIntegral<uint64_t>() /* start */,
+                                             mFdp.ConsumeIntegral<uint64_t>() /* end */));
+                        }
+
+                        vector<Interval> intervalVectorB;
+                        int64_t internalVectorBElements =
+                                mFdp.ConsumeIntegralInRange<int64_t>(kMinElements, kMaxElements);
+                        for (int64_t idx = 0; idx < internalVectorBElements; ++idx) {
+                            intervalVectorB.push_back(
+                                    Interval(mFdp.ConsumeIntegral<uint64_t>() /* device _index */,
+                                             mFdp.ConsumeIntegral<uint64_t>() /* start */,
+                                             mFdp.ConsumeIntegral<uint64_t>() /* end */));
+                        }
+
+                        Interval::Intersect(intervalVectorA, intervalVectorB);
+                    },
+                    [&]() {
+                        uint64_t numSectors =
+                                mFdp.ConsumeIntegralInRange<uint64_t>(kMinValue, kMaxValue);
+                        uint32_t deviceIndex =
+                                mFdp.ConsumeIntegralInRange<uint32_t>(kMinValue, kMaxValue);
+                        uint64_t physicalSector =
+                                mFdp.ConsumeIntegralInRange<uint64_t>(kMinValue, kMaxValue);
+                        LinearExtent extent(numSectors, deviceIndex, physicalSector);
+                        extent.AsInterval();
+                    },
+                    [&]() {
+                        IPropertyFetcher::OverrideForTesting(std::make_unique<PropertyFetcher>());
+                    },
+            });
+            invokeAPIs();
+        }
+        if (mFdp.ConsumeBool()) {
+            mBuilder->RemoveGroupAndPartitions(mFdp.PickValueInArray(mGroupNames));
+        } else {
+            string removePartition = mFdp.PickValueInArray(mPartitionNames);
+            mBuilder->RemovePartition(removePartition);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+void BuilderFuzzer::process() {
+    invokeBuilderAPIs();
+}
+
+extern "C" int LLVMFuzzerTestOneInput(const uint8_t* data, size_t size) {
+    BuilderFuzzer builderFuzzer(data, size);
+    builderFuzzer.process();
+    return 0;
+}
diff --git a/fs_mgr/liblp/fuzzer/liblp_super_layout_builder_fuzzer.cpp b/fs_mgr/liblp/fuzzer/liblp_super_layout_builder_fuzzer.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..a93e68e233a3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/fs_mgr/liblp/fuzzer/liblp_super_layout_builder_fuzzer.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,149 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at:
+ *
+ * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ *
+ */
+
+#include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <functional>
+#include <fuzzer/FuzzedDataProvider.h>
+#include <liblp/metadata_format.h>
+#include <liblp/super_layout_builder.h>
+#include <linux/memfd.h>
+#include <storage_literals/storage_literals.h>
+#include <sys/syscall.h>
+
+using namespace android::fs_mgr;
+using namespace std;
+using unique_fd = android::base::unique_fd;
+using namespace android::storage_literals;
+
+static constexpr uint64_t kSuperLayoutValidBlockDevSize = 4_MiB;
+static constexpr uint64_t kMinBlockDevValue = 0;
+static constexpr uint64_t kMaxBlockDevValue = 100000;
+static constexpr uint64_t kMinElements = 0;
+static constexpr uint64_t kMaxElements = 10;
+static constexpr uint32_t kSuperLayoutValidMetadataSize = 8_KiB;
+static constexpr uint32_t kMinMetadataValue = 0;
+static constexpr uint32_t kMaxMetadataValue = 10000;
+static constexpr uint32_t kMaxBytes = 20;
+static constexpr uint32_t kMinOpen = 0;
+static constexpr uint32_t kMaxOpen = 2;
+
+const uint64_t kAttributeTypes[] = {
+        LP_PARTITION_ATTR_NONE,    LP_PARTITION_ATTR_READONLY, LP_PARTITION_ATTR_SLOT_SUFFIXED,
+        LP_PARTITION_ATTR_UPDATED, LP_PARTITION_ATTR_DISABLED,
+};
+
+class SuperLayoutBuilderFuzzer {
+  public:
+    SuperLayoutBuilderFuzzer(const uint8_t* data, size_t size) : mFdp(data, size){};
+    void process();
+
+  private:
+    FuzzedDataProvider mFdp;
+    void invokeSuperLayoutBuilderAPIs();
+    void callRandomOpen(int32_t open);
+    void addMultiplePartitions(int32_t numPartitions);
+    void setupSuperLayoutBuilder();
+    SuperLayoutBuilder mSuperLayoutBuilder;
+    unique_ptr<MetadataBuilder> mSuperBuilder;
+    unique_ptr<LpMetadata> mMetadata;
+    bool mOpenSuccess = false;
+};
+
+void SuperLayoutBuilderFuzzer::setupSuperLayoutBuilder() {
+    uint64_t randomBlockDevSize =
+            mFdp.ConsumeIntegralInRange<uint64_t>(kMinBlockDevValue, kMaxBlockDevValue);
+    uint64_t blockDevSize = mFdp.ConsumeBool() ? kSuperLayoutValidBlockDevSize : randomBlockDevSize;
+    uint32_t randomMetadataMaxSize =
+            mFdp.ConsumeIntegralInRange<uint32_t>(kMinMetadataValue, kMaxMetadataValue);
+    uint32_t metadataMaxSize =
+            mFdp.ConsumeBool() ? kSuperLayoutValidMetadataSize : randomMetadataMaxSize;
+    uint32_t metadataSlotCount = mFdp.ConsumeBool() ? 0 : 1;
+    mSuperBuilder = MetadataBuilder::New(blockDevSize, metadataMaxSize, metadataSlotCount);
+
+    if (mSuperBuilder.get()) {
+        if (mFdp.ConsumeBool()) {
+            int32_t numPartitions =
+                    mFdp.ConsumeIntegralInRange<int32_t>(kMinElements, kMaxElements);
+            addMultiplePartitions(numPartitions);
+        }
+
+        uint32_t randomOpen = mFdp.ConsumeIntegralInRange<uint32_t>(kMinOpen, kMaxOpen);
+        callRandomOpen(randomOpen);
+    }
+}
+
+void SuperLayoutBuilderFuzzer::addMultiplePartitions(int32_t numPartitions) {
+    for (int32_t idx = 0; idx < numPartitions; ++idx) {
+        string partitionName = mFdp.ConsumeBool() ? mFdp.ConsumeRandomLengthString(kMaxBytes)
+                                                  : "builder_partition";
+        mSuperBuilder->AddPartition(partitionName, mFdp.PickValueInArray(kAttributeTypes));
+    }
+}
+
+void SuperLayoutBuilderFuzzer::callRandomOpen(int32_t open) {
+    mMetadata = mSuperBuilder->Export();
+    switch (open) {
+        case 0: {
+            vector<uint8_t> imageData = mFdp.ConsumeBytes<uint8_t>(kMaxBytes);
+            mOpenSuccess = mSuperLayoutBuilder.Open((void*)(imageData.data()), imageData.size());
+            break;
+        }
+        case 1: {
+            mOpenSuccess = mSuperLayoutBuilder.Open(*mMetadata.get());
+            break;
+        }
+        case 2: {
+            unique_fd fd(syscall(__NR_memfd_create, "image_file", 0));
+            WriteToImageFile(fd, *mMetadata.get());
+            mOpenSuccess = mSuperLayoutBuilder.Open(fd);
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+void SuperLayoutBuilderFuzzer::invokeSuperLayoutBuilderAPIs() {
+    string imageName = mFdp.ConsumeRandomLengthString(kMaxBytes);
+    string fuzzPartitionName =
+            mFdp.ConsumeBool() ? "builder_partition" : mFdp.ConsumeRandomLengthString(kMaxBytes);
+    if (!fuzzPartitionName.size()) {
+        fuzzPartitionName = "builder_partition";
+    }
+    setupSuperLayoutBuilder();
+    if (mOpenSuccess) {
+        while (mFdp.remaining_bytes()) {
+            auto invokeSuperAPIs = mFdp.PickValueInArray<const function<void()>>({
+                    [&]() { mSuperLayoutBuilder.GetImageLayout(); },
+                    [&]() {
+                        mSuperLayoutBuilder.AddPartition(fuzzPartitionName, imageName,
+                                                         mFdp.ConsumeIntegral<uint64_t>());
+                    },
+            });
+            invokeSuperAPIs();
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+void SuperLayoutBuilderFuzzer::process() {
+    invokeSuperLayoutBuilderAPIs();
+}
+
+extern "C" int LLVMFuzzerTestOneInput(const uint8_t* data, size_t size) {
+    SuperLayoutBuilderFuzzer superLayoutBuilderFuzzer(data, size);
+    superLayoutBuilderFuzzer.process();
+    return 0;
+}
diff --git a/fs_mgr/liblp/images.cpp b/fs_mgr/liblp/images.cpp
index 02b64ac45e4d..a2dbb1052ca6 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/liblp/images.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/liblp/images.cpp
@@ -123,13 +123,46 @@ bool WriteToImageFile(borrowed_fd fd, const LpMetadata& input) {
     return true;
 }
 
+#if !defined(_WIN32)
+bool FsyncDirectory(const char* dirname) {
+    android::base::unique_fd fd(TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(open(dirname, O_RDONLY | O_CLOEXEC)));
+    if (fd == -1) {
+        PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to open " << dirname;
+        return false;
+    }
+    if (fsync(fd) == -1) {
+        if (errno == EROFS || errno == EINVAL) {
+            PLOG(WARNING) << "Skip fsync " << dirname
+                          << " on a file system does not support synchronization";
+        } else {
+            PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to fsync " << dirname;
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+#endif
+
 bool WriteToImageFile(const std::string& file, const LpMetadata& input) {
-    unique_fd fd(open(file.c_str(), O_CREAT | O_RDWR | O_TRUNC | O_CLOEXEC | O_BINARY, 0644));
-    if (fd < 0) {
-        PERROR << __PRETTY_FUNCTION__ << " open failed: " << file;
+    const auto parent_dir = base::Dirname(file);
+    TemporaryFile tmpfile(parent_dir);
+    if (!WriteToImageFile(tmpfile.fd, input)) {
+        PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to write geometry data to tmpfile " << tmpfile.path;
         return false;
     }
-    return WriteToImageFile(fd, input);
+
+#if !defined(_WIN32)
+    fsync(tmpfile.fd);
+#endif
+    const auto err = rename(tmpfile.path, file.c_str());
+    if (err != 0) {
+        PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to rename tmp geometry file " << tmpfile.path << " to " << file;
+        return false;
+    }
+#if !defined(_WIN32)
+    FsyncDirectory(parent_dir.c_str());
+#endif
+    return true;
 }
 
 ImageBuilder::ImageBuilder(const LpMetadata& metadata, uint32_t block_size,
@@ -208,7 +241,8 @@ bool ImageBuilder::ExportFiles(const std::string& output_dir) {
         std::string file_name = "super_" + name + ".img";
         std::string file_path = output_dir + "/" + file_name;
 
-        static const int kOpenFlags = O_CREAT | O_RDWR | O_TRUNC | O_CLOEXEC | O_NOFOLLOW | O_BINARY;
+        static const int kOpenFlags =
+                O_CREAT | O_RDWR | O_TRUNC | O_CLOEXEC | O_NOFOLLOW | O_BINARY;
         unique_fd fd(open(file_path.c_str(), kOpenFlags, 0644));
         if (fd < 0) {
             PERROR << "open failed: " << file_path;
diff --git a/fs_mgr/liblp/include/liblp/builder.h b/fs_mgr/liblp/include/liblp/builder.h
index 54f31bc36f0a..957b96b09c92 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/liblp/include/liblp/builder.h
+++ b/fs_mgr/liblp/include/liblp/builder.h
@@ -346,6 +346,8 @@ class MetadataBuilder {
     void SetAutoSlotSuffixing();
     // Set the LP_HEADER_FLAG_VIRTUAL_AB_DEVICE flag.
     void SetVirtualABDeviceFlag();
+    // Set or unset the LP_HEADER_FLAG_OVERLAYS_ACTIVE flag.
+    void SetOverlaysActiveFlag(bool flag);
 
     bool GetBlockDeviceInfo(const std::string& partition_name, BlockDeviceInfo* info) const;
     bool UpdateBlockDeviceInfo(const std::string& partition_name, const BlockDeviceInfo& info);
diff --git a/fs_mgr/liblp/include/liblp/metadata_format.h b/fs_mgr/liblp/include/liblp/metadata_format.h
index 41d8b0cd5ca8..8d77097ed67b 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/liblp/include/liblp/metadata_format.h
+++ b/fs_mgr/liblp/include/liblp/metadata_format.h
@@ -240,6 +240,9 @@ typedef struct LpMetadataHeader {
  */
 #define LP_HEADER_FLAG_VIRTUAL_AB_DEVICE 0x1
 
+/* This device has overlays activated via "adb remount". */
+#define LP_HEADER_FLAG_OVERLAYS_ACTIVE 0x2
+
 /* This struct defines a logical partition entry, similar to what would be
  * present in a GUID Partition Table.
  */
diff --git a/fs_mgr/liblp/super_layout_builder.cpp b/fs_mgr/liblp/super_layout_builder.cpp
index 37f28e124102..bff26ea21d84 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/liblp/super_layout_builder.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/liblp/super_layout_builder.cpp
@@ -17,6 +17,8 @@
 
 #include <liblp/liblp.h>
 
+#include <algorithm>
+
 #include "images.h"
 #include "utility.h"
 #include "writer.h"
@@ -46,21 +48,21 @@ bool SuperLayoutBuilder::Open(const void* data, size_t size) {
 bool SuperLayoutBuilder::Open(const LpMetadata& metadata) {
     for (const auto& partition : metadata.partitions) {
         if (partition.attributes & LP_PARTITION_ATTR_SLOT_SUFFIXED) {
-            // Retrofit devices are not supported.
+            LOG(ERROR) << "Retrofit devices are not supported";
             return false;
         }
         if (!(partition.attributes & LP_PARTITION_ATTR_READONLY)) {
-            // Writable partitions are not supported.
+            LOG(ERROR) << "Writable partitions are not supported";
             return false;
         }
     }
     if (!metadata.extents.empty()) {
-        // Partitions that already have extents are not supported (should
-        // never be true of super_empty.img).
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Partitions that already have extents are not supported";
+        // should never be true of super_empty.img.
         return false;
     }
     if (metadata.block_devices.size() != 1) {
-        // Only one "super" is supported.
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Only one 'super' is supported";
         return false;
     }
 
@@ -182,7 +184,7 @@ std::vector<SuperImageExtent> SuperLayoutBuilder::GetImageLayout() {
                 return {};
             }
 
-            size_t size = e.num_sectors * LP_SECTOR_SIZE;
+            uint64_t size = e.num_sectors * LP_SECTOR_SIZE;
             uint64_t super_offset = e.target_data * LP_SECTOR_SIZE;
             extents.emplace_back(super_offset, size, image_name, image_offset);
 
diff --git a/fs_mgr/liblp/utility.cpp b/fs_mgr/liblp/utility.cpp
index d8e171b108e1..70c7b799aec3 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/liblp/utility.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/liblp/utility.cpp
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@
 #include <sys/ioctl.h>
 #endif
 
+#include <algorithm>
 #include <map>
 #include <string>
 #include <vector>
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/Android.bp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/Android.bp
index 3dd1f1ac4a3c..af1991a7fc06 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/Android.bp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/Android.bp
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
 //
 
 package {
+    default_team: "trendy_team_android_kernel",
     default_applicable_licenses: ["Android-Apache-2.0"],
 }
 
@@ -44,7 +45,7 @@ cc_defaults {
         "libext2_uuid",
         "libext4_utils",
         "libfstab",
-        "libsnapshot_snapuserd",
+        "libsnapuserd_client",
         "libz",
     ],
     header_libs: [
@@ -85,14 +86,13 @@ filegroup {
         "android/snapshot/snapshot.proto",
         "device_info.cpp",
         "snapshot.cpp",
-        "snapshot_reader.cpp",
         "snapshot_stats.cpp",
         "snapshot_stub.cpp",
         "snapshot_metadata_updater.cpp",
-        "snapshot_writer.cpp",
         "partition_cow_creator.cpp",
         "return.cpp",
         "utility.cpp",
+        "scratch_super.cpp",
     ],
 }
 
@@ -103,20 +103,44 @@ cc_library_headers {
 }
 
 cc_library_static {
+    name: "libsnapshot_static",
+    defaults: [
+        "libsnapshot_defaults",
+        "libsnapshot_hal_deps",
+    ],
+    srcs: [":libsnapshot_sources"],
+    static_libs: [
+        "libfs_mgr_binder",
+    ],
+    whole_static_libs: [
+        "libselinux",
+    ],
+}
+
+cc_library {
     name: "libsnapshot",
     defaults: [
         "libsnapshot_defaults",
+        "libsnapshot_cow_defaults",
         "libsnapshot_hal_deps",
     ],
     srcs: [":libsnapshot_sources"],
+    shared_libs: [
+        "libfs_mgr_binder",
+        "liblp",
+        "libprotobuf-cpp-lite",
+    ],
     static_libs: [
-        "libfs_mgr_binder"
+        "libsnapshot_cow",
+    ],
+    whole_static_libs: [
+        "libselinux",
     ],
 }
 
 cc_library_static {
     name: "libsnapshot_init",
-    native_coverage : true,
+    native_coverage: true,
     defaults: ["libsnapshot_defaults"],
     srcs: [":libsnapshot_sources"],
     ramdisk_available: true,
@@ -126,6 +150,7 @@ cc_library_static {
     ],
     static_libs: [
         "libfs_mgr",
+        "libselinux",
     ],
 }
 
@@ -143,6 +168,9 @@ cc_library_static {
     static_libs: [
         "libfs_mgr",
     ],
+    whole_static_libs: [
+        "libselinux",
+    ],
 }
 
 cc_defaults {
@@ -163,8 +191,11 @@ cc_defaults {
         "libbrotli",
         "libz",
         "liblz4",
+        "libzstd",
+    ],
+    header_libs: [
+        "libupdate_engine_headers",
     ],
-    export_include_dirs: ["include"],
 }
 
 cc_library_static {
@@ -173,12 +204,22 @@ cc_library_static {
         "libsnapshot_cow_defaults",
     ],
     srcs: [
+        "libsnapshot_cow/cow_compress.cpp",
         "libsnapshot_cow/cow_decompress.cpp",
-        "libsnapshot_cow/cow_reader.cpp",
-        "libsnapshot_cow/cow_writer.cpp",
         "libsnapshot_cow/cow_format.cpp",
-        "libsnapshot_cow/cow_compress.cpp",
+        "libsnapshot_cow/cow_reader.cpp",
+        "libsnapshot_cow/parser_v2.cpp",
+        "libsnapshot_cow/parser_v3.cpp",
+        "libsnapshot_cow/snapshot_reader.cpp",
+        "libsnapshot_cow/writer_base.cpp",
+        "libsnapshot_cow/writer_v2.cpp",
+        "libsnapshot_cow/writer_v3.cpp",
     ],
+
+    header_libs: [
+        "libstorage_literals_headers",
+    ],
+    export_include_dirs: ["include"],
     host_supported: true,
     recovery_available: true,
     ramdisk_available: true,
@@ -212,18 +253,20 @@ cc_library_static {
         "libfs_mgr",
         "libgmock",
         "libgtest",
+        "libselinux",
     ],
 }
 
 cc_defaults {
     name: "libsnapshot_test_defaults",
-    defaults: ["libsnapshot_defaults", "libsnapshot_cow_defaults"],
+    defaults: [
+        "libsnapshot_defaults",
+        "libsnapshot_cow_defaults",
+    ],
     srcs: [
         "partition_cow_creator_test.cpp",
         "snapshot_metadata_updater_test.cpp",
-        "snapshot_reader_test.cpp",
         "snapshot_test.cpp",
-        "snapshot_writer_test.cpp",
     ],
     shared_libs: [
         "libbinder",
@@ -238,13 +281,12 @@ cc_defaults {
         "android.hardware.boot@1.1",
         "android.hardware.boot-V1-ndk",
         "libbrotli",
-        "libc++fs",
         "libfs_mgr_binder",
         "libgflags",
         "libgsi",
         "libgmock",
         "liblp",
-        "libsnapshot",
+        "libsnapshot_static",
         "libsnapshot_cow",
         "libsnapshot_test_helpers",
         "libsparse",
@@ -254,48 +296,52 @@ cc_defaults {
     ],
     auto_gen_config: true,
     require_root: true,
-    compile_multilib: "first",
 }
 
 cc_test {
     name: "vts_libsnapshot_test",
-    defaults: ["libsnapshot_test_defaults", "libsnapshot_hal_deps"],
+    defaults: [
+        "libsnapshot_test_defaults",
+        "libsnapshot_hal_deps",
+    ],
     test_suites: [
         "vts",
-        "device-tests"
+        "general-tests",
     ],
+    compile_multilib: "first",
     test_options: {
         min_shipping_api_level: 30,
+        test_runner_options: [
+            {
+                name: "force-no-test-error",
+                value: "false",
+            },
+        ],
     },
 }
 
 cc_test {
     name: "vab_legacy_tests",
-    defaults: ["libsnapshot_test_defaults", "libsnapshot_hal_deps"],
+    defaults: [
+        "libsnapshot_test_defaults",
+        "libsnapshot_hal_deps",
+    ],
     cppflags: [
         "-DLIBSNAPSHOT_TEST_VAB_LEGACY",
     ],
     test_suites: [
-        "device-tests"
+        "general-tests",
     ],
+    compile_multilib: "64",
     test_options: {
         // Legacy VAB launched in Android R.
         min_shipping_api_level: 30,
-    },
-}
-
-cc_test {
-    name: "vabc_legacy_tests",
-    defaults: ["libsnapshot_test_defaults", "libsnapshot_hal_deps"],
-    cppflags: [
-        "-DLIBSNAPSHOT_TEST_VABC_LEGACY",
-    ],
-    test_suites: [
-        "device-tests"
-    ],
-    test_options: {
-        // Legacy VABC launched in Android S.
-        min_shipping_api_level: 31,
+        test_runner_options: [
+            {
+                name: "force-no-test-error",
+                value: "false",
+            },
+        ],
     },
 }
 
@@ -319,17 +365,22 @@ cc_test {
 
 cc_binary {
     name: "snapshotctl",
-    defaults: ["libsnapshot_cow_defaults", "libsnapshot_hal_deps"],
+    defaults: [
+        "libsnapshot_cow_defaults",
+        "libsnapshot_hal_deps",
+    ],
     srcs: [
         "snapshotctl.cpp",
+        "scratch_super.cpp",
+        "android/snapshot/snapshot.proto",
     ],
     static_libs: [
         "libbrotli",
-        "libc++fs",
         "libfstab",
-        "libsnapshot",
-        "libsnapshot_cow",
         "libz",
+        "libavb",
+        "libfs_avb",
+        "libcrypto_static",
         "update_metadata-protos",
     ],
     shared_libs: [
@@ -341,6 +392,7 @@ cc_binary {
         "liblog",
         "liblp",
         "libprotobuf-cpp-lite",
+        "libsnapshot",
         "libstatslog",
         "libutils",
     ],
@@ -369,7 +421,9 @@ cc_test {
         "libsnapshot_cow_defaults",
     ],
     srcs: [
-        "libsnapshot_cow/cow_api_test.cpp",
+        "libsnapshot_cow/snapshot_reader_test.cpp",
+        "libsnapshot_cow/test_v2.cpp",
+        "libsnapshot_cow/test_v3.cpp",
     ],
     cflags: [
         "-D_FILE_OFFSET_BITS=64",
@@ -387,12 +441,19 @@ cc_test {
         "libgtest",
         "libsnapshot_cow",
     ],
+    header_libs: [
+        "libstorage_literals_headers",
+    ],
     test_suites: [
-        "device-tests"
+        "general-tests",
     ],
     test_options: {
         min_shipping_api_level: 30,
     },
+    data: [
+        "tools/testdata/cow_v2",
+        "tools/testdata/incompressible_block",
+    ],
     auto_gen_config: true,
     require_root: false,
     host_supported: true,
@@ -413,6 +474,7 @@ cc_binary {
         "libbrotli",
         "libcrypto_static",
         "liblog",
+        "libgflags",
         "libsnapshot_cow",
         "libz",
     ],
@@ -423,6 +485,66 @@ cc_binary {
     ],
 }
 
+cc_binary {
+    name: "create_snapshot",
+    host_supported: true,
+    device_supported: false,
+
+    srcs: [
+        "libsnapshot_cow/create_cow.cpp",
+        "android/snapshot/snapshot.proto",
+    ],
+
+    cflags: [
+        "-Wall",
+        "-Werror",
+    ],
+
+    static_libs: [
+        "liblog",
+        "libbase",
+        "libfstab",
+        "libext4_utils",
+        "libsnapshot_cow",
+        "libcrypto",
+        "libbrotli",
+        "libz",
+        "libdm",
+        "liblz4",
+        "libzstd",
+        "libgflags",
+        "libavb",
+        "libext2_uuid",
+        "libfs_avb",
+        "libcrypto",
+        "libprotobuf-cpp-lite",
+    ],
+    shared_libs: [
+    ],
+
+    header_libs: [
+        "libstorage_literals_headers",
+    ],
+
+    dist: {
+        targets: [
+            "sdk",
+            "sdk-repo-platform-tools",
+            "sdk_repo",
+        ],
+    },
+    target: {
+        darwin: {
+            enabled: false,
+        },
+        windows: {
+            enabled: false,
+        },
+    },
+    stl: "libc++_static",
+    static_executable: true,
+}
+
 python_library_host {
     name: "snapshot_proto_python",
     srcs: [
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/OWNERS b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/OWNERS
index 9d2b877aca56..c8b1003779bf 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/OWNERS
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/OWNERS
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
-# Bug component: 30545
+# Bug component: 1014951
 balsini@google.com
 dvander@google.com
 elsk@google.com
 akailash@google.com
+zhangkelvin@google.com
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/android/snapshot/snapshot.proto b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/android/snapshot/snapshot.proto
index fa04c437d773..6f3125131a5f 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/android/snapshot/snapshot.proto
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/android/snapshot/snapshot.proto
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ message SnapshotStatus {
     // The old partition size (if none existed, this will be zero).
     uint64 old_partition_size = 10;
 
-    // Compression algorithm (none, gz, or brotli).
+    // Compression algorithm (none, lz4, zstd).
     string compression_algorithm = 11;
 
     // Estimated COW size from OTA manifest.
@@ -114,6 +114,23 @@ message SnapshotStatus {
 
     // Enable batching for COW writes
     bool batched_writes = 14;
+
+    // Size of v3 operation buffer. Needs to be determined during writer initialization
+    uint64 estimated_ops_buffer_size = 15;
+
+    // Max bytes to be compressed at once (4k, 8k, 16k, 32k, 64k, 128k)
+    uint64 compression_factor = 16;
+
+    // Default value is 32, can be set lower for low mem devices
+    uint32 read_ahead_size = 17;
+
+    reserved 18;
+
+    // Blocks size to be verified at once
+    uint64 verify_block_size = 19;
+
+    // Default value is 2, configures threads to do verification phase
+    uint32 num_verify_threads = 20;
 }
 
 // Next: 8
@@ -206,6 +223,18 @@ message SnapshotUpdateStatus {
 
     // io_uring support
     bool io_uring_enabled = 10;
+
+    // legacy dm-snapshot based snapuserd
+    bool legacy_snapuserd = 11;
+
+    // Enable direct reads from source device
+    bool o_direct = 12;
+
+    // Number of cow operations to be merged at once
+    uint32 cow_op_merge_size = 13;
+
+    // Number of worker threads to serve I/O from dm-user
+    uint32 num_worker_threads = 14;
 }
 
 // Next: 10
@@ -250,4 +279,18 @@ message SnapshotMergeReport {
 
     // Whether this update attempt used io_uring.
     bool iouring_used = 13;
+
+    // Size of v3 operation buffer. Needs to be determined during writer initialization
+    uint64 estimated_op_count_max = 14;
+}
+
+message VerityHash {
+  // Partition name
+  string partition_name = 1;
+
+  // Salt used for verity hashes
+  string salt = 2;
+
+  // sha256 hash values of each block in the image
+  repeated bytes block_hash = 3;
 }
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/device_info.cpp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/device_info.cpp
index 0ab61033f915..19f3e0293a18 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/device_info.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/device_info.cpp
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@
 // limitations under the License.
 
 #include "device_info.h"
+#include "scratch_super.h"
 
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
 #include <fs_mgr.h>
@@ -37,8 +38,24 @@ constexpr bool kIsRecovery = true;
 constexpr bool kIsRecovery = false;
 #endif
 
+DeviceInfo::DeviceInfo() {
+    std::string scratch_device = android::snapshot::GetScratchOtaMetadataPartition();
+    if (!scratch_device.empty()) {
+        std::string scratch_metadata =
+                android::snapshot::MapScratchOtaMetadataPartition(scratch_device);
+        if (!scratch_metadata.empty()) {
+            SetMetadataDir(scratch_metadata);
+            SetTempMetadata();
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 std::string DeviceInfo::GetMetadataDir() const {
-    return "/metadata/ota"s;
+    return metadata_dir_;
+}
+
+void DeviceInfo::SetMetadataDir(const std::string& value) {
+    metadata_dir_ = value;
 }
 
 std::string DeviceInfo::GetSlotSuffix() const {
@@ -104,6 +121,24 @@ bool DeviceInfo::IsFirstStageInit() const {
     return first_stage_init_;
 }
 
+bool DeviceInfo::SetActiveBootSlot([[maybe_unused]] unsigned int slot) {
+#ifdef LIBSNAPSHOT_USE_HAL
+    if (!EnsureBootHal()) {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    CommandResult result = boot_control_->SetActiveBootSlot(slot);
+    if (!result.success) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Error setting slot " << slot << " active: " << result.errMsg;
+        return false;
+    }
+    return true;
+#else
+    LOG(ERROR) << "HAL support not enabled.";
+    return false;
+#endif
+}
+
 bool DeviceInfo::SetSlotAsUnbootable([[maybe_unused]] unsigned int slot) {
 #ifdef LIBSNAPSHOT_USE_HAL
     if (!EnsureBootHal()) {
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/device_info.h b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/device_info.h
index d06f1be7cb89..e93ec4960d55 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/device_info.h
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/device_info.h
@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@ class DeviceInfo final : public SnapshotManager::IDeviceInfo {
     using MergeStatus = ::aidl::android::hardware::boot::MergeStatus;
 
   public:
+    DeviceInfo();
     std::string GetMetadataDir() const override;
     std::string GetSlotSuffix() const override;
     std::string GetOtherSlotSuffix() const override;
@@ -36,19 +37,25 @@ class DeviceInfo final : public SnapshotManager::IDeviceInfo {
     std::string GetSuperDevice(uint32_t slot) const override;
     bool IsOverlayfsSetup() const override;
     bool SetBootControlMergeStatus(MergeStatus status) override;
+    bool SetActiveBootSlot(unsigned int slot) override;
     bool SetSlotAsUnbootable(unsigned int slot) override;
     bool IsRecovery() const override;
     std::unique_ptr<IImageManager> OpenImageManager() const override;
     bool IsFirstStageInit() const override;
     android::dm::IDeviceMapper& GetDeviceMapper() override;
-
+    void SetMetadataDir(const std::string& value);
     void set_first_stage_init(bool value) { first_stage_init_ = value; }
+    bool IsTempMetadata() const override { return temp_metadata_; }
+    void SetTempMetadata() { temp_metadata_ = true; }
 
   private:
     bool EnsureBootHal();
 
     android::fs_mgr::PartitionOpener opener_;
     bool first_stage_init_ = false;
+    // Default value
+    std::string metadata_dir_ = "/metadata/ota";
+    bool temp_metadata_ = false;
 #ifdef LIBSNAPSHOT_USE_HAL
     std::unique_ptr<::android::hal::BootControlClient> boot_control_;
 #endif
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include/libsnapshot/cow_compress.h b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include/libsnapshot/cow_compress.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..635a38c5235a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include/libsnapshot/cow_compress.h
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+//
+// Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+//
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <memory>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "libsnapshot/cow_format.h"
+
+namespace android {
+namespace snapshot {
+
+class ICompressor {
+  public:
+    explicit ICompressor(const int32_t compression_level, const uint32_t block_size)
+        : compression_level_(compression_level), block_size_(block_size) {}
+
+    virtual ~ICompressor() {}
+    // Factory methods for compression methods.
+    static std::unique_ptr<ICompressor> Gz(const int32_t compression_level,
+                                           const uint32_t block_size);
+    static std::unique_ptr<ICompressor> Brotli(const int32_t compression_level,
+                                               const uint32_t block_size);
+    static std::unique_ptr<ICompressor> Lz4(const int32_t compression_level,
+                                            const uint32_t block_size);
+    static std::unique_ptr<ICompressor> Zstd(const int32_t compression_level,
+                                             const uint32_t block_size);
+
+    static std::unique_ptr<ICompressor> Create(CowCompression compression,
+                                               const uint32_t block_size);
+
+    int32_t GetCompressionLevel() const { return compression_level_; }
+    uint32_t GetBlockSize() const { return block_size_; }
+    [[nodiscard]] virtual std::vector<uint8_t> Compress(const void* data, size_t length) const = 0;
+
+  private:
+    const int32_t compression_level_;
+    const uint32_t block_size_;
+};
+}  // namespace snapshot
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include/libsnapshot/cow_format.h b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include/libsnapshot/cow_format.h
index 6baf4beae733..66f9a8327762 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include/libsnapshot/cow_format.h
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include/libsnapshot/cow_format.h
@@ -16,17 +16,23 @@
 
 #include <stdint.h>
 
+#include <limits>
 #include <optional>
 #include <string_view>
+#include <type_traits>
 
 namespace android {
 namespace snapshot {
 
+struct CowOperationV3;
+typedef CowOperationV3 CowOperation;
+
 static constexpr uint64_t kCowMagicNumber = 0x436f77634f572121ULL;
 static constexpr uint32_t kCowVersionMajor = 2;
 static constexpr uint32_t kCowVersionMinor = 0;
 
-static constexpr uint32_t kCowVersionManifest = 2;
+static constexpr uint32_t kMinCowVersion = 1;
+static constexpr uint32_t kMaxCowVersion = 3;
 
 // This header appears as the first sequence of bytes in the COW. All fields
 // in the layout are little-endian encoded. The on-disk layout is:
@@ -42,7 +48,9 @@ static constexpr uint32_t kCowVersionManifest = 2;
 //      |    Footer (fixed)     |
 //      +-----------------------+
 //
-// The operations begin immediately after the header, and the "raw data"
+// After the header is a 2mb scratch space that is used to read ahead data during merge operations
+//
+// The operations begin immediately after the scratch space, and the "raw data"
 // immediately follows the operation which refers to it. While streaming
 // an OTA, we can immediately write the op and data, syncing after each pair,
 // while storing operation metadata in memory. At the end, we compute data and
@@ -52,13 +60,15 @@ static constexpr uint32_t kCowVersionManifest = 2;
 // between writing the last operation/data pair, or the footer itself. In this
 // case, the safest way to proceed is to assume the last operation is faulty.
 
-struct CowHeader {
+struct CowHeaderPrefix {
     uint64_t magic;
     uint16_t major_version;
     uint16_t minor_version;
+    uint16_t header_size;  // size of CowHeader.
+} __attribute__((packed));
 
-    // Size of this struct.
-    uint16_t header_size;
+struct CowHeader {
+    CowHeaderPrefix prefix;
 
     // Size of footer struct
     uint16_t footer_size;
@@ -77,18 +87,66 @@ struct CowHeader {
 
     // Scratch space used during merge
     uint32_t buffer_size;
+
 } __attribute__((packed));
 
+// Resume point structure used for resume buffer
+struct ResumePoint {
+    // monotonically increasing value used by update_engine
+    uint64_t label;
+    // Index of last CowOperation guaranteed to be resumable
+    uint64_t op_index;
+} __attribute__((packed));
+
+static constexpr uint8_t kNumResumePoints = 4;
+
+struct CowHeaderV3 : public CowHeader {
+    // Number of sequence data stored (each of which is a 32 bit integer)
+    uint64_t sequence_data_count;
+    // Number of currently written resume points &&
+    uint32_t resume_point_count;
+    // Number of max resume points that can be written
+    uint32_t resume_point_max;
+    // Number of CowOperationV3 structs in the operation buffer, currently and total
+    // region size.
+    uint64_t op_count;
+    uint64_t op_count_max;
+    // Compression Algorithm
+    uint32_t compression_algorithm;
+    // Max compression size supported
+    uint32_t max_compression_size;
+} __attribute__((packed));
+
+enum class CowOperationType : uint8_t {
+    kCowCopyOp = 1,
+    kCowReplaceOp = 2,
+    kCowZeroOp = 3,
+    kCowLabelOp = 4,
+    kCowClusterOp = 5,
+    kCowXorOp = 6,
+    kCowSequenceOp = 7,
+    kCowFooterOp = std::numeric_limits<uint8_t>::max(),
+};
+
+static constexpr CowOperationType kCowCopyOp = CowOperationType::kCowCopyOp;
+static constexpr CowOperationType kCowReplaceOp = CowOperationType::kCowReplaceOp;
+static constexpr CowOperationType kCowZeroOp = CowOperationType::kCowZeroOp;
+static constexpr CowOperationType kCowLabelOp = CowOperationType::kCowLabelOp;
+static constexpr CowOperationType kCowClusterOp = CowOperationType::kCowClusterOp;
+static constexpr CowOperationType kCowXorOp = CowOperationType::kCowXorOp;
+static constexpr CowOperationType kCowSequenceOp = CowOperationType::kCowSequenceOp;
+static constexpr CowOperationType kCowFooterOp = CowOperationType::kCowFooterOp;
+
 // This structure is the same size of a normal Operation, but is repurposed for the footer.
 struct CowFooterOperation {
     // The operation code (always kCowFooterOp).
-    uint8_t type;
+    CowOperationType type;
 
     // If this operation reads from the data section of the COW, this contains
     // the compression type of that data (see constants below).
     uint8_t compression;
 
-    // Length of Footer Data. Currently 64 for both checksums
+    // Length of Footer Data. Currently 64.
     uint16_t data_length;
 
     // The amount of file space used by Cow operations
@@ -98,19 +156,10 @@ struct CowFooterOperation {
     uint64_t num_ops;
 } __attribute__((packed));
 
-struct CowFooterData {
-    // SHA256 checksums of Footer op
-    uint8_t footer_checksum[32];
-
-    // SHA256 of the operation sequence.
-    uint8_t ops_checksum[32];
-} __attribute__((packed));
-
-// Cow operations are currently fixed-size entries, but this may change if
-// needed.
-struct CowOperation {
+// V2 version of COW. On disk format for older devices
+struct CowOperationV2 {
     // The operation code (see the constants and structures below).
-    uint8_t type;
+    CowOperationType type;
 
     // If this operation reads from the data section of the COW, this contains
     // the compression type of that data (see constants below).
@@ -142,31 +191,129 @@ struct CowOperation {
     uint64_t source;
 } __attribute__((packed));
 
-static_assert(sizeof(CowOperation) == sizeof(CowFooterOperation));
+static constexpr uint64_t kCowOpSourceInfoDataMask = (1ULL << 48) - 1;
+static constexpr uint64_t kCowOpSourceInfoTypeBit = 60;
+static constexpr uint64_t kCowOpSourceInfoTypeNumBits = 4;
+static constexpr uint64_t kCowOpSourceInfoTypeMask = (1ULL << kCowOpSourceInfoTypeNumBits) - 1;
 
-static constexpr uint8_t kCowCopyOp = 1;
-static constexpr uint8_t kCowReplaceOp = 2;
-static constexpr uint8_t kCowZeroOp = 3;
-static constexpr uint8_t kCowLabelOp = 4;
-static constexpr uint8_t kCowClusterOp = 5;
-static constexpr uint8_t kCowXorOp = 6;
-static constexpr uint8_t kCowSequenceOp = 7;
-static constexpr uint8_t kCowFooterOp = -1;
+static constexpr uint64_t kCowOpSourceInfoCompressionBit = 57;
+static constexpr uint64_t kCowOpSourceInfoCompressionNumBits = 3;
+static constexpr uint64_t kCowOpSourceInfoCompressionMask =
+        ((1ULL << kCowOpSourceInfoCompressionNumBits) - 1);
+
+// The on disk format of cow (currently ==  CowOperation)
+struct CowOperationV3 {
+    // If this operation reads from the data section of the COW, this contains
+    // the length.
+    uint32_t data_length;
+
+    // The block of data in the new image that this operation modifies.
+    uint32_t new_block;
+
+    // source_info with have the following layout
+    // |--- 4 bits -- | --------- 3 bits ------ | --- 9 bits --- | --- 48 bits ---|
+    // |--- type ---  | -- compression factor --| --- unused --- | --- source --- |
+    //
+    // The value of |source| depends on the operation code.
+    //
+    // CopyOp: a 32-bit block location in the source image.
+    // ReplaceOp: an absolute byte offset within the COW's data section.
+    // XorOp: an absolute byte offset in the source image.
+    // ZeroOp: unused
+    // LabelOp: a 64-bit opaque identifier.
+    //
+    // For ops other than Label:
+    //  Bits 47-62 are reserved and must be zero.
+    // A block is compressed if it’s data is < block_sz
+    //
+    // Bits [57-59] represents the compression factor.
+    //
+    //       Compression - factor
+    // ==========================
+    // 000 -  4k
+    // 001 -  8k
+    // 010 -  16k
+    // ...
+    // 110 -  256k
+    //
+    uint64_t source_info_;
+    constexpr uint64_t source() const { return source_info_ & kCowOpSourceInfoDataMask; }
+    constexpr void set_source(uint64_t source) {
+        // Clear the first 48 bit first
+        source_info_ &= ~kCowOpSourceInfoDataMask;
+        // Set the actual source field
+        source_info_ |= source & kCowOpSourceInfoDataMask;
+    }
+    constexpr CowOperationType type() const {
+        // this is a mask to grab the first 4 bits of a 64 bit integer
+        const auto type = (source_info_ >> kCowOpSourceInfoTypeBit) & kCowOpSourceInfoTypeMask;
+        return static_cast<CowOperationType>(type);
+    }
+    constexpr void set_type(CowOperationType type) {
+        // Clear the top 4 bits first
+        source_info_ &= ((1ULL << kCowOpSourceInfoTypeBit) - 1);
+        // set the actual type bits
+        source_info_ |= (static_cast<uint64_t>(type) & kCowOpSourceInfoTypeMask)
+                        << kCowOpSourceInfoTypeBit;
+    }
+    constexpr void set_compression_bits(uint8_t compression_factor) {
+        // Clear the 3 bits from bit 57 - [57-59]
+        source_info_ &= ~(kCowOpSourceInfoCompressionMask << kCowOpSourceInfoCompressionBit);
+        // Set the actual compression factor
+        source_info_ |=
+                (static_cast<uint64_t>(compression_factor) & kCowOpSourceInfoCompressionMask)
+                << kCowOpSourceInfoCompressionBit;
+    }
+    constexpr uint8_t compression_bits() const {
+        // Grab the 3 bits from [57-59]
+        const auto compression_factor =
+                (source_info_ >> kCowOpSourceInfoCompressionBit) & kCowOpSourceInfoCompressionMask;
+        return static_cast<uint8_t>(compression_factor);
+    }
+} __attribute__((packed));
+
+// Ensure that getters/setters added to CowOperationV3 does not increases size
+// of CowOperationV3 struct(no virtual method tables added).
+static_assert(std::is_trivially_copyable_v<CowOperationV3>);
+static_assert(std::is_standard_layout_v<CowOperationV3>);
+static_assert(sizeof(CowOperationV2) == sizeof(CowFooterOperation));
 
 enum CowCompressionAlgorithm : uint8_t {
     kCowCompressNone = 0,
     kCowCompressGz = 1,
     kCowCompressBrotli = 2,
-    kCowCompressLz4 = 3
+    kCowCompressLz4 = 3,
+    kCowCompressZstd = 4,
+};
+struct CowCompression {
+    CowCompressionAlgorithm algorithm = kCowCompressNone;
+    int32_t compression_level = 0;
 };
 
 static constexpr uint8_t kCowReadAheadNotStarted = 0;
 static constexpr uint8_t kCowReadAheadInProgress = 1;
 static constexpr uint8_t kCowReadAheadDone = 2;
 
+static constexpr off_t GetSequenceOffset(const CowHeaderV3& header) {
+    return header.prefix.header_size + header.buffer_size;
+}
+
+static constexpr off_t GetResumeOffset(const CowHeaderV3& header) {
+    return GetSequenceOffset(header) + (header.sequence_data_count * sizeof(uint32_t));
+}
+
+static constexpr off_t GetOpOffset(uint32_t op_index, const CowHeaderV3& header) {
+    return GetResumeOffset(header) + (header.resume_point_max * sizeof(ResumePoint)) +
+           (op_index * sizeof(CowOperationV3));
+}
+
+static constexpr off_t GetDataOffset(const CowHeaderV3& header) {
+    return GetOpOffset(header.op_count_max, header);
+}
+
 struct CowFooter {
     CowFooterOperation op;
-    CowFooterData data;
+    uint8_t unused[64];
 } __attribute__((packed));
 
 struct ScratchMetadata {
@@ -182,13 +329,29 @@ struct BufferState {
     uint8_t read_ahead_state;
 } __attribute__((packed));
 
+constexpr size_t GetCowOpSize(size_t version) {
+    if (version == 3) {
+        return sizeof(CowOperationV3);
+    } else if (version == 2 || version == 1) {
+        return sizeof(CowOperationV2);
+    } else {
+        return 0;
+    }
+}
+
 // 2MB Scratch space used for read-ahead
 static constexpr uint64_t BUFFER_REGION_DEFAULT_SIZE = (1ULL << 21);
 
-std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, CowOperation const& arg);
+std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, CowOperationV2 const& arg);
+
+std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, CowOperationV3 const& arg);
+
+std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, ResumePoint const& arg);
 
-int64_t GetNextOpOffset(const CowOperation& op, uint32_t cluster_size);
-int64_t GetNextDataOffset(const CowOperation& op, uint32_t cluster_size);
+std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, CowOperationType cow_type);
+
+int64_t GetNextOpOffset(const CowOperationV2& op, uint32_t cluster_size);
+int64_t GetNextDataOffset(const CowOperationV2& op, uint32_t cluster_size);
 
 // Ops that are internal to the Cow Format and not OTA data
 bool IsMetadataOp(const CowOperation& op);
@@ -198,5 +361,11 @@ bool IsOrderedOp(const CowOperation& op);
 // Convert compression name to internal value.
 std::optional<CowCompressionAlgorithm> CompressionAlgorithmFromString(std::string_view name);
 
+// Return block size used for compression
+size_t CowOpCompressionSize(const CowOperation* op, size_t block_size);
+
+// Return the relative offset of the I/O block which the CowOperation
+// multi-block compression
+bool GetBlockOffset(const CowOperation* op, uint64_t io_block, size_t block_size, off_t* offset);
 }  // namespace snapshot
 }  // namespace android
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include/libsnapshot/cow_reader.h b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include/libsnapshot/cow_reader.h
index 95a1270f996a..3389f5863ee1 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include/libsnapshot/cow_reader.h
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include/libsnapshot/cow_reader.h
@@ -16,14 +16,18 @@
 
 #include <stdint.h>
 
-#include <functional>
 #include <memory>
 #include <optional>
 #include <unordered_map>
+#include <vector>
 
 #include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
 #include <libsnapshot/cow_format.h>
 
+namespace chromeos_update_engine {
+class FileDescriptor;
+}  // namespace chromeos_update_engine
+
 namespace android {
 namespace snapshot {
 
@@ -32,6 +36,8 @@ class ICowOpIter;
 // Interface for reading from a snapuserd COW.
 class ICowReader {
   public:
+    using FileDescriptor = chromeos_update_engine::FileDescriptor;
+
     virtual ~ICowReader() {}
 
     // Return the file header.
@@ -67,8 +73,20 @@ class ICowReader {
     // The operation pointer must derive from ICowOpIter::Get().
     virtual ssize_t ReadData(const CowOperation* op, void* buffer, size_t buffer_size,
                              size_t ignore_bytes = 0) = 0;
+
+    // Get the absolute source offset, in bytes, of a CowOperation. Returns
+    // false if the operation does not read from source partitions.
+    virtual bool GetSourceOffset(const CowOperation* op, uint64_t* source_offset) = 0;
 };
 
+static constexpr uint64_t GetBlockFromOffset(const CowHeader& header, uint64_t offset) {
+    return offset / header.block_size;
+}
+
+static constexpr uint64_t GetBlockRelativeOffset(const CowHeader& header, uint64_t offset) {
+    return offset % header.block_size;
+}
+
 // Iterate over a sequence of COW operations. The iterator is bidirectional.
 class ICowOpIter {
   public:
@@ -109,11 +127,11 @@ class CowReader final : public ICowReader {
     bool Parse(android::base::borrowed_fd fd, std::optional<uint64_t> label = {});
 
     bool InitForMerge(android::base::unique_fd&& fd);
-    bool VerifyMergeOps() override;
 
+    bool VerifyMergeOps() override;
     bool GetFooter(CowFooter* footer) override;
-
     bool GetLastLabel(uint64_t* label) override;
+    bool GetSourceOffset(const CowOperation* op, uint64_t* source_offset) override;
 
     // Create a CowOpIter object which contains footer_.num_ops
     // CowOperation objects. Get() returns a unique CowOperation object
@@ -127,7 +145,9 @@ class CowReader final : public ICowReader {
                      size_t ignore_bytes = 0) override;
 
     CowHeader& GetHeader() override { return header_; }
+    const CowHeaderV3& header_v3() const { return header_; }
 
+    bool GetRawBytes(const CowOperation* op, void* buffer, size_t len, size_t* read);
     bool GetRawBytes(uint64_t offset, void* buffer, size_t len, size_t* read);
 
     // Returns the total number of data ops that should be merged. This is the
@@ -143,16 +163,26 @@ class CowReader final : public ICowReader {
     // Creates a clone of the current CowReader without the file handlers
     std::unique_ptr<CowReader> CloneCowReader();
 
+    // Get the max compression size
+    uint32_t GetMaxCompressionSize();
+
     void UpdateMergeOpsCompleted(int num_merge_ops) { header_.num_merge_ops += num_merge_ops; }
 
   private:
-    bool ParseOps(std::optional<uint64_t> label);
+    bool ParseV2(android::base::borrowed_fd fd, std::optional<uint64_t> label);
     bool PrepMergeOps();
+    // sequence data is stored as an operation with actual data residing in the data offset.
+    bool GetSequenceDataV2(std::vector<uint32_t>* merge_op_blocks, std::vector<int>* other_ops,
+                           std::unordered_map<uint32_t, int>* block_map);
+    // v3 of the cow writes sequence data within its own separate sequence buffer.
+    bool GetSequenceData(std::vector<uint32_t>* merge_op_blocks, std::vector<int>* other_ops,
+                         std::unordered_map<uint32_t, int>* block_map);
     uint64_t FindNumCopyops();
+    uint8_t GetCompressionType();
 
     android::base::unique_fd owned_fd_;
     android::base::borrowed_fd fd_;
-    CowHeader header_;
+    CowHeaderV3 header_;
     std::optional<CowFooter> footer_;
     uint64_t fd_size_;
     std::optional<uint64_t> last_label_;
@@ -162,10 +192,14 @@ class CowReader final : public ICowReader {
     uint64_t num_total_data_ops_{};
     uint64_t num_ordered_ops_to_merge_{};
     bool has_seq_ops_{};
-    std::shared_ptr<std::unordered_map<uint64_t, uint64_t>> data_loc_;
+    std::shared_ptr<std::unordered_map<uint64_t, uint64_t>> xor_data_loc_;
     ReaderFlags reader_flag_;
     bool is_merge_{};
 };
 
+// Though this function takes in a CowHeaderV3, the struct could be populated as a v1/v2 CowHeader.
+// The extra fields will just be filled as 0. V3 header is strictly a superset of v1/v2 header and
+// contains all of the latter's field
+bool ReadCowHeader(android::base::borrowed_fd fd, CowHeaderV3* header);
 }  // namespace snapshot
 }  // namespace android
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include/libsnapshot/cow_writer.h b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include/libsnapshot/cow_writer.h
index c7b83a8386f5..2c6eefbb7dd2 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include/libsnapshot/cow_writer.h
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include/libsnapshot/cow_writer.h
@@ -1,31 +1,30 @@
-// Copyright (C) 2019 The Android Open Source Project
+// copyright (c) 2019 the android open source project
 //
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+// licensed under the apache license, version 2.0 (the "license");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the license.
+// you may obtain a copy of the license at
 //
-//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/license-2.0
 //
-// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-// limitations under the License.
+// unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the license is distributed on an "as is" basis,
+// without warranties or conditions of any kind, either express or implied.
+// see the license for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the license.
 
 #pragma once
 
+#include <libsnapshot/cow_compress.h>
+
 #include <stdint.h>
 
 #include <condition_variable>
 #include <cstdint>
-#include <future>
 #include <memory>
 #include <mutex>
 #include <optional>
 #include <queue>
 #include <string>
-#include <thread>
-#include <utility>
 #include <vector>
 
 #include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
@@ -34,7 +33,10 @@
 
 namespace android {
 namespace snapshot {
-
+struct CowSizeInfo {
+    uint64_t cow_size;
+    uint64_t op_count_max;
+};
 struct CowOptions {
     uint32_t block_size = 4096;
     std::string compression;
@@ -43,7 +45,7 @@ struct CowOptions {
     std::optional<uint64_t> max_blocks;
 
     // Number of CowOperations in a cluster. 0 for no clustering. Cannot be 1.
-    uint32_t cluster_ops = 200;
+    uint32_t cluster_ops = 1024;
 
     bool scratch_space = true;
 
@@ -51,196 +53,115 @@ struct CowOptions {
     uint64_t num_merge_ops = 0;
 
     // Number of threads for compression
-    int num_compress_threads = 0;
+    uint16_t num_compress_threads = 0;
 
     // Batch write cluster ops
     bool batch_write = false;
+
+    // Size of the cow operation buffer; used in v3 only.
+    uint64_t op_count_max = 0;
+
+    // Compression factor
+    uint64_t compression_factor = 4096;
 };
 
 // Interface for writing to a snapuserd COW. All operations are ordered; merges
 // will occur in the sequence they were added to the COW.
 class ICowWriter {
   public:
-    explicit ICowWriter(const CowOptions& options) : options_(options) {}
+    using FileDescriptor = chromeos_update_engine::FileDescriptor;
 
     virtual ~ICowWriter() {}
 
     // Encode an operation that copies the contents of |old_block| to the
     // location of |new_block|. 'num_blocks' is the number of contiguous
     // COPY operations from |old_block| to |new_block|.
-    bool AddCopy(uint64_t new_block, uint64_t old_block, uint64_t num_blocks = 1);
+    virtual bool AddCopy(uint64_t new_block, uint64_t old_block, uint64_t num_blocks = 1) = 0;
 
     // Encode a sequence of raw blocks. |size| must be a multiple of the block size.
-    bool AddRawBlocks(uint64_t new_block_start, const void* data, size_t size);
+    virtual bool AddRawBlocks(uint64_t new_block_start, const void* data, size_t size) = 0;
 
     // Add a sequence of xor'd blocks. |size| must be a multiple of the block size.
-    bool AddXorBlocks(uint32_t new_block_start, const void* data, size_t size, uint32_t old_block,
-                      uint16_t offset);
+    virtual bool AddXorBlocks(uint32_t new_block_start, const void* data, size_t size,
+                              uint32_t old_block, uint16_t offset) = 0;
 
     // Encode a sequence of zeroed blocks. |size| must be a multiple of the block size.
-    bool AddZeroBlocks(uint64_t new_block_start, uint64_t num_blocks);
+    virtual bool AddZeroBlocks(uint64_t new_block_start, uint64_t num_blocks) = 0;
 
     // Add a label to the op sequence.
-    bool AddLabel(uint64_t label);
+    virtual bool AddLabel(uint64_t label) = 0;
 
     // Add sequence data for op merging. Data is a list of the destination block numbers.
-    bool AddSequenceData(size_t num_ops, const uint32_t* data);
+    virtual bool AddSequenceData(size_t num_ops, const uint32_t* data) = 0;
 
     // Flush all pending writes. This must be called before closing the writer
     // to ensure that the correct headers and footers are written.
     virtual bool Finalize() = 0;
 
-    // Return number of bytes the cow image occupies on disk.
-    virtual uint64_t GetCowSize() = 0;
-
-    // Returns true if AddCopy() operations are supported.
-    virtual bool SupportsCopyOperation() const { return true; }
+    // Return number of bytes the cow image occupies on disk + the size of sequence && ops buffer
+    // The latter two fields are used in v3 cow format and left as 0 for v2 cow format
+    virtual CowSizeInfo GetCowSizeInfo() const = 0;
 
-    const CowOptions& options() { return options_; }
+    virtual uint32_t GetBlockSize() const = 0;
+    virtual std::optional<uint32_t> GetMaxBlocks() const = 0;
 
-  protected:
-    virtual bool EmitCopy(uint64_t new_block, uint64_t old_block, uint64_t num_blocks = 1) = 0;
-    virtual bool EmitRawBlocks(uint64_t new_block_start, const void* data, size_t size) = 0;
-    virtual bool EmitXorBlocks(uint32_t new_block_start, const void* data, size_t size,
-                               uint32_t old_block, uint16_t offset) = 0;
-    virtual bool EmitZeroBlocks(uint64_t new_block_start, uint64_t num_blocks) = 0;
-    virtual bool EmitLabel(uint64_t label) = 0;
-    virtual bool EmitSequenceData(size_t num_ops, const uint32_t* data) = 0;
+    // Open an ICowReader for this writer. The reader will be a snapshot of the
+    // current operations in the writer; new writes after OpenReader() will not
+    // be reflected.
+    virtual std::unique_ptr<ICowReader> OpenReader() = 0;
 
-    bool ValidateNewBlock(uint64_t new_block);
-
-  protected:
-    CowOptions options_;
+    // Open a file descriptor. This allows reading and seeing through the cow
+    // as if it were a normal file. The optional source_device must be a valid
+    // path if the CowReader contains any copy or xor operations.
+    virtual std::unique_ptr<FileDescriptor> OpenFileDescriptor(
+            const std::optional<std::string>& source_device) = 0;
 };
 
 class CompressWorker {
   public:
-    CompressWorker(CowCompressionAlgorithm compression, uint32_t block_size);
+    CompressWorker(std::unique_ptr<ICompressor>&& compressor);
     bool RunThread();
-    void EnqueueCompressBlocks(const void* buffer, size_t num_blocks);
-    bool GetCompressedBuffers(std::vector<std::basic_string<uint8_t>>* compressed_buf);
+    void EnqueueCompressBlocks(const void* buffer, size_t block_size, size_t num_blocks);
+    bool GetCompressedBuffers(std::vector<std::vector<uint8_t>>* compressed_buf);
     void Finalize();
-    static std::basic_string<uint8_t> Compress(CowCompressionAlgorithm compression,
-                                               const void* data, size_t length);
+    static uint32_t GetDefaultCompressionLevel(CowCompressionAlgorithm compression);
 
-    static bool CompressBlocks(CowCompressionAlgorithm compression, size_t block_size,
-                               const void* buffer, size_t num_blocks,
-                               std::vector<std::basic_string<uint8_t>>* compressed_data);
+    static bool CompressBlocks(ICompressor* compressor, size_t block_size, const void* buffer,
+                               size_t num_blocks,
+                               std::vector<std::vector<uint8_t>>* compressed_data);
 
   private:
     struct CompressWork {
         const void* buffer;
         size_t num_blocks;
+        size_t block_size;
         bool compression_status = false;
-        std::vector<std::basic_string<uint8_t>> compressed_data;
+        std::vector<std::vector<uint8_t>> compressed_data;
     };
 
-    CowCompressionAlgorithm compression_;
-    uint32_t block_size_;
+    std::unique_ptr<ICompressor> compressor_;
 
     std::queue<CompressWork> work_queue_;
     std::queue<CompressWork> compressed_queue_;
     std::mutex lock_;
     std::condition_variable cv_;
     bool stopped_ = false;
+    size_t total_submitted_ = 0;
+    size_t total_processed_ = 0;
 
-    std::basic_string<uint8_t> Compress(const void* data, size_t length);
-    bool CompressBlocks(const void* buffer, size_t num_blocks,
-                        std::vector<std::basic_string<uint8_t>>* compressed_data);
+    bool CompressBlocks(const void* buffer, size_t num_blocks, size_t block_size,
+                        std::vector<std::vector<uint8_t>>* compressed_data);
 };
 
-class CowWriter : public ICowWriter {
-  public:
-    explicit CowWriter(const CowOptions& options);
-    ~CowWriter();
-
-    // Set up the writer.
-    // The file starts from the beginning.
-    //
-    // If fd is < 0, the CowWriter will be opened against /dev/null. This is for
-    // computing COW sizes without using storage space.
-    bool Initialize(android::base::unique_fd&& fd);
-    bool Initialize(android::base::borrowed_fd fd);
-    // Set up a writer, assuming that the given label is the last valid label.
-    // This will result in dropping any labels that occur after the given on, and will fail
-    // if the given label does not appear.
-    bool InitializeAppend(android::base::unique_fd&&, uint64_t label);
-    bool InitializeAppend(android::base::borrowed_fd fd, uint64_t label);
-
-    bool Finalize() override;
-
-    uint64_t GetCowSize() override;
-
-    uint32_t GetCowVersion() { return header_.major_version; }
-
-  protected:
-    virtual bool EmitCopy(uint64_t new_block, uint64_t old_block, uint64_t num_blocks = 1) override;
-    virtual bool EmitRawBlocks(uint64_t new_block_start, const void* data, size_t size) override;
-    virtual bool EmitXorBlocks(uint32_t new_block_start, const void* data, size_t size,
-                               uint32_t old_block, uint16_t offset) override;
-    virtual bool EmitZeroBlocks(uint64_t new_block_start, uint64_t num_blocks) override;
-    virtual bool EmitLabel(uint64_t label) override;
-    virtual bool EmitSequenceData(size_t num_ops, const uint32_t* data) override;
-
-  private:
-    bool EmitCluster();
-    bool EmitClusterIfNeeded();
-    bool EmitBlocks(uint64_t new_block_start, const void* data, size_t size, uint64_t old_block,
-                    uint16_t offset, uint8_t type);
-    void SetupHeaders();
-    void SetupWriteOptions();
-    bool ParseOptions();
-    bool OpenForWrite();
-    bool OpenForAppend(uint64_t label);
-    bool GetDataPos(uint64_t* pos);
-    bool WriteRawData(const void* data, size_t size);
-    bool WriteOperation(const CowOperation& op, const void* data = nullptr, size_t size = 0);
-    void AddOperation(const CowOperation& op);
-    void InitPos();
-    void InitBatchWrites();
-    void InitWorkers();
-    bool FlushCluster();
-
-    bool CompressBlocks(size_t num_blocks, const void* data);
-    bool SetFd(android::base::borrowed_fd fd);
-    bool Sync();
-    bool Truncate(off_t length);
-    bool EnsureSpaceAvailable(const uint64_t bytes_needed) const;
+// Create an ICowWriter not backed by any file. This is useful for estimating
+// the final size of a cow file.
+std::unique_ptr<ICowWriter> CreateCowEstimator(uint32_t version, const CowOptions& options);
 
-  private:
-    android::base::unique_fd owned_fd_;
-    android::base::borrowed_fd fd_;
-    CowHeader header_{};
-    CowFooter footer_{};
-    CowCompressionAlgorithm compression_ = kCowCompressNone;
-    uint64_t current_op_pos_ = 0;
-    uint64_t next_op_pos_ = 0;
-    uint64_t next_data_pos_ = 0;
-    uint64_t current_data_pos_ = 0;
-    ssize_t total_data_written_ = 0;
-    uint32_t cluster_size_ = 0;
-    uint32_t current_cluster_size_ = 0;
-    uint64_t current_data_size_ = 0;
-    bool is_dev_null_ = false;
-    bool merge_in_progress_ = false;
-    bool is_block_device_ = false;
-    uint64_t cow_image_size_ = INT64_MAX;
-
-    int num_compress_threads_ = 1;
-    std::vector<std::unique_ptr<CompressWorker>> compress_threads_;
-    std::vector<std::future<bool>> threads_;
-    std::vector<std::basic_string<uint8_t>> compressed_buf_;
-    std::vector<std::basic_string<uint8_t>>::iterator buf_iter_;
-
-    std::vector<std::unique_ptr<CowOperation>> opbuffer_vec_;
-    std::vector<std::unique_ptr<uint8_t[]>> databuffer_vec_;
-    std::unique_ptr<struct iovec[]> cowop_vec_;
-    int op_vec_index_ = 0;
-
-    std::unique_ptr<struct iovec[]> data_vec_;
-    int data_vec_index_ = 0;
-    bool batch_write_ = false;
-};
+// Create an ICowWriter of the given version and options. If a label is given,
+// the writer is opened in append mode.
+std::unique_ptr<ICowWriter> CreateCowWriter(uint32_t version, const CowOptions& options,
+                                            android::base::unique_fd&& fd,
+                                            std::optional<uint64_t> label = {});
 
 }  // namespace snapshot
 }  // namespace android
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include/libsnapshot/mock_cow_writer.h b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include/libsnapshot/mock_cow_writer.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..8491fb00d51e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include/libsnapshot/mock_cow_writer.h
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+//
+// Copyright (C) 2021 The Android Open Source Project
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+//
+
+#include <gmock/gmock.h>
+#include <libsnapshot/cow_writer.h>
+
+namespace android::snapshot {
+
+class MockCowWriter : public ICowWriter {
+  public:
+    using FileDescriptor = chromeos_update_engine::FileDescriptor;
+
+    MOCK_METHOD(bool, Finalize, (), (override));
+    MOCK_METHOD(CowSizeInfo, GetCowSizeInfo, (), (const, override));
+
+    MOCK_METHOD(bool, AddCopy, (uint64_t, uint64_t, uint64_t), (override));
+    MOCK_METHOD(bool, AddRawBlocks, (uint64_t, const void*, size_t), (override));
+    MOCK_METHOD(bool, AddXorBlocks, (uint32_t, const void*, size_t, uint32_t, uint16_t),
+                (override));
+    MOCK_METHOD(bool, AddZeroBlocks, (uint64_t, uint64_t), (override));
+    MOCK_METHOD(bool, AddLabel, (uint64_t), (override));
+    MOCK_METHOD(bool, AddSequenceData, (size_t, const uint32_t*), (override));
+    MOCK_METHOD(uint32_t, GetBlockSize, (), (override, const));
+    MOCK_METHOD(std::optional<uint32_t>, GetMaxBlocks, (), (override, const));
+
+    MOCK_METHOD(std::unique_ptr<ICowReader>, OpenReader, (), (override));
+    MOCK_METHOD(std::unique_ptr<FileDescriptor>, OpenFileDescriptor,
+                (const std::optional<std::string>&), (override));
+};
+
+}  // namespace android::snapshot
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include/libsnapshot/mock_device_info.h b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include/libsnapshot/mock_device_info.h
index 573a85b24072..ca1ac1e6b225 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include/libsnapshot/mock_device_info.h
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include/libsnapshot/mock_device_info.h
@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@ class MockDeviceInfo : public SnapshotManager::IDeviceInfo {
     MOCK_METHOD(const android::fs_mgr::IPartitionOpener&, GetPartitionOpener, (), (const));
     MOCK_METHOD(bool, IsOverlayfsSetup, (), (const, override));
     MOCK_METHOD(bool, SetBootControlMergeStatus, (MergeStatus status), (override));
+    MOCK_METHOD(bool, SetActiveBootSlot, (unsigned int slot), (override));
     MOCK_METHOD(bool, SetSlotAsUnbootable, (unsigned int slot), (override));
     MOCK_METHOD(bool, IsRecovery, (), (const, override));
     MOCK_METHOD(bool, IsFirstStageInit, (), (const, override));
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include/libsnapshot/mock_snapshot.h b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include/libsnapshot/mock_snapshot.h
index d458b8718b8d..5ad988519bc0 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include/libsnapshot/mock_snapshot.h
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include/libsnapshot/mock_snapshot.h
@@ -42,9 +42,9 @@ class MockSnapshotManager : public ISnapshotManager {
                 (const android::fs_mgr::CreateLogicalPartitionParams& params,
                  std::string* snapshot_path),
                 (override));
-    MOCK_METHOD(std::unique_ptr<ISnapshotWriter>, OpenSnapshotWriter,
+    MOCK_METHOD(std::unique_ptr<ICowWriter>, OpenSnapshotWriter,
                 (const android::fs_mgr::CreateLogicalPartitionParams& params,
-                 const std::optional<std::string>&),
+                 std::optional<uint64_t>),
                 (override));
     MOCK_METHOD(bool, UnmapUpdateSnapshot, (const std::string& target_partition_name), (override));
     MOCK_METHOD(bool, NeedSnapshotsInFirstStageMount, (), (override));
@@ -63,6 +63,7 @@ class MockSnapshotManager : public ISnapshotManager {
     MOCK_METHOD(ISnapshotMergeStats*, GetSnapshotMergeStatsInstance, (), (override));
     MOCK_METHOD(std::string, ReadSourceBuildFingerprint, (), (override));
     MOCK_METHOD(void, SetMergeStatsFeatures, (ISnapshotMergeStats*), (override));
+    MOCK_METHOD(bool, IsCancelUpdateSafe, (), (override));
 };
 
 }  // namespace android::snapshot
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include/libsnapshot/mock_snapshot_writer.h b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include/libsnapshot/mock_snapshot_writer.h
deleted file mode 100644
index 29828bcfba63..000000000000
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include/libsnapshot/mock_snapshot_writer.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,55 +0,0 @@
-//
-// Copyright (C) 2021 The Android Open Source Project
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-// You may obtain a copy of the License at
-//
-//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-//
-// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-// limitations under the License.
-//
-
-#include <gmock/gmock.h>
-#include <libsnapshot/snapshot_writer.h>
-
-namespace android::snapshot {
-
-class MockSnapshotWriter : public ISnapshotWriter {
-  public:
-    using FileDescriptor = ISnapshotWriter::FileDescriptor;
-
-    explicit MockSnapshotWriter(const CowOptions& options) : ISnapshotWriter(options) {}
-    MockSnapshotWriter() : ISnapshotWriter({}) {}
-
-    MOCK_METHOD(bool, Finalize, (), (override));
-
-    // Return number of bytes the cow image occupies on disk.
-    MOCK_METHOD(uint64_t, GetCowSize, (), (override));
-
-    // Returns true if AddCopy() operations are supported.
-    MOCK_METHOD(bool, SupportsCopyOperation, (), (const override));
-
-    MOCK_METHOD(bool, EmitCopy, (uint64_t, uint64_t, uint64_t), (override));
-    MOCK_METHOD(bool, EmitRawBlocks, (uint64_t, const void*, size_t), (override));
-    MOCK_METHOD(bool, EmitXorBlocks, (uint32_t, const void*, size_t, uint32_t, uint16_t),
-                (override));
-    MOCK_METHOD(bool, EmitZeroBlocks, (uint64_t, uint64_t), (override));
-    MOCK_METHOD(bool, EmitLabel, (uint64_t), (override));
-    MOCK_METHOD(bool, EmitSequenceData, (size_t, const uint32_t*), (override));
-
-    // Open the writer in write mode (no append).
-    MOCK_METHOD(bool, Initialize, (), (override));
-    MOCK_METHOD(bool, VerifyMergeOps, (), (override, const, noexcept));
-
-    // Open the writer in append mode, with the last label to resume
-    // from. See CowWriter::InitializeAppend.
-    MOCK_METHOD(bool, InitializeAppend, (uint64_t label), (override));
-
-    MOCK_METHOD(std::unique_ptr<FileDescriptor>, OpenReader, (), (override));
-};
-}  // namespace android::snapshot
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include/libsnapshot/snapshot.h b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include/libsnapshot/snapshot.h
index 9eb89b6124d3..8a8100cba973 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include/libsnapshot/snapshot.h
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include/libsnapshot/snapshot.h
@@ -33,12 +33,11 @@
 #include <libfiemap/image_manager.h>
 #include <liblp/builder.h>
 #include <liblp/liblp.h>
-#include <update_engine/update_metadata.pb.h>
-
 #include <libsnapshot/auto_device.h>
+#include <libsnapshot/cow_writer.h>
 #include <libsnapshot/return.h>
-#include <libsnapshot/snapshot_writer.h>
 #include <snapuserd/snapuserd_client.h>
+#include <update_engine/update_metadata.pb.h>
 
 #ifndef FRIEND_TEST
 #define FRIEND_TEST(test_set_name, individual_test) \
@@ -74,6 +73,9 @@ class ISnapshotMergeStats;
 class SnapshotMergeStats;
 class SnapshotStatus;
 
+using std::chrono::duration_cast;
+using namespace std::chrono_literals;
+
 static constexpr const std::string_view kCowGroupName = "cow";
 static constexpr char kVirtualAbCompressionProp[] = "ro.virtual_ab.compression.enabled";
 
@@ -86,6 +88,13 @@ enum class CreateResult : unsigned int {
     NOT_CREATED,
 };
 
+enum class CancelResult : unsigned int {
+    OK,
+    ERROR,
+    LIVE_SNAPSHOTS,
+    NEEDS_MERGE,
+};
+
 class ISnapshotManager {
   public:
     // Dependency injection for testing.
@@ -102,12 +111,14 @@ class ISnapshotManager {
         virtual const android::fs_mgr::IPartitionOpener& GetPartitionOpener() const = 0;
         virtual bool IsOverlayfsSetup() const = 0;
         virtual bool SetBootControlMergeStatus(MergeStatus status) = 0;
+        virtual bool SetActiveBootSlot(unsigned int slot) = 0;
         virtual bool SetSlotAsUnbootable(unsigned int slot) = 0;
         virtual bool IsRecovery() const = 0;
         virtual bool IsTestDevice() const { return false; }
         virtual bool IsFirstStageInit() const = 0;
         virtual std::unique_ptr<IImageManager> OpenImageManager() const = 0;
         virtual android::dm::IDeviceMapper& GetDeviceMapper() = 0;
+        virtual bool IsTempMetadata() const = 0;
 
         // Helper method for implementing OpenImageManager.
         std::unique_ptr<IImageManager> OpenImageManager(const std::string& gsid_dir) const;
@@ -121,6 +132,10 @@ class ISnapshotManager {
     // Cancel an update; any snapshots will be deleted. This is allowed if the
     // state == Initiated, None, or Unverified (before rebooting to the new
     // slot).
+    //
+    // In recovery, it will cancel an update even if a merge is in progress.
+    // Thus, it should only be called if a new OTA will be sideloaded. The
+    // safety can be checked via IsCancelUpdateSafe().
     virtual bool CancelUpdate() = 0;
 
     // Mark snapshot writes as having completed. After this, new snapshots cannot
@@ -211,16 +226,13 @@ class ISnapshotManager {
     virtual bool MapUpdateSnapshot(const android::fs_mgr::CreateLogicalPartitionParams& params,
                                    std::string* snapshot_path) = 0;
 
-    // Create an ISnapshotWriter to build a snapshot against a target partition. The partition name
+    // Create an ICowWriter to build a snapshot against a target partition. The partition name
     // must be suffixed. If a source partition exists, it must be specified as well. The source
     // partition will only be used if raw bytes are needed. The source partition should be an
     // absolute path to the device, not a partition name.
-    //
-    // After calling OpenSnapshotWriter, the caller must invoke Initialize or InitializeForAppend
-    // before invoking write operations.
-    virtual std::unique_ptr<ISnapshotWriter> OpenSnapshotWriter(
+    virtual std::unique_ptr<ICowWriter> OpenSnapshotWriter(
             const android::fs_mgr::CreateLogicalPartitionParams& params,
-            const std::optional<std::string>& source_device) = 0;
+            std::optional<uint64_t> label = {}) = 0;
 
     // Unmap a snapshot device or CowWriter that was previously opened with MapUpdateSnapshot,
     // OpenSnapshotWriter. All outstanding open descriptors, writers, or
@@ -300,6 +312,9 @@ class ISnapshotManager {
 
     // Return the associated ISnapshotMergeStats instance. Never null.
     virtual ISnapshotMergeStats* GetSnapshotMergeStatsInstance() = 0;
+
+    // Return whether cancelling an update is safe. This is for use in recovery.
+    virtual bool IsCancelUpdateSafe() = 0;
 };
 
 class SnapshotManager final : public ISnapshotManager {
@@ -329,6 +344,10 @@ class SnapshotManager final : public ISnapshotManager {
     // might be needed to perform first-stage mounts.
     static bool IsSnapshotManagerNeeded();
 
+    // Map the temp OTA metadata partition from super
+    static bool MapTempOtaMetadataPartitionIfNeeded(
+            const std::function<bool(const std::string&)>& init);
+
     // Helper function for second stage init to restorecon on the rollback indicator.
     static std::string GetGlobalRollbackIndicatorPath();
 
@@ -336,6 +355,9 @@ class SnapshotManager final : public ISnapshotManager {
     // after loading selinux policy.
     bool PrepareSnapuserdArgsForSelinux(std::vector<std::string>* snapuserd_argv);
 
+    // If snapuserd from first stage init was started from system partition.
+    bool MarkSnapuserdFromSystem();
+
     // Detach dm-user devices from the first stage snapuserd. Load
     // new dm-user tables after loading selinux policy.
     bool DetachFirstStageSnapuserdForSelinux();
@@ -362,9 +384,9 @@ class SnapshotManager final : public ISnapshotManager {
     Return CreateUpdateSnapshots(const DeltaArchiveManifest& manifest) override;
     bool MapUpdateSnapshot(const CreateLogicalPartitionParams& params,
                            std::string* snapshot_path) override;
-    std::unique_ptr<ISnapshotWriter> OpenSnapshotWriter(
+    std::unique_ptr<ICowWriter> OpenSnapshotWriter(
             const android::fs_mgr::CreateLogicalPartitionParams& params,
-            const std::optional<std::string>& source_device) override;
+            std::optional<uint64_t> label) override;
     bool UnmapUpdateSnapshot(const std::string& target_partition_name) override;
     bool NeedSnapshotsInFirstStageMount() override;
     bool CreateLogicalAndSnapshotPartitions(
@@ -382,6 +404,7 @@ class SnapshotManager final : public ISnapshotManager {
     bool UnmapAllSnapshots() override;
     std::string ReadSourceBuildFingerprint() override;
     void SetMergeStatsFeatures(ISnapshotMergeStats* stats) override;
+    bool IsCancelUpdateSafe() override;
 
     // We can't use WaitForFile during first-stage init, because ueventd is not
     // running and therefore will not automatically create symlinks. Instead,
@@ -395,9 +418,19 @@ class SnapshotManager final : public ISnapshotManager {
     // first-stage to decide whether to launch snapuserd.
     bool IsSnapuserdRequired();
 
-    // This is primarily used to device reboot. If OTA update is in progress,
-    // init will avoid killing processes
-    bool IsUserspaceSnapshotUpdateInProgress();
+    // This is primarily invoked during device reboot after an OTA update.
+    //
+    // a: Check if the partitions are mounted off snapshots.
+    //
+    // b: Store all dynamic partitions which are mounted off snapshots. This
+    // is used to unmount the partition.
+    bool IsUserspaceSnapshotUpdateInProgress(std::vector<std::string>& dynamic_partitions);
+
+    // Pause the snapshot merge.
+    bool PauseSnapshotMerge();
+
+    // Resume the snapshot merge.
+    bool ResumeSnapshotMerge();
 
     enum class SnapshotDriver {
         DM_SNAPSHOT,
@@ -406,20 +439,12 @@ class SnapshotManager final : public ISnapshotManager {
 
     // Add new public entries above this line.
 
-    // Helpers for failure injection.
-    using MergeConsistencyChecker =
-            std::function<MergeFailureCode(const std::string& name, const SnapshotStatus& status)>;
-
-    void set_merge_consistency_checker(MergeConsistencyChecker checker) {
-        merge_consistency_checker_ = checker;
-    }
-    MergeConsistencyChecker merge_consistency_checker() const { return merge_consistency_checker_; }
-
   private:
     FRIEND_TEST(SnapshotTest, CleanFirstStageMount);
     FRIEND_TEST(SnapshotTest, CreateSnapshot);
     FRIEND_TEST(SnapshotTest, FirstStageMountAfterRollback);
     FRIEND_TEST(SnapshotTest, FirstStageMountAndMerge);
+    FRIEND_TEST(SnapshotTest, FlagCheck);
     FRIEND_TEST(SnapshotTest, FlashSuperDuringMerge);
     FRIEND_TEST(SnapshotTest, FlashSuperDuringUpdate);
     FRIEND_TEST(SnapshotTest, MapPartialSnapshot);
@@ -428,23 +453,29 @@ class SnapshotManager final : public ISnapshotManager {
     FRIEND_TEST(SnapshotTest, MergeFailureCode);
     FRIEND_TEST(SnapshotTest, NoMergeBeforeReboot);
     FRIEND_TEST(SnapshotTest, UpdateBootControlHal);
+    FRIEND_TEST(SnapshotTest, BootSnapshotWithoutSlotSwitch);
     FRIEND_TEST(SnapshotUpdateTest, AddPartition);
     FRIEND_TEST(SnapshotUpdateTest, ConsistencyCheckResume);
     FRIEND_TEST(SnapshotUpdateTest, DaemonTransition);
     FRIEND_TEST(SnapshotUpdateTest, DataWipeAfterRollback);
     FRIEND_TEST(SnapshotUpdateTest, DataWipeRollbackInRecovery);
     FRIEND_TEST(SnapshotUpdateTest, DataWipeWithStaleSnapshots);
+    FRIEND_TEST(SnapshotUpdateTest, FlagCheck);
     FRIEND_TEST(SnapshotUpdateTest, FullUpdateFlow);
     FRIEND_TEST(SnapshotUpdateTest, MergeCannotRemoveCow);
     FRIEND_TEST(SnapshotUpdateTest, MergeInRecovery);
     FRIEND_TEST(SnapshotUpdateTest, QueryStatusError);
     FRIEND_TEST(SnapshotUpdateTest, SnapshotStatusFileWithoutCow);
     FRIEND_TEST(SnapshotUpdateTest, SpaceSwapUpdate);
+    FRIEND_TEST(SnapshotUpdateTest, InterruptMergeDuringPhaseUpdate);
+    FRIEND_TEST(SnapshotUpdateTest, MapAllSnapshotsWithoutSlotSwitch);
+    FRIEND_TEST(SnapshotUpdateTest, CancelInRecovery);
     friend class SnapshotTest;
     friend class SnapshotUpdateTest;
     friend class FlashAfterUpdateTest;
     friend class LockTestConsumer;
     friend class SnapshotFuzzEnv;
+    friend class MapSnapshots;
     friend struct AutoDeleteCowImage;
     friend struct AutoDeleteSnapshot;
     friend struct PartitionCowCreator;
@@ -459,7 +490,7 @@ class SnapshotManager final : public ISnapshotManager {
     bool EnsureImageManager();
 
     // Ensure we're connected to snapuserd.
-    bool EnsureSnapuserdConnected();
+    bool EnsureSnapuserdConnected(std::chrono::milliseconds timeout_ms = 10s);
 
     // Helpers for first-stage init.
     const std::unique_ptr<IDeviceInfo>& device() const { return device_; }
@@ -552,6 +583,16 @@ class SnapshotManager final : public ISnapshotManager {
     // Unmap and remove all known snapshots.
     bool RemoveAllSnapshots(LockedFile* lock);
 
+    // Boot device off snapshots without slot switch
+    bool BootFromSnapshotsWithoutSlotSwitch();
+
+    // Remove kBootSnapshotsWithoutSlotSwitch so that device can boot
+    // without snapshots on the current slot
+    bool PrepareDeviceToBootWithoutSnapshot();
+
+    // Is the kBootSnapshotsWithoutSlotSwitch present
+    bool IsSnapshotWithoutSlotSwitch();
+
     // List the known snapshot names.
     bool ListSnapshots(LockedFile* lock, std::vector<std::string>* snapshots,
                        const std::string& suffix = "");
@@ -628,7 +669,7 @@ class SnapshotManager final : public ISnapshotManager {
     bool CollapseSnapshotDevice(LockedFile* lock, const std::string& name,
                                 const SnapshotStatus& status);
 
-    struct MergeResult {
+    struct [[nodiscard]] MergeResult {
         explicit MergeResult(UpdateState state,
                              MergeFailureCode failure_code = MergeFailureCode::Ok)
             : state(state), failure_code(failure_code) {}
@@ -645,8 +686,6 @@ class SnapshotManager final : public ISnapshotManager {
     MergeResult CheckMergeState(LockedFile* lock, const std::function<bool()>& before_cancel);
     MergeResult CheckTargetMergeState(LockedFile* lock, const std::string& name,
                                       const SnapshotUpdateStatus& update_status);
-    MergeFailureCode CheckMergeConsistency(LockedFile* lock, const std::string& name,
-                                           const SnapshotStatus& update_status);
 
     auto UpdateStateToStr(enum UpdateState state);
     // Get status or table information about a device-mapper node with a single target.
@@ -666,6 +705,10 @@ class SnapshotManager final : public ISnapshotManager {
     std::string GetRollbackIndicatorPath();
     std::string GetForwardMergeIndicatorPath();
     std::string GetOldPartitionMetadataPath();
+    std::string GetBootSnapshotsWithoutSlotSwitchPath();
+    std::string GetSnapuserdFromSystemPath();
+
+    bool HasForwardMergeIndicator();
 
     const LpMetadata* ReadOldPartitionMetadata(LockedFile* lock);
 
@@ -693,14 +736,10 @@ class SnapshotManager final : public ISnapshotManager {
     };
 
     // Helpers for OpenSnapshotWriter.
-    std::unique_ptr<ISnapshotWriter> OpenCompressedSnapshotWriter(
-            LockedFile* lock, const std::optional<std::string>& source_device,
-            const std::string& partition_name, const SnapshotStatus& status,
-            const SnapshotPaths& paths);
-    std::unique_ptr<ISnapshotWriter> OpenKernelSnapshotWriter(
-            LockedFile* lock, const std::optional<std::string>& source_device,
-            const std::string& partition_name, const SnapshotStatus& status,
-            const SnapshotPaths& paths);
+    std::unique_ptr<ICowWriter> OpenCompressedSnapshotWriter(LockedFile* lock,
+                                                             const SnapshotStatus& status,
+                                                             const SnapshotPaths& paths,
+                                                             std::optional<uint64_t> label);
 
     // Map the base device, COW devices, and snapshot device.
     bool MapPartitionWithSnapshot(LockedFile* lock, CreateLogicalPartitionParams params,
@@ -730,12 +769,8 @@ class SnapshotManager final : public ISnapshotManager {
     // Unmap a dm-user device for user space snapshots
     bool UnmapUserspaceSnapshotDevice(LockedFile* lock, const std::string& snapshot_name);
 
-    // If there isn't a previous update, return true. |needs_merge| is set to false.
-    // If there is a previous update but the device has not boot into it, tries to cancel the
-    //   update and delete any snapshots. Return true if successful. |needs_merge| is set to false.
-    // If there is a previous update and the device has boot into it, do nothing and return true.
-    //   |needs_merge| is set to true.
-    bool TryCancelUpdate(bool* needs_merge);
+    CancelResult TryCancelUpdate();
+    CancelResult IsCancelUpdateSafe(UpdateState state);
 
     // Helper for CreateUpdateSnapshots.
     // Creates all underlying images, COW partitions and snapshot files. Does not initialize them.
@@ -747,7 +782,7 @@ class SnapshotManager final : public ISnapshotManager {
     // Initialize snapshots so that they can be mapped later.
     // Map the COW partition and zero-initialize the header.
     Return InitializeUpdateSnapshots(
-            LockedFile* lock, MetadataBuilder* target_metadata,
+            LockedFile* lock, uint32_t cow_version, MetadataBuilder* target_metadata,
             const LpMetadata* exported_target_metadata, const std::string& target_suffix,
             const std::map<std::string, SnapshotStatus>& all_snapshot_status);
 
@@ -781,11 +816,8 @@ class SnapshotManager final : public ISnapshotManager {
     bool UpdateForwardMergeIndicator(bool wipe);
 
     // Helper for HandleImminentDataWipe.
-    // Call ProcessUpdateState and handle states with special rules before data wipe. Specifically,
-    // if |allow_forward_merge| and allow-forward-merge indicator exists, initiate merge if
-    // necessary.
-    UpdateState ProcessUpdateStateOnDataWipe(bool allow_forward_merge,
-                                             const std::function<bool()>& callback);
+    // Call ProcessUpdateState and handle states with special rules before data wipe.
+    UpdateState ProcessUpdateStateOnDataWipe(const std::function<bool()>& callback);
 
     // Return device string of a mapped image, or if it is not available, the mapped image path.
     bool GetMappedImageDeviceStringOrPath(const std::string& device_name,
@@ -824,21 +856,35 @@ class SnapshotManager final : public ISnapshotManager {
     // Check if io_uring API's need to be used
     bool UpdateUsesIouring(LockedFile* lock);
 
+    // Check if direct reads are enabled for the source image
+    bool UpdateUsesODirect(LockedFile* lock);
+
+    // Get value of maximum cow op merge size
+    uint32_t GetUpdateCowOpMergeSize(LockedFile* lock);
+
+    // Get number of threads to perform post OTA boot verification
+    uint32_t GetUpdateWorkerCount(LockedFile* lock);
+
     // Wrapper around libdm, with diagnostics.
     bool DeleteDeviceIfExists(const std::string& name,
                               const std::chrono::milliseconds& timeout_ms = {});
 
+    // Set read-ahead size during OTA
+    void SetReadAheadSize(const std::string& entry_block_device, off64_t size_kb);
+
+    // Returns true post OTA reboot if legacy snapuserd is required
+    bool IsLegacySnapuserdPostReboot();
+
     android::dm::IDeviceMapper& dm_;
     std::unique_ptr<IDeviceInfo> device_;
     std::string metadata_dir_;
     std::unique_ptr<IImageManager> images_;
     bool use_first_stage_snapuserd_ = false;
-    bool in_factory_data_reset_ = false;
     std::function<bool(const std::string&)> uevent_regen_callback_;
     std::unique_ptr<SnapuserdClient> snapuserd_client_;
     std::unique_ptr<LpMetadata> old_partition_metadata_;
     std::optional<bool> is_snapshot_userspace_;
-    MergeConsistencyChecker merge_consistency_checker_;
+    std::optional<bool> is_legacy_snapuserd_;
 };
 
 }  // namespace snapshot
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include/libsnapshot/snapshot_stats.h b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include/libsnapshot/snapshot_stats.h
index 8a7040035281..79443b226b0c 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include/libsnapshot/snapshot_stats.h
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include/libsnapshot/snapshot_stats.h
@@ -64,6 +64,7 @@ class SnapshotMergeStats : public ISnapshotMergeStats {
   public:
     // Not thread safe.
     static SnapshotMergeStats* GetInstance(SnapshotManager& manager);
+    SnapshotMergeStats(const std::string& path);
 
     // ISnapshotMergeStats overrides
     bool Start() override;
@@ -88,7 +89,6 @@ class SnapshotMergeStats : public ISnapshotMergeStats {
   private:
     bool ReadState();
     bool DeleteState();
-    SnapshotMergeStats(const std::string& path);
 
     std::string path_;
     SnapshotMergeReport report_;
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include/libsnapshot/snapshot_stub.h b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include/libsnapshot/snapshot_stub.h
index 171c7c6f96c9..e586bbd5a42e 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include/libsnapshot/snapshot_stub.h
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include/libsnapshot/snapshot_stub.h
@@ -40,9 +40,9 @@ class SnapshotManagerStub : public ISnapshotManager {
             const chromeos_update_engine::DeltaArchiveManifest& manifest) override;
     bool MapUpdateSnapshot(const android::fs_mgr::CreateLogicalPartitionParams& params,
                            std::string* snapshot_path) override;
-    std::unique_ptr<ISnapshotWriter> OpenSnapshotWriter(
+    std::unique_ptr<ICowWriter> OpenSnapshotWriter(
             const android::fs_mgr::CreateLogicalPartitionParams& params,
-            const std::optional<std::string>& source_device) override;
+            std::optional<uint64_t> label) override;
     bool UnmapUpdateSnapshot(const std::string& target_partition_name) override;
     bool NeedSnapshotsInFirstStageMount() override;
     bool CreateLogicalAndSnapshotPartitions(
@@ -60,6 +60,7 @@ class SnapshotManagerStub : public ISnapshotManager {
     bool UnmapAllSnapshots() override;
     std::string ReadSourceBuildFingerprint() override;
     void SetMergeStatsFeatures(ISnapshotMergeStats* stats) override;
+    bool IsCancelUpdateSafe() override;
 };
 
 }  // namespace android::snapshot
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include/libsnapshot/snapshot_writer.h b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include/libsnapshot/snapshot_writer.h
deleted file mode 100644
index 0e3b1db6b90e..000000000000
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include/libsnapshot/snapshot_writer.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,126 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright (C) 2020 The Android Open Source Project
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-// You may obtain a copy of the License at
-//
-//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-//
-// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-// limitations under the License.
-
-#pragma once
-
-#include <optional>
-
-#include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
-
-#include <libsnapshot/cow_writer.h>
-
-namespace chromeos_update_engine {
-class FileDescriptor;
-}  // namespace chromeos_update_engine
-
-namespace android {
-namespace snapshot {
-
-class ISnapshotWriter : public ICowWriter {
-  public:
-    using FileDescriptor = chromeos_update_engine::FileDescriptor;
-
-    explicit ISnapshotWriter(const CowOptions& options);
-
-    // Set the source device. This is used for AddCopy() operations, if the
-    // underlying writer needs the original bytes (for example if backed by
-    // dm-snapshot or if writing directly to an unsnapshotted region). The
-    // device is only opened on the first operation that requires it.
-    void SetSourceDevice(const std::string& source_device);
-
-    // Open the writer in write mode (no append).
-    virtual bool Initialize() = 0;
-
-    // Open the writer in append mode, with the last label to resume
-    // from. See CowWriter::InitializeAppend.
-    virtual bool InitializeAppend(uint64_t label) = 0;
-
-    virtual std::unique_ptr<FileDescriptor> OpenReader() = 0;
-    virtual bool VerifyMergeOps() const noexcept = 0;
-
-  protected:
-    android::base::borrowed_fd GetSourceFd();
-
-    std::optional<std::string> source_device_;
-
-  private:
-    android::base::unique_fd source_fd_;
-};
-
-// Send writes to a COW or a raw device directly, based on a threshold.
-class CompressedSnapshotWriter final : public ISnapshotWriter {
-  public:
-    CompressedSnapshotWriter(const CowOptions& options);
-
-    // Sets the COW device; this is required.
-    bool SetCowDevice(android::base::unique_fd&& cow_device);
-
-    bool Initialize() override;
-    bool InitializeAppend(uint64_t label) override;
-    bool Finalize() override;
-    uint64_t GetCowSize() override;
-    std::unique_ptr<FileDescriptor> OpenReader() override;
-    bool VerifyMergeOps() const noexcept;
-
-  protected:
-    bool EmitCopy(uint64_t new_block, uint64_t old_block, uint64_t num_blocks = 1) override;
-    bool EmitRawBlocks(uint64_t new_block_start, const void* data, size_t size) override;
-    bool EmitXorBlocks(uint32_t new_block_start, const void* data, size_t size, uint32_t old_block,
-                       uint16_t offset) override;
-    bool EmitZeroBlocks(uint64_t new_block_start, uint64_t num_blocks) override;
-    bool EmitLabel(uint64_t label) override;
-    bool EmitSequenceData(size_t num_ops, const uint32_t* data) override;
-
-  private:
-    std::unique_ptr<CowReader> OpenCowReader() const;
-    android::base::unique_fd cow_device_;
-
-    std::unique_ptr<CowWriter> cow_;
-};
-
-// Write directly to a dm-snapshot device.
-class OnlineKernelSnapshotWriter final : public ISnapshotWriter {
-  public:
-    OnlineKernelSnapshotWriter(const CowOptions& options);
-
-    // Set the device used for all writes.
-    void SetSnapshotDevice(android::base::unique_fd&& snapshot_fd, uint64_t cow_size);
-
-    bool Initialize() override { return true; }
-    bool InitializeAppend(uint64_t) override { return true; }
-
-    bool Finalize() override;
-    uint64_t GetCowSize() override { return cow_size_; }
-    std::unique_ptr<FileDescriptor> OpenReader() override;
-
-    // Online kernel snapshot writer doesn't care about merge sequences.
-    // So ignore.
-    bool VerifyMergeOps() const noexcept override { return true; }
-
-  protected:
-    bool EmitRawBlocks(uint64_t new_block_start, const void* data, size_t size) override;
-    bool EmitZeroBlocks(uint64_t new_block_start, uint64_t num_blocks) override;
-    bool EmitXorBlocks(uint32_t new_block_start, const void* data, size_t size, uint32_t old_block,
-                       uint16_t offset) override;
-    bool EmitCopy(uint64_t new_block, uint64_t old_block, uint64_t num_blocks = 1) override;
-    bool EmitLabel(uint64_t label) override;
-    bool EmitSequenceData(size_t num_ops, const uint32_t* data) override;
-
-  private:
-    android::base::unique_fd snapshot_fd_;
-    uint64_t cow_size_ = 0;
-};
-
-}  // namespace snapshot
-}  // namespace android
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include_test/libsnapshot/test_helpers.h b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include_test/libsnapshot/test_helpers.h
index f45d4ed2abde..1cd66515ed3e 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include_test/libsnapshot/test_helpers.h
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include_test/libsnapshot/test_helpers.h
@@ -30,6 +30,8 @@
 #include <storage_literals/storage_literals.h>
 #include <update_engine/update_metadata.pb.h>
 
+#include "utility.h"
+
 namespace android {
 namespace snapshot {
 
@@ -77,7 +79,7 @@ class TestDeviceInfo : public SnapshotManager::IDeviceInfo {
         : TestDeviceInfo(fake_super) {
         set_slot_suffix(slot_suffix);
     }
-    std::string GetMetadataDir() const override { return "/metadata/ota/test"s; }
+    std::string GetMetadataDir() const override { return metadata_dir_; }
     std::string GetSlotSuffix() const override { return slot_suffix_; }
     std::string GetOtherSlotSuffix() const override { return slot_suffix_ == "_a" ? "_b" : "_a"; }
     std::string GetSuperDevice([[maybe_unused]] uint32_t slot) const override { return "super"; }
@@ -90,6 +92,7 @@ class TestDeviceInfo : public SnapshotManager::IDeviceInfo {
     }
     bool IsOverlayfsSetup() const override { return false; }
     bool IsRecovery() const override { return recovery_; }
+    bool SetActiveBootSlot([[maybe_unused]] unsigned int slot) override { return true; }
     bool SetSlotAsUnbootable(unsigned int slot) override {
         unbootable_slots_.insert(slot);
         return true;
@@ -117,6 +120,7 @@ class TestDeviceInfo : public SnapshotManager::IDeviceInfo {
     void set_dm(android::dm::IDeviceMapper* dm) { dm_ = dm; }
 
     MergeStatus merge_status() const { return merge_status_; }
+    bool IsTempMetadata() const override { return temp_metadata_; }
 
   private:
     std::string slot_suffix_ = "_a";
@@ -126,6 +130,8 @@ class TestDeviceInfo : public SnapshotManager::IDeviceInfo {
     bool first_stage_init_ = false;
     std::unordered_set<uint32_t> unbootable_slots_;
     android::dm::IDeviceMapper* dm_ = nullptr;
+    std::string metadata_dir_ = "/metadata/ota/test";
+    bool temp_metadata_ = false;
 };
 
 class DeviceMapperWrapper : public android::dm::IDeviceMapper {
@@ -155,6 +161,9 @@ class DeviceMapperWrapper : public android::dm::IDeviceMapper {
     virtual bool GetTableStatus(const std::string& name, std::vector<TargetInfo>* table) {
         return impl_.GetTableStatus(name, table);
     }
+    virtual bool GetTableStatusIma(const std::string& name, std::vector<TargetInfo>* table) {
+        return impl_.GetTableStatusIma(name, table);
+    }
     virtual bool GetDmDevicePathByName(const std::string& name, std::string* path) {
         return impl_.GetDmDevicePathByName(name, path);
     }
@@ -198,7 +207,7 @@ void DeleteBackingImage(android::fiemap::IImageManager* manager, const std::stri
 // Expect space of |path| is multiple of 4K.
 bool WriteRandomData(const std::string& path, std::optional<size_t> expect_size = std::nullopt,
                      std::string* hash = nullptr);
-std::string HashSnapshot(ISnapshotWriter* writer);
+std::string HashSnapshot(ICowWriter::FileDescriptor* writer);
 
 std::string ToHexString(const uint8_t* buf, size_t len);
 
@@ -231,5 +240,21 @@ bool IsVirtualAbEnabled();
 
 #define RETURN_IF_NON_VIRTUAL_AB() RETURN_IF_NON_VIRTUAL_AB_MSG("")
 
+#define SKIP_IF_VENDOR_ON_ANDROID_S()                                        \
+    do {                                                                     \
+        if (IsVendorFromAndroid12())                                         \
+            GTEST_SKIP() << "Skip test as Vendor partition is on Android S"; \
+    } while (0)
+
+#define RETURN_IF_VENDOR_ON_ANDROID_S_MSG(msg) \
+    do {                                       \
+        if (IsVendorFromAndroid12()) {         \
+            std::cerr << (msg);                \
+            return;                            \
+        }                                      \
+    } while (0)
+
+#define RETURN_IF_VENDOR_ON_ANDROID_S() RETURN_IF_VENDOR_ON_ANDROID_S_MSG("")
+
 }  // namespace snapshot
 }  // namespace android
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/libsnapshot_cow/cow_compress.cpp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/libsnapshot_cow/cow_compress.cpp
index d06c904ba884..bff5257794ac 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/libsnapshot_cow/cow_compress.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/libsnapshot_cow/cow_compress.cpp
@@ -17,18 +17,25 @@
 #include <sys/types.h>
 #include <unistd.h>
 
+#include <cstdint>
 #include <limits>
+#include <memory>
 #include <queue>
+#include <vector>
 
 #include <android-base/file.h>
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
+#include <android-base/parseint.h>
+#include <android-base/strings.h>
 #include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
 #include <brotli/encode.h>
+#include <libsnapshot/cow_compress.h>
 #include <libsnapshot/cow_format.h>
 #include <libsnapshot/cow_reader.h>
 #include <libsnapshot/cow_writer.h>
 #include <lz4.h>
 #include <zlib.h>
+#include <zstd.h>
 
 namespace android {
 namespace snapshot {
@@ -40,100 +47,185 @@ std::optional<CowCompressionAlgorithm> CompressionAlgorithmFromString(std::strin
         return {kCowCompressBrotli};
     } else if (name == "lz4") {
         return {kCowCompressLz4};
+    } else if (name == "zstd") {
+        return {kCowCompressZstd};
     } else if (name == "none" || name.empty()) {
         return {kCowCompressNone};
     } else {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "unable to determine default compression algorithm for: " << name;
         return {};
     }
 }
 
-std::basic_string<uint8_t> CompressWorker::Compress(const void* data, size_t length) {
-    return Compress(compression_, data, length);
+std::unique_ptr<ICompressor> ICompressor::Create(CowCompression compression,
+                                                 const uint32_t block_size) {
+    switch (compression.algorithm) {
+        case kCowCompressLz4:
+            return ICompressor::Lz4(compression.compression_level, block_size);
+        case kCowCompressBrotli:
+            return ICompressor::Brotli(compression.compression_level, block_size);
+        case kCowCompressGz:
+            return ICompressor::Gz(compression.compression_level, block_size);
+        case kCowCompressZstd:
+            return ICompressor::Zstd(compression.compression_level, block_size);
+        case kCowCompressNone:
+            return nullptr;
+    }
+    return nullptr;
 }
 
-std::basic_string<uint8_t> CompressWorker::Compress(CowCompressionAlgorithm compression,
-                                                    const void* data, size_t length) {
+// 1. Default compression level is determined by compression algorithm
+// 2. There might be compatibility issues if a value is changed here, as  some older versions of
+// Android will assume a different compression level, causing cow_size estimation differences that
+// will lead to OTA failure. Ensure that the device and OTA package use the same compression level
+// for OTA to succeed.
+uint32_t CompressWorker::GetDefaultCompressionLevel(CowCompressionAlgorithm compression) {
     switch (compression) {
         case kCowCompressGz: {
-            const auto bound = compressBound(length);
-            std::basic_string<uint8_t> buffer(bound, '\0');
-
-            uLongf dest_len = bound;
-            auto rv = compress2(buffer.data(), &dest_len, reinterpret_cast<const Bytef*>(data),
-                                length, Z_BEST_COMPRESSION);
-            if (rv != Z_OK) {
-                LOG(ERROR) << "compress2 returned: " << rv;
-                return {};
-            }
-            buffer.resize(dest_len);
-            return buffer;
+            return Z_BEST_COMPRESSION;
         }
         case kCowCompressBrotli: {
-            const auto bound = BrotliEncoderMaxCompressedSize(length);
-            if (!bound) {
-                LOG(ERROR) << "BrotliEncoderMaxCompressedSize returned 0";
-                return {};
-            }
-            std::basic_string<uint8_t> buffer(bound, '\0');
-
-            size_t encoded_size = bound;
-            auto rv = BrotliEncoderCompress(
-                    BROTLI_DEFAULT_QUALITY, BROTLI_DEFAULT_WINDOW, BROTLI_DEFAULT_MODE, length,
-                    reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(data), &encoded_size, buffer.data());
-            if (!rv) {
-                LOG(ERROR) << "BrotliEncoderCompress failed";
-                return {};
-            }
-            buffer.resize(encoded_size);
-            return buffer;
+            return BROTLI_DEFAULT_QUALITY;
         }
         case kCowCompressLz4: {
-            const auto bound = LZ4_compressBound(length);
-            if (!bound) {
-                LOG(ERROR) << "LZ4_compressBound returned 0";
-                return {};
-            }
-            std::basic_string<uint8_t> buffer(bound, '\0');
-
-            const auto compressed_size = LZ4_compress_default(
-                    static_cast<const char*>(data), reinterpret_cast<char*>(buffer.data()), length,
-                    buffer.size());
-            if (compressed_size <= 0) {
-                LOG(ERROR) << "LZ4_compress_default failed, input size: " << length
-                           << ", compression bound: " << bound << ", ret: " << compressed_size;
-                return {};
-            }
-            // Don't run compression if the compressed output is larger
-            if (compressed_size >= length) {
-                buffer.resize(length);
-                memcpy(buffer.data(), data, length);
-            } else {
-                buffer.resize(compressed_size);
-            }
-            return buffer;
+            break;
+        }
+        case kCowCompressZstd: {
+            return ZSTD_defaultCLevel();
         }
-        default:
-            LOG(ERROR) << "unhandled compression type: " << compression;
+        case kCowCompressNone: {
             break;
+        }
     }
-    return {};
+    return 0;
 }
-bool CompressWorker::CompressBlocks(const void* buffer, size_t num_blocks,
-                                    std::vector<std::basic_string<uint8_t>>* compressed_data) {
-    return CompressBlocks(compression_, block_size_, buffer, num_blocks, compressed_data);
+
+class GzCompressor final : public ICompressor {
+  public:
+    GzCompressor(int32_t compression_level, const uint32_t block_size)
+        : ICompressor(compression_level, block_size){};
+
+    std::vector<uint8_t> Compress(const void* data, size_t length) const override {
+        const auto bound = compressBound(length);
+        std::vector<uint8_t> buffer(bound, '\0');
+
+        uLongf dest_len = bound;
+        auto rv = compress2(buffer.data(), &dest_len, reinterpret_cast<const Bytef*>(data), length,
+                            GetCompressionLevel());
+        if (rv != Z_OK) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "compress2 returned: " << rv;
+            return {};
+        }
+        buffer.resize(dest_len);
+        return buffer;
+    };
+};
+
+class Lz4Compressor final : public ICompressor {
+  public:
+    Lz4Compressor(int32_t compression_level, const uint32_t block_size)
+        : ICompressor(compression_level, block_size){};
+
+    std::vector<uint8_t> Compress(const void* data, size_t length) const override {
+        const auto bound = LZ4_compressBound(length);
+        if (!bound) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "LZ4_compressBound returned 0";
+            return {};
+        }
+        std::vector<uint8_t> buffer(bound, '\0');
+
+        const auto compressed_size =
+                LZ4_compress_default(static_cast<const char*>(data),
+                                     reinterpret_cast<char*>(buffer.data()), length, buffer.size());
+        if (compressed_size <= 0) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "LZ4_compress_default failed, input size: " << length
+                       << ", compression bound: " << bound << ", ret: " << compressed_size;
+            return {};
+        }
+        // Don't run compression if the compressed output is larger
+        if (compressed_size >= length) {
+            buffer.resize(length);
+            memcpy(buffer.data(), data, length);
+        } else {
+            buffer.resize(compressed_size);
+        }
+        return buffer;
+    };
+};
+
+class BrotliCompressor final : public ICompressor {
+  public:
+    BrotliCompressor(int32_t compression_level, const uint32_t block_size)
+        : ICompressor(compression_level, block_size){};
+
+    std::vector<uint8_t> Compress(const void* data, size_t length) const override {
+        const auto bound = BrotliEncoderMaxCompressedSize(length);
+        if (!bound) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "BrotliEncoderMaxCompressedSize returned 0";
+            return {};
+        }
+        std::vector<uint8_t> buffer(bound, '\0');
+
+        size_t encoded_size = bound;
+        auto rv = BrotliEncoderCompress(
+                GetCompressionLevel(), BROTLI_DEFAULT_WINDOW, BROTLI_DEFAULT_MODE, length,
+                reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(data), &encoded_size, buffer.data());
+        if (!rv) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "BrotliEncoderCompress failed";
+            return {};
+        }
+        buffer.resize(encoded_size);
+        return buffer;
+    };
+};
+
+class ZstdCompressor final : public ICompressor {
+  public:
+    ZstdCompressor(int32_t compression_level, const uint32_t block_size)
+        : ICompressor(compression_level, block_size),
+          zstd_context_(ZSTD_createCCtx(), ZSTD_freeCCtx) {
+        ZSTD_CCtx_setParameter(zstd_context_.get(), ZSTD_c_compressionLevel, compression_level);
+        ZSTD_CCtx_setParameter(zstd_context_.get(), ZSTD_c_windowLog, log2(GetBlockSize()));
+    };
+
+    std::vector<uint8_t> Compress(const void* data, size_t length) const override {
+        std::vector<uint8_t> buffer(ZSTD_compressBound(length), '\0');
+        const auto compressed_size =
+                ZSTD_compress2(zstd_context_.get(), buffer.data(), buffer.size(), data, length);
+        if (compressed_size <= 0) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "ZSTD compression failed " << compressed_size;
+            return {};
+        }
+        // Don't run compression if the compressed output is larger
+        if (compressed_size >= length) {
+            buffer.resize(length);
+            memcpy(buffer.data(), data, length);
+        } else {
+            buffer.resize(compressed_size);
+        }
+        return buffer;
+    };
+
+  private:
+    std::unique_ptr<ZSTD_CCtx, decltype(&ZSTD_freeCCtx)> zstd_context_;
+};
+
+bool CompressWorker::CompressBlocks(const void* buffer, size_t num_blocks, size_t block_size,
+                                    std::vector<std::vector<uint8_t>>* compressed_data) {
+    return CompressBlocks(compressor_.get(), block_size, buffer, num_blocks, compressed_data);
 }
 
-bool CompressWorker::CompressBlocks(CowCompressionAlgorithm compression, size_t block_size,
-                                    const void* buffer, size_t num_blocks,
-                                    std::vector<std::basic_string<uint8_t>>* compressed_data) {
+bool CompressWorker::CompressBlocks(ICompressor* compressor, size_t block_size, const void* buffer,
+                                    size_t num_blocks,
+                                    std::vector<std::vector<uint8_t>>* compressed_data) {
     const uint8_t* iter = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(buffer);
     while (num_blocks) {
-        auto data = Compress(compression, iter, block_size);
+        auto data = compressor->Compress(iter, block_size);
         if (data.empty()) {
             PLOG(ERROR) << "CompressBlocks: Compression failed";
             return false;
         }
-        if (data.size() > std::numeric_limits<uint16_t>::max()) {
+        if (data.size() > std::numeric_limits<uint32_t>::max()) {
             LOG(ERROR) << "Compressed block is too large: " << data.size();
             return false;
         }
@@ -164,7 +256,8 @@ bool CompressWorker::RunThread() {
         }
 
         // Compress blocks
-        bool ret = CompressBlocks(blocks.buffer, blocks.num_blocks, &blocks.compressed_data);
+        bool ret = CompressBlocks(blocks.buffer, blocks.num_blocks, blocks.block_size,
+                                  &blocks.compressed_data);
         blocks.compression_status = ret;
         {
             std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(lock_);
@@ -183,35 +276,31 @@ bool CompressWorker::RunThread() {
     return true;
 }
 
-void CompressWorker::EnqueueCompressBlocks(const void* buffer, size_t num_blocks) {
+void CompressWorker::EnqueueCompressBlocks(const void* buffer, size_t block_size,
+                                           size_t num_blocks) {
     {
         std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(lock_);
 
         CompressWork blocks = {};
         blocks.buffer = buffer;
+        blocks.block_size = block_size;
         blocks.num_blocks = num_blocks;
         work_queue_.push(std::move(blocks));
+        total_submitted_ += 1;
     }
     cv_.notify_all();
 }
 
-bool CompressWorker::GetCompressedBuffers(std::vector<std::basic_string<uint8_t>>* compressed_buf) {
-    {
+bool CompressWorker::GetCompressedBuffers(std::vector<std::vector<uint8_t>>* compressed_buf) {
+    while (true) {
         std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(lock_);
-        while (compressed_queue_.empty() && !stopped_) {
+        while ((total_submitted_ != total_processed_) && compressed_queue_.empty() && !stopped_) {
             cv_.wait(lock);
         }
-
-        if (stopped_) {
-            return true;
-        }
-    }
-
-    {
-        std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(lock_);
         while (compressed_queue_.size() > 0) {
             CompressWork blocks = std::move(compressed_queue_.front());
             compressed_queue_.pop();
+            total_processed_ += 1;
 
             if (blocks.compression_status) {
                 compressed_buf->insert(compressed_buf->end(),
@@ -222,9 +311,32 @@ bool CompressWorker::GetCompressedBuffers(std::vector<std::basic_string<uint8_t>
                 return false;
             }
         }
+        if ((total_submitted_ == total_processed_) || stopped_) {
+            total_submitted_ = 0;
+            total_processed_ = 0;
+            return true;
+        }
     }
+}
 
-    return true;
+std::unique_ptr<ICompressor> ICompressor::Brotli(const int32_t compression_level,
+                                                 const uint32_t block_size) {
+    return std::make_unique<BrotliCompressor>(compression_level, block_size);
+}
+
+std::unique_ptr<ICompressor> ICompressor::Gz(const int32_t compression_level,
+                                             const uint32_t block_size) {
+    return std::make_unique<GzCompressor>(compression_level, block_size);
+}
+
+std::unique_ptr<ICompressor> ICompressor::Lz4(const int32_t compression_level,
+                                              const uint32_t block_size) {
+    return std::make_unique<Lz4Compressor>(compression_level, block_size);
+}
+
+std::unique_ptr<ICompressor> ICompressor::Zstd(const int32_t compression_level,
+                                               const uint32_t block_size) {
+    return std::make_unique<ZstdCompressor>(compression_level, block_size);
 }
 
 void CompressWorker::Finalize() {
@@ -235,8 +347,8 @@ void CompressWorker::Finalize() {
     cv_.notify_all();
 }
 
-CompressWorker::CompressWorker(CowCompressionAlgorithm compression, uint32_t block_size)
-    : compression_(compression), block_size_(block_size) {}
+CompressWorker::CompressWorker(std::unique_ptr<ICompressor>&& compressor)
+    : compressor_(std::move(compressor)) {}
 
 }  // namespace snapshot
 }  // namespace android
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/libsnapshot_cow/cow_decompress.cpp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/libsnapshot_cow/cow_decompress.cpp
index 3d34413eaeae..2aaf3883f638 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/libsnapshot_cow/cow_decompress.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/libsnapshot_cow/cow_decompress.cpp
@@ -17,12 +17,16 @@
 #include "cow_decompress.h"
 
 #include <array>
+#include <cstring>
+#include <memory>
 #include <utility>
+#include <vector>
 
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
 #include <brotli/decode.h>
 #include <lz4.h>
 #include <zlib.h>
+#include <zstd.h>
 
 namespace android {
 namespace snapshot {
@@ -59,6 +63,8 @@ std::unique_ptr<IDecompressor> IDecompressor::FromString(std::string_view compre
         return IDecompressor::Brotli();
     } else if (compressor == "gz") {
         return IDecompressor::Gz();
+    } else if (compressor == "zstd") {
+        return IDecompressor::Zstd();
     } else {
         return nullptr;
     }
@@ -208,10 +214,6 @@ bool GzDecompressor::PartialDecompress(const uint8_t* data, size_t length) {
     return true;
 }
 
-std::unique_ptr<IDecompressor> IDecompressor::Gz() {
-    return std::unique_ptr<IDecompressor>(new GzDecompressor());
-}
-
 class BrotliDecompressor final : public StreamDecompressor {
   public:
     ~BrotliDecompressor();
@@ -272,10 +274,6 @@ bool BrotliDecompressor::PartialDecompress(const uint8_t* data, size_t length) {
     return true;
 }
 
-std::unique_ptr<IDecompressor> IDecompressor::Brotli() {
-    return std::unique_ptr<IDecompressor>(new BrotliDecompressor());
-}
-
 class Lz4Decompressor final : public IDecompressor {
   public:
     ~Lz4Decompressor() override = default;
@@ -336,9 +334,64 @@ class Lz4Decompressor final : public IDecompressor {
     }
 };
 
+class ZstdDecompressor final : public IDecompressor {
+  public:
+    ssize_t Decompress(void* buffer, size_t buffer_size, size_t decompressed_size,
+                       size_t ignore_bytes = 0) override {
+        if (buffer_size < decompressed_size - ignore_bytes) {
+            LOG(INFO) << "buffer size " << buffer_size
+                      << " is not large enough to hold decompressed data. Decompressed size "
+                      << decompressed_size << ", ignore_bytes " << ignore_bytes;
+            return -1;
+        }
+        if (ignore_bytes == 0) {
+            if (!Decompress(buffer, decompressed_size)) {
+                return -1;
+            }
+            return decompressed_size;
+        }
+        std::vector<unsigned char> ignore_buf(decompressed_size);
+        if (!Decompress(ignore_buf.data(), decompressed_size)) {
+            return -1;
+        }
+        memcpy(buffer, ignore_buf.data() + ignore_bytes, buffer_size);
+        return decompressed_size;
+    }
+    bool Decompress(void* output_buffer, const size_t output_size) {
+        std::string input_buffer;
+        input_buffer.resize(stream_->Size());
+        size_t bytes_read = stream_->Read(input_buffer.data(), input_buffer.size());
+        if (bytes_read != input_buffer.size()) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to read all input at once. Expected: " << input_buffer.size()
+                       << " actual: " << bytes_read;
+            return false;
+        }
+        const auto bytes_decompressed = ZSTD_decompress(output_buffer, output_size,
+                                                        input_buffer.data(), input_buffer.size());
+        if (bytes_decompressed != output_size) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to decompress ZSTD block, expected output size: " << output_size
+                       << ", actual: " << bytes_decompressed;
+            return false;
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+};
+
+std::unique_ptr<IDecompressor> IDecompressor::Brotli() {
+    return std::make_unique<BrotliDecompressor>();
+}
+
+std::unique_ptr<IDecompressor> IDecompressor::Gz() {
+    return std::make_unique<GzDecompressor>();
+}
+
 std::unique_ptr<IDecompressor> IDecompressor::Lz4() {
     return std::make_unique<Lz4Decompressor>();
 }
 
+std::unique_ptr<IDecompressor> IDecompressor::Zstd() {
+    return std::make_unique<ZstdDecompressor>();
+}
+
 }  // namespace snapshot
 }  // namespace android
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/libsnapshot_cow/cow_decompress.h b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/libsnapshot_cow/cow_decompress.h
index 9e83f3c5cf68..52b3d7671261 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/libsnapshot_cow/cow_decompress.h
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/libsnapshot_cow/cow_decompress.h
@@ -47,6 +47,7 @@ class IDecompressor {
     static std::unique_ptr<IDecompressor> Gz();
     static std::unique_ptr<IDecompressor> Brotli();
     static std::unique_ptr<IDecompressor> Lz4();
+    static std::unique_ptr<IDecompressor> Zstd();
 
     static std::unique_ptr<IDecompressor> FromString(std::string_view compressor);
 
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/libsnapshot_cow/cow_format.cpp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/libsnapshot_cow/cow_format.cpp
index 2157d0fa94cb..19014c0691c2 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/libsnapshot_cow/cow_format.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/libsnapshot_cow/cow_format.cpp
@@ -19,49 +19,97 @@
 #include <unistd.h>
 
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
+#include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
+#include <libsnapshot/cow_format.h>
+#include <storage_literals/storage_literals.h>
+#include "writer_v2.h"
+#include "writer_v3.h"
 
 namespace android {
 namespace snapshot {
 
-std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, CowOperation const& op) {
-    os << "CowOperation(type:";
-    if (op.type == kCowCopyOp)
-        os << "kCowCopyOp,    ";
-    else if (op.type == kCowReplaceOp)
-        os << "kCowReplaceOp, ";
-    else if (op.type == kCowZeroOp)
-        os << "kZeroOp,       ";
-    else if (op.type == kCowFooterOp)
-        os << "kCowFooterOp,  ";
-    else if (op.type == kCowLabelOp)
-        os << "kCowLabelOp,   ";
-    else if (op.type == kCowClusterOp)
-        os << "kCowClusterOp  ";
-    else if (op.type == kCowXorOp)
-        os << "kCowXorOp      ";
-    else if (op.type == kCowSequenceOp)
-        os << "kCowSequenceOp ";
-    else if (op.type == kCowFooterOp)
-        os << "kCowFooterOp  ";
-    else
-        os << (int)op.type << "?,";
-    os << "compression:";
-    if (op.compression == kCowCompressNone)
-        os << "kCowCompressNone,   ";
-    else if (op.compression == kCowCompressGz)
-        os << "kCowCompressGz,     ";
-    else if (op.compression == kCowCompressBrotli)
-        os << "kCowCompressBrotli, ";
-    else
-        os << (int)op.compression << "?, ";
-    os << "data_length:" << op.data_length << ",\t";
-    os << "new_block:" << op.new_block << ",\t";
+using android::base::unique_fd;
+using namespace android::storage_literals;
+
+std::ostream& EmitCowTypeString(std::ostream& os, CowOperationType cow_type) {
+    switch (cow_type) {
+        case kCowCopyOp:
+            return os << "kCowCopyOp";
+        case kCowReplaceOp:
+            return os << "kCowReplaceOp";
+        case kCowZeroOp:
+            return os << "kZeroOp";
+        case kCowFooterOp:
+            return os << "kCowFooterOp";
+        case kCowLabelOp:
+            return os << "kCowLabelOp";
+        case kCowClusterOp:
+            return os << "kCowClusterOp";
+        case kCowXorOp:
+            return os << "kCowXorOp";
+        case kCowSequenceOp:
+            return os << "kCowSequenceOp";
+        default:
+            return os << (int)cow_type << "unknown";
+    }
+}
+
+std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, CowOperationType cow_type) {
+    return EmitCowTypeString(os, cow_type);
+}
+
+std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, CowOperationV2 const& op) {
+    os << "CowOperationV2(";
+    EmitCowTypeString(os, op.type) << ", ";
+    switch (op.compression) {
+        case kCowCompressNone:
+            os << "uncompressed, ";
+            break;
+        case kCowCompressGz:
+            os << "gz, ";
+            break;
+        case kCowCompressBrotli:
+            os << "brotli, ";
+            break;
+        case kCowCompressLz4:
+            os << "lz4, ";
+            break;
+        case kCowCompressZstd:
+            os << "zstd, ";
+            break;
+    }
+    os << "data_length:" << op.data_length << ", ";
+    os << "new_block:" << op.new_block << ", ";
     os << "source:" << op.source;
     os << ")";
     return os;
 }
 
-int64_t GetNextOpOffset(const CowOperation& op, uint32_t cluster_ops) {
+std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, CowOperationV3 const& op) {
+    os << "CowOperation(";
+    EmitCowTypeString(os, op.type());
+    if (op.type() == kCowReplaceOp || op.type() == kCowXorOp || op.type() == kCowSequenceOp) {
+        os << ", data_length:" << op.data_length;
+    }
+    if (op.type() != kCowClusterOp && op.type() != kCowSequenceOp && op.type() != kCowLabelOp) {
+        os << ", new_block:" << op.new_block;
+    }
+    if (op.type() == kCowXorOp || op.type() == kCowReplaceOp || op.type() == kCowCopyOp) {
+        os << ", source:" << op.source();
+    } else if (op.type() == kCowClusterOp) {
+        os << ", cluster_data:" << op.source();
+    }
+    // V3 op stores resume points in header, so CowOp can never be Label.
+    os << ")";
+    return os;
+}
+
+std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, ResumePoint const& resume_point) {
+    os << "ResumePoint(" << resume_point.label << " , " << resume_point.op_index << ")";
+    return os;
+}
+
+int64_t GetNextOpOffset(const CowOperationV2& op, uint32_t cluster_ops) {
     if (op.type == kCowClusterOp) {
         return op.source;
     } else if ((op.type == kCowReplaceOp || op.type == kCowXorOp) && cluster_ops == 0) {
@@ -71,18 +119,18 @@ int64_t GetNextOpOffset(const CowOperation& op, uint32_t cluster_ops) {
     }
 }
 
-int64_t GetNextDataOffset(const CowOperation& op, uint32_t cluster_ops) {
+int64_t GetNextDataOffset(const CowOperationV2& op, uint32_t cluster_ops) {
     if (op.type == kCowClusterOp) {
-        return cluster_ops * sizeof(CowOperation);
+        return cluster_ops * sizeof(CowOperationV2);
     } else if (cluster_ops == 0) {
-        return sizeof(CowOperation);
+        return sizeof(CowOperationV2);
     } else {
         return 0;
     }
 }
 
 bool IsMetadataOp(const CowOperation& op) {
-    switch (op.type) {
+    switch (op.type()) {
         case kCowLabelOp:
         case kCowClusterOp:
         case kCowFooterOp:
@@ -94,7 +142,7 @@ bool IsMetadataOp(const CowOperation& op) {
 }
 
 bool IsOrderedOp(const CowOperation& op) {
-    switch (op.type) {
+    switch (op.type()) {
         case kCowCopyOp:
         case kCowXorOp:
             return true;
@@ -103,5 +151,61 @@ bool IsOrderedOp(const CowOperation& op) {
     }
 }
 
+std::unique_ptr<ICowWriter> CreateCowWriter(uint32_t version, const CowOptions& options,
+                                            unique_fd&& fd, std::optional<uint64_t> label) {
+    std::unique_ptr<CowWriterBase> base;
+    switch (version) {
+        case 1:
+        case 2:
+            base = std::make_unique<CowWriterV2>(options, std::move(fd));
+            break;
+        case 3:
+            base = std::make_unique<CowWriterV3>(options, std::move(fd));
+            break;
+        default:
+            LOG(ERROR) << "Cannot create unknown cow version: " << version;
+            return nullptr;
+    }
+    if (!base->Initialize(label)) {
+        return nullptr;
+    }
+    return base;
+}
+
+std::unique_ptr<ICowWriter> CreateCowEstimator(uint32_t version, const CowOptions& options) {
+    return CreateCowWriter(version, options, unique_fd{-1}, std::nullopt);
+}
+
+size_t CowOpCompressionSize(const CowOperation* op, size_t block_size) {
+    uint8_t compression_bits = op->compression_bits();
+    return (block_size << compression_bits);
+}
+
+bool GetBlockOffset(const CowOperation* op, uint64_t io_block, size_t block_size, off_t* offset) {
+    const uint64_t new_block = op->new_block;
+
+    if (op->type() != kCowReplaceOp || io_block < new_block) {
+        LOG(VERBOSE) << "Invalid IO request for block: " << io_block
+                     << " CowOperation: new_block: " << new_block;
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    // Get the actual compression size
+    const size_t compression_size = CowOpCompressionSize(op, block_size);
+    // Find the number of blocks spanned
+    const size_t num_blocks = compression_size / block_size;
+    // Find the distance of the I/O block which this
+    // CowOperation encompasses
+    const size_t block_distance = io_block - new_block;
+    // Check if this block is within this range;
+    // if so, return the relative offset
+    if (block_distance < num_blocks) {
+        *offset = block_distance * block_size;
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    return false;
+}
+
 }  // namespace snapshot
 }  // namespace android
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/libsnapshot_cow/cow_reader.cpp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/libsnapshot_cow/cow_reader.cpp
index 4c5a8bf5ff5e..a2a602ae9a35 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/libsnapshot_cow/cow_reader.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/libsnapshot_cow/cow_reader.cpp
@@ -17,23 +17,57 @@
 #include <sys/types.h>
 #include <unistd.h>
 
-#include <limits>
+#include <algorithm>
 #include <optional>
-#include <set>
 #include <unordered_map>
 #include <unordered_set>
 #include <vector>
 
 #include <android-base/file.h>
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
+#include <libsnapshot/cow_format.h>
 #include <libsnapshot/cow_reader.h>
+#include <storage_literals/storage_literals.h>
 #include <zlib.h>
 
 #include "cow_decompress.h"
+#include "parser_v2.h"
+#include "parser_v3.h"
 
 namespace android {
 namespace snapshot {
 
+using namespace android::storage_literals;
+
+bool ReadCowHeader(android::base::borrowed_fd fd, CowHeaderV3* header) {
+    if (lseek(fd.get(), 0, SEEK_SET) < 0) {
+        PLOG(ERROR) << "lseek header failed";
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    memset(header, 0, sizeof(*header));
+
+    if (!android::base::ReadFully(fd, &header->prefix, sizeof(header->prefix))) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    if (header->prefix.magic != kCowMagicNumber) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Header Magic corrupted. Magic: " << header->prefix.magic
+                   << "Expected: " << kCowMagicNumber;
+        return false;
+    }
+    if (header->prefix.header_size > sizeof(CowHeaderV3)) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Unknown CowHeader size (got " << header->prefix.header_size
+                   << " bytes, expected at most " << sizeof(CowHeaderV3) << " bytes)";
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    if (lseek(fd.get(), 0, SEEK_SET) < 0) {
+        PLOG(ERROR) << "lseek header failed";
+        return false;
+    }
+    return android::base::ReadFully(fd, header, header->prefix.header_size);
+}
+
 CowReader::CowReader(ReaderFlags reader_flag, bool is_merge)
     : fd_(-1),
       header_(),
@@ -42,15 +76,6 @@ CowReader::CowReader(ReaderFlags reader_flag, bool is_merge)
       reader_flag_(reader_flag),
       is_merge_(is_merge) {}
 
-static void SHA256(const void*, size_t, uint8_t[]) {
-#if 0
-    SHA256_CTX c;
-    SHA256_Init(&c);
-    SHA256_Update(&c, data, length);
-    SHA256_Final(out, &c);
-#endif
-}
-
 std::unique_ptr<CowReader> CowReader::CloneCowReader() {
     auto cow = std::make_unique<CowReader>();
     cow->owned_fd_.reset();
@@ -62,8 +87,7 @@ std::unique_ptr<CowReader> CowReader::CloneCowReader() {
     cow->merge_op_start_ = merge_op_start_;
     cow->num_total_data_ops_ = num_total_data_ops_;
     cow->num_ordered_ops_to_merge_ = num_ordered_ops_to_merge_;
-    cow->has_seq_ops_ = has_seq_ops_;
-    cow->data_loc_ = data_loc_;
+    cow->xor_data_loc_ = xor_data_loc_;
     cow->block_pos_index_ = block_pos_index_;
     cow->is_merge_ = is_merge_;
     return cow;
@@ -84,11 +108,14 @@ bool CowReader::InitForMerge(android::base::unique_fd&& fd) {
         PLOG(ERROR) << "lseek header failed";
         return false;
     }
-    if (!android::base::ReadFully(fd_, &header_, sizeof(header_))) {
+
+    CHECK_GE(header_.prefix.header_size, sizeof(CowHeader));
+    CHECK_LE(header_.prefix.header_size, sizeof(header_));
+
+    if (!android::base::ReadFully(fd_, &header_, header_.prefix.header_size)) {
         PLOG(ERROR) << "read header failed";
         return false;
     }
-
     return true;
 }
 
@@ -100,215 +127,57 @@ bool CowReader::Parse(android::base::unique_fd&& fd, std::optional<uint64_t> lab
 bool CowReader::Parse(android::base::borrowed_fd fd, std::optional<uint64_t> label) {
     fd_ = fd;
 
-    auto pos = lseek(fd_.get(), 0, SEEK_END);
-    if (pos < 0) {
-        PLOG(ERROR) << "lseek end failed";
+    if (!ReadCowHeader(fd, &header_)) {
         return false;
     }
-    fd_size_ = pos;
 
-    if (lseek(fd_.get(), 0, SEEK_SET) < 0) {
-        PLOG(ERROR) << "lseek header failed";
-        return false;
+    std::unique_ptr<CowParserBase> parser;
+    switch (header_.prefix.major_version) {
+        case 1:
+        case 2:
+            parser = std::make_unique<CowParserV2>();
+            break;
+        case 3:
+            parser = std::make_unique<CowParserV3>();
+            break;
+        default:
+            LOG(ERROR) << "Unknown version: " << header_.prefix.major_version;
+            return false;
     }
-    if (!android::base::ReadFully(fd_, &header_, sizeof(header_))) {
-        PLOG(ERROR) << "read header failed";
+    if (!parser->Parse(fd, header_, label)) {
         return false;
     }
 
-    if (header_.magic != kCowMagicNumber) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "Header Magic corrupted. Magic: " << header_.magic
-                   << "Expected: " << kCowMagicNumber;
-        return false;
-    }
-    if (header_.footer_size != sizeof(CowFooter)) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "Footer size unknown, read " << header_.footer_size << ", expected "
-                   << sizeof(CowFooter);
-        return false;
-    }
-    if (header_.op_size != sizeof(CowOperation)) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "Operation size unknown, read " << header_.op_size << ", expected "
-                   << sizeof(CowOperation);
-        return false;
-    }
-    if (header_.cluster_ops == 1) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "Clusters must contain at least two operations to function.";
-        return false;
-    }
-    if (header_.op_size != sizeof(CowOperation)) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "Operation size unknown, read " << header_.op_size << ", expected "
-                   << sizeof(CowOperation);
-        return false;
-    }
-    if (header_.cluster_ops == 1) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "Clusters must contain at least two operations to function.";
+    TranslatedCowOps ops_info;
+    if (!parser->Translate(&ops_info)) {
         return false;
     }
 
-    if ((header_.major_version > kCowVersionMajor) || (header_.minor_version != kCowVersionMinor)) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "Header version mismatch";
-        LOG(ERROR) << "Major version: " << header_.major_version
-                   << "Expected: " << kCowVersionMajor;
-        LOG(ERROR) << "Minor version: " << header_.minor_version
-                   << "Expected: " << kCowVersionMinor;
-        return false;
-    }
+    header_ = ops_info.header;
+    ops_ = std::move(ops_info.ops);
+    footer_ = parser->footer();
+    fd_size_ = parser->fd_size();
+    last_label_ = parser->last_label();
+    xor_data_loc_ = parser->xor_data_loc();
 
-    if (!ParseOps(label)) {
-        return false;
-    }
     // If we're resuming a write, we're not ready to merge
     if (label.has_value()) return true;
     return PrepMergeOps();
 }
 
-bool CowReader::ParseOps(std::optional<uint64_t> label) {
-    uint64_t pos;
-    auto data_loc = std::make_shared<std::unordered_map<uint64_t, uint64_t>>();
-
-    // Skip the scratch space
-    if (header_.major_version >= 2 && (header_.buffer_size > 0)) {
-        LOG(DEBUG) << " Scratch space found of size: " << header_.buffer_size;
-        size_t init_offset = header_.header_size + header_.buffer_size;
-        pos = lseek(fd_.get(), init_offset, SEEK_SET);
-        if (pos != init_offset) {
-            PLOG(ERROR) << "lseek ops failed";
-            return false;
-        }
-    } else {
-        pos = lseek(fd_.get(), header_.header_size, SEEK_SET);
-        if (pos != header_.header_size) {
-            PLOG(ERROR) << "lseek ops failed";
-            return false;
-        }
-        // Reading a v1 version of COW which doesn't have buffer_size.
-        header_.buffer_size = 0;
-    }
-    uint64_t data_pos = 0;
-
-    if (header_.cluster_ops) {
-        data_pos = pos + header_.cluster_ops * sizeof(CowOperation);
-    } else {
-        data_pos = pos + sizeof(CowOperation);
-    }
-
-    auto ops_buffer = std::make_shared<std::vector<CowOperation>>();
-    uint64_t current_op_num = 0;
-    uint64_t cluster_ops = header_.cluster_ops ?: 1;
-    bool done = false;
-
-    // Alternating op clusters and data
-    while (!done) {
-        uint64_t to_add = std::min(cluster_ops, (fd_size_ - pos) / sizeof(CowOperation));
-        if (to_add == 0) break;
-        ops_buffer->resize(current_op_num + to_add);
-        if (!android::base::ReadFully(fd_, &ops_buffer->data()[current_op_num],
-                                      to_add * sizeof(CowOperation))) {
-            PLOG(ERROR) << "read op failed";
-            return false;
-        }
-        // Parse current cluster to find start of next cluster
-        while (current_op_num < ops_buffer->size()) {
-            auto& current_op = ops_buffer->data()[current_op_num];
-            current_op_num++;
-            if (current_op.type == kCowXorOp) {
-                data_loc->insert({current_op.new_block, data_pos});
-            }
-            pos += sizeof(CowOperation) + GetNextOpOffset(current_op, header_.cluster_ops);
-            data_pos += current_op.data_length + GetNextDataOffset(current_op, header_.cluster_ops);
-
-            if (current_op.type == kCowClusterOp) {
-                break;
-            } else if (current_op.type == kCowLabelOp) {
-                last_label_ = {current_op.source};
-
-                // If we reach the requested label, stop reading.
-                if (label && label.value() == current_op.source) {
-                    done = true;
-                    break;
-                }
-            } else if (current_op.type == kCowFooterOp) {
-                footer_.emplace();
-                CowFooter* footer = &footer_.value();
-                memcpy(&footer_->op, &current_op, sizeof(footer->op));
-                off_t offs = lseek(fd_.get(), pos, SEEK_SET);
-                if (offs < 0 || pos != static_cast<uint64_t>(offs)) {
-                    PLOG(ERROR) << "lseek next op failed " << offs;
-                    return false;
-                }
-                if (!android::base::ReadFully(fd_, &footer->data, sizeof(footer->data))) {
-                    LOG(ERROR) << "Could not read COW footer";
-                    return false;
-                }
-
-                // Drop the footer from the op stream.
-                current_op_num--;
-                done = true;
-                break;
-            } else if (current_op.type == kCowSequenceOp) {
-                has_seq_ops_ = true;
-            }
-        }
-
-        // Position for next cluster read
-        off_t offs = lseek(fd_.get(), pos, SEEK_SET);
-        if (offs < 0 || pos != static_cast<uint64_t>(offs)) {
-            PLOG(ERROR) << "lseek next op failed " << offs;
-            return false;
-        }
-        ops_buffer->resize(current_op_num);
-    }
-
-    LOG(DEBUG) << "COW file read complete. Total ops: " << ops_buffer->size();
-    // To successfully parse a COW file, we need either:
-    //  (1) a label to read up to, and for that label to be found, or
-    //  (2) a valid footer.
-    if (label) {
-        if (!last_label_) {
-            LOG(ERROR) << "Did not find label " << label.value()
-                       << " while reading COW (no labels found)";
-            return false;
-        }
-        if (last_label_.value() != label.value()) {
-            LOG(ERROR) << "Did not find label " << label.value()
-                       << ", last label=" << last_label_.value();
-            return false;
-        }
-    } else if (!footer_) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "No COW footer found";
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    uint8_t csum[32];
-    memset(csum, 0, sizeof(uint8_t) * 32);
-
-    if (footer_) {
-        if (ops_buffer->size() != footer_->op.num_ops) {
-            LOG(ERROR) << "num ops does not match, expected " << footer_->op.num_ops << ", found "
-                       << ops_buffer->size();
-            return false;
-        }
-        if (ops_buffer->size() * sizeof(CowOperation) != footer_->op.ops_size) {
-            LOG(ERROR) << "ops size does not match ";
-            return false;
-        }
-        SHA256(&footer_->op, sizeof(footer_->op), footer_->data.footer_checksum);
-        if (memcmp(csum, footer_->data.ops_checksum, sizeof(csum)) != 0) {
-            LOG(ERROR) << "ops checksum does not match";
-            return false;
-        }
-        SHA256(ops_buffer->data(), footer_->op.ops_size, csum);
-        if (memcmp(csum, footer_->data.ops_checksum, sizeof(csum)) != 0) {
-            LOG(ERROR) << "ops checksum does not match";
-            return false;
-        }
+uint32_t CowReader::GetMaxCompressionSize() {
+    switch (header_.prefix.major_version) {
+        case 1:
+        case 2:
+            // Old versions supports only 4KB compression.
+            return header_.block_size;
+            ;
+        case 3:
+            return header_.max_compression_size;
+        default:
+            LOG(ERROR) << "Unknown version: " << header_.prefix.major_version;
+            return 0;
     }
-
-    ops_ = ops_buffer;
-    ops_->shrink_to_fit();
-    data_loc_ = data_loc;
-
-    return true;
 }
 
 //
@@ -416,51 +285,31 @@ bool CowReader::ParseOps(std::optional<uint64_t> label) {
 //                        Replace-op-4, Zero-op-9, Replace-op-5 }
 //==============================================================
 bool CowReader::PrepMergeOps() {
-    auto merge_op_blocks = std::make_unique<std::vector<uint32_t>>();
     std::vector<int> other_ops;
-    auto seq_ops_set = std::unordered_set<uint32_t>();
-    auto block_map = std::make_unique<std::unordered_map<uint32_t, int>>();
-    size_t num_seqs = 0;
-    size_t read;
-
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < ops_->size(); i++) {
-        auto& current_op = ops_->data()[i];
-
-        if (current_op.type == kCowSequenceOp) {
-            size_t seq_len = current_op.data_length / sizeof(uint32_t);
-
-            merge_op_blocks->resize(merge_op_blocks->size() + seq_len);
-            if (!GetRawBytes(current_op.source, &merge_op_blocks->data()[num_seqs],
-                             current_op.data_length, &read)) {
-                PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to read sequence op!";
-                return false;
-            }
-            for (size_t j = num_seqs; j < num_seqs + seq_len; j++) {
-                seq_ops_set.insert(merge_op_blocks->data()[j]);
-            }
-            num_seqs += seq_len;
-        }
-
-        if (IsMetadataOp(current_op)) {
-            continue;
-        }
+    std::vector<uint32_t> merge_op_blocks;
+    std::unordered_map<uint32_t, int> block_map;
 
-        if (!has_seq_ops_ && IsOrderedOp(current_op)) {
-            merge_op_blocks->emplace_back(current_op.new_block);
-        } else if (seq_ops_set.count(current_op.new_block) == 0) {
-            other_ops.push_back(current_op.new_block);
-        }
-        block_map->insert({current_op.new_block, i});
+    switch (header_.prefix.major_version) {
+        case 1:
+        case 2:
+            GetSequenceDataV2(&merge_op_blocks, &other_ops, &block_map);
+            break;
+        case 3:
+            GetSequenceData(&merge_op_blocks, &other_ops, &block_map);
+            break;
+        default:
+            break;
     }
-    for (auto block : *merge_op_blocks) {
-        if (block_map->count(block) == 0) {
+
+    for (auto block : merge_op_blocks) {
+        if (block_map.count(block) == 0) {
             LOG(ERROR) << "Invalid Sequence Ops. Could not find Cow Op for new block " << block;
             return false;
         }
     }
 
-    if (merge_op_blocks->size() > header_.num_merge_ops) {
-        num_ordered_ops_to_merge_ = merge_op_blocks->size() - header_.num_merge_ops;
+    if (merge_op_blocks.size() > header_.num_merge_ops) {
+        num_ordered_ops_to_merge_ = merge_op_blocks.size() - header_.num_merge_ops;
     } else {
         num_ordered_ops_to_merge_ = 0;
     }
@@ -476,9 +325,9 @@ bool CowReader::PrepMergeOps() {
         std::sort(other_ops.begin(), other_ops.end(), std::greater<int>());
     }
 
-    merge_op_blocks->insert(merge_op_blocks->end(), other_ops.begin(), other_ops.end());
+    merge_op_blocks.insert(merge_op_blocks.end(), other_ops.begin(), other_ops.end());
 
-    num_total_data_ops_ = merge_op_blocks->size();
+    num_total_data_ops_ = merge_op_blocks.size();
     if (header_.num_merge_ops > 0) {
         merge_op_start_ = header_.num_merge_ops;
     }
@@ -488,50 +337,141 @@ bool CowReader::PrepMergeOps() {
         // the ops vector as required for merge operations.
         auto merge_ops_buffer = std::make_shared<std::vector<CowOperation>>();
         merge_ops_buffer->reserve(num_total_data_ops_);
-        for (auto block : *merge_op_blocks) {
-            merge_ops_buffer->emplace_back(ops_->data()[block_map->at(block)]);
+        for (auto block : merge_op_blocks) {
+            merge_ops_buffer->emplace_back(ops_->data()[block_map.at(block)]);
         }
         ops_->clear();
         ops_ = merge_ops_buffer;
         ops_->shrink_to_fit();
     } else {
-        for (auto block : *merge_op_blocks) {
-            block_pos_index_->push_back(block_map->at(block));
+        for (auto block : merge_op_blocks) {
+            block_pos_index_->push_back(block_map.at(block));
         }
     }
 
-    block_map->clear();
-    merge_op_blocks->clear();
+    block_map.clear();
+    merge_op_blocks.clear();
+
+    return true;
+}
+
+bool CowReader::GetSequenceDataV2(std::vector<uint32_t>* merge_op_blocks,
+                                  std::vector<int>* other_ops,
+                                  std::unordered_map<uint32_t, int>* block_map) {
+    auto seq_ops_set = std::unordered_set<uint32_t>();
+    size_t num_seqs = 0;
+    size_t read;
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < ops_->size(); i++) {
+        auto& current_op = ops_->data()[i];
+
+        if (current_op.type() == kCowSequenceOp) {
+            size_t seq_len = current_op.data_length / sizeof(uint32_t);
+
+            merge_op_blocks->resize(merge_op_blocks->size() + seq_len);
+            if (!GetRawBytes(&current_op, &merge_op_blocks->data()[num_seqs],
+                             current_op.data_length, &read)) {
+                PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to read sequence op!";
+                return false;
+            }
+            for (size_t j = num_seqs; j < num_seqs + seq_len; j++) {
+                seq_ops_set.insert(merge_op_blocks->at(j));
+            }
+            num_seqs += seq_len;
+        }
+
+        if (IsMetadataOp(current_op)) {
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        // Sequence ops must be the first ops in the stream.
+        if (seq_ops_set.empty() && IsOrderedOp(current_op)) {
+            merge_op_blocks->emplace_back(current_op.new_block);
+        } else if (seq_ops_set.count(current_op.new_block) == 0) {
+            other_ops->push_back(current_op.new_block);
+        }
+        block_map->insert({current_op.new_block, i});
+    }
+    return false;
+}
 
+bool CowReader::GetSequenceData(std::vector<uint32_t>* merge_op_blocks, std::vector<int>* other_ops,
+                                std::unordered_map<uint32_t, int>* block_map) {
+    std::unordered_set<uint32_t> seq_ops_set;
+    // read sequence ops data
+    merge_op_blocks->resize(header_.sequence_data_count);
+    if (!android::base::ReadFullyAtOffset(
+                fd_, merge_op_blocks->data(),
+                header_.sequence_data_count * sizeof(merge_op_blocks->at(0)),
+                GetSequenceOffset(header_))) {
+        PLOG(ERROR) << "failed to read sequence buffer. seq_data_count: "
+                    << header_.sequence_data_count << " at offset: " << GetSequenceOffset(header_);
+        return false;
+    }
+    seq_ops_set.reserve(merge_op_blocks->size());
+    for (auto& i : *merge_op_blocks) {
+        seq_ops_set.insert(i);
+    }
+    // read ordered op data
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < ops_->size(); i++) {
+        auto& current_op = ops_->data()[i];
+        // Sequence ops must be the first ops in the stream.
+        if (seq_ops_set.empty()) {
+            merge_op_blocks->emplace_back(current_op.new_block);
+        } else if (seq_ops_set.count(current_op.new_block) == 0) {
+            other_ops->push_back(current_op.new_block);
+        }
+        block_map->insert({current_op.new_block, i});
+    }
     return true;
 }
 
 bool CowReader::VerifyMergeOps() {
     auto itr = GetMergeOpIter(true);
     std::unordered_map<uint64_t, const CowOperation*> overwritten_blocks;
+    bool non_ordered_op_found = false;
+
     while (!itr->AtEnd()) {
         const auto& op = itr->Get();
-        uint64_t block;
-        bool offset;
-        if (op->type == kCowCopyOp) {
-            block = op->source;
-            offset = false;
-        } else if (op->type == kCowXorOp) {
-            block = op->source / header_.block_size;
-            offset = (op->source % header_.block_size) != 0;
-        } else {
+        uint64_t offset;
+
+        // Op should not be a metadata
+        if (IsMetadataOp(*op)) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "Metadata op: " << op << " found during merge sequence";
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        // Sequence ops should contain all the ordered ops followed
+        // by Replace and Zero ops. If we find the first op which
+        // is not ordered, that means all ordered ops processing
+        // has been completed.
+        if (!IsOrderedOp(*op)) {
+            non_ordered_op_found = true;
+        }
+
+        // Since, all ordered ops processing has been completed,
+        // check that the subsequent ops are not ordered.
+        if (non_ordered_op_found && IsOrderedOp(*op)) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "Invalid sequence - non-ordered and ordered ops"
+                       << " cannot be mixed during sequence generation";
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        if (!GetSourceOffset(op, &offset)) {
             itr->Next();
             continue;
         }
 
+        uint64_t block = GetBlockFromOffset(header_, offset);
+        bool misaligned = (GetBlockRelativeOffset(header_, offset) != 0);
+
         const CowOperation* overwrite = nullptr;
         if (overwritten_blocks.count(block)) {
             overwrite = overwritten_blocks[block];
             LOG(ERROR) << "Invalid Sequence! Block needed for op:\n"
-                       << op << "\noverwritten by previously merged op:\n"
+                       << *op << "\noverwritten by previously merged op:\n"
                        << *overwrite;
         }
-        if (offset && overwritten_blocks.count(block + 1)) {
+        if (misaligned && overwritten_blocks.count(block + 1)) {
             overwrite = overwritten_blocks[block + 1];
             LOG(ERROR) << "Invalid Sequence! Block needed for op:\n"
                        << op << "\noverwritten by previously merged op:\n"
@@ -715,10 +655,22 @@ std::unique_ptr<ICowOpIter> CowReader::GetMergeOpIter(bool ignore_progress) {
                                             ignore_progress ? 0 : merge_op_start_);
 }
 
+bool CowReader::GetRawBytes(const CowOperation* op, void* buffer, size_t len, size_t* read) {
+    switch (op->type()) {
+        case kCowSequenceOp:
+        case kCowReplaceOp:
+        case kCowXorOp:
+            return GetRawBytes(op->source(), buffer, len, read);
+        default:
+            LOG(ERROR) << "Cannot get raw bytes of non-data op: " << *op;
+            return false;
+    }
+}
+
 bool CowReader::GetRawBytes(uint64_t offset, void* buffer, size_t len, size_t* read) {
     // Validate the offset, taking care to acknowledge possible overflow of offset+len.
-    if (offset < header_.header_size || offset >= fd_size_ - sizeof(CowFooter) || len >= fd_size_ ||
-        offset + len > fd_size_ - sizeof(CowFooter)) {
+    if (offset < header_.prefix.header_size || offset >= fd_size_ || offset + len > fd_size_ ||
+        len >= fd_size_) {
         LOG(ERROR) << "invalid data offset: " << offset << ", " << len << " bytes";
         return false;
     }
@@ -765,10 +717,19 @@ class CowDataStream final : public IByteStream {
     size_t remaining_;
 };
 
+uint8_t CowReader::GetCompressionType() {
+    return header_.compression_algorithm;
+}
+
 ssize_t CowReader::ReadData(const CowOperation* op, void* buffer, size_t buffer_size,
                             size_t ignore_bytes) {
     std::unique_ptr<IDecompressor> decompressor;
-    switch (op->compression) {
+    const size_t op_buf_size = CowOpCompressionSize(op, header_.block_size);
+    if (!op_buf_size) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Compression size is zero. op: " << *op;
+        return -1;
+    }
+    switch (GetCompressionType()) {
         case kCowCompressNone:
             break;
         case kCowCompressGz:
@@ -777,31 +738,49 @@ ssize_t CowReader::ReadData(const CowOperation* op, void* buffer, size_t buffer_
         case kCowCompressBrotli:
             decompressor = IDecompressor::Brotli();
             break;
+        case kCowCompressZstd:
+            if (op_buf_size != op->data_length) {
+                decompressor = IDecompressor::Zstd();
+            }
+            break;
         case kCowCompressLz4:
-            if (header_.block_size != op->data_length) {
+            if (op_buf_size != op->data_length) {
                 decompressor = IDecompressor::Lz4();
             }
             break;
         default:
-            LOG(ERROR) << "Unknown compression type: " << op->compression;
+            LOG(ERROR) << "Unknown compression type: " << GetCompressionType();
             return -1;
     }
 
     uint64_t offset;
-    if (op->type == kCowXorOp) {
-        offset = data_loc_->at(op->new_block);
+    if (op->type() == kCowXorOp) {
+        offset = xor_data_loc_->at(op->new_block);
     } else {
-        offset = op->source;
+        offset = op->source();
     }
-
-    if (!decompressor) {
+    if (!decompressor ||
+        ((op->data_length == op_buf_size) && (header_.prefix.major_version == 3))) {
         CowDataStream stream(this, offset + ignore_bytes, op->data_length - ignore_bytes);
         return stream.ReadFully(buffer, buffer_size);
     }
 
     CowDataStream stream(this, offset, op->data_length);
     decompressor->set_stream(&stream);
-    return decompressor->Decompress(buffer, buffer_size, header_.block_size, ignore_bytes);
+    return decompressor->Decompress(buffer, buffer_size, op_buf_size, ignore_bytes);
+}
+
+bool CowReader::GetSourceOffset(const CowOperation* op, uint64_t* source_offset) {
+    switch (op->type()) {
+        case kCowCopyOp:
+            *source_offset = op->source() * header_.block_size;
+            return true;
+        case kCowXorOp:
+            *source_offset = op->source();
+            return true;
+        default:
+            return false;
+    }
 }
 
 }  // namespace snapshot
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/libsnapshot_cow/create_cow.cpp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/libsnapshot_cow/create_cow.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..eadfda8f2017
--- /dev/null
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/libsnapshot_cow/create_cow.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,663 @@
+#include <linux/types.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <sys/resource.h>
+#include <sys/time.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#include <condition_variable>
+#include <cstring>
+#include <fstream>
+#include <future>
+#include <iostream>
+#include <limits>
+#include <mutex>
+#include <string>
+#include <thread>
+#include <unordered_map>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include <android-base/chrono_utils.h>
+#include <android-base/file.h>
+#include <android-base/hex.h>
+#include <android-base/logging.h>
+#include <android-base/scopeguard.h>
+#include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
+#include <android-base/strings.h>
+#include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
+#include <android/snapshot/snapshot.pb.h>
+#include <ext4_utils/ext4_utils.h>
+#include <fs_avb/fs_avb_util.h>
+#include <gflags/gflags.h>
+#include <libsnapshot/cow_writer.h>
+#include <openssl/sha.h>
+#include <storage_literals/storage_literals.h>
+
+DEFINE_string(source, "", "Source partition image");
+DEFINE_string(target, "", "Target partition image");
+DEFINE_string(
+        output_dir, "",
+        "Output directory to write the patch file to. Defaults to current working directory if "
+        "not set.");
+DEFINE_string(compression, "lz4",
+              "Compression algorithm. Default is set to lz4. Available options: lz4, zstd, gz");
+DEFINE_bool(merkel_tree, false, "If true, source image hash is obtained from verity merkel tree");
+
+namespace android {
+namespace snapshot {
+
+using namespace android::storage_literals;
+using namespace android;
+using android::base::unique_fd;
+
+using android::snapshot::CreateCowWriter;
+using android::snapshot::ICowWriter;
+
+class CreateSnapshot {
+  public:
+    CreateSnapshot(const std::string& src_file, const std::string& target_file,
+                   const std::string& patch_file, const std::string& compression,
+                   const bool& merkel_tree);
+    bool CreateSnapshotPatch();
+
+  private:
+    /* source.img */
+    std::string src_file_;
+    /* target.img */
+    std::string target_file_;
+    /* snapshot-patch generated */
+    std::string patch_file_;
+
+    /*
+     * Active file which is being parsed by this instance.
+     * It will either be source.img or target.img.
+     */
+    std::string parsing_file_;
+    bool create_snapshot_patch_ = false;
+
+    const int kNumThreads = 6;
+    const size_t kBlockSizeToRead = 1_MiB;
+    const size_t compression_factor_ = 64_KiB;
+    size_t replace_ops_ = 0, copy_ops_ = 0, zero_ops_ = 0, in_place_ops_ = 0;
+
+    std::unordered_map<std::string, int> source_block_hash_;
+    std::mutex source_block_hash_lock_;
+
+    std::unique_ptr<ICowWriter> writer_;
+    std::mutex write_lock_;
+
+    std::unique_ptr<uint8_t[]> zblock_;
+
+    std::string compression_ = "lz4";
+    unique_fd cow_fd_;
+    unique_fd target_fd_;
+
+    std::vector<uint64_t> zero_blocks_;
+    std::vector<uint64_t> replace_blocks_;
+    std::unordered_map<uint64_t, uint64_t> copy_blocks_;
+
+    const int BLOCK_SZ = 4_KiB;
+    void SHA256(const void* data, size_t length, uint8_t out[32]);
+    bool IsBlockAligned(uint64_t read_size) { return ((read_size & (BLOCK_SZ - 1)) == 0); }
+    bool ReadBlocks(off_t offset, const int skip_blocks, const uint64_t dev_sz);
+    std::string ToHexString(const uint8_t* buf, size_t len);
+
+    bool CreateSnapshotFile();
+    bool FindSourceBlockHash();
+    bool PrepareParse(std::string& parsing_file, const bool createSnapshot);
+    bool ParsePartition();
+    void PrepareMergeBlock(const void* buffer, uint64_t block, std::string& block_hash);
+    bool WriteV3Snapshots();
+    size_t PrepareWrite(size_t* pending_ops, size_t start_index);
+
+    bool CreateSnapshotWriter();
+    bool WriteOrderedSnapshots();
+    bool WriteNonOrderedSnapshots();
+    bool VerifyMergeOrder();
+
+    bool CalculateDigest(const void* buffer, size_t size, const void* salt, uint32_t salt_length,
+                         uint8_t* digest);
+    bool ParseSourceMerkelTree();
+
+    bool use_merkel_tree_ = false;
+    std::vector<uint8_t> target_salt_;
+    std::vector<uint8_t> source_salt_;
+};
+
+void CreateSnapshotLogger(android::base::LogId, android::base::LogSeverity severity, const char*,
+                          const char*, unsigned int, const char* message) {
+    if (severity == android::base::ERROR) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "%s\n", message);
+    } else {
+        fprintf(stdout, "%s\n", message);
+    }
+}
+
+CreateSnapshot::CreateSnapshot(const std::string& src_file, const std::string& target_file,
+                               const std::string& patch_file, const std::string& compression,
+                               const bool& merkel_tree)
+    : src_file_(src_file),
+      target_file_(target_file),
+      patch_file_(patch_file),
+      use_merkel_tree_(merkel_tree) {
+    if (!compression.empty()) {
+        compression_ = compression;
+    }
+}
+
+bool CreateSnapshot::PrepareParse(std::string& parsing_file, const bool createSnapshot) {
+    parsing_file_ = parsing_file;
+    create_snapshot_patch_ = createSnapshot;
+
+    if (createSnapshot) {
+        cow_fd_.reset(open(patch_file_.c_str(), O_RDWR | O_CREAT | O_TRUNC, 0666));
+        if (cow_fd_ < 0) {
+            PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to open the snapshot-patch file: " << patch_file_;
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        target_fd_.reset((open(parsing_file_.c_str(), O_RDONLY)));
+        if (target_fd_ < 0) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "open failed: " << parsing_file_;
+            return false;
+        }
+        zblock_ = std::make_unique<uint8_t[]>(BLOCK_SZ);
+        std::memset(zblock_.get(), 0, BLOCK_SZ);
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Create per-block sha256 hash of source partition
+ */
+bool CreateSnapshot::FindSourceBlockHash() {
+    if (!PrepareParse(src_file_, false)) {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    if (use_merkel_tree_) {
+        return ParseSourceMerkelTree();
+    } else {
+        return ParsePartition();
+    }
+}
+
+bool CreateSnapshot::CalculateDigest(const void* buffer, size_t size, const void* salt,
+                                     uint32_t salt_length, uint8_t* digest) {
+    SHA256_CTX ctx;
+    if (SHA256_Init(&ctx) != 1) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    if (SHA256_Update(&ctx, salt, salt_length) != 1) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    if (SHA256_Update(&ctx, buffer, size) != 1) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    if (SHA256_Final(digest, &ctx) != 1) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
+bool CreateSnapshot::ParseSourceMerkelTree() {
+    std::string fname = android::base::Basename(target_file_.c_str());
+    std::string partitionName = fname.substr(0, fname.find(".img"));
+
+    auto vbmeta = android::fs_mgr::LoadAndVerifyVbmetaByPath(
+            target_file_, partitionName, "", true, false, false, nullptr, nullptr, nullptr);
+    if (vbmeta == nullptr) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "LoadAndVerifyVbmetaByPath failed for partition: " << partitionName;
+        return false;
+    }
+    auto descriptor = android::fs_mgr::GetHashtreeDescriptor(partitionName, std::move(*vbmeta));
+    if (descriptor == nullptr) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "GetHashtreeDescriptor failed for partition: " << partitionName;
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    std::fstream input(src_file_, std::ios::in | std::ios::binary);
+    VerityHash hash;
+    if (!hash.ParseFromIstream(&input)) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to parse message.";
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    std::string source_salt = hash.salt();
+    source_salt.erase(std::remove(source_salt.begin(), source_salt.end(), '\0'), source_salt.end());
+    if (!android::base::HexToBytes(source_salt, &source_salt_)) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "HexToBytes conversion failed for source salt: " << source_salt;
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    std::string target_salt = descriptor->salt;
+    if (!android::base::HexToBytes(target_salt, &target_salt_)) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "HexToBytes conversion failed for target salt: " << target_salt;
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    std::vector<uint8_t> digest(32, 0);
+    for (int i = 0; i < hash.block_hash_size(); i++) {
+        CalculateDigest(hash.block_hash(i).data(), hash.block_hash(i).size(), target_salt_.data(),
+                        target_salt_.size(), digest.data());
+        source_block_hash_[ToHexString(digest.data(), 32)] = i;
+    }
+
+    return true;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Create snapshot file by comparing sha256 per block
+ * of target.img with the constructed per-block sha256 hash
+ * of source partition.
+ */
+bool CreateSnapshot::CreateSnapshotFile() {
+    if (!PrepareParse(target_file_, true)) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    return ParsePartition();
+}
+
+/*
+ * Creates snapshot patch file by comparing source.img and target.img
+ */
+bool CreateSnapshot::CreateSnapshotPatch() {
+    if (!FindSourceBlockHash()) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    return CreateSnapshotFile();
+}
+
+void CreateSnapshot::SHA256(const void* data, size_t length, uint8_t out[32]) {
+    SHA256_CTX c;
+    SHA256_Init(&c);
+    SHA256_Update(&c, data, length);
+    SHA256_Final(out, &c);
+}
+
+std::string CreateSnapshot::ToHexString(const uint8_t* buf, size_t len) {
+    char lookup[] = "0123456789abcdef";
+    std::string out(len * 2 + 1, '\0');
+    char* outp = out.data();
+    for (; len > 0; len--, buf++) {
+        *outp++ = (char)lookup[*buf >> 4];
+        *outp++ = (char)lookup[*buf & 0xf];
+    }
+    return out;
+}
+
+void CreateSnapshot::PrepareMergeBlock(const void* buffer, uint64_t block,
+                                       std::string& block_hash) {
+    if (std::memcmp(zblock_.get(), buffer, BLOCK_SZ) == 0) {
+        std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(write_lock_);
+        zero_blocks_.push_back(block);
+        return;
+    }
+
+    auto iter = source_block_hash_.find(block_hash);
+    if (iter != source_block_hash_.end()) {
+        std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(write_lock_);
+        // In-place copy is skipped
+        if (block != iter->second) {
+            copy_blocks_[block] = iter->second;
+        } else {
+            in_place_ops_ += 1;
+        }
+        return;
+    }
+    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(write_lock_);
+    replace_blocks_.push_back(block);
+}
+
+size_t CreateSnapshot::PrepareWrite(size_t* pending_ops, size_t start_index) {
+    size_t num_ops = *pending_ops;
+    uint64_t start_block = replace_blocks_[start_index];
+    size_t nr_consecutive = 1;
+    num_ops -= 1;
+    while (num_ops) {
+        uint64_t next_block = replace_blocks_[start_index + nr_consecutive];
+        if (next_block != start_block + nr_consecutive) {
+            break;
+        }
+        nr_consecutive += 1;
+        num_ops -= 1;
+    }
+    return nr_consecutive;
+}
+
+bool CreateSnapshot::CreateSnapshotWriter() {
+    uint64_t dev_sz = lseek(target_fd_.get(), 0, SEEK_END);
+    CowOptions options;
+    options.compression = compression_;
+    options.num_compress_threads = 2;
+    options.batch_write = true;
+    options.cluster_ops = 600;
+    options.compression_factor = compression_factor_;
+    options.max_blocks = {dev_sz / options.block_size};
+    writer_ = CreateCowWriter(3, options, std::move(cow_fd_));
+    return true;
+}
+
+bool CreateSnapshot::WriteNonOrderedSnapshots() {
+    zero_ops_ = zero_blocks_.size();
+    for (auto it = zero_blocks_.begin(); it != zero_blocks_.end(); it++) {
+        if (!writer_->AddZeroBlocks(*it, 1)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+    std::string buffer(compression_factor_, '\0');
+
+    replace_ops_ = replace_blocks_.size();
+    size_t blocks_to_compress = replace_blocks_.size();
+    size_t num_ops = 0;
+    size_t block_index = 0;
+    while (blocks_to_compress) {
+        num_ops = std::min((compression_factor_ / BLOCK_SZ), blocks_to_compress);
+        auto linear_blocks = PrepareWrite(&num_ops, block_index);
+        if (!android::base::ReadFullyAtOffset(target_fd_.get(), buffer.data(),
+                                              (linear_blocks * BLOCK_SZ),
+                                              replace_blocks_[block_index] * BLOCK_SZ)) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to read at offset: " << replace_blocks_[block_index] * BLOCK_SZ
+                       << " size: " << linear_blocks * BLOCK_SZ;
+            return false;
+        }
+        if (!writer_->AddRawBlocks(replace_blocks_[block_index], buffer.data(),
+                                   linear_blocks * BLOCK_SZ)) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "AddRawBlocks failed";
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        block_index += linear_blocks;
+        blocks_to_compress -= linear_blocks;
+    }
+    if (!writer_->Finalize()) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+bool CreateSnapshot::WriteOrderedSnapshots() {
+    // Sort copy_blocks_ by target block index so consecutive
+    // target blocks can be together
+    std::vector<std::pair<uint64_t, uint64_t>> sorted_copy_blocks_(copy_blocks_.begin(),
+                                                                   copy_blocks_.end());
+    std::sort(sorted_copy_blocks_.begin(), sorted_copy_blocks_.end());
+    std::unordered_map<uint64_t, std::vector<uint64_t>> dependency_graph;
+    std::unordered_map<uint64_t, int> in_degree;
+
+    // Initialize in-degree and build the dependency graph
+    for (const auto& [target, source] : sorted_copy_blocks_) {
+        in_degree[target] = 0;
+        if (copy_blocks_.count(source)) {
+            // this source block itself gets modified
+            dependency_graph[source].push_back(target);
+            in_degree[target]++;
+        }
+    }
+
+    std::vector<uint64_t> ordered_copy_ops_;
+    std::deque<uint64_t> queue;
+
+    // Add nodes with in-degree 0 (no dependency) to the queue
+    for (const auto& [target, degree] : in_degree) {
+        if (degree == 0) {
+            queue.push_back(target);
+        }
+    }
+
+    while (!queue.empty()) {
+        uint64_t current_target = queue.front();
+        queue.pop_front();
+        ordered_copy_ops_.push_back(current_target);
+
+        if (dependency_graph.count(current_target)) {
+            for (uint64_t neighbor : dependency_graph[current_target]) {
+                in_degree[neighbor]--;
+                if (in_degree[neighbor] == 0) {
+                    queue.push_back(neighbor);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Detect cycles and change those blocks to replace blocks
+    if (ordered_copy_ops_.size() != copy_blocks_.size()) {
+        LOG(INFO) << "Cycle detected in copy operations! Converting some to replace.";
+        std::unordered_set<uint64_t> safe_targets_(ordered_copy_ops_.begin(),
+                                                   ordered_copy_ops_.end());
+        for (const auto& [target, source] : copy_blocks_) {
+            if (safe_targets_.find(target) == safe_targets_.end()) {
+                replace_blocks_.push_back(target);
+                copy_blocks_.erase(target);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    std::reverse(ordered_copy_ops_.begin(), ordered_copy_ops_.end());
+    // Add the copy blocks
+    copy_ops_ = 0;
+    for (uint64_t target : ordered_copy_ops_) {
+        LOG(DEBUG) << "copy target: " << target << " source: " << copy_blocks_[target];
+        if (!writer_->AddCopy(target, copy_blocks_[target], 1)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        copy_ops_++;
+    }
+    // Sort the blocks so that if the blocks are contiguous, it would help
+    // compress multiple blocks in one shot based on the compression factor.
+    std::sort(replace_blocks_.begin(), replace_blocks_.end());
+    LOG(DEBUG) << "Total copy ops: " << copy_ops_;
+    return true;
+}
+
+bool CreateSnapshot::VerifyMergeOrder() {
+    unique_fd read_fd;
+    read_fd.reset(open(patch_file_.c_str(), O_RDONLY));
+    if (read_fd < 0) {
+        PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to open the snapshot-patch file: " << patch_file_;
+        return false;
+    }
+    CowReader reader;
+    if (!reader.Parse(read_fd)) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Parse failed";
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    if (!reader.VerifyMergeOps()) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "MergeOps Order is wrong";
+        return false;
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
+bool CreateSnapshot::WriteV3Snapshots() {
+    if (!CreateSnapshotWriter()) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    if (!WriteOrderedSnapshots()) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    if (!WriteNonOrderedSnapshots()) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    if (!VerifyMergeOrder()) {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    LOG(INFO) << "In-place: " << in_place_ops_ << " Zero: " << zero_ops_
+              << " Replace: " << replace_ops_ << " copy: " << copy_ops_;
+    return true;
+}
+
+bool CreateSnapshot::ReadBlocks(off_t offset, const int skip_blocks, const uint64_t dev_sz) {
+    unique_fd fd(TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(open(parsing_file_.c_str(), O_RDONLY)));
+    if (fd < 0) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "open failed: " << parsing_file_;
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    loff_t file_offset = offset;
+    const uint64_t read_sz = kBlockSizeToRead;
+    std::unique_ptr<uint8_t[]> buffer = std::make_unique<uint8_t[]>(read_sz);
+
+    while (true) {
+        size_t to_read = std::min((dev_sz - file_offset), read_sz);
+
+        if (!android::base::ReadFullyAtOffset(fd.get(), buffer.get(), to_read, file_offset)) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to read block from block device: " << parsing_file_
+                       << " at offset: " << file_offset << " read-size: " << to_read
+                       << " block-size: " << dev_sz;
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        if (!IsBlockAligned(to_read)) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "unable to parse the un-aligned request: " << to_read;
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        size_t num_blocks = to_read / BLOCK_SZ;
+        uint64_t buffer_offset = 0;
+        off_t foffset = file_offset;
+
+        while (num_blocks) {
+            const void* bufptr = (char*)buffer.get() + buffer_offset;
+            uint64_t blkindex = foffset / BLOCK_SZ;
+            std::string hash;
+
+            if (create_snapshot_patch_ && use_merkel_tree_) {
+                std::vector<uint8_t> digest(32, 0);
+                CalculateDigest(bufptr, BLOCK_SZ, source_salt_.data(), source_salt_.size(),
+                                digest.data());
+                std::vector<uint8_t> final_digest(32, 0);
+                CalculateDigest(digest.data(), digest.size(), target_salt_.data(),
+                                target_salt_.size(), final_digest.data());
+
+                hash = ToHexString(final_digest.data(), final_digest.size());
+            } else {
+                uint8_t checksum[32];
+                SHA256(bufptr, BLOCK_SZ, checksum);
+                hash = ToHexString(checksum, sizeof(checksum));
+            }
+
+            if (create_snapshot_patch_) {
+                PrepareMergeBlock(bufptr, blkindex, hash);
+            } else {
+                std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(source_block_hash_lock_);
+                {
+                    if (source_block_hash_.count(hash) == 0) {
+                        source_block_hash_[hash] = blkindex;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            buffer_offset += BLOCK_SZ;
+            foffset += BLOCK_SZ;
+            num_blocks -= 1;
+        }
+
+        file_offset += (skip_blocks * to_read);
+        if (file_offset >= dev_sz) {
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+
+    return true;
+}
+
+bool CreateSnapshot::ParsePartition() {
+    unique_fd fd(TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(open(parsing_file_.c_str(), O_RDONLY)));
+    if (fd < 0) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "open failed: " << parsing_file_;
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    uint64_t dev_sz = lseek(fd.get(), 0, SEEK_END);
+    if (!dev_sz) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Could not determine block device size: " << parsing_file_;
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    if (!IsBlockAligned(dev_sz)) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "dev_sz: " << dev_sz << " is not block aligned";
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    int num_threads = kNumThreads;
+
+    std::vector<std::future<bool>> threads;
+    off_t start_offset = 0;
+    const int skip_blocks = num_threads;
+
+    while (num_threads) {
+        threads.emplace_back(std::async(std::launch::async, &CreateSnapshot::ReadBlocks, this,
+                                        start_offset, skip_blocks, dev_sz));
+        start_offset += kBlockSizeToRead;
+        num_threads -= 1;
+        if (start_offset >= dev_sz) {
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+
+    bool ret = true;
+    for (auto& t : threads) {
+        ret = t.get() && ret;
+    }
+
+    if (ret && create_snapshot_patch_ && !WriteV3Snapshots()) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Snapshot Write failed";
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    return ret;
+}
+
+}  // namespace snapshot
+}  // namespace android
+
+constexpr char kUsage[] = R"(
+NAME
+    create_snapshot - Create snapshot patches by comparing two partition images
+
+SYNOPSIS
+    create_snapshot --source=<source.img> --target=<target.img> --compression="<compression-algorithm"
+
+    source.img -> Source partition image
+    target.img -> Target partition image
+    compression -> compression algorithm. Default set to lz4. Supported types are gz, lz4, zstd.
+    merkel_tree -> If true, source image hash is obtained from verity merkel tree.
+    output_dir -> Output directory to write the patch file to. Defaults to current working directory if not set.
+
+EXAMPLES
+
+   $ create_snapshot $SOURCE_BUILD/system.img $TARGET_BUILD/system.img
+   $ create_snapshot $SOURCE_BUILD/product.img $TARGET_BUILD/product.img --compression="zstd"
+   $ create_snapshot $SOURCE_BUILD/product.img $TARGET_BUILD/product.img --merkel_tree --output_dir=/tmp/create_snapshot_output
+
+)";
+
+int main(int argc, char* argv[]) {
+    android::base::InitLogging(argv, &android::snapshot::CreateSnapshotLogger);
+    ::gflags::SetUsageMessage(kUsage);
+    ::gflags::ParseCommandLineFlags(&argc, &argv, true);
+
+    if (FLAGS_source.empty() || FLAGS_target.empty()) {
+        LOG(INFO) << kUsage;
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    std::string fname = android::base::Basename(FLAGS_target.c_str());
+    auto parts = android::base::Split(fname, ".");
+    std::string snapshotfile = parts[0] + ".patch";
+    if (!FLAGS_output_dir.empty()) {
+        snapshotfile = FLAGS_output_dir + "/" + snapshotfile;
+    }
+    android::snapshot::CreateSnapshot snapshot(FLAGS_source, FLAGS_target, snapshotfile,
+                                               FLAGS_compression, FLAGS_merkel_tree);
+
+    if (!snapshot.CreateSnapshotPatch()) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Snapshot creation failed";
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    LOG(INFO) << "Snapshot patch: " << snapshotfile << " created successfully";
+    return 0;
+}
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/libsnapshot_cow/inspect_cow.cpp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/libsnapshot_cow/inspect_cow.cpp
index 917cec4242b3..371885164ef5 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/libsnapshot_cow/inspect_cow.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/libsnapshot_cow/inspect_cow.cpp
@@ -22,13 +22,31 @@
 #include <string>
 #include <vector>
 
+#include <android-base/file.h>
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
 #include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
+#include <gflags/gflags.h>
 #include <libsnapshot/cow_reader.h>
+#include "parser_v2.h"
+
+DEFINE_bool(silent, false, "Run silently");
+DEFINE_bool(decompress, false, "Attempt to decompress data ops");
+DEFINE_bool(show_bad_data, false, "If an op fails to decompress, show its daw data");
+DEFINE_bool(show_ops, false, "Print all opcode information");
+DEFINE_string(order, "", "If show_ops is true, change the order (either merge or reverse-merge)");
+DEFINE_bool(show_merged, false,
+            "If show_ops is true, and order is merge or reverse-merge, include merged ops");
+DEFINE_bool(verify_merge_sequence, false, "Verify merge order sequencing");
+DEFINE_bool(show_merge_sequence, false, "Show merge order sequence");
+DEFINE_bool(show_raw_ops, false, "Show raw ops directly from the underlying parser");
+DEFINE_string(extract_to, "", "Extract the COW contents to the given file");
 
 namespace android {
 namespace snapshot {
 
+using android::base::borrowed_fd;
+using android::base::unique_fd;
+
 void MyLogger(android::base::LogId, android::base::LogSeverity severity, const char*, const char*,
               unsigned int, const char* message) {
     if (severity == android::base::ERROR) {
@@ -38,37 +56,11 @@ void MyLogger(android::base::LogId, android::base::LogSeverity severity, const c
     }
 }
 
-static void usage(void) {
-    std::cerr << "Usage: inspect_cow [-sd] <COW_FILE>\n";
-    std::cerr << "\t -s Run Silent\n";
-    std::cerr << "\t -d Attempt to decompress\n";
-    std::cerr << "\t -b Show data for failed decompress\n";
-    std::cerr << "\t -l Show ops\n";
-    std::cerr << "\t -m Show ops in reverse merge order\n";
-    std::cerr << "\t -n Show ops in merge order\n";
-    std::cerr << "\t -a Include merged ops in any merge order listing\n";
-    std::cerr << "\t -o Shows sequence op block order\n";
-    std::cerr << "\t -v Verifies merge order has no conflicts\n";
-}
-
-enum OpIter { Normal, RevMerge, Merge };
-
-struct Options {
-    bool silent;
-    bool decompress;
-    bool show_ops;
-    bool show_bad;
-    bool show_seq;
-    bool verify_sequence;
-    OpIter iter_type;
-    bool include_merged;
-};
-
-static void ShowBad(CowReader& reader, const struct CowOperation* op) {
+static void ShowBad(CowReader& reader, const CowOperation* op) {
     size_t count;
     auto buffer = std::make_unique<uint8_t[]>(op->data_length);
 
-    if (!reader.GetRawBytes(op->source, buffer.get(), op->data_length, &count)) {
+    if (!reader.GetRawBytes(op, buffer.get(), op->data_length, &count)) {
         std::cerr << "Failed to read at all!\n";
     } else {
         std::cout << "The Block data is:\n";
@@ -82,13 +74,55 @@ static void ShowBad(CowReader& reader, const struct CowOperation* op) {
     }
 }
 
-static bool Inspect(const std::string& path, Options opt) {
-    android::base::unique_fd fd(open(path.c_str(), O_RDONLY));
+static bool ShowRawOpStreamV2(borrowed_fd fd, const CowHeaderV3& header) {
+    CowParserV2 parser;
+    if (!parser.Parse(fd, header)) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "v2 parser failed";
+        return false;
+    }
+    for (const auto& op : *parser.get_v2ops()) {
+        std::cout << op << "\n";
+        if (auto iter = parser.xor_data_loc()->find(op.new_block);
+            iter != parser.xor_data_loc()->end()) {
+            std::cout << "    data loc: " << iter->second << "\n";
+        }
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
+static bool ShowRawOpStream(borrowed_fd fd) {
+    CowHeaderV3 header;
+    if (!ReadCowHeader(fd, &header)) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "parse header failed";
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    switch (header.prefix.major_version) {
+        case 1:
+        case 2:
+            return ShowRawOpStreamV2(fd, header);
+        default:
+            LOG(ERROR) << "unknown COW version: " << header.prefix.major_version;
+            return false;
+    }
+}
+
+static bool Inspect(const std::string& path) {
+    unique_fd fd(open(path.c_str(), O_RDONLY));
     if (fd < 0) {
         PLOG(ERROR) << "open failed: " << path;
         return false;
     }
 
+    unique_fd extract_to;
+    if (!FLAGS_extract_to.empty()) {
+        extract_to.reset(open(FLAGS_extract_to.c_str(), O_RDWR | O_CREAT | O_TRUNC, 0664));
+        if (extract_to < 0) {
+            PLOG(ERROR) << "could not open " << FLAGS_extract_to << " for writing";
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+
     CowReader reader;
 
     auto start_time = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
@@ -103,9 +137,10 @@ static bool Inspect(const std::string& path, Options opt) {
     bool has_footer = false;
     if (reader.GetFooter(&footer)) has_footer = true;
 
-    if (!opt.silent) {
-        std::cout << "Version: " << header.major_version << "." << header.minor_version << "\n";
-        std::cout << "Header size: " << header.header_size << "\n";
+    if (!FLAGS_silent) {
+        std::cout << "Version: " << header.prefix.major_version << "."
+                  << header.prefix.minor_version << "\n";
+        std::cout << "Header size: " << header.prefix.header_size << "\n";
         std::cout << "Footer size: " << header.footer_size << "\n";
         std::cout << "Block size: " << header.block_size << "\n";
         std::cout << "Merge ops: " << header.num_merge_ops << "\n";
@@ -118,11 +153,11 @@ static bool Inspect(const std::string& path, Options opt) {
         }
     }
 
-    if (!opt.silent) {
+    if (!FLAGS_silent) {
         std::cout << "Parse time: " << (parse_time.count() * 1000) << "ms\n";
     }
 
-    if (opt.verify_sequence) {
+    if (FLAGS_verify_merge_sequence) {
         std::cout << "\n";
         if (reader.VerifyMergeOps()) {
             std::cout << "\nMerge sequence is consistent.\n";
@@ -132,41 +167,67 @@ static bool Inspect(const std::string& path, Options opt) {
     }
 
     std::unique_ptr<ICowOpIter> iter;
-    if (opt.iter_type == Normal) {
+    if (FLAGS_order.empty()) {
         iter = reader.GetOpIter();
-    } else if (opt.iter_type == RevMerge) {
-        iter = reader.GetRevMergeOpIter(opt.include_merged);
-    } else if (opt.iter_type == Merge) {
-        iter = reader.GetMergeOpIter(opt.include_merged);
+    } else if (FLAGS_order == "reverse-merge") {
+        iter = reader.GetRevMergeOpIter(FLAGS_show_merged);
+    } else if (FLAGS_order == "merge") {
+        iter = reader.GetMergeOpIter(FLAGS_show_merged);
     }
 
     std::string buffer(header.block_size, '\0');
 
+    if (!FLAGS_silent && FLAGS_show_raw_ops) {
+        std::cout << "\n";
+        std::cout << "Listing raw op stream:\n";
+        std::cout << "----------------------\n";
+        if (!ShowRawOpStream(fd)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (!FLAGS_silent && FLAGS_show_ops) {
+        std::cout << "\n";
+        std::cout << "Listing op stream:\n";
+        std::cout << "------------------\n";
+    }
+
     bool success = true;
     uint64_t xor_ops = 0, copy_ops = 0, replace_ops = 0, zero_ops = 0;
     while (!iter->AtEnd()) {
         const CowOperation* op = iter->Get();
 
-        if (!opt.silent && opt.show_ops) std::cout << *op << "\n";
+        if (!FLAGS_silent && FLAGS_show_ops) std::cout << *op << "\n";
 
-        if (opt.decompress && op->type == kCowReplaceOp && op->compression != kCowCompressNone) {
+        if ((FLAGS_decompress || extract_to >= 0) && op->type() == kCowReplaceOp) {
             if (reader.ReadData(op, buffer.data(), buffer.size()) < 0) {
                 std::cerr << "Failed to decompress for :" << *op << "\n";
                 success = false;
-                if (opt.show_bad) ShowBad(reader, op);
+                if (FLAGS_show_bad_data) ShowBad(reader, op);
+            }
+            if (extract_to >= 0) {
+                off_t offset = uint64_t(op->new_block) * header.block_size;
+                if (!android::base::WriteFullyAtOffset(extract_to, buffer.data(), buffer.size(),
+                                                       offset)) {
+                    PLOG(ERROR) << "failed to write block " << op->new_block;
+                    return false;
+                }
             }
+        } else if (extract_to >= 0 && !IsMetadataOp(*op) && op->type() != kCowZeroOp) {
+            PLOG(ERROR) << "Cannot extract op yet: " << *op;
+            return false;
         }
 
-        if (op->type == kCowSequenceOp && opt.show_seq) {
+        if (op->type() == kCowSequenceOp && FLAGS_show_merge_sequence) {
             size_t read;
             std::vector<uint32_t> merge_op_blocks;
             size_t seq_len = op->data_length / sizeof(uint32_t);
             merge_op_blocks.resize(seq_len);
-            if (!reader.GetRawBytes(op->source, merge_op_blocks.data(), op->data_length, &read)) {
+            if (!reader.GetRawBytes(op, merge_op_blocks.data(), op->data_length, &read)) {
                 PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to read sequence op!";
                 return false;
             }
-            if (!opt.silent) {
+            if (!FLAGS_silent) {
                 std::cout << "Sequence for " << *op << " is :\n";
                 for (size_t i = 0; i < seq_len; i++) {
                     std::cout << std::setfill('0') << std::setw(6) << merge_op_blocks[i] << ", ";
@@ -175,20 +236,20 @@ static bool Inspect(const std::string& path, Options opt) {
             }
         }
 
-        if (op->type == kCowCopyOp) {
+        if (op->type() == kCowCopyOp) {
             copy_ops++;
-        } else if (op->type == kCowReplaceOp) {
+        } else if (op->type() == kCowReplaceOp) {
             replace_ops++;
-        } else if (op->type == kCowZeroOp) {
+        } else if (op->type() == kCowZeroOp) {
             zero_ops++;
-        } else if (op->type == kCowXorOp) {
+        } else if (op->type() == kCowXorOp) {
             xor_ops++;
         }
 
         iter->Next();
     }
 
-    if (!opt.silent) {
+    if (!FLAGS_silent) {
         auto total_ops = replace_ops + zero_ops + copy_ops + xor_ops;
         std::cout << "Data ops: " << total_ops << "\n";
         std::cout << "Replace ops: " << replace_ops << "\n";
@@ -204,57 +265,20 @@ static bool Inspect(const std::string& path, Options opt) {
 }  // namespace android
 
 int main(int argc, char** argv) {
-    int ch;
-    struct android::snapshot::Options opt;
-    opt.silent = false;
-    opt.decompress = false;
-    opt.show_bad = false;
-    opt.iter_type = android::snapshot::Normal;
-    opt.verify_sequence = false;
-    opt.include_merged = false;
-    while ((ch = getopt(argc, argv, "sdbmnolva")) != -1) {
-        switch (ch) {
-            case 's':
-                opt.silent = true;
-                break;
-            case 'd':
-                opt.decompress = true;
-                break;
-            case 'b':
-                opt.show_bad = true;
-                break;
-            case 'm':
-                opt.iter_type = android::snapshot::RevMerge;
-                break;
-            case 'n':
-                opt.iter_type = android::snapshot::Merge;
-                break;
-            case 'o':
-                opt.show_seq = true;
-                break;
-            case 'l':
-                opt.show_ops = true;
-                break;
-            case 'v':
-                opt.verify_sequence = true;
-                break;
-            case 'a':
-                opt.include_merged = true;
-                break;
-            default:
-                android::snapshot::usage();
-                return 1;
-        }
-    }
+    gflags::ParseCommandLineFlags(&argc, &argv, true);
 
-    if (argc < optind + 1) {
-        android::snapshot::usage();
+    if (argc < 2) {
+        gflags::ShowUsageWithFlags(argv[0]);
+        return 1;
+    }
+    if (FLAGS_order != "" && FLAGS_order != "merge" && FLAGS_order != "reverse-merge") {
+        std::cerr << "Order must either be \"merge\" or \"reverse-merge\".\n";
         return 1;
     }
 
     android::base::InitLogging(argv, android::snapshot::MyLogger);
 
-    if (!android::snapshot::Inspect(argv[optind], opt)) {
+    if (!android::snapshot::Inspect(argv[1])) {
         return 1;
     }
     return 0;
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/libsnapshot_cow/parser_base.h b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/libsnapshot_cow/parser_base.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..837b33edbaf1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/libsnapshot_cow/parser_base.h
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+//
+// Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+//
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <optional>
+#include <unordered_map>
+
+#include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
+#include <libsnapshot/cow_format.h>
+
+namespace android {
+namespace snapshot {
+
+struct TranslatedCowOps {
+    CowHeaderV3 header;
+    std::shared_ptr<std::vector<CowOperationV3>> ops;
+};
+
+class CowParserBase {
+  public:
+    virtual ~CowParserBase() = default;
+
+    virtual bool Parse(android::base::borrowed_fd fd, const CowHeaderV3& header,
+                       std::optional<uint64_t> label = {}) = 0;
+    virtual bool Translate(TranslatedCowOps* out) = 0;
+    virtual std::optional<CowFooter> footer() const { return std::nullopt; }
+    std::shared_ptr<std::unordered_map<uint64_t, uint64_t>> xor_data_loc() {
+        return xor_data_loc_;
+    };
+
+    uint64_t fd_size() const { return fd_size_; }
+    const std::optional<uint64_t>& last_label() const { return last_label_; }
+
+  protected:
+    CowHeaderV3 header_ = {};
+    uint64_t fd_size_;
+    std::optional<uint64_t> last_label_;
+    std::shared_ptr<std::unordered_map<uint64_t, uint64_t>> xor_data_loc_ = {};
+};
+
+}  // namespace snapshot
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/libsnapshot_cow/parser_v2.cpp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/libsnapshot_cow/parser_v2.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..a35b61404ce7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/libsnapshot_cow/parser_v2.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,245 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+#include "parser_v2.h"
+
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#include <android-base/file.h>
+#include <android-base/logging.h>
+
+#include <libsnapshot/cow_format.h>
+
+namespace android {
+namespace snapshot {
+
+using android::base::borrowed_fd;
+
+bool CowParserV2::Parse(borrowed_fd fd, const CowHeaderV3& header, std::optional<uint64_t> label) {
+    auto pos = lseek(fd.get(), 0, SEEK_END);
+    if (pos < 0) {
+        PLOG(ERROR) << "lseek end failed";
+        return false;
+    }
+    fd_size_ = pos;
+    header_ = header;
+
+    if (header_.footer_size != sizeof(CowFooter)) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Footer size unknown, read " << header_.footer_size << ", expected "
+                   << sizeof(CowFooter);
+        return false;
+    }
+    if (header_.op_size != sizeof(CowOperationV2)) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Operation size unknown, read " << header_.op_size << ", expected "
+                   << sizeof(CowOperationV2);
+        return false;
+    }
+    if (header_.cluster_ops == 1) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Clusters must contain at least two operations to function.";
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    if (header_.prefix.major_version > 2 || header_.prefix.minor_version != 0) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Header version mismatch, "
+                   << "major version: " << header_.prefix.major_version
+                   << ", expected: " << kCowVersionMajor
+                   << ", minor version: " << header_.prefix.minor_version
+                   << ", expected: " << kCowVersionMinor;
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    return ParseOps(fd, label);
+}
+
+bool CowParserV2::ParseOps(borrowed_fd fd, std::optional<uint64_t> label) {
+    uint64_t pos;
+    auto xor_data_loc = std::make_shared<std::unordered_map<uint64_t, uint64_t>>();
+
+    // Skip the scratch space
+    if (header_.prefix.major_version >= 2 && (header_.buffer_size > 0)) {
+        LOG(DEBUG) << " Scratch space found of size: " << header_.buffer_size;
+        size_t init_offset = header_.prefix.header_size + header_.buffer_size;
+        pos = lseek(fd.get(), init_offset, SEEK_SET);
+        if (pos != init_offset) {
+            PLOG(ERROR) << "lseek ops failed";
+            return false;
+        }
+    } else {
+        pos = lseek(fd.get(), header_.prefix.header_size, SEEK_SET);
+        if (pos != header_.prefix.header_size) {
+            PLOG(ERROR) << "lseek ops failed";
+            return false;
+        }
+        // Reading a v1 version of COW which doesn't have buffer_size.
+        header_.buffer_size = 0;
+    }
+    uint64_t data_pos = 0;
+
+    if (header_.cluster_ops) {
+        data_pos = pos + header_.cluster_ops * sizeof(CowOperationV2);
+    } else {
+        data_pos = pos + sizeof(CowOperationV2);
+    }
+
+    auto ops_buffer = std::make_shared<std::vector<CowOperationV2>>();
+    uint64_t current_op_num = 0;
+    uint64_t cluster_ops = header_.cluster_ops ?: 1;
+    bool done = false;
+
+    // Alternating op clusters and data
+    while (!done) {
+        uint64_t to_add = std::min(cluster_ops, (fd_size_ - pos) / sizeof(CowOperationV2));
+        if (to_add == 0) break;
+        ops_buffer->resize(current_op_num + to_add);
+        if (!android::base::ReadFully(fd, &ops_buffer->data()[current_op_num],
+                                      to_add * sizeof(CowOperationV2))) {
+            PLOG(ERROR) << "read op failed";
+            return false;
+        }
+        // Parse current cluster to find start of next cluster
+        while (current_op_num < ops_buffer->size()) {
+            auto& current_op = ops_buffer->data()[current_op_num];
+            current_op_num++;
+            if (current_op.type == kCowXorOp) {
+                xor_data_loc->insert({current_op.new_block, data_pos});
+            }
+            pos += sizeof(CowOperationV2) + GetNextOpOffset(current_op, header_.cluster_ops);
+            data_pos += current_op.data_length + GetNextDataOffset(current_op, header_.cluster_ops);
+
+            if (current_op.type == kCowClusterOp) {
+                break;
+            } else if (current_op.type == kCowLabelOp) {
+                last_label_ = {current_op.source};
+
+                // If we reach the requested label, stop reading.
+                if (label && label.value() == current_op.source) {
+                    done = true;
+                    break;
+                }
+            } else if (current_op.type == kCowFooterOp) {
+                footer_.emplace();
+                CowFooter* footer = &footer_.value();
+                memcpy(&footer_->op, &current_op, sizeof(footer->op));
+                off_t offs = lseek(fd.get(), pos, SEEK_SET);
+                if (offs < 0 || pos != static_cast<uint64_t>(offs)) {
+                    PLOG(ERROR) << "lseek next op failed " << offs;
+                    return false;
+                }
+                if (!android::base::ReadFully(fd, &footer->unused, sizeof(footer->unused))) {
+                    LOG(ERROR) << "Could not read COW footer";
+                    return false;
+                }
+
+                // Drop the footer from the op stream.
+                current_op_num--;
+                done = true;
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Position for next cluster read
+        off_t offs = lseek(fd.get(), pos, SEEK_SET);
+        if (offs < 0 || pos != static_cast<uint64_t>(offs)) {
+            PLOG(ERROR) << "lseek next op failed " << offs;
+            return false;
+        }
+        ops_buffer->resize(current_op_num);
+    }
+
+    LOG(DEBUG) << "COW file read complete. Total ops: " << ops_buffer->size();
+    // To successfully parse a COW file, we need either:
+    //  (1) a label to read up to, and for that label to be found, or
+    //  (2) a valid footer.
+    if (label) {
+        if (!last_label_) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "Did not find label " << label.value()
+                       << " while reading COW (no labels found)";
+            return false;
+        }
+        if (last_label_.value() != label.value()) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "Did not find label " << label.value()
+                       << ", last label=" << last_label_.value();
+            return false;
+        }
+    } else if (!footer_) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "No COW footer found";
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    uint8_t csum[32];
+    memset(csum, 0, sizeof(uint8_t) * 32);
+
+    if (footer_) {
+        if (ops_buffer->size() != footer_->op.num_ops) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "num ops does not match, expected " << footer_->op.num_ops << ", found "
+                       << ops_buffer->size();
+            return false;
+        }
+        if (ops_buffer->size() * sizeof(CowOperationV2) != footer_->op.ops_size) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "ops size does not match ";
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    v2_ops_ = ops_buffer;
+    v2_ops_->shrink_to_fit();
+    xor_data_loc_ = xor_data_loc;
+    return true;
+}
+
+bool CowParserV2::Translate(TranslatedCowOps* out) {
+    out->ops = std::make_shared<std::vector<CowOperationV3>>(v2_ops_->size());
+
+    // Translate the operation buffer from on disk to in memory
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < out->ops->size(); i++) {
+        const auto& v2_op = v2_ops_->at(i);
+
+        auto& new_op = out->ops->at(i);
+        new_op.set_type(v2_op.type);
+        // v2 ops always have 4k compression
+        new_op.set_compression_bits(0);
+        new_op.data_length = v2_op.data_length;
+
+        if (v2_op.new_block > std::numeric_limits<uint32_t>::max()) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "Out-of-range new block in COW op: " << v2_op;
+            return false;
+        }
+        new_op.new_block = v2_op.new_block;
+
+        uint64_t source_info = v2_op.source;
+        if (new_op.type() != kCowLabelOp) {
+            source_info &= kCowOpSourceInfoDataMask;
+            if (source_info != v2_op.source) {
+                LOG(ERROR) << "Out-of-range source value in COW op: " << v2_op;
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+        if (v2_op.compression != kCowCompressNone) {
+            if (header_.compression_algorithm == kCowCompressNone) {
+                header_.compression_algorithm = v2_op.compression;
+            } else if (header_.compression_algorithm != v2_op.compression) {
+                LOG(ERROR) << "COW has mixed compression types which is not supported;"
+                           << " previously saw " << header_.compression_algorithm << ", got "
+                           << v2_op.compression << ", op: " << v2_op;
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+        new_op.set_source(source_info);
+    }
+
+    out->header = header_;
+    return true;
+}
+
+}  // namespace snapshot
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/libsnapshot_cow/parser_v2.h b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/libsnapshot_cow/parser_v2.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..f9ee2e52691d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/libsnapshot_cow/parser_v2.h
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+#pragma once
+
+#include <stdint.h>
+
+#include <memory>
+#include <optional>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
+#include <libsnapshot/cow_format.h>
+#include <libsnapshot_cow/parser_base.h>
+
+namespace android {
+namespace snapshot {
+
+class CowParserV2 final : public CowParserBase {
+  public:
+    bool Parse(android::base::borrowed_fd fd, const CowHeaderV3& header,
+               std::optional<uint64_t> label = {}) override;
+    bool Translate(TranslatedCowOps* out) override;
+    std::optional<CowFooter> footer() const override { return footer_; }
+
+    const CowHeader& header() const { return header_; }
+    std::shared_ptr<std::vector<CowOperationV2>> get_v2ops() { return v2_ops_; }
+
+  private:
+    bool ParseOps(android::base::borrowed_fd fd, std::optional<uint64_t> label);
+    std::shared_ptr<std::vector<CowOperationV2>> v2_ops_;
+    std::optional<CowFooter> footer_;
+};
+
+}  // namespace snapshot
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/libsnapshot_cow/parser_v3.cpp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/libsnapshot_cow/parser_v3.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..036d3351c725
--- /dev/null
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/libsnapshot_cow/parser_v3.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,142 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+#include "parser_v3.h"
+
+#include <android-base/file.h>
+#include <android-base/logging.h>
+#include <android-base/strings.h>
+
+#include <libsnapshot/cow_format.h>
+#include <libsnapshot/cow_reader.h>
+
+namespace android {
+namespace snapshot {
+
+using android::base::borrowed_fd;
+
+bool CowParserV3::Parse(borrowed_fd fd, const CowHeaderV3& header, std::optional<uint64_t> label) {
+    auto pos = lseek(fd.get(), 0, SEEK_END);
+    if (pos < 0) {
+        PLOG(ERROR) << "lseek end failed";
+        return false;
+    }
+    fd_size_ = pos;
+    header_ = header;
+
+    if (header_.footer_size != 0) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Footer size isn't 0, read " << header_.footer_size;
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    if (header_.op_size != sizeof(CowOperationV3)) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Operation size unknown, read " << header_.op_size << ", expected "
+                   << sizeof(CowOperationV3);
+        return false;
+    }
+    if (header_.cluster_ops != 0) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Cluster ops not supported in v3";
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    if (header_.prefix.major_version != 3 || header_.prefix.minor_version != 0) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Header version mismatch, "
+                   << "major version: " << header_.prefix.major_version
+                   << ", expected: " << kCowVersionMajor
+                   << ", minor version: " << header_.prefix.minor_version
+                   << ", expected: " << kCowVersionMinor;
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    std::optional<uint32_t> op_index = header_.op_count;
+    if (label) {
+        if (!ReadResumeBuffer(fd)) {
+            PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to read resume buffer";
+            return false;
+        }
+        op_index = FindResumeOp(label.value());
+        if (op_index == std::nullopt) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "failed to get op index from given label: " << label.value();
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    return ParseOps(fd, op_index.value());
+}
+
+bool CowParserV3::ReadResumeBuffer(borrowed_fd fd) {
+    resume_points_ = std::make_shared<std::vector<ResumePoint>>(header_.resume_point_count);
+
+    return android::base::ReadFullyAtOffset(fd, resume_points_->data(),
+                                            header_.resume_point_count * sizeof(ResumePoint),
+                                            GetResumeOffset(header_));
+}
+
+std::optional<uint32_t> CowParserV3::FindResumeOp(const uint64_t label) {
+    for (auto& resume_point : *resume_points_) {
+        if (resume_point.label == label) {
+            return resume_point.op_index;
+        }
+    }
+    LOG(ERROR) << "failed to find label: " << label << "from following labels";
+    LOG(ERROR) << android::base::Join(*resume_points_, " ");
+
+    return std::nullopt;
+}
+
+bool CowParserV3::ParseOps(borrowed_fd fd, const uint32_t op_index) {
+    ops_ = std::make_shared<std::vector<CowOperationV3>>();
+    ops_->resize(op_index);
+
+    // read beginning of operation buffer -> so op_index = 0
+    const off_t offset = GetOpOffset(0, header_);
+    if (!android::base::ReadFullyAtOffset(fd, ops_->data(), ops_->size() * sizeof(CowOperationV3),
+                                          offset)) {
+        PLOG(ERROR) << "read ops failed";
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    // fill out mapping of XOR op data location
+    uint64_t data_pos = GetDataOffset(header_);
+
+    xor_data_loc_ = std::make_shared<std::unordered_map<uint64_t, uint64_t>>();
+
+    for (auto op : *ops_) {
+        if (op.type() == kCowXorOp) {
+            xor_data_loc_->insert({op.new_block, data_pos});
+        } else if (op.type() == kCowReplaceOp) {
+            if (data_pos != op.source()) {
+                LOG(ERROR) << "Invalid data location for operation " << op
+                           << ", expected: " << data_pos;
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+        data_pos += op.data_length;
+    }
+    // :TODO: sequence buffer & resume buffer follow
+    // Once we implement labels, we'll have to discard unused ops and adjust
+    // the header as needed.
+
+    ops_->shrink_to_fit();
+
+    return true;
+}
+
+bool CowParserV3::Translate(TranslatedCowOps* out) {
+    out->ops = ops_;
+    out->header = header_;
+    return true;
+}
+
+}  // namespace snapshot
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/libsnapshot_cow/parser_v3.h b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/libsnapshot_cow/parser_v3.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..afc01afcc961
--- /dev/null
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/libsnapshot_cow/parser_v3.h
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+// Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+#pragma once
+
+#include <stdint.h>
+
+#include <memory>
+#include <optional>
+#include <unordered_map>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
+#include <libsnapshot/cow_format.h>
+#include <libsnapshot_cow/parser_base.h>
+
+namespace android {
+namespace snapshot {
+
+class CowParserV3 final : public CowParserBase {
+  public:
+    bool Parse(android::base::borrowed_fd fd, const CowHeaderV3& header,
+               std::optional<uint64_t> label = {}) override;
+    bool Translate(TranslatedCowOps* out) override;
+    std::shared_ptr<std::vector<ResumePoint>> resume_points() const { return resume_points_; }
+
+  private:
+    bool ParseOps(android::base::borrowed_fd fd, const uint32_t op_index);
+    std::optional<uint32_t> FindResumeOp(const uint64_t label);
+    CowHeaderV3 header_ = {};
+    std::shared_ptr<std::vector<CowOperationV3>> ops_;
+    bool ReadResumeBuffer(android::base::borrowed_fd fd);
+    std::shared_ptr<std::vector<ResumePoint>> resume_points_;
+};
+
+}  // namespace snapshot
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshot_reader.cpp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/libsnapshot_cow/snapshot_reader.cpp
similarity index 71%
rename from fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshot_reader.cpp
rename to fs_mgr/libsnapshot/libsnapshot_cow/snapshot_reader.cpp
index 4e75ba75449f..12073fc3e76d 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshot_reader.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/libsnapshot_cow/snapshot_reader.cpp
@@ -18,95 +18,68 @@
 
 #include <android-base/file.h>
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
-#include <ext4_utils/ext4_utils.h>
 
 namespace android {
 namespace snapshot {
 
 using android::base::borrowed_fd;
 
-// Not supported.
-bool ReadOnlyFileDescriptor::Open(const char*, int, mode_t) {
-    errno = EINVAL;
-    return false;
-}
-
-bool ReadOnlyFileDescriptor::Open(const char*, int) {
-    errno = EINVAL;
-    return false;
-}
-
-ssize_t ReadOnlyFileDescriptor::Write(const void*, size_t) {
-    errno = EINVAL;
-    return false;
-}
-
-bool ReadOnlyFileDescriptor::BlkIoctl(int, uint64_t, uint64_t, int*) {
-    errno = EINVAL;
-    return false;
-}
-
-ReadFdFileDescriptor::ReadFdFileDescriptor(android::base::unique_fd&& fd) : fd_(std::move(fd)) {}
-
-ssize_t ReadFdFileDescriptor::Read(void* buf, size_t count) {
-    return read(fd_.get(), buf, count);
-}
-
-off64_t ReadFdFileDescriptor::Seek(off64_t offset, int whence) {
-    return lseek(fd_.get(), offset, whence);
-}
-
-uint64_t ReadFdFileDescriptor::BlockDevSize() {
-    return get_block_device_size(fd_.get());
-}
-
-bool ReadFdFileDescriptor::Close() {
-    fd_ = {};
-    return true;
-}
-
-bool ReadFdFileDescriptor::IsSettingErrno() {
-    return true;
-}
-
-bool ReadFdFileDescriptor::IsOpen() {
-    return fd_ >= 0;
-}
-
-bool ReadFdFileDescriptor::Flush() {
-    return true;
-}
-
-bool CompressedSnapshotReader::SetCow(std::unique_ptr<CowReader>&& cow) {
-    cow_ = std::move(cow);
-
+CompressedSnapshotReader::CompressedSnapshotReader(std::unique_ptr<ICowReader>&& cow,
+                                                   const std::optional<std::string>& source_device,
+                                                   std::optional<uint64_t> block_dev_size)
+    : cow_(std::move(cow)),
+      block_size_(cow_->GetHeader().block_size),
+      source_device_(source_device),
+      block_device_size_(block_dev_size.value_or(0)) {
     const auto& header = cow_->GetHeader();
     block_size_ = header.block_size;
 
     // Populate the operation map.
-    op_iter_ = cow_->GetOpIter();
+    op_iter_ = cow_->GetOpIter(false);
     while (!op_iter_->AtEnd()) {
         const CowOperation* op = op_iter_->Get();
         if (IsMetadataOp(*op)) {
             op_iter_->Next();
             continue;
         }
+
+        size_t num_blocks = 1;
+        if (op->type() == kCowReplaceOp) {
+            num_blocks = (CowOpCompressionSize(op, block_size_) / block_size_);
+        }
         if (op->new_block >= ops_.size()) {
-            ops_.resize(op->new_block + 1, nullptr);
+            ops_.resize(op->new_block + num_blocks, nullptr);
+        }
+
+        size_t vec_index = op->new_block;
+        while (num_blocks) {
+            ops_[vec_index] = op;
+            num_blocks -= 1;
+            vec_index += 1;
         }
-        ops_[op->new_block] = op;
         op_iter_->Next();
     }
+}
 
-    return true;
+// Not supported.
+bool CompressedSnapshotReader::Open(const char*, int, mode_t) {
+    errno = EINVAL;
+    return false;
 }
 
-void CompressedSnapshotReader::SetSourceDevice(const std::string& source_device) {
-    source_device_ = {source_device};
+bool CompressedSnapshotReader::Open(const char*, int) {
+    errno = EINVAL;
+    return false;
+}
+
+ssize_t CompressedSnapshotReader::Write(const void*, size_t) {
+    errno = EINVAL;
+    return false;
 }
 
-void CompressedSnapshotReader::SetBlockDeviceSize(uint64_t block_device_size) {
-    block_device_size_ = block_device_size;
+bool CompressedSnapshotReader::BlkIoctl(int, uint64_t, uint64_t, int*) {
+    errno = EINVAL;
+    return false;
 }
 
 borrowed_fd CompressedSnapshotReader::GetSourceFd() {
@@ -185,7 +158,7 @@ ssize_t CompressedSnapshotReader::ReadBlock(uint64_t chunk, size_t start_offset,
         op = ops_[chunk];
     }
 
-    if (!op || op->type == kCowCopyOp) {
+    if (!op || op->type() == kCowCopyOp) {
         borrowed_fd fd = GetSourceFd();
         if (fd < 0) {
             // GetSourceFd sets errno.
@@ -193,7 +166,12 @@ ssize_t CompressedSnapshotReader::ReadBlock(uint64_t chunk, size_t start_offset,
         }
 
         if (op) {
-            chunk = op->source;
+            uint64_t source_offset;
+            if (!cow_->GetSourceOffset(op, &source_offset)) {
+                LOG(ERROR) << "GetSourceOffset failed in CompressedSnapshotReader for op: " << *op;
+                return false;
+            }
+            chunk = GetBlockFromOffset(cow_->GetHeader(), source_offset);
         }
 
         off64_t offset = (chunk * block_size_) + start_offset;
@@ -202,22 +180,36 @@ ssize_t CompressedSnapshotReader::ReadBlock(uint64_t chunk, size_t start_offset,
             // ReadFullyAtOffset sets errno.
             return -1;
         }
-    } else if (op->type == kCowZeroOp) {
+    } else if (op->type() == kCowZeroOp) {
         memset(buffer, 0, bytes_to_read);
-    } else if (op->type == kCowReplaceOp) {
-        if (cow_->ReadData(op, buffer, bytes_to_read, start_offset) < bytes_to_read) {
-            LOG(ERROR) << "CompressedSnapshotReader failed to read replace op";
+    } else if (op->type() == kCowReplaceOp) {
+        size_t buffer_size = CowOpCompressionSize(op, block_size_);
+        uint8_t temp_buffer[buffer_size];
+        if (cow_->ReadData(op, temp_buffer, buffer_size, 0) < buffer_size) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "CompressedSnapshotReader failed to read replace op: buffer_size: "
+                       << buffer_size << "start_offset: " << start_offset;
             errno = EIO;
             return -1;
         }
-    } else if (op->type == kCowXorOp) {
+        off_t block_offset{};
+        if (!GetBlockOffset(op, chunk, block_size_, &block_offset)) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "GetBlockOffset failed";
+            return -1;
+        }
+        std::memcpy(buffer, (char*)temp_buffer + block_offset + start_offset, bytes_to_read);
+    } else if (op->type() == kCowXorOp) {
         borrowed_fd fd = GetSourceFd();
         if (fd < 0) {
             // GetSourceFd sets errno.
             return -1;
         }
 
-        off64_t offset = op->source + start_offset;
+        uint64_t source_offset;
+        if (!cow_->GetSourceOffset(op, &source_offset)) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "GetSourceOffset failed in CompressedSnapshotReader for op: " << *op;
+            return false;
+        }
+        off64_t offset = source_offset + start_offset;
 
         std::string data(bytes_to_read, '\0');
         if (!android::base::ReadFullyAtOffset(fd, data.data(), data.size(), offset)) {
@@ -236,7 +228,7 @@ ssize_t CompressedSnapshotReader::ReadBlock(uint64_t chunk, size_t start_offset,
             ((char*)buffer)[i] ^= data[i];
         }
     } else {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "CompressedSnapshotReader unknown op type: " << uint32_t(op->type);
+        LOG(ERROR) << "CompressedSnapshotReader unknown op type: " << uint32_t(op->type());
         errno = EINVAL;
         return -1;
     }
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshot_reader.h b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/libsnapshot_cow/snapshot_reader.h
similarity index 69%
rename from fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshot_reader.h
rename to fs_mgr/libsnapshot/libsnapshot_cow/snapshot_reader.h
index 5e19c62ce385..3de63ed197d1 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshot_reader.h
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/libsnapshot_cow/snapshot_reader.h
@@ -26,36 +26,16 @@
 namespace android {
 namespace snapshot {
 
-class ReadOnlyFileDescriptor : public chromeos_update_engine::FileDescriptor {
+class CompressedSnapshotReader : public chromeos_update_engine::FileDescriptor {
   public:
+    CompressedSnapshotReader(std::unique_ptr<ICowReader>&& cow,
+                             const std::optional<std::string>& source_device,
+                             std::optional<uint64_t> block_dev_size);
+
     bool Open(const char* path, int flags, mode_t mode) override;
     bool Open(const char* path, int flags) override;
     ssize_t Write(const void* buf, size_t count) override;
     bool BlkIoctl(int request, uint64_t start, uint64_t length, int* result) override;
-};
-
-class ReadFdFileDescriptor : public ReadOnlyFileDescriptor {
-  public:
-    explicit ReadFdFileDescriptor(android::base::unique_fd&& fd);
-
-    ssize_t Read(void* buf, size_t count) override;
-    off64_t Seek(off64_t offset, int whence) override;
-    uint64_t BlockDevSize() override;
-    bool Close() override;
-    bool IsSettingErrno() override;
-    bool IsOpen() override;
-    bool Flush() override;
-
-  private:
-    android::base::unique_fd fd_;
-};
-
-class CompressedSnapshotReader : public ReadOnlyFileDescriptor {
-  public:
-    bool SetCow(std::unique_ptr<CowReader>&& cow);
-    void SetSourceDevice(const std::string& source_device);
-    void SetBlockDeviceSize(uint64_t block_device_size);
-
     ssize_t Read(void* buf, size_t count) override;
     off64_t Seek(off64_t offset, int whence) override;
     uint64_t BlockDevSize() override;
@@ -68,7 +48,7 @@ class CompressedSnapshotReader : public ReadOnlyFileDescriptor {
     ssize_t ReadBlock(uint64_t chunk, size_t start_offset, void* buffer, size_t size);
     android::base::borrowed_fd GetSourceFd();
 
-    std::unique_ptr<CowReader> cow_;
+    std::unique_ptr<ICowReader> cow_;
     std::unique_ptr<ICowOpIter> op_iter_;
     uint32_t block_size_ = 0;
 
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshot_reader_test.cpp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/libsnapshot_cow/snapshot_reader_test.cpp
similarity index 92%
rename from fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshot_reader_test.cpp
rename to fs_mgr/libsnapshot/libsnapshot_cow/snapshot_reader_test.cpp
index f25023d817a6..f00f236ceac9 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshot_reader_test.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/libsnapshot_cow/snapshot_reader_test.cpp
@@ -12,8 +12,6 @@
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.
 
-#include <libsnapshot/snapshot.h>
-
 #include <unordered_set>
 
 #include <android-base/file.h>
@@ -61,7 +59,7 @@ class OfflineSnapshotTest : public ::testing::Test {
         ASSERT_EQ(fsync(base_->fd), 0);
     }
 
-    void WriteCow(ISnapshotWriter* writer) {
+    void WriteCow(ICowWriter* writer) {
         std::string new_block = MakeNewBlockString();
         std::string xor_block = MakeXorBlockString();
 
@@ -72,8 +70,8 @@ class OfflineSnapshotTest : public ::testing::Test {
         ASSERT_TRUE(writer->Finalize());
     }
 
-    void TestBlockReads(ISnapshotWriter* writer) {
-        auto reader = writer->OpenReader();
+    void TestBlockReads(ICowWriter* writer) {
+        auto reader = writer->OpenFileDescriptor(base_->path);
         ASSERT_NE(reader, nullptr);
 
         // Test that unchanged blocks are not modified.
@@ -117,8 +115,8 @@ class OfflineSnapshotTest : public ::testing::Test {
         ASSERT_EQ(two_blocks, zeroes);
     }
 
-    void TestByteReads(ISnapshotWriter* writer) {
-        auto reader = writer->OpenReader();
+    void TestByteReads(ICowWriter* writer) {
+        auto reader = writer->OpenFileDescriptor(base_->path);
         ASSERT_NE(reader, nullptr);
 
         std::string blob(kBlockSize * 3, 'x');
@@ -154,7 +152,7 @@ class OfflineSnapshotTest : public ::testing::Test {
         ASSERT_EQ(got, expected);
     }
 
-    void TestReads(ISnapshotWriter* writer) {
+    void TestReads(ICowWriter* writer) {
         ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(TestBlockReads(writer));
         ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(TestByteReads(writer));
     }
@@ -186,10 +184,7 @@ TEST_F(OfflineSnapshotTest, CompressedSnapshot) {
     unique_fd cow_fd(dup(cow_->fd));
     ASSERT_GE(cow_fd, 0);
 
-    auto writer = std::make_unique<CompressedSnapshotWriter>(options);
-    writer->SetSourceDevice(base_->path);
-    ASSERT_TRUE(writer->SetCowDevice(std::move(cow_fd)));
-    ASSERT_TRUE(writer->Initialize());
+    auto writer = CreateCowWriter(2, options, std::move(cow_fd));
     ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(WriteCow(writer.get()));
     ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(TestReads(writer.get()));
 }
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/libsnapshot_cow/cow_api_test.cpp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/libsnapshot_cow/test_v2.cpp
similarity index 77%
rename from fs_mgr/libsnapshot/libsnapshot_cow/cow_api_test.cpp
rename to fs_mgr/libsnapshot/libsnapshot_cow/test_v2.cpp
index edc9d65b230a..b7bc2c8b7023 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/libsnapshot_cow/cow_api_test.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/libsnapshot_cow/test_v2.cpp
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
 #include <iostream>
 #include <memory>
 #include <string_view>
+#include <vector>
 
 #include <android-base/file.h>
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
@@ -25,7 +26,9 @@
 #include <libsnapshot/cow_reader.h>
 #include <libsnapshot/cow_writer.h>
 #include "cow_decompress.h"
+#include "writer_v2.h"
 
+using android::base::unique_fd;
 using testing::AssertionFailure;
 using testing::AssertionResult;
 using testing::AssertionSuccess;
@@ -42,6 +45,8 @@ class CowTest : public ::testing::Test {
 
     virtual void TearDown() override { cow_ = nullptr; }
 
+    unique_fd GetCowFd() { return unique_fd{dup(cow_->fd)}; }
+
     std::unique_ptr<TemporaryFile> cow_;
 };
 
@@ -53,9 +58,9 @@ static inline bool ReadData(CowReader& reader, const CowOperation* op, void* buf
 TEST_F(CowTest, CopyContiguous) {
     CowOptions options;
     options.cluster_ops = 0;
-    CowWriter writer(options);
+    CowWriterV2 writer(options, GetCowFd());
 
-    ASSERT_TRUE(writer.Initialize(cow_->fd));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer.Initialize());
 
     ASSERT_TRUE(writer.AddCopy(10, 1000, 100));
     ASSERT_TRUE(writer.Finalize());
@@ -65,9 +70,9 @@ TEST_F(CowTest, CopyContiguous) {
     ASSERT_TRUE(reader.Parse(cow_->fd));
 
     const auto& header = reader.GetHeader();
-    ASSERT_EQ(header.magic, kCowMagicNumber);
-    ASSERT_EQ(header.major_version, kCowVersionMajor);
-    ASSERT_EQ(header.minor_version, kCowVersionMinor);
+    ASSERT_EQ(header.prefix.magic, kCowMagicNumber);
+    ASSERT_EQ(header.prefix.major_version, kCowVersionMajor);
+    ASSERT_EQ(header.prefix.minor_version, kCowVersionMinor);
     ASSERT_EQ(header.block_size, options.block_size);
 
     CowFooter footer;
@@ -81,11 +86,10 @@ TEST_F(CowTest, CopyContiguous) {
     size_t i = 0;
     while (!iter->AtEnd()) {
         auto op = iter->Get();
-        ASSERT_EQ(op->type, kCowCopyOp);
-        ASSERT_EQ(op->compression, kCowCompressNone);
+        ASSERT_EQ(op->type(), kCowCopyOp);
         ASSERT_EQ(op->data_length, 0);
         ASSERT_EQ(op->new_block, 10 + i);
-        ASSERT_EQ(op->source, 1000 + i);
+        ASSERT_EQ(op->source(), 1000 + i);
         iter->Next();
         i += 1;
     }
@@ -96,9 +100,9 @@ TEST_F(CowTest, CopyContiguous) {
 TEST_F(CowTest, ReadWrite) {
     CowOptions options;
     options.cluster_ops = 0;
-    CowWriter writer(options);
+    CowWriterV2 writer(options, GetCowFd());
 
-    ASSERT_TRUE(writer.Initialize(cow_->fd));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer.Initialize());
 
     std::string data = "This is some data, believe it";
     data.resize(options.block_size, '\0');
@@ -114,9 +118,9 @@ TEST_F(CowTest, ReadWrite) {
     ASSERT_TRUE(reader.Parse(cow_->fd));
 
     const auto& header = reader.GetHeader();
-    ASSERT_EQ(header.magic, kCowMagicNumber);
-    ASSERT_EQ(header.major_version, kCowVersionMajor);
-    ASSERT_EQ(header.minor_version, kCowVersionMinor);
+    ASSERT_EQ(header.prefix.magic, kCowMagicNumber);
+    ASSERT_EQ(header.prefix.major_version, kCowVersionMajor);
+    ASSERT_EQ(header.prefix.minor_version, kCowVersionMinor);
     ASSERT_EQ(header.block_size, options.block_size);
 
     CowFooter footer;
@@ -128,11 +132,10 @@ TEST_F(CowTest, ReadWrite) {
     ASSERT_FALSE(iter->AtEnd());
     auto op = iter->Get();
 
-    ASSERT_EQ(op->type, kCowCopyOp);
-    ASSERT_EQ(op->compression, kCowCompressNone);
+    ASSERT_EQ(op->type(), kCowCopyOp);
     ASSERT_EQ(op->data_length, 0);
     ASSERT_EQ(op->new_block, 10);
-    ASSERT_EQ(op->source, 20);
+    ASSERT_EQ(op->source(), 20);
 
     std::string sink(data.size(), '\0');
 
@@ -140,8 +143,7 @@ TEST_F(CowTest, ReadWrite) {
     ASSERT_FALSE(iter->AtEnd());
     op = iter->Get();
 
-    ASSERT_EQ(op->type, kCowReplaceOp);
-    ASSERT_EQ(op->compression, kCowCompressNone);
+    ASSERT_EQ(op->type(), kCowReplaceOp);
     ASSERT_EQ(op->data_length, 4096);
     ASSERT_EQ(op->new_block, 50);
     ASSERT_TRUE(ReadData(reader, op, sink.data(), sink.size()));
@@ -152,21 +154,19 @@ TEST_F(CowTest, ReadWrite) {
     op = iter->Get();
 
     // Note: the zero operation gets split into two blocks.
-    ASSERT_EQ(op->type, kCowZeroOp);
-    ASSERT_EQ(op->compression, kCowCompressNone);
+    ASSERT_EQ(op->type(), kCowZeroOp);
     ASSERT_EQ(op->data_length, 0);
     ASSERT_EQ(op->new_block, 51);
-    ASSERT_EQ(op->source, 0);
+    ASSERT_EQ(op->source(), 0);
 
     iter->Next();
     ASSERT_FALSE(iter->AtEnd());
     op = iter->Get();
 
-    ASSERT_EQ(op->type, kCowZeroOp);
-    ASSERT_EQ(op->compression, kCowCompressNone);
+    ASSERT_EQ(op->type(), kCowZeroOp);
     ASSERT_EQ(op->data_length, 0);
     ASSERT_EQ(op->new_block, 52);
-    ASSERT_EQ(op->source, 0);
+    ASSERT_EQ(op->source(), 0);
 
     iter->Next();
     ASSERT_TRUE(iter->AtEnd());
@@ -175,9 +175,9 @@ TEST_F(CowTest, ReadWrite) {
 TEST_F(CowTest, ReadWriteXor) {
     CowOptions options;
     options.cluster_ops = 0;
-    CowWriter writer(options);
+    CowWriterV2 writer(options, GetCowFd());
 
-    ASSERT_TRUE(writer.Initialize(cow_->fd));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer.Initialize());
 
     std::string data = "This is some data, believe it";
     data.resize(options.block_size, '\0');
@@ -193,9 +193,9 @@ TEST_F(CowTest, ReadWriteXor) {
     ASSERT_TRUE(reader.Parse(cow_->fd));
 
     const auto& header = reader.GetHeader();
-    ASSERT_EQ(header.magic, kCowMagicNumber);
-    ASSERT_EQ(header.major_version, kCowVersionMajor);
-    ASSERT_EQ(header.minor_version, kCowVersionMinor);
+    ASSERT_EQ(header.prefix.magic, kCowMagicNumber);
+    ASSERT_EQ(header.prefix.major_version, kCowVersionMajor);
+    ASSERT_EQ(header.prefix.minor_version, kCowVersionMinor);
     ASSERT_EQ(header.block_size, options.block_size);
 
     CowFooter footer;
@@ -207,11 +207,10 @@ TEST_F(CowTest, ReadWriteXor) {
     ASSERT_FALSE(iter->AtEnd());
     auto op = iter->Get();
 
-    ASSERT_EQ(op->type, kCowCopyOp);
-    ASSERT_EQ(op->compression, kCowCompressNone);
+    ASSERT_EQ(op->type(), kCowCopyOp);
     ASSERT_EQ(op->data_length, 0);
     ASSERT_EQ(op->new_block, 10);
-    ASSERT_EQ(op->source, 20);
+    ASSERT_EQ(op->source(), 20);
 
     std::string sink(data.size(), '\0');
 
@@ -219,11 +218,10 @@ TEST_F(CowTest, ReadWriteXor) {
     ASSERT_FALSE(iter->AtEnd());
     op = iter->Get();
 
-    ASSERT_EQ(op->type, kCowXorOp);
-    ASSERT_EQ(op->compression, kCowCompressNone);
+    ASSERT_EQ(op->type(), kCowXorOp);
     ASSERT_EQ(op->data_length, 4096);
     ASSERT_EQ(op->new_block, 50);
-    ASSERT_EQ(op->source, 98314);  // 4096 * 24 + 10
+    ASSERT_EQ(op->source(), 98314);  // 4096 * 24 + 10
     ASSERT_TRUE(ReadData(reader, op, sink.data(), sink.size()));
     ASSERT_EQ(sink, data);
 
@@ -232,21 +230,19 @@ TEST_F(CowTest, ReadWriteXor) {
     op = iter->Get();
 
     // Note: the zero operation gets split into two blocks.
-    ASSERT_EQ(op->type, kCowZeroOp);
-    ASSERT_EQ(op->compression, kCowCompressNone);
+    ASSERT_EQ(op->type(), kCowZeroOp);
     ASSERT_EQ(op->data_length, 0);
     ASSERT_EQ(op->new_block, 51);
-    ASSERT_EQ(op->source, 0);
+    ASSERT_EQ(op->source(), 0);
 
     iter->Next();
     ASSERT_FALSE(iter->AtEnd());
     op = iter->Get();
 
-    ASSERT_EQ(op->type, kCowZeroOp);
-    ASSERT_EQ(op->compression, kCowCompressNone);
+    ASSERT_EQ(op->type(), kCowZeroOp);
     ASSERT_EQ(op->data_length, 0);
     ASSERT_EQ(op->new_block, 52);
-    ASSERT_EQ(op->source, 0);
+    ASSERT_EQ(op->source(), 0);
 
     iter->Next();
     ASSERT_TRUE(iter->AtEnd());
@@ -256,9 +252,9 @@ TEST_F(CowTest, CompressGz) {
     CowOptions options;
     options.cluster_ops = 0;
     options.compression = "gz";
-    CowWriter writer(options);
+    CowWriterV2 writer(options, GetCowFd());
 
-    ASSERT_TRUE(writer.Initialize(cow_->fd));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer.Initialize());
 
     std::string data = "This is some data, believe it";
     data.resize(options.block_size, '\0');
@@ -278,8 +274,7 @@ TEST_F(CowTest, CompressGz) {
 
     std::string sink(data.size(), '\0');
 
-    ASSERT_EQ(op->type, kCowReplaceOp);
-    ASSERT_EQ(op->compression, kCowCompressGz);
+    ASSERT_EQ(op->type(), kCowReplaceOp);
     ASSERT_EQ(op->data_length, 56);  // compressed!
     ASSERT_EQ(op->new_block, 50);
     ASSERT_TRUE(ReadData(reader, op, sink.data(), sink.size()));
@@ -296,9 +291,9 @@ TEST_P(CompressionTest, ThreadedBatchWrites) {
     options.compression = GetParam();
     options.num_compress_threads = 2;
 
-    CowWriter writer(options);
+    CowWriterV2 writer(options, GetCowFd());
 
-    ASSERT_TRUE(writer.Initialize(cow_->fd));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer.Initialize());
 
     std::string xor_data = "This is test data-1. Testing xor";
     xor_data.resize(options.block_size, '\0');
@@ -331,16 +326,16 @@ TEST_P(CompressionTest, ThreadedBatchWrites) {
     while (!iter->AtEnd()) {
         auto op = iter->Get();
 
-        if (op->type == kCowXorOp) {
+        if (op->type() == kCowXorOp) {
             total_blocks += 1;
             std::string sink(xor_data.size(), '\0');
             ASSERT_EQ(op->new_block, 50);
-            ASSERT_EQ(op->source, 98314);  // 4096 * 24 + 10
+            ASSERT_EQ(op->source(), 98314);  // 4096 * 24 + 10
             ASSERT_TRUE(ReadData(reader, op, sink.data(), sink.size()));
             ASSERT_EQ(sink, xor_data);
         }
 
-        if (op->type == kCowReplaceOp) {
+        if (op->type() == kCowReplaceOp) {
             total_blocks += 1;
             if (op->new_block == 100) {
                 data.resize(options.block_size);
@@ -374,9 +369,9 @@ TEST_P(CompressionTest, NoBatchWrites) {
     options.num_compress_threads = 1;
     options.cluster_ops = 0;
 
-    CowWriter writer(options);
+    CowWriterV2 writer(options, GetCowFd());
 
-    ASSERT_TRUE(writer.Initialize(cow_->fd));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer.Initialize());
 
     std::string data = "Testing replace ops without batch writes";
     data.resize(options.block_size * 1024, '\0');
@@ -405,7 +400,7 @@ TEST_P(CompressionTest, NoBatchWrites) {
     while (!iter->AtEnd()) {
         auto op = iter->Get();
 
-        if (op->type == kCowReplaceOp) {
+        if (op->type() == kCowReplaceOp) {
             total_blocks += 1;
             if (op->new_block == 50) {
                 data.resize(options.block_size);
@@ -435,7 +430,7 @@ TEST_P(CompressionTest, NoBatchWrites) {
 template <typename T>
 class HorribleStream : public IByteStream {
   public:
-    HorribleStream(const std::basic_string<T>& input) : input_(input) {}
+    HorribleStream(const std::vector<T>& input) : input_(input) {}
 
     ssize_t Read(void* buffer, size_t length) override {
         if (pos_ >= input_.size()) {
@@ -450,16 +445,17 @@ class HorribleStream : public IByteStream {
     size_t Size() const override { return input_.size(); }
 
   private:
-    std::basic_string<T> input_;
+    std::vector<T> input_;
     size_t pos_ = 0;
 };
 
 TEST(HorribleStream, ReadFully) {
-    std::string expected = "this is some data";
+    std::string expected_str = "this is some data";
+    std::vector<char> expected{expected_str.begin(), expected_str.end()};
 
     HorribleStream<char> stream(expected);
 
-    std::string buffer(expected.size(), '\0');
+    std::vector<char> buffer(expected.size(), '\0');
     ASSERT_TRUE(stream.ReadFully(buffer.data(), buffer.size()));
     ASSERT_EQ(buffer, expected);
 }
@@ -468,14 +464,16 @@ TEST_P(CompressionTest, HorribleStream) {
     if (strcmp(GetParam(), "none") == 0) {
         GTEST_SKIP();
     }
-
+    CowCompression compression;
     auto algorithm = CompressionAlgorithmFromString(GetParam());
     ASSERT_TRUE(algorithm.has_value());
+    compression.algorithm = algorithm.value();
 
     std::string expected = "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.";
     expected.resize(4096, '\0');
 
-    auto result = CompressWorker::Compress(*algorithm, expected.data(), expected.size());
+    std::unique_ptr<ICompressor> compressor = ICompressor::Create(compression, 4096);
+    auto result = compressor->Compress(expected.data(), expected.size());
     ASSERT_FALSE(result.empty());
 
     HorribleStream<uint8_t> stream(result);
@@ -497,9 +495,9 @@ TEST_F(CowTest, ClusterCompressGz) {
     CowOptions options;
     options.compression = "gz";
     options.cluster_ops = 2;
-    CowWriter writer(options);
+    CowWriterV2 writer(options, GetCowFd());
 
-    ASSERT_TRUE(writer.Initialize(cow_->fd));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer.Initialize());
 
     std::string data = "This is some data, believe it";
     data.resize(options.block_size, '\0');
@@ -523,8 +521,7 @@ TEST_F(CowTest, ClusterCompressGz) {
 
     std::string sink(data.size(), '\0');
 
-    ASSERT_EQ(op->type, kCowReplaceOp);
-    ASSERT_EQ(op->compression, kCowCompressGz);
+    ASSERT_EQ(op->type(), kCowReplaceOp);
     ASSERT_EQ(op->data_length, 56);  // compressed!
     ASSERT_EQ(op->new_block, 50);
     ASSERT_TRUE(ReadData(reader, op, sink.data(), sink.size()));
@@ -534,7 +531,7 @@ TEST_F(CowTest, ClusterCompressGz) {
     ASSERT_FALSE(iter->AtEnd());
     op = iter->Get();
 
-    ASSERT_EQ(op->type, kCowClusterOp);
+    ASSERT_EQ(op->type(), kCowClusterOp);
 
     iter->Next();
     ASSERT_FALSE(iter->AtEnd());
@@ -542,7 +539,6 @@ TEST_F(CowTest, ClusterCompressGz) {
 
     sink = {};
     sink.resize(data2.size(), '\0');
-    ASSERT_EQ(op->compression, kCowCompressGz);
     ASSERT_EQ(op->data_length, 41);  // compressed!
     ASSERT_EQ(op->new_block, 51);
     ASSERT_TRUE(ReadData(reader, op, sink.data(), sink.size()));
@@ -552,7 +548,7 @@ TEST_F(CowTest, ClusterCompressGz) {
     ASSERT_FALSE(iter->AtEnd());
     op = iter->Get();
 
-    ASSERT_EQ(op->type, kCowClusterOp);
+    ASSERT_EQ(op->type(), kCowClusterOp);
 
     iter->Next();
     ASSERT_TRUE(iter->AtEnd());
@@ -562,9 +558,9 @@ TEST_F(CowTest, CompressTwoBlocks) {
     CowOptions options;
     options.compression = "gz";
     options.cluster_ops = 0;
-    CowWriter writer(options);
+    CowWriterV2 writer(options, GetCowFd());
 
-    ASSERT_TRUE(writer.Initialize(cow_->fd));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer.Initialize());
 
     std::string data = "This is some data, believe it";
     data.resize(options.block_size * 2, '\0');
@@ -586,8 +582,7 @@ TEST_F(CowTest, CompressTwoBlocks) {
     std::string sink(options.block_size, '\0');
 
     auto op = iter->Get();
-    ASSERT_EQ(op->type, kCowReplaceOp);
-    ASSERT_EQ(op->compression, kCowCompressGz);
+    ASSERT_EQ(op->type(), kCowReplaceOp);
     ASSERT_EQ(op->new_block, 51);
     ASSERT_TRUE(ReadData(reader, op, sink.data(), sink.size()));
 }
@@ -595,12 +590,12 @@ TEST_F(CowTest, CompressTwoBlocks) {
 TEST_F(CowTest, GetSize) {
     CowOptions options;
     options.cluster_ops = 0;
-    CowWriter writer(options);
+    CowWriterV2 writer(options, GetCowFd());
     if (ftruncate(cow_->fd, 0) < 0) {
         perror("Fails to set temp file size");
         FAIL();
     }
-    ASSERT_TRUE(writer.Initialize(cow_->fd));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer.Initialize());
 
     std::string data = "This is some data, believe it";
     data.resize(options.block_size, '\0');
@@ -608,21 +603,21 @@ TEST_F(CowTest, GetSize) {
     ASSERT_TRUE(writer.AddCopy(10, 20));
     ASSERT_TRUE(writer.AddRawBlocks(50, data.data(), data.size()));
     ASSERT_TRUE(writer.AddZeroBlocks(51, 2));
-    auto size_before = writer.GetCowSize();
+    auto size_before = writer.GetCowSizeInfo().cow_size;
     ASSERT_TRUE(writer.Finalize());
-    auto size_after = writer.GetCowSize();
+    auto size_after = writer.GetCowSizeInfo().cow_size;
     ASSERT_EQ(size_before, size_after);
     struct stat buf;
 
     ASSERT_GE(fstat(cow_->fd, &buf), 0) << strerror(errno);
-    ASSERT_EQ(buf.st_size, writer.GetCowSize());
+    ASSERT_EQ(buf.st_size, writer.GetCowSizeInfo().cow_size);
 }
 
 TEST_F(CowTest, AppendLabelSmall) {
     CowOptions options;
     options.cluster_ops = 0;
-    auto writer = std::make_unique<CowWriter>(options);
-    ASSERT_TRUE(writer->Initialize(cow_->fd));
+    auto writer = std::make_unique<CowWriterV2>(options, GetCowFd());
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer->Initialize());
 
     std::string data = "This is some data, believe it";
     data.resize(options.block_size, '\0');
@@ -632,8 +627,8 @@ TEST_F(CowTest, AppendLabelSmall) {
 
     ASSERT_EQ(lseek(cow_->fd, 0, SEEK_SET), 0);
 
-    writer = std::make_unique<CowWriter>(options);
-    ASSERT_TRUE(writer->InitializeAppend(cow_->fd, 3));
+    writer = std::make_unique<CowWriterV2>(options, GetCowFd());
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer->Initialize({3}));
 
     std::string data2 = "More data!";
     data2.resize(options.block_size, '\0');
@@ -644,7 +639,7 @@ TEST_F(CowTest, AppendLabelSmall) {
 
     struct stat buf;
     ASSERT_EQ(fstat(cow_->fd, &buf), 0);
-    ASSERT_EQ(buf.st_size, writer->GetCowSize());
+    ASSERT_EQ(buf.st_size, writer->GetCowSizeInfo().cow_size);
 
     // Read back both operations, and label.
     CowReader reader;
@@ -660,7 +655,7 @@ TEST_F(CowTest, AppendLabelSmall) {
 
     ASSERT_FALSE(iter->AtEnd());
     auto op = iter->Get();
-    ASSERT_EQ(op->type, kCowReplaceOp);
+    ASSERT_EQ(op->type(), kCowReplaceOp);
     ASSERT_TRUE(ReadData(reader, op, sink.data(), sink.size()));
     ASSERT_EQ(sink, data);
 
@@ -670,14 +665,14 @@ TEST_F(CowTest, AppendLabelSmall) {
 
     ASSERT_FALSE(iter->AtEnd());
     op = iter->Get();
-    ASSERT_EQ(op->type, kCowLabelOp);
-    ASSERT_EQ(op->source, 3);
+    ASSERT_EQ(op->type(), kCowLabelOp);
+    ASSERT_EQ(op->source(), 3);
 
     iter->Next();
 
     ASSERT_FALSE(iter->AtEnd());
     op = iter->Get();
-    ASSERT_EQ(op->type, kCowReplaceOp);
+    ASSERT_EQ(op->type(), kCowReplaceOp);
     ASSERT_TRUE(ReadData(reader, op, sink.data(), sink.size()));
     ASSERT_EQ(sink, data2);
 
@@ -688,8 +683,8 @@ TEST_F(CowTest, AppendLabelSmall) {
 TEST_F(CowTest, AppendLabelMissing) {
     CowOptions options;
     options.cluster_ops = 0;
-    auto writer = std::make_unique<CowWriter>(options);
-    ASSERT_TRUE(writer->Initialize(cow_->fd));
+    auto writer = std::make_unique<CowWriterV2>(options, GetCowFd());
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer->Initialize());
 
     ASSERT_TRUE(writer->AddLabel(0));
     std::string data = "This is some data, believe it";
@@ -697,13 +692,13 @@ TEST_F(CowTest, AppendLabelMissing) {
     ASSERT_TRUE(writer->AddRawBlocks(50, data.data(), data.size()));
     ASSERT_TRUE(writer->AddLabel(1));
     // Drop the tail end of the last op header, corrupting it.
-    ftruncate(cow_->fd, writer->GetCowSize() - sizeof(CowFooter) - 3);
+    ftruncate(cow_->fd, writer->GetCowSizeInfo().cow_size - sizeof(CowFooter) - 3);
 
     ASSERT_EQ(lseek(cow_->fd, 0, SEEK_SET), 0);
 
-    writer = std::make_unique<CowWriter>(options);
-    ASSERT_FALSE(writer->InitializeAppend(cow_->fd, 1));
-    ASSERT_TRUE(writer->InitializeAppend(cow_->fd, 0));
+    writer = std::make_unique<CowWriterV2>(options, GetCowFd());
+    ASSERT_FALSE(writer->Initialize({1}));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer->Initialize({0}));
 
     ASSERT_TRUE(writer->AddZeroBlocks(51, 1));
     ASSERT_TRUE(writer->Finalize());
@@ -712,7 +707,7 @@ TEST_F(CowTest, AppendLabelMissing) {
 
     struct stat buf;
     ASSERT_EQ(fstat(cow_->fd, &buf), 0);
-    ASSERT_EQ(buf.st_size, writer->GetCowSize());
+    ASSERT_EQ(buf.st_size, writer->GetCowSizeInfo().cow_size);
 
     // Read back both operations.
     CowReader reader;
@@ -723,14 +718,14 @@ TEST_F(CowTest, AppendLabelMissing) {
 
     ASSERT_FALSE(iter->AtEnd());
     auto op = iter->Get();
-    ASSERT_EQ(op->type, kCowLabelOp);
-    ASSERT_EQ(op->source, 0);
+    ASSERT_EQ(op->type(), kCowLabelOp);
+    ASSERT_EQ(op->source(), 0);
 
     iter->Next();
 
     ASSERT_FALSE(iter->AtEnd());
     op = iter->Get();
-    ASSERT_EQ(op->type, kCowZeroOp);
+    ASSERT_EQ(op->type(), kCowZeroOp);
 
     iter->Next();
 
@@ -740,8 +735,8 @@ TEST_F(CowTest, AppendLabelMissing) {
 TEST_F(CowTest, AppendExtendedCorrupted) {
     CowOptions options;
     options.cluster_ops = 0;
-    auto writer = std::make_unique<CowWriter>(options);
-    ASSERT_TRUE(writer->Initialize(cow_->fd));
+    auto writer = std::make_unique<CowWriterV2>(options, GetCowFd());
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer->Initialize());
 
     ASSERT_TRUE(writer->AddLabel(5));
 
@@ -763,14 +758,14 @@ TEST_F(CowTest, AppendExtendedCorrupted) {
 
     ASSERT_EQ(lseek(cow_->fd, 0, SEEK_SET), 0);
 
-    writer = std::make_unique<CowWriter>(options);
-    ASSERT_TRUE(writer->InitializeAppend(cow_->fd, 5));
+    writer = std::make_unique<CowWriterV2>(options, GetCowFd());
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer->Initialize({5}));
 
     ASSERT_TRUE(writer->Finalize());
 
     struct stat buf;
     ASSERT_EQ(fstat(cow_->fd, &buf), 0);
-    ASSERT_EQ(buf.st_size, writer->GetCowSize());
+    ASSERT_EQ(buf.st_size, writer->GetCowSizeInfo().cow_size);
 
     // Read back all valid operations
     CowReader reader;
@@ -781,8 +776,8 @@ TEST_F(CowTest, AppendExtendedCorrupted) {
 
     ASSERT_FALSE(iter->AtEnd());
     auto op = iter->Get();
-    ASSERT_EQ(op->type, kCowLabelOp);
-    ASSERT_EQ(op->source, 5);
+    ASSERT_EQ(op->type(), kCowLabelOp);
+    ASSERT_EQ(op->source(), 5);
 
     iter->Next();
     ASSERT_TRUE(iter->AtEnd());
@@ -791,8 +786,8 @@ TEST_F(CowTest, AppendExtendedCorrupted) {
 TEST_F(CowTest, AppendbyLabel) {
     CowOptions options;
     options.cluster_ops = 0;
-    auto writer = std::make_unique<CowWriter>(options);
-    ASSERT_TRUE(writer->Initialize(cow_->fd));
+    auto writer = std::make_unique<CowWriterV2>(options, GetCowFd());
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer->Initialize());
 
     std::string data = "This is some data, believe it";
     data.resize(options.block_size * 2, '\0');
@@ -810,16 +805,16 @@ TEST_F(CowTest, AppendbyLabel) {
 
     ASSERT_EQ(lseek(cow_->fd, 0, SEEK_SET), 0);
 
-    writer = std::make_unique<CowWriter>(options);
-    ASSERT_FALSE(writer->InitializeAppend(cow_->fd, 12));
-    ASSERT_TRUE(writer->InitializeAppend(cow_->fd, 5));
+    writer = std::make_unique<CowWriterV2>(options, GetCowFd());
+    ASSERT_FALSE(writer->Initialize({12}));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer->Initialize({5}));
 
     // This should drop label 6
     ASSERT_TRUE(writer->Finalize());
 
     struct stat buf;
     ASSERT_EQ(fstat(cow_->fd, &buf), 0);
-    ASSERT_EQ(buf.st_size, writer->GetCowSize());
+    ASSERT_EQ(buf.st_size, writer->GetCowSizeInfo().cow_size);
 
     // Read back all ops
     CowReader reader;
@@ -832,7 +827,7 @@ TEST_F(CowTest, AppendbyLabel) {
 
     ASSERT_FALSE(iter->AtEnd());
     auto op = iter->Get();
-    ASSERT_EQ(op->type, kCowReplaceOp);
+    ASSERT_EQ(op->type(), kCowReplaceOp);
     ASSERT_TRUE(ReadData(reader, op, sink.data(), sink.size()));
     ASSERT_EQ(sink, data.substr(0, options.block_size));
 
@@ -842,7 +837,7 @@ TEST_F(CowTest, AppendbyLabel) {
 
     ASSERT_FALSE(iter->AtEnd());
     op = iter->Get();
-    ASSERT_EQ(op->type, kCowReplaceOp);
+    ASSERT_EQ(op->type(), kCowReplaceOp);
     ASSERT_TRUE(ReadData(reader, op, sink.data(), sink.size()));
     ASSERT_EQ(sink, data.substr(options.block_size, 2 * options.block_size));
 
@@ -850,26 +845,26 @@ TEST_F(CowTest, AppendbyLabel) {
 
     ASSERT_FALSE(iter->AtEnd());
     op = iter->Get();
-    ASSERT_EQ(op->type, kCowLabelOp);
-    ASSERT_EQ(op->source, 4);
+    ASSERT_EQ(op->type(), kCowLabelOp);
+    ASSERT_EQ(op->source(), 4);
 
     iter->Next();
 
     ASSERT_FALSE(iter->AtEnd());
     op = iter->Get();
-    ASSERT_EQ(op->type, kCowZeroOp);
+    ASSERT_EQ(op->type(), kCowZeroOp);
 
     iter->Next();
 
     ASSERT_FALSE(iter->AtEnd());
     op = iter->Get();
-    ASSERT_EQ(op->type, kCowZeroOp);
+    ASSERT_EQ(op->type(), kCowZeroOp);
 
     iter->Next();
     ASSERT_FALSE(iter->AtEnd());
     op = iter->Get();
-    ASSERT_EQ(op->type, kCowLabelOp);
-    ASSERT_EQ(op->source, 5);
+    ASSERT_EQ(op->type(), kCowLabelOp);
+    ASSERT_EQ(op->source(), 5);
 
     iter->Next();
 
@@ -879,8 +874,8 @@ TEST_F(CowTest, AppendbyLabel) {
 TEST_F(CowTest, ClusterTest) {
     CowOptions options;
     options.cluster_ops = 4;
-    auto writer = std::make_unique<CowWriter>(options);
-    ASSERT_TRUE(writer->Initialize(cow_->fd));
+    auto writer = std::make_unique<CowWriterV2>(options, GetCowFd());
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer->Initialize());
 
     std::string data = "This is some data, believe it";
     data.resize(options.block_size, '\0');
@@ -913,7 +908,7 @@ TEST_F(CowTest, ClusterTest) {
 
     ASSERT_FALSE(iter->AtEnd());
     auto op = iter->Get();
-    ASSERT_EQ(op->type, kCowReplaceOp);
+    ASSERT_EQ(op->type(), kCowReplaceOp);
     ASSERT_TRUE(ReadData(reader, op, sink.data(), sink.size()));
     ASSERT_EQ(sink, data.substr(0, options.block_size));
 
@@ -921,52 +916,52 @@ TEST_F(CowTest, ClusterTest) {
 
     ASSERT_FALSE(iter->AtEnd());
     op = iter->Get();
-    ASSERT_EQ(op->type, kCowLabelOp);
-    ASSERT_EQ(op->source, 4);
+    ASSERT_EQ(op->type(), kCowLabelOp);
+    ASSERT_EQ(op->source(), 4);
 
     iter->Next();
 
     ASSERT_FALSE(iter->AtEnd());
     op = iter->Get();
-    ASSERT_EQ(op->type, kCowZeroOp);
+    ASSERT_EQ(op->type(), kCowZeroOp);
 
     iter->Next();
 
     ASSERT_FALSE(iter->AtEnd());
     op = iter->Get();
-    ASSERT_EQ(op->type, kCowClusterOp);
+    ASSERT_EQ(op->type(), kCowClusterOp);
 
     iter->Next();
 
     ASSERT_FALSE(iter->AtEnd());
     op = iter->Get();
-    ASSERT_EQ(op->type, kCowZeroOp);
+    ASSERT_EQ(op->type(), kCowZeroOp);
 
     iter->Next();
 
     ASSERT_FALSE(iter->AtEnd());
     op = iter->Get();
-    ASSERT_EQ(op->type, kCowLabelOp);
-    ASSERT_EQ(op->source, 5);
+    ASSERT_EQ(op->type(), kCowLabelOp);
+    ASSERT_EQ(op->source(), 5);
 
     iter->Next();
 
     ASSERT_FALSE(iter->AtEnd());
     op = iter->Get();
-    ASSERT_EQ(op->type, kCowCopyOp);
+    ASSERT_EQ(op->type(), kCowCopyOp);
 
     iter->Next();
 
     ASSERT_FALSE(iter->AtEnd());
     op = iter->Get();
-    ASSERT_EQ(op->type, kCowClusterOp);
+    ASSERT_EQ(op->type(), kCowClusterOp);
 
     iter->Next();
 
     ASSERT_FALSE(iter->AtEnd());
     op = iter->Get();
-    ASSERT_EQ(op->type, kCowLabelOp);
-    ASSERT_EQ(op->source, 6);
+    ASSERT_EQ(op->type(), kCowLabelOp);
+    ASSERT_EQ(op->source(), 6);
 
     iter->Next();
 
@@ -976,16 +971,16 @@ TEST_F(CowTest, ClusterTest) {
 TEST_F(CowTest, ClusterAppendTest) {
     CowOptions options;
     options.cluster_ops = 3;
-    auto writer = std::make_unique<CowWriter>(options);
-    ASSERT_TRUE(writer->Initialize(cow_->fd));
+    auto writer = std::make_unique<CowWriterV2>(options, GetCowFd());
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer->Initialize());
 
     ASSERT_TRUE(writer->AddLabel(50));
     ASSERT_TRUE(writer->Finalize());  // Adds a cluster op, should be dropped on append
 
     ASSERT_EQ(lseek(cow_->fd, 0, SEEK_SET), 0);
 
-    writer = std::make_unique<CowWriter>(options);
-    ASSERT_TRUE(writer->InitializeAppend(cow_->fd, 50));
+    writer = std::make_unique<CowWriterV2>(options, GetCowFd());
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer->Initialize({50}));
 
     std::string data2 = "More data!";
     data2.resize(options.block_size, '\0');
@@ -996,7 +991,7 @@ TEST_F(CowTest, ClusterAppendTest) {
 
     struct stat buf;
     ASSERT_EQ(fstat(cow_->fd, &buf), 0);
-    ASSERT_EQ(buf.st_size, writer->GetCowSize());
+    ASSERT_EQ(buf.st_size, writer->GetCowSizeInfo().cow_size);
 
     // Read back both operations, plus cluster op at end
     CowReader reader;
@@ -1012,14 +1007,14 @@ TEST_F(CowTest, ClusterAppendTest) {
 
     ASSERT_FALSE(iter->AtEnd());
     auto op = iter->Get();
-    ASSERT_EQ(op->type, kCowLabelOp);
-    ASSERT_EQ(op->source, 50);
+    ASSERT_EQ(op->type(), kCowLabelOp);
+    ASSERT_EQ(op->source(), 50);
 
     iter->Next();
 
     ASSERT_FALSE(iter->AtEnd());
     op = iter->Get();
-    ASSERT_EQ(op->type, kCowReplaceOp);
+    ASSERT_EQ(op->type(), kCowReplaceOp);
     ASSERT_TRUE(ReadData(reader, op, sink.data(), sink.size()));
     ASSERT_EQ(sink, data2);
 
@@ -1027,7 +1022,7 @@ TEST_F(CowTest, ClusterAppendTest) {
 
     ASSERT_FALSE(iter->AtEnd());
     op = iter->Get();
-    ASSERT_EQ(op->type, kCowClusterOp);
+    ASSERT_EQ(op->type(), kCowClusterOp);
 
     iter->Next();
 
@@ -1037,8 +1032,8 @@ TEST_F(CowTest, ClusterAppendTest) {
 TEST_F(CowTest, AppendAfterFinalize) {
     CowOptions options;
     options.cluster_ops = 0;
-    auto writer = std::make_unique<CowWriter>(options);
-    ASSERT_TRUE(writer->Initialize(cow_->fd));
+    auto writer = std::make_unique<CowWriterV2>(options, GetCowFd());
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer->Initialize());
 
     std::string data = "This is some data, believe it";
     data.resize(options.block_size, '\0');
@@ -1058,8 +1053,8 @@ TEST_F(CowTest, AppendAfterFinalize) {
     ASSERT_TRUE(reader.Parse(cow_->fd));
 }
 
-AssertionResult WriteDataBlock(CowWriter* writer, uint64_t new_block, std::string data) {
-    data.resize(writer->options().block_size, '\0');
+AssertionResult WriteDataBlock(ICowWriter* writer, uint64_t new_block, std::string data) {
+    data.resize(writer->GetBlockSize(), '\0');
     if (!writer->AddRawBlocks(new_block, data.data(), data.size())) {
         return AssertionFailure() << "Failed to add raw block";
     }
@@ -1088,8 +1083,8 @@ AssertionResult CompareDataBlock(CowReader* reader, const CowOperation* op,
 TEST_F(CowTest, ResumeMidCluster) {
     CowOptions options;
     options.cluster_ops = 7;
-    auto writer = std::make_unique<CowWriter>(options);
-    ASSERT_TRUE(writer->Initialize(cow_->fd));
+    auto writer = std::make_unique<CowWriterV2>(options, GetCowFd());
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer->Initialize());
 
     ASSERT_TRUE(WriteDataBlock(writer.get(), 1, "Block 1"));
     ASSERT_TRUE(WriteDataBlock(writer.get(), 2, "Block 2"));
@@ -1099,8 +1094,8 @@ TEST_F(CowTest, ResumeMidCluster) {
     ASSERT_TRUE(WriteDataBlock(writer.get(), 4, "Block 4"));
     ASSERT_EQ(lseek(cow_->fd, 0, SEEK_SET), 0);
 
-    writer = std::make_unique<CowWriter>(options);
-    ASSERT_TRUE(writer->InitializeAppend(cow_->fd, 1));
+    writer = std::make_unique<CowWriterV2>(options, GetCowFd());
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer->Initialize({1}));
     ASSERT_TRUE(WriteDataBlock(writer.get(), 4, "Block 4"));
     ASSERT_TRUE(WriteDataBlock(writer.get(), 5, "Block 5"));
     ASSERT_TRUE(WriteDataBlock(writer.get(), 6, "Block 6"));
@@ -1124,12 +1119,12 @@ TEST_F(CowTest, ResumeMidCluster) {
         num_in_cluster++;
         max_in_cluster = std::max(max_in_cluster, num_in_cluster);
 
-        if (op->type == kCowReplaceOp) {
+        if (op->type() == kCowReplaceOp) {
             num_replace++;
 
             ASSERT_EQ(op->new_block, num_replace);
             ASSERT_TRUE(CompareDataBlock(&reader, op, "Block " + std::to_string(num_replace)));
-        } else if (op->type == kCowClusterOp) {
+        } else if (op->type() == kCowClusterOp) {
             num_in_cluster = 0;
             num_clusters++;
         }
@@ -1145,8 +1140,8 @@ TEST_F(CowTest, ResumeEndCluster) {
     CowOptions options;
     int cluster_ops = 5;
     options.cluster_ops = cluster_ops;
-    auto writer = std::make_unique<CowWriter>(options);
-    ASSERT_TRUE(writer->Initialize(cow_->fd));
+    auto writer = std::make_unique<CowWriterV2>(options, GetCowFd());
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer->Initialize());
 
     ASSERT_TRUE(WriteDataBlock(writer.get(), 1, "Block 1"));
     ASSERT_TRUE(WriteDataBlock(writer.get(), 2, "Block 2"));
@@ -1160,8 +1155,8 @@ TEST_F(CowTest, ResumeEndCluster) {
     ASSERT_TRUE(WriteDataBlock(writer.get(), 8, "Block 8"));
     ASSERT_EQ(lseek(cow_->fd, 0, SEEK_SET), 0);
 
-    writer = std::make_unique<CowWriter>(options);
-    ASSERT_TRUE(writer->InitializeAppend(cow_->fd, 1));
+    writer = std::make_unique<CowWriterV2>(options, GetCowFd());
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer->Initialize({1}));
     ASSERT_TRUE(WriteDataBlock(writer.get(), 4, "Block 4"));
     ASSERT_TRUE(WriteDataBlock(writer.get(), 5, "Block 5"));
     ASSERT_TRUE(WriteDataBlock(writer.get(), 6, "Block 6"));
@@ -1185,12 +1180,12 @@ TEST_F(CowTest, ResumeEndCluster) {
         num_in_cluster++;
         max_in_cluster = std::max(max_in_cluster, num_in_cluster);
 
-        if (op->type == kCowReplaceOp) {
+        if (op->type() == kCowReplaceOp) {
             num_replace++;
 
             ASSERT_EQ(op->new_block, num_replace);
             ASSERT_TRUE(CompareDataBlock(&reader, op, "Block " + std::to_string(num_replace)));
-        } else if (op->type == kCowClusterOp) {
+        } else if (op->type() == kCowClusterOp) {
             num_in_cluster = 0;
             num_clusters++;
         }
@@ -1205,8 +1200,8 @@ TEST_F(CowTest, ResumeEndCluster) {
 TEST_F(CowTest, DeleteMidCluster) {
     CowOptions options;
     options.cluster_ops = 7;
-    auto writer = std::make_unique<CowWriter>(options);
-    ASSERT_TRUE(writer->Initialize(cow_->fd));
+    auto writer = std::make_unique<CowWriterV2>(options, GetCowFd());
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer->Initialize());
 
     ASSERT_TRUE(WriteDataBlock(writer.get(), 1, "Block 1"));
     ASSERT_TRUE(WriteDataBlock(writer.get(), 2, "Block 2"));
@@ -1218,8 +1213,8 @@ TEST_F(CowTest, DeleteMidCluster) {
     ASSERT_TRUE(WriteDataBlock(writer.get(), 6, "Block 6"));
     ASSERT_EQ(lseek(cow_->fd, 0, SEEK_SET), 0);
 
-    writer = std::make_unique<CowWriter>(options);
-    ASSERT_TRUE(writer->InitializeAppend(cow_->fd, 1));
+    writer = std::make_unique<CowWriterV2>(options, GetCowFd());
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer->Initialize({1}));
     ASSERT_TRUE(writer->Finalize());
     ASSERT_EQ(lseek(cow_->fd, 0, SEEK_SET), 0);
 
@@ -1236,12 +1231,12 @@ TEST_F(CowTest, DeleteMidCluster) {
 
         num_in_cluster++;
         max_in_cluster = std::max(max_in_cluster, num_in_cluster);
-        if (op->type == kCowReplaceOp) {
+        if (op->type() == kCowReplaceOp) {
             num_replace++;
 
             ASSERT_EQ(op->new_block, num_replace);
             ASSERT_TRUE(CompareDataBlock(&reader, op, "Block " + std::to_string(num_replace)));
-        } else if (op->type == kCowClusterOp) {
+        } else if (op->type() == kCowClusterOp) {
             num_in_cluster = 0;
             num_clusters++;
         }
@@ -1255,14 +1250,14 @@ TEST_F(CowTest, DeleteMidCluster) {
 
 TEST_F(CowTest, BigSeqOp) {
     CowOptions options;
-    CowWriter writer(options);
+    CowWriterV2 writer(options, GetCowFd());
     const int seq_len = std::numeric_limits<uint16_t>::max() / sizeof(uint32_t) + 1;
     uint32_t sequence[seq_len];
     for (int i = 0; i < seq_len; i++) {
         sequence[i] = i + 1;
     }
 
-    ASSERT_TRUE(writer.Initialize(cow_->fd));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer.Initialize());
 
     ASSERT_TRUE(writer.AddSequenceData(seq_len, sequence));
     ASSERT_TRUE(writer.AddZeroBlocks(1, seq_len));
@@ -1287,14 +1282,14 @@ TEST_F(CowTest, BigSeqOp) {
 
 TEST_F(CowTest, MissingSeqOp) {
     CowOptions options;
-    CowWriter writer(options);
+    CowWriterV2 writer(options, GetCowFd());
     const int seq_len = 10;
     uint32_t sequence[seq_len];
     for (int i = 0; i < seq_len; i++) {
         sequence[i] = i + 1;
     }
 
-    ASSERT_TRUE(writer.Initialize(cow_->fd));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer.Initialize());
 
     ASSERT_TRUE(writer.AddSequenceData(seq_len, sequence));
     ASSERT_TRUE(writer.AddZeroBlocks(1, seq_len - 1));
@@ -1308,14 +1303,14 @@ TEST_F(CowTest, MissingSeqOp) {
 
 TEST_F(CowTest, ResumeSeqOp) {
     CowOptions options;
-    auto writer = std::make_unique<CowWriter>(options);
+    auto writer = std::make_unique<CowWriterV2>(options, GetCowFd());
     const int seq_len = 10;
     uint32_t sequence[seq_len];
     for (int i = 0; i < seq_len; i++) {
         sequence[i] = i + 1;
     }
 
-    ASSERT_TRUE(writer->Initialize(cow_->fd));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer->Initialize());
 
     ASSERT_TRUE(writer->AddSequenceData(seq_len, sequence));
     ASSERT_TRUE(writer->AddZeroBlocks(1, seq_len / 2));
@@ -1328,8 +1323,8 @@ TEST_F(CowTest, ResumeSeqOp) {
     auto itr = reader->GetRevMergeOpIter();
     ASSERT_TRUE(itr->AtEnd());
 
-    writer = std::make_unique<CowWriter>(options);
-    ASSERT_TRUE(writer->InitializeAppend(cow_->fd, 1));
+    writer = std::make_unique<CowWriterV2>(options, GetCowFd());
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer->Initialize({1}));
     ASSERT_TRUE(writer->AddZeroBlocks(1 + seq_len / 2, seq_len / 2));
     ASSERT_TRUE(writer->Finalize());
 
@@ -1358,10 +1353,10 @@ TEST_F(CowTest, RevMergeOpItrTest) {
     CowOptions options;
     options.cluster_ops = 5;
     options.num_merge_ops = 1;
-    CowWriter writer(options);
+    CowWriterV2 writer(options, GetCowFd());
     uint32_t sequence[] = {2, 10, 6, 7, 3, 5};
 
-    ASSERT_TRUE(writer.Initialize(cow_->fd));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer.Initialize());
 
     ASSERT_TRUE(writer.AddSequenceData(6, sequence));
     ASSERT_TRUE(writer.AddCopy(6, 13));
@@ -1404,13 +1399,25 @@ TEST_F(CowTest, RevMergeOpItrTest) {
     ASSERT_TRUE(iter->AtEnd());
 }
 
+TEST_F(CowTest, ParseOptionsTest) {
+    CowOptions options;
+    std::vector<std::pair<std::string, bool>> testcases = {
+            {"gz,4", true},   {"gz,4,4", false}, {"lz4,4", true}, {"brotli,4", true},
+            {"zstd,4", true}, {"zstd,x", false}, {"zs,4", false}, {"zstd.4", false}};
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < testcases.size(); i++) {
+        options.compression = testcases[i].first;
+        CowWriterV2 writer(options, GetCowFd());
+        ASSERT_EQ(writer.Initialize(), testcases[i].second);
+    }
+}
+
 TEST_F(CowTest, LegacyRevMergeOpItrTest) {
     CowOptions options;
     options.cluster_ops = 5;
     options.num_merge_ops = 1;
-    CowWriter writer(options);
+    CowWriterV2 writer(options, GetCowFd());
 
-    ASSERT_TRUE(writer.Initialize(cow_->fd));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer.Initialize());
 
     ASSERT_TRUE(writer.AddCopy(2, 11));
     ASSERT_TRUE(writer.AddCopy(10, 12));
@@ -1459,10 +1466,10 @@ TEST_F(CowTest, InvalidMergeOrderTest) {
     options.num_merge_ops = 1;
     std::string data = "This is some data, believe it";
     data.resize(options.block_size, '\0');
-    auto writer = std::make_unique<CowWriter>(options);
+    auto writer = std::make_unique<CowWriterV2>(options, GetCowFd());
     CowReader reader;
 
-    ASSERT_TRUE(writer->Initialize(cow_->fd));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer->Initialize());
 
     ASSERT_TRUE(writer->AddCopy(3, 2));
     ASSERT_TRUE(writer->AddCopy(2, 1));
@@ -1471,21 +1478,83 @@ TEST_F(CowTest, InvalidMergeOrderTest) {
     ASSERT_TRUE(reader.Parse(cow_->fd));
     ASSERT_TRUE(reader.VerifyMergeOps());
 
-    ASSERT_TRUE(writer->InitializeAppend(cow_->fd, 1));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer->Initialize({1}));
     ASSERT_TRUE(writer->AddCopy(4, 2));
     ASSERT_TRUE(writer->Finalize());
     ASSERT_TRUE(reader.Parse(cow_->fd));
     ASSERT_FALSE(reader.VerifyMergeOps());
 
-    writer = std::make_unique<CowWriter>(options);
-    ASSERT_TRUE(writer->Initialize(cow_->fd));
+    writer = std::make_unique<CowWriterV2>(options, GetCowFd());
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer->Initialize());
     ASSERT_TRUE(writer->AddCopy(2, 1));
-    ASSERT_TRUE(writer->AddXorBlocks(3, &data, data.size(), 1, 1));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer->AddXorBlocks(3, data.data(), data.size(), 1, 1));
     ASSERT_TRUE(writer->Finalize());
     ASSERT_TRUE(reader.Parse(cow_->fd));
     ASSERT_FALSE(reader.VerifyMergeOps());
 }
 
+unique_fd OpenTestFile(const std::string& file, int flags) {
+    std::string path = "tools/testdata/" + file;
+
+    unique_fd fd(open(path.c_str(), flags));
+    if (fd >= 0) {
+        return fd;
+    }
+
+    path = android::base::GetExecutableDirectory() + "/" + path;
+    return unique_fd{open(path.c_str(), flags)};
+}
+
+TEST_F(CowTest, CompatibilityTest) {
+    std::string filename = "cow_v2";
+    auto fd = OpenTestFile(filename, O_RDONLY);
+    if (fd.get() == -1) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << filename << " not found";
+        GTEST_SKIP();
+    }
+    CowReader reader;
+    reader.Parse(fd);
+
+    const auto& header = reader.GetHeader();
+    ASSERT_EQ(header.prefix.magic, kCowMagicNumber);
+    ASSERT_EQ(header.prefix.major_version, kCowVersionMajor);
+    ASSERT_EQ(header.prefix.minor_version, kCowVersionMinor);
+
+    CowFooter footer;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(reader.GetFooter(&footer));
+}
+
+TEST_F(CowTest, DecompressIncompressibleBlock) {
+    auto fd = OpenTestFile("incompressible_block", O_RDONLY);
+    ASSERT_GE(fd, 0);
+
+    std::string original;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(android::base::ReadFdToString(fd, &original)) << strerror(errno);
+    ASSERT_EQ(original.size(), 4096);
+
+    CowOptions options;
+    options.compression = "gz";
+    auto writer = CreateCowWriter(2, options, GetCowFd());
+    ASSERT_NE(writer, nullptr);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer->AddRawBlocks(0, original.data(), original.size()));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer->Finalize());
+
+    CowReader reader;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(reader.Parse(cow_->fd));
+
+    auto iter = reader.GetOpIter();
+    ASSERT_NE(iter, nullptr);
+    ASSERT_FALSE(iter->AtEnd());
+
+    std::string block(original.size(), '\0');
+    ASSERT_EQ(iter->Get()->data_length, 4096);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(ReadData(reader, iter->Get(), block.data(), block.size()));
+
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < block.size(); i++) {
+        ASSERT_EQ(block[i], original[i]) << "mismatch at byte " << i;
+    }
+}
+
 }  // namespace snapshot
 }  // namespace android
 
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/libsnapshot_cow/test_v3.cpp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/libsnapshot_cow/test_v3.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..4456b269ca9d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/libsnapshot_cow/test_v3.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,967 @@
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+
+#include <cstdio>
+#include <limits>
+#include <memory>
+
+#include <android-base/file.h>
+#include <android-base/logging.h>
+#include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+#include <libsnapshot/cow_format.h>
+#include <libsnapshot/cow_reader.h>
+#include <libsnapshot/cow_writer.h>
+#include <storage_literals/storage_literals.h>
+#include "writer_v2.h"
+#include "writer_v3.h"
+
+using android::base::unique_fd;
+using testing::AssertionFailure;
+using testing::AssertionResult;
+using testing::AssertionSuccess;
+
+namespace android {
+namespace snapshot {
+
+using namespace android::storage_literals;
+using ::testing::TestWithParam;
+
+class CowTestV3 : public ::testing::Test {
+  protected:
+    virtual void SetUp() override {
+        cow_ = std::make_unique<TemporaryFile>();
+        ASSERT_GE(cow_->fd, 0) << strerror(errno);
+    }
+
+    virtual void TearDown() override { cow_ = nullptr; }
+
+    unique_fd GetCowFd() { return unique_fd{dup(cow_->fd)}; }
+
+    std::unique_ptr<TemporaryFile> cow_;
+};
+
+// Helper to check read sizes.
+static inline bool ReadData(CowReader& reader, const CowOperation* op, void* buffer, size_t size) {
+    return reader.ReadData(op, buffer, size) == size;
+}
+
+TEST_F(CowTestV3, CowHeaderV2Test) {
+    CowOptions options;
+    options.cluster_ops = 5;
+    options.num_merge_ops = 1;
+    options.block_size = 4096;
+    std::string data = "This is some data, believe it";
+    data.resize(options.block_size, '\0');
+    auto writer_v2 = std::make_unique<CowWriterV2>(options, GetCowFd());
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer_v2->Initialize());
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer_v2->Finalize());
+
+    CowReader reader;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(reader.Parse(cow_->fd));
+
+    const auto& header = reader.GetHeader();
+    ASSERT_EQ(header.prefix.magic, kCowMagicNumber);
+    ASSERT_EQ(header.prefix.major_version, 2);
+    ASSERT_EQ(header.prefix.minor_version, 0);
+    ASSERT_EQ(header.block_size, options.block_size);
+    ASSERT_EQ(header.cluster_ops, options.cluster_ops);
+}
+
+TEST_F(CowTestV3, Header) {
+    CowOptions options;
+    options.op_count_max = 15;
+    auto writer = CreateCowWriter(3, options, GetCowFd());
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer->Finalize());
+
+    CowReader reader;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(reader.Parse(cow_->fd));
+
+    const auto& header = reader.GetHeader();
+    ASSERT_EQ(header.prefix.magic, kCowMagicNumber);
+    ASSERT_EQ(header.prefix.major_version, 3);
+    ASSERT_EQ(header.prefix.minor_version, 0);
+    ASSERT_EQ(header.block_size, options.block_size);
+    ASSERT_EQ(header.cluster_ops, 0);
+}
+
+TEST_F(CowTestV3, MaxOp) {
+    CowOptions options;
+    options.op_count_max = 20;
+    auto writer = CreateCowWriter(3, options, GetCowFd());
+    ASSERT_FALSE(writer->AddZeroBlocks(1, 21));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer->AddZeroBlocks(1, 20));
+    std::string data = "This is some data, believe it";
+    data.resize(options.block_size, '\0');
+
+    ASSERT_FALSE(writer->AddRawBlocks(5, data.data(), data.size()));
+
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer->Finalize());
+
+    CowReader reader;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(reader.Parse(cow_->fd));
+    ASSERT_EQ(reader.header_v3().op_count, 20);
+}
+
+TEST_F(CowTestV3, MaxOpSingleThreadCompression) {
+    CowOptions options;
+    options.op_count_max = 20;
+    options.num_compress_threads = 1;
+    options.compression_factor = 4096 * 8;
+    options.compression = "lz4";
+
+    auto writer = CreateCowWriter(3, options, GetCowFd());
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer->AddZeroBlocks(1, 20));
+    std::string data = "This is some data, believe it";
+    data.resize(options.block_size, '\0');
+
+    ASSERT_FALSE(writer->AddRawBlocks(5, data.data(), data.size()));
+
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer->Finalize());
+}
+
+TEST_F(CowTestV3, MaxOpMultiThreadCompression) {
+    CowOptions options;
+    options.op_count_max = 20;
+    options.num_compress_threads = 2;
+    options.compression_factor = 4096 * 8;
+    options.compression = "lz4";
+
+    auto writer = CreateCowWriter(3, options, GetCowFd());
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer->AddZeroBlocks(1, 20));
+    std::string data = "This is some data, believe it";
+    data.resize(options.block_size, '\0');
+
+    ASSERT_FALSE(writer->AddRawBlocks(5, data.data(), data.size()));
+
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer->Finalize());
+}
+
+TEST_F(CowTestV3, ZeroOp) {
+    CowOptions options;
+    options.op_count_max = 20;
+    auto writer = CreateCowWriter(3, options, GetCowFd());
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer->AddZeroBlocks(1, 2));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer->Finalize());
+
+    CowReader reader;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(reader.Parse(cow_->fd));
+    ASSERT_EQ(reader.header_v3().op_count, 2);
+
+    auto iter = reader.GetOpIter();
+    ASSERT_NE(iter, nullptr);
+    ASSERT_FALSE(iter->AtEnd());
+
+    auto op = iter->Get();
+    ASSERT_EQ(op->type(), kCowZeroOp);
+    ASSERT_EQ(op->data_length, 0);
+    ASSERT_EQ(op->new_block, 1);
+    ASSERT_EQ(op->source(), 0);
+
+    iter->Next();
+    ASSERT_FALSE(iter->AtEnd());
+    op = iter->Get();
+
+    ASSERT_EQ(op->type(), kCowZeroOp);
+    ASSERT_EQ(op->data_length, 0);
+    ASSERT_EQ(op->new_block, 2);
+    ASSERT_EQ(op->source(), 0);
+}
+
+TEST_F(CowTestV3, ReplaceOp) {
+    CowOptions options;
+    options.op_count_max = 20;
+    options.scratch_space = false;
+    auto writer = CreateCowWriter(3, options, GetCowFd());
+    std::string data = "This is some data, believe it";
+    data.resize(options.block_size, '\0');
+
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer->AddRawBlocks(5, data.data(), data.size()));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer->Finalize());
+
+    CowReader reader;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(reader.Parse(cow_->fd));
+
+    const auto& header = reader.header_v3();
+    ASSERT_EQ(header.prefix.magic, kCowMagicNumber);
+    ASSERT_EQ(header.prefix.major_version, 3);
+    ASSERT_EQ(header.prefix.minor_version, kCowVersionMinor);
+    ASSERT_EQ(header.block_size, options.block_size);
+    ASSERT_EQ(header.op_count, 1);
+
+    auto iter = reader.GetOpIter();
+    ASSERT_NE(iter, nullptr);
+    ASSERT_FALSE(iter->AtEnd());
+
+    auto op = iter->Get();
+    std::string sink(data.size(), '\0');
+
+    ASSERT_EQ(op->type(), kCowReplaceOp);
+    ASSERT_EQ(op->data_length, 4096);
+    ASSERT_EQ(op->new_block, 5);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(ReadData(reader, op, sink.data(), sink.size()));
+    ASSERT_EQ(sink, data);
+}
+
+TEST_F(CowTestV3, BigReplaceOp) {
+    CowOptions options;
+    options.op_count_max = 10000;
+    options.batch_write = true;
+    options.cluster_ops = 2048;
+
+    auto writer = CreateCowWriter(3, options, GetCowFd());
+    std::string data = "This is some data, believe it";
+    data.resize(options.block_size * 4096, '\0');
+    for (int i = 0; i < data.size(); i++) {
+        data[i] = static_cast<char>('A' + i / options.block_size);
+    }
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer->AddRawBlocks(5, data.data(), data.size()));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer->Finalize());
+
+    CowReader reader;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(reader.Parse(cow_->fd));
+
+    const auto& header = reader.header_v3();
+    ASSERT_EQ(header.op_count, 4096);
+
+    auto iter = reader.GetOpIter();
+    ASSERT_NE(iter, nullptr);
+    ASSERT_FALSE(iter->AtEnd());
+
+    size_t i = 0;
+
+    while (!iter->AtEnd()) {
+        auto op = iter->Get();
+        std::string sink(options.block_size, '\0');
+        ASSERT_EQ(op->type(), kCowReplaceOp);
+        ASSERT_EQ(op->data_length, options.block_size);
+        ASSERT_EQ(op->new_block, 5 + i);
+        ASSERT_TRUE(ReadData(reader, op, sink.data(), options.block_size));
+        ASSERT_EQ(std::string_view(sink),
+                  std::string_view(data).substr(i * options.block_size, options.block_size))
+                << " readback data for " << i << "th block does not match";
+        iter->Next();
+        i++;
+    }
+}
+
+TEST_F(CowTestV3, ConsecutiveReplaceOp) {
+    CowOptions options;
+    options.op_count_max = 20;
+    options.scratch_space = false;
+    auto writer = CreateCowWriter(3, options, GetCowFd());
+    std::string data;
+    data.resize(options.block_size * 5);
+    for (int i = 0; i < data.size(); i++) {
+        data[i] = static_cast<char>('A' + i / options.block_size);
+    }
+
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer->AddRawBlocks(5, data.data(), data.size()));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer->Finalize());
+
+    CowReader reader;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(reader.Parse(cow_->fd));
+
+    const auto& header = reader.header_v3();
+    ASSERT_EQ(header.prefix.magic, kCowMagicNumber);
+    ASSERT_EQ(header.prefix.major_version, 3);
+    ASSERT_EQ(header.prefix.minor_version, kCowVersionMinor);
+    ASSERT_EQ(header.block_size, options.block_size);
+    ASSERT_EQ(header.op_count, 5);
+
+    auto iter = reader.GetOpIter();
+    ASSERT_NE(iter, nullptr);
+    ASSERT_FALSE(iter->AtEnd());
+
+    size_t i = 0;
+
+    while (!iter->AtEnd()) {
+        auto op = iter->Get();
+        std::string sink(options.block_size, '\0');
+        ASSERT_EQ(op->type(), kCowReplaceOp);
+        ASSERT_EQ(op->data_length, options.block_size);
+        ASSERT_EQ(op->new_block, 5 + i);
+        ASSERT_TRUE(ReadData(reader, op, sink.data(), options.block_size));
+        ASSERT_EQ(std::string_view(sink),
+                  std::string_view(data).substr(i * options.block_size, options.block_size))
+                << " readback data for " << i << "th block does not match";
+        iter->Next();
+        i++;
+    }
+
+    ASSERT_EQ(i, 5);
+}
+
+TEST_F(CowTestV3, CopyOp) {
+    CowOptions options;
+    options.op_count_max = 100;
+    auto writer = CreateCowWriter(3, options, GetCowFd());
+
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer->AddCopy(10, 1000, 100));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer->Finalize());
+    ASSERT_EQ(lseek(cow_->fd, 0, SEEK_SET), 0);
+
+    CowReader reader;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(reader.Parse(cow_->fd));
+
+    const auto& header = reader.header_v3();
+    ASSERT_EQ(header.prefix.magic, kCowMagicNumber);
+    ASSERT_EQ(header.prefix.major_version, 3);
+    ASSERT_EQ(header.prefix.minor_version, kCowVersionMinor);
+    ASSERT_EQ(header.block_size, options.block_size);
+
+    auto iter = reader.GetOpIter();
+    ASSERT_NE(iter, nullptr);
+    ASSERT_FALSE(iter->AtEnd());
+
+    size_t i = 0;
+    while (!iter->AtEnd()) {
+        auto op = iter->Get();
+        ASSERT_EQ(op->type(), kCowCopyOp);
+        ASSERT_EQ(op->data_length, 0);
+        ASSERT_EQ(op->new_block, 10 + i);
+        ASSERT_EQ(op->source(), 1000 + i);
+        iter->Next();
+        i += 1;
+    }
+
+    ASSERT_EQ(i, 100);
+}
+
+TEST_F(CowTestV3, XorOp) {
+    CowOptions options;
+    options.op_count_max = 100;
+    auto writer = CreateCowWriter(3, options, GetCowFd());
+
+    std::string data = "This is test data-1. Testing xor";
+    data.resize(options.block_size, '\0');
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer->AddXorBlocks(50, data.data(), data.size(), 24, 10));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer->Finalize());
+
+    ASSERT_EQ(lseek(cow_->fd, 0, SEEK_SET), 0);
+
+    CowReader reader;
+
+    ASSERT_TRUE(reader.Parse(cow_->fd));
+
+    const auto& header = reader.header_v3();
+    ASSERT_EQ(header.op_count, 1);
+
+    auto iter = reader.GetOpIter();
+    ASSERT_NE(iter, nullptr);
+    ASSERT_FALSE(iter->AtEnd());
+    auto op = iter->Get();
+    std::string sink(data.size(), '\0');
+
+    ASSERT_EQ(op->type(), kCowXorOp);
+    ASSERT_EQ(op->data_length, 4096);
+    ASSERT_EQ(op->new_block, 50);
+    ASSERT_EQ(op->source(), 98314);  // 4096 * 24 + 10
+    ASSERT_TRUE(ReadData(reader, op, sink.data(), sink.size()));
+    ASSERT_EQ(sink, data);
+}
+
+TEST_F(CowTestV3, ConsecutiveXorOp) {
+    CowOptions options;
+    options.op_count_max = 100;
+    auto writer = CreateCowWriter(3, options, GetCowFd());
+
+    std::string data;
+    data.resize(options.block_size * 5);
+    for (int i = 0; i < data.size(); i++) {
+        data[i] = char(rand() % 256);
+    }
+
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer->AddXorBlocks(50, data.data(), data.size(), 24, 10));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer->Finalize());
+
+    ASSERT_EQ(lseek(cow_->fd, 0, SEEK_SET), 0);
+
+    CowReader reader;
+
+    ASSERT_TRUE(reader.Parse(cow_->fd));
+
+    const auto& header = reader.header_v3();
+    ASSERT_EQ(header.op_count, 5);
+
+    auto iter = reader.GetOpIter();
+    ASSERT_NE(iter, nullptr);
+    ASSERT_FALSE(iter->AtEnd());
+
+    std::string sink(data.size(), '\0');
+    size_t i = 0;
+
+    while (!iter->AtEnd()) {
+        auto op = iter->Get();
+        ASSERT_EQ(op->type(), kCowXorOp);
+        ASSERT_EQ(op->data_length, 4096);
+        ASSERT_EQ(op->new_block, 50 + i);
+        ASSERT_EQ(op->source(), 98314 + (i * options.block_size));  // 4096 * 24 + 10
+        ASSERT_TRUE(
+                ReadData(reader, op, sink.data() + (i * options.block_size), options.block_size));
+        iter->Next();
+        i++;
+    }
+    ASSERT_EQ(sink, data);
+
+    ASSERT_EQ(i, 5);
+}
+
+TEST_F(CowTestV3, AllOpsWithCompression) {
+    CowOptions options;
+    options.compression = "gz";
+    options.op_count_max = 100;
+    auto writer = CreateCowWriter(3, options, GetCowFd());
+
+    std::string data;
+    data.resize(options.block_size * 5);
+    for (int i = 0; i < data.size(); i++) {
+        data[i] = char(rand() % 4);
+    }
+
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer->AddZeroBlocks(10, 5));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer->AddCopy(15, 3, 5));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer->AddRawBlocks(18, data.data(), data.size()));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer->AddXorBlocks(50, data.data(), data.size(), 24, 10));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer->Finalize());
+
+    CowReader reader;
+
+    ASSERT_TRUE(reader.Parse(cow_->fd));
+
+    const auto& header = reader.header_v3();
+    ASSERT_EQ(header.prefix.magic, kCowMagicNumber);
+    ASSERT_EQ(header.prefix.major_version, 3);
+    ASSERT_EQ(header.prefix.minor_version, kCowVersionMinor);
+    ASSERT_EQ(header.block_size, options.block_size);
+    ASSERT_EQ(header.buffer_size, BUFFER_REGION_DEFAULT_SIZE);
+    ASSERT_EQ(header.op_count, 20);
+    ASSERT_EQ(header.op_count_max, 100);
+
+    auto iter = reader.GetOpIter();
+    ASSERT_NE(iter, nullptr);
+    ASSERT_FALSE(iter->AtEnd());
+
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
+        auto op = iter->Get();
+        ASSERT_EQ(op->type(), kCowZeroOp);
+        ASSERT_EQ(op->new_block, 10 + i);
+        iter->Next();
+    }
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
+        auto op = iter->Get();
+        ASSERT_EQ(op->type(), kCowCopyOp);
+        ASSERT_EQ(op->new_block, 15 + i);
+        ASSERT_EQ(op->source(), 3 + i);
+        iter->Next();
+    }
+    std::string sink(data.size(), '\0');
+
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
+        auto op = iter->Get();
+        ASSERT_EQ(op->type(), kCowReplaceOp);
+        ASSERT_EQ(op->new_block, 18 + i);
+        ASSERT_EQ(reader.ReadData(op, sink.data() + (i * options.block_size), options.block_size),
+                  options.block_size);
+        iter->Next();
+    }
+    ASSERT_EQ(sink, data);
+
+    std::fill(sink.begin(), sink.end(), '\0');
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
+        auto op = iter->Get();
+        ASSERT_EQ(op->type(), kCowXorOp);
+        ASSERT_EQ(op->new_block, 50 + i);
+        ASSERT_EQ(op->source(), 98314 + (i * options.block_size));  // 4096 * 24 + 10
+        ASSERT_TRUE(
+                ReadData(reader, op, sink.data() + (i * options.block_size), options.block_size));
+        iter->Next();
+    }
+    ASSERT_EQ(sink, data);
+}
+
+TEST_F(CowTestV3, GzCompression) {
+    CowOptions options;
+    options.op_count_max = 100;
+    options.compression = "gz";
+    auto writer = CreateCowWriter(3, options, GetCowFd());
+
+    std::string data = "This is some data, believe it";
+    data.resize(options.block_size, '\0');
+
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer->AddRawBlocks(50, data.data(), data.size()));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer->Finalize());
+
+    ASSERT_EQ(lseek(cow_->fd, 0, SEEK_SET), 0);
+
+    CowReader reader;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(reader.Parse(cow_->fd));
+
+    auto header = reader.header_v3();
+    ASSERT_EQ(header.compression_algorithm, kCowCompressGz);
+
+    auto iter = reader.GetOpIter();
+    ASSERT_NE(iter, nullptr);
+    ASSERT_FALSE(iter->AtEnd());
+    auto op = iter->Get();
+
+    std::string sink(data.size(), '\0');
+
+    ASSERT_EQ(op->type(), kCowReplaceOp);
+    ASSERT_EQ(op->data_length, 56);  // compressed!
+    ASSERT_EQ(op->new_block, 50);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(ReadData(reader, op, sink.data(), sink.size()));
+    ASSERT_EQ(sink, data);
+
+    iter->Next();
+    ASSERT_TRUE(iter->AtEnd());
+}
+
+TEST_F(CowTestV3, ResumePointTest) {
+    CowOptions options;
+    options.op_count_max = 100;
+    auto writer = CreateCowWriter(3, options, GetCowFd());
+
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer->AddZeroBlocks(0, 15));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer->AddLabel(0));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer->AddZeroBlocks(15, 15));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer->Finalize());
+
+    CowReader reader;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(reader.Parse(cow_->fd));
+
+    auto header = reader.header_v3();
+    ASSERT_EQ(header.op_count, 30);
+
+    CowWriterV3 second_writer(options, GetCowFd());
+    ASSERT_TRUE(second_writer.Initialize(0));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(second_writer.Finalize());
+
+    ASSERT_TRUE(reader.Parse(cow_->fd));
+    header = reader.header_v3();
+    ASSERT_EQ(header.op_count, 15);
+}
+
+TEST_F(CowTestV3, BufferMetadataSyncTest) {
+    CowOptions options;
+    options.op_count_max = 100;
+    auto writer = CreateCowWriter(3, options, GetCowFd());
+    /*
+    Header metadafields
+    sequence_data_count = 0;
+    resume_point_count = 0;
+    resume_point_max = 4;
+    */
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer->Finalize());
+
+    CowReader reader;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(reader.Parse(cow_->fd));
+
+    auto header = reader.header_v3();
+    ASSERT_EQ(header.sequence_data_count, static_cast<uint64_t>(0));
+    ASSERT_EQ(header.resume_point_count, 0);
+    ASSERT_EQ(header.resume_point_max, 4);
+
+    writer->AddLabel(0);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(reader.Parse(cow_->fd));
+    header = reader.header_v3();
+    ASSERT_EQ(header.sequence_data_count, static_cast<uint64_t>(0));
+    ASSERT_EQ(header.resume_point_count, 1);
+    ASSERT_EQ(header.resume_point_max, 4);
+
+    ASSERT_TRUE(reader.Parse(cow_->fd));
+    header = reader.header_v3();
+
+    /*
+    Header metadafields
+    sequence_data_count = 1;
+    resume_point_count = 0;
+    resume_point_max = 4;
+    */
+}
+
+TEST_F(CowTestV3, SequenceTest) {
+    CowOptions options;
+    constexpr int seq_len = std::numeric_limits<uint16_t>::max() / sizeof(uint32_t) + 1;
+    options.op_count_max = seq_len;
+    auto writer = CreateCowWriter(3, options, GetCowFd());
+    // sequence data. This just an arbitrary set of integers that specify the merge order. The
+    // actual calculation is done by update_engine and passed to writer. All we care about here is
+    // writing that data correctly
+    uint32_t sequence[seq_len];
+    for (int i = 0; i < seq_len; i++) {
+        sequence[i] = i + 1;
+    }
+
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer->AddSequenceData(seq_len, sequence));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer->AddZeroBlocks(1, seq_len - 1));
+    std::vector<uint8_t> data(writer->GetBlockSize());
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < data.size(); i++) {
+        data[i] = static_cast<uint8_t>(i & 0xFF);
+    }
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer->AddRawBlocks(seq_len, data.data(), data.size()));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer->Finalize());
+
+    ASSERT_EQ(lseek(cow_->fd, 0, SEEK_SET), 0);
+
+    CowReader reader;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(reader.Parse(cow_->fd));
+    auto iter = reader.GetRevMergeOpIter();
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < seq_len; i++) {
+        ASSERT_TRUE(!iter->AtEnd());
+        const auto& op = iter->Get();
+
+        ASSERT_EQ(op->new_block, seq_len - i);
+        if (op->new_block == seq_len) {
+            std::vector<uint8_t> read_back(writer->GetBlockSize());
+            ASSERT_EQ(reader.ReadData(op, read_back.data(), read_back.size()),
+                      static_cast<ssize_t>(read_back.size()));
+            ASSERT_EQ(read_back, data);
+        }
+
+        iter->Next();
+    }
+    ASSERT_TRUE(iter->AtEnd());
+}
+
+TEST_F(CowTestV3, MissingSeqOp) {
+    CowOptions options;
+    options.op_count_max = std::numeric_limits<uint32_t>::max();
+    auto writer = CreateCowWriter(3, options, GetCowFd());
+    const int seq_len = 10;
+    uint32_t sequence[seq_len];
+    for (int i = 0; i < seq_len; i++) {
+        sequence[i] = i + 1;
+    }
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer->AddSequenceData(seq_len, sequence));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer->AddZeroBlocks(1, seq_len - 1));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer->Finalize());
+
+    ASSERT_EQ(lseek(cow_->fd, 0, SEEK_SET), 0);
+
+    CowReader reader;
+    ASSERT_FALSE(reader.Parse(cow_->fd));
+}
+
+TEST_F(CowTestV3, ResumeSeqOp) {
+    CowOptions options;
+    options.op_count_max = std::numeric_limits<uint32_t>::max();
+    auto writer = std::make_unique<CowWriterV3>(options, GetCowFd());
+    const int seq_len = 10;
+    uint32_t sequence[seq_len];
+    for (int i = 0; i < seq_len; i++) {
+        sequence[i] = i + 1;
+    }
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer->Initialize());
+
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer->AddSequenceData(seq_len, sequence));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer->AddZeroBlocks(1, seq_len / 2));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer->AddLabel(1));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer->AddZeroBlocks(1 + seq_len / 2, 1));
+
+    ASSERT_EQ(lseek(cow_->fd, 0, SEEK_SET), 0);
+    auto reader = std::make_unique<CowReader>();
+    ASSERT_TRUE(reader->Parse(cow_->fd, 1));
+    auto itr = reader->GetRevMergeOpIter();
+    ASSERT_TRUE(itr->AtEnd());
+
+    writer = std::make_unique<CowWriterV3>(options, GetCowFd());
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer->Initialize({1}));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer->AddZeroBlocks(1 + seq_len / 2, seq_len / 2));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer->Finalize());
+
+    ASSERT_EQ(lseek(cow_->fd, 0, SEEK_SET), 0);
+
+    reader = std::make_unique<CowReader>();
+    ASSERT_TRUE(reader->Parse(cow_->fd));
+
+    auto iter = reader->GetRevMergeOpIter();
+
+    uint64_t expected_block = 10;
+    while (!iter->AtEnd() && expected_block > 0) {
+        ASSERT_FALSE(iter->AtEnd());
+        const auto& op = iter->Get();
+
+        ASSERT_EQ(op->new_block, expected_block);
+
+        iter->Next();
+        expected_block--;
+    }
+    ASSERT_EQ(expected_block, 0);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(iter->AtEnd());
+}
+
+TEST_F(CowTestV3, SetSourceManyTimes) {
+    CowOperationV3 op{};
+    op.set_source(1);
+    ASSERT_EQ(op.source(), 1);
+    op.set_source(2);
+    ASSERT_EQ(op.source(), 2);
+    op.set_source(4);
+    ASSERT_EQ(op.source(), 4);
+    op.set_source(8);
+    ASSERT_EQ(op.source(), 8);
+}
+
+TEST_F(CowTestV3, SetTypeManyTimes) {
+    CowOperationV3 op{};
+    op.set_type(kCowCopyOp);
+    ASSERT_EQ(op.type(), kCowCopyOp);
+    op.set_type(kCowReplaceOp);
+    ASSERT_EQ(op.type(), kCowReplaceOp);
+    op.set_type(kCowZeroOp);
+    ASSERT_EQ(op.type(), kCowZeroOp);
+    op.set_type(kCowXorOp);
+    ASSERT_EQ(op.type(), kCowXorOp);
+}
+
+TEST_F(CowTestV3, SetTypeSourceInverleave) {
+    CowOperationV3 op{};
+    op.set_type(kCowCopyOp);
+    ASSERT_EQ(op.type(), kCowCopyOp);
+    op.set_source(0x010203040506);
+    ASSERT_EQ(op.source(), 0x010203040506);
+    ASSERT_EQ(op.type(), kCowCopyOp);
+    op.set_type(kCowReplaceOp);
+    ASSERT_EQ(op.source(), 0x010203040506);
+    ASSERT_EQ(op.type(), kCowReplaceOp);
+}
+
+TEST_F(CowTestV3, CowSizeEstimate) {
+    CowOptions options{};
+    options.compression = "none";
+    auto estimator = android::snapshot::CreateCowEstimator(3, options);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(estimator->AddZeroBlocks(0, 1024 * 1024));
+    const auto cow_size = estimator->GetCowSizeInfo().cow_size;
+    options.op_count_max = 1024 * 1024;
+    options.max_blocks = 1024 * 1024;
+    CowWriterV3 writer(options, GetCowFd());
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer.Initialize());
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer.AddZeroBlocks(0, 1024 * 1024));
+
+    ASSERT_LE(writer.GetCowSizeInfo().cow_size, cow_size);
+}
+
+TEST_F(CowTestV3, CopyOpMany) {
+    CowOptions options;
+    options.op_count_max = 100;
+    CowWriterV3 writer(options, GetCowFd());
+    writer.Initialize();
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer.AddCopy(100, 50, 50));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer.AddCopy(150, 100, 50));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer.Finalize());
+    CowReader reader;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(reader.Parse(GetCowFd()));
+    auto it = reader.GetOpIter();
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
+        ASSERT_FALSE(it->AtEnd()) << " op iterator ended at " << i;
+        const auto op = *it->Get();
+        ASSERT_EQ(op.type(), kCowCopyOp);
+        ASSERT_EQ(op.new_block, 100 + i);
+        it->Next();
+    }
+}
+
+TEST_F(CowTestV3, CheckOpCount) {
+    CowOptions options;
+    options.op_count_max = 20;
+    options.batch_write = true;
+    options.cluster_ops = 200;
+    auto writer = CreateCowWriter(3, options, GetCowFd());
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer->AddZeroBlocks(0, 19));
+    ASSERT_FALSE(writer->AddZeroBlocks(0, 19));
+}
+
+struct TestParam {
+    std::string compression;
+    int block_size;
+    int num_threads;
+    size_t cluster_ops;
+};
+
+class VariableBlockTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<TestParam> {
+  protected:
+    virtual void SetUp() override {
+        cow_ = std::make_unique<TemporaryFile>();
+        ASSERT_GE(cow_->fd, 0) << strerror(errno);
+    }
+
+    virtual void TearDown() override { cow_ = nullptr; }
+
+    unique_fd GetCowFd() { return unique_fd{dup(cow_->fd)}; }
+
+    std::unique_ptr<TemporaryFile> cow_;
+};
+
+// Helper to check read sizes.
+static inline void ReadBlockData(CowReader& reader, const CowOperation* op, void* buffer,
+                                 size_t size) {
+    size_t block_size = CowOpCompressionSize(op, 4096);
+    std::string data(block_size, '\0');
+    size_t value = reader.ReadData(op, data.data(), block_size);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(value == block_size);
+    std::memcpy(buffer, data.data(), size);
+}
+
+TEST_P(VariableBlockTest, VariableBlockCompressionTest) {
+    const TestParam params = GetParam();
+
+    CowOptions options;
+    options.op_count_max = 100000;
+    options.compression = params.compression;
+    options.num_compress_threads = params.num_threads;
+    options.batch_write = true;
+    options.compression_factor = params.block_size;
+    options.cluster_ops = params.cluster_ops;
+
+    CowWriterV3 writer(options, GetCowFd());
+
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer.Initialize());
+
+    std::string xor_data = "This is test data-1. Testing xor";
+    xor_data.resize(options.block_size, '\0');
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer.AddXorBlocks(50, xor_data.data(), xor_data.size(), 24, 10));
+
+    // Large number of blocks
+    std::string data = "This is test data-2. Testing replace ops";
+    data.resize(options.block_size * 2048, '\0');
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer.AddRawBlocks(100, data.data(), data.size()));
+
+    std::string data2 = "This is test data-3. Testing replace ops";
+    data2.resize(options.block_size * 259, '\0');
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer.AddRawBlocks(6000, data2.data(), data2.size()));
+
+    // Test data size is smaller than block size
+
+    // 4k block
+    std::string data3 = "This is test data-4. Testing replace ops";
+    data3.resize(options.block_size, '\0');
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer.AddRawBlocks(9000, data3.data(), data3.size()));
+
+    // 8k block
+    std::string data4;
+    data4.resize(options.block_size * 2, '\0');
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < data4.size(); i++) {
+        data4[i] = static_cast<char>('A' + i / options.block_size);
+    }
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer.AddRawBlocks(10000, data4.data(), data4.size()));
+
+    // 16k block
+    std::string data5;
+    data.resize(options.block_size * 4, '\0');
+    for (int i = 0; i < data5.size(); i++) {
+        data5[i] = static_cast<char>('C' + i / options.block_size);
+    }
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer.AddRawBlocks(11000, data5.data(), data5.size()));
+
+    // 64k Random buffer which cannot be compressed
+    unique_fd rnd_fd(open("/dev/random", O_RDONLY));
+    ASSERT_GE(rnd_fd, 0);
+    std::string random_buffer;
+    random_buffer.resize(65536, '\0');
+    ASSERT_EQ(android::base::ReadFullyAtOffset(rnd_fd, random_buffer.data(), 65536, 0), true);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer.AddRawBlocks(12000, random_buffer.data(), 65536));
+
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer.Finalize());
+
+    ASSERT_EQ(lseek(cow_->fd, 0, SEEK_SET), 0);
+
+    CowReader reader;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(reader.Parse(cow_->fd));
+
+    auto iter = reader.GetOpIter();
+    ASSERT_NE(iter, nullptr);
+
+    while (!iter->AtEnd()) {
+        auto op = iter->Get();
+
+        if (op->type() == kCowXorOp) {
+            std::string sink(xor_data.size(), '\0');
+            ASSERT_EQ(op->new_block, 50);
+            ASSERT_EQ(op->source(), 98314);  // 4096 * 24 + 10
+            ReadBlockData(reader, op, sink.data(), sink.size());
+            ASSERT_EQ(sink, xor_data);
+        }
+        if (op->type() == kCowReplaceOp) {
+            if (op->new_block == 100) {
+                data.resize(options.block_size);
+                std::string sink(data.size(), '\0');
+                ReadBlockData(reader, op, sink.data(), sink.size());
+                ASSERT_EQ(sink.size(), data.size());
+                ASSERT_EQ(sink, data);
+            }
+            if (op->new_block == 6000) {
+                data2.resize(options.block_size);
+                std::string sink(data2.size(), '\0');
+                ReadBlockData(reader, op, sink.data(), sink.size());
+                ASSERT_EQ(sink, data2);
+            }
+            if (op->new_block == 9000) {
+                std::string sink(data3.size(), '\0');
+                ReadBlockData(reader, op, sink.data(), sink.size());
+                ASSERT_EQ(sink, data3);
+            }
+            if (op->new_block == 10000) {
+                data4.resize(options.block_size);
+                std::string sink(options.block_size, '\0');
+                ReadBlockData(reader, op, sink.data(), sink.size());
+                ASSERT_EQ(sink, data4);
+            }
+            if (op->new_block == 11000) {
+                data5.resize(options.block_size);
+                std::string sink(options.block_size, '\0');
+                ReadBlockData(reader, op, sink.data(), sink.size());
+                ASSERT_EQ(sink, data5);
+            }
+            if (op->new_block == 12000) {
+                random_buffer.resize(options.block_size);
+                std::string sink(options.block_size, '\0');
+                ReadBlockData(reader, op, sink.data(), sink.size());
+                ASSERT_EQ(sink, random_buffer);
+            }
+        }
+
+        iter->Next();
+    }
+}
+
+std::vector<TestParam> GetTestConfigs() {
+    std::vector<TestParam> testParams;
+
+    std::vector<int> block_sizes = {4_KiB, 8_KiB, 16_KiB, 32_KiB, 64_KiB, 128_KiB, 256_KiB};
+    std::vector<std::string> compression_algo = {"none", "lz4", "zstd", "gz"};
+    std::vector<int> threads = {1, 2};
+    // This will also test batch size
+    std::vector<size_t> cluster_ops = {1, 256};
+
+    // This should test 112 combination
+    for (auto block : block_sizes) {
+        for (auto compression : compression_algo) {
+            for (auto thread : threads) {
+                for (auto cluster : cluster_ops) {
+                    TestParam param;
+                    param.block_size = block;
+                    param.compression = compression;
+                    param.num_threads = thread;
+                    param.cluster_ops = cluster;
+                    testParams.push_back(std::move(param));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    return testParams;
+}
+
+INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(CompressorsWithVariableBlocks, VariableBlockTest,
+                         ::testing::ValuesIn(GetTestConfigs()));
+
+}  // namespace snapshot
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/libsnapshot_cow/writer_base.cpp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/libsnapshot_cow/writer_base.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..2ffc37b7d0aa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/libsnapshot_cow/writer_base.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,206 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#include "writer_base.h"
+
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <linux/fs.h>
+#include <sys/ioctl.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#include <android-base/logging.h>
+#include "snapshot_reader.h"
+
+// The info messages here are spammy, but as useful for update_engine. Disable
+// them when running on the host.
+#ifdef __ANDROID__
+#define LOG_INFO LOG(INFO)
+#else
+#define LOG_INFO LOG(VERBOSE)
+#endif
+
+namespace android {
+namespace snapshot {
+
+using android::base::borrowed_fd;
+using android::base::unique_fd;
+
+namespace {
+std::string GetFdPath(borrowed_fd fd) {
+    const auto fd_path = "/proc/self/fd/" + std::to_string(fd.get());
+    std::string file_path(512, '\0');
+    const auto err = readlink(fd_path.c_str(), file_path.data(), file_path.size());
+    if (err <= 0) {
+        PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to determine path for fd " << fd.get();
+        file_path.clear();
+    } else {
+        file_path.resize(err);
+    }
+    return file_path;
+}
+}  // namespace
+
+CowWriterBase::CowWriterBase(const CowOptions& options, unique_fd&& fd)
+    : options_(options), fd_(std::move(fd)) {}
+
+bool CowWriterBase::InitFd() {
+    if (fd_.get() < 0) {
+        fd_.reset(open("/dev/null", O_RDWR | O_CLOEXEC));
+        if (fd_ < 0) {
+            PLOG(ERROR) << "open /dev/null failed";
+            return false;
+        }
+        is_dev_null_ = true;
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    struct stat stat {};
+    if (fstat(fd_.get(), &stat) < 0) {
+        PLOG(ERROR) << "fstat failed";
+        return false;
+    }
+    const auto file_path = GetFdPath(fd_);
+    is_block_device_ = S_ISBLK(stat.st_mode);
+    if (is_block_device_) {
+        uint64_t size_in_bytes = 0;
+        if (ioctl(fd_.get(), BLKGETSIZE64, &size_in_bytes)) {
+            PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to get total size for: " << fd_.get();
+            return false;
+        }
+        cow_image_size_ = size_in_bytes;
+        LOG_INFO << "COW image " << file_path << " has size " << size_in_bytes;
+    } else {
+        LOG_INFO << "COW image " << file_path
+                 << " is not a block device, assuming unlimited space.";
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
+bool CowWriterBase::AddCopy(uint64_t new_block, uint64_t old_block, uint64_t num_blocks) {
+    CHECK(num_blocks != 0);
+
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < num_blocks; i++) {
+        if (!ValidateNewBlock(new_block + i)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    return EmitCopy(new_block, old_block, num_blocks);
+}
+
+bool CowWriterBase::AddRawBlocks(uint64_t new_block_start, const void* data, size_t size) {
+    if (size % options_.block_size != 0) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "AddRawBlocks: size " << size << " is not a multiple of "
+                   << options_.block_size;
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    uint64_t num_blocks = size / options_.block_size;
+    uint64_t last_block = new_block_start + num_blocks - 1;
+    if (!ValidateNewBlock(last_block)) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    return EmitRawBlocks(new_block_start, data, size);
+}
+
+bool CowWriterBase::AddXorBlocks(uint32_t new_block_start, const void* data, size_t size,
+                                 uint32_t old_block, uint16_t offset) {
+    if (size % options_.block_size != 0) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "AddRawBlocks: size " << size << " is not a multiple of "
+                   << options_.block_size;
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    uint64_t num_blocks = size / options_.block_size;
+    uint64_t last_block = new_block_start + num_blocks - 1;
+    if (!ValidateNewBlock(last_block)) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    if (offset >= options_.block_size) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "AddXorBlocks: offset " << offset << " is not less than "
+                   << options_.block_size;
+    }
+    return EmitXorBlocks(new_block_start, data, size, old_block, offset);
+}
+
+bool CowWriterBase::AddZeroBlocks(uint64_t new_block_start, uint64_t num_blocks) {
+    uint64_t last_block = new_block_start + num_blocks - 1;
+    if (!ValidateNewBlock(last_block)) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    return EmitZeroBlocks(new_block_start, num_blocks);
+}
+
+bool CowWriterBase::AddLabel(uint64_t label) {
+    return EmitLabel(label);
+}
+
+bool CowWriterBase::AddSequenceData(size_t num_ops, const uint32_t* data) {
+    return EmitSequenceData(num_ops, data);
+}
+
+bool CowWriterBase::ValidateNewBlock(uint64_t new_block) {
+    if (options_.max_blocks && new_block >= options_.max_blocks.value()) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "New block " << new_block << " exceeds maximum block count "
+                   << options_.max_blocks.value();
+        return false;
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
+std::unique_ptr<ICowReader> CowWriterBase::OpenReader() {
+    unique_fd cow_fd(fcntl(fd_.get(), F_DUPFD | F_DUPFD_CLOEXEC, 0));
+    if (cow_fd < 0) {
+        PLOG(ERROR) << "CowWriterV2::OpenReander: dup COW device";
+        return nullptr;
+    }
+
+    auto cow = std::make_unique<CowReader>();
+    if (!cow->Parse(std::move(cow_fd))) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "CowWriterV2::OpenReader: unable to read COW";
+        return nullptr;
+    }
+    return cow;
+}
+
+std::unique_ptr<chromeos_update_engine::FileDescriptor> CowWriterBase::OpenFileDescriptor(
+        const std::optional<std::string>& source_device) {
+    auto reader = OpenReader();
+    if (!reader) {
+        return nullptr;
+    }
+
+    std::optional<uint64_t> block_dev_size;
+    if (options_.max_blocks) {
+        block_dev_size = {*options_.max_blocks * options_.block_size};
+    }
+
+    return std::make_unique<CompressedSnapshotReader>(std::move(reader), source_device,
+                                                      block_dev_size);
+}
+
+bool CowWriterBase::Sync() {
+    if (is_dev_null_) {
+        return true;
+    }
+    if (fsync(fd_.get()) < 0) {
+        PLOG(ERROR) << "fsync failed";
+        return false;
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
+}  // namespace snapshot
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/libsnapshot_cow/writer_base.h b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/libsnapshot_cow/writer_base.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..5274456f35c3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/libsnapshot_cow/writer_base.h
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <libsnapshot/cow_writer.h>
+
+namespace android {
+namespace snapshot {
+
+class CowWriterBase : public ICowWriter {
+  public:
+    CowWriterBase(const CowOptions& options, android::base::unique_fd&& fd);
+    virtual ~CowWriterBase() {}
+
+    // Set up the writer.
+    // The file starts from the beginning.
+    //
+    // If fd is < 0, the CowWriter will be opened against /dev/null. This is for
+    // computing COW sizes without using storage space.
+    //
+    // If a label is given, any operations after the given label will be dropped.
+    // If the given label is not found, Initialize will fail.
+    virtual bool Initialize(std::optional<uint64_t> label = {}) = 0;
+
+    bool Sync();
+    bool AddCopy(uint64_t new_block, uint64_t old_block, uint64_t num_blocks = 1) override;
+    bool AddRawBlocks(uint64_t new_block_start, const void* data, size_t size) override;
+    bool AddXorBlocks(uint32_t new_block_start, const void* data, size_t size, uint32_t old_block,
+                      uint16_t offset) override;
+    bool AddZeroBlocks(uint64_t new_block_start, uint64_t num_blocks) override;
+    bool AddLabel(uint64_t label) override;
+    bool AddSequenceData(size_t num_ops, const uint32_t* data) override;
+    uint32_t GetBlockSize() const override { return options_.block_size; }
+    std::optional<uint32_t> GetMaxBlocks() const override { return options_.max_blocks; }
+    std::unique_ptr<ICowReader> OpenReader() override;
+    std::unique_ptr<FileDescriptor> OpenFileDescriptor(
+            const std::optional<std::string>& source_device) override;
+
+    const CowOptions& options() const { return options_; }
+
+  protected:
+    virtual bool EmitCopy(uint64_t new_block, uint64_t old_block, uint64_t num_blocks = 1) = 0;
+    virtual bool EmitRawBlocks(uint64_t new_block_start, const void* data, size_t size) = 0;
+    virtual bool EmitXorBlocks(uint32_t new_block_start, const void* data, size_t size,
+                               uint32_t old_block, uint16_t offset) = 0;
+    virtual bool EmitZeroBlocks(uint64_t new_block_start, uint64_t num_blocks) = 0;
+    virtual bool EmitLabel(uint64_t label) = 0;
+    virtual bool EmitSequenceData(size_t num_ops, const uint32_t* data) = 0;
+
+    bool InitFd();
+    bool ValidateNewBlock(uint64_t new_block);
+
+    bool IsEstimating() const { return is_dev_null_; }
+
+    CowOptions options_;
+
+    android::base::unique_fd fd_;
+    bool is_dev_null_ = false;
+    bool is_block_device_ = false;
+    uint64_t cow_image_size_ = INT64_MAX;
+};
+
+}  // namespace snapshot
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/libsnapshot_cow/cow_writer.cpp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/libsnapshot_cow/writer_v2.cpp
similarity index 63%
rename from fs_mgr/libsnapshot/libsnapshot_cow/cow_writer.cpp
rename to fs_mgr/libsnapshot/libsnapshot_cow/writer_v2.cpp
index 0e189794713e..0993dbaef401 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/libsnapshot_cow/cow_writer.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/libsnapshot_cow/writer_v2.cpp
@@ -14,12 +14,14 @@
 // limitations under the License.
 //
 
+#include "writer_v2.h"
+
 #include <sys/types.h>
 #include <sys/uio.h>
 #include <unistd.h>
 
+#include <future>
 #include <limits>
-#include <queue>
 
 #include <android-base/file.h>
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
@@ -37,6 +39,10 @@
 #include <sys/ioctl.h>
 #include <unistd.h>
 
+#include "android-base/parseint.h"
+#include "android-base/strings.h"
+#include "parser_v2.h"
+
 // The info messages here are spammy, but as useful for update_engine. Disable
 // them when running on the host.
 #ifdef __ANDROID__
@@ -48,104 +54,17 @@
 namespace android {
 namespace snapshot {
 
-namespace {
-std::string GetFdPath(int fd) {
-    const auto fd_path = "/proc/self/fd/" + std::to_string(fd);
-    std::string file_path(512, '\0');
-    const auto err = readlink(fd_path.c_str(), file_path.data(), file_path.size());
-    if (err <= 0) {
-        PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to determine path for fd " << fd;
-        file_path.clear();
-    } else {
-        file_path.resize(err);
-    }
-    return file_path;
-}
-}  // namespace
-
 static_assert(sizeof(off_t) == sizeof(uint64_t));
 
-using android::base::borrowed_fd;
 using android::base::unique_fd;
 
-bool ICowWriter::AddCopy(uint64_t new_block, uint64_t old_block, uint64_t num_blocks) {
-    CHECK(num_blocks != 0);
-
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < num_blocks; i++) {
-        if (!ValidateNewBlock(new_block + i)) {
-            return false;
-        }
-    }
-
-    return EmitCopy(new_block, old_block, num_blocks);
-}
-
-bool ICowWriter::AddRawBlocks(uint64_t new_block_start, const void* data, size_t size) {
-    if (size % options_.block_size != 0) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "AddRawBlocks: size " << size << " is not a multiple of "
-                   << options_.block_size;
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    uint64_t num_blocks = size / options_.block_size;
-    uint64_t last_block = new_block_start + num_blocks - 1;
-    if (!ValidateNewBlock(last_block)) {
-        return false;
-    }
-    return EmitRawBlocks(new_block_start, data, size);
-}
-
-bool ICowWriter::AddXorBlocks(uint32_t new_block_start, const void* data, size_t size,
-                              uint32_t old_block, uint16_t offset) {
-    if (size % options_.block_size != 0) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "AddRawBlocks: size " << size << " is not a multiple of "
-                   << options_.block_size;
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    uint64_t num_blocks = size / options_.block_size;
-    uint64_t last_block = new_block_start + num_blocks - 1;
-    if (!ValidateNewBlock(last_block)) {
-        return false;
-    }
-    if (offset >= options_.block_size) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "AddXorBlocks: offset " << offset << " is not less than "
-                   << options_.block_size;
-    }
-    return EmitXorBlocks(new_block_start, data, size, old_block, offset);
-}
-
-bool ICowWriter::AddZeroBlocks(uint64_t new_block_start, uint64_t num_blocks) {
-    uint64_t last_block = new_block_start + num_blocks - 1;
-    if (!ValidateNewBlock(last_block)) {
-        return false;
-    }
-    return EmitZeroBlocks(new_block_start, num_blocks);
-}
-
-bool ICowWriter::AddLabel(uint64_t label) {
-    return EmitLabel(label);
-}
-
-bool ICowWriter::AddSequenceData(size_t num_ops, const uint32_t* data) {
-    return EmitSequenceData(num_ops, data);
-}
-
-bool ICowWriter::ValidateNewBlock(uint64_t new_block) {
-    if (options_.max_blocks && new_block >= options_.max_blocks.value()) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "New block " << new_block << " exceeds maximum block count "
-                   << options_.max_blocks.value();
-        return false;
-    }
-    return true;
-}
-
-CowWriter::CowWriter(const CowOptions& options) : ICowWriter(options), fd_(-1) {
+CowWriterV2::CowWriterV2(const CowOptions& options, unique_fd&& fd)
+    : CowWriterBase(options, std::move(fd)) {
     SetupHeaders();
     SetupWriteOptions();
 }
 
-CowWriter::~CowWriter() {
+CowWriterV2::~CowWriterV2() {
     for (size_t i = 0; i < compress_threads_.size(); i++) {
         CompressWorker* worker = compress_threads_[i].get();
         if (worker) {
@@ -164,7 +83,7 @@ CowWriter::~CowWriter() {
     compress_threads_.clear();
 }
 
-void CowWriter::SetupWriteOptions() {
+void CowWriterV2::SetupWriteOptions() {
     num_compress_threads_ = options_.num_compress_threads;
 
     if (!num_compress_threads_) {
@@ -184,14 +103,14 @@ void CowWriter::SetupWriteOptions() {
     }
 }
 
-void CowWriter::SetupHeaders() {
+void CowWriterV2::SetupHeaders() {
     header_ = {};
-    header_.magic = kCowMagicNumber;
-    header_.major_version = kCowVersionMajor;
-    header_.minor_version = kCowVersionMinor;
-    header_.header_size = sizeof(CowHeader);
+    header_.prefix.magic = kCowMagicNumber;
+    header_.prefix.major_version = kCowVersionMajor;
+    header_.prefix.minor_version = kCowVersionMinor;
+    header_.prefix.header_size = sizeof(CowHeader);
     header_.footer_size = sizeof(CowFooter);
-    header_.op_size = sizeof(CowOperation);
+    header_.op_size = sizeof(CowOperationV2);
     header_.block_size = options_.block_size;
     header_.num_merge_ops = options_.num_merge_ops;
     header_.cluster_ops = options_.cluster_ops;
@@ -201,66 +120,48 @@ void CowWriter::SetupHeaders() {
     footer_.op.type = kCowFooterOp;
 }
 
-bool CowWriter::ParseOptions() {
-    auto algorithm = CompressionAlgorithmFromString(options_.compression);
-    if (!algorithm) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "unrecognized compression: " << options_.compression;
+bool CowWriterV2::ParseOptions() {
+    auto parts = android::base::Split(options_.compression, ",");
+
+    if (parts.size() > 2) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "failed to parse compression parameters: invalid argument count: "
+                   << parts.size() << " " << options_.compression;
         return false;
     }
-    compression_ = *algorithm;
-
-    if (options_.cluster_ops == 1) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "Clusters must contain at least two operations to function.";
+    auto algorithm = CompressionAlgorithmFromString(parts[0]);
+    if (!algorithm) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "unrecognized compression: " << options_.compression;
         return false;
     }
-    return true;
-}
-
-bool CowWriter::SetFd(android::base::borrowed_fd fd) {
-    if (fd.get() < 0) {
-        owned_fd_.reset(open("/dev/null", O_RDWR | O_CLOEXEC));
-        if (owned_fd_ < 0) {
-            PLOG(ERROR) << "open /dev/null failed";
+    if (parts.size() > 1) {
+        if (!android::base::ParseInt(parts[1], &compression_.compression_level)) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "failed to parse compression level invalid type: " << parts[1];
             return false;
         }
-        fd_ = owned_fd_;
-        is_dev_null_ = true;
     } else {
-        fd_ = fd;
+        compression_.compression_level =
+                CompressWorker::GetDefaultCompressionLevel(algorithm.value());
+    }
 
-        struct stat stat {};
-        if (fstat(fd.get(), &stat) < 0) {
-            PLOG(ERROR) << "fstat failed";
-            return false;
-        }
-        const auto file_path = GetFdPath(fd.get());
-        is_block_device_ = S_ISBLK(stat.st_mode);
-        if (is_block_device_) {
-            uint64_t size_in_bytes = 0;
-            if (ioctl(fd.get(), BLKGETSIZE64, &size_in_bytes)) {
-                PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to get total size for: " << fd.get();
-                return false;
-            }
-            cow_image_size_ = size_in_bytes;
-            LOG_INFO << "COW image " << file_path << " has size " << size_in_bytes;
-        } else {
-            LOG_INFO << "COW image " << file_path
-                     << " is not a block device, assuming unlimited space.";
-        }
+    compression_.algorithm = *algorithm;
+
+    if (options_.cluster_ops == 1) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Clusters must contain at least two operations to function.";
+        return false;
     }
     return true;
 }
 
-void CowWriter::InitBatchWrites() {
+void CowWriterV2::InitBatchWrites() {
     if (batch_write_) {
         cowop_vec_ = std::make_unique<struct iovec[]>(header_.cluster_ops);
         data_vec_ = std::make_unique<struct iovec[]>(header_.cluster_ops);
         struct iovec* cowop_ptr = cowop_vec_.get();
         struct iovec* data_ptr = data_vec_.get();
         for (size_t i = 0; i < header_.cluster_ops; i++) {
-            std::unique_ptr<CowOperation> op = std::make_unique<CowOperation>();
+            std::unique_ptr<CowOperationV2> op = std::make_unique<CowOperationV2>();
             cowop_ptr[i].iov_base = op.get();
-            cowop_ptr[i].iov_len = sizeof(CowOperation);
+            cowop_ptr[i].iov_len = sizeof(CowOperationV2);
             opbuffer_vec_.push_back(std::move(op));
 
             std::unique_ptr<uint8_t[]> buffer = std::make_unique<uint8_t[]>(header_.block_size * 2);
@@ -273,17 +174,18 @@ void CowWriter::InitBatchWrites() {
         current_data_pos_ = next_data_pos_;
     }
 
-    std::string batch_write = batch_write_ ? "enabled" : "disabled";
-    LOG_INFO << "Batch writes: " << batch_write;
+    LOG_INFO << "Batch writes: " << (batch_write_ ? "enabled" : "disabled");
 }
 
-void CowWriter::InitWorkers() {
+void CowWriterV2::InitWorkers() {
     if (num_compress_threads_ <= 1) {
         LOG_INFO << "Not creating new threads for compression.";
         return;
     }
     for (int i = 0; i < num_compress_threads_; i++) {
-        auto wt = std::make_unique<CompressWorker>(compression_, header_.block_size);
+        std::unique_ptr<ICompressor> compressor =
+                ICompressor::Create(compression_, header_.block_size);
+        auto wt = std::make_unique<CompressWorker>(std::move(compressor));
         threads_.emplace_back(std::async(std::launch::async, &CompressWorker::RunThread, wt.get()));
         compress_threads_.push_back(std::move(wt));
     }
@@ -291,57 +193,40 @@ void CowWriter::InitWorkers() {
     LOG_INFO << num_compress_threads_ << " thread used for compression";
 }
 
-bool CowWriter::Initialize(unique_fd&& fd) {
-    owned_fd_ = std::move(fd);
-    return Initialize(borrowed_fd{owned_fd_});
-}
-
-bool CowWriter::Initialize(borrowed_fd fd) {
-    if (!SetFd(fd) || !ParseOptions()) {
+bool CowWriterV2::Initialize(std::optional<uint64_t> label) {
+    if (!InitFd() || !ParseOptions()) {
         return false;
     }
-
-    if (!OpenForWrite()) {
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    InitWorkers();
-    return true;
-}
-
-bool CowWriter::InitializeAppend(android::base::unique_fd&& fd, uint64_t label) {
-    owned_fd_ = std::move(fd);
-    return InitializeAppend(android::base::borrowed_fd{owned_fd_}, label);
-}
-
-bool CowWriter::InitializeAppend(android::base::borrowed_fd fd, uint64_t label) {
-    if (!SetFd(fd) || !ParseOptions()) {
-        return false;
+    if (!label) {
+        if (!OpenForWrite()) {
+            return false;
+        }
+    } else {
+        if (!OpenForAppend(*label)) {
+            return false;
+        }
     }
 
-    bool ret = OpenForAppend(label);
-
-    if (ret && !compress_threads_.size()) {
+    if (!compress_threads_.size()) {
         InitWorkers();
     }
-
-    return ret;
+    return true;
 }
 
-void CowWriter::InitPos() {
-    next_op_pos_ = sizeof(header_) + header_.buffer_size;
-    cluster_size_ = header_.cluster_ops * sizeof(CowOperation);
+void CowWriterV2::InitPos() {
+    next_op_pos_ = sizeof(CowHeader) + header_.buffer_size;
+    cluster_size_ = header_.cluster_ops * sizeof(CowOperationV2);
     if (header_.cluster_ops) {
         next_data_pos_ = next_op_pos_ + cluster_size_;
     } else {
-        next_data_pos_ = next_op_pos_ + sizeof(CowOperation);
+        next_data_pos_ = next_op_pos_ + sizeof(CowOperationV2);
     }
     current_cluster_size_ = 0;
     current_data_size_ = 0;
 }
 
-bool CowWriter::OpenForWrite() {
-    // This limitation is tied to the data field size in CowOperation.
+bool CowWriterV2::OpenForWrite() {
+    // This limitation is tied to the data field size in CowOperationV2.
     if (header_.block_size > std::numeric_limits<uint16_t>::max()) {
         LOG(ERROR) << "Block size is too large";
         return false;
@@ -358,7 +243,7 @@ bool CowWriter::OpenForWrite() {
 
     // Headers are not complete, but this ensures the file is at the right
     // position.
-    if (!android::base::WriteFully(fd_, &header_, sizeof(header_))) {
+    if (!android::base::WriteFully(fd_, &header_, sizeof(CowHeader))) {
         PLOG(ERROR) << "write failed";
         return false;
     }
@@ -377,26 +262,30 @@ bool CowWriter::OpenForWrite() {
         return false;
     }
 
-    if (lseek(fd_.get(), sizeof(header_) + header_.buffer_size, SEEK_SET) < 0) {
-        PLOG(ERROR) << "lseek failed";
-        return false;
-    }
-
     InitPos();
     InitBatchWrites();
 
     return true;
 }
 
-bool CowWriter::OpenForAppend(uint64_t label) {
-    auto reader = std::make_unique<CowReader>();
-    std::queue<CowOperation> toAdd;
+bool CowWriterV2::OpenForAppend(uint64_t label) {
+    CowHeaderV3 header_v3;
+    if (!ReadCowHeader(fd_, &header_v3)) {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    header_ = header_v3;
 
-    if (!reader->Parse(fd_, {label})) {
+    CowParserV2 parser;
+    if (!parser.Parse(fd_, header_v3, {label})) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    if (header_.prefix.major_version > 2) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "CowWriterV2 tried to open incompatible version "
+                   << header_.prefix.major_version;
         return false;
     }
 
-    header_ = reader->GetHeader();
     options_.block_size = header_.block_size;
     options_.cluster_ops = header_.cluster_ops;
 
@@ -404,16 +293,10 @@ bool CowWriter::OpenForAppend(uint64_t label) {
     footer_.op.num_ops = 0;
     InitPos();
 
-    auto iter = reader->GetOpIter();
-
-    while (!iter->AtEnd()) {
-        AddOperation(*iter->Get());
-        iter->Next();
+    for (const auto& op : *parser.get_v2ops()) {
+        AddOperation(op);
     }
 
-    // Free reader so we own the descriptor position again.
-    reader = nullptr;
-
     if (lseek(fd_.get(), next_op_pos_, SEEK_SET) < 0) {
         PLOG(ERROR) << "lseek failed";
         return false;
@@ -424,11 +307,11 @@ bool CowWriter::OpenForAppend(uint64_t label) {
     return EmitClusterIfNeeded();
 }
 
-bool CowWriter::EmitCopy(uint64_t new_block, uint64_t old_block, uint64_t num_blocks) {
+bool CowWriterV2::EmitCopy(uint64_t new_block, uint64_t old_block, uint64_t num_blocks) {
     CHECK(!merge_in_progress_);
 
     for (size_t i = 0; i < num_blocks; i++) {
-        CowOperation op = {};
+        CowOperationV2 op = {};
         op.type = kCowCopyOp;
         op.new_block = new_block + i;
         op.source = old_block + i;
@@ -440,25 +323,27 @@ bool CowWriter::EmitCopy(uint64_t new_block, uint64_t old_block, uint64_t num_bl
     return true;
 }
 
-bool CowWriter::EmitRawBlocks(uint64_t new_block_start, const void* data, size_t size) {
+bool CowWriterV2::EmitRawBlocks(uint64_t new_block_start, const void* data, size_t size) {
     return EmitBlocks(new_block_start, data, size, 0, 0, kCowReplaceOp);
 }
 
-bool CowWriter::EmitXorBlocks(uint32_t new_block_start, const void* data, size_t size,
-                              uint32_t old_block, uint16_t offset) {
+bool CowWriterV2::EmitXorBlocks(uint32_t new_block_start, const void* data, size_t size,
+                                uint32_t old_block, uint16_t offset) {
     return EmitBlocks(new_block_start, data, size, old_block, offset, kCowXorOp);
 }
 
-bool CowWriter::CompressBlocks(size_t num_blocks, const void* data) {
+bool CowWriterV2::CompressBlocks(size_t num_blocks, const void* data) {
     size_t num_threads = (num_blocks == 1) ? 1 : num_compress_threads_;
     size_t num_blocks_per_thread = num_blocks / num_threads;
     const uint8_t* iter = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(data);
     compressed_buf_.clear();
     if (num_threads <= 1) {
-        return CompressWorker::CompressBlocks(compression_, options_.block_size, data, num_blocks,
-                                              &compressed_buf_);
+        if (!compressor_) {
+            compressor_ = ICompressor::Create(compression_, header_.block_size);
+        }
+        return CompressWorker::CompressBlocks(compressor_.get(), options_.block_size, data,
+                                              num_blocks, &compressed_buf_);
     }
-
     // Submit the blocks per thread. The retrieval of
     // compressed buffers has to be done in the same order.
     // We should not poll for completed buffers in a different order as the
@@ -468,7 +353,7 @@ bool CowWriter::CompressBlocks(size_t num_blocks, const void* data) {
         if (i == num_threads - 1) {
             num_blocks_per_thread = num_blocks;
         }
-        worker->EnqueueCompressBlocks(iter, num_blocks_per_thread);
+        worker->EnqueueCompressBlocks(iter, header_.block_size, num_blocks_per_thread);
         iter += (num_blocks_per_thread * header_.block_size);
         num_blocks -= num_blocks_per_thread;
     }
@@ -483,8 +368,8 @@ bool CowWriter::CompressBlocks(size_t num_blocks, const void* data) {
     return true;
 }
 
-bool CowWriter::EmitBlocks(uint64_t new_block_start, const void* data, size_t size,
-                           uint64_t old_block, uint16_t offset, uint8_t type) {
+bool CowWriterV2::EmitBlocks(uint64_t new_block_start, const void* data, size_t size,
+                             uint64_t old_block, uint16_t offset, CowOperationType type) {
     CHECK(!merge_in_progress_);
     const uint8_t* iter = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(data);
 
@@ -501,7 +386,7 @@ bool CowWriter::EmitBlocks(uint64_t new_block_start, const void* data, size_t si
     while (num_blocks) {
         size_t pending_blocks = (std::min(kProcessingBlocks, num_blocks));
 
-        if (compression_ && num_compress_threads_ > 1) {
+        if (compression_.algorithm && num_compress_threads_ > 1) {
             if (!CompressBlocks(pending_blocks, iter)) {
                 return false;
             }
@@ -512,7 +397,7 @@ bool CowWriter::EmitBlocks(uint64_t new_block_start, const void* data, size_t si
         num_blocks -= pending_blocks;
 
         while (i < size / header_.block_size && pending_blocks) {
-            CowOperation op = {};
+            CowOperationV2 op = {};
             op.new_block = new_block_start + i;
             op.type = type;
             if (type == kCowXorOp) {
@@ -521,19 +406,22 @@ bool CowWriter::EmitBlocks(uint64_t new_block_start, const void* data, size_t si
                 op.source = next_data_pos_;
             }
 
-            if (compression_) {
+            if (compression_.algorithm) {
                 auto data = [&, this]() {
                     if (num_compress_threads_ > 1) {
                         auto data = std::move(*buf_iter_);
                         buf_iter_++;
                         return data;
                     } else {
-                        auto data =
-                                CompressWorker::Compress(compression_, iter, header_.block_size);
+                        if (!compressor_) {
+                            compressor_ = ICompressor::Create(compression_, header_.block_size);
+                        }
+
+                        auto data = compressor_->Compress(iter, header_.block_size);
                         return data;
                     }
                 }();
-                op.compression = compression_;
+                op.compression = compression_.algorithm;
                 op.data_length = static_cast<uint16_t>(data.size());
 
                 if (!WriteOperation(op, data.data(), data.size())) {
@@ -558,10 +446,10 @@ bool CowWriter::EmitBlocks(uint64_t new_block_start, const void* data, size_t si
     return true;
 }
 
-bool CowWriter::EmitZeroBlocks(uint64_t new_block_start, uint64_t num_blocks) {
+bool CowWriterV2::EmitZeroBlocks(uint64_t new_block_start, uint64_t num_blocks) {
     CHECK(!merge_in_progress_);
     for (uint64_t i = 0; i < num_blocks; i++) {
-        CowOperation op = {};
+        CowOperationV2 op = {};
         op.type = kCowZeroOp;
         op.new_block = new_block_start + i;
         op.source = 0;
@@ -570,20 +458,20 @@ bool CowWriter::EmitZeroBlocks(uint64_t new_block_start, uint64_t num_blocks) {
     return true;
 }
 
-bool CowWriter::EmitLabel(uint64_t label) {
+bool CowWriterV2::EmitLabel(uint64_t label) {
     CHECK(!merge_in_progress_);
-    CowOperation op = {};
+    CowOperationV2 op = {};
     op.type = kCowLabelOp;
     op.source = label;
     return WriteOperation(op) && Sync();
 }
 
-bool CowWriter::EmitSequenceData(size_t num_ops, const uint32_t* data) {
+bool CowWriterV2::EmitSequenceData(size_t num_ops, const uint32_t* data) {
     CHECK(!merge_in_progress_);
     size_t to_add = 0;
     size_t max_ops = (header_.block_size * 2) / sizeof(uint32_t);
     while (num_ops > 0) {
-        CowOperation op = {};
+        CowOperationV2 op = {};
         op.type = kCowSequenceOp;
         op.source = next_data_pos_;
         to_add = std::min(num_ops, max_ops);
@@ -598,34 +486,23 @@ bool CowWriter::EmitSequenceData(size_t num_ops, const uint32_t* data) {
     return true;
 }
 
-bool CowWriter::EmitCluster() {
-    CowOperation op = {};
+bool CowWriterV2::EmitCluster() {
+    CowOperationV2 op = {};
     op.type = kCowClusterOp;
     // Next cluster starts after remainder of current cluster and the next data block.
-    op.source = current_data_size_ + cluster_size_ - current_cluster_size_ - sizeof(CowOperation);
+    op.source = current_data_size_ + cluster_size_ - current_cluster_size_ - sizeof(CowOperationV2);
     return WriteOperation(op);
 }
 
-bool CowWriter::EmitClusterIfNeeded() {
+bool CowWriterV2::EmitClusterIfNeeded() {
     // If there isn't room for another op and the cluster end op, end the current cluster
-    if (cluster_size_ && cluster_size_ < current_cluster_size_ + 2 * sizeof(CowOperation)) {
+    if (cluster_size_ && cluster_size_ < current_cluster_size_ + 2 * sizeof(CowOperationV2)) {
         if (!EmitCluster()) return false;
     }
     return true;
 }
 
-// TODO: Fix compilation issues when linking libcrypto library
-// when snapuserd is compiled as part of ramdisk.
-static void SHA256(const void*, size_t, uint8_t[]) {
-#if 0
-    SHA256_CTX c;
-    SHA256_Init(&c);
-    SHA256_Update(&c, data, length);
-    SHA256_Final(out, &c);
-#endif
-}
-
-bool CowWriter::Finalize() {
+bool CowWriterV2::Finalize() {
     if (!FlushCluster()) {
         LOG(ERROR) << "Finalize: FlushCluster() failed";
         return false;
@@ -653,22 +530,20 @@ bool CowWriter::Finalize() {
         }
     }
 
-    // Footer should be at the end of a file, so if there is data after the current block, end it
-    // and start a new cluster.
+    // Footer should be at the end of a file, so if there is data after the current block, end
+    // it and start a new cluster.
     if (cluster_size_ && current_data_size_ > 0) {
         EmitCluster();
         extra_cluster = true;
     }
 
-    footer_.op.ops_size = footer_.op.num_ops * sizeof(CowOperation);
+    footer_.op.ops_size = footer_.op.num_ops * sizeof(CowOperationV2);
     if (lseek(fd_.get(), next_op_pos_, SEEK_SET) < 0) {
         PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to seek to footer position.";
         return false;
     }
-    memset(&footer_.data.ops_checksum, 0, sizeof(uint8_t) * 32);
-    memset(&footer_.data.footer_checksum, 0, sizeof(uint8_t) * 32);
+    memset(&footer_.unused, 0, sizeof(footer_.unused));
 
-    SHA256(&footer_.op, sizeof(footer_.op), footer_.data.footer_checksum);
     // Write out footer at end of file
     if (!android::base::WriteFully(fd_, reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(&footer_),
                                    sizeof(footer_))) {
@@ -701,15 +576,17 @@ bool CowWriter::Finalize() {
     return Sync();
 }
 
-uint64_t CowWriter::GetCowSize() {
+CowSizeInfo CowWriterV2::GetCowSizeInfo() const {
+    CowSizeInfo info;
     if (current_data_size_ > 0) {
-        return next_data_pos_ + sizeof(footer_);
+        info.cow_size = next_data_pos_ + sizeof(footer_);
     } else {
-        return next_op_pos_ + sizeof(footer_);
+        info.cow_size = next_op_pos_ + sizeof(footer_);
     }
+    return info;
 }
 
-bool CowWriter::GetDataPos(uint64_t* pos) {
+bool CowWriterV2::GetDataPos(uint64_t* pos) {
     off_t offs = lseek(fd_.get(), 0, SEEK_CUR);
     if (offs < 0) {
         PLOG(ERROR) << "lseek failed";
@@ -719,7 +596,7 @@ bool CowWriter::GetDataPos(uint64_t* pos) {
     return true;
 }
 
-bool CowWriter::EnsureSpaceAvailable(const uint64_t bytes_needed) const {
+bool CowWriterV2::EnsureSpaceAvailable(const uint64_t bytes_needed) const {
     if (bytes_needed > cow_image_size_) {
         LOG(ERROR) << "No space left on COW device. Required: " << bytes_needed
                    << ", available: " << cow_image_size_;
@@ -729,14 +606,14 @@ bool CowWriter::EnsureSpaceAvailable(const uint64_t bytes_needed) const {
     return true;
 }
 
-bool CowWriter::FlushCluster() {
+bool CowWriterV2::FlushCluster() {
     ssize_t ret;
 
     if (op_vec_index_) {
         ret = pwritev(fd_.get(), cowop_vec_.get(), op_vec_index_, current_op_pos_);
-        if (ret != (op_vec_index_ * sizeof(CowOperation))) {
-            PLOG(ERROR) << "pwritev failed for CowOperation. Expected: "
-                        << (op_vec_index_ * sizeof(CowOperation));
+        if (ret != (op_vec_index_ * sizeof(CowOperationV2))) {
+            PLOG(ERROR) << "pwritev failed for CowOperationV2. Expected: "
+                        << (op_vec_index_ * sizeof(CowOperationV2));
             return false;
         }
     }
@@ -758,17 +635,16 @@ bool CowWriter::FlushCluster() {
     return true;
 }
 
-bool CowWriter::WriteOperation(const CowOperation& op, const void* data, size_t size) {
-    if (!EnsureSpaceAvailable(next_op_pos_ + sizeof(op))) {
-        return false;
-    }
-    if (!EnsureSpaceAvailable(next_data_pos_ + size)) {
+bool CowWriterV2::WriteOperation(const CowOperationV2& op, const void* data, size_t size) {
+    if (!EnsureSpaceAvailable(next_op_pos_ + sizeof(op)) ||
+        !EnsureSpaceAvailable(next_data_pos_ + size)) {
         return false;
     }
 
     if (batch_write_) {
-        CowOperation* cow_op = reinterpret_cast<CowOperation*>(cowop_vec_[op_vec_index_].iov_base);
-        std::memcpy(cow_op, &op, sizeof(CowOperation));
+        CowOperationV2* cow_op =
+                reinterpret_cast<CowOperationV2*>(cowop_vec_[op_vec_index_].iov_base);
+        std::memcpy(cow_op, &op, sizeof(CowOperationV2));
         op_vec_index_ += 1;
 
         if (data != nullptr && size > 0) {
@@ -806,7 +682,7 @@ bool CowWriter::WriteOperation(const CowOperation& op, const void* data, size_t
     return EmitClusterIfNeeded();
 }
 
-void CowWriter::AddOperation(const CowOperation& op) {
+void CowWriterV2::AddOperation(const CowOperationV2& op) {
     footer_.op.num_ops++;
 
     if (op.type == kCowClusterOp) {
@@ -818,28 +694,17 @@ void CowWriter::AddOperation(const CowOperation& op) {
     }
 
     next_data_pos_ += op.data_length + GetNextDataOffset(op, header_.cluster_ops);
-    next_op_pos_ += sizeof(CowOperation) + GetNextOpOffset(op, header_.cluster_ops);
+    next_op_pos_ += sizeof(CowOperationV2) + GetNextOpOffset(op, header_.cluster_ops);
 }
 
-bool CowWriter::WriteRawData(const void* data, const size_t size) {
+bool CowWriterV2::WriteRawData(const void* data, const size_t size) {
     if (!android::base::WriteFullyAtOffset(fd_, data, size, next_data_pos_)) {
         return false;
     }
     return true;
 }
 
-bool CowWriter::Sync() {
-    if (is_dev_null_) {
-        return true;
-    }
-    if (fsync(fd_.get()) < 0) {
-        PLOG(ERROR) << "fsync failed";
-        return false;
-    }
-    return true;
-}
-
-bool CowWriter::Truncate(off_t length) {
+bool CowWriterV2::Truncate(off_t length) {
     if (is_dev_null_ || is_block_device_) {
         return true;
     }
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/libsnapshot_cow/writer_v2.h b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/libsnapshot_cow/writer_v2.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..6a37aa7fd7b9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/libsnapshot_cow/writer_v2.h
@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <future>
+#include "writer_base.h"
+
+namespace android {
+namespace snapshot {
+
+class CowWriterV2 : public CowWriterBase {
+  public:
+    explicit CowWriterV2(const CowOptions& options, android::base::unique_fd&& fd);
+    ~CowWriterV2() override;
+
+    bool Initialize(std::optional<uint64_t> label = {}) override;
+    bool Finalize() override;
+    CowSizeInfo GetCowSizeInfo() const override;
+
+  protected:
+    virtual bool EmitCopy(uint64_t new_block, uint64_t old_block, uint64_t num_blocks = 1) override;
+    virtual bool EmitRawBlocks(uint64_t new_block_start, const void* data, size_t size) override;
+    virtual bool EmitXorBlocks(uint32_t new_block_start, const void* data, size_t size,
+                               uint32_t old_block, uint16_t offset) override;
+    virtual bool EmitZeroBlocks(uint64_t new_block_start, uint64_t num_blocks) override;
+    virtual bool EmitLabel(uint64_t label) override;
+    virtual bool EmitSequenceData(size_t num_ops, const uint32_t* data) override;
+
+  private:
+    bool EmitCluster();
+    bool EmitClusterIfNeeded();
+    bool EmitBlocks(uint64_t new_block_start, const void* data, size_t size, uint64_t old_block,
+                    uint16_t offset, CowOperationType type);
+    void SetupHeaders();
+    void SetupWriteOptions();
+    bool ParseOptions();
+    bool OpenForWrite();
+    bool OpenForAppend(uint64_t label);
+    bool GetDataPos(uint64_t* pos);
+    bool WriteRawData(const void* data, size_t size);
+    bool WriteOperation(const CowOperationV2& op, const void* data = nullptr, size_t size = 0);
+    void AddOperation(const CowOperationV2& op);
+    void InitPos();
+    void InitBatchWrites();
+    void InitWorkers();
+    bool FlushCluster();
+
+    bool CompressBlocks(size_t num_blocks, const void* data);
+    bool Truncate(off_t length);
+    bool EnsureSpaceAvailable(const uint64_t bytes_needed) const;
+
+  private:
+    CowFooter footer_{};
+    CowHeader header_{};
+    CowCompression compression_;
+    // in the case that we are using one thread for compression, we can store and re-use the same
+    // compressor
+    std::unique_ptr<ICompressor> compressor_;
+    uint64_t current_op_pos_ = 0;
+    uint64_t next_op_pos_ = 0;
+    uint64_t next_data_pos_ = 0;
+    uint64_t current_data_pos_ = 0;
+    ssize_t total_data_written_ = 0;
+    uint32_t cluster_size_ = 0;
+    uint32_t current_cluster_size_ = 0;
+    uint64_t current_data_size_ = 0;
+    bool merge_in_progress_ = false;
+
+    int num_compress_threads_ = 1;
+    std::vector<std::unique_ptr<CompressWorker>> compress_threads_;
+    std::vector<std::future<bool>> threads_;
+    std::vector<std::vector<uint8_t>> compressed_buf_;
+    std::vector<std::vector<uint8_t>>::iterator buf_iter_;
+
+    std::vector<std::unique_ptr<CowOperationV2>> opbuffer_vec_;
+    std::vector<std::unique_ptr<uint8_t[]>> databuffer_vec_;
+    std::unique_ptr<struct iovec[]> cowop_vec_;
+    int op_vec_index_ = 0;
+
+    std::unique_ptr<struct iovec[]> data_vec_;
+    int data_vec_index_ = 0;
+    bool batch_write_ = false;
+};
+
+}  // namespace snapshot
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/libsnapshot_cow/writer_v3.cpp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/libsnapshot_cow/writer_v3.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..1117ec9658f0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/libsnapshot_cow/writer_v3.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,768 @@
+//
+// Copyright (C) 2020 The Android Open Source_info Project
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+//
+
+#include "writer_v3.h"
+
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <sys/uio.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#include <android-base/file.h>
+#include <android-base/logging.h>
+#include <android-base/parseint.h>
+#include <android-base/properties.h>
+#include <android-base/strings.h>
+#include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
+#include <brotli/encode.h>
+#include <libsnapshot/cow_format.h>
+#include <libsnapshot/cow_reader.h>
+#include <libsnapshot/cow_writer.h>
+#include <lz4.h>
+#include <zlib.h>
+
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <libsnapshot/cow_compress.h>
+#include <libsnapshot_cow/parser_v3.h>
+#include <linux/fs.h>
+#include <storage_literals/storage_literals.h>
+#include <sys/ioctl.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <numeric>
+
+// The info messages here are spammy, but as useful for update_engine. Disable
+// them when running on the host.
+#ifdef __ANDROID__
+#define LOG_INFO LOG(INFO)
+#else
+#define LOG_INFO LOG(VERBOSE)
+#endif
+
+namespace android {
+namespace snapshot {
+
+static_assert(sizeof(off_t) == sizeof(uint64_t));
+
+using namespace android::storage_literals;
+using android::base::unique_fd;
+
+// Divide |x| by |y| and round up to the nearest integer.
+constexpr uint64_t DivRoundUp(uint64_t x, uint64_t y) {
+    return (x + y - 1) / y;
+}
+
+CowWriterV3::CowWriterV3(const CowOptions& options, unique_fd&& fd)
+    : CowWriterBase(options, std::move(fd)), batch_size_(std::max<size_t>(options.cluster_ops, 1)) {
+    SetupHeaders();
+}
+
+void CowWriterV3::InitWorkers() {
+    if (num_compress_threads_ <= 1) {
+        LOG_INFO << "Not creating new threads for compression.";
+        return;
+    }
+    compress_threads_.reserve(num_compress_threads_);
+    compress_threads_.clear();
+    threads_.reserve(num_compress_threads_);
+    threads_.clear();
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < num_compress_threads_; i++) {
+        std::unique_ptr<ICompressor> compressor =
+                ICompressor::Create(compression_, header_.max_compression_size);
+        auto&& wt = compress_threads_.emplace_back(
+                std::make_unique<CompressWorker>(std::move(compressor)));
+        threads_.emplace_back(std::thread([wt = wt.get()]() { wt->RunThread(); }));
+    }
+    LOG(INFO) << num_compress_threads_ << " thread used for compression";
+}
+
+void CowWriterV3::SetupHeaders() {
+    header_ = {};
+    header_.prefix.magic = kCowMagicNumber;
+    header_.prefix.major_version = 3;
+    header_.prefix.minor_version = 0;
+    header_.prefix.header_size = sizeof(CowHeaderV3);
+    header_.footer_size = 0;
+    header_.op_size = sizeof(CowOperationV3);
+    header_.block_size = options_.block_size;
+    header_.num_merge_ops = options_.num_merge_ops;
+    header_.cluster_ops = 0;
+    if (options_.scratch_space) {
+        header_.buffer_size = BUFFER_REGION_DEFAULT_SIZE;
+    }
+
+    // v3 specific fields
+    // WIP: not quite sure how some of these are calculated yet, assuming buffer_size is determined
+    // during COW size estimation
+    header_.sequence_data_count = 0;
+
+    header_.resume_point_count = 0;
+    header_.resume_point_max = kNumResumePoints;
+    header_.op_count = 0;
+    header_.op_count_max = 0;
+    header_.compression_algorithm = kCowCompressNone;
+    header_.max_compression_size = options_.compression_factor;
+}
+
+bool CowWriterV3::ParseOptions() {
+    if (!header_.max_compression_size || !IsBlockAligned(header_.max_compression_size)) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Invalid compression factor: " << header_.max_compression_size;
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    num_compress_threads_ = std::max(int(options_.num_compress_threads), 1);
+    auto parts = android::base::Split(options_.compression, ",");
+    if (parts.size() > 2) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "failed to parse compression parameters: invalid argument count: "
+                   << parts.size() << " " << options_.compression;
+        return false;
+    }
+    auto algorithm = CompressionAlgorithmFromString(parts[0]);
+    if (!algorithm) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "unrecognized compression: " << options_.compression;
+        return false;
+    }
+    header_.compression_algorithm = *algorithm;
+    header_.op_count_max = options_.op_count_max;
+
+    if (!IsEstimating() && header_.op_count_max == 0) {
+        if (!options_.max_blocks.has_value()) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "can't size op buffer size since op_count_max is 0 and max_blocks is not "
+                          "set.";
+            return false;
+        }
+        LOG(INFO) << "op count max is read in as 0. Setting to "
+                     "num blocks in partition "
+                  << options_.max_blocks.value();
+        header_.op_count_max = options_.max_blocks.value();
+    }
+
+    if (parts.size() > 1) {
+        if (!android::base::ParseInt(parts[1], &compression_.compression_level)) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "failed to parse compression level invalid type: " << parts[1];
+            return false;
+        }
+    } else {
+        compression_.compression_level =
+                CompressWorker::GetDefaultCompressionLevel(algorithm.value());
+    }
+
+    compression_.algorithm = *algorithm;
+    if (compression_.algorithm != kCowCompressNone) {
+        compressor_ = ICompressor::Create(compression_, header_.max_compression_size);
+        if (compressor_ == nullptr) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to create compressor for " << compression_.algorithm;
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (options_.cluster_ops &&
+        (android::base::GetBoolProperty("ro.virtual_ab.batch_writes", false) ||
+         options_.batch_write)) {
+        batch_size_ = std::max<size_t>(options_.cluster_ops, 1);
+        data_vec_.reserve(batch_size_);
+        cached_data_.reserve(batch_size_);
+        cached_ops_.reserve(batch_size_ * kNonDataOpBufferSize);
+    }
+
+    if (batch_size_ > 1) {
+        LOG(INFO) << "Batch writes: enabled with batch size " << batch_size_;
+    } else {
+        LOG(INFO) << "Batch writes: disabled";
+    }
+    if (android::base::GetBoolProperty("ro.virtual_ab.compression.threads", false) &&
+        options_.num_compress_threads) {
+        num_compress_threads_ = options_.num_compress_threads;
+    }
+    InitWorkers();
+
+    return true;
+}
+
+CowWriterV3::~CowWriterV3() {
+    for (const auto& t : compress_threads_) {
+        t->Finalize();
+    }
+    for (auto& t : threads_) {
+        if (t.joinable()) {
+            t.join();
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+bool CowWriterV3::Initialize(std::optional<uint64_t> label) {
+    if (!InitFd() || !ParseOptions()) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    if (!label) {
+        if (!OpenForWrite()) {
+            return false;
+        }
+    } else {
+        if (!OpenForAppend(*label)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
+bool CowWriterV3::OpenForWrite() {
+    // This limitation is tied to the data field size in CowOperationV2.
+    // Keeping this for V3 writer <- although we
+    if (header_.block_size > std::numeric_limits<uint16_t>::max()) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Block size is too large";
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    if (lseek(fd_.get(), 0, SEEK_SET) < 0) {
+        PLOG(ERROR) << "lseek failed";
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    // Headers are not complete, but this ensures the file is at the right
+    // position.
+    if (!android::base::WriteFully(fd_, &header_, sizeof(header_))) {
+        PLOG(ERROR) << "write failed";
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    if (options_.scratch_space) {
+        // Initialize the scratch space
+        std::string data(header_.buffer_size, 0);
+        if (!android::base::WriteFully(fd_, data.data(), header_.buffer_size)) {
+            PLOG(ERROR) << "writing scratch space failed";
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    resume_points_ = std::make_shared<std::vector<ResumePoint>>();
+
+    if (!Sync()) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Header sync failed";
+        return false;
+    }
+    next_data_pos_ = GetDataOffset(header_);
+    return true;
+}
+
+bool CowWriterV3::OpenForAppend(uint64_t label) {
+    CowHeaderV3 header_v3{};
+    if (!ReadCowHeader(fd_, &header_v3)) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Couldn't read Cow Header";
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    header_ = header_v3;
+
+    CHECK(label >= 0);
+    CowParserV3 parser;
+    if (!parser.Parse(fd_, header_, label)) {
+        PLOG(ERROR) << "unable to parse with given label: " << label;
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    resume_points_ = parser.resume_points();
+    options_.block_size = header_.block_size;
+    next_data_pos_ = GetDataOffset(header_);
+
+    TranslatedCowOps ops;
+    parser.Translate(&ops);
+    header_.op_count = ops.ops->size();
+
+    for (const auto& op : *ops.ops) {
+        next_data_pos_ += op.data_length;
+    }
+
+    return true;
+}
+
+bool CowWriterV3::CheckOpCount(size_t op_count) {
+    if (IsEstimating()) {
+        return true;
+    }
+    if (header_.op_count + cached_ops_.size() + op_count > header_.op_count_max) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Current number of ops on disk: " << header_.op_count
+                   << ", number of ops cached in memory: " << cached_ops_.size()
+                   << ", number of ops attempting to write: " << op_count
+                   << ", this will exceed max op count " << header_.op_count_max;
+        return false;
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
+size_t CowWriterV3::CachedDataSize() const {
+    size_t size = 0;
+    for (const auto& i : cached_data_) {
+        size += i.size();
+    }
+    return size;
+}
+
+bool CowWriterV3::EmitCopy(uint64_t new_block, uint64_t old_block, uint64_t num_blocks) {
+    if (!CheckOpCount(num_blocks)) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < num_blocks; i++) {
+        CowOperationV3& op = cached_ops_.emplace_back();
+        op.set_type(kCowCopyOp);
+        op.new_block = new_block + i;
+        op.set_source(old_block + i);
+    }
+
+    if (NeedsFlush()) {
+        if (!FlushCacheOps()) {
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
+bool CowWriterV3::EmitRawBlocks(uint64_t new_block_start, const void* data, size_t size) {
+    return EmitBlocks(new_block_start, data, size, 0, 0, kCowReplaceOp);
+}
+
+bool CowWriterV3::EmitXorBlocks(uint32_t new_block_start, const void* data, size_t size,
+                                uint32_t old_block, uint16_t offset) {
+    return EmitBlocks(new_block_start, data, size, old_block, offset, kCowXorOp);
+}
+
+bool CowWriterV3::NeedsFlush() const {
+    // Allow bigger batch sizes for ops without data. A single CowOperationV3
+    // struct uses 14 bytes of memory, even if we cache 200 * 16 ops in memory,
+    // it's only ~44K.
+    return CachedDataSize() >= batch_size_ * header_.block_size ||
+           cached_ops_.size() >= batch_size_ * kNonDataOpBufferSize;
+}
+
+bool CowWriterV3::ConstructCowOpCompressedBuffers(uint64_t new_block_start, const void* data,
+                                                  uint64_t old_block, uint16_t offset,
+                                                  CowOperationType type, size_t blocks_to_write) {
+    size_t compressed_bytes = 0;
+    auto&& blocks = CompressBlocks(blocks_to_write, data, type);
+    if (blocks.empty()) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to compress blocks " << new_block_start << ", " << blocks_to_write
+                   << ", actual number of blocks received from compressor " << blocks.size();
+        return false;
+    }
+    if (!CheckOpCount(blocks.size())) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    size_t blocks_written = 0;
+    for (size_t blk_index = 0; blk_index < blocks.size(); blk_index++) {
+        CowOperation& op = cached_ops_.emplace_back();
+        auto& vec = data_vec_.emplace_back();
+        CompressedBuffer buffer = std::move(blocks[blk_index]);
+        auto& compressed_data = cached_data_.emplace_back(std::move(buffer.compressed_data));
+        op.new_block = new_block_start + blocks_written;
+
+        op.set_type(type);
+        op.set_compression_bits(std::log2(buffer.compression_factor / header_.block_size));
+
+        if (type == kCowXorOp) {
+            op.set_source((old_block + blocks_written) * header_.block_size + offset);
+        } else {
+            op.set_source(next_data_pos_ + compressed_bytes);
+        }
+
+        vec = {.iov_base = compressed_data.data(), .iov_len = compressed_data.size()};
+        op.data_length = vec.iov_len;
+        compressed_bytes += op.data_length;
+        blocks_written += (buffer.compression_factor / header_.block_size);
+    }
+    if (blocks_written != blocks_to_write) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Total compressed blocks: " << blocks_written
+                   << " Expected: " << blocks_to_write;
+        return false;
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
+bool CowWriterV3::EmitBlocks(uint64_t new_block_start, const void* data, size_t size,
+                             uint64_t old_block, uint16_t offset, CowOperationType type) {
+    if (compression_.algorithm != kCowCompressNone && compressor_ == nullptr) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Compression algorithm is " << compression_.algorithm
+                   << " but compressor is uninitialized.";
+        return false;
+    }
+    const auto bytes = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(data);
+    size_t num_blocks = (size / header_.block_size);
+    size_t total_written = 0;
+    while (total_written < num_blocks) {
+        size_t chunk = std::min(num_blocks - total_written, batch_size_);
+        if (!ConstructCowOpCompressedBuffers(new_block_start + total_written,
+                                             bytes + header_.block_size * total_written,
+                                             old_block + total_written, offset, type, chunk)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        if (NeedsFlush() && !FlushCacheOps()) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "EmitBlocks with compression: write failed. new block: "
+                       << new_block_start << " compression: " << compression_.algorithm
+                       << ", op type: " << type;
+            return false;
+        }
+        total_written += chunk;
+    }
+
+    return true;
+}
+
+bool CowWriterV3::EmitZeroBlocks(uint64_t new_block_start, const uint64_t num_blocks) {
+    if (!CheckOpCount(num_blocks)) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    for (uint64_t i = 0; i < num_blocks; i++) {
+        auto& op = cached_ops_.emplace_back();
+        op.set_type(kCowZeroOp);
+        op.new_block = new_block_start + i;
+    }
+    if (NeedsFlush()) {
+        if (!FlushCacheOps()) {
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
+bool CowWriterV3::EmitLabel(uint64_t label) {
+    // remove all labels greater than this current one. we want to avoid the situation of adding
+    // in
+    // duplicate labels with differing op values
+    if (!FlushCacheOps()) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to flush cached ops before emitting label " << label;
+        return false;
+    }
+    auto remove_if_callback = [&](const auto& resume_point) -> bool {
+        if (resume_point.label >= label) return true;
+        return false;
+    };
+    resume_points_->erase(
+            std::remove_if(resume_points_->begin(), resume_points_->end(), remove_if_callback),
+            resume_points_->end());
+
+    resume_points_->push_back({label, header_.op_count});
+    header_.resume_point_count++;
+    // remove the oldest resume point if resume_buffer is full
+    while (resume_points_->size() > header_.resume_point_max) {
+        resume_points_->erase(resume_points_->begin());
+    }
+
+    CHECK_LE(resume_points_->size(), header_.resume_point_max);
+
+    if (!android::base::WriteFullyAtOffset(fd_, resume_points_->data(),
+                                           resume_points_->size() * sizeof(ResumePoint),
+                                           GetResumeOffset(header_))) {
+        PLOG(ERROR) << "writing resume buffer failed";
+        return false;
+    }
+    return Finalize();
+}
+
+bool CowWriterV3::EmitSequenceData(size_t num_ops, const uint32_t* data) {
+    if (header_.op_count > 0 || !cached_ops_.empty()) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "There's " << header_.op_count << " operations written to disk and "
+                   << cached_ops_.size()
+                   << " ops cached in memory. Writing sequence data is only allowed before all "
+                      "operation writes.";
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    header_.sequence_data_count = num_ops;
+
+    // Ensure next_data_pos_ is updated as previously initialized + the newly added sequence
+    // buffer.
+    CHECK_EQ(next_data_pos_ + header_.sequence_data_count * sizeof(uint32_t),
+             GetDataOffset(header_));
+    next_data_pos_ = GetDataOffset(header_);
+
+    if (!android::base::WriteFullyAtOffset(fd_, data, sizeof(data[0]) * num_ops,
+                                           GetSequenceOffset(header_))) {
+        PLOG(ERROR) << "writing sequence buffer failed";
+        return false;
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
+bool CowWriterV3::FlushCacheOps() {
+    if (cached_ops_.empty()) {
+        if (!data_vec_.empty()) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "Cached ops is empty, but data iovec has size: " << data_vec_.size()
+                       << " this is definitely a bug.";
+            return false;
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+    size_t bytes_written = 0;
+
+    for (auto& op : cached_ops_) {
+        if (op.type() == kCowReplaceOp) {
+            op.set_source(next_data_pos_ + bytes_written);
+        }
+        bytes_written += op.data_length;
+    }
+    if (!WriteOperation(cached_ops_, data_vec_)) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to flush " << cached_ops_.size() << " ops to disk";
+        return false;
+    }
+    cached_ops_.clear();
+    cached_data_.clear();
+    data_vec_.clear();
+    return true;
+}
+
+size_t CowWriterV3::GetCompressionFactor(const size_t blocks_to_compress,
+                                         CowOperationType type) const {
+    // For XOR ops, we don't support bigger block size compression yet.
+    // For bigger block size support, snapshot-merge also has to changed. We
+    // aren't there yet; hence, just stick to 4k for now until
+    // snapshot-merge is ready for XOR operation.
+    if (type == kCowXorOp) {
+        return header_.block_size;
+    }
+
+    size_t compression_factor = header_.max_compression_size;
+    while (compression_factor > header_.block_size) {
+        size_t num_blocks = compression_factor / header_.block_size;
+        if (blocks_to_compress >= num_blocks) {
+            return compression_factor;
+        }
+        compression_factor >>= 1;
+    }
+    return header_.block_size;
+}
+
+std::vector<CowWriterV3::CompressedBuffer> CowWriterV3::ProcessBlocksWithNoCompression(
+        const size_t num_blocks, const void* data, CowOperationType type) {
+    size_t blocks_to_compress = num_blocks;
+    const uint8_t* iter = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(data);
+    std::vector<CompressedBuffer> compressed_vec;
+
+    while (blocks_to_compress) {
+        CompressedBuffer buffer;
+
+        const size_t compression_factor = GetCompressionFactor(blocks_to_compress, type);
+        size_t num_blocks = compression_factor / header_.block_size;
+
+        buffer.compression_factor = compression_factor;
+        buffer.compressed_data.resize(compression_factor);
+
+        // No compression. Just copy the data as-is.
+        std::memcpy(buffer.compressed_data.data(), iter, compression_factor);
+
+        compressed_vec.push_back(std::move(buffer));
+        blocks_to_compress -= num_blocks;
+        iter += compression_factor;
+    }
+    return compressed_vec;
+}
+
+std::vector<CowWriterV3::CompressedBuffer> CowWriterV3::ProcessBlocksWithCompression(
+        const size_t num_blocks, const void* data, CowOperationType type) {
+    size_t blocks_to_compress = num_blocks;
+    const uint8_t* iter = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(data);
+    std::vector<CompressedBuffer> compressed_vec;
+
+    while (blocks_to_compress) {
+        CompressedBuffer buffer;
+
+        const size_t compression_factor = GetCompressionFactor(blocks_to_compress, type);
+        size_t num_blocks = compression_factor / header_.block_size;
+
+        buffer.compression_factor = compression_factor;
+        // Compress the blocks
+        buffer.compressed_data = compressor_->Compress(iter, compression_factor);
+        if (buffer.compressed_data.empty()) {
+            PLOG(ERROR) << "Compression failed";
+            return {};
+        }
+
+        // Check if the buffer was indeed compressed
+        if (buffer.compressed_data.size() >= compression_factor) {
+            buffer.compressed_data.resize(compression_factor);
+            std::memcpy(buffer.compressed_data.data(), iter, compression_factor);
+        }
+
+        compressed_vec.push_back(std::move(buffer));
+        blocks_to_compress -= num_blocks;
+        iter += compression_factor;
+    }
+    return compressed_vec;
+}
+
+std::vector<CowWriterV3::CompressedBuffer> CowWriterV3::ProcessBlocksWithThreadedCompression(
+        const size_t num_blocks, const void* data, CowOperationType type) {
+    const size_t num_threads = num_compress_threads_;
+    const uint8_t* iter = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(data);
+
+    // We will alternate which thread to send compress work to. E.g. alternate between T1 and T2
+    // until all blocks are processed
+    std::vector<CompressedBuffer> compressed_vec;
+    int iteration = 0;
+    int blocks_to_compress = static_cast<int>(num_blocks);
+    while (blocks_to_compress) {
+        CompressedBuffer buffer;
+        CompressWorker* worker = compress_threads_[iteration % num_threads].get();
+
+        const size_t compression_factor = GetCompressionFactor(blocks_to_compress, type);
+        size_t num_blocks = compression_factor / header_.block_size;
+
+        worker->EnqueueCompressBlocks(iter, compression_factor, 1);
+        buffer.compression_factor = compression_factor;
+        compressed_vec.push_back(std::move(buffer));
+
+        iteration++;
+        iter += compression_factor;
+        blocks_to_compress -= num_blocks;
+    }
+
+    std::vector<std::vector<uint8_t>> compressed_buf;
+    std::vector<std::vector<std::vector<uint8_t>>> worker_buffers(num_threads);
+    compressed_buf.clear();
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < num_threads; i++) {
+        CompressWorker* worker = compress_threads_[i].get();
+        if (!worker->GetCompressedBuffers(&worker_buffers[i])) {
+            return {};
+        }
+    }
+    // compressed_vec | CB 1 | CB 2 | CB 3 | CB 4 | <-compressed buffers
+    //                   t1     t2     t1     t2    <- processed by these threads
+    // Ordering is important here. We need to retrieve the compressed data in the same order we
+    // processed it and assume that that we submit data beginning with the first thread and then
+    // round robin the consecutive data calls. We need to Fetch compressed buffers from the
+    // threads via the same ordering
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < compressed_vec.size(); i++) {
+        compressed_buf.emplace_back(worker_buffers[i % num_threads][i / num_threads]);
+    }
+
+    if (compressed_vec.size() != compressed_buf.size()) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Compressed buffer size: " << compressed_buf.size()
+                   << " - Expected: " << compressed_vec.size();
+        return {};
+    }
+
+    iter = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(data);
+    // Walk through all the compressed buffers
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < compressed_buf.size(); i++) {
+        auto& buffer = compressed_vec[i];
+        auto& block = compressed_buf[i];
+        size_t block_size = buffer.compression_factor;
+        // Check if the blocks was indeed compressed
+        if (block.size() >= block_size) {
+            buffer.compressed_data.resize(block_size);
+            std::memcpy(buffer.compressed_data.data(), iter, block_size);
+        } else {
+            // Compressed block
+            buffer.compressed_data.resize(block.size());
+            std::memcpy(buffer.compressed_data.data(), block.data(), block.size());
+        }
+        iter += block_size;
+    }
+    return compressed_vec;
+}
+
+std::vector<CowWriterV3::CompressedBuffer> CowWriterV3::CompressBlocks(const size_t num_blocks,
+                                                                       const void* data,
+                                                                       CowOperationType type) {
+    if (compression_.algorithm == kCowCompressNone) {
+        return ProcessBlocksWithNoCompression(num_blocks, data, type);
+    }
+
+    const size_t num_threads = (num_blocks == 1) ? 1 : num_compress_threads_;
+
+    // If no threads are required, just compress the blocks inline.
+    if (num_threads <= 1) {
+        return ProcessBlocksWithCompression(num_blocks, data, type);
+    }
+
+    return ProcessBlocksWithThreadedCompression(num_blocks, data, type);
+}
+
+bool CowWriterV3::WriteOperation(std::span<const CowOperationV3> ops,
+                                 std::span<const struct iovec> data) {
+    const auto total_data_size =
+            std::transform_reduce(data.begin(), data.end(), 0, std::plus<size_t>{},
+                                  [](const struct iovec& a) { return a.iov_len; });
+    if (IsEstimating()) {
+        header_.op_count += ops.size();
+        if (header_.op_count > header_.op_count_max) {
+            // If we increment op_count_max, the offset of data section would
+            // change. So need to update |next_data_pos_|
+            next_data_pos_ += (header_.op_count - header_.op_count_max) * sizeof(CowOperationV3);
+            header_.op_count_max = header_.op_count;
+        }
+        next_data_pos_ += total_data_size;
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    if (header_.op_count + ops.size() > header_.op_count_max) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Current op count " << header_.op_count << ", attempting to write "
+                   << ops.size() << " ops will exceed the max of " << header_.op_count_max;
+        return false;
+    }
+    const off_t offset = GetOpOffset(header_.op_count, header_);
+    if (!android::base::WriteFullyAtOffset(fd_, ops.data(), ops.size() * sizeof(ops[0]), offset)) {
+        PLOG(ERROR) << "Write failed for " << ops.size() << " ops at " << offset;
+        return false;
+    }
+    if (!data.empty()) {
+        int total_written = 0;
+        int i = 0;
+        while (i < data.size()) {
+            int chunk = std::min(static_cast<int>(data.size() - i), IOV_MAX);
+
+            const auto ret = pwritev(fd_, data.data() + i, chunk, next_data_pos_ + total_written);
+            if (ret < 0) {
+                PLOG(ERROR) << "write failed chunk size of: " << chunk
+                            << " at offset: " << next_data_pos_ + total_written << " " << errno;
+                return false;
+            }
+            total_written += ret;
+            i += chunk;
+        }
+        if (total_written != total_data_size) {
+            PLOG(ERROR) << "write failed for data vector of size: " << data.size()
+                        << " and total data length: " << total_data_size
+                        << " at offset: " << next_data_pos_ << " " << errno
+                        << ", only wrote: " << total_written;
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    header_.op_count += ops.size();
+    next_data_pos_ += total_data_size;
+
+    return true;
+}
+
+bool CowWriterV3::Finalize() {
+    CHECK_GE(header_.prefix.header_size, sizeof(CowHeaderV3));
+    CHECK_LE(header_.prefix.header_size, sizeof(header_));
+    if (!FlushCacheOps()) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    if (!android::base::WriteFullyAtOffset(fd_, &header_, header_.prefix.header_size, 0)) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    return Sync();
+}
+
+CowSizeInfo CowWriterV3::GetCowSizeInfo() const {
+    CowSizeInfo info;
+    info.cow_size = next_data_pos_;
+    info.op_count_max = header_.op_count_max;
+    return info;
+}
+
+}  // namespace snapshot
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/libsnapshot_cow/writer_v3.h b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/libsnapshot_cow/writer_v3.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..9e7cf7a2cd08
--- /dev/null
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/libsnapshot_cow/writer_v3.h
@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <android-base/logging.h>
+#include <span>
+#include <string_view>
+#include <thread>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include <libsnapshot/cow_format.h>
+#include <storage_literals/storage_literals.h>
+#include "writer_base.h"
+
+namespace android {
+namespace snapshot {
+
+using namespace android::storage_literals;
+// This is a multiple on top of the number of data ops that can be stored in our cache at once. This
+// is added so that we can cache more non-data ops as it takes up less space.
+static constexpr uint32_t kNonDataOpBufferSize = 16;
+
+class CowWriterV3 : public CowWriterBase {
+  public:
+    explicit CowWriterV3(const CowOptions& options, android::base::unique_fd&& fd);
+    ~CowWriterV3() override;
+
+    bool Initialize(std::optional<uint64_t> label = {}) override;
+    bool Finalize() override;
+    CowSizeInfo GetCowSizeInfo() const override;
+
+  protected:
+    virtual bool EmitCopy(uint64_t new_block, uint64_t old_block, uint64_t num_blocks = 1) override;
+    virtual bool EmitRawBlocks(uint64_t new_block_start, const void* data, size_t size) override;
+    virtual bool EmitXorBlocks(uint32_t new_block_start, const void* data, size_t size,
+                               uint32_t old_block, uint16_t offset) override;
+    virtual bool EmitZeroBlocks(uint64_t new_block_start, uint64_t num_blocks) override;
+    virtual bool EmitLabel(uint64_t label) override;
+    virtual bool EmitSequenceData(size_t num_ops, const uint32_t* data) override;
+
+  private:
+    struct CompressedBuffer {
+        size_t compression_factor;
+        std::vector<uint8_t> compressed_data;
+    };
+    void SetupHeaders();
+    bool NeedsFlush() const;
+    bool ParseOptions();
+    bool OpenForWrite();
+    bool OpenForAppend(uint64_t label);
+    bool WriteOperation(std::span<const CowOperationV3> op, std::span<const struct iovec> data);
+    bool EmitBlocks(uint64_t new_block_start, const void* data, size_t size, uint64_t old_block,
+                    uint16_t offset, CowOperationType type);
+    bool ConstructCowOpCompressedBuffers(uint64_t new_block_start, const void* data,
+                                         uint64_t old_block, uint16_t offset, CowOperationType type,
+                                         size_t blocks_to_write);
+    bool CheckOpCount(size_t op_count);
+
+  private:
+    std::vector<CompressedBuffer> ProcessBlocksWithNoCompression(const size_t num_blocks,
+                                                                 const void* data,
+                                                                 CowOperationType type);
+    std::vector<CompressedBuffer> ProcessBlocksWithCompression(const size_t num_blocks,
+                                                               const void* data,
+                                                               CowOperationType type);
+    std::vector<CompressedBuffer> ProcessBlocksWithThreadedCompression(const size_t num_blocks,
+                                                                       const void* data,
+                                                                       CowOperationType type);
+    std::vector<CompressedBuffer> CompressBlocks(const size_t num_blocks, const void* data,
+                                                 CowOperationType type);
+    size_t GetCompressionFactor(const size_t blocks_to_compress, CowOperationType type) const;
+
+    constexpr bool IsBlockAligned(const uint64_t size) {
+        // These are the only block size supported. Block size beyond 256k
+        // may impact random read performance post OTA boot.
+        const size_t values[] = {4_KiB, 8_KiB, 16_KiB, 32_KiB, 64_KiB, 128_KiB, 256_KiB};
+
+        auto it = std::lower_bound(std::begin(values), std::end(values), size);
+
+        if (it != std::end(values) && *it == size) {
+            return true;
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+    size_t CachedDataSize() const;
+    bool ReadBackVerification();
+    bool FlushCacheOps();
+    void InitWorkers();
+    CowHeaderV3 header_{};
+    CowCompression compression_;
+    // in the case that we are using one thread for compression, we can store and re-use the same
+    // compressor
+    std::unique_ptr<ICompressor> compressor_;
+    std::vector<std::unique_ptr<CompressWorker>> compress_threads_;
+    // Resume points contain a laebl + cow_op_index.
+    std::shared_ptr<std::vector<ResumePoint>> resume_points_;
+
+    uint64_t next_data_pos_ = 0;
+
+    // in the case that we are using one thread for compression, we can store and re-use the same
+    // compressor
+    int num_compress_threads_ = 1;
+    size_t batch_size_ = 1;
+    std::vector<CowOperationV3> cached_ops_;
+    std::vector<std::vector<uint8_t>> cached_data_;
+    std::vector<struct iovec> data_vec_;
+
+    std::vector<std::thread> threads_;
+};
+
+}  // namespace snapshot
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/partition_cow_creator.cpp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/partition_cow_creator.cpp
index 7057223bcd24..c0d20734e1b3 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/partition_cow_creator.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/partition_cow_creator.cpp
@@ -131,15 +131,28 @@ bool OptimizeSourceCopyOperation(const InstallOperation& operation, InstallOpera
     return is_optimized;
 }
 
-void WriteExtent(DmSnapCowSizeCalculator* sc, const chromeos_update_engine::Extent& de,
+bool WriteExtent(DmSnapCowSizeCalculator* sc, const chromeos_update_engine::Extent& de,
                  unsigned int sectors_per_block) {
     const auto block_boundary = de.start_block() + de.num_blocks();
     for (auto b = de.start_block(); b < block_boundary; ++b) {
         for (unsigned int s = 0; s < sectors_per_block; ++s) {
-            const auto sector_id = b * sectors_per_block + s;
+            // sector_id = b * sectors_per_block + s;
+            uint64_t block_start_sector_id;
+            if (__builtin_mul_overflow(b, sectors_per_block, &block_start_sector_id)) {
+                LOG(ERROR) << "Integer overflow when calculating sector id (" << b << " * "
+                           << sectors_per_block << ")";
+                return false;
+            }
+            uint64_t sector_id;
+            if (__builtin_add_overflow(block_start_sector_id, s, &sector_id)) {
+                LOG(ERROR) << "Integer overflow when calculating sector id ("
+                           << block_start_sector_id << " + " << s << ")";
+                return false;
+            }
             sc->WriteSector(sector_id);
         }
     }
+    return true;
 }
 
 std::optional<uint64_t> PartitionCowCreator::GetCowSize() {
@@ -167,7 +180,7 @@ std::optional<uint64_t> PartitionCowCreator::GetCowSize() {
     // Allocate space for extra extents (if any). These extents are those that can be
     // used for error corrections or to store verity hash trees.
     for (const auto& de : extra_extents) {
-        WriteExtent(&sc, de, sectors_per_block);
+        if (!WriteExtent(&sc, de, sectors_per_block)) return std::nullopt;
     }
 
     if (update == nullptr) return sc.cow_size_bytes();
@@ -182,7 +195,7 @@ std::optional<uint64_t> PartitionCowCreator::GetCowSize() {
         }
 
         for (const auto& de : written_op->dst_extents()) {
-            WriteExtent(&sc, de, sectors_per_block);
+            if (!WriteExtent(&sc, de, sectors_per_block)) return std::nullopt;
         }
     }
 
@@ -204,6 +217,7 @@ std::optional<PartitionCowCreator::Return> PartitionCowCreator::Run() {
 
     if (update && update->has_estimate_cow_size()) {
         ret.snapshot_status.set_estimated_cow_size(update->estimate_cow_size());
+        ret.snapshot_status.set_estimated_ops_buffer_size(update->estimate_op_count_max());
     }
 
     if (ret.snapshot_status.snapshot_size() == 0) {
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/partition_cow_creator.h b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/partition_cow_creator.h
index bd5c8cb2e370..1adbba2c8132 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/partition_cow_creator.h
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/partition_cow_creator.h
@@ -59,6 +59,11 @@ struct PartitionCowCreator {
     // True if snapuserd COWs are enabled.
     bool using_snapuserd = false;
     std::string compression_algorithm;
+    uint64_t compression_factor;
+    uint32_t read_ahead_size;
+
+    // Enable direct reads on source device
+    bool o_direct;
 
     // True if multi-threaded compression should be enabled
     bool enable_threading;
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/partition_cow_creator_test.cpp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/partition_cow_creator_test.cpp
index cf26a163649c..8356c0c24b18 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/partition_cow_creator_test.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/partition_cow_creator_test.cpp
@@ -39,6 +39,7 @@ using ::testing::Truly;
 namespace android {
 namespace snapshot {
 
+// @VsrTest = 3.7.6
 class PartitionCowCreatorTest : public ::testing::Test {
   public:
     void SetUp() override {
@@ -249,8 +250,8 @@ TEST_F(PartitionCowCreatorTest, CompressionEnabled) {
                                 .target_partition = system_b,
                                 .current_metadata = builder_a.get(),
                                 .current_suffix = "_a",
-                                .using_snapuserd = true,
-                                .update = &update};
+                                .update = &update,
+                                .using_snapuserd = true};
 
     auto ret = creator.Run();
     ASSERT_TRUE(ret.has_value());
@@ -275,8 +276,8 @@ TEST_F(PartitionCowCreatorTest, CompressionWithNoManifest) {
                                 .target_partition = system_b,
                                 .current_metadata = builder_a.get(),
                                 .current_suffix = "_a",
-                                .using_snapuserd = true,
-                                .update = nullptr};
+                                .update = nullptr,
+                                .using_snapuserd = true};
 
     auto ret = creator.Run();
     ASSERT_FALSE(ret.has_value());
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/scratch_super.cpp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/scratch_super.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..2d1912394feb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/scratch_super.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,426 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2024 The Android Open Source Project
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#include <dirent.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <linux/fs.h>
+#include <selinux/selinux.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <sys/mount.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <sys/statvfs.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <sys/vfs.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <filesystem>
+#include <memory>
+#include <optional>
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include <android-base/file.h>
+#include <android-base/logging.h>
+#include <android-base/macros.h>
+#include <android-base/properties.h>
+#include <android-base/scopeguard.h>
+#include <android-base/strings.h>
+#include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
+#include <ext4_utils/ext4_utils.h>
+
+#include <libsnapshot/snapshot.h>
+
+#include <fs_mgr.h>
+#include <fs_mgr_dm_linear.h>
+#include <fstab/fstab.h>
+#include <liblp/builder.h>
+#include <storage_literals/storage_literals.h>
+
+#include "device_info.h"
+#include "scratch_super.h"
+
+using namespace std::literals;
+using namespace android::dm;
+using namespace android::fs_mgr;
+using namespace android::storage_literals;
+
+namespace android {
+namespace snapshot {
+
+static bool UmountScratch() {
+    Fstab fstab;
+    if (!ReadFstabFromProcMounts(&fstab)) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Cannot read /proc/mounts";
+        return false;
+    }
+    if (GetEntryForMountPoint(&fstab, kOtaMetadataMount) == nullptr) {
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    auto ota_dir = std::string(kOtaMetadataMount) + "/" + "ota";
+
+    std::error_code ec;
+    if (std::filesystem::remove_all(ota_dir, ec) == static_cast<std::uintmax_t>(-1)) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to remove OTA directory: " << ec.message();
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    if (umount(kOtaMetadataMount) != 0) {
+        PLOG(ERROR) << "UmountScratch failed";
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    LOG(INFO) << "umount scratch_super success";
+    return true;
+}
+
+bool CleanupScratchOtaMetadataIfPresent(const ISnapshotManager::IDeviceInfo* info) {
+    if (!UmountScratch()) {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    std::unique_ptr<MetadataBuilder> builder;
+    const auto partition_name = android::base::Basename(kOtaMetadataMount);
+    const std::vector<int> slots = {0, 1};
+
+    if (info == nullptr) {
+        info = new android::snapshot::DeviceInfo();
+    }
+
+    std::string super_device;
+    if (info->IsTestDevice()) {
+        super_device = "super";
+    } else {
+        super_device = kPhysicalDevice + fs_mgr_get_super_partition_name();
+    }
+    const auto& opener = info->GetPartitionOpener();
+    std::string slot_suffix = info->GetSlotSuffix();
+    // Walk both the slots and clean up metadata related to scratch space from
+    // both the slots.
+    for (auto slot : slots) {
+        std::unique_ptr<MetadataBuilder> builder = MetadataBuilder::New(opener, super_device, slot);
+        if (!builder) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        if (builder->FindPartition(partition_name) != nullptr) {
+            builder->RemovePartition(partition_name);
+            auto metadata = builder->Export();
+            if (!metadata) {
+                return false;
+            }
+            if (!UpdatePartitionTable(info->GetPartitionOpener(), super_device, *metadata.get(),
+                                      slot)) {
+                LOG(ERROR) << "UpdatePartitionTable failed for slot: " << slot;
+                return false;
+            }
+            if (DestroyLogicalPartition(partition_name)) {
+                LOG(INFO) << "CleanupScratchOtaMetadata success for slot: " << slot;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    return true;
+}
+
+static bool SetupOTADirs() {
+    if (setfscreatecon(android::snapshot::kOtaMetadataFileContext)) {
+        PLOG(ERROR) << "setfscreatecon failed: " << android::snapshot::kOtaMetadataFileContext;
+        return false;
+    }
+    const auto ota_dir = std::string(kOtaMetadataMount) + "/" + "ota";
+    if (mkdir(ota_dir.c_str(), 0755) != 0 && errno != EEXIST) {
+        PLOG(ERROR) << "mkdir " << ota_dir;
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    const auto snapshot_dir = ota_dir + "/" + "snapshots";
+    if (mkdir(snapshot_dir.c_str(), 0755) != 0 && errno != EEXIST) {
+        PLOG(ERROR) << "mkdir " << snapshot_dir;
+        return false;
+    }
+    if (setfscreatecon(nullptr)) {
+        PLOG(ERROR) << "setfscreatecon null";
+        return false;
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
+static bool MountScratch(const std::string& device_path) {
+    if (access(device_path.c_str(), R_OK | W_OK)) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Path does not exist or is not readwrite: " << device_path;
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    std::string filesystem_candidate;
+    if (fs_mgr_is_ext4(device_path)) {
+        filesystem_candidate = "ext4";
+    } else {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Scratch partition is not ext4";
+        return false;
+    }
+    if (setfscreatecon(android::snapshot::kOtaMetadataFileContext)) {
+        PLOG(ERROR) << "setfscreatecon failed: " << android::snapshot::kOtaMetadataFileContext;
+        return false;
+    }
+    if (mkdir(kOtaMetadataMount, 0755) && (errno != EEXIST)) {
+        PLOG(ERROR) << "create " << kOtaMetadataMount;
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    android::fs_mgr::FstabEntry entry;
+    entry.blk_device = device_path;
+    entry.mount_point = kOtaMetadataMount;
+    entry.flags = MS_NOATIME;
+    entry.flags |= MS_SYNCHRONOUS;
+    entry.fs_options = "nodiscard";
+    fs_mgr_set_blk_ro(device_path, false);
+    entry.fs_mgr_flags.check = true;
+
+    bool mounted = false;
+    entry.fs_type = filesystem_candidate.c_str();
+    if (fs_mgr_do_mount_one(entry) == 0) {
+        mounted = true;
+    }
+
+    if (setfscreatecon(nullptr)) {
+        PLOG(ERROR) << "setfscreatecon null";
+        return false;
+    }
+    if (!mounted) {
+        rmdir(kOtaMetadataMount);
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    return true;
+}
+
+static bool MakeScratchFilesystem(const std::string& scratch_device) {
+    std::string fs_type;
+    std::string command;
+    if (!access(kMkExt4, X_OK)) {
+        fs_type = "ext4";
+        command = kMkExt4 + " -F -b 4096 -t ext4 -m 0 -O has_journal -M "s + kOtaMetadataMount;
+    } else {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "No supported mkfs command or filesystem driver available, supported "
+                      "filesystems "
+                      "are: f2fs, ext4";
+        return false;
+    }
+    command += " " + scratch_device + " >/dev/null 2>/dev/null </dev/null";
+    fs_mgr_set_blk_ro(scratch_device, false);
+    auto ret = system(command.c_str());
+    if (ret) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "make " << fs_type << " filesystem on " << scratch_device
+                   << " return=" << ret;
+        return false;
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
+static bool CreateDynamicScratch(const ISnapshotManager::IDeviceInfo* info,
+                                 std::string* scratch_device) {
+    const auto partition_name = android::base::Basename(kOtaMetadataMount);
+    auto& dm = DeviceMapper::Instance();
+    if (info == nullptr) {
+        info = new android::snapshot::DeviceInfo();
+    }
+
+    std::string super_device;
+    if (info->IsTestDevice()) {
+        super_device = "super";
+    } else {
+        super_device = kPhysicalDevice + fs_mgr_get_super_partition_name();
+    }
+
+    bool partition_exists = dm.GetState(partition_name) != DmDeviceState::INVALID;
+    if (partition_exists) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Partition already exists: " << partition_name;
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    const auto& opener = info->GetPartitionOpener();
+    std::string slot_suffix = info->GetSlotSuffix();
+    int slot = SlotNumberForSlotSuffix(slot_suffix);
+    std::unique_ptr<MetadataBuilder> builder = MetadataBuilder::New(opener, super_device, slot);
+
+    if (!builder) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "open " << super_device << " failed";
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    auto partition = builder->FindPartition(partition_name);
+    partition_exists = partition != nullptr;
+    if (partition_exists) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Partition exists in super metadata";
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    partition = builder->AddPartition(partition_name, LP_PARTITION_ATTR_NONE);
+    if (!partition) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "AddPartition failed " << partition_name;
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    auto free_space = builder->AllocatableSpace() - builder->UsedSpace();
+    if (free_space < kOtaMetadataPartitionSize) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "No space in super partition. Free space: " << free_space
+                   << " Requested space: " << kOtaMetadataPartitionSize;
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    LOG(INFO) << "CreateDynamicScratch: free_space: " << free_space
+              << " scratch_size: " << kOtaMetadataPartitionSize << " slot_number: " << slot;
+
+    if (!builder->ResizePartition(partition, kOtaMetadataPartitionSize)) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "ResizePartition failed: " << partition_name << " free_space: " << free_space
+                   << " scratch_size: " << kOtaMetadataPartitionSize;
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    auto metadata = builder->Export();
+    CreateLogicalPartitionParams params;
+
+    if (!metadata ||
+        !UpdatePartitionTable(info->GetPartitionOpener(), super_device, *metadata.get(), slot)) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "UpdatePartitionTable failed: " << partition_name;
+        return false;
+    }
+    params = {
+            .block_device = super_device,
+            .metadata_slot = slot,
+            .partition_name = partition_name,
+            .force_writable = true,
+            .timeout_ms = 10s,
+            .partition_opener = &info->GetPartitionOpener(),
+    };
+
+    if (!CreateLogicalPartition(params, scratch_device)) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "CreateLogicalPartition failed";
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    LOG(INFO) << "Scratch device created successfully: " << *scratch_device << " slot: " << slot;
+    return true;
+}
+
+bool IsScratchOtaMetadataOnSuper() {
+    auto partition_name = android::base::Basename(kOtaMetadataMount);
+    auto source_slot = fs_mgr_get_slot_suffix();
+    auto source_slot_number = SlotNumberForSlotSuffix(source_slot);
+
+    const auto super_device =
+            kPhysicalDevice + fs_mgr_get_super_partition_name(!source_slot_number);
+
+    auto metadata = android::fs_mgr::ReadMetadata(super_device, !source_slot_number);
+    if (!metadata) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    auto partition = android::fs_mgr::FindPartition(*metadata.get(), partition_name);
+    if (!partition) {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    auto& dm = DeviceMapper::Instance();
+    if (dm.GetState(partition_name) == DmDeviceState::ACTIVE) {
+        LOG(INFO) << "Partition: " << partition_name << " is active";
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    CreateLogicalPartitionParams params = {
+            .block_device = super_device,
+            .metadata = metadata.get(),
+            .partition = partition,
+    };
+
+    std::string scratch_path;
+    if (!CreateLogicalPartition(params, &scratch_path)) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Could not create logical partition: " << partition_name;
+        return false;
+    }
+    LOG(INFO) << "Scratch device: " << scratch_path << " created successfully";
+
+    return true;
+}
+
+std::string GetScratchOtaMetadataPartition() {
+    std::string device;
+    auto& dm = DeviceMapper::Instance();
+    auto partition_name = android::base::Basename(kOtaMetadataMount);
+
+    bool invalid_partition = (dm.GetState(partition_name) == DmDeviceState::INVALID);
+    if (!invalid_partition && dm.GetDmDevicePathByName(partition_name, &device)) {
+        return device;
+    }
+    return "";
+}
+
+static bool ScratchAlreadyMounted(const std::string& mount_point) {
+    android::fs_mgr::Fstab fstab;
+    if (!ReadFstabFromProcMounts(&fstab)) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    for (const auto& entry : GetEntriesForMountPoint(&fstab, mount_point)) {
+        if (entry->fs_type == "ext4") {
+            return true;
+        }
+    }
+    return false;
+}
+
+std::string MapScratchOtaMetadataPartition(const std::string& scratch_device) {
+    if (!ScratchAlreadyMounted(kOtaMetadataMount)) {
+        if (!MountScratch(scratch_device)) {
+            return "";
+        }
+    }
+
+    auto ota_dir = std::string(kOtaMetadataMount) + "/" + "ota";
+    if (access(ota_dir.c_str(), F_OK) != 0) {
+        return "";
+    }
+    return ota_dir;
+}
+
+// Entry point to create a scratch device on super partition
+// This will create a 2MB space in super. The space will be
+// from the current active slot. Ext4 filesystem will be created
+// on this scratch device and all the OTA related directories
+// will be created.
+bool CreateScratchOtaMetadataOnSuper(const ISnapshotManager::IDeviceInfo* info) {
+    std::string scratch_device;
+
+    if (!CreateDynamicScratch(info, &scratch_device)) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "CreateDynamicScratch failed";
+        return false;
+    }
+    if (!MakeScratchFilesystem(scratch_device)) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "MakeScratchFilesystem failed";
+        return false;
+    }
+    if (!MountScratch(scratch_device)) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "MountScratch failed";
+        return false;
+    }
+    if (!SetupOTADirs()) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "SetupOTADirs failed";
+        return false;
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
+}  // namespace snapshot
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/scratch_super.h b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/scratch_super.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..7a16f97d97e4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/scratch_super.h
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2024 The Android Open Source Project
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#pragma once
+
+namespace android {
+namespace snapshot {
+
+constexpr char kMkExt4[] = "/system/bin/mke2fs";
+constexpr char kOtaMetadataFileContext[] = "u:object_r:ota_metadata_file:s0";
+constexpr char kOtaMetadataMount[] = "/mnt/scratch_ota_metadata_super";
+const size_t kOtaMetadataPartitionSize = uint64_t(2 * 1024 * 1024);
+constexpr char kPhysicalDevice[] = "/dev/block/by-name/";
+
+bool IsScratchOtaMetadataOnSuper();
+std::string GetScratchOtaMetadataPartition();
+std::string MapScratchOtaMetadataPartition(const std::string& device);
+bool CreateScratchOtaMetadataOnSuper(const ISnapshotManager::IDeviceInfo* info = nullptr);
+bool CleanupScratchOtaMetadataIfPresent(const ISnapshotManager::IDeviceInfo* info = nullptr);
+
+}  // namespace snapshot
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/scripts/Android.bp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/scripts/Android.bp
index 829f5bc921a6..b99da937744f 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/scripts/Android.bp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/scripts/Android.bp
@@ -29,3 +29,8 @@ python_binary_host {
         "snapshot_proto_python",
     ],
 }
+
+sh_binary_host {
+    name: "apply_update",
+    src: "apply-update.sh",
+}
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/scripts/apply-update.sh b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/scripts/apply-update.sh
new file mode 100755
index 000000000000..92bff3b93511
--- /dev/null
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/scripts/apply-update.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,235 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+
+# Copyright 2024 Google Inc. All rights reserved.
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+# apply_update.sh: Script to update the device in incremental way
+
+# Ensure OUT directory exists
+if [ -z "$OUT" ]; then
+  echo "Error: OUT environment variable not set." >&2
+  exit 1
+fi
+
+DEVICE_PATH="/data/verity-hash"
+HOST_PATH="$OUT/verity-hash"
+
+# Create the log file path
+log_file="$HOST_PATH/snapshot.log"
+
+# Function to log messages to both console and log file
+log_message() {
+    message="$1"
+    echo "$message"  # Print to stdout
+    echo "$(date '+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S') - $message" >> "$log_file"  # Append to log file with timestamp
+}
+
+# Function to check for create_snapshot and build if needed
+ensure_create_snapshot() {
+  if ! command -v create_snapshot &> /dev/null; then
+    log_message "create_snapshot not found. Building..."
+    m create_snapshot
+    if [[ $? -ne 0 ]]; then
+      log_message "Error: Failed to build create_snapshot."
+      exit 1
+    fi
+  fi
+}
+
+ensure_create_snapshot
+
+# Function to flash static partitions
+flash_static_partitions() {
+  local wipe_flag="$1"
+  local flash_bootloader="$2"
+
+  if (( flash_bootloader )); then
+    fastboot flash bootloader "$OUT"/bootloader.img
+    fastboot reboot bootloader
+    sleep 1
+    fastboot flash radio "$OUT"/radio.img
+    fastboot reboot bootloader
+    sleep 1
+  fi
+  fastboot flashall --exclude-dynamic-partitions --disable-super-optimization --skip-reboot
+
+  if (( wipe_flag )); then
+      log_message "Wiping device..."
+      fastboot -w
+  fi
+  fastboot reboot
+}
+
+# Function to display the help message
+show_help() {
+  cat << EOF
+Usage: $0 [OPTIONS]
+
+This script updates an Android device with incremental flashing, optionally wiping data and flashing static partitions.
+
+Options:
+  --skip-static-partitions  Skip flashing static partitions (bootloader, radio, boot, vbmeta, dtbo and other static A/B partitions).
+                           * Requires manual update of static partitions on both A/B slots
+                             *before* using this flag.
+                           * Speeds up the update process and development iteration.
+                           * Ideal for development focused on the Android platform (AOSP,
+                             git_main).
+                           * Safe usage: First update static partitions on both slots, then
+                             use this flag for faster development iterations.
+                             Ex:
+                                1: Run this on both the slots - This will update the kernel and other static partitions:
+                                   $fastboot flashall --exclude-dynamic-partitions --disable-super-optimization --skip-reboot
+
+                                2: Update bootloader on both the slots:
+                                    $fastboot flash bootloader $OUT/bootloader.img --slot=all
+
+                                3: Update radio on both the slots:
+                                    $fastboot flash radio $OUT/radio.img --slot=all
+                            Now, the script can safely use this flag for update purpose.
+
+  --wipe                   Wipe user data during the update.
+  --boot_snapshot          Boot the device off snapshots - No data wipe is supported
+                              To revert back to original state - `adb shell snapshotctl revert-snapshots`
+  --help                   Display this help message.
+
+Environment Variables:
+  OUT                      Path to the directory containing build output.
+                           This is required for the script to function correctly.
+
+Examples:
+  <Development workflow for any project in the platform and build with 'm' to create the images>
+
+  Update the device:
+  $0
+
+  Update the device, but skip flashing static partitions (see above for the usage):
+  $0 --skip-static-partitions
+
+  Update the device and wipe user data:
+  $0 --wipe
+
+  Display this help message:
+  $0 --help
+EOF
+}
+
+skip_static_partitions=0
+boot_snapshot=0
+flash_bootloader=1
+wipe_flag=0
+help_flag=0
+
+# Parse arguments
+for arg in "$@"; do
+  case "$arg" in
+    --skip-static-partitions)
+      skip_static_partitions=1
+      ;;
+    --wipe)
+      wipe_flag=1
+      ;;
+    --skip_bootloader)
+      flash_bootloader=0
+      ;;
+    --boot_snapshot)
+      boot_snapshot=1
+      ;;
+    --help)
+      help_flag=1
+      ;;
+    *)
+      echo "Unknown argument: $arg" >&2
+      help_flag=1
+      ;;
+  esac
+done
+
+# Check if help flag is set
+if (( help_flag )); then
+  show_help
+  exit 0
+fi
+
+rm -rf $HOST_PATH
+
+adb root
+adb wait-for-device
+
+adb shell rm -rf $DEVICE_PATH
+adb shell mkdir -p $DEVICE_PATH
+
+echo "Extracting device source hash from dynamic partitions"
+adb shell snapshotctl dump-verity-hash $DEVICE_PATH
+adb pull -q $DEVICE_PATH $OUT/
+
+log_message "Entering directory:"
+
+# Navigate to the verity-hash directory
+cd "$HOST_PATH" || { log_message "Error: Could not navigate to $HOST_PATH"; exit 1; }
+
+pwd
+
+# Iterate over all .pb files using a for loop
+for pb_file in *.pb; do
+  # Extract the base filename without the .pb extension
+  base_filename="${pb_file%.*}"
+
+  # Construct the source and target file names
+  source_file="$pb_file"
+  target_file="$OUT/$base_filename.img"
+
+  # Construct the create_snapshot command using an array
+  snapshot_args=(
+    "create_snapshot"
+    "--source" "$source_file"
+    "--target" "$target_file"
+    "--merkel_tree"
+  )
+
+  # Log the command about to be executed
+  log_message "Running: ${snapshot_args[*]}"
+
+  "${snapshot_args[@]}" >> "$log_file" 2>&1 &
+done
+
+log_message "Waiting for snapshot patch creation"
+
+# Wait for all background processes to complete
+wait $(jobs -p)
+
+log_message "Snapshot patches created successfully"
+
+adb push -q $HOST_PATH/*.patch $DEVICE_PATH
+
+log_message "Applying update"
+
+if (( boot_snapshot)); then
+  adb shell snapshotctl map-snapshots $DEVICE_PATH
+elif (( wipe_flag )); then
+  adb shell snapshotctl apply-update $DEVICE_PATH -w
+else
+  adb shell snapshotctl apply-update $DEVICE_PATH
+fi
+
+if (( skip_static_partitions )); then
+    log_message "Rebooting device - Skipping flashing static partitions"
+    adb reboot
+else
+    log_message "Rebooting device to bootloader"
+    adb reboot bootloader
+    log_message "Waiting to enter fastboot bootloader"
+    flash_static_partitions "$wipe_flag" "$flash_bootloader"
+fi
+
+log_message "Update completed"
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshot.cpp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshot.cpp
index 26614827ba64..adfb16b28793 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshot.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshot.cpp
@@ -20,16 +20,18 @@
 #include <sys/file.h>
 #include <sys/types.h>
 #include <sys/unistd.h>
+#include <sys/xattr.h>
 
+#include <chrono>
 #include <filesystem>
 #include <optional>
 #include <thread>
-#include <unordered_set>
 
 #include <android-base/file.h>
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
 #include <android-base/parseint.h>
 #include <android-base/properties.h>
+#include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
 #include <android-base/strings.h>
 #include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
 #include <cutils/sockets.h>
@@ -46,8 +48,8 @@
 #include <libsnapshot/snapshot_stats.h>
 #include "device_info.h"
 #include "partition_cow_creator.h"
+#include "scratch_super.h"
 #include "snapshot_metadata_updater.h"
-#include "snapshot_reader.h"
 #include "utility.h"
 
 namespace android {
@@ -82,12 +84,30 @@ using RepeatedPtrField = google::protobuf::RepeatedPtrField<T>;
 using std::chrono::duration_cast;
 using namespace std::chrono_literals;
 using namespace std::string_literals;
+using android::base::Realpath;
+using android::base::StringPrintf;
 
+static constexpr char kBootSnapshotsWithoutSlotSwitch[] =
+        "/metadata/ota/snapshot-boot-without-slot-switch";
 static constexpr char kBootIndicatorPath[] = "/metadata/ota/snapshot-boot";
 static constexpr char kRollbackIndicatorPath[] = "/metadata/ota/rollback-indicator";
+static constexpr char kSnapuserdFromSystem[] = "/metadata/ota/snapuserd-from-system";
 static constexpr auto kUpdateStateCheckInterval = 2s;
-
-MergeFailureCode CheckMergeConsistency(const std::string& name, const SnapshotStatus& status);
+static constexpr char kOtaFileContext[] = "u:object_r:ota_metadata_file:s0";
+
+/*
+ * The readahead size is set to 32kb so that
+ * there is no significant memory pressure (/proc/pressure/memory) during boot.
+ * After OTA, during boot, partitions are scanned before marking slot as successful.
+ * This scan will trigger readahead both on source and COW block device thereby
+ * leading to Inactive(file) pages to be very high.
+ *
+ * A lower value may help reduce memory pressure further, however, that will
+ * increase the boot time. Thus, for device which don't care about OTA boot
+ * time, they could use O_DIRECT functionality wherein the I/O to the source
+ * block device will be O_DIRECT.
+ */
+static constexpr auto kReadAheadSizeKb = 32;
 
 // Note: IImageManager is an incomplete type in the header, so the default
 // destructor doesn't work.
@@ -98,7 +118,11 @@ std::unique_ptr<SnapshotManager> SnapshotManager::New(IDeviceInfo* info) {
         info = new DeviceInfo();
     }
 
-    return std::unique_ptr<SnapshotManager>(new SnapshotManager(info));
+    auto sm = std::unique_ptr<SnapshotManager>(new SnapshotManager(info));
+    if (info->IsTempMetadata()) {
+        LOG(INFO) << "Using temp metadata from super";
+    }
+    return sm;
 }
 
 std::unique_ptr<SnapshotManager> SnapshotManager::NewForFirstStageMount(IDeviceInfo* info) {
@@ -118,9 +142,7 @@ std::unique_ptr<SnapshotManager> SnapshotManager::NewForFirstStageMount(IDeviceI
 }
 
 SnapshotManager::SnapshotManager(IDeviceInfo* device)
-    : dm_(device->GetDeviceMapper()), device_(device), metadata_dir_(device_->GetMetadataDir()) {
-    merge_consistency_checker_ = android::snapshot::CheckMergeConsistency;
-}
+    : dm_(device->GetDeviceMapper()), device_(device), metadata_dir_(device_->GetMetadataDir()) {}
 
 static std::string GetCowName(const std::string& snapshot_name) {
     return snapshot_name + "-cow";
@@ -169,14 +191,18 @@ static std::string GetSourceDeviceName(const std::string& partition_name) {
 }
 
 bool SnapshotManager::BeginUpdate() {
-    bool needs_merge = false;
-    if (!TryCancelUpdate(&needs_merge)) {
-        return false;
-    }
-    if (needs_merge) {
-        LOG(INFO) << "Wait for merge (if any) before beginning a new update.";
-        auto state = ProcessUpdateState();
-        LOG(INFO) << "Merged with state = " << state;
+    switch (TryCancelUpdate()) {
+        case CancelResult::OK:
+            break;
+        case CancelResult::NEEDS_MERGE: {
+            LOG(INFO) << "Wait for merge (if any) before beginning a new update.";
+            auto state = ProcessUpdateState();
+            LOG(INFO) << "Merged with end state: " << state;
+            break;
+        }
+        default:
+            LOG(ERROR) << "Cannot begin update, existing update cannot be cancelled.";
+            return false;
     }
 
     auto file = LockExclusive();
@@ -201,50 +227,88 @@ bool SnapshotManager::BeginUpdate() {
 }
 
 bool SnapshotManager::CancelUpdate() {
-    bool needs_merge = false;
-    if (!TryCancelUpdate(&needs_merge)) {
-        return false;
-    }
-    if (needs_merge) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "Cannot cancel update after it has completed or started merging";
-    }
-    return !needs_merge;
+    return TryCancelUpdate() == CancelResult::OK;
 }
 
-bool SnapshotManager::TryCancelUpdate(bool* needs_merge) {
-    *needs_merge = false;
+CancelResult SnapshotManager::TryCancelUpdate() {
+    auto lock = LockExclusive();
+    if (!lock) return CancelResult::ERROR;
 
-    auto file = LockExclusive();
-    if (!file) return false;
+    UpdateState state = ReadUpdateState(lock.get());
+    CancelResult result = IsCancelUpdateSafe(state);
+
+    if (result != CancelResult::OK && device_->IsRecovery()) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Cancel result " << result << " will be overridden in recovery.";
+        result = CancelResult::OK;
+    }
 
-    UpdateState state = ReadUpdateState(file.get());
-    if (state == UpdateState::None) {
-        RemoveInvalidSnapshots(file.get());
+    switch (result) {
+        case CancelResult::OK:
+            LOG(INFO) << "Cancelling update from state: " << state;
+            RemoveAllUpdateState(lock.get());
+            RemoveInvalidSnapshots(lock.get());
+            break;
+        case CancelResult::NEEDS_MERGE:
+            LOG(ERROR) << "Cannot cancel an update while a merge is in progress.";
+            break;
+        case CancelResult::LIVE_SNAPSHOTS:
+            LOG(ERROR) << "Cannot cancel an update while snapshots are live.";
+            break;
+        case CancelResult::ERROR:
+            // Error was already reported.
+            break;
+    }
+    return result;
+}
+
+bool SnapshotManager::IsCancelUpdateSafe() {
+    // This may be called in recovery, so ensure we have /metadata.
+    auto mount = EnsureMetadataMounted();
+    if (!mount || !mount->HasDevice()) {
         return true;
     }
 
-    if (state == UpdateState::Initiated) {
-        LOG(INFO) << "Update has been initiated, now canceling";
-        return RemoveAllUpdateState(file.get());
+    auto lock = LockExclusive();
+    if (!lock) {
+        return false;
     }
 
-    if (state == UpdateState::Unverified) {
-        // We completed an update, but it can still be canceled if we haven't booted into it.
-        auto slot = GetCurrentSlot();
-        if (slot != Slot::Target) {
-            LOG(INFO) << "Canceling previously completed updates (if any)";
-            return RemoveAllUpdateState(file.get());
+    UpdateState state = ReadUpdateState(lock.get());
+    return IsCancelUpdateSafe(state) == CancelResult::OK;
+}
+
+CancelResult SnapshotManager::IsCancelUpdateSafe(UpdateState state) {
+    if (IsSnapshotWithoutSlotSwitch()) {
+        return CancelResult::LIVE_SNAPSHOTS;
+    }
+
+    switch (state) {
+        case UpdateState::Merging:
+        case UpdateState::MergeNeedsReboot:
+        case UpdateState::MergeFailed:
+            return CancelResult::NEEDS_MERGE;
+        case UpdateState::Unverified: {
+            // We completed an update, but it can still be canceled if we haven't booted into it.
+            auto slot = GetCurrentSlot();
+            if (slot == Slot::Target) {
+                return CancelResult::LIVE_SNAPSHOTS;
+            }
+            return CancelResult::OK;
         }
+        case UpdateState::None:
+        case UpdateState::Initiated:
+        case UpdateState::Cancelled:
+            return CancelResult::OK;
+        default:
+            LOG(ERROR) << "Unknown state: " << state;
+            return CancelResult::ERROR;
     }
-    *needs_merge = true;
-    return true;
 }
 
 std::string SnapshotManager::ReadUpdateSourceSlotSuffix() {
     auto boot_file = GetSnapshotBootIndicatorPath();
     std::string contents;
     if (!android::base::ReadFileToString(boot_file, &contents)) {
-        PLOG(WARNING) << "Cannot read " << boot_file;
         return {};
     }
     return contents;
@@ -287,9 +351,14 @@ bool SnapshotManager::RemoveAllUpdateState(LockedFile* lock, const std::function
 
     LOG(INFO) << "Removing all update state.";
 
-    if (!RemoveAllSnapshots(lock)) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "Could not remove all snapshots";
-        return false;
+    if (ReadUpdateState(lock) != UpdateState::None) {
+        // Only call this if we're actually cancelling an update. It's not
+        // expected to yield anything otherwise, and firing up gsid on normal
+        // boot is expensive.
+        if (!RemoveAllSnapshots(lock)) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "Could not remove all snapshots";
+            return false;
+        }
     }
 
     // It's okay if these fail:
@@ -299,10 +368,9 @@ bool SnapshotManager::RemoveAllUpdateState(LockedFile* lock, const std::function
     // - For ForwardMerge, FinishedSnapshotWrites asserts that the existence of the indicator
     // matches the incoming update.
     std::vector<std::string> files = {
-            GetSnapshotBootIndicatorPath(),
-            GetRollbackIndicatorPath(),
-            GetForwardMergeIndicatorPath(),
-            GetOldPartitionMetadataPath(),
+            GetSnapshotBootIndicatorPath(),          GetRollbackIndicatorPath(),
+            GetForwardMergeIndicatorPath(),          GetOldPartitionMetadataPath(),
+            GetBootSnapshotsWithoutSlotSwitchPath(), GetSnapuserdFromSystemPath(),
     };
     for (const auto& file : files) {
         RemoveFileIfExists(file);
@@ -400,6 +468,8 @@ bool SnapshotManager::CreateSnapshot(LockedFile* lock, PartitionCowCreator* cow_
     status->set_metadata_sectors(0);
     status->set_using_snapuserd(cow_creator->using_snapuserd);
     status->set_compression_algorithm(cow_creator->compression_algorithm);
+    status->set_compression_factor(cow_creator->compression_factor);
+    status->set_read_ahead_size(cow_creator->read_ahead_size);
     if (cow_creator->enable_threading) {
         status->set_enable_threading(cow_creator->enable_threading);
     }
@@ -483,6 +553,35 @@ bool SnapshotManager::MapDmUserCow(LockedFile* lock, const std::string& name,
             LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to retrieve base_sectors from Snapuserd";
             return false;
         }
+    } else if (IsSnapshotWithoutSlotSwitch()) {
+        // When snapshots are on current slot, we determine the size
+        // of block device based on the number of COW operations. We cannot
+        // use base device as it will be from older image.
+        unique_fd fd(open(cow_file.c_str(), O_RDONLY | O_CLOEXEC));
+        if (fd < 0) {
+            PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to open " << cow_file;
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        CowReader reader;
+        if (!reader.Parse(std::move(fd))) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to parse cow " << cow_file;
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        uint64_t dev_sz = 0;
+        const auto& header = reader.GetHeader();
+        if (header.prefix.major_version == 2) {
+            const size_t num_ops = reader.get_num_total_data_ops();
+            dev_sz = (num_ops * header.block_size);
+        } else {
+            // create_snapshot will skip in-place copy ops. Hence, fetch this
+            // information directly from v3 header.
+            const auto& v3_header = reader.header_v3();
+            dev_sz = v3_header.op_count_max * v3_header.block_size;
+        }
+
+        base_sectors = dev_sz >> 9;
     } else {
         // For userspace snapshots, the size of the base device is taken as the
         // size of the dm-user block device. Since there is no pseudo mapping
@@ -729,6 +828,14 @@ bool SnapshotManager::DeleteSnapshot(LockedFile* lock, const std::string& name)
         LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to remove status file " << file_path << ": " << error;
         return false;
     }
+
+    // This path may never exist. If it is present, then it's a stale
+    // snapshot status file. Just remove the file and log the message.
+    const std::string tmp_path = file_path + ".tmp";
+    if (!android::base::RemoveFileIfExists(tmp_path, &error)) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to remove stale snapshot file " << tmp_path;
+    }
+
     return true;
 }
 
@@ -754,10 +861,10 @@ bool SnapshotManager::InitiateMerge() {
         return false;
     }
 
-    auto other_suffix = device_->GetOtherSlotSuffix();
+    auto current_slot_suffix = device_->GetSlotSuffix();
 
     for (const auto& snapshot : snapshots) {
-        if (android::base::EndsWith(snapshot, other_suffix)) {
+        if (!android::base::EndsWith(snapshot, current_slot_suffix)) {
             // Allow the merge to continue, but log this unexpected case.
             LOG(ERROR) << "Unexpected snapshot found during merge: " << snapshot;
             continue;
@@ -1050,6 +1157,13 @@ UpdateState SnapshotManager::ProcessUpdateState(const std::function<bool()>& cal
         if (result.state == UpdateState::MergeFailed) {
             AcknowledgeMergeFailure(result.failure_code);
         }
+
+        if (result.state == UpdateState::MergeCompleted) {
+            if (device_->IsTempMetadata()) {
+                CleanupScratchOtaMetadataIfPresent();
+            }
+        }
+
         if (result.state != UpdateState::Merging) {
             // Either there is no merge, or the merge was finished, so no need
             // to keep waiting.
@@ -1087,8 +1201,8 @@ auto SnapshotManager::CheckMergeState(const std::function<bool()>& before_cancel
     return result;
 }
 
-auto SnapshotManager::CheckMergeState(LockedFile* lock, const std::function<bool()>& before_cancel)
-        -> MergeResult {
+auto SnapshotManager::CheckMergeState(LockedFile* lock,
+                                      const std::function<bool()>& before_cancel) -> MergeResult {
     SnapshotUpdateStatus update_status = ReadSnapshotUpdateStatus(lock);
     switch (update_status.state()) {
         case UpdateState::None:
@@ -1123,7 +1237,7 @@ auto SnapshotManager::CheckMergeState(LockedFile* lock, const std::function<bool
         return MergeResult(UpdateState::MergeFailed, MergeFailureCode::ListSnapshots);
     }
 
-    auto other_suffix = device_->GetOtherSlotSuffix();
+    auto current_slot_suffix = device_->GetSlotSuffix();
 
     bool cancelled = false;
     bool merging = false;
@@ -1131,9 +1245,9 @@ auto SnapshotManager::CheckMergeState(LockedFile* lock, const std::function<bool
     bool wrong_phase = false;
     MergeFailureCode failure_code = MergeFailureCode::Ok;
     for (const auto& snapshot : snapshots) {
-        if (android::base::EndsWith(snapshot, other_suffix)) {
+        if (!android::base::EndsWith(snapshot, current_slot_suffix)) {
             // This will have triggered an error message in InitiateMerge already.
-            LOG(INFO) << "Skipping merge validation of unexpected snapshot: " << snapshot;
+            LOG(ERROR) << "Skipping merge validation of unexpected snapshot: " << snapshot;
             continue;
         }
 
@@ -1163,8 +1277,8 @@ auto SnapshotManager::CheckMergeState(LockedFile* lock, const std::function<bool
                 wrong_phase = true;
                 break;
             default:
-                LOG(ERROR) << "Unknown merge status for \"" << snapshot << "\": "
-                           << "\"" << result.state << "\"";
+                LOG(ERROR) << "Unknown merge status for \"" << snapshot << "\": " << "\""
+                           << result.state << "\"";
                 if (failure_code == MergeFailureCode::Ok) {
                     failure_code = MergeFailureCode::UnexpectedMergeState;
                 }
@@ -1248,14 +1362,12 @@ auto SnapshotManager::CheckTargetMergeState(LockedFile* lock, const std::string&
            GetMetadataPartitionState(*current_metadata, name) == MetadataPartitionState::Updated);
 
     if (UpdateUsesUserSnapshots(lock)) {
-        std::string merge_status;
-        if (EnsureSnapuserdConnected()) {
-            // Query the snapshot status from the daemon
-            merge_status = snapuserd_client_->QuerySnapshotStatus(name);
-        } else {
-            MergeResult(UpdateState::MergeFailed, MergeFailureCode::QuerySnapshotStatus);
+        if (!EnsureSnapuserdConnected()) {
+            return MergeResult(UpdateState::MergeFailed, MergeFailureCode::QuerySnapshotStatus);
         }
 
+        // Query the snapshot status from the daemon
+        const auto merge_status = snapuserd_client_->QuerySnapshotStatus(name);
         if (merge_status == "snapshot-merge-failed") {
             return MergeResult(UpdateState::MergeFailed, MergeFailureCode::UnknownTargetType);
         }
@@ -1273,10 +1385,25 @@ auto SnapshotManager::CheckTargetMergeState(LockedFile* lock, const std::string&
         }
 
         if (merge_status == "snapshot" &&
-            DecideMergePhase(snapshot_status) == MergePhase::SECOND_PHASE &&
-            update_status.merge_phase() == MergePhase::FIRST_PHASE) {
-            // The snapshot is not being merged because it's in the wrong phase.
-            return MergeResult(UpdateState::None);
+            DecideMergePhase(snapshot_status) == MergePhase::SECOND_PHASE) {
+            if (update_status.merge_phase() == MergePhase::FIRST_PHASE) {
+                // The snapshot is not being merged because it's in the wrong phase.
+                return MergeResult(UpdateState::None);
+            } else {
+                // update_status is already in second phase but the
+                // snapshot_status is still not set to SnapshotState::MERGING.
+                //
+                // Resume the merge at this point. see b/374225913
+                LOG(INFO) << "SwitchSnapshotToMerge: " << name << " after resuming merge";
+                auto code = SwitchSnapshotToMerge(lock, name);
+                if (code != MergeFailureCode::Ok) {
+                    LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to switch snapshot: " << name
+                               << " to merge during second phase";
+                    return MergeResult(UpdateState::MergeFailed,
+                                       MergeFailureCode::UnknownTargetType);
+                }
+                return MergeResult(UpdateState::Merging);
+            }
         }
 
         if (merge_status == "snapshot-merge") {
@@ -1326,13 +1453,6 @@ auto SnapshotManager::CheckTargetMergeState(LockedFile* lock, const std::string&
         }
     }
 
-    // Merge is complete at this point
-
-    auto code = CheckMergeConsistency(lock, name, snapshot_status);
-    if (code != MergeFailureCode::Ok) {
-        return MergeResult(UpdateState::MergeFailed, code);
-    }
-
     // Merging is done. First, update the status file to indicate the merge
     // is complete. We do this before calling OnSnapshotMergeComplete, even
     // though this means the write is potentially wasted work (since in the
@@ -1362,80 +1482,6 @@ static std::string GetMappedCowDeviceName(const std::string& snapshot,
     return GetCowName(snapshot);
 }
 
-MergeFailureCode SnapshotManager::CheckMergeConsistency(LockedFile* lock, const std::string& name,
-                                                        const SnapshotStatus& status) {
-    CHECK(lock);
-
-    return merge_consistency_checker_(name, status);
-}
-
-MergeFailureCode CheckMergeConsistency(const std::string& name, const SnapshotStatus& status) {
-    if (!status.using_snapuserd()) {
-        // Do not try to verify old-style COWs yet.
-        return MergeFailureCode::Ok;
-    }
-
-    auto& dm = DeviceMapper::Instance();
-
-    std::string cow_image_name = GetMappedCowDeviceName(name, status);
-    std::string cow_image_path;
-    if (!dm.GetDmDevicePathByName(cow_image_name, &cow_image_path)) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to get path for cow device: " << cow_image_name;
-        return MergeFailureCode::GetCowPathConsistencyCheck;
-    }
-
-    // First pass, count # of ops.
-    size_t num_ops = 0;
-    {
-        unique_fd fd(open(cow_image_path.c_str(), O_RDONLY | O_CLOEXEC));
-        if (fd < 0) {
-            PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to open " << cow_image_name;
-            return MergeFailureCode::OpenCowConsistencyCheck;
-        }
-
-        CowReader reader;
-        if (!reader.Parse(std::move(fd))) {
-            LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to parse cow " << cow_image_path;
-            return MergeFailureCode::ParseCowConsistencyCheck;
-        }
-
-        num_ops = reader.get_num_total_data_ops();
-    }
-
-    // Second pass, try as hard as we can to get the actual number of blocks
-    // the system thinks is merged.
-    unique_fd fd(open(cow_image_path.c_str(), O_RDONLY | O_DIRECT | O_SYNC | O_CLOEXEC));
-    if (fd < 0) {
-        PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to open direct " << cow_image_name;
-        return MergeFailureCode::OpenCowDirectConsistencyCheck;
-    }
-
-    void* addr;
-    size_t page_size = getpagesize();
-    if (posix_memalign(&addr, page_size, page_size) < 0) {
-        PLOG(ERROR) << "posix_memalign with page size " << page_size;
-        return MergeFailureCode::MemAlignConsistencyCheck;
-    }
-
-    // COWs are always at least 2MB, this is guaranteed in snapshot creation.
-    std::unique_ptr<void, decltype(&::free)> buffer(addr, ::free);
-    if (!android::base::ReadFully(fd, buffer.get(), page_size)) {
-        PLOG(ERROR) << "Direct read failed " << cow_image_name;
-        return MergeFailureCode::DirectReadConsistencyCheck;
-    }
-
-    auto header = reinterpret_cast<CowHeader*>(buffer.get());
-    if (header->num_merge_ops != num_ops) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "COW consistency check failed, expected " << num_ops << " to be merged, "
-                   << "but " << header->num_merge_ops << " were actually recorded.";
-        LOG(ERROR) << "Aborting merge progress for snapshot " << name
-                   << ", will try again next boot";
-        return MergeFailureCode::WrongMergeCountConsistencyCheck;
-    }
-
-    return MergeFailureCode::Ok;
-}
-
 MergeFailureCode SnapshotManager::MergeSecondPhaseSnapshots(LockedFile* lock) {
     std::vector<std::string> snapshots;
     if (!ListSnapshots(lock, &snapshots)) {
@@ -1453,8 +1499,14 @@ MergeFailureCode SnapshotManager::MergeSecondPhaseSnapshots(LockedFile* lock) {
         return MergeFailureCode::WriteStatus;
     }
 
+    auto current_slot_suffix = device_->GetSlotSuffix();
     MergeFailureCode result = MergeFailureCode::Ok;
     for (const auto& snapshot : snapshots) {
+        if (!android::base::EndsWith(snapshot, current_slot_suffix)) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "Skipping invalid snapshot: " << snapshot
+                       << " during MergeSecondPhaseSnapshots";
+            continue;
+        }
         SnapshotStatus snapshot_status;
         if (!ReadSnapshotStatus(lock, snapshot, &snapshot_status)) {
             return MergeFailureCode::ReadStatus;
@@ -1473,6 +1525,10 @@ MergeFailureCode SnapshotManager::MergeSecondPhaseSnapshots(LockedFile* lock) {
     return result;
 }
 
+std::string SnapshotManager::GetBootSnapshotsWithoutSlotSwitchPath() {
+    return metadata_dir_ + "/" + android::base::Basename(kBootSnapshotsWithoutSlotSwitch);
+}
+
 std::string SnapshotManager::GetSnapshotBootIndicatorPath() {
     return metadata_dir_ + "/" + android::base::Basename(kBootIndicatorPath);
 }
@@ -1481,6 +1537,10 @@ std::string SnapshotManager::GetRollbackIndicatorPath() {
     return metadata_dir_ + "/" + android::base::Basename(kRollbackIndicatorPath);
 }
 
+std::string SnapshotManager::GetSnapuserdFromSystemPath() {
+    return metadata_dir_ + "/" + android::base::Basename(kSnapuserdFromSystem);
+}
+
 std::string SnapshotManager::GetForwardMergeIndicatorPath() {
     return metadata_dir_ + "/allow-forward-merge";
 }
@@ -1721,6 +1781,17 @@ bool SnapshotManager::PerformInitTransition(InitTransition transition,
         if (UpdateUsesIouring(lock.get())) {
             snapuserd_argv->emplace_back("-io_uring");
         }
+        if (UpdateUsesODirect(lock.get())) {
+            snapuserd_argv->emplace_back("-o_direct");
+        }
+        uint cow_op_merge_size = GetUpdateCowOpMergeSize(lock.get());
+        if (cow_op_merge_size != 0) {
+            snapuserd_argv->emplace_back("-cow_op_merge_size=" + std::to_string(cow_op_merge_size));
+        }
+        uint32_t worker_count = GetUpdateWorkerCount(lock.get());
+        if (worker_count != 0) {
+            snapuserd_argv->emplace_back("-worker_count=" + std::to_string(worker_count));
+        }
     }
 
     size_t num_cows = 0;
@@ -1789,6 +1860,8 @@ bool SnapshotManager::PerformInitTransition(InitTransition transition,
                                base_path_merge;
                 snapuserd_argv->emplace_back(std::move(message));
             }
+            SetReadAheadSize(cow_image_device, snapshot_status.read_ahead_size());
+            SetReadAheadSize(source_device, snapshot_status.read_ahead_size());
 
             // Do not attempt to connect to the new snapuserd yet, it hasn't
             // been started. We do however want to wait for the misc device
@@ -2023,11 +2096,22 @@ bool SnapshotManager::RemoveAllSnapshots(LockedFile* lock) {
     }
 
     if (ok || !has_mapped_cow_images) {
-        // Delete any image artifacts as a precaution, in case an update is
-        // being cancelled due to some corrupted state in an lp_metadata file.
-        // Note that we do not do this if some cow images are still mapped,
-        // since we must not remove backing storage if it's in use.
-        if (!EnsureImageManager() || !images_->RemoveAllImages()) {
+        if (!EnsureImageManager()) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        if (device_->IsRecovery()) {
+            // If a device is in recovery, we need to mark the snapshots for cleanup
+            // upon next reboot, since we cannot delete them here.
+            if (!images_->DisableAllImages()) {
+                LOG(ERROR) << "Could not remove all snapshot artifacts in recovery";
+                return false;
+            }
+        } else if (!images_->RemoveAllImages()) {
+            // Delete any image artifacts as a precaution, in case an update is
+            // being cancelled due to some corrupted state in an lp_metadata file.
+            // Note that we do not do this if some cow images are still mapped,
+            // since we must not remove backing storage if it's in use.
             LOG(ERROR) << "Could not remove all snapshot artifacts";
             return false;
         }
@@ -2114,6 +2198,10 @@ UpdateState SnapshotManager::GetUpdateState(double* progress) {
     return state;
 }
 
+bool SnapshotManager::IsSnapshotWithoutSlotSwitch() {
+    return (access(GetBootSnapshotsWithoutSlotSwitchPath().c_str(), F_OK) == 0);
+}
+
 bool SnapshotManager::UpdateUsesCompression() {
     auto lock = LockShared();
     if (!lock) return false;
@@ -2132,6 +2220,117 @@ bool SnapshotManager::UpdateUsesIouring(LockedFile* lock) {
     return update_status.io_uring_enabled();
 }
 
+bool SnapshotManager::UpdateUsesODirect(LockedFile* lock) {
+    SnapshotUpdateStatus update_status = ReadSnapshotUpdateStatus(lock);
+    return update_status.o_direct();
+}
+
+uint32_t SnapshotManager::GetUpdateCowOpMergeSize(LockedFile* lock) {
+    SnapshotUpdateStatus update_status = ReadSnapshotUpdateStatus(lock);
+    return update_status.cow_op_merge_size();
+}
+
+uint32_t SnapshotManager::GetUpdateWorkerCount(LockedFile* lock) {
+    SnapshotUpdateStatus update_status = ReadSnapshotUpdateStatus(lock);
+    return update_status.num_worker_threads();
+}
+
+bool SnapshotManager::MarkSnapuserdFromSystem() {
+    auto path = GetSnapuserdFromSystemPath();
+
+    if (!android::base::WriteStringToFile("1", path)) {
+        PLOG(ERROR) << "Unable to write to vendor update path: " << path;
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    unique_fd fd(open(path.c_str(), O_PATH));
+    if (fd < 0) {
+        PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to open file: " << path;
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * This function is invoked by first stage init and hence we need to
+     * explicitly set the correct selinux label for this file as update_engine
+     * will try to remove this file later on once the snapshot merge is
+     * complete.
+     */
+    if (fsetxattr(fd.get(), XATTR_NAME_SELINUX, kOtaFileContext, strlen(kOtaFileContext) + 1, 0) <
+        0) {
+        PLOG(ERROR) << "fsetxattr for the path: " << path << " failed";
+    }
+
+    return true;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Please see b/304829384 for more details.
+ *
+ * In Android S, we use dm-snapshot for mounting snapshots and snapshot-merge
+ * process. If the vendor partition continues to be on Android S, then
+ * "snapuserd" binary in first stage ramdisk will be from vendor partition.
+ * Thus, we need to maintain backward compatibility.
+ *
+ * Now, We take a two step approach to maintain the backward compatibility:
+ *
+ * 1: During OTA installation, we will continue to use "user-space" snapshots
+ * for OTA installation as both update-engine and snapuserd binary will be from system partition.
+ * However, during installation, we mark "legacy_snapuserd" in
+ * SnapshotUpdateStatus file to mark that this is a path to support backward compatibility.
+ * Thus, this function will return "false" during OTA installation.
+ *
+ * 2: Post OTA reboot, there are two key steps:
+ *    a: During first stage init, "init" and "snapuserd" could be from vendor
+ *    partition. This could be from Android S. Thus, the snapshot mount path
+ *    will be based off dm-snapshot.
+ *
+ *    b: Post selinux transition, "init" and "update-engine" will be "system"
+ *    partition. Now, since the snapshots are mounted off dm-snapshot,
+ *    update-engine interaction with "snapuserd" should work based off
+ *    dm-snapshots.
+ *
+ *    TL;DR: update-engine will use the "system" snapuserd for installing new
+ *    updates (this is safe as there is no "vendor" snapuserd running during
+ *    installation). Post reboot, update-engine will use the legacy path when
+ *    communicating with "vendor" snapuserd that was started in first-stage
+ *    init. Hence, this function checks:
+ *         i: Are we in post OTA reboot
+ *         ii: Is the Vendor from Android 12
+ *         iii: If both (i) and (ii) are true, then use the dm-snapshot based
+ *         approach.
+ *
+ * 3: Post OTA reboot, if the vendor partition was updated from Android 12 to
+ * any other release post Android 12, then snapuserd binary will be "system"
+ * partition as post Android 12, init_boot will contain a copy of snapuserd
+ * binary. Thus, during first stage init, if init is able to communicate to
+ * daemon, that gives us a signal that the binary is from "system" copy. Hence,
+ * there is no need to fallback to legacy dm-snapshot. Thus, init will use a
+ * marker in /metadata to signal that the snapuserd binary from first stage init
+ * can handle userspace snapshots.
+ *
+ */
+bool SnapshotManager::IsLegacySnapuserdPostReboot() {
+    auto slot = GetCurrentSlot();
+    if (slot == Slot::Target) {
+        /*
+            If this marker is present, the daemon can handle userspace snapshots.
+            During post-OTA reboot, this implies that the vendor partition is
+            Android 13 or higher. If the snapshots were created on an
+            Android 12 vendor, this means the vendor partition has been updated.
+        */
+        if (access(GetSnapuserdFromSystemPath().c_str(), F_OK) == 0) {
+            is_snapshot_userspace_ = true;
+            return false;
+        }
+        // If the marker isn't present and if the vendor is still in Android 12
+        if (is_legacy_snapuserd_.has_value() && is_legacy_snapuserd_.value() == true) {
+            return true;
+        }
+    }
+
+    return false;
+}
+
 bool SnapshotManager::UpdateUsesUserSnapshots() {
     // This and the following function is constantly
     // invoked during snapshot merge. We want to avoid
@@ -2143,7 +2342,12 @@ bool SnapshotManager::UpdateUsesUserSnapshots() {
     // during merge phase. Hence, once we know that
     // the value is read from disk the very first time,
     // it is safe to read successive checks from memory.
+
     if (is_snapshot_userspace_.has_value()) {
+        // Check if legacy snapuserd is running post OTA reboot
+        if (IsLegacySnapuserdPostReboot()) {
+            return false;
+        }
         return is_snapshot_userspace_.value();
     }
 
@@ -2154,13 +2358,16 @@ bool SnapshotManager::UpdateUsesUserSnapshots() {
 }
 
 bool SnapshotManager::UpdateUsesUserSnapshots(LockedFile* lock) {
-    // See UpdateUsesUserSnapshots()
-    if (is_snapshot_userspace_.has_value()) {
-        return is_snapshot_userspace_.value();
+    if (!is_snapshot_userspace_.has_value()) {
+        SnapshotUpdateStatus update_status = ReadSnapshotUpdateStatus(lock);
+        is_snapshot_userspace_ = update_status.userspace_snapshots();
+        is_legacy_snapuserd_ = update_status.legacy_snapuserd();
+    }
+
+    if (IsLegacySnapuserdPostReboot()) {
+        return false;
     }
 
-    SnapshotUpdateStatus update_status = ReadSnapshotUpdateStatus(lock);
-    is_snapshot_userspace_ = update_status.userspace_snapshots();
     return is_snapshot_userspace_.value();
 }
 
@@ -2198,7 +2405,27 @@ bool SnapshotManager::ListSnapshots(LockedFile* lock, std::vector<std::string>*
 }
 
 bool SnapshotManager::IsSnapshotManagerNeeded() {
-    return access(kBootIndicatorPath, F_OK) == 0;
+    if (access(kBootIndicatorPath, F_OK) == 0) {
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    if (IsScratchOtaMetadataOnSuper()) {
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    return false;
+}
+
+bool SnapshotManager::MapTempOtaMetadataPartitionIfNeeded(
+        const std::function<bool(const std::string&)>& init) {
+    auto device = android::snapshot::GetScratchOtaMetadataPartition();
+    if (!device.empty()) {
+        init(device);
+        if (android::snapshot::MapScratchOtaMetadataPartition(device).empty()) {
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+    return true;
 }
 
 std::string SnapshotManager::GetGlobalRollbackIndicatorPath() {
@@ -2206,6 +2433,13 @@ std::string SnapshotManager::GetGlobalRollbackIndicatorPath() {
 }
 
 bool SnapshotManager::NeedSnapshotsInFirstStageMount() {
+    if (IsSnapshotWithoutSlotSwitch()) {
+        if (GetCurrentSlot() != Slot::Source) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "Snapshots marked to boot without slot switch; but slot is wrong";
+            return false;
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
     // If we fail to read, we'll wind up using CreateLogicalPartitions, which
     // will create devices that look like the old slot, except with extra
     // content at the end of each device. This will confuse dm-verity, and
@@ -2223,6 +2457,9 @@ bool SnapshotManager::NeedSnapshotsInFirstStageMount() {
                 PLOG(ERROR) << "Unable to write rollback indicator: " << path;
             } else {
                 LOG(INFO) << "Rollback detected, writing rollback indicator to " << path;
+                if (device_->IsTempMetadata()) {
+                    CleanupScratchOtaMetadataIfPresent();
+                }
             }
         }
         LOG(INFO) << "Not booting from new slot. Will not mount snapshots.";
@@ -2278,6 +2515,12 @@ bool SnapshotManager::MapAllPartitions(LockedFile* lock, const std::string& supe
             continue;
         }
 
+        if (GetPartitionName(partition) ==
+            android::base::Basename(android::snapshot::kOtaMetadataMount)) {
+            LOG(INFO) << "Partition: " << GetPartitionName(partition) << " skipping";
+            continue;
+        }
+
         CreateLogicalPartitionParams params = {
                 .block_device = super_device,
                 .metadata = metadata.get(),
@@ -2341,7 +2584,8 @@ bool SnapshotManager::MapPartitionWithSnapshot(LockedFile* lock,
     // completed, live_snapshot_status is set to nullopt.
     std::optional<SnapshotStatus> live_snapshot_status;
     do {
-        if (!(params.partition->attributes & LP_PARTITION_ATTR_UPDATED)) {
+        if (!IsSnapshotWithoutSlotSwitch() &&
+            !(params.partition->attributes & LP_PARTITION_ATTR_UPDATED)) {
             LOG(INFO) << "Detected re-flashing of partition, will skip snapshot: "
                       << params.GetPartitionName();
             break;
@@ -2490,9 +2734,6 @@ bool SnapshotManager::MapPartitionWithSnapshot(LockedFile* lock,
         }
         created_devices.EmplaceBack<AutoUnmapDevice>(&dm_, name);
 
-        remaining_time = GetRemainingTime(params.timeout_ms, begin);
-        if (remaining_time.count() < 0) return false;
-
         cow_device = new_cow_device;
     }
 
@@ -2507,6 +2748,9 @@ bool SnapshotManager::MapPartitionWithSnapshot(LockedFile* lock,
     // the user-space will not start the merge. We have to explicitly inform the
     // daemon to resume the merge. Check ProcessUpdateState() call stack.
     if (!UpdateUsesUserSnapshots(lock)) {
+        remaining_time = GetRemainingTime(params.timeout_ms, begin);
+        if (remaining_time.count() < 0) return false;
+
         std::string path;
         if (!MapSnapshot(lock, params.GetPartitionName(), base_device, cow_device, remaining_time,
                          &path)) {
@@ -2697,7 +2941,7 @@ bool SnapshotManager::UnmapUserspaceSnapshotDevice(LockedFile* lock,
     // to unmap; hence, we can't be deleting the device
     // as the table would be mounted off partitions and will fail.
     if (snapshot_status.state() != SnapshotState::MERGE_COMPLETED) {
-        if (!DeleteDeviceIfExists(dm_user_name)) {
+        if (!DeleteDeviceIfExists(dm_user_name, 4000ms)) {
             LOG(ERROR) << "Cannot unmap " << dm_user_name;
             return false;
         }
@@ -2782,10 +3026,12 @@ bool SnapshotManager::UnmapAllSnapshots() {
 }
 
 bool SnapshotManager::UnmapAllSnapshots(LockedFile* lock) {
+    LOG(INFO) << "Lock acquired for " << __FUNCTION__;
     std::vector<std::string> snapshots;
     if (!ListSnapshots(lock, &snapshots)) {
         return false;
     }
+    LOG(INFO) << "Found " << snapshots.size() << " partitions with snapshots";
 
     for (const auto& snapshot : snapshots) {
         if (!UnmapPartitionWithSnapshot(lock, snapshot)) {
@@ -2793,6 +3039,7 @@ bool SnapshotManager::UnmapAllSnapshots(LockedFile* lock) {
             return false;
         }
     }
+    LOG(INFO) << "Unmapped " << snapshots.size() << " partitions with snapshots";
 
     // Terminate the daemon and release the snapuserd_client_ object.
     // If we need to re-connect with the daemon, EnsureSnapuserdConnected()
@@ -2806,8 +3053,9 @@ bool SnapshotManager::UnmapAllSnapshots(LockedFile* lock) {
     return true;
 }
 
-auto SnapshotManager::OpenFile(const std::string& file, int lock_flags)
-        -> std::unique_ptr<LockedFile> {
+auto SnapshotManager::OpenFile(const std::string& file,
+                               int lock_flags) -> std::unique_ptr<LockedFile> {
+    const auto start = std::chrono::system_clock::now();
     unique_fd fd(open(file.c_str(), O_RDONLY | O_CLOEXEC | O_NOFOLLOW));
     if (fd < 0) {
         PLOG(ERROR) << "Open failed: " << file;
@@ -2820,6 +3068,11 @@ auto SnapshotManager::OpenFile(const std::string& file, int lock_flags)
     // For simplicity, we want to CHECK that lock_mode == LOCK_EX, in some
     // calls, so strip extra flags.
     int lock_mode = lock_flags & (LOCK_EX | LOCK_SH);
+    const auto end = std::chrono::system_clock::now();
+    const auto duration_ms = std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::milliseconds>(end - start);
+    if (duration_ms >= 1000ms) {
+        LOG(INFO) << "Taking lock on " << file << " took " << duration_ms.count() << "ms";
+    }
     return std::make_unique<LockedFile>(file, std::move(fd), lock_mode);
 }
 
@@ -2970,6 +3223,10 @@ bool SnapshotManager::WriteUpdateState(LockedFile* lock, UpdateState state,
         status.set_merge_phase(old_status.merge_phase());
         status.set_userspace_snapshots(old_status.userspace_snapshots());
         status.set_io_uring_enabled(old_status.io_uring_enabled());
+        status.set_legacy_snapuserd(old_status.legacy_snapuserd());
+        status.set_o_direct(old_status.o_direct());
+        status.set_cow_op_merge_size(old_status.cow_op_merge_size());
+        status.set_num_worker_threads(old_status.num_worker_threads());
     }
     return WriteSnapshotUpdateStatus(lock, status);
 }
@@ -3092,7 +3349,7 @@ bool SnapshotManager::EnsureImageManager() {
     return true;
 }
 
-bool SnapshotManager::EnsureSnapuserdConnected() {
+bool SnapshotManager::EnsureSnapuserdConnected(std::chrono::milliseconds timeout_ms) {
     if (snapuserd_client_) {
         return true;
     }
@@ -3101,7 +3358,7 @@ bool SnapshotManager::EnsureSnapuserdConnected() {
         return false;
     }
 
-    snapuserd_client_ = SnapuserdClient::Connect(kSnapuserdSocket, 10s);
+    snapuserd_client_ = SnapuserdClient::Connect(kSnapuserdSocket, timeout_ms);
     if (!snapuserd_client_) {
         LOG(ERROR) << "Unable to connect to snapuserd";
         return false;
@@ -3202,39 +3459,22 @@ Return SnapshotManager::CreateUpdateSnapshots(const DeltaArchiveManifest& manife
     CHECK(current_metadata->GetBlockDevicePartitionName(0) == LP_METADATA_DEFAULT_PARTITION_NAME &&
           target_metadata->GetBlockDevicePartitionName(0) == LP_METADATA_DEFAULT_PARTITION_NAME);
 
-    std::map<std::string, SnapshotStatus> all_snapshot_status;
-
-    // In case of error, automatically delete devices that are created along the way.
-    // Note that "lock" is destroyed after "created_devices", so it is safe to use |lock| for
-    // these devices.
-    AutoDeviceList created_devices;
-
     const auto& dap_metadata = manifest.dynamic_partition_metadata();
-    CowOptions options;
-    CowWriter writer(options);
-    bool cow_format_support = true;
-    if (dap_metadata.cow_version() < writer.GetCowVersion()) {
-        cow_format_support = false;
-    }
-
-    LOG(INFO) << " dap_metadata.cow_version(): " << dap_metadata.cow_version()
-              << " writer.GetCowVersion(): " << writer.GetCowVersion();
-
-    // Deduce supported features.
-    bool userspace_snapshots = CanUseUserspaceSnapshots();
-    bool legacy_compression = GetLegacyCompressionEnabledProperty();
 
     std::string vabc_disable_reason;
     if (!dap_metadata.vabc_enabled()) {
         vabc_disable_reason = "not enabled metadata";
     } else if (device_->IsRecovery()) {
         vabc_disable_reason = "recovery";
-    } else if (!cow_format_support) {
-        vabc_disable_reason = "cow format not supported";
     } else if (!KernelSupportsCompressedSnapshots()) {
         vabc_disable_reason = "kernel missing userspace block device support";
     }
 
+    // Deduce supported features.
+    bool userspace_snapshots = CanUseUserspaceSnapshots();
+    bool legacy_compression = GetLegacyCompressionEnabledProperty();
+    bool is_legacy_snapuserd = IsVendorFromAndroid12();
+
     if (!vabc_disable_reason.empty()) {
         if (userspace_snapshots) {
             LOG(INFO) << "Userspace snapshots disabled: " << vabc_disable_reason;
@@ -3244,6 +3484,22 @@ Return SnapshotManager::CreateUpdateSnapshots(const DeltaArchiveManifest& manife
         }
         userspace_snapshots = false;
         legacy_compression = false;
+        is_legacy_snapuserd = false;
+    }
+
+    if (legacy_compression || userspace_snapshots) {
+        if (dap_metadata.cow_version() < kMinCowVersion ||
+            dap_metadata.cow_version() > kMaxCowVersion) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "Manifest cow version is out of bounds (got: "
+                       << dap_metadata.cow_version() << ", min: " << kMinCowVersion
+                       << ", max: " << kMaxCowVersion << ")";
+            return Return::Error();
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (!userspace_snapshots && is_legacy_snapuserd && legacy_compression) {
+        userspace_snapshots = true;
+        LOG(INFO) << "Vendor from Android 12. Enabling userspace snapshot for OTA install";
     }
 
     const bool using_snapuserd = userspace_snapshots || legacy_compression;
@@ -3252,14 +3508,19 @@ Return SnapshotManager::CreateUpdateSnapshots(const DeltaArchiveManifest& manife
     }
 
     std::string compression_algorithm;
+    uint64_t compression_factor{};
     if (using_snapuserd) {
         compression_algorithm = dap_metadata.vabc_compression_param();
+        compression_factor = dap_metadata.compression_factor();
         if (compression_algorithm.empty()) {
             // Older OTAs don't set an explicit compression type, so default to gz.
             compression_algorithm = "gz";
         }
+        LOG(INFO) << "using compression algorithm: " << compression_algorithm
+                  << ", max compressible block size: " << compression_factor;
     }
-
+    auto read_ahead_size =
+            android::base::GetUintProperty<uint>("ro.virtual_ab.read_ahead_size", kReadAheadSizeKb);
     PartitionCowCreator cow_creator{
             .target_metadata = target_metadata.get(),
             .target_suffix = target_suffix,
@@ -3270,7 +3531,10 @@ Return SnapshotManager::CreateUpdateSnapshots(const DeltaArchiveManifest& manife
             .extra_extents = {},
             .using_snapuserd = using_snapuserd,
             .compression_algorithm = compression_algorithm,
+            .compression_factor = compression_factor,
+            .read_ahead_size = read_ahead_size,
     };
+
     if (dap_metadata.vabc_feature_set().has_threaded()) {
         cow_creator.enable_threading = dap_metadata.vabc_feature_set().threaded();
     }
@@ -3278,6 +3542,11 @@ Return SnapshotManager::CreateUpdateSnapshots(const DeltaArchiveManifest& manife
         cow_creator.batched_writes = dap_metadata.vabc_feature_set().batch_writes();
     }
 
+    // In case of error, automatically delete devices that are created along the way.
+    // Note that "lock" is destroyed after "created_devices", so it is safe to use |lock| for
+    // these devices.
+    AutoDeviceList created_devices;
+    std::map<std::string, SnapshotStatus> all_snapshot_status;
     auto ret = CreateUpdateSnapshotsInternal(lock.get(), manifest, &cow_creator, &created_devices,
                                              &all_snapshot_status);
     if (!ret.is_ok()) {
@@ -3291,7 +3560,7 @@ Return SnapshotManager::CreateUpdateSnapshots(const DeltaArchiveManifest& manife
         return Return::Error();
     }
 
-    ret = InitializeUpdateSnapshots(lock.get(), target_metadata.get(),
+    ret = InitializeUpdateSnapshots(lock.get(), dap_metadata.cow_version(), target_metadata.get(),
                                     exported_target_metadata.get(), target_suffix,
                                     all_snapshot_status);
     if (!ret.is_ok()) return ret;
@@ -3332,6 +3601,19 @@ Return SnapshotManager::CreateUpdateSnapshots(const DeltaArchiveManifest& manife
             status.set_io_uring_enabled(true);
             LOG(INFO) << "io_uring for snapshots enabled";
         }
+        if (GetODirectEnabledProperty()) {
+            status.set_o_direct(true);
+            LOG(INFO) << "o_direct for source image enabled";
+        }
+        if (is_legacy_snapuserd) {
+            status.set_legacy_snapuserd(true);
+            LOG(INFO) << "Setting legacy_snapuserd to true";
+        }
+        status.set_cow_op_merge_size(
+                android::base::GetUintProperty<uint32_t>("ro.virtual_ab.cow_op_merge_size", 0));
+        status.set_num_worker_threads(
+                android::base::GetUintProperty<uint32_t>("ro.virtual_ab.num_worker_threads", 0));
+
     } else if (legacy_compression) {
         LOG(INFO) << "Virtual A/B using legacy snapuserd";
     } else {
@@ -3339,12 +3621,13 @@ Return SnapshotManager::CreateUpdateSnapshots(const DeltaArchiveManifest& manife
     }
 
     is_snapshot_userspace_.emplace(userspace_snapshots);
+    is_legacy_snapuserd_.emplace(is_legacy_snapuserd);
 
     if (!device()->IsTestDevice() && using_snapuserd) {
         // Terminate stale daemon if any
         std::unique_ptr<SnapuserdClient> snapuserd_client = std::move(snapuserd_client_);
         if (!snapuserd_client) {
-            snapuserd_client = SnapuserdClient::Connect(kSnapuserdSocket, 5s);
+            snapuserd_client = SnapuserdClient::TryConnect(kSnapuserdSocket, 5s);
         }
         if (snapuserd_client) {
             snapuserd_client->DetachSnapuserd();
@@ -3513,7 +3796,7 @@ Return SnapshotManager::CreateUpdateSnapshotsInternal(
 }
 
 Return SnapshotManager::InitializeUpdateSnapshots(
-        LockedFile* lock, MetadataBuilder* target_metadata,
+        LockedFile* lock, uint32_t cow_version, MetadataBuilder* target_metadata,
         const LpMetadata* exported_target_metadata, const std::string& target_suffix,
         const std::map<std::string, SnapshotStatus>& all_snapshot_status) {
     CHECK(lock);
@@ -3547,6 +3830,11 @@ Return SnapshotManager::InitializeUpdateSnapshots(
             return Return::Error();
         }
 
+        if (!android::fs_mgr::WaitForFile(cow_path, 6s)) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "Timed out waiting for device to appear: " << cow_path;
+            return Return::Error();
+        }
+
         if (it->second.using_snapuserd()) {
             unique_fd fd(open(cow_path.c_str(), O_RDWR | O_CLOEXEC));
             if (fd < 0) {
@@ -3560,9 +3848,13 @@ Return SnapshotManager::InitializeUpdateSnapshots(
                 options.scratch_space = false;
             }
             options.compression = it->second.compression_algorithm();
+            if (cow_version >= 3) {
+                options.op_count_max = it->second.estimated_ops_buffer_size();
+                options.max_blocks = {it->second.device_size() / options.block_size};
+            }
 
-            CowWriter writer(options);
-            if (!writer.Initialize(fd) || !writer.Finalize()) {
+            auto writer = CreateCowWriter(cow_version, options, std::move(fd));
+            if (!writer->Finalize()) {
                 LOG(ERROR) << "Could not initialize COW device for " << target_partition->name();
                 return Return::Error();
             }
@@ -3612,12 +3904,12 @@ bool SnapshotManager::MapUpdateSnapshot(const CreateLogicalPartitionParams& para
     return true;
 }
 
-std::unique_ptr<ISnapshotWriter> SnapshotManager::OpenSnapshotWriter(
+std::unique_ptr<ICowWriter> SnapshotManager::OpenSnapshotWriter(
         const android::fs_mgr::CreateLogicalPartitionParams& params,
-        const std::optional<std::string>& source_device) {
+        std::optional<uint64_t> label) {
 #if defined(LIBSNAPSHOT_NO_COW_WRITE)
     (void)params;
-    (void)source_device;
+    (void)label;
 
     LOG(ERROR) << "Snapshots cannot be written in first-stage init or recovery";
     return nullptr;
@@ -3651,27 +3943,28 @@ std::unique_ptr<ISnapshotWriter> SnapshotManager::OpenSnapshotWriter(
         return nullptr;
     }
 
-    if (status.using_snapuserd()) {
-        return OpenCompressedSnapshotWriter(lock.get(), source_device, params.GetPartitionName(),
-                                            status, paths);
+    if (!status.using_snapuserd()) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Can only create snapshot writers with userspace or compressed snapshots";
+        return nullptr;
     }
-    return OpenKernelSnapshotWriter(lock.get(), source_device, params.GetPartitionName(), status,
-                                    paths);
+
+    return OpenCompressedSnapshotWriter(lock.get(), status, paths, label);
 #endif
 }
 
 #if !defined(LIBSNAPSHOT_NO_COW_WRITE)
-std::unique_ptr<ISnapshotWriter> SnapshotManager::OpenCompressedSnapshotWriter(
-        LockedFile* lock, const std::optional<std::string>& source_device,
-        [[maybe_unused]] const std::string& partition_name, const SnapshotStatus& status,
-        const SnapshotPaths& paths) {
+std::unique_ptr<ICowWriter> SnapshotManager::OpenCompressedSnapshotWriter(
+        LockedFile* lock, const SnapshotStatus& status, const SnapshotPaths& paths,
+        std::optional<uint64_t> label) {
     CHECK(lock);
 
     CowOptions cow_options;
     cow_options.compression = status.compression_algorithm();
     cow_options.max_blocks = {status.device_size() / cow_options.block_size};
     cow_options.batch_write = status.batched_writes();
-    cow_options.num_compress_threads = status.enable_threading() ? 2 : 0;
+    cow_options.num_compress_threads = status.enable_threading() ? 2 : 1;
+    cow_options.op_count_max = status.estimated_ops_buffer_size();
+    cow_options.compression_factor = status.compression_factor();
     // Disable scratch space for vts tests
     if (device()->IsTestDevice()) {
         cow_options.scratch_space = false;
@@ -3681,11 +3974,6 @@ std::unique_ptr<ISnapshotWriter> SnapshotManager::OpenCompressedSnapshotWriter(
     // never creates this scenario.
     CHECK(status.snapshot_size() == status.device_size());
 
-    auto writer = std::make_unique<CompressedSnapshotWriter>(cow_options);
-    if (source_device) {
-        writer->SetSourceDevice(*source_device);
-    }
-
     std::string cow_path;
     if (!GetMappedImageDevicePath(paths.cow_device_name, &cow_path)) {
         LOG(ERROR) << "Could not determine path for " << paths.cow_device_name;
@@ -3697,40 +3985,14 @@ std::unique_ptr<ISnapshotWriter> SnapshotManager::OpenCompressedSnapshotWriter(
         PLOG(ERROR) << "OpenCompressedSnapshotWriter: open " << cow_path;
         return nullptr;
     }
-    if (!writer->SetCowDevice(std::move(cow_fd))) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "Could not create COW writer from " << cow_path;
-        return nullptr;
-    }
 
-    return writer;
-}
-
-std::unique_ptr<ISnapshotWriter> SnapshotManager::OpenKernelSnapshotWriter(
-        LockedFile* lock, const std::optional<std::string>& source_device,
-        [[maybe_unused]] const std::string& partition_name, const SnapshotStatus& status,
-        const SnapshotPaths& paths) {
-    CHECK(lock);
-
-    CowOptions cow_options;
-    cow_options.max_blocks = {status.device_size() / cow_options.block_size};
-
-    auto writer = std::make_unique<OnlineKernelSnapshotWriter>(cow_options);
-
-    std::string path = paths.snapshot_device.empty() ? paths.target_device : paths.snapshot_device;
-    unique_fd fd(open(path.c_str(), O_RDWR | O_CLOEXEC));
-    if (fd < 0) {
-        PLOG(ERROR) << "open failed: " << path;
+    CowHeaderV3 header;
+    if (!ReadCowHeader(cow_fd, &header)) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "OpenCompressedSnapshotWriter: read header failed";
         return nullptr;
     }
 
-    if (source_device) {
-        writer->SetSourceDevice(*source_device);
-    }
-
-    uint64_t cow_size = status.cow_partition_size() + status.cow_file_size();
-    writer->SetSnapshotDevice(std::move(fd), cow_size);
-
-    return writer;
+    return CreateCowWriter(header.prefix.major_version, cow_options, std::move(cow_fd), label);
 }
 #endif  // !defined(LIBSNAPSHOT_NO_COW_WRITE)
 
@@ -3786,6 +4048,9 @@ bool SnapshotManager::Dump(std::ostream& os) {
     ss << "Using snapuserd: " << update_status.using_snapuserd() << std::endl;
     ss << "Using userspace snapshots: " << update_status.userspace_snapshots() << std::endl;
     ss << "Using io_uring: " << update_status.io_uring_enabled() << std::endl;
+    ss << "Using o_direct: " << update_status.o_direct() << std::endl;
+    ss << "Cow op merge size (0 for uncapped): " << update_status.cow_op_merge_size() << std::endl;
+    ss << "Worker thread count: " << update_status.num_worker_threads() << std::endl;
     ss << "Using XOR compression: " << GetXorCompressionEnabledProperty() << std::endl;
     ss << "Current slot: " << device_->GetSlotSuffix() << std::endl;
     ss << "Boot indicator: booting from " << GetCurrentSlot() << " slot" << std::endl;
@@ -3830,6 +4095,7 @@ bool SnapshotManager::Dump(std::ostream& os) {
         ss << "    allocated sectors: " << status.sectors_allocated() << std::endl;
         ss << "    metadata sectors: " << status.metadata_sectors() << std::endl;
         ss << "    compression: " << status.compression_algorithm() << std::endl;
+        ss << "    compression factor: " << status.compression_factor() << std::endl;
         ss << "    merge phase: " << DecideMergePhase(status) << std::endl;
     }
     os << ss.rdbuf();
@@ -3868,44 +4134,90 @@ bool SnapshotManager::HandleImminentDataWipe(const std::function<void()>& callba
         // We allow the wipe to continue, because if we can't mount /metadata,
         // it is unlikely the device would have booted anyway. If there is no
         // metadata partition, then the device predates Virtual A/B.
+        LOG(INFO) << "/metadata not found; allowing wipe.";
         return true;
     }
 
-    // Check this early, so we don't accidentally start trying to populate
-    // the state file in recovery. Note we don't call GetUpdateState since
-    // we want errors in acquiring the lock to be propagated, instead of
-    // returning UpdateState::None.
-    auto state_file = GetStateFilePath();
-    if (access(state_file.c_str(), F_OK) != 0 && errno == ENOENT) {
-        return true;
+    // This could happen if /metadata mounted but there is no filesystem
+    // structure. Weird, but we have to assume there's no OTA pending, and
+    // thus we let the wipe proceed.
+    UpdateState state;
+    {
+        auto lock = LockExclusive();
+        if (!lock) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "Unable to determine update state; allowing wipe.";
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        state = ReadUpdateState(lock.get());
+        LOG(INFO) << "Update state before wipe: " << state << "; slot: " << GetCurrentSlot()
+                  << "; suffix: " << device_->GetSlotSuffix();
     }
 
-    auto slot_number = SlotNumberForSlotSuffix(device_->GetSlotSuffix());
-    auto super_path = device_->GetSuperDevice(slot_number);
-    if (!CreateLogicalAndSnapshotPartitions(super_path, 20s)) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "Unable to map partitions to complete merge.";
-        return false;
+    bool try_merge = false;
+    switch (state) {
+        case UpdateState::None:
+        case UpdateState::Initiated:
+            LOG(INFO) << "Wipe is not impacted by update state; allowing wipe.";
+            break;
+        case UpdateState::Unverified:
+            if (GetCurrentSlot() != Slot::Target) {
+                LOG(INFO) << "Wipe is not impacted by rolled back update; allowing wipe";
+                break;
+            }
+            if (!HasForwardMergeIndicator()) {
+                auto slot_number = SlotNumberForSlotSuffix(device_->GetSlotSuffix());
+                auto other_slot_number = SlotNumberForSlotSuffix(device_->GetOtherSlotSuffix());
+
+                // We're not allowed to forward merge, so forcefully rollback the
+                // slot switch.
+                LOG(INFO) << "Allowing wipe due to lack of forward merge indicator; reverting to "
+                             "old slot since update will be deleted.";
+                device_->SetSlotAsUnbootable(slot_number);
+                device_->SetActiveBootSlot(other_slot_number);
+                break;
+            }
+
+            // Forward merge indicator means we have to mount snapshots and try to merge.
+            LOG(INFO) << "Forward merge indicator is present.";
+            try_merge = true;
+            break;
+        case UpdateState::Merging:
+        case UpdateState::MergeFailed:
+            try_merge = true;
+            break;
+        case UpdateState::MergeNeedsReboot:
+        case UpdateState::Cancelled:
+            LOG(INFO) << "Unexpected update state in recovery; allowing wipe.";
+            break;
+        default:
+            break;
     }
 
-    auto process_callback = [&]() -> bool {
-        if (callback) {
-            callback();
+    if (try_merge) {
+        auto slot_number = SlotNumberForSlotSuffix(device_->GetSlotSuffix());
+        auto super_path = device_->GetSuperDevice(slot_number);
+        if (!CreateLogicalAndSnapshotPartitions(super_path, 20s)) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "Unable to map partitions to complete merge.";
+            return false;
         }
-        return true;
-    };
 
-    in_factory_data_reset_ = true;
-    UpdateState state =
-            ProcessUpdateStateOnDataWipe(true /* allow_forward_merge */, process_callback);
-    in_factory_data_reset_ = false;
+        auto process_callback = [&]() -> bool {
+            if (callback) {
+                callback();
+            }
+            return true;
+        };
 
-    if (state == UpdateState::MergeFailed) {
-        return false;
-    }
+        state = ProcessUpdateStateOnDataWipe(process_callback);
+        if (state == UpdateState::MergeFailed) {
+            return false;
+        }
 
-    // Nothing should be depending on partitions now, so unmap them all.
-    if (!UnmapAllPartitionsInRecovery()) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "Unable to unmap all partitions; fastboot may fail to flash.";
+        // Nothing should be depending on partitions now, so unmap them all.
+        if (!UnmapAllPartitionsInRecovery()) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "Unable to unmap all partitions; fastboot may fail to flash.";
+        }
     }
 
     if (state != UpdateState::None) {
@@ -3951,58 +4263,40 @@ bool SnapshotManager::FinishMergeInRecovery() {
     return true;
 }
 
-UpdateState SnapshotManager::ProcessUpdateStateOnDataWipe(bool allow_forward_merge,
-                                                          const std::function<bool()>& callback) {
-    auto slot_number = SlotNumberForSlotSuffix(device_->GetSlotSuffix());
-    UpdateState state = ProcessUpdateState(callback);
-    LOG(INFO) << "Update state in recovery: " << state;
-    switch (state) {
-        case UpdateState::MergeFailed:
-            LOG(ERROR) << "Unrecoverable merge failure detected.";
-            return state;
-        case UpdateState::Unverified: {
-            // If an OTA was just applied but has not yet started merging:
-            //
-            // - if forward merge is allowed, initiate merge and call
-            // ProcessUpdateState again.
-            //
-            // - if forward merge is not allowed, we
-            // have no choice but to revert slots, because the current slot will
-            // immediately become unbootable. Rather than wait for the device
-            // to reboot N times until a rollback, we proactively disable the
-            // new slot instead.
-            //
-            // Since the rollback is inevitable, we don't treat a HAL failure
-            // as an error here.
-            auto slot = GetCurrentSlot();
-            if (slot == Slot::Target) {
-                if (allow_forward_merge &&
-                    access(GetForwardMergeIndicatorPath().c_str(), F_OK) == 0) {
-                    LOG(INFO) << "Forward merge allowed, initiating merge now.";
-
-                    if (!InitiateMerge()) {
-                        LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to initiate merge on data wipe.";
-                        return UpdateState::MergeFailed;
-                    }
-                    return ProcessUpdateStateOnDataWipe(false /* allow_forward_merge */, callback);
+UpdateState SnapshotManager::ProcessUpdateStateOnDataWipe(const std::function<bool()>& callback) {
+    while (true) {
+        UpdateState state = ProcessUpdateState(callback);
+        LOG(INFO) << "Processed updated state in recovery: " << state;
+        switch (state) {
+            case UpdateState::MergeFailed:
+                LOG(ERROR) << "Unrecoverable merge failure detected.";
+                return state;
+            case UpdateState::Unverified: {
+                // Unverified was already handled earlier, in HandleImminentDataWipe,
+                // but it will fall through here if a forward merge is required.
+                //
+                // If InitiateMerge fails, we early return. If it succeeds, then we
+                // are guaranteed that the next call to ProcessUpdateState will not
+                // return Unverified.
+                if (!InitiateMerge()) {
+                    LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to initiate merge on data wipe.";
+                    return UpdateState::MergeFailed;
                 }
-
-                LOG(ERROR) << "Reverting to old slot since update will be deleted.";
-                device_->SetSlotAsUnbootable(slot_number);
-            } else {
-                LOG(INFO) << "Booting from " << slot << " slot, no action is taken.";
+                continue;
             }
-            break;
+            case UpdateState::MergeNeedsReboot:
+                // We shouldn't get here, because nothing is depending on
+                // logical partitions.
+                LOG(ERROR) << "Unexpected merge-needs-reboot state in recovery.";
+                return state;
+            default:
+                return state;
         }
-        case UpdateState::MergeNeedsReboot:
-            // We shouldn't get here, because nothing is depending on
-            // logical partitions.
-            LOG(ERROR) << "Unexpected merge-needs-reboot state in recovery.";
-            break;
-        default:
-            break;
     }
-    return state;
+}
+
+bool SnapshotManager::HasForwardMergeIndicator() {
+    return access(GetForwardMergeIndicatorPath().c_str(), F_OK) == 0;
 }
 
 bool SnapshotManager::EnsureNoOverflowSnapshot(LockedFile* lock) {
@@ -4373,8 +4667,7 @@ bool SnapshotManager::DeleteDeviceIfExists(const std::string& name,
         }
     }
 
-    LOG(ERROR) << "Device-mapper device " << name << "(" << full_path << ")"
-               << " still in use."
+    LOG(ERROR) << "Device-mapper device " << name << "(" << full_path << ")" << " still in use."
                << "  Probably a file descriptor was leaked or held open, or a loop device is"
                << " attached.";
     return false;
@@ -4399,16 +4692,120 @@ std::string SnapshotManager::ReadSourceBuildFingerprint() {
     return status.source_build_fingerprint();
 }
 
-bool SnapshotManager::IsUserspaceSnapshotUpdateInProgress() {
-    auto slot = GetCurrentSlot();
-    if (slot == Slot::Target) {
-        if (IsSnapuserdRequired()) {
-            return true;
-        }
+bool SnapshotManager::PauseSnapshotMerge() {
+    auto snapuserd_client = SnapuserdClient::TryConnect(kSnapuserdSocket, 5s);
+    if (snapuserd_client) {
+        // Pause the snapshot-merge
+        return snapuserd_client->PauseMerge();
     }
+    return false;
+}
 
+bool SnapshotManager::ResumeSnapshotMerge() {
+    auto snapuserd_client = SnapuserdClient::TryConnect(kSnapuserdSocket, 5s);
+    if (snapuserd_client) {
+        // Resume the snapshot-merge
+        return snapuserd_client->ResumeMerge();
+    }
     return false;
 }
 
+bool SnapshotManager::IsUserspaceSnapshotUpdateInProgress(
+        std::vector<std::string>& dynamic_partitions) {
+    // We cannot grab /metadata/ota lock here as this
+    // is in reboot path. See b/308900853
+    //
+    // Check if any of the partitions are mounted
+    // off dm-user block device. If so, then we are certain
+    // that OTA update in progress.
+    auto current_suffix = device_->GetSlotSuffix();
+    auto& dm = DeviceMapper::Instance();
+    auto dm_block_devices = dm.FindDmPartitions();
+    if (dm_block_devices.empty()) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "No dm-enabled block device is found.";
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    bool is_ota_in_progress = false;
+    for (auto& partition : dm_block_devices) {
+        std::string partition_name = partition.first + current_suffix;
+        DeviceMapper::TargetInfo snap_target;
+        if (!GetSingleTarget(partition_name, TableQuery::Status, &snap_target)) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        auto type = DeviceMapper::GetTargetType(snap_target.spec);
+        // Partition is mounted off snapshots
+        if (type == "user") {
+            dynamic_partitions.emplace_back("/" + partition.first);
+            is_ota_in_progress = true;
+        }
+    }
+    return is_ota_in_progress;
+}
+
+bool SnapshotManager::BootFromSnapshotsWithoutSlotSwitch() {
+    auto lock = LockExclusive();
+    if (!lock) return false;
+
+    auto contents = device_->GetSlotSuffix();
+    // This is the indicator which tells first-stage init
+    // to boot from snapshots even though there was no slot-switch
+    auto boot_file = GetBootSnapshotsWithoutSlotSwitchPath();
+    if (!WriteStringToFileAtomic(contents, boot_file)) {
+        PLOG(ERROR) << "write failed: " << boot_file;
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    SnapshotUpdateStatus update_status = ReadSnapshotUpdateStatus(lock.get());
+    update_status.set_state(UpdateState::Initiated);
+    update_status.set_userspace_snapshots(true);
+    update_status.set_using_snapuserd(true);
+    if (!WriteSnapshotUpdateStatus(lock.get(), update_status)) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
+bool SnapshotManager::PrepareDeviceToBootWithoutSnapshot() {
+    auto lock = LockExclusive();
+    if (!lock) return false;
+
+    android::base::RemoveFileIfExists(GetSnapshotBootIndicatorPath());
+    android::base::RemoveFileIfExists(GetBootSnapshotsWithoutSlotSwitchPath());
+
+    SnapshotUpdateStatus update_status = ReadSnapshotUpdateStatus(lock.get());
+    update_status.set_state(UpdateState::Cancelled);
+    if (!WriteSnapshotUpdateStatus(lock.get(), update_status)) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
+void SnapshotManager::SetReadAheadSize(const std::string& entry_block_device, off64_t size_kb) {
+    std::string block_device;
+    if (!Realpath(entry_block_device, &block_device)) {
+        PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to realpath " << entry_block_device;
+        return;
+    }
+
+    static constexpr std::string_view kDevBlockPrefix("/dev/block/");
+    if (!android::base::StartsWith(block_device, kDevBlockPrefix)) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << block_device << " is not a block device";
+        return;
+    }
+
+    std::string block_name = block_device.substr(kDevBlockPrefix.length());
+    std::string sys_partition =
+            android::base::StringPrintf("/sys/class/block/%s/partition", block_name.c_str());
+    struct stat info;
+    if (lstat(sys_partition.c_str(), &info) == 0) {
+        block_name += "/..";
+    }
+    std::string sys_ra = android::base::StringPrintf("/sys/class/block/%s/queue/read_ahead_kb",
+                                                     block_name.c_str());
+    std::string size = std::to_string(size_kb);
+    android::base::WriteStringToFile(size, sys_ra.c_str());
+}
+
 }  // namespace snapshot
 }  // namespace android
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshot_stats.cpp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshot_stats.cpp
index 9b6eb2c62aa3..e684d8798bd4 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshot_stats.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshot_stats.cpp
@@ -24,9 +24,12 @@ namespace android {
 namespace snapshot {
 
 SnapshotMergeStats* SnapshotMergeStats::GetInstance(SnapshotManager& parent) {
-    static SnapshotMergeStats g_instance(parent.GetMergeStateFilePath());
-    CHECK(g_instance.path_ == parent.GetMergeStateFilePath());
-    return &g_instance;
+    static std::unique_ptr<SnapshotMergeStats> g_instance;
+
+    if (!g_instance || g_instance->path_ != parent.GetMergeStateFilePath()) {
+        g_instance = std::make_unique<SnapshotMergeStats>(parent.GetMergeStateFilePath());
+    }
+    return g_instance.get();
 }
 
 SnapshotMergeStats::SnapshotMergeStats(const std::string& path) : path_(path), running_(false) {}
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshot_stub.cpp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshot_stub.cpp
index 84e2226fa888..8edd44f8b483 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshot_stub.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshot_stub.cpp
@@ -154,8 +154,8 @@ ISnapshotMergeStats* SnapshotManagerStub::GetSnapshotMergeStatsInstance() {
     return &snapshot_merge_stats;
 }
 
-std::unique_ptr<ISnapshotWriter> SnapshotManagerStub::OpenSnapshotWriter(
-        const CreateLogicalPartitionParams&, const std::optional<std::string>&) {
+std::unique_ptr<ICowWriter> SnapshotManagerStub::OpenSnapshotWriter(
+        const CreateLogicalPartitionParams&, std::optional<uint64_t>) {
     LOG(ERROR) << __FUNCTION__ << " should never be called.";
     return nullptr;
 }
@@ -188,4 +188,9 @@ void SnapshotManagerStub::SetMergeStatsFeatures(ISnapshotMergeStats*) {
     LOG(ERROR) << __FUNCTION__ << " should never be called.";
 }
 
+bool SnapshotManagerStub::IsCancelUpdateSafe() {
+    LOG(ERROR) << __FUNCTION__ << " should never be called.";
+    return false;
+}
+
 }  // namespace android::snapshot
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshot_test.cpp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshot_test.cpp
index 22731e7b7487..7719a295c4cb 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshot_test.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshot_test.cpp
@@ -47,6 +47,7 @@
 #include <android/snapshot/snapshot.pb.h>
 #include <libsnapshot/test_helpers.h>
 #include "partition_cow_creator.h"
+#include "scratch_super.h"
 #include "utility.h"
 
 // Mock classes are not used. Header included to ensure mocked class definition aligns with the
@@ -56,14 +57,12 @@
 
 #if defined(LIBSNAPSHOT_TEST_VAB_LEGACY)
 #define DEFAULT_MODE "vab-legacy"
-#elif defined(LIBSNAPSHOT_TEST_VABC_LEGACY)
-#define DEFAULT_MODE "vabc-legacy"
 #else
 #define DEFAULT_MODE ""
 #endif
 
 DEFINE_string(force_mode, DEFAULT_MODE,
-              "Force testing older modes (vab-legacy, vabc-legacy) ignoring device config.");
+              "Force testing older modes (vab-legacy) ignoring device config.");
 DEFINE_string(force_iouring_disable, "",
               "Force testing mode (iouring_disabled) - disable io_uring");
 DEFINE_string(compression_method, "gz", "Default compression algorithm.");
@@ -104,6 +103,7 @@ std::string fake_super;
 
 void MountMetadata();
 
+// @VsrTest = 3.7.6
 class SnapshotTest : public ::testing::Test {
   public:
     SnapshotTest() : dm_(DeviceMapper::Instance()) {}
@@ -123,6 +123,7 @@ class SnapshotTest : public ::testing::Test {
         LOG(INFO) << "Starting test: " << test_name_;
 
         SKIP_IF_NON_VIRTUAL_AB();
+        SKIP_IF_VENDOR_ON_ANDROID_S();
 
         SetupProperties();
         if (!DeviceSupportsMode()) {
@@ -139,17 +140,10 @@ class SnapshotTest : public ::testing::Test {
     void SetupProperties() {
         std::unordered_map<std::string, std::string> properties;
 
-        ASSERT_TRUE(android::base::SetProperty("snapuserd.test.dm.snapshots", "0"))
-                << "Failed to disable property: virtual_ab.userspace.snapshots.enabled";
         ASSERT_TRUE(android::base::SetProperty("snapuserd.test.io_uring.force_disable", "0"))
                 << "Failed to set property: snapuserd.test.io_uring.disabled";
 
-        if (FLAGS_force_mode == "vabc-legacy") {
-            ASSERT_TRUE(android::base::SetProperty("snapuserd.test.dm.snapshots", "1"))
-                    << "Failed to disable property: virtual_ab.userspace.snapshots.enabled";
-            properties["ro.virtual_ab.compression.enabled"] = "true";
-            properties["ro.virtual_ab.userspace.snapshots.enabled"] = "false";
-        } else if (FLAGS_force_mode == "vab-legacy") {
+        if (FLAGS_force_mode == "vab-legacy") {
             properties["ro.virtual_ab.compression.enabled"] = "false";
             properties["ro.virtual_ab.userspace.snapshots.enabled"] = "false";
         }
@@ -176,6 +170,7 @@ class SnapshotTest : public ::testing::Test {
 
     void TearDown() override {
         RETURN_IF_NON_VIRTUAL_AB();
+        RETURN_IF_VENDOR_ON_ANDROID_S();
 
         LOG(INFO) << "Tearing down SnapshotTest test: " << test_name_;
 
@@ -345,7 +340,7 @@ class SnapshotTest : public ::testing::Test {
     }
 
     AssertionResult MapUpdateSnapshot(const std::string& name,
-                                      std::unique_ptr<ISnapshotWriter>* writer) {
+                                      std::unique_ptr<ICowWriter>* writer) {
         TestPartitionOpener opener(fake_super);
         CreateLogicalPartitionParams params{
                 .block_device = fake_super,
@@ -355,14 +350,10 @@ class SnapshotTest : public ::testing::Test {
                 .partition_opener = &opener,
         };
 
-        auto old_partition = "/dev/block/mapper/" + GetOtherPartitionName(name);
-        auto result = sm->OpenSnapshotWriter(params, {old_partition});
+        auto result = sm->OpenSnapshotWriter(params, {});
         if (!result) {
             return AssertionFailure() << "Cannot open snapshot for writing: " << name;
         }
-        if (!result->Initialize()) {
-            return AssertionFailure() << "Cannot initialize snapshot for writing: " << name;
-        }
 
         if (writer) {
             *writer = std::move(result);
@@ -440,7 +431,7 @@ class SnapshotTest : public ::testing::Test {
 
     // Prepare A/B slot for a partition named "test_partition".
     AssertionResult PrepareOneSnapshot(uint64_t device_size,
-                                       std::unique_ptr<ISnapshotWriter>* writer = nullptr) {
+                                       std::unique_ptr<ICowWriter>* writer = nullptr) {
         lock_ = nullptr;
 
         DeltaArchiveManifest manifest;
@@ -643,21 +634,38 @@ TEST_F(SnapshotTest, FirstStageMountAfterRollback) {
 TEST_F(SnapshotTest, Merge) {
     ASSERT_TRUE(AcquireLock());
 
-    static const uint64_t kDeviceSize = 1024 * 1024;
+    static constexpr uint64_t kDeviceSize = 1024 * 1024;
+    static constexpr uint32_t kBlockSize = 4096;
 
-    std::unique_ptr<ISnapshotWriter> writer;
-    ASSERT_TRUE(PrepareOneSnapshot(kDeviceSize, &writer));
+    std::string test_string = "This is a test string.";
+    test_string.resize(kBlockSize);
 
-    bool userspace_snapshots = sm->UpdateUsesUserSnapshots(lock_.get());
+    bool userspace_snapshots = false;
+    if (snapuserd_required_) {
+        std::unique_ptr<ICowWriter> writer;
+        ASSERT_TRUE(PrepareOneSnapshot(kDeviceSize, &writer));
 
-    // Release the lock.
-    lock_ = nullptr;
+        userspace_snapshots = sm->UpdateUsesUserSnapshots(lock_.get());
 
-    std::string test_string = "This is a test string.";
-    test_string.resize(writer->options().block_size);
-    ASSERT_TRUE(writer->AddRawBlocks(0, test_string.data(), test_string.size()));
-    ASSERT_TRUE(writer->Finalize());
-    writer = nullptr;
+        // Release the lock.
+        lock_ = nullptr;
+
+        ASSERT_TRUE(writer->AddRawBlocks(0, test_string.data(), test_string.size()));
+        ASSERT_TRUE(writer->Finalize());
+        writer = nullptr;
+    } else {
+        ASSERT_TRUE(PrepareOneSnapshot(kDeviceSize));
+
+        // Release the lock.
+        lock_ = nullptr;
+
+        std::string path;
+        ASSERT_TRUE(dm_.GetDmDevicePathByName("test_partition_b", &path));
+
+        unique_fd fd(open(path.c_str(), O_WRONLY));
+        ASSERT_GE(fd, 0);
+        ASSERT_TRUE(android::base::WriteFully(fd, test_string.data(), test_string.size()));
+    }
 
     // Done updating.
     ASSERT_TRUE(sm->FinishedSnapshotWrites(false));
@@ -672,6 +680,17 @@ TEST_F(SnapshotTest, Merge) {
     }
     ASSERT_TRUE(sm->InitiateMerge());
 
+    // Create stale files in snapshot directory. Merge should skip these files
+    // as the suffix doesn't match the current slot.
+    auto tmp_path = test_device->GetMetadataDir() + "/snapshots/test_partition_b.tmp";
+    auto other_slot = test_device->GetMetadataDir() + "/snapshots/test_partition_a";
+
+    unique_fd fd(open(tmp_path.c_str(), O_RDWR | O_CLOEXEC | O_CREAT, 0644));
+    ASSERT_GE(fd, 0);
+
+    fd.reset(open(other_slot.c_str(), O_RDWR | O_CLOEXEC | O_CREAT, 0644));
+    ASSERT_GE(fd, 0);
+
     // The device should have been switched to a snapshot-merge target.
     DeviceMapper::TargetInfo target;
     ASSERT_TRUE(sm->IsSnapshotDevice("test_partition_b", &target));
@@ -682,18 +701,29 @@ TEST_F(SnapshotTest, Merge) {
     }
 
     // We should not be able to cancel an update now.
+    ASSERT_EQ(sm->TryCancelUpdate(), CancelResult::NEEDS_MERGE);
     ASSERT_FALSE(sm->CancelUpdate());
 
     ASSERT_EQ(sm->ProcessUpdateState(), UpdateState::MergeCompleted);
     ASSERT_EQ(sm->GetUpdateState(), UpdateState::None);
 
+    // Make sure that snapshot states are cleared and all stale files
+    // are deleted
+    {
+        ASSERT_TRUE(AcquireLock());
+        auto local_lock = std::move(lock_);
+        std::vector<std::string> snapshots;
+        ASSERT_TRUE(sm->ListSnapshots(local_lock.get(), &snapshots));
+        ASSERT_TRUE(snapshots.empty());
+    }
+
     // The device should no longer be a snapshot or snapshot-merge.
     ASSERT_FALSE(sm->IsSnapshotDevice("test_partition_b"));
 
     // Test that we can read back the string we wrote to the snapshot. Note
     // that the base device is gone now. |snap_device| contains the correct
     // partition.
-    unique_fd fd(open("/dev/block/mapper/test_partition_b", O_RDONLY | O_CLOEXEC));
+    fd.reset(open("/dev/block/mapper/test_partition_b", O_RDONLY | O_CLOEXEC));
     ASSERT_GE(fd, 0);
 
     std::string buffer(test_string.size(), '\0');
@@ -989,6 +1019,7 @@ class SnapshotUpdateTest : public SnapshotTest {
   public:
     void SetUp() override {
         SKIP_IF_NON_VIRTUAL_AB();
+        SKIP_IF_VENDOR_ON_ANDROID_S();
 
         SnapshotTest::SetUp();
         if (!image_manager_) {
@@ -1071,6 +1102,7 @@ class SnapshotUpdateTest : public SnapshotTest {
     }
     void TearDown() override {
         RETURN_IF_NON_VIRTUAL_AB();
+        RETURN_IF_VENDOR_ON_ANDROID_S();
 
         LOG(INFO) << "Tearing down SnapshotUpdateTest test: " << test_name_;
 
@@ -1143,7 +1175,7 @@ class SnapshotUpdateTest : public SnapshotTest {
 
     AssertionResult MapOneUpdateSnapshot(const std::string& name) {
         if (snapuserd_required_) {
-            std::unique_ptr<ISnapshotWriter> writer;
+            std::unique_ptr<ICowWriter> writer;
             return MapUpdateSnapshot(name, &writer);
         } else {
             std::string path;
@@ -1164,7 +1196,7 @@ class SnapshotUpdateTest : public SnapshotTest {
     AssertionResult WriteSnapshotAndHash(PartitionUpdate* partition) {
         std::string name = partition->partition_name() + "_b";
         if (snapuserd_required_) {
-            std::unique_ptr<ISnapshotWriter> writer;
+            std::unique_ptr<ICowWriter> writer;
             auto res = MapUpdateSnapshot(name, &writer);
             if (!res) {
                 return res;
@@ -1203,13 +1235,13 @@ class SnapshotUpdateTest : public SnapshotTest {
         SHA256_CTX ctx;
         SHA256_Init(&ctx);
 
-        if (!writer->options().max_blocks) {
+        if (!writer->GetMaxBlocks()) {
             LOG(ERROR) << "CowWriter must specify maximum number of blocks";
             return false;
         }
-        const auto num_blocks = writer->options().max_blocks.value();
+        const auto num_blocks = writer->GetMaxBlocks().value();
 
-        const auto block_size = writer->options().block_size;
+        const auto block_size = writer->GetBlockSize();
         std::string block(block_size, '\0');
         for (uint64_t i = 0; i < num_blocks; i++) {
             if (!ReadFully(rand, block.data(), block.size())) {
@@ -1233,17 +1265,17 @@ class SnapshotUpdateTest : public SnapshotTest {
     // It doesn't really matter the order, we just want copies that reference
     // blocks that won't exist if the partition shrinks.
     AssertionResult ShiftAllSnapshotBlocks(const std::string& name, uint64_t old_size) {
-        std::unique_ptr<ISnapshotWriter> writer;
+        std::unique_ptr<ICowWriter> writer;
         if (auto res = MapUpdateSnapshot(name, &writer); !res) {
             return res;
         }
-        if (!writer->options().max_blocks || !*writer->options().max_blocks) {
+        if (!writer->GetMaxBlocks() || !*writer->GetMaxBlocks()) {
             return AssertionFailure() << "No max blocks set for " << name << " writer";
         }
 
-        uint64_t src_block = (old_size / writer->options().block_size) - 1;
+        uint64_t src_block = (old_size / writer->GetBlockSize()) - 1;
         uint64_t dst_block = 0;
-        uint64_t max_blocks = *writer->options().max_blocks;
+        uint64_t max_blocks = *writer->GetMaxBlocks();
         while (dst_block < max_blocks && dst_block < src_block) {
             if (!writer->AddCopy(dst_block, src_block)) {
                 return AssertionFailure() << "Unable to add copy for " << name << " for blocks "
@@ -1256,7 +1288,13 @@ class SnapshotUpdateTest : public SnapshotTest {
             return AssertionFailure() << "Unable to finalize writer for " << name;
         }
 
-        auto hash = HashSnapshot(writer.get());
+        auto old_partition = "/dev/block/mapper/" + GetOtherPartitionName(name);
+        auto reader = writer->OpenFileDescriptor(old_partition);
+        if (!reader) {
+            return AssertionFailure() << "Could not open file descriptor for " << name;
+        }
+
+        auto hash = HashSnapshot(reader.get());
         if (hash.empty()) {
             return AssertionFailure() << "Unable to hash snapshot writer for " << name;
         }
@@ -1306,6 +1344,16 @@ class SnapshotUpdateTest : public SnapshotTest {
     DynamicPartitionGroup* group_ = nullptr;
 };
 
+TEST_F(SnapshotUpdateTest, SuperOtaMetadataTest) {
+    auto info = new TestDeviceInfo(fake_super);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(CleanupScratchOtaMetadataIfPresent(info));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(CreateScratchOtaMetadataOnSuper(info));
+    std::string scratch_device = GetScratchOtaMetadataPartition();
+    ASSERT_NE(scratch_device, "");
+    ASSERT_NE(MapScratchOtaMetadataPartition(scratch_device), "");
+    ASSERT_TRUE(CleanupScratchOtaMetadataIfPresent(info));
+}
+
 // Test full update flow executed by update_engine. Some partitions uses super empty space,
 // some uses images, and some uses both.
 // Also test UnmapUpdateSnapshot unmaps everything.
@@ -1411,7 +1459,7 @@ TEST_F(SnapshotUpdateTest, DuplicateOps) {
     for (auto* partition : partitions) {
         AddOperation(partition);
 
-        std::unique_ptr<ISnapshotWriter> writer;
+        std::unique_ptr<ICowWriter> writer;
         auto res = MapUpdateSnapshot(partition->partition_name() + "_b", &writer);
         ASSERT_TRUE(res);
         ASSERT_TRUE(writer->AddZeroBlocks(0, 1));
@@ -1561,8 +1609,9 @@ TEST_F(SnapshotUpdateTest, SpaceSwapUpdate) {
     }
 }
 
-// Test that a transient merge consistency check failure can resume properly.
-TEST_F(SnapshotUpdateTest, ConsistencyCheckResume) {
+// Test that shrinking and growing partitions at the same time is handled
+// correctly in VABC.
+TEST_F(SnapshotUpdateTest, InterruptMergeDuringPhaseUpdate) {
     if (!snapuserd_required_) {
         // b/179111359
         GTEST_SKIP() << "Skipping snapuserd test";
@@ -1581,6 +1630,19 @@ TEST_F(SnapshotUpdateTest, ConsistencyCheckResume) {
 
     ASSERT_TRUE(sm->BeginUpdate());
     ASSERT_TRUE(sm->CreateUpdateSnapshots(manifest_));
+
+    // Check that the old partition sizes were saved correctly.
+    {
+        ASSERT_TRUE(AcquireLock());
+        auto local_lock = std::move(lock_);
+
+        SnapshotStatus status;
+        ASSERT_TRUE(sm->ReadSnapshotStatus(local_lock.get(), "prd_b", &status));
+        ASSERT_EQ(status.old_partition_size(), 3145728);
+        ASSERT_TRUE(sm->ReadSnapshotStatus(local_lock.get(), "sys_b", &status));
+        ASSERT_EQ(status.old_partition_size(), 3145728);
+    }
+
     ASSERT_TRUE(WriteSnapshotAndHash(sys_));
     ASSERT_TRUE(WriteSnapshotAndHash(vnd_));
     ASSERT_TRUE(ShiftAllSnapshotBlocks("prd_b", old_prd_size));
@@ -1608,13 +1670,6 @@ TEST_F(SnapshotUpdateTest, ConsistencyCheckResume) {
         ASSERT_TRUE(IsPartitionUnchanged(name));
     }
 
-    auto old_checker = init->merge_consistency_checker();
-
-    init->set_merge_consistency_checker(
-            [](const std::string&, const SnapshotStatus&) -> MergeFailureCode {
-                return MergeFailureCode::WrongMergeCountConsistencyCheck;
-            });
-
     // Initiate the merge and wait for it to be completed.
     if (ShouldSkipLegacyMerging()) {
         LOG(INFO) << "Skipping legacy merge in test";
@@ -1631,20 +1686,62 @@ TEST_F(SnapshotUpdateTest, ConsistencyCheckResume) {
         ASSERT_EQ(status.merge_phase(), MergePhase::FIRST_PHASE);
     }
 
-    // Merge should have failed.
-    ASSERT_EQ(UpdateState::MergeFailed, init->ProcessUpdateState());
+    // Wait until prd_b merge is completed which is part of first phase
+    std::chrono::milliseconds timeout(6000);
+    auto start = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
+    // Keep polling until the merge is complete or timeout is reached
+    while (true) {
+        // Query the merge status
+        const auto merge_status = init->snapuserd_client()->QuerySnapshotStatus("prd_b");
+        if (merge_status == "snapshot-merge-complete") {
+            break;
+        }
+
+        auto now = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
+        auto elapsed = std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::milliseconds>(now - start);
+
+        ASSERT_TRUE(elapsed < timeout);
+        // sleep for a second and allow merge to complete
+        std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(1000));
+    }
+
+    // Now, forcefully update the snapshot-update status to SECOND PHASE
+    // This will not update the snapshot status of sys_b to MERGING
+    if (init->UpdateUsesUserSnapshots()) {
+        ASSERT_TRUE(AcquireLock());
+        auto local_lock = std::move(lock_);
+        auto status = init->ReadSnapshotUpdateStatus(local_lock.get());
+        status.set_merge_phase(MergePhase::SECOND_PHASE);
+        ASSERT_TRUE(init->WriteSnapshotUpdateStatus(local_lock.get(), status));
+    }
 
     // Simulate shutting down the device and creating partitions again.
     ASSERT_TRUE(UnmapAll());
+    ASSERT_TRUE(init->CreateLogicalAndSnapshotPartitions("super", snapshot_timeout_));
 
-    // Restore the checker.
-    init->set_merge_consistency_checker(std::move(old_checker));
+    DeviceMapper::TargetInfo target;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(init->IsSnapshotDevice("prd_b", &target));
 
-    ASSERT_TRUE(init->CreateLogicalAndSnapshotPartitions("super", snapshot_timeout_));
+    ASSERT_EQ(DeviceMapper::GetTargetType(target.spec), "user");
+    ASSERT_TRUE(init->IsSnapshotDevice("sys_b", &target));
+    ASSERT_EQ(DeviceMapper::GetTargetType(target.spec), "user");
+    ASSERT_TRUE(init->IsSnapshotDevice("vnd_b", &target));
+    ASSERT_EQ(DeviceMapper::GetTargetType(target.spec), "user");
 
-    // Complete the merge.
+    // Complete the merge; "sys" and "vnd" should resume the merge
+    // even though merge was interrupted after update_status was updated to
+    // SECOND_PHASE
     ASSERT_EQ(UpdateState::MergeCompleted, init->ProcessUpdateState());
 
+    // Make sure the second phase ran and deleted snapshots.
+    {
+        ASSERT_TRUE(AcquireLock());
+        auto local_lock = std::move(lock_);
+        std::vector<std::string> snapshots;
+        ASSERT_TRUE(init->ListSnapshots(local_lock.get(), &snapshots));
+        ASSERT_TRUE(snapshots.empty());
+    }
+
     // Check that the target partitions have the same content after the merge.
     for (const auto& name : {"sys_b", "vnd_b", "prd_b"}) {
         ASSERT_TRUE(IsPartitionUnchanged(name))
@@ -2037,6 +2134,8 @@ TEST_F(MetadataMountedTest, Android) {
 }
 
 TEST_F(MetadataMountedTest, Recovery) {
+    GTEST_SKIP() << "b/350715463";
+
     test_device->set_recovery(true);
     metadata_dir_ = test_device->GetMetadataDir();
 
@@ -2155,10 +2254,10 @@ TEST_F(SnapshotUpdateTest, DataWipeRollbackInRecovery) {
     test_device->set_recovery(true);
     auto new_sm = NewManagerForFirstStageMount(test_device);
 
+    EXPECT_EQ(new_sm->GetUpdateState(), UpdateState::Unverified);
     ASSERT_TRUE(new_sm->HandleImminentDataWipe());
     // Manually mount metadata so that we can call GetUpdateState() below.
     MountMetadata();
-    EXPECT_EQ(new_sm->GetUpdateState(), UpdateState::None);
     EXPECT_TRUE(test_device->IsSlotUnbootable(1));
     EXPECT_FALSE(test_device->IsSlotUnbootable(0));
 }
@@ -2180,6 +2279,7 @@ TEST_F(SnapshotUpdateTest, DataWipeAfterRollback) {
     test_device->set_recovery(true);
     auto new_sm = NewManagerForFirstStageMount(test_device);
 
+    EXPECT_EQ(new_sm->GetUpdateState(), UpdateState::Unverified);
     ASSERT_TRUE(new_sm->HandleImminentDataWipe());
     EXPECT_EQ(new_sm->GetUpdateState(), UpdateState::None);
     EXPECT_FALSE(test_device->IsSlotUnbootable(0));
@@ -2188,10 +2288,6 @@ TEST_F(SnapshotUpdateTest, DataWipeAfterRollback) {
 
 // Test update package that requests data wipe.
 TEST_F(SnapshotUpdateTest, DataWipeRequiredInPackage) {
-    if (ShouldSkipLegacyMerging()) {
-        GTEST_SKIP() << "Skipping legacy merge in test";
-    }
-
     AddOperationForPartitions();
     // Execute the update.
     ASSERT_TRUE(sm->BeginUpdate());
@@ -2210,6 +2306,7 @@ TEST_F(SnapshotUpdateTest, DataWipeRequiredInPackage) {
     test_device->set_recovery(true);
     auto new_sm = NewManagerForFirstStageMount(test_device);
 
+    EXPECT_EQ(new_sm->GetUpdateState(), UpdateState::Unverified);
     ASSERT_TRUE(new_sm->HandleImminentDataWipe());
     // Manually mount metadata so that we can call GetUpdateState() below.
     MountMetadata();
@@ -2229,12 +2326,40 @@ TEST_F(SnapshotUpdateTest, DataWipeRequiredInPackage) {
     }
 }
 
+// Cancel an OTA in recovery.
+TEST_F(SnapshotUpdateTest, CancelInRecovery) {
+    AddOperationForPartitions();
+    // Execute the update.
+    ASSERT_TRUE(sm->BeginUpdate());
+    ASSERT_TRUE(sm->CreateUpdateSnapshots(manifest_));
+
+    // Write some data to target partitions.
+    ASSERT_TRUE(WriteSnapshots());
+
+    ASSERT_TRUE(sm->FinishedSnapshotWrites(true /* wipe */));
+
+    // Simulate shutting down the device.
+    ASSERT_TRUE(UnmapAll());
+
+    // Simulate a reboot into recovery.
+    auto test_device = new TestDeviceInfo(fake_super, "_b");
+    test_device->set_recovery(true);
+    auto new_sm = NewManagerForFirstStageMount(test_device);
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(new_sm->GetUpdateState(), UpdateState::Unverified);
+    ASSERT_FALSE(new_sm->IsCancelUpdateSafe());
+    ASSERT_TRUE(new_sm->CancelUpdate());
+
+    ASSERT_TRUE(new_sm->EnsureImageManager());
+    auto im = new_sm->image_manager();
+    ASSERT_NE(im, nullptr);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(im->IsImageDisabled("sys_b"));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(im->IsImageDisabled("vnd_b"));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(im->IsImageDisabled("prd_b"));
+}
+
 // Test update package that requests data wipe.
 TEST_F(SnapshotUpdateTest, DataWipeWithStaleSnapshots) {
-    if (ShouldSkipLegacyMerging()) {
-        GTEST_SKIP() << "Skipping legacy merge in test";
-    }
-
     AddOperationForPartitions();
 
     // Execute the update.
@@ -2275,6 +2400,7 @@ TEST_F(SnapshotUpdateTest, DataWipeWithStaleSnapshots) {
     test_device->set_recovery(true);
     auto new_sm = NewManagerForFirstStageMount(test_device);
 
+    EXPECT_EQ(new_sm->GetUpdateState(), UpdateState::Unverified);
     ASSERT_TRUE(new_sm->HandleImminentDataWipe());
     // Manually mount metadata so that we can call GetUpdateState() below.
     MountMetadata();
@@ -2372,60 +2498,6 @@ TEST_F(SnapshotUpdateTest, Overflow) {
             << "FinishedSnapshotWrites should detect overflow of CoW device.";
 }
 
-// Get max file size and free space.
-std::pair<uint64_t, uint64_t> GetBigFileLimit() {
-    struct statvfs fs;
-    if (statvfs("/data", &fs) < 0) {
-        PLOG(ERROR) << "statfs failed";
-        return {0, 0};
-    }
-
-    auto fs_limit = static_cast<uint64_t>(fs.f_blocks) * (fs.f_bsize - 1);
-    auto fs_free = static_cast<uint64_t>(fs.f_bfree) * fs.f_bsize;
-
-    LOG(INFO) << "Big file limit: " << fs_limit << ", free space: " << fs_free;
-
-    return {fs_limit, fs_free};
-}
-
-TEST_F(SnapshotUpdateTest, LowSpace) {
-    // To make the low space test more reliable, we force a large cow estimate.
-    // However legacy VAB ignores the COW estimate and uses InstallOperations
-    // to compute the exact size required for dm-snapshot. It's difficult to
-    // make this work reliably (we'd need to somehow fake an extremely large
-    // super partition, and we don't have that level of dependency injection).
-    //
-    // For now, just skip this test on legacy VAB.
-    if (!snapuserd_required_) {
-        GTEST_SKIP() << "Skipping test on legacy VAB";
-    }
-
-    auto fs = GetBigFileLimit();
-    ASSERT_NE(fs.first, 0);
-
-    constexpr uint64_t partition_size = 10_MiB;
-    SetSize(sys_, partition_size);
-    SetSize(vnd_, partition_size);
-    SetSize(prd_, partition_size);
-    sys_->set_estimate_cow_size(fs.first);
-    vnd_->set_estimate_cow_size(fs.first);
-    prd_->set_estimate_cow_size(fs.first);
-
-    AddOperationForPartitions();
-
-    // Execute the update.
-    ASSERT_TRUE(sm->BeginUpdate());
-    auto res = sm->CreateUpdateSnapshots(manifest_);
-    ASSERT_FALSE(res);
-    ASSERT_EQ(Return::ErrorCode::NO_SPACE, res.error_code());
-
-    // It's hard to predict exactly how much free space is needed, since /data
-    // is writable and the test is not the only process running. Divide by two
-    // as a rough lower bound, and adjust this in the future as necessary.
-    auto expected_delta = fs.first - fs.second;
-    ASSERT_GE(res.required_size(), expected_delta / 2);
-}
-
 TEST_F(SnapshotUpdateTest, AddPartition) {
     group_->add_partition_names("dlkm");
 
@@ -2467,8 +2539,10 @@ TEST_F(SnapshotUpdateTest, AddPartition) {
     auto init = NewManagerForFirstStageMount("_b");
     ASSERT_NE(init, nullptr);
 
-    ASSERT_TRUE(init->EnsureSnapuserdConnected());
-    init->set_use_first_stage_snapuserd(true);
+    if (snapuserd_required_) {
+        ASSERT_TRUE(init->EnsureSnapuserdConnected());
+        init->set_use_first_stage_snapuserd(true);
+    }
 
     ASSERT_TRUE(init->NeedSnapshotsInFirstStageMount());
     ASSERT_TRUE(init->CreateLogicalAndSnapshotPartitions("super", snapshot_timeout_));
@@ -2479,9 +2553,11 @@ TEST_F(SnapshotUpdateTest, AddPartition) {
         ASSERT_TRUE(IsPartitionUnchanged(name));
     }
 
-    ASSERT_TRUE(init->PerformInitTransition(SnapshotManager::InitTransition::SECOND_STAGE));
-    for (const auto& name : partitions) {
-        ASSERT_TRUE(init->snapuserd_client()->WaitForDeviceDelete(name + "-user-cow-init"));
+    if (snapuserd_required_) {
+        ASSERT_TRUE(init->PerformInitTransition(SnapshotManager::InitTransition::SECOND_STAGE));
+        for (const auto& name : partitions) {
+            ASSERT_TRUE(init->snapuserd_client()->WaitForDeviceDelete(name + "-user-cow-init"));
+        }
     }
 
     // Initiate the merge and wait for it to be completed.
@@ -2573,6 +2649,53 @@ TEST_F(SnapshotUpdateTest, DaemonTransition) {
     }
 }
 
+TEST_F(SnapshotUpdateTest, MapAllSnapshotsWithoutSlotSwitch) {
+    MountMetadata();
+    AddOperationForPartitions();
+    // Execute the update.
+    ASSERT_TRUE(sm->BeginUpdate());
+    ASSERT_TRUE(sm->CreateUpdateSnapshots(manifest_));
+
+    if (!sm->UpdateUsesUserSnapshots()) {
+        GTEST_SKIP() << "Test does not apply as UserSnapshots aren't enabled.";
+    }
+
+    ASSERT_TRUE(WriteSnapshots());
+    ASSERT_TRUE(sm->FinishedSnapshotWrites(false));
+
+    if (ShouldSkipLegacyMerging()) {
+        GTEST_SKIP() << "Skipping legacy merge test";
+    }
+    // Mark the indicator
+    ASSERT_TRUE(sm->BootFromSnapshotsWithoutSlotSwitch());
+
+    ASSERT_TRUE(sm->EnsureSnapuserdConnected());
+    sm->set_use_first_stage_snapuserd(true);
+
+    ASSERT_TRUE(sm->NeedSnapshotsInFirstStageMount());
+
+    // Map snapshots
+    ASSERT_TRUE(sm->MapAllSnapshots(10s));
+
+    // New updates should fail
+    ASSERT_FALSE(sm->BeginUpdate());
+
+    // Snapshots cannot be cancelled
+    ASSERT_FALSE(sm->CancelUpdate());
+
+    // Merge cannot start
+    ASSERT_FALSE(sm->InitiateMerge());
+
+    // Read bytes back and verify they match the cache.
+    ASSERT_TRUE(IsPartitionUnchanged("sys_b"));
+
+    // Remove the indicators
+    ASSERT_TRUE(sm->PrepareDeviceToBootWithoutSnapshot());
+
+    // Cleanup snapshots
+    ASSERT_TRUE(sm->UnmapAllSnapshots());
+}
+
 TEST_F(SnapshotUpdateTest, MapAllSnapshots) {
     AddOperationForPartitions();
     // Execute the update.
@@ -2688,6 +2811,62 @@ TEST_F(SnapshotUpdateTest, QueryStatusError) {
     ASSERT_EQ(UpdateState::MergeCompleted, init->ProcessUpdateState());
 }
 
+TEST_F(SnapshotUpdateTest, BadCowVersion) {
+    if (!snapuserd_required_) {
+        GTEST_SKIP() << "VABC only";
+    }
+
+    ASSERT_TRUE(sm->BeginUpdate());
+
+    auto dynamic_partition_metadata = manifest_.mutable_dynamic_partition_metadata();
+    dynamic_partition_metadata->set_cow_version(kMinCowVersion - 1);
+    ASSERT_FALSE(sm->CreateUpdateSnapshots(manifest_));
+
+    dynamic_partition_metadata->set_cow_version(kMaxCowVersion + 1);
+    ASSERT_FALSE(sm->CreateUpdateSnapshots(manifest_));
+
+    dynamic_partition_metadata->set_cow_version(kMaxCowVersion);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(sm->CreateUpdateSnapshots(manifest_));
+}
+
+TEST_F(SnapshotTest, FlagCheck) {
+    if (!snapuserd_required_) {
+        GTEST_SKIP() << "Skipping snapuserd test";
+    }
+    ASSERT_TRUE(AcquireLock());
+
+    SnapshotUpdateStatus status = sm->ReadSnapshotUpdateStatus(lock_.get());
+
+    // Set flags in proto
+    status.set_o_direct(true);
+    status.set_io_uring_enabled(true);
+    status.set_userspace_snapshots(true);
+    status.set_cow_op_merge_size(16);
+
+    sm->WriteSnapshotUpdateStatus(lock_.get(), status);
+    // Ensure a connection to the second-stage daemon, but use the first-stage
+    // code paths thereafter.
+    ASSERT_TRUE(sm->EnsureSnapuserdConnected());
+    sm->set_use_first_stage_snapuserd(true);
+
+    auto init = NewManagerForFirstStageMount("_b");
+    ASSERT_NE(init, nullptr);
+
+    lock_ = nullptr;
+
+    std::vector<std::string> snapuserd_argv;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(init->PerformInitTransition(SnapshotManager::InitTransition::SELINUX_DETACH,
+                                            &snapuserd_argv));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(std::find(snapuserd_argv.begin(), snapuserd_argv.end(), "-o_direct") !=
+                snapuserd_argv.end());
+    ASSERT_TRUE(std::find(snapuserd_argv.begin(), snapuserd_argv.end(), "-io_uring") !=
+                snapuserd_argv.end());
+    ASSERT_TRUE(std::find(snapuserd_argv.begin(), snapuserd_argv.end(), "-user_snapshot") !=
+                snapuserd_argv.end());
+    ASSERT_TRUE(std::find(snapuserd_argv.begin(), snapuserd_argv.end(), "-cow_op_merge_size=16") !=
+                snapuserd_argv.end());
+}
+
 class FlashAfterUpdateTest : public SnapshotUpdateTest,
                              public WithParamInterface<std::tuple<uint32_t, bool>> {
   public:
@@ -2796,38 +2975,6 @@ INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(Snapshot, FlashAfterUpdateTest, Combine(Values(0, 1), B
                                     "Merge"s;
                          });
 
-class ImageManagerTest : public SnapshotTest {
-  protected:
-    void SetUp() override {
-        SKIP_IF_NON_VIRTUAL_AB();
-        SnapshotTest::SetUp();
-    }
-    void TearDown() override {
-        RETURN_IF_NON_VIRTUAL_AB();
-        CleanUp();
-        SnapshotTest::TearDown();
-    }
-    void CleanUp() {
-        if (!image_manager_) {
-            return;
-        }
-        EXPECT_TRUE(!image_manager_->BackingImageExists(kImageName) ||
-                    image_manager_->DeleteBackingImage(kImageName));
-    }
-
-    static constexpr const char* kImageName = "my_image";
-};
-
-TEST_F(ImageManagerTest, CreateImageNoSpace) {
-    auto fs = GetBigFileLimit();
-    ASSERT_NE(fs.first, 0);
-
-    auto res = image_manager_->CreateBackingImage(kImageName, fs.first,
-                                                  IImageManager::CREATE_IMAGE_DEFAULT);
-    ASSERT_FALSE(res);
-    ASSERT_EQ(res.error_code(), FiemapStatus::ErrorCode::NO_SPACE) << res.string();
-}
-
 bool Mkdir(const std::string& path) {
     if (mkdir(path.c_str(), 0700) && errno != EEXIST) {
         std::cerr << "Could not mkdir " << path << ": " << strerror(errno) << std::endl;
@@ -2923,21 +3070,31 @@ void SnapshotTestEnvironment::SetUp() {
 
 void SnapshotTestEnvironment::TearDown() {
     RETURN_IF_NON_VIRTUAL_AB();
+    RETURN_IF_VENDOR_ON_ANDROID_S();
+
     if (super_images_ != nullptr) {
         DeleteBackingImage(super_images_.get(), "fake-super");
     }
 }
 
 void KillSnapuserd() {
-    auto status = android::base::GetProperty("init.svc.snapuserd", "stopped");
-    if (status == "stopped") {
-        return;
+    // Detach the daemon if it's alive
+    auto snapuserd_client = SnapuserdClient::TryConnect(kSnapuserdSocket, 5s);
+    if (snapuserd_client) {
+        snapuserd_client->DetachSnapuserd();
     }
-    auto snapuserd_client = SnapuserdClient::Connect(kSnapuserdSocket, 5s);
-    if (!snapuserd_client) {
-        return;
+
+    // Now stop the service - Init will send a SIGKILL to the daemon. However,
+    // process state will move from "running" to "stopping". Only after the
+    // process is reaped by init, the service state is moved to "stopped".
+    //
+    // Since the tests involve starting the daemon immediately, wait for the
+    // process to completely stop (aka. wait until init reaps the terminated
+    // process).
+    android::base::SetProperty("ctl.stop", "snapuserd");
+    if (!android::base::WaitForProperty("init.svc.snapuserd", "stopped", 10s)) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Timed out waiting for snapuserd to stop.";
     }
-    snapuserd_client->DetachSnapuserd();
 }
 
 }  // namespace snapshot
@@ -2948,22 +3105,43 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv) {
     ::testing::AddGlobalTestEnvironment(new ::android::snapshot::SnapshotTestEnvironment());
     gflags::ParseCommandLineFlags(&argc, &argv, false);
 
-    android::base::SetProperty("ctl.stop", "snapuserd");
+    // During incremental flashing, snapshot updates are in progress.
+    //
+    // When snapshot update is in-progress, snapuserd daemon
+    // will be up and running. These tests will start and stop the daemon
+    // thereby interfering with the update and snapshot-merge progress.
+    // Hence, wait until the update is complete.
+    auto sm = android::snapshot::SnapshotManager::New();
+    std::vector<std::string> snapshot_partitions;
+    while (sm->IsUserspaceSnapshotUpdateInProgress(snapshot_partitions)) {
+        LOG(INFO) << "Waiting for: " << snapshot_partitions.size()
+                  << " partitions to finish snapshot-merge";
+        std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(1000));
+    }
+
+    bool vab_legacy = false;
+    if (FLAGS_force_mode == "vab-legacy") {
+        vab_legacy = true;
+    }
 
-    std::unordered_set<std::string> modes = {"", "vab-legacy", "vabc-legacy"};
+    if (!vab_legacy) {
+        // This is necessary if the configuration we're testing doesn't match the device.
+        android::base::SetProperty("ctl.stop", "snapuserd");
+        android::snapshot::KillSnapuserd();
+    }
+
+    std::unordered_set<std::string> modes = {"", "vab-legacy"};
     if (modes.count(FLAGS_force_mode) == 0) {
         std::cerr << "Unexpected force_config argument\n";
         return 1;
     }
 
-    // This is necessary if the configuration we're testing doesn't match the device.
-    android::snapshot::KillSnapuserd();
-
     int ret = RUN_ALL_TESTS();
 
-    android::base::SetProperty("snapuserd.test.dm.snapshots", "0");
     android::base::SetProperty("snapuserd.test.io_uring.force_disable", "0");
 
-    android::snapshot::KillSnapuserd();
+    if (!vab_legacy) {
+        android::snapshot::KillSnapuserd();
+    }
     return ret;
 }
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshot_writer.cpp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshot_writer.cpp
deleted file mode 100644
index 82a7fd7d6343..000000000000
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshot_writer.cpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,243 +0,0 @@
-//
-// Copyright (C) 2020 The Android Open Source Project
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-// You may obtain a copy of the License at
-//
-//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-//
-// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-// limitations under the License.
-//
-
-#include <libsnapshot/snapshot_writer.h>
-
-#include <android-base/file.h>
-#include <android-base/logging.h>
-#include <payload_consumer/file_descriptor.h>
-#include "snapshot_reader.h"
-
-namespace android {
-namespace snapshot {
-
-using android::base::borrowed_fd;
-using android::base::unique_fd;
-using chromeos_update_engine::FileDescriptor;
-
-ISnapshotWriter::ISnapshotWriter(const CowOptions& options) : ICowWriter(options) {}
-
-void ISnapshotWriter::SetSourceDevice(const std::string& source_device) {
-    source_device_ = {source_device};
-}
-
-borrowed_fd ISnapshotWriter::GetSourceFd() {
-    if (!source_device_) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "Attempted to read from source device but none was set";
-        return borrowed_fd{-1};
-    }
-
-    if (source_fd_ < 0) {
-        source_fd_.reset(open(source_device_->c_str(), O_RDONLY | O_CLOEXEC));
-        if (source_fd_ < 0) {
-            PLOG(ERROR) << "open " << *source_device_;
-            return borrowed_fd{-1};
-        }
-    }
-    return source_fd_;
-}
-
-CompressedSnapshotWriter::CompressedSnapshotWriter(const CowOptions& options)
-    : ISnapshotWriter(options) {}
-
-bool CompressedSnapshotWriter::SetCowDevice(android::base::unique_fd&& cow_device) {
-    cow_device_ = std::move(cow_device);
-    cow_ = std::make_unique<CowWriter>(options_);
-    return true;
-}
-
-bool CompressedSnapshotWriter::Finalize() {
-    return cow_->Finalize();
-}
-
-uint64_t CompressedSnapshotWriter::GetCowSize() {
-    return cow_->GetCowSize();
-}
-
-std::unique_ptr<CowReader> CompressedSnapshotWriter::OpenCowReader() const {
-    unique_fd cow_fd(dup(cow_device_.get()));
-    if (cow_fd < 0) {
-        PLOG(ERROR) << "dup COW device";
-        return nullptr;
-    }
-
-    auto cow = std::make_unique<CowReader>();
-    if (!cow->Parse(std::move(cow_fd))) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "Unable to read COW";
-        return nullptr;
-    }
-    return cow;
-}
-
-bool CompressedSnapshotWriter::VerifyMergeOps() const noexcept {
-    auto cow_reader = OpenCowReader();
-    if (cow_reader == nullptr) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "Couldn't open CowReader";
-        return false;
-    }
-    return cow_reader->VerifyMergeOps();
-}
-
-std::unique_ptr<FileDescriptor> CompressedSnapshotWriter::OpenReader() {
-    auto cow = OpenCowReader();
-    if (cow == nullptr) {
-        return nullptr;
-    }
-
-    auto reader = std::make_unique<CompressedSnapshotReader>();
-    if (!reader->SetCow(std::move(cow))) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "Unable to initialize COW reader";
-        return nullptr;
-    }
-    if (source_device_) {
-        reader->SetSourceDevice(*source_device_);
-    }
-
-    const auto& cow_options = options();
-    if (cow_options.max_blocks) {
-        reader->SetBlockDeviceSize(*cow_options.max_blocks * cow_options.block_size);
-    }
-
-    return reader;
-}
-
-bool CompressedSnapshotWriter::EmitCopy(uint64_t new_block, uint64_t old_block,
-                                        uint64_t num_blocks) {
-    return cow_->AddCopy(new_block, old_block, num_blocks);
-}
-
-bool CompressedSnapshotWriter::EmitRawBlocks(uint64_t new_block_start, const void* data,
-                                             size_t size) {
-    return cow_->AddRawBlocks(new_block_start, data, size);
-}
-
-bool CompressedSnapshotWriter::EmitXorBlocks(uint32_t new_block_start, const void* data,
-                                             size_t size, uint32_t old_block, uint16_t offset) {
-    return cow_->AddXorBlocks(new_block_start, data, size, old_block, offset);
-}
-
-bool CompressedSnapshotWriter::EmitZeroBlocks(uint64_t new_block_start, uint64_t num_blocks) {
-    return cow_->AddZeroBlocks(new_block_start, num_blocks);
-}
-
-bool CompressedSnapshotWriter::EmitLabel(uint64_t label) {
-    return cow_->AddLabel(label);
-}
-
-bool CompressedSnapshotWriter::EmitSequenceData(size_t num_ops, const uint32_t* data) {
-    return cow_->AddSequenceData(num_ops, data);
-}
-
-bool CompressedSnapshotWriter::Initialize() {
-    return cow_->Initialize(cow_device_);
-}
-
-bool CompressedSnapshotWriter::InitializeAppend(uint64_t label) {
-    return cow_->InitializeAppend(cow_device_, label);
-}
-
-OnlineKernelSnapshotWriter::OnlineKernelSnapshotWriter(const CowOptions& options)
-    : ISnapshotWriter(options) {}
-
-void OnlineKernelSnapshotWriter::SetSnapshotDevice(android::base::unique_fd&& snapshot_fd,
-                                                   uint64_t cow_size) {
-    snapshot_fd_ = std::move(snapshot_fd);
-    cow_size_ = cow_size;
-}
-
-bool OnlineKernelSnapshotWriter::Finalize() {
-    if (fsync(snapshot_fd_.get()) < 0) {
-        PLOG(ERROR) << "fsync";
-        return false;
-    }
-    return true;
-}
-
-bool OnlineKernelSnapshotWriter::EmitRawBlocks(uint64_t new_block_start, const void* data,
-                                               size_t size) {
-    uint64_t offset = new_block_start * options_.block_size;
-    if (lseek(snapshot_fd_.get(), offset, SEEK_SET) < 0) {
-        PLOG(ERROR) << "EmitRawBlocks lseek to offset " << offset;
-        return false;
-    }
-    if (!android::base::WriteFully(snapshot_fd_, data, size)) {
-        PLOG(ERROR) << "EmitRawBlocks write";
-        return false;
-    }
-    return true;
-}
-
-bool OnlineKernelSnapshotWriter::EmitXorBlocks(uint32_t, const void*, size_t, uint32_t, uint16_t) {
-    LOG(ERROR) << "EmitXorBlocks not implemented.";
-    return false;
-}
-
-bool OnlineKernelSnapshotWriter::EmitZeroBlocks(uint64_t new_block_start, uint64_t num_blocks) {
-    std::string zeroes(options_.block_size, 0);
-    for (uint64_t i = 0; i < num_blocks; i++) {
-        if (!EmitRawBlocks(new_block_start + i, zeroes.data(), zeroes.size())) {
-            return false;
-        }
-    }
-    return true;
-}
-
-bool OnlineKernelSnapshotWriter::EmitCopy(uint64_t new_block, uint64_t old_block,
-                                          uint64_t num_blocks) {
-    auto source_fd = GetSourceFd();
-    if (source_fd < 0) {
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    CHECK(num_blocks != 0);
-
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < num_blocks; i++) {
-        std::string buffer(options_.block_size, 0);
-        uint64_t offset = (old_block + i) * options_.block_size;
-        if (!android::base::ReadFullyAtOffset(source_fd, buffer.data(), buffer.size(), offset)) {
-            PLOG(ERROR) << "EmitCopy read";
-            return false;
-        }
-        if (!EmitRawBlocks(new_block + i, buffer.data(), buffer.size())) {
-            PLOG(ERROR) << "EmitRawBlocks failed";
-            return false;
-        }
-    }
-
-    return true;
-}
-
-bool OnlineKernelSnapshotWriter::EmitLabel(uint64_t) {
-    // Not Needed
-    return true;
-}
-
-bool OnlineKernelSnapshotWriter::EmitSequenceData(size_t, const uint32_t*) {
-    // Not Needed
-    return true;
-}
-
-std::unique_ptr<FileDescriptor> OnlineKernelSnapshotWriter::OpenReader() {
-    unique_fd fd(dup(snapshot_fd_.get()));
-    if (fd < 0) {
-        PLOG(ERROR) << "dup2 failed in OpenReader";
-        return nullptr;
-    }
-    return std::make_unique<ReadFdFileDescriptor>(std::move(fd));
-}
-
-}  // namespace snapshot
-}  // namespace android
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshot_writer_test.cpp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshot_writer_test.cpp
deleted file mode 100644
index a03632b46c99..000000000000
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshot_writer_test.cpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,62 +0,0 @@
-//
-// Copyright (C) 2021 The Android Open Source Project
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-// You may obtain a copy of the License at
-//
-//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-//
-// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-// limitations under the License.
-//
-
-#include <libsnapshot/snapshot.h>
-
-#include <unordered_set>
-
-#include <android-base/file.h>
-#include <gtest/gtest.h>
-#include <libsnapshot/snapshot_writer.h>
-#include <payload_consumer/file_descriptor.h>
-
-namespace android::snapshot {
-class CompressedSnapshotWriterTest : public ::testing::Test {
-  public:
-    static constexpr size_t BLOCK_SIZE = 4096;
-};
-
-TEST_F(CompressedSnapshotWriterTest, ReadAfterWrite) {
-    TemporaryFile cow_device_file{};
-    android::snapshot::CowOptions options{.block_size = BLOCK_SIZE};
-    android::snapshot::CompressedSnapshotWriter snapshot_writer{options};
-    ASSERT_TRUE(snapshot_writer.SetCowDevice(android::base::unique_fd{cow_device_file.fd}));
-    ASSERT_TRUE(snapshot_writer.Initialize());
-    std::vector<unsigned char> buffer;
-    buffer.resize(BLOCK_SIZE);
-    std::fill(buffer.begin(), buffer.end(), 123);
-
-    ASSERT_TRUE(snapshot_writer.AddRawBlocks(0, buffer.data(), buffer.size()));
-    ASSERT_TRUE(snapshot_writer.Finalize());
-    auto cow_reader = snapshot_writer.OpenReader();
-    ASSERT_NE(cow_reader, nullptr);
-    ASSERT_TRUE(snapshot_writer.AddRawBlocks(1, buffer.data(), buffer.size()));
-    ASSERT_TRUE(snapshot_writer.AddRawBlocks(2, buffer.data(), buffer.size()));
-    ASSERT_TRUE(snapshot_writer.Finalize());
-    // After wrigin some data, if we call OpenReader() again, writes should
-    // be visible to the newly opened reader. update_engine relies on this
-    // behavior for verity writes.
-    cow_reader = snapshot_writer.OpenReader();
-    ASSERT_NE(cow_reader, nullptr);
-    std::vector<unsigned char> read_back;
-    read_back.resize(buffer.size());
-    cow_reader->Seek(BLOCK_SIZE, SEEK_SET);
-    const auto bytes_read = cow_reader->Read(read_back.data(), read_back.size());
-    ASSERT_EQ((size_t)(bytes_read), BLOCK_SIZE);
-    ASSERT_EQ(read_back, buffer);
-}
-
-}  // namespace android::snapshot
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshotctl.cpp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshotctl.cpp
index ad3f83cba89b..454ff5e00e84 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshotctl.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshotctl.cpp
@@ -15,16 +15,30 @@
 //
 
 #include <sysexits.h>
-
+#include <unistd.h>
 #include <chrono>
+#include <filesystem>
+#include <fstream>
+#include <future>
 #include <iostream>
 #include <map>
 #include <sstream>
+#include <thread>
 
 #include <android-base/file.h>
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
 #include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
 
+#include <android-base/chrono_utils.h>
+#include <android-base/hex.h>
+#include <android-base/parseint.h>
+#include <android-base/properties.h>
+#include <android-base/scopeguard.h>
+#include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
+#include <android-base/strings.h>
+#include <android/snapshot/snapshot.pb.h>
+
+#include <fs_avb/fs_avb_util.h>
 #include <fs_mgr.h>
 #include <fs_mgr_dm_linear.h>
 #include <fstab/fstab.h>
@@ -33,6 +47,13 @@
 #include <libsnapshot/snapshot.h>
 #include <storage_literals/storage_literals.h>
 
+#include <openssl/sha.h>
+
+#include "partition_cow_creator.h"
+#include "scratch_super.h"
+
+#include "utility.h"
+
 #ifdef SNAPSHOTCTL_USERDEBUG_OR_ENG
 #include <BootControlClient.h>
 #endif
@@ -40,6 +61,11 @@
 using namespace std::chrono_literals;
 using namespace std::string_literals;
 using namespace android::storage_literals;
+using android::base::LogdLogger;
+using android::base::StderrLogger;
+using android::base::TeeLogger;
+using namespace android::dm;
+using namespace android::fs_mgr;
 using android::fs_mgr::CreateLogicalPartitionParams;
 using android::fs_mgr::FindPartition;
 using android::fs_mgr::GetPartitionSize;
@@ -56,36 +82,906 @@ int Usage() {
                  "  merge\n"
                  "    Deprecated.\n"
                  "  map\n"
-                 "    Map all partitions at /dev/block/mapper\n";
+                 "    Map all partitions at /dev/block/mapper\n"
+                 "  pause-merge\n"
+                 "    Pause snapshot merge\n"
+                 "  resume-merge\n"
+                 "    Resume snapshot merge\n"
+                 "  map-snapshots <directory where snapshot patches are present>\n"
+                 "    Map all snapshots based on patches present in the directory\n"
+                 "  unmap-snapshots\n"
+                 "    Unmap all pre-created snapshots\n"
+                 "  delete-snapshots\n"
+                 "    Delete all pre-created snapshots\n"
+                 "  revert-snapshots\n"
+                 "    Prepares devices to boot without snapshots on next boot.\n"
+                 "    This does not delete the snapshot. It only removes the indicators\n"
+                 "    so that first stage init will not mount from snapshots.\n"
+                 "  apply-update\n"
+                 "    Apply the incremental OTA update wherein the snapshots are\n"
+                 "    directly written to COW block device. This will bypass update-engine\n"
+                 "    and the device will be ready to boot from the target build.\n"
+                 "  dump-verity-hash <directory where verity merkel tree hashes are stored> "
+                 "[-verify]\n"
+                 "    Dump the verity merkel tree hashes at the specified path\n"
+                 "    -verify: Verify the dynamic partition blocks by comparing it with verity "
+                 "merkel tree\n";
     return EX_USAGE;
 }
 
 namespace android {
 namespace snapshot {
 
+#ifdef SNAPSHOTCTL_USERDEBUG_OR_ENG
+class MapSnapshots {
+  public:
+    MapSnapshots(std::string path = "", bool metadata_super = false);
+    bool CreateSnapshotDevice(std::string& partition_name, std::string& patch);
+    bool InitiateThreadedSnapshotWrite(std::string& pname, std::string& snapshot_patch);
+    bool FinishSnapshotWrites();
+    bool UnmapCowImagePath(std::string& name);
+    bool DeleteSnapshots();
+    bool CleanupSnapshot();
+    bool BeginUpdate();
+    bool ApplyUpdate();
+
+  private:
+    std::optional<std::string> GetCowImagePath(std::string& name);
+    bool PrepareUpdate();
+    bool GetCowDevicePath(std::string partition_name, std::string* cow_path);
+    bool WriteSnapshotPatch(std::string cow_device, std::string patch);
+    std::string GetGroupName(const android::fs_mgr::LpMetadata& pt,
+                             const std::string& partiton_name);
+    std::unique_ptr<SnapshotManager::LockedFile> lock_;
+    std::unique_ptr<SnapshotManager> sm_;
+    std::vector<std::future<bool>> threads_;
+    std::string snapshot_dir_path_;
+    std::unordered_map<std::string, chromeos_update_engine::DynamicPartitionGroup*> group_map_;
+
+    std::vector<std::string> patchfiles_;
+    chromeos_update_engine::DeltaArchiveManifest manifest_;
+    bool metadata_super_ = false;
+};
+
+MapSnapshots::MapSnapshots(std::string path, bool metadata_super) {
+    snapshot_dir_path_ = path + "/";
+    metadata_super_ = metadata_super;
+}
+
+std::string MapSnapshots::GetGroupName(const android::fs_mgr::LpMetadata& pt,
+                                       const std::string& partition_name) {
+    std::string group_name;
+    for (const auto& partition : pt.partitions) {
+        std::string name = android::fs_mgr::GetPartitionName(partition);
+        auto suffix = android::fs_mgr::GetPartitionSlotSuffix(name);
+        std::string pname = name.substr(0, name.size() - suffix.size());
+        if (pname == partition_name) {
+            std::string group_name =
+                    android::fs_mgr::GetPartitionGroupName(pt.groups[partition.group_index]);
+            return group_name.substr(0, group_name.size() - suffix.size());
+        }
+    }
+    return "";
+}
+
+bool MapSnapshots::PrepareUpdate() {
+    if (metadata_super_ && !CreateScratchOtaMetadataOnSuper()) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to create OTA metadata on super";
+        return false;
+    }
+    sm_ = SnapshotManager::New();
+
+    auto source_slot = fs_mgr_get_slot_suffix();
+    auto source_slot_number = SlotNumberForSlotSuffix(source_slot);
+    auto super_source = fs_mgr_get_super_partition_name(source_slot_number);
+
+    // Get current partition information.
+    PartitionOpener opener;
+    auto source_metadata = ReadMetadata(opener, super_source, source_slot_number);
+    if (!source_metadata) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Could not read source partition metadata.\n";
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    auto dap = manifest_.mutable_dynamic_partition_metadata();
+    dap->set_snapshot_enabled(true);
+    dap->set_vabc_enabled(true);
+    dap->set_vabc_compression_param("lz4");
+    dap->set_cow_version(3);
+
+    for (const auto& entry : std::filesystem::directory_iterator(snapshot_dir_path_)) {
+        if (android::base::EndsWith(entry.path().generic_string(), ".patch")) {
+            patchfiles_.push_back(android::base::Basename(entry.path().generic_string()));
+        }
+    }
+
+    for (auto& patchfile : patchfiles_) {
+        std::string parsing_file = snapshot_dir_path_ + patchfile;
+        android::base::unique_fd fd(TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(open(parsing_file.c_str(), O_RDONLY)));
+        if (fd < 0) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to open file: " << parsing_file;
+            return false;
+        }
+        uint64_t dev_sz = lseek(fd.get(), 0, SEEK_END);
+        if (!dev_sz) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "Could not determine block device size: " << parsing_file;
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        const int block_sz = 4_KiB;
+        dev_sz += block_sz - 1;
+        dev_sz &= ~(block_sz - 1);
+
+        auto npos = patchfile.rfind(".patch");
+        auto partition_name = patchfile.substr(0, npos);
+
+        chromeos_update_engine::DynamicPartitionGroup* group = nullptr;
+        std::string group_name = GetGroupName(*source_metadata.get(), partition_name);
+        if (group_map_.find(group_name) != group_map_.end()) {
+            group = group_map_[group_name];
+        } else {
+            group = dap->add_groups();
+            group->set_name(group_name);
+            group_map_[group_name] = group;
+        }
+        group->add_partition_names(partition_name);
+
+        auto pu = manifest_.mutable_partitions()->Add();
+        pu->set_partition_name(partition_name);
+        pu->set_estimate_cow_size(dev_sz);
+
+        CowReader reader;
+        if (!reader.Parse(fd)) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "COW reader parse failed";
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        uint64_t new_device_size = 0;
+        const auto& header = reader.GetHeader();
+        if (header.prefix.major_version == 2) {
+            size_t num_ops = reader.get_num_total_data_ops();
+            new_device_size = (num_ops * header.block_size);
+        } else {
+            const auto& v3_header = reader.header_v3();
+            new_device_size = v3_header.op_count_max * v3_header.block_size;
+        }
+
+        LOG(INFO) << "Partition: " << partition_name << " Group_name: " << group_name
+                  << " size: " << new_device_size << " COW-size: " << dev_sz;
+        pu->mutable_new_partition_info()->set_size(new_device_size);
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
+bool MapSnapshots::GetCowDevicePath(std::string partition_name, std::string* cow_path) {
+    auto& dm = android::dm::DeviceMapper::Instance();
+
+    std::string cow_device = partition_name + "-cow-img";
+    if (metadata_super_) {
+        // If COW device exists on /data, then data wipe cannot be done.
+        if (dm.GetDmDevicePathByName(cow_device, cow_path)) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "COW device exists on /data: " << *cow_path;
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    cow_device = partition_name + "-cow";
+    if (dm.GetDmDevicePathByName(cow_device, cow_path)) {
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    LOG(INFO) << "Failed to find cow path: " << cow_device << " Checking the device for -img path";
+    // If the COW device exists only on /data
+    cow_device = partition_name + "-cow-img";
+    if (!dm.GetDmDevicePathByName(cow_device, cow_path)) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to cow path: " << cow_device;
+        return false;
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
+bool MapSnapshots::ApplyUpdate() {
+    if (!PrepareUpdate()) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "PrepareUpdate failed";
+        return false;
+    }
+    if (!sm_->BeginUpdate()) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "BeginUpdate failed";
+        return false;
+    }
+    if (!sm_->CreateUpdateSnapshots(manifest_)) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Could not apply snapshots";
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    LOG(INFO) << "CreateUpdateSnapshots success";
+    if (!sm_->MapAllSnapshots(10s)) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "MapAllSnapshots failed";
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    LOG(INFO) << "MapAllSnapshots success";
+
+    auto target_slot = fs_mgr_get_other_slot_suffix();
+    for (auto& patchfile : patchfiles_) {
+        auto npos = patchfile.rfind(".patch");
+        auto partition_name = patchfile.substr(0, npos) + target_slot;
+        std::string cow_path;
+        if (!GetCowDevicePath(partition_name, &cow_path)) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to find cow path";
+            return false;
+        }
+        threads_.emplace_back(std::async(std::launch::async, &MapSnapshots::WriteSnapshotPatch,
+                                         this, cow_path, patchfile));
+    }
+
+    bool ret = true;
+    for (auto& t : threads_) {
+        ret = t.get() && ret;
+    }
+    if (!ret) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Snapshot writes failed";
+        return false;
+    }
+    if (!sm_->UnmapAllSnapshots()) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "UnmapAllSnapshots failed";
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    LOG(INFO) << "Pre-created snapshots successfully copied";
+    // All snapshots have been written.
+    if (!sm_->FinishedSnapshotWrites(false /* wipe */)) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Could not finalize snapshot writes.\n";
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    auto hal = hal::BootControlClient::WaitForService();
+    if (!hal) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Could not find IBootControl HAL.\n";
+        return false;
+    }
+    auto target_slot_number = SlotNumberForSlotSuffix(target_slot);
+    auto cr = hal->SetActiveBootSlot(target_slot_number);
+    if (!cr.IsOk()) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Could not set active boot slot: " << cr.errMsg;
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    LOG(INFO) << "ApplyUpdate success";
+    return true;
+}
+
+bool MapSnapshots::BeginUpdate() {
+    if (metadata_super_ && !CreateScratchOtaMetadataOnSuper()) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to create OTA metadata on super";
+        return false;
+    }
+    sm_ = SnapshotManager::New();
+
+    lock_ = sm_->LockExclusive();
+    std::vector<std::string> snapshots;
+    sm_->ListSnapshots(lock_.get(), &snapshots);
+    if (!snapshots.empty()) {
+        // Snapshots are already present.
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    lock_ = nullptr;
+    if (!sm_->BeginUpdate()) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "BeginUpdate failed";
+        return false;
+    }
+    lock_ = sm_->LockExclusive();
+    return true;
+}
+
+bool MapSnapshots::CreateSnapshotDevice(std::string& partition_name, std::string& patchfile) {
+    std::string parsing_file = snapshot_dir_path_ + patchfile;
+
+    android::base::unique_fd fd(TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(open(parsing_file.c_str(), O_RDONLY)));
+    if (fd < 0) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to open file: " << parsing_file;
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    uint64_t dev_sz = lseek(fd.get(), 0, SEEK_END);
+    if (!dev_sz) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Could not determine block device size: " << parsing_file;
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    const int block_sz = 4_KiB;
+    dev_sz += block_sz - 1;
+    dev_sz &= ~(block_sz - 1);
+
+    SnapshotStatus status;
+    status.set_state(SnapshotState::CREATED);
+    status.set_using_snapuserd(true);
+    status.set_old_partition_size(0);
+    status.set_name(partition_name);
+    status.set_cow_file_size(dev_sz);
+    status.set_cow_partition_size(0);
+
+    PartitionCowCreator cow_creator;
+    cow_creator.using_snapuserd = true;
+
+    if (!sm_->CreateSnapshot(lock_.get(), &cow_creator, &status)) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "CreateSnapshot failed";
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    if (!sm_->CreateCowImage(lock_.get(), partition_name)) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "CreateCowImage failed";
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    return true;
+}
+
+std::optional<std::string> MapSnapshots::GetCowImagePath(std::string& name) {
+    auto cow_dev = sm_->MapCowImage(name, 5s);
+    if (!cow_dev.has_value()) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to get COW device path";
+        return std::nullopt;
+    }
+
+    LOG(INFO) << "COW Device path: " << cow_dev.value();
+    return cow_dev;
+}
+
+bool MapSnapshots::WriteSnapshotPatch(std::string cow_device, std::string patch) {
+    std::string patch_file = snapshot_dir_path_ + patch;
+
+    android::base::unique_fd fd(TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(open(patch_file.c_str(), O_RDONLY)));
+    if (fd < 0) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to open file: " << patch_file;
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    uint64_t dev_sz = lseek(fd.get(), 0, SEEK_END);
+    if (!dev_sz) {
+        std::cout << "Could not determine block device size: " << patch_file;
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    android::base::unique_fd cfd(TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(open(cow_device.c_str(), O_RDWR)));
+    if (cfd < 0) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to open file: " << cow_device;
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    const uint64_t read_sz = 1_MiB;
+    std::unique_ptr<uint8_t[]> buffer = std::make_unique<uint8_t[]>(read_sz);
+    off_t file_offset = 0;
+
+    while (true) {
+        size_t to_read = std::min((dev_sz - file_offset), read_sz);
+        if (!android::base::ReadFullyAtOffset(fd.get(), buffer.get(), to_read, file_offset)) {
+            PLOG(ERROR) << "ReadFullyAtOffset failed";
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        if (!android::base::WriteFullyAtOffset(cfd, buffer.get(), to_read, file_offset)) {
+            PLOG(ERROR) << "WriteFullyAtOffset failed";
+            return false;
+        }
+        file_offset += to_read;
+        if (file_offset >= dev_sz) {
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+    if (fsync(cfd.get()) < 0) {
+        PLOG(ERROR) << "Fsync failed";
+        return false;
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
+bool MapSnapshots::InitiateThreadedSnapshotWrite(std::string& pname, std::string& snapshot_patch) {
+    auto path = GetCowImagePath(pname);
+    if (!path.has_value()) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    threads_.emplace_back(std::async(std::launch::async, &MapSnapshots::WriteSnapshotPatch, this,
+                                     path.value(), snapshot_patch));
+    return true;
+}
+
+bool MapSnapshots::FinishSnapshotWrites() {
+    bool ret = true;
+    for (auto& t : threads_) {
+        ret = t.get() && ret;
+    }
+
+    lock_ = nullptr;
+    if (ret) {
+        LOG(INFO) << "Pre-created snapshots successfully copied";
+        if (!sm_->FinishedSnapshotWrites(false)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        return sm_->BootFromSnapshotsWithoutSlotSwitch();
+    }
+
+    LOG(ERROR) << "Snapshot copy failed";
+    return false;
+}
+
+bool MapSnapshots::UnmapCowImagePath(std::string& name) {
+    sm_ = SnapshotManager::New();
+    return sm_->UnmapCowImage(name);
+}
+
+bool MapSnapshots::CleanupSnapshot() {
+    sm_ = SnapshotManager::New();
+    return sm_->PrepareDeviceToBootWithoutSnapshot();
+}
+
+bool MapSnapshots::DeleteSnapshots() {
+    sm_ = SnapshotManager::New();
+    lock_ = sm_->LockExclusive();
+    if (!sm_->RemoveAllUpdateState(lock_.get())) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Remove All Update State failed";
+        return false;
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+#endif
+
 bool DumpCmdHandler(int /*argc*/, char** argv) {
-    android::base::InitLogging(argv, &android::base::StderrLogger);
+    android::base::InitLogging(argv, TeeLogger(LogdLogger(), &StderrLogger));
     return SnapshotManager::New()->Dump(std::cout);
 }
 
 bool MapCmdHandler(int, char** argv) {
-    android::base::InitLogging(argv, &android::base::StderrLogger);
+    android::base::InitLogging(argv, TeeLogger(LogdLogger(), &StderrLogger));
     using namespace std::chrono_literals;
     return SnapshotManager::New()->MapAllSnapshots(5000ms);
 }
 
 bool UnmapCmdHandler(int, char** argv) {
-    android::base::InitLogging(argv, &android::base::StderrLogger);
+    android::base::InitLogging(argv, TeeLogger(LogdLogger(), &StderrLogger));
     return SnapshotManager::New()->UnmapAllSnapshots();
 }
 
+bool PauseSnapshotMerge(int, char** argv) {
+    android::base::InitLogging(argv, TeeLogger(LogdLogger(), &StderrLogger));
+    return SnapshotManager::New()->PauseSnapshotMerge();
+}
+
+bool ResumeSnapshotMerge(int, char** argv) {
+    android::base::InitLogging(argv, TeeLogger(LogdLogger(), &StderrLogger));
+    return SnapshotManager::New()->ResumeSnapshotMerge();
+}
+
 bool MergeCmdHandler(int /*argc*/, char** argv) {
-    android::base::InitLogging(argv, &android::base::StderrLogger);
+    android::base::InitLogging(argv, TeeLogger(LogdLogger(), &StderrLogger));
     LOG(WARNING) << "Deprecated. Call update_engine_client --merge instead.";
     return false;
 }
 
 #ifdef SNAPSHOTCTL_USERDEBUG_OR_ENG
+bool GetVerityPartitions(std::vector<std::string>& partitions) {
+    auto& dm = android::dm::DeviceMapper::Instance();
+    auto dm_block_devices = dm.FindDmPartitions();
+    if (dm_block_devices.empty()) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "No dm-enabled block device is found.";
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    for (auto& block_device : dm_block_devices) {
+        std::string dm_block_name = block_device.first;
+        std::string slot_suffix = fs_mgr_get_slot_suffix();
+        std::string partition = dm_block_name + slot_suffix;
+        partitions.push_back(partition);
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
+bool UnMapPrecreatedSnapshots(int, char** argv) {
+    android::base::InitLogging(argv, &android::base::KernelLogger);
+    // Make sure we are root.
+    if (::getuid() != 0) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Not running as root. Try \"adb root\" first.";
+        return EXIT_FAILURE;
+    }
+
+    std::vector<std::string> partitions;
+    if (!GetVerityPartitions(partitions)) {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    MapSnapshots snapshot;
+    for (auto partition : partitions) {
+        if (!snapshot.UnmapCowImagePath(partition)) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "UnmapCowImagePath failed: " << partition;
+        }
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
+bool RemovePrecreatedSnapshots(int, char** argv) {
+    android::base::InitLogging(argv, &android::base::KernelLogger);
+    // Make sure we are root.
+    if (::getuid() != 0) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Not running as root. Try \"adb root\" first.";
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    MapSnapshots snapshot;
+    if (!snapshot.CleanupSnapshot()) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "CleanupSnapshot failed";
+        return false;
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
+bool DeletePrecreatedSnapshots(int, char** argv) {
+    android::base::InitLogging(argv, &android::base::KernelLogger);
+    // Make sure we are root.
+    if (::getuid() != 0) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Not running as root. Try \"adb root\" first.";
+        return EXIT_FAILURE;
+    }
+
+    MapSnapshots snapshot;
+    return snapshot.DeleteSnapshots();
+}
+
+bool ApplyUpdate(int argc, char** argv) {
+    android::base::InitLogging(argv, &android::base::KernelLogger);
+
+    // Make sure we are root.
+    if (::getuid() != 0) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Not running as root. Try \"adb root\" first.";
+        return EXIT_FAILURE;
+    }
+
+    if (argc < 3) {
+        std::cerr << " apply-update <directory location where snapshot patches are present> {-w}"
+                     "    Apply the snapshots to the COW block device\n";
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    std::string path = std::string(argv[2]);
+    bool metadata_on_super = false;
+    if (argc == 4) {
+        if (std::string(argv[3]) == "-w") {
+            metadata_on_super = true;
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (!std::filesystem::exists(path) || std::filesystem::is_empty(path)) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << path << " doesn't exist";
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    MapSnapshots cow(path, metadata_on_super);
+    if (!cow.ApplyUpdate()) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    LOG(INFO) << "Apply update success. Please reboot the device";
+    return true;
+}
+
+static bool GetBlockHashFromMerkelTree(android::base::borrowed_fd image_fd, uint64_t image_size,
+                                       uint32_t data_block_size, uint32_t hash_block_size,
+                                       uint64_t tree_offset,
+                                       std::vector<std::string>& out_block_hash) {
+    uint32_t padded_digest_size = 32;
+    if (image_size % data_block_size != 0) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Image_size: " << image_size
+                   << " not a multiple of data block size: " << data_block_size;
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    // vector of level-size and offset
+    std::vector<std::pair<uint64_t, uint64_t>> levels;
+    uint64_t data_block_count = image_size / data_block_size;
+    uint32_t digests_per_block = hash_block_size / padded_digest_size;
+    uint32_t level_block_count = data_block_count;
+    while (level_block_count > 1) {
+        uint32_t next_level_block_count =
+                (level_block_count + digests_per_block - 1) / digests_per_block;
+        levels.emplace_back(std::make_pair(next_level_block_count * hash_block_size, 0));
+        level_block_count = next_level_block_count;
+    }
+    // root digest
+    levels.emplace_back(std::make_pair(0, 0));
+    // initialize offset
+    for (auto level = std::prev(levels.end()); level != levels.begin(); level--) {
+        std::prev(level)->second = level->second + level->first;
+    }
+
+    // We just want level 0
+    auto level = levels.begin();
+    std::string hash_block(hash_block_size, '\0');
+    uint64_t block_offset = tree_offset + level->second;
+    uint64_t t_read_blocks = 0;
+    uint64_t blockidx = 0;
+    uint64_t num_hash_blocks = level->first / hash_block_size;
+    while ((t_read_blocks < num_hash_blocks) && (blockidx < data_block_count)) {
+        if (!android::base::ReadFullyAtOffset(image_fd, hash_block.data(), hash_block.size(),
+                                              block_offset)) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to read tree block at offset: " << block_offset;
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        for (uint32_t offset = 0; offset < hash_block.size(); offset += padded_digest_size) {
+            std::string single_hash = hash_block.substr(offset, padded_digest_size);
+            out_block_hash.emplace_back(single_hash);
+
+            blockidx += 1;
+            if (blockidx >= data_block_count) {
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        block_offset += hash_block_size;
+        t_read_blocks += 1;
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
+static bool CalculateDigest(const void* buffer, size_t size, const void* salt, uint32_t salt_length,
+                            uint8_t* digest) {
+    SHA256_CTX ctx;
+    if (SHA256_Init(&ctx) != 1) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    if (SHA256_Update(&ctx, salt, salt_length) != 1) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    if (SHA256_Update(&ctx, buffer, size) != 1) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    if (SHA256_Final(digest, &ctx) != 1) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
+bool verify_data_blocks(android::base::borrowed_fd fd, const std::vector<std::string>& block_hash,
+                        std::unique_ptr<android::fs_mgr::FsAvbHashtreeDescriptor>& descriptor,
+                        const std::vector<uint8_t>& salt) {
+    uint64_t data_block_count = descriptor->image_size / descriptor->data_block_size;
+    uint64_t foffset = 0;
+    uint64_t blk = 0;
+
+    std::string hash_block(descriptor->hash_block_size, '\0');
+    while (blk < data_block_count) {
+        if (!android::base::ReadFullyAtOffset(fd, hash_block.data(), descriptor->hash_block_size,
+                                              foffset)) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to read from offset: " << foffset;
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        std::string digest(32, '\0');
+        CalculateDigest(hash_block.data(), descriptor->hash_block_size, salt.data(), salt.size(),
+                        reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(digest.data()));
+        if (digest != block_hash[blk]) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "Hash mismatch for block: " << blk << " Expected: " << block_hash[blk]
+                       << " Received: " << digest;
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        foffset += descriptor->hash_block_size;
+        blk += 1;
+    }
+
+    return true;
+}
+
+bool DumpVerityHash(int argc, char** argv) {
+    android::base::InitLogging(argv, &android::base::KernelLogger);
+
+    if (::getuid() != 0) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Not running as root. Try \"adb root\" first.";
+        return EXIT_FAILURE;
+    }
+
+    if (argc < 3) {
+        std::cerr
+                << " dump-verity-hash <directory location where verity hash is saved> {-verify}\n";
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    bool verification_required = false;
+    std::string hash_file_path = argv[2];
+    bool metadata_on_super = false;
+    if (argc == 4) {
+        if (argv[3] == "-verify"s) {
+            verification_required = true;
+        }
+    }
+
+    auto& dm = android::dm::DeviceMapper::Instance();
+    auto dm_block_devices = dm.FindDmPartitions();
+    if (dm_block_devices.empty()) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "No dm-enabled block device is found.";
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    android::fs_mgr::Fstab fstab;
+    if (!ReadDefaultFstab(&fstab)) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to read fstab";
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    for (const auto& pair : dm_block_devices) {
+        std::string partition_name = pair.first;
+        android::fs_mgr::FstabEntry* fstab_entry =
+                GetEntryForMountPoint(&fstab, "/" + partition_name);
+        auto vbmeta = LoadAndVerifyVbmeta(*fstab_entry, "", nullptr, nullptr, nullptr);
+        if (vbmeta == nullptr) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "LoadAndVerifyVbmetaByPath failed for partition: " << partition_name;
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        auto descriptor =
+                android::fs_mgr::GetHashtreeDescriptor(partition_name, std::move(*vbmeta));
+        if (descriptor == nullptr) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "GetHashtreeDescriptor failed for partition: " << partition_name;
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        std::string device_path = fstab_entry->blk_device;
+        if (!dm.GetDmDevicePathByName(fstab_entry->blk_device, &device_path)) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to resolve logical device path for: " << fstab_entry->blk_device;
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        android::base::unique_fd fd(open(device_path.c_str(), O_RDONLY));
+        if (fd < 0) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to open file: " << device_path;
+            return false;
+        }
+        std::vector<std::string> block_hash;
+        if (!GetBlockHashFromMerkelTree(fd, descriptor->image_size, descriptor->data_block_size,
+                                        descriptor->hash_block_size, descriptor->tree_offset,
+                                        block_hash)) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "GetBlockHashFromMerkelTree failed";
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        uint64_t dev_sz = lseek(fd, 0, SEEK_END);
+        uint64_t fec_size = dev_sz - descriptor->image_size;
+        if (fec_size % descriptor->data_block_size != 0) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "fec_size: " << fec_size
+                       << " isn't multiple of: " << descriptor->data_block_size;
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        std::vector<uint8_t> salt;
+        const std::string& salt_str = descriptor->salt;
+        bool ok = android::base::HexToBytes(salt_str, &salt);
+        if (!ok) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "HexToBytes conversion failed";
+            return false;
+        }
+        uint64_t file_offset = descriptor->image_size;
+        std::vector<uint8_t> hash_block(descriptor->hash_block_size, 0);
+        while (file_offset < dev_sz) {
+            if (!android::base::ReadFullyAtOffset(fd, hash_block.data(),
+                                                  descriptor->hash_block_size, file_offset)) {
+                LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to read tree block at offset: " << file_offset;
+                return false;
+            }
+            std::string digest(32, '\0');
+            CalculateDigest(hash_block.data(), descriptor->hash_block_size, salt.data(),
+                            salt.size(), reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(digest.data()));
+            block_hash.push_back(digest);
+            file_offset += descriptor->hash_block_size;
+            fec_size -= descriptor->hash_block_size;
+        }
+
+        if (fec_size != 0) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "Checksum calculation pending: " << fec_size;
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        if (verification_required) {
+            if (!verify_data_blocks(fd, block_hash, descriptor, salt)) {
+                LOG(ERROR) << "verify_data_blocks failed";
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+
+        VerityHash verity_hash;
+        verity_hash.set_partition_name(partition_name);
+        verity_hash.set_salt(salt_str);
+        for (auto hash : block_hash) {
+            verity_hash.add_block_hash(hash.data(), hash.size());
+        }
+        std::string hash_file = hash_file_path + "/" + partition_name + ".pb";
+        std::string content;
+        if (!verity_hash.SerializeToString(&content)) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "Unable to serialize verity_hash";
+            return false;
+        }
+        if (!WriteStringToFileAtomic(content, hash_file)) {
+            PLOG(ERROR) << "Unable to write VerityHash to " << hash_file;
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        LOG(INFO) << partition_name
+                  << ": GetBlockHashFromMerkelTree success. Num Blocks: " << block_hash.size();
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
+bool MapPrecreatedSnapshots(int argc, char** argv) {
+    android::base::InitLogging(argv, &android::base::KernelLogger);
+
+    // Make sure we are root.
+    if (::getuid() != 0) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Not running as root. Try \"adb root\" first.";
+        return EXIT_FAILURE;
+    }
+
+    if (argc < 3) {
+        std::cerr << " map-snapshots <directory location where snapshot patches are present> {-w}"
+                     "    Map all snapshots based on patches present in the directory\n";
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    std::string path = std::string(argv[2]);
+    std::vector<std::string> patchfiles;
+
+    if (!std::filesystem::exists(path) || std::filesystem::is_empty(path)) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << path << " doesn't exist";
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    for (const auto& entry : std::filesystem::directory_iterator(path)) {
+        if (android::base::EndsWith(entry.path().generic_string(), ".patch")) {
+            patchfiles.push_back(android::base::Basename(entry.path().generic_string()));
+        }
+    }
+    auto& dm = android::dm::DeviceMapper::Instance();
+    auto dm_block_devices = dm.FindDmPartitions();
+    if (dm_block_devices.empty()) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "No dm-enabled block device is found.";
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    std::vector<std::pair<std::string, std::string>> partitions;
+    for (auto& patchfile : patchfiles) {
+        auto npos = patchfile.rfind(".patch");
+        auto dm_block_name = patchfile.substr(0, npos);
+        if (dm_block_devices.find(dm_block_name) != dm_block_devices.end()) {
+            std::string slot_suffix = fs_mgr_get_slot_suffix();
+            std::string partition = dm_block_name + slot_suffix;
+            partitions.push_back(std::make_pair(partition, patchfile));
+        }
+    }
+
+    bool metadata_on_super = false;
+    if (argc == 4) {
+        if (std::string(argv[3]) == "-w") {
+            metadata_on_super = true;
+        }
+    }
+
+    MapSnapshots cow(path, metadata_on_super);
+    if (!cow.BeginUpdate()) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "BeginUpdate failed";
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    for (auto& pair : partitions) {
+        if (!cow.CreateSnapshotDevice(pair.first, pair.second)) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "CreateSnapshotDevice failed for: " << pair.first;
+            return false;
+        }
+        if (!cow.InitiateThreadedSnapshotWrite(pair.first, pair.second)) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "InitiateThreadedSnapshotWrite failed for: " << pair.first;
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    return cow.FinishSnapshotWrites();
+}
+
 bool CreateTestUpdate(SnapshotManager* sm) {
     chromeos_update_engine::DeltaArchiveManifest manifest;
 
@@ -133,23 +1029,18 @@ bool CreateTestUpdate(SnapshotManager* sm) {
 
     // Write the "new" system partition.
     auto system_target_name = "system" + target_slot;
-    auto source_device = "/dev/block/mapper/" + system_source_name;
     CreateLogicalPartitionParams clpp = {
             .block_device = fs_mgr_get_super_partition_name(target_slot_number),
             .metadata_slot = {target_slot_number},
             .partition_name = system_target_name,
-            .partition_opener = &opener,
             .timeout_ms = 10s,
+            .partition_opener = &opener,
     };
-    auto writer = sm->OpenSnapshotWriter(clpp, {source_device});
+    auto writer = sm->OpenSnapshotWriter(clpp, std::nullopt);
     if (!writer) {
         std::cerr << "Could not open snapshot writer.\n";
         return false;
     }
-    if (!writer->Initialize()) {
-        std::cerr << "Could not initialize snapshot for writing.\n";
-        return false;
-    }
 
     for (uint64_t block = 0; block < system_source_size / 4096; block++) {
         if (!writer->AddCopy(block, block)) {
@@ -214,8 +1105,16 @@ static std::map<std::string, std::function<bool(int, char**)>> kCmdMap = {
         {"map", MapCmdHandler},
 #ifdef SNAPSHOTCTL_USERDEBUG_OR_ENG
         {"test-blank-ota", TestOtaHandler},
+        {"apply-update", ApplyUpdate},
+        {"map-snapshots", MapPrecreatedSnapshots},
+        {"unmap-snapshots", UnMapPrecreatedSnapshots},
+        {"delete-snapshots", DeletePrecreatedSnapshots},
+        {"revert-snapshots", RemovePrecreatedSnapshots},
+        {"dump-verity-hash", DumpVerityHash},
 #endif
         {"unmap", UnmapCmdHandler},
+        {"pause-merge", PauseSnapshotMerge},
+        {"resume-merge", ResumeSnapshotMerge},
         // clang-format on
 };
 
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/Android.bp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/Android.bp
index 1e03683e91ee..9972bc76d1ab 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/Android.bp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/Android.bp
@@ -15,11 +15,12 @@
 //
 
 package {
+    default_team: "trendy_team_android_kernel",
     default_applicable_licenses: ["Android-Apache-2.0"],
 }
 
 cc_defaults {
-    name: "libsnapshot_snapuserd_defaults",
+    name: "libsnapuserd_client_defaults",
     defaults: [
         "fs_mgr_defaults",
     ],
@@ -33,15 +34,16 @@ cc_defaults {
 }
 
 cc_library_static {
-    name: "libsnapshot_snapuserd",
+    name: "libsnapuserd_client",
     defaults: [
         "fs_mgr_defaults",
-        "libsnapshot_snapuserd_defaults",
+        "libsnapuserd_client_defaults",
     ],
     recovery_available: true,
     static_libs: [
         "libcutils_sockets",
-        "libfs_mgr",
+        "libfs_mgr_file_wait",
+        "libdm",
     ],
     shared_libs: [
         "libbase",
@@ -57,33 +59,46 @@ cc_library_static {
     defaults: [
         "fs_mgr_defaults",
     ],
+    local_include_dirs: ["include/"],
     srcs: [
-        "dm-snapshot-merge/snapuserd.cpp",
-        "dm-snapshot-merge/snapuserd_worker.cpp",
-        "dm-snapshot-merge/snapuserd_readahead.cpp",
+        "dm_user_block_server.cpp",
         "snapuserd_buffer.cpp",
         "user-space-merge/handler_manager.cpp",
+        "user-space-merge/merge_worker.cpp",
+        "user-space-merge/read_worker.cpp",
         "user-space-merge/snapuserd_core.cpp",
-        "user-space-merge/snapuserd_dm_user.cpp",
-        "user-space-merge/snapuserd_merge.cpp",
         "user-space-merge/snapuserd_readahead.cpp",
         "user-space-merge/snapuserd_transitions.cpp",
         "user-space-merge/snapuserd_verify.cpp",
+        "user-space-merge/worker.cpp",
+        "utility.cpp",
+    ],
+    cflags: [
+        "-D_FILE_OFFSET_BITS=64",
+        "-Wall",
+        "-Werror",
     ],
     static_libs: [
         "libbase",
         "libdm",
+        "libext2_uuid",
         "libext4_utils",
         "libsnapshot_cow",
         "liburing",
+        "libprocessgroup",
+        "libprocessgroup_util",
+        "libjsoncpp",
+        "liburing_cpp",
     ],
-    include_dirs: ["bionic/libc/kernel"],
+    export_include_dirs: ["include"],
     header_libs: [
+        "libcutils_headers",
         "libstorage_literals_headers",
     ],
     ramdisk_available: true,
     vendor_ramdisk_available: true,
     recovery_available: true,
+    host_supported: true,
 }
 
 cc_defaults {
@@ -92,33 +107,44 @@ cc_defaults {
         "fs_mgr_defaults",
     ],
     srcs: [
-        "dm-snapshot-merge/snapuserd_server.cpp",
         "snapuserd_daemon.cpp",
         "user-space-merge/snapuserd_server.cpp",
     ],
 
+    cflags: [
+        "-D_FILE_OFFSET_BITS=64",
+        "-Wall",
+        "-Werror",
+    ],
+
     static_libs: [
         "libbase",
         "libbrotli",
         "libcutils_sockets",
         "libdm",
-        "libfs_mgr",
+        "libext2_uuid",
+        "libfs_mgr_file_wait",
         "libgflags",
         "liblog",
         "libsnapshot_cow",
-        "libsnapshot_snapuserd",
         "libsnapuserd",
+        "libprocessgroup",
+        "libprocessgroup_util",
+        "libjsoncpp",
+        "libsnapuserd_client",
         "libz",
         "liblz4",
         "libext4_utils",
         "liburing",
+        "libzstd",
+        "liburing_cpp",
     ],
 
     header_libs: [
+        "libcutils_headers",
         "libstorage_literals_headers",
     ],
 
-    include_dirs: ["bionic/libc/kernel"],
     system_shared_libs: [],
 
     // snapuserd is started during early boot by first-stage init. At that
@@ -127,12 +153,6 @@ cc_defaults {
     // snapuserd, which would lead to deadlock if we had to handle page
     // faults for its code pages.
     static_executable: true,
-
-    // Snapuserd segfaults with ThinLTO
-    // http://b/208565717
-    lto: {
-         never: true,
-    },
 }
 
 cc_binary {
@@ -141,11 +161,15 @@ cc_binary {
     init_rc: [
         "snapuserd.rc",
     ],
+    static_libs: [
+        "libsnapuserd_client",
+    ],
     ramdisk_available: false,
     vendor_ramdisk_available: true,
+    recovery_available: true,
 }
 
-// This target will install to /system/bin/snapuserd_ramdisk 
+// This target will install to /system/bin/snapuserd_ramdisk
 // It will also create a symblink on /system/bin/snapuserd that point to
 // /system/bin/snapuserd_ramdisk .
 // This way, init can check if generic ramdisk copy exists.
@@ -163,17 +187,22 @@ cc_binary {
     symlinks: ["snapuserd"],
 }
 
-cc_test {
-    name: "snapuserd_test_legacy",
+cc_defaults {
+    name: "snapuserd_test_defaults",
     defaults: [
         "fs_mgr_defaults",
         "libsnapshot_cow_defaults",
     ],
     srcs: [
-        "dm-snapshot-merge/cow_snapuserd_test.cpp",
-        "dm-snapshot-merge/snapuserd.cpp",
-        "dm-snapshot-merge/snapuserd_worker.cpp",
-        "snapuserd_buffer.cpp",
+        "testing/dm_user_harness.cpp",
+        "testing/harness.cpp",
+        "testing/host_harness.cpp",
+        "user-space-merge/snapuserd_test.cpp",
+    ],
+    cflags: [
+        "-D_FILE_OFFSET_BITS=64",
+        "-Wall",
+        "-Werror",
     ],
     shared_libs: [
         "libbase",
@@ -181,34 +210,99 @@ cc_test {
     ],
     static_libs: [
         "libbrotli",
-        "libgtest",
-        "libsnapshot_cow",
-        "libsnapshot_snapuserd",
         "libcutils_sockets",
-        "libz",
-        "libfs_mgr",
         "libdm",
+        "libext2_uuid",
         "libext4_utils",
+        "libfs_mgr_file_wait",
+        "libgflags",
+        "libgtest",
+        "libsnapshot_cow",
+        "libsnapuserd",
+        "libprocessgroup",
+        "libprocessgroup_util",
+        "libjsoncpp",
+        "liburing",
+        "libz",
+        "liburing_cpp",
+    ],
+    include_dirs: [
+        ".",
     ],
     header_libs: [
         "libstorage_literals_headers",
         "libfiemap_headers",
+        "libcutils_headers",
     ],
     test_options: {
         min_shipping_api_level: 30,
     },
+
+    compile_multilib: "both",
+    multilib: {
+        lib32: {
+            suffix: "32",
+        },
+        lib64: {
+            suffix: "64",
+        },
+    },
+
     auto_gen_config: true,
-    require_root: false,
+    require_root: true,
 }
 
 cc_test {
     name: "snapuserd_test",
+    defaults: ["snapuserd_test_defaults"],
+    host_supported: true,
+    test_suites: [
+        "general-tests",
+    ],
+    test_options: {
+        test_runner_options: [
+            {
+                name: "force-no-test-error",
+                value: "false",
+            },
+            {
+                name: "native-test-timeout",
+                value: "15m",
+            },
+        ],
+    },
+}
+
+// vts tests cannot be host_supported.
+cc_test {
+    name: "vts_snapuserd_test",
+    defaults: ["snapuserd_test_defaults"],
+    test_suites: [
+        "vts",
+    ],
+    test_options: {
+        // VABC mandatory in Android T per VSR.
+        min_shipping_api_level: 32,
+    },
+}
+
+cc_binary_host {
+    name: "snapuserd_extractor",
     defaults: [
         "fs_mgr_defaults",
         "libsnapshot_cow_defaults",
     ],
     srcs: [
-        "user-space-merge/snapuserd_test.cpp",
+        "testing/dm_user_harness.cpp",
+        "testing/harness.cpp",
+        "testing/host_harness.cpp",
+        "user-space-merge/extractor.cpp",
+        "snapuserd_extractor.cpp",
+    ],
+    cflags: [
+        "-D_FILE_OFFSET_BITS=64",
+        "-Wall",
+        "-Werror",
     ],
     shared_libs: [
         "libbase",
@@ -218,24 +312,24 @@ cc_test {
         "libbrotli",
         "libcutils_sockets",
         "libdm",
+        "libext2_uuid",
         "libext4_utils",
-        "libfs_mgr",
+        "libfs_mgr_file_wait",
         "libgflags",
-        "libgtest",
         "libsnapshot_cow",
-        "libsnapshot_snapuserd",
         "libsnapuserd",
+        "libprocessgroup",
+        "libjsoncpp",
         "liburing",
         "libz",
+        "liburing_cpp",
+    ],
+    include_dirs: [
+        ".",
     ],
-    include_dirs: ["bionic/libc/kernel"],
     header_libs: [
         "libstorage_literals_headers",
         "libfiemap_headers",
+        "libcutils_headers",
     ],
-    test_options: {
-        min_shipping_api_level: 30,
-    },
-    auto_gen_config: true,
-    require_root: false,
 }
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/dm-snapshot-merge/cow_snapuserd_test.cpp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/dm-snapshot-merge/cow_snapuserd_test.cpp
deleted file mode 100644
index 3c4ab2ef7cf0..000000000000
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/dm-snapshot-merge/cow_snapuserd_test.cpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,1257 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright (C) 2018 The Android Open Source Project
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-// You may obtain a copy of the License at
-//
-//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-//
-// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-// limitations under the License.
-
-#include <fcntl.h>
-#include <linux/fs.h>
-#include <linux/memfd.h>
-#include <sys/ioctl.h>
-#include <sys/stat.h>
-#include <sys/syscall.h>
-#include <sys/types.h>
-#include <unistd.h>
-
-#include <chrono>
-#include <iostream>
-#include <memory>
-#include <string_view>
-
-#include <android-base/file.h>
-#include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
-#include <fs_mgr/file_wait.h>
-#include <gtest/gtest.h>
-#include <libdm/dm.h>
-#include <libdm/loop_control.h>
-#include <libsnapshot/cow_writer.h>
-#include <snapuserd/snapuserd_buffer.h>
-#include <snapuserd/snapuserd_client.h>
-#include <storage_literals/storage_literals.h>
-
-#include "snapuserd.h"
-
-namespace android {
-namespace snapshot {
-
-using namespace android::storage_literals;
-using android::base::unique_fd;
-using LoopDevice = android::dm::LoopDevice;
-using namespace std::chrono_literals;
-using namespace android::dm;
-using namespace std;
-
-static constexpr char kSnapuserdSocketTest[] = "snapuserdTest";
-
-class TempDevice {
-  public:
-    TempDevice(const std::string& name, const DmTable& table)
-        : dm_(DeviceMapper::Instance()), name_(name), valid_(false) {
-        valid_ = dm_.CreateDevice(name, table, &path_, std::chrono::seconds(5));
-    }
-    TempDevice(TempDevice&& other) noexcept
-        : dm_(other.dm_), name_(other.name_), path_(other.path_), valid_(other.valid_) {
-        other.valid_ = false;
-    }
-    ~TempDevice() {
-        if (valid_) {
-            dm_.DeleteDevice(name_);
-        }
-    }
-    bool Destroy() {
-        if (!valid_) {
-            return false;
-        }
-        valid_ = false;
-        return dm_.DeleteDevice(name_);
-    }
-    const std::string& path() const { return path_; }
-    const std::string& name() const { return name_; }
-    bool valid() const { return valid_; }
-
-    TempDevice(const TempDevice&) = delete;
-    TempDevice& operator=(const TempDevice&) = delete;
-
-    TempDevice& operator=(TempDevice&& other) noexcept {
-        name_ = other.name_;
-        valid_ = other.valid_;
-        other.valid_ = false;
-        return *this;
-    }
-
-  private:
-    DeviceMapper& dm_;
-    std::string name_;
-    std::string path_;
-    bool valid_;
-};
-
-class CowSnapuserdTest final {
-  public:
-    bool Setup();
-    bool SetupOrderedOps();
-    bool SetupOrderedOpsInverted();
-    bool SetupCopyOverlap_1();
-    bool SetupCopyOverlap_2();
-    bool Merge();
-    void ValidateMerge();
-    void ReadSnapshotDeviceAndValidate();
-    void Shutdown();
-    void MergeInterrupt();
-    void MergeInterruptFixed(int duration);
-    void MergeInterruptRandomly(int max_duration);
-    void ReadDmUserBlockWithoutDaemon();
-    void ReadLastBlock();
-
-    std::string snapshot_dev() const { return snapshot_dev_->path(); }
-
-    static const uint64_t kSectorSize = 512;
-
-  private:
-    void SetupImpl();
-
-    void MergeImpl();
-    void SimulateDaemonRestart();
-    void StartMerge();
-
-    void CreateCowDevice();
-    void CreateCowDeviceOrderedOps();
-    void CreateCowDeviceOrderedOpsInverted();
-    void CreateCowDeviceWithCopyOverlap_1();
-    void CreateCowDeviceWithCopyOverlap_2();
-    bool SetupDaemon();
-    void CreateBaseDevice();
-    void InitCowDevice();
-    void SetDeviceControlName();
-    void InitDaemon();
-    void CreateDmUserDevice();
-    void StartSnapuserdDaemon();
-    void CreateSnapshotDevice();
-
-    unique_ptr<LoopDevice> base_loop_;
-    unique_ptr<TempDevice> dmuser_dev_;
-    unique_ptr<TempDevice> snapshot_dev_;
-
-    std::string system_device_ctrl_name_;
-    std::string system_device_name_;
-
-    unique_fd base_fd_;
-    std::unique_ptr<TemporaryFile> cow_system_;
-    std::unique_ptr<SnapuserdClient> client_;
-    std::unique_ptr<uint8_t[]> orig_buffer_;
-    std::unique_ptr<uint8_t[]> merged_buffer_;
-    bool setup_ok_ = false;
-    bool merge_ok_ = false;
-    size_t size_ = 50_MiB;
-    int cow_num_sectors_;
-    int total_base_size_;
-};
-
-class CowSnapuserdMetadataTest final {
-  public:
-    void Setup();
-    void SetupPartialArea();
-    void ValidateMetadata();
-    void ValidatePartialFilledArea();
-
-  private:
-    void InitMetadata();
-    void CreateCowDevice();
-    void CreateCowPartialFilledArea();
-
-    std::unique_ptr<Snapuserd> snapuserd_;
-    std::unique_ptr<TemporaryFile> cow_system_;
-    size_t size_ = 1_MiB;
-};
-
-static unique_fd CreateTempFile(const std::string& name, size_t size) {
-    unique_fd fd(syscall(__NR_memfd_create, name.c_str(), MFD_ALLOW_SEALING));
-    if (fd < 0) {
-        return {};
-    }
-    if (size) {
-        if (ftruncate(fd, size) < 0) {
-            perror("ftruncate");
-            return {};
-        }
-        if (fcntl(fd, F_ADD_SEALS, F_SEAL_GROW | F_SEAL_SHRINK) < 0) {
-            perror("fcntl");
-            return {};
-        }
-    }
-    return fd;
-}
-
-void CowSnapuserdTest::Shutdown() {
-    ASSERT_TRUE(snapshot_dev_->Destroy());
-    ASSERT_TRUE(dmuser_dev_->Destroy());
-
-    auto misc_device = "/dev/dm-user/" + system_device_ctrl_name_;
-    ASSERT_TRUE(client_->WaitForDeviceDelete(system_device_ctrl_name_));
-    ASSERT_TRUE(android::fs_mgr::WaitForFileDeleted(misc_device, 10s));
-    ASSERT_TRUE(client_->DetachSnapuserd());
-}
-
-bool CowSnapuserdTest::Setup() {
-    SetupImpl();
-    return setup_ok_;
-}
-
-bool CowSnapuserdTest::SetupOrderedOps() {
-    CreateBaseDevice();
-    CreateCowDeviceOrderedOps();
-    return SetupDaemon();
-}
-
-bool CowSnapuserdTest::SetupOrderedOpsInverted() {
-    CreateBaseDevice();
-    CreateCowDeviceOrderedOpsInverted();
-    return SetupDaemon();
-}
-
-bool CowSnapuserdTest::SetupCopyOverlap_1() {
-    CreateBaseDevice();
-    CreateCowDeviceWithCopyOverlap_1();
-    return SetupDaemon();
-}
-
-bool CowSnapuserdTest::SetupCopyOverlap_2() {
-    CreateBaseDevice();
-    CreateCowDeviceWithCopyOverlap_2();
-    return SetupDaemon();
-}
-
-bool CowSnapuserdTest::SetupDaemon() {
-    SetDeviceControlName();
-
-    StartSnapuserdDaemon();
-    InitCowDevice();
-
-    CreateDmUserDevice();
-    InitDaemon();
-
-    CreateSnapshotDevice();
-    setup_ok_ = true;
-
-    return setup_ok_;
-}
-
-void CowSnapuserdTest::StartSnapuserdDaemon() {
-    pid_t pid = fork();
-    ASSERT_GE(pid, 0);
-    if (pid == 0) {
-        std::string arg0 = "/system/bin/snapuserd";
-        std::string arg1 = "-socket="s + kSnapuserdSocketTest;
-        char* const argv[] = {arg0.data(), arg1.data(), nullptr};
-        ASSERT_GE(execv(arg0.c_str(), argv), 0);
-    } else {
-        client_ = SnapuserdClient::Connect(kSnapuserdSocketTest, 10s);
-        ASSERT_NE(client_, nullptr);
-    }
-}
-
-void CowSnapuserdTest::ReadLastBlock() {
-    unique_fd rnd_fd;
-    total_base_size_ = BLOCK_SZ * 2;
-
-    base_fd_ = CreateTempFile("base_device", total_base_size_);
-    ASSERT_GE(base_fd_, 0);
-
-    rnd_fd.reset(open("/dev/random", O_RDONLY));
-    ASSERT_TRUE(rnd_fd > 0);
-
-    std::unique_ptr<uint8_t[]> random_buffer = std::make_unique<uint8_t[]>(BLOCK_SZ);
-
-    for (size_t j = 0; j < ((total_base_size_) / BLOCK_SZ); j++) {
-        ASSERT_EQ(ReadFullyAtOffset(rnd_fd, (char*)random_buffer.get(), BLOCK_SZ, 0), true);
-        ASSERT_EQ(android::base::WriteFully(base_fd_, random_buffer.get(), BLOCK_SZ), true);
-    }
-
-    ASSERT_EQ(lseek(base_fd_, 0, SEEK_SET), 0);
-
-    base_loop_ = std::make_unique<LoopDevice>(base_fd_, 10s);
-    ASSERT_TRUE(base_loop_->valid());
-
-    std::string path = android::base::GetExecutableDirectory();
-    cow_system_ = std::make_unique<TemporaryFile>(path);
-
-    std::unique_ptr<uint8_t[]> random_buffer_1_ = std::make_unique<uint8_t[]>(total_base_size_);
-    loff_t offset = 0;
-
-    // Fill random data
-    for (size_t j = 0; j < (total_base_size_ / BLOCK_SZ); j++) {
-        ASSERT_EQ(ReadFullyAtOffset(rnd_fd, (char*)random_buffer_1_.get() + offset, BLOCK_SZ, 0),
-                  true);
-
-        offset += BLOCK_SZ;
-    }
-
-    CowOptions options;
-    options.compression = "gz";
-    CowWriter writer(options);
-
-    ASSERT_TRUE(writer.Initialize(cow_system_->fd));
-
-    ASSERT_TRUE(writer.AddRawBlocks(0, random_buffer_1_.get(), BLOCK_SZ));
-    ASSERT_TRUE(writer.AddRawBlocks(1, (char*)random_buffer_1_.get() + BLOCK_SZ, BLOCK_SZ));
-
-    ASSERT_TRUE(writer.Finalize());
-
-    SetDeviceControlName();
-
-    StartSnapuserdDaemon();
-    InitCowDevice();
-
-    CreateDmUserDevice();
-    InitDaemon();
-
-    CreateSnapshotDevice();
-
-    unique_fd snapshot_fd(open(snapshot_dev_->path().c_str(), O_RDONLY));
-    ASSERT_TRUE(snapshot_fd > 0);
-
-    std::unique_ptr<uint8_t[]> snapuserd_buffer = std::make_unique<uint8_t[]>(BLOCK_SZ);
-
-    offset = 7680;
-    ASSERT_EQ(ReadFullyAtOffset(snapshot_fd, snapuserd_buffer.get(), 512, offset), true);
-    ASSERT_EQ(memcmp(snapuserd_buffer.get(), (char*)random_buffer_1_.get() + offset, 512), 0);
-}
-
-void CowSnapuserdTest::CreateBaseDevice() {
-    unique_fd rnd_fd;
-
-    total_base_size_ = (size_ * 5);
-    base_fd_ = CreateTempFile("base_device", total_base_size_);
-    ASSERT_GE(base_fd_, 0);
-
-    rnd_fd.reset(open("/dev/random", O_RDONLY));
-    ASSERT_TRUE(rnd_fd > 0);
-
-    std::unique_ptr<uint8_t[]> random_buffer = std::make_unique<uint8_t[]>(1_MiB);
-
-    for (size_t j = 0; j < ((total_base_size_) / 1_MiB); j++) {
-        ASSERT_EQ(ReadFullyAtOffset(rnd_fd, (char*)random_buffer.get(), 1_MiB, 0), true);
-        ASSERT_EQ(android::base::WriteFully(base_fd_, random_buffer.get(), 1_MiB), true);
-    }
-
-    ASSERT_EQ(lseek(base_fd_, 0, SEEK_SET), 0);
-
-    base_loop_ = std::make_unique<LoopDevice>(base_fd_, 10s);
-    ASSERT_TRUE(base_loop_->valid());
-}
-
-void CowSnapuserdTest::ReadSnapshotDeviceAndValidate() {
-    unique_fd snapshot_fd(open(snapshot_dev_->path().c_str(), O_RDONLY));
-    ASSERT_TRUE(snapshot_fd > 0);
-
-    std::unique_ptr<uint8_t[]> snapuserd_buffer = std::make_unique<uint8_t[]>(size_);
-
-    // COPY
-    loff_t offset = 0;
-    ASSERT_EQ(ReadFullyAtOffset(snapshot_fd, snapuserd_buffer.get(), size_, offset), true);
-    ASSERT_EQ(memcmp(snapuserd_buffer.get(), orig_buffer_.get(), size_), 0);
-
-    // REPLACE
-    offset += size_;
-    ASSERT_EQ(ReadFullyAtOffset(snapshot_fd, snapuserd_buffer.get(), size_, offset), true);
-    ASSERT_EQ(memcmp(snapuserd_buffer.get(), (char*)orig_buffer_.get() + size_, size_), 0);
-
-    // ZERO
-    offset += size_;
-    ASSERT_EQ(ReadFullyAtOffset(snapshot_fd, snapuserd_buffer.get(), size_, offset), true);
-    ASSERT_EQ(memcmp(snapuserd_buffer.get(), (char*)orig_buffer_.get() + (size_ * 2), size_), 0);
-
-    // REPLACE
-    offset += size_;
-    ASSERT_EQ(ReadFullyAtOffset(snapshot_fd, snapuserd_buffer.get(), size_, offset), true);
-    ASSERT_EQ(memcmp(snapuserd_buffer.get(), (char*)orig_buffer_.get() + (size_ * 3), size_), 0);
-
-    // XOR
-    offset += size_;
-    ASSERT_EQ(ReadFullyAtOffset(snapshot_fd, snapuserd_buffer.get(), size_, offset), true);
-    ASSERT_EQ(memcmp(snapuserd_buffer.get(), (char*)orig_buffer_.get() + (size_ * 4), size_), 0);
-}
-
-void CowSnapuserdTest::CreateCowDeviceWithCopyOverlap_2() {
-    std::string path = android::base::GetExecutableDirectory();
-    cow_system_ = std::make_unique<TemporaryFile>(path);
-
-    CowOptions options;
-    options.compression = "gz";
-    CowWriter writer(options);
-
-    ASSERT_TRUE(writer.Initialize(cow_system_->fd));
-
-    size_t num_blocks = size_ / options.block_size;
-    size_t x = num_blocks;
-    size_t blk_src_copy = 0;
-
-    // Create overlapping copy operations
-    while (1) {
-        ASSERT_TRUE(writer.AddCopy(blk_src_copy, blk_src_copy + 1));
-        x -= 1;
-        if (x == 1) {
-            break;
-        }
-        blk_src_copy += 1;
-    }
-
-    // Flush operations
-    ASSERT_TRUE(writer.Finalize());
-
-    // Construct the buffer required for validation
-    orig_buffer_ = std::make_unique<uint8_t[]>(total_base_size_);
-
-    // Read the entire base device
-    ASSERT_EQ(android::base::ReadFullyAtOffset(base_fd_, orig_buffer_.get(), total_base_size_, 0),
-              true);
-
-    // Merged operations required for validation
-    int block_size = 4096;
-    x = num_blocks;
-    loff_t src_offset = block_size;
-    loff_t dest_offset = 0;
-
-    while (1) {
-        memmove((char*)orig_buffer_.get() + dest_offset, (char*)orig_buffer_.get() + src_offset,
-                block_size);
-        x -= 1;
-        if (x == 1) {
-            break;
-        }
-        src_offset += block_size;
-        dest_offset += block_size;
-    }
-}
-
-void CowSnapuserdTest::CreateCowDeviceWithCopyOverlap_1() {
-    std::string path = android::base::GetExecutableDirectory();
-    cow_system_ = std::make_unique<TemporaryFile>(path);
-
-    CowOptions options;
-    options.compression = "gz";
-    CowWriter writer(options);
-
-    ASSERT_TRUE(writer.Initialize(cow_system_->fd));
-
-    size_t num_blocks = size_ / options.block_size;
-    size_t x = num_blocks;
-    size_t blk_src_copy = num_blocks - 1;
-
-    // Create overlapping copy operations
-    while (1) {
-        ASSERT_TRUE(writer.AddCopy(blk_src_copy + 1, blk_src_copy));
-        x -= 1;
-        if (x == 0) {
-            ASSERT_EQ(blk_src_copy, 0);
-            break;
-        }
-        blk_src_copy -= 1;
-    }
-
-    // Flush operations
-    ASSERT_TRUE(writer.Finalize());
-
-    // Construct the buffer required for validation
-    orig_buffer_ = std::make_unique<uint8_t[]>(total_base_size_);
-
-    // Read the entire base device
-    ASSERT_EQ(android::base::ReadFullyAtOffset(base_fd_, orig_buffer_.get(), total_base_size_, 0),
-              true);
-
-    // Merged operations
-    ASSERT_EQ(android::base::ReadFullyAtOffset(base_fd_, orig_buffer_.get(), options.block_size, 0),
-              true);
-    ASSERT_EQ(android::base::ReadFullyAtOffset(
-                      base_fd_, (char*)orig_buffer_.get() + options.block_size, size_, 0),
-              true);
-}
-
-void CowSnapuserdTest::CreateCowDeviceOrderedOpsInverted() {
-    unique_fd rnd_fd;
-    loff_t offset = 0;
-
-    std::string path = android::base::GetExecutableDirectory();
-    cow_system_ = std::make_unique<TemporaryFile>(path);
-
-    rnd_fd.reset(open("/dev/random", O_RDONLY));
-    ASSERT_TRUE(rnd_fd > 0);
-
-    std::unique_ptr<uint8_t[]> random_buffer_1_ = std::make_unique<uint8_t[]>(size_);
-
-    // Fill random data
-    for (size_t j = 0; j < (size_ / 1_MiB); j++) {
-        ASSERT_EQ(ReadFullyAtOffset(rnd_fd, (char*)random_buffer_1_.get() + offset, 1_MiB, 0),
-                  true);
-
-        offset += 1_MiB;
-    }
-
-    CowOptions options;
-    options.compression = "gz";
-    CowWriter writer(options);
-
-    ASSERT_TRUE(writer.Initialize(cow_system_->fd));
-
-    size_t num_blocks = size_ / options.block_size;
-    size_t blk_end_copy = num_blocks * 3;
-    size_t source_blk = num_blocks - 1;
-    size_t blk_src_copy = blk_end_copy - 1;
-    uint16_t xor_offset = 5;
-
-    size_t x = num_blocks;
-    while (1) {
-        ASSERT_TRUE(writer.AddCopy(source_blk, blk_src_copy));
-        x -= 1;
-        if (x == 0) {
-            break;
-        }
-        source_blk -= 1;
-        blk_src_copy -= 1;
-    }
-
-    for (size_t i = num_blocks; i > 0; i--) {
-        ASSERT_TRUE(writer.AddXorBlocks(num_blocks + i - 1,
-                                        &random_buffer_1_.get()[options.block_size * (i - 1)],
-                                        options.block_size, 2 * num_blocks + i - 1, xor_offset));
-    }
-    // Flush operations
-    ASSERT_TRUE(writer.Finalize());
-    // Construct the buffer required for validation
-    orig_buffer_ = std::make_unique<uint8_t[]>(total_base_size_);
-    // Read the entire base device
-    ASSERT_EQ(android::base::ReadFullyAtOffset(base_fd_, orig_buffer_.get(), total_base_size_, 0),
-              true);
-    // Merged Buffer
-    memmove(orig_buffer_.get(), (char*)orig_buffer_.get() + 2 * size_, size_);
-    memmove(orig_buffer_.get() + size_, (char*)orig_buffer_.get() + 2 * size_ + xor_offset, size_);
-    for (int i = 0; i < size_; i++) {
-        orig_buffer_.get()[size_ + i] ^= random_buffer_1_.get()[i];
-    }
-}
-
-void CowSnapuserdTest::CreateCowDeviceOrderedOps() {
-    unique_fd rnd_fd;
-    loff_t offset = 0;
-
-    std::string path = android::base::GetExecutableDirectory();
-    cow_system_ = std::make_unique<TemporaryFile>(path);
-
-    rnd_fd.reset(open("/dev/random", O_RDONLY));
-    ASSERT_TRUE(rnd_fd > 0);
-
-    std::unique_ptr<uint8_t[]> random_buffer_1_ = std::make_unique<uint8_t[]>(size_);
-
-    // Fill random data
-    for (size_t j = 0; j < (size_ / 1_MiB); j++) {
-        ASSERT_EQ(ReadFullyAtOffset(rnd_fd, (char*)random_buffer_1_.get() + offset, 1_MiB, 0),
-                  true);
-
-        offset += 1_MiB;
-    }
-    memset(random_buffer_1_.get(), 0, size_);
-
-    CowOptions options;
-    options.compression = "gz";
-    CowWriter writer(options);
-
-    ASSERT_TRUE(writer.Initialize(cow_system_->fd));
-
-    size_t num_blocks = size_ / options.block_size;
-    size_t x = num_blocks;
-    size_t source_blk = 0;
-    size_t blk_src_copy = 2 * num_blocks;
-    uint16_t xor_offset = 5;
-
-    while (1) {
-        ASSERT_TRUE(writer.AddCopy(source_blk, blk_src_copy));
-
-        x -= 1;
-        if (x == 0) {
-            break;
-        }
-        source_blk += 1;
-        blk_src_copy += 1;
-    }
-
-    ASSERT_TRUE(writer.AddXorBlocks(num_blocks, random_buffer_1_.get(), size_, 2 * num_blocks,
-                                    xor_offset));
-    // Flush operations
-    ASSERT_TRUE(writer.Finalize());
-    // Construct the buffer required for validation
-    orig_buffer_ = std::make_unique<uint8_t[]>(total_base_size_);
-    // Read the entire base device
-    ASSERT_EQ(android::base::ReadFullyAtOffset(base_fd_, orig_buffer_.get(), total_base_size_, 0),
-              true);
-    // Merged Buffer
-    memmove(orig_buffer_.get(), (char*)orig_buffer_.get() + 2 * size_, size_);
-    memmove(orig_buffer_.get() + size_, (char*)orig_buffer_.get() + 2 * size_ + xor_offset, size_);
-    for (int i = 0; i < size_; i++) {
-        orig_buffer_.get()[size_ + i] ^= random_buffer_1_.get()[i];
-    }
-}
-
-void CowSnapuserdTest::CreateCowDevice() {
-    unique_fd rnd_fd;
-    loff_t offset = 0;
-
-    std::string path = android::base::GetExecutableDirectory();
-    cow_system_ = std::make_unique<TemporaryFile>(path);
-
-    rnd_fd.reset(open("/dev/random", O_RDONLY));
-    ASSERT_TRUE(rnd_fd > 0);
-
-    std::unique_ptr<uint8_t[]> random_buffer_1_ = std::make_unique<uint8_t[]>(size_);
-
-    // Fill random data
-    for (size_t j = 0; j < (size_ / 1_MiB); j++) {
-        ASSERT_EQ(ReadFullyAtOffset(rnd_fd, (char*)random_buffer_1_.get() + offset, 1_MiB, 0),
-                  true);
-
-        offset += 1_MiB;
-    }
-
-    CowOptions options;
-    options.compression = "gz";
-    CowWriter writer(options);
-
-    ASSERT_TRUE(writer.Initialize(cow_system_->fd));
-
-    size_t num_blocks = size_ / options.block_size;
-    size_t blk_end_copy = num_blocks * 2;
-    size_t source_blk = num_blocks - 1;
-    size_t blk_src_copy = blk_end_copy - 1;
-
-    uint32_t sequence[num_blocks * 2];
-    // Sequence for Copy ops
-    for (int i = 0; i < num_blocks; i++) {
-        sequence[i] = num_blocks - 1 - i;
-    }
-    // Sequence for Xor ops
-    for (int i = 0; i < num_blocks; i++) {
-        sequence[num_blocks + i] = 5 * num_blocks - 1 - i;
-    }
-    ASSERT_TRUE(writer.AddSequenceData(2 * num_blocks, sequence));
-
-    size_t x = num_blocks;
-    while (1) {
-        ASSERT_TRUE(writer.AddCopy(source_blk, blk_src_copy));
-        x -= 1;
-        if (x == 0) {
-            break;
-        }
-        source_blk -= 1;
-        blk_src_copy -= 1;
-    }
-
-    source_blk = num_blocks;
-    blk_src_copy = blk_end_copy;
-
-    ASSERT_TRUE(writer.AddRawBlocks(source_blk, random_buffer_1_.get(), size_));
-
-    size_t blk_zero_copy_start = source_blk + num_blocks;
-    size_t blk_zero_copy_end = blk_zero_copy_start + num_blocks;
-
-    ASSERT_TRUE(writer.AddZeroBlocks(blk_zero_copy_start, num_blocks));
-
-    size_t blk_random2_replace_start = blk_zero_copy_end;
-
-    ASSERT_TRUE(writer.AddRawBlocks(blk_random2_replace_start, random_buffer_1_.get(), size_));
-
-    size_t blk_xor_start = blk_random2_replace_start + num_blocks;
-    size_t xor_offset = BLOCK_SZ / 2;
-    ASSERT_TRUE(writer.AddXorBlocks(blk_xor_start, random_buffer_1_.get(), size_, num_blocks,
-                                    xor_offset));
-
-    // Flush operations
-    ASSERT_TRUE(writer.Finalize());
-    // Construct the buffer required for validation
-    orig_buffer_ = std::make_unique<uint8_t[]>(total_base_size_);
-    std::string zero_buffer(size_, 0);
-    ASSERT_EQ(android::base::ReadFullyAtOffset(base_fd_, orig_buffer_.get(), size_, size_), true);
-    memcpy((char*)orig_buffer_.get() + size_, random_buffer_1_.get(), size_);
-    memcpy((char*)orig_buffer_.get() + (size_ * 2), (void*)zero_buffer.c_str(), size_);
-    memcpy((char*)orig_buffer_.get() + (size_ * 3), random_buffer_1_.get(), size_);
-    ASSERT_EQ(android::base::ReadFullyAtOffset(base_fd_, &orig_buffer_.get()[size_ * 4], size_,
-                                               size_ + xor_offset),
-              true);
-    for (int i = 0; i < size_; i++) {
-        orig_buffer_.get()[(size_ * 4) + i] =
-                (uint8_t)(orig_buffer_.get()[(size_ * 4) + i] ^ random_buffer_1_.get()[i]);
-    }
-}
-
-void CowSnapuserdTest::InitCowDevice() {
-    cow_num_sectors_ = client_->InitDmUserCow(system_device_ctrl_name_, cow_system_->path,
-                                              base_loop_->device());
-    ASSERT_NE(cow_num_sectors_, 0);
-}
-
-void CowSnapuserdTest::SetDeviceControlName() {
-    system_device_name_.clear();
-    system_device_ctrl_name_.clear();
-
-    std::string str(cow_system_->path);
-    std::size_t found = str.find_last_of("/\\");
-    ASSERT_NE(found, std::string::npos);
-    system_device_name_ = str.substr(found + 1);
-
-    system_device_ctrl_name_ = system_device_name_ + "-ctrl";
-}
-
-void CowSnapuserdTest::CreateDmUserDevice() {
-    DmTable dmuser_table;
-    ASSERT_TRUE(dmuser_table.AddTarget(
-            std::make_unique<DmTargetUser>(0, cow_num_sectors_, system_device_ctrl_name_)));
-    ASSERT_TRUE(dmuser_table.valid());
-
-    dmuser_dev_ = std::make_unique<TempDevice>(system_device_name_, dmuser_table);
-    ASSERT_TRUE(dmuser_dev_->valid());
-    ASSERT_FALSE(dmuser_dev_->path().empty());
-
-    auto misc_device = "/dev/dm-user/" + system_device_ctrl_name_;
-    ASSERT_TRUE(android::fs_mgr::WaitForFile(misc_device, 10s));
-}
-
-void CowSnapuserdTest::ReadDmUserBlockWithoutDaemon() {
-    DmTable dmuser_table;
-    std::string dm_user_name = "dm-test-device";
-    unique_fd fd;
-
-    // Create a dm-user block device
-    ASSERT_TRUE(dmuser_table.AddTarget(std::make_unique<DmTargetUser>(0, 123456, dm_user_name)));
-    ASSERT_TRUE(dmuser_table.valid());
-
-    dmuser_dev_ = std::make_unique<TempDevice>(dm_user_name, dmuser_table);
-    ASSERT_TRUE(dmuser_dev_->valid());
-    ASSERT_FALSE(dmuser_dev_->path().empty());
-
-    fd.reset(open(dmuser_dev_->path().c_str(), O_RDONLY));
-    ASSERT_GE(fd, 0);
-
-    std::unique_ptr<uint8_t[]> buffer = std::make_unique<uint8_t[]>(1_MiB);
-
-    loff_t offset = 0;
-    // Every IO should fail as there is no daemon to process the IO
-    for (size_t j = 0; j < 10; j++) {
-        ASSERT_EQ(ReadFullyAtOffset(fd, (char*)buffer.get() + offset, BLOCK_SZ, offset), false);
-
-        offset += BLOCK_SZ;
-    }
-
-    fd = {};
-    ASSERT_TRUE(dmuser_dev_->Destroy());
-}
-
-void CowSnapuserdTest::InitDaemon() {
-    bool ok = client_->AttachDmUser(system_device_ctrl_name_);
-    ASSERT_TRUE(ok);
-}
-
-void CowSnapuserdTest::CreateSnapshotDevice() {
-    DmTable snap_table;
-    ASSERT_TRUE(snap_table.AddTarget(std::make_unique<DmTargetSnapshot>(
-            0, total_base_size_ / kSectorSize, base_loop_->device(), dmuser_dev_->path(),
-            SnapshotStorageMode::Persistent, 8)));
-    ASSERT_TRUE(snap_table.valid());
-
-    snap_table.set_readonly(true);
-
-    snapshot_dev_ = std::make_unique<TempDevice>("cowsnapuserd-test-dm-snapshot", snap_table);
-    ASSERT_TRUE(snapshot_dev_->valid());
-    ASSERT_FALSE(snapshot_dev_->path().empty());
-}
-
-void CowSnapuserdTest::SetupImpl() {
-    CreateBaseDevice();
-    CreateCowDevice();
-
-    SetDeviceControlName();
-
-    StartSnapuserdDaemon();
-    InitCowDevice();
-
-    CreateDmUserDevice();
-    InitDaemon();
-
-    CreateSnapshotDevice();
-    setup_ok_ = true;
-}
-
-bool CowSnapuserdTest::Merge() {
-    MergeImpl();
-    return merge_ok_;
-}
-
-void CowSnapuserdTest::StartMerge() {
-    DmTable merge_table;
-    ASSERT_TRUE(merge_table.AddTarget(std::make_unique<DmTargetSnapshot>(
-            0, total_base_size_ / kSectorSize, base_loop_->device(), dmuser_dev_->path(),
-            SnapshotStorageMode::Merge, 8)));
-    ASSERT_TRUE(merge_table.valid());
-    ASSERT_EQ(total_base_size_ / kSectorSize, merge_table.num_sectors());
-
-    DeviceMapper& dm = DeviceMapper::Instance();
-    ASSERT_TRUE(dm.LoadTableAndActivate("cowsnapuserd-test-dm-snapshot", merge_table));
-}
-
-void CowSnapuserdTest::MergeImpl() {
-    StartMerge();
-    DeviceMapper& dm = DeviceMapper::Instance();
-
-    while (true) {
-        vector<DeviceMapper::TargetInfo> status;
-        ASSERT_TRUE(dm.GetTableStatus("cowsnapuserd-test-dm-snapshot", &status));
-        ASSERT_EQ(status.size(), 1);
-        ASSERT_EQ(strncmp(status[0].spec.target_type, "snapshot-merge", strlen("snapshot-merge")),
-                  0);
-
-        DmTargetSnapshot::Status merge_status;
-        ASSERT_TRUE(DmTargetSnapshot::ParseStatusText(status[0].data, &merge_status));
-        ASSERT_TRUE(merge_status.error.empty());
-        if (merge_status.sectors_allocated == merge_status.metadata_sectors) {
-            break;
-        }
-
-        std::this_thread::sleep_for(250ms);
-    }
-
-    merge_ok_ = true;
-}
-
-void CowSnapuserdTest::ValidateMerge() {
-    merged_buffer_ = std::make_unique<uint8_t[]>(total_base_size_);
-    ASSERT_EQ(android::base::ReadFullyAtOffset(base_fd_, merged_buffer_.get(), total_base_size_, 0),
-              true);
-    ASSERT_EQ(memcmp(merged_buffer_.get(), orig_buffer_.get(), total_base_size_), 0);
-}
-
-void CowSnapuserdTest::SimulateDaemonRestart() {
-    Shutdown();
-    std::this_thread::sleep_for(500ms);
-    SetDeviceControlName();
-    StartSnapuserdDaemon();
-    InitCowDevice();
-    CreateDmUserDevice();
-    InitDaemon();
-    CreateSnapshotDevice();
-}
-
-void CowSnapuserdTest::MergeInterruptRandomly(int max_duration) {
-    std::srand(std::time(nullptr));
-    StartMerge();
-
-    for (int i = 0; i < 20; i++) {
-        int duration = std::rand() % max_duration;
-        std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(duration));
-        SimulateDaemonRestart();
-        StartMerge();
-    }
-
-    SimulateDaemonRestart();
-    ASSERT_TRUE(Merge());
-}
-
-void CowSnapuserdTest::MergeInterruptFixed(int duration) {
-    StartMerge();
-
-    for (int i = 0; i < 25; i++) {
-        std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(duration));
-        SimulateDaemonRestart();
-        StartMerge();
-    }
-
-    SimulateDaemonRestart();
-    ASSERT_TRUE(Merge());
-}
-
-void CowSnapuserdTest::MergeInterrupt() {
-    // Interrupt merge at various intervals
-    StartMerge();
-    std::this_thread::sleep_for(250ms);
-    SimulateDaemonRestart();
-
-    StartMerge();
-    std::this_thread::sleep_for(250ms);
-    SimulateDaemonRestart();
-
-    StartMerge();
-    std::this_thread::sleep_for(150ms);
-    SimulateDaemonRestart();
-
-    StartMerge();
-    std::this_thread::sleep_for(100ms);
-    SimulateDaemonRestart();
-
-    StartMerge();
-    std::this_thread::sleep_for(800ms);
-    SimulateDaemonRestart();
-
-    StartMerge();
-    std::this_thread::sleep_for(600ms);
-    SimulateDaemonRestart();
-
-    ASSERT_TRUE(Merge());
-}
-
-void CowSnapuserdMetadataTest::CreateCowPartialFilledArea() {
-    std::string path = android::base::GetExecutableDirectory();
-    cow_system_ = std::make_unique<TemporaryFile>(path);
-
-    CowOptions options;
-    options.compression = "gz";
-    CowWriter writer(options);
-
-    ASSERT_TRUE(writer.Initialize(cow_system_->fd));
-
-    // Area 0 is completely filled with 256 exceptions
-    for (int i = 0; i < 256; i++) {
-        ASSERT_TRUE(writer.AddCopy(i, 256 + i));
-    }
-
-    // Area 1 is partially filled with 2 copy ops and 10 zero ops
-    ASSERT_TRUE(writer.AddCopy(500, 1000));
-    ASSERT_TRUE(writer.AddCopy(501, 1001));
-
-    ASSERT_TRUE(writer.AddZeroBlocks(300, 10));
-
-    // Flush operations
-    ASSERT_TRUE(writer.Finalize());
-}
-
-void CowSnapuserdMetadataTest::ValidatePartialFilledArea() {
-    int area_sz = snapuserd_->GetMetadataAreaSize();
-
-    ASSERT_EQ(area_sz, 2);
-
-    // Verify the partially filled area
-    void* buffer = snapuserd_->GetExceptionBuffer(1);
-    loff_t offset = 0;
-    struct disk_exception* de;
-    for (int i = 11; i >= 0; i--) {
-        de = reinterpret_cast<struct disk_exception*>((char*)buffer + offset);
-        ASSERT_EQ(de->old_chunk, i);
-        offset += sizeof(struct disk_exception);
-    }
-
-    de = reinterpret_cast<struct disk_exception*>((char*)buffer + offset);
-    ASSERT_EQ(de->old_chunk, 0);
-    ASSERT_EQ(de->new_chunk, 0);
-}
-
-void CowSnapuserdMetadataTest::SetupPartialArea() {
-    CreateCowPartialFilledArea();
-    InitMetadata();
-}
-
-void CowSnapuserdMetadataTest::CreateCowDevice() {
-    unique_fd rnd_fd;
-    loff_t offset = 0;
-
-    std::string path = android::base::GetExecutableDirectory();
-    cow_system_ = std::make_unique<TemporaryFile>(path);
-
-    rnd_fd.reset(open("/dev/random", O_RDONLY));
-    ASSERT_TRUE(rnd_fd > 0);
-
-    std::unique_ptr<uint8_t[]> random_buffer_1_ = std::make_unique<uint8_t[]>(size_);
-
-    // Fill random data
-    for (size_t j = 0; j < (size_ / 1_MiB); j++) {
-        ASSERT_EQ(ReadFullyAtOffset(rnd_fd, (char*)random_buffer_1_.get() + offset, 1_MiB, 0),
-                  true);
-
-        offset += 1_MiB;
-    }
-
-    CowOptions options;
-    options.compression = "gz";
-    CowWriter writer(options);
-
-    ASSERT_TRUE(writer.Initialize(cow_system_->fd));
-
-    size_t num_blocks = size_ / options.block_size;
-
-    // Overlapping region. This has to be split
-    // into two batch operations
-    ASSERT_TRUE(writer.AddCopy(23, 20));
-    ASSERT_TRUE(writer.AddCopy(22, 19));
-    ASSERT_TRUE(writer.AddCopy(21, 18));
-    ASSERT_TRUE(writer.AddCopy(20, 17));
-    ASSERT_TRUE(writer.AddCopy(19, 16));
-    ASSERT_TRUE(writer.AddCopy(18, 15));
-
-    // Contiguous region but blocks in ascending order
-    // Daemon has to ensure that these blocks are merged
-    // in a batch
-    ASSERT_TRUE(writer.AddCopy(50, 75));
-    ASSERT_TRUE(writer.AddCopy(51, 76));
-    ASSERT_TRUE(writer.AddCopy(52, 77));
-    ASSERT_TRUE(writer.AddCopy(53, 78));
-
-    // Dis-contiguous region
-    ASSERT_TRUE(writer.AddCopy(110, 130));
-    ASSERT_TRUE(writer.AddCopy(105, 125));
-    ASSERT_TRUE(writer.AddCopy(100, 120));
-
-    // Overlap
-    ASSERT_TRUE(writer.AddCopy(25, 30));
-    ASSERT_TRUE(writer.AddCopy(30, 31));
-
-    size_t source_blk = num_blocks;
-
-    ASSERT_TRUE(writer.AddRawBlocks(source_blk, random_buffer_1_.get(), size_));
-
-    size_t blk_zero_copy_start = source_blk + num_blocks;
-
-    ASSERT_TRUE(writer.AddZeroBlocks(blk_zero_copy_start, num_blocks));
-
-    // Flush operations
-    ASSERT_TRUE(writer.Finalize());
-}
-
-void CowSnapuserdMetadataTest::InitMetadata() {
-    snapuserd_ = std::make_unique<Snapuserd>("", cow_system_->path, "");
-    ASSERT_TRUE(snapuserd_->InitCowDevice());
-}
-
-void CowSnapuserdMetadataTest::Setup() {
-    CreateCowDevice();
-    InitMetadata();
-}
-
-void CowSnapuserdMetadataTest::ValidateMetadata() {
-    int area_sz = snapuserd_->GetMetadataAreaSize();
-    ASSERT_EQ(area_sz, 3);
-
-    size_t old_chunk;
-    size_t new_chunk;
-
-    for (int i = 0; i < area_sz; i++) {
-        void* buffer = snapuserd_->GetExceptionBuffer(i);
-        loff_t offset = 0;
-        if (i == 0) {
-            old_chunk = 256;
-            new_chunk = 2;
-        } else if (i == 1) {
-            old_chunk = 512;
-            new_chunk = 259;
-        }
-        for (int j = 0; j < 256; j++) {
-            struct disk_exception* de =
-                    reinterpret_cast<struct disk_exception*>((char*)buffer + offset);
-
-            if (i != 2) {
-                ASSERT_EQ(de->old_chunk, old_chunk);
-                ASSERT_EQ(de->new_chunk, new_chunk);
-                old_chunk += 1;
-                new_chunk += 1;
-            } else {
-                break;
-            }
-            offset += sizeof(struct disk_exception);
-        }
-
-        if (i == 2) {
-            // The first 5 copy operation is not batch merged
-            // as the sequence is discontiguous
-            struct disk_exception* de =
-                    reinterpret_cast<struct disk_exception*>((char*)buffer + offset);
-            ASSERT_EQ(de->old_chunk, 30);
-            ASSERT_EQ(de->new_chunk, 518);
-            offset += sizeof(struct disk_exception);
-
-            de = reinterpret_cast<struct disk_exception*>((char*)buffer + offset);
-            ASSERT_EQ(de->old_chunk, 25);
-            ASSERT_EQ(de->new_chunk, 520);
-            offset += sizeof(struct disk_exception);
-
-            de = reinterpret_cast<struct disk_exception*>((char*)buffer + offset);
-            ASSERT_EQ(de->old_chunk, 100);
-            ASSERT_EQ(de->new_chunk, 521);
-            offset += sizeof(struct disk_exception);
-
-            de = reinterpret_cast<struct disk_exception*>((char*)buffer + offset);
-            ASSERT_EQ(de->old_chunk, 105);
-            ASSERT_EQ(de->new_chunk, 522);
-            offset += sizeof(struct disk_exception);
-
-            de = reinterpret_cast<struct disk_exception*>((char*)buffer + offset);
-            ASSERT_EQ(de->old_chunk, 110);
-            ASSERT_EQ(de->new_chunk, 523);
-            offset += sizeof(struct disk_exception);
-
-            // The next 4 operations are batch merged as
-            // both old and new chunk are contiguous
-            de = reinterpret_cast<struct disk_exception*>((char*)buffer + offset);
-            ASSERT_EQ(de->old_chunk, 53);
-            ASSERT_EQ(de->new_chunk, 524);
-            offset += sizeof(struct disk_exception);
-
-            de = reinterpret_cast<struct disk_exception*>((char*)buffer + offset);
-            ASSERT_EQ(de->old_chunk, 52);
-            ASSERT_EQ(de->new_chunk, 525);
-            offset += sizeof(struct disk_exception);
-
-            de = reinterpret_cast<struct disk_exception*>((char*)buffer + offset);
-            ASSERT_EQ(de->old_chunk, 51);
-            ASSERT_EQ(de->new_chunk, 526);
-            offset += sizeof(struct disk_exception);
-
-            de = reinterpret_cast<struct disk_exception*>((char*)buffer + offset);
-            ASSERT_EQ(de->old_chunk, 50);
-            ASSERT_EQ(de->new_chunk, 527);
-            offset += sizeof(struct disk_exception);
-
-            // This is handling overlap operation with
-            // two batch merge operations.
-            de = reinterpret_cast<struct disk_exception*>((char*)buffer + offset);
-            ASSERT_EQ(de->old_chunk, 18);
-            ASSERT_EQ(de->new_chunk, 528);
-            offset += sizeof(struct disk_exception);
-
-            de = reinterpret_cast<struct disk_exception*>((char*)buffer + offset);
-            ASSERT_EQ(de->old_chunk, 19);
-            ASSERT_EQ(de->new_chunk, 529);
-            offset += sizeof(struct disk_exception);
-
-            de = reinterpret_cast<struct disk_exception*>((char*)buffer + offset);
-            ASSERT_EQ(de->old_chunk, 20);
-            ASSERT_EQ(de->new_chunk, 530);
-            offset += sizeof(struct disk_exception);
-
-            de = reinterpret_cast<struct disk_exception*>((char*)buffer + offset);
-            ASSERT_EQ(de->old_chunk, 21);
-            ASSERT_EQ(de->new_chunk, 532);
-            offset += sizeof(struct disk_exception);
-
-            de = reinterpret_cast<struct disk_exception*>((char*)buffer + offset);
-            ASSERT_EQ(de->old_chunk, 22);
-            ASSERT_EQ(de->new_chunk, 533);
-            offset += sizeof(struct disk_exception);
-
-            de = reinterpret_cast<struct disk_exception*>((char*)buffer + offset);
-            ASSERT_EQ(de->old_chunk, 23);
-            ASSERT_EQ(de->new_chunk, 534);
-            offset += sizeof(struct disk_exception);
-
-            // End of metadata
-            de = reinterpret_cast<struct disk_exception*>((char*)buffer + offset);
-            ASSERT_EQ(de->old_chunk, 0);
-            ASSERT_EQ(de->new_chunk, 0);
-            offset += sizeof(struct disk_exception);
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-TEST(Snapuserd_Test, Snapshot_Metadata) {
-    CowSnapuserdMetadataTest harness;
-    harness.Setup();
-    harness.ValidateMetadata();
-}
-
-TEST(Snapuserd_Test, Snapshot_Metadata_Overlap) {
-    CowSnapuserdMetadataTest harness;
-    harness.SetupPartialArea();
-    harness.ValidatePartialFilledArea();
-}
-
-TEST(Snapuserd_Test, Snapshot_Merge_Resume) {
-    CowSnapuserdTest harness;
-    ASSERT_TRUE(harness.Setup());
-    harness.MergeInterrupt();
-    harness.ValidateMerge();
-    harness.Shutdown();
-}
-
-TEST(Snapuserd_Test, Snapshot_IO_TEST) {
-    CowSnapuserdTest harness;
-    ASSERT_TRUE(harness.Setup());
-    harness.ReadSnapshotDeviceAndValidate();
-    ASSERT_TRUE(harness.Merge());
-    harness.ValidateMerge();
-    harness.Shutdown();
-}
-
-TEST(Snapuserd_Test, Snapshot_END_IO_TEST) {
-    CowSnapuserdTest harness;
-    harness.ReadLastBlock();
-    harness.Shutdown();
-}
-
-TEST(Snapuserd_Test, Snapshot_COPY_Overlap_TEST_1) {
-    CowSnapuserdTest harness;
-    ASSERT_TRUE(harness.SetupCopyOverlap_1());
-    ASSERT_TRUE(harness.Merge());
-    harness.ValidateMerge();
-    harness.Shutdown();
-}
-
-TEST(Snapuserd_Test, Snapshot_COPY_Overlap_TEST_2) {
-    CowSnapuserdTest harness;
-    ASSERT_TRUE(harness.SetupCopyOverlap_2());
-    ASSERT_TRUE(harness.Merge());
-    harness.ValidateMerge();
-    harness.Shutdown();
-}
-
-TEST(Snapuserd_Test, Snapshot_COPY_Overlap_Merge_Resume_TEST) {
-    CowSnapuserdTest harness;
-    ASSERT_TRUE(harness.SetupCopyOverlap_1());
-    harness.MergeInterrupt();
-    harness.ValidateMerge();
-    harness.Shutdown();
-}
-
-TEST(Snapuserd_Test, ReadDmUserBlockWithoutDaemon) {
-    CowSnapuserdTest harness;
-    harness.ReadDmUserBlockWithoutDaemon();
-}
-
-TEST(Snapuserd_Test, Snapshot_Merge_Crash_Fixed_Ordered) {
-    CowSnapuserdTest harness;
-    ASSERT_TRUE(harness.SetupOrderedOps());
-    harness.MergeInterruptFixed(300);
-    harness.ValidateMerge();
-    harness.Shutdown();
-}
-
-TEST(Snapuserd_Test, Snapshot_Merge_Crash_Random_Ordered) {
-    CowSnapuserdTest harness;
-    ASSERT_TRUE(harness.SetupOrderedOps());
-    harness.MergeInterruptRandomly(500);
-    harness.ValidateMerge();
-    harness.Shutdown();
-}
-
-TEST(Snapuserd_Test, Snapshot_Merge_Crash_Fixed_Inverted) {
-    CowSnapuserdTest harness;
-    ASSERT_TRUE(harness.SetupOrderedOpsInverted());
-    harness.MergeInterruptFixed(50);
-    harness.ValidateMerge();
-    harness.Shutdown();
-}
-
-TEST(Snapuserd_Test, Snapshot_Merge_Crash_Random_Inverted) {
-    CowSnapuserdTest harness;
-    ASSERT_TRUE(harness.SetupOrderedOpsInverted());
-    harness.MergeInterruptRandomly(50);
-    harness.ValidateMerge();
-    harness.Shutdown();
-}
-
-}  // namespace snapshot
-}  // namespace android
-
-int main(int argc, char** argv) {
-    ::testing::InitGoogleTest(&argc, argv);
-    return RUN_ALL_TESTS();
-}
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/dm-snapshot-merge/snapuserd.cpp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/dm-snapshot-merge/snapuserd.cpp
deleted file mode 100644
index efa43b79d03e..000000000000
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/dm-snapshot-merge/snapuserd.cpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,870 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2020 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#include "snapuserd.h"
-
-#include <dirent.h>
-#include <fcntl.h>
-#include <linux/fs.h>
-#include <unistd.h>
-#include <algorithm>
-
-#include <csignal>
-#include <optional>
-#include <set>
-
-#include <android-base/file.h>
-#include <android-base/logging.h>
-#include <android-base/parseint.h>
-#include <android-base/properties.h>
-#include <android-base/strings.h>
-#include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
-#include <snapuserd/snapuserd_client.h>
-
-namespace android {
-namespace snapshot {
-
-using namespace android;
-using namespace android::dm;
-using android::base::unique_fd;
-
-#define SNAP_LOG(level) LOG(level) << misc_name_ << ": "
-#define SNAP_PLOG(level) PLOG(level) << misc_name_ << ": "
-
-Snapuserd::Snapuserd(const std::string& misc_name, const std::string& cow_device,
-                     const std::string& backing_device) {
-    misc_name_ = misc_name;
-    cow_device_ = cow_device;
-    backing_store_device_ = backing_device;
-    control_device_ = "/dev/dm-user/" + misc_name;
-}
-
-bool Snapuserd::InitializeWorkers() {
-    for (int i = 0; i < NUM_THREADS_PER_PARTITION; i++) {
-        std::unique_ptr<WorkerThread> wt = std::make_unique<WorkerThread>(
-                cow_device_, backing_store_device_, control_device_, misc_name_, GetSharedPtr());
-
-        worker_threads_.push_back(std::move(wt));
-    }
-
-    read_ahead_thread_ = std::make_unique<ReadAheadThread>(cow_device_, backing_store_device_,
-                                                           misc_name_, GetSharedPtr());
-    return true;
-}
-
-std::unique_ptr<CowReader> Snapuserd::CloneReaderForWorker() {
-    return reader_->CloneCowReader();
-}
-
-bool Snapuserd::CommitMerge(int num_merge_ops) {
-    struct CowHeader* ch = reinterpret_cast<struct CowHeader*>(mapped_addr_);
-    ch->num_merge_ops += num_merge_ops;
-
-    if (read_ahead_feature_ && read_ahead_ops_.size() > 0) {
-        struct BufferState* ra_state = GetBufferState();
-        ra_state->read_ahead_state = kCowReadAheadInProgress;
-    }
-
-    int ret = msync(mapped_addr_, BLOCK_SZ, MS_SYNC);
-    if (ret < 0) {
-        SNAP_PLOG(ERROR) << "msync header failed: " << ret;
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    merge_initiated_ = true;
-
-    return true;
-}
-
-void Snapuserd::PrepareReadAhead() {
-    if (!read_ahead_feature_) {
-        return;
-    }
-
-    struct BufferState* ra_state = GetBufferState();
-    // Check if the data has to be re-constructed from COW device
-    if (ra_state->read_ahead_state == kCowReadAheadDone) {
-        populate_data_from_cow_ = true;
-    } else {
-        populate_data_from_cow_ = false;
-    }
-
-    StartReadAhead();
-}
-
-bool Snapuserd::GetRABuffer(std::unique_lock<std::mutex>* lock, uint64_t block, void* buffer) {
-    if (!lock->owns_lock()) {
-        SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "GetRABuffer - Lock not held";
-        return false;
-    }
-    std::unordered_map<uint64_t, void*>::iterator it = read_ahead_buffer_map_.find(block);
-
-    // This will be true only for IO's generated as part of reading a root
-    // filesystem. IO's related to merge should always be in read-ahead cache.
-    if (it == read_ahead_buffer_map_.end()) {
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    // Theoretically, we can send the data back from the read-ahead buffer
-    // all the way to the kernel without memcpy. However, if the IO is
-    // un-aligned, the wrapper function will need to touch the read-ahead
-    // buffers and transitions will be bit more complicated.
-    memcpy(buffer, it->second, BLOCK_SZ);
-    return true;
-}
-
-// ========== State transition functions for read-ahead operations ===========
-
-bool Snapuserd::GetReadAheadPopulatedBuffer(uint64_t block, void* buffer) {
-    if (!read_ahead_feature_) {
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    {
-        std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(lock_);
-        if (io_state_ == READ_AHEAD_IO_TRANSITION::READ_AHEAD_FAILURE) {
-            return false;
-        }
-
-        if (io_state_ == READ_AHEAD_IO_TRANSITION::IO_IN_PROGRESS) {
-            return GetRABuffer(&lock, block, buffer);
-        }
-    }
-
-    {
-        // Read-ahead thread IO is in-progress. Wait for it to complete
-        std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(lock_);
-        while (!(io_state_ == READ_AHEAD_IO_TRANSITION::READ_AHEAD_FAILURE ||
-                 io_state_ == READ_AHEAD_IO_TRANSITION::IO_IN_PROGRESS)) {
-            cv.wait(lock);
-        }
-
-        return GetRABuffer(&lock, block, buffer);
-    }
-}
-
-// This is invoked by read-ahead thread waiting for merge IO's
-// to complete
-bool Snapuserd::WaitForMergeToComplete() {
-    {
-        std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(lock_);
-        while (!(io_state_ == READ_AHEAD_IO_TRANSITION::READ_AHEAD_BEGIN ||
-                 io_state_ == READ_AHEAD_IO_TRANSITION::IO_TERMINATED)) {
-            cv.wait(lock);
-        }
-
-        if (io_state_ == READ_AHEAD_IO_TRANSITION::IO_TERMINATED) {
-            return false;
-        }
-
-        io_state_ = READ_AHEAD_IO_TRANSITION::READ_AHEAD_IN_PROGRESS;
-        return true;
-    }
-}
-
-// This is invoked during the launch of worker threads. We wait
-// for read-ahead thread to by fully up before worker threads
-// are launched; else we will have a race between worker threads
-// and read-ahead thread specifically during re-construction.
-bool Snapuserd::WaitForReadAheadToStart() {
-    {
-        std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(lock_);
-        while (!(io_state_ == READ_AHEAD_IO_TRANSITION::IO_IN_PROGRESS ||
-                 io_state_ == READ_AHEAD_IO_TRANSITION::READ_AHEAD_FAILURE)) {
-            cv.wait(lock);
-        }
-
-        if (io_state_ == READ_AHEAD_IO_TRANSITION::READ_AHEAD_FAILURE) {
-            return false;
-        }
-
-        return true;
-    }
-}
-
-// Invoked by worker threads when a sequence of merge operation
-// is complete notifying read-ahead thread to make forward
-// progress.
-void Snapuserd::StartReadAhead() {
-    {
-        std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(lock_);
-        io_state_ = READ_AHEAD_IO_TRANSITION::READ_AHEAD_BEGIN;
-    }
-
-    cv.notify_one();
-}
-
-void Snapuserd::MergeCompleted() {
-    {
-        std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(lock_);
-        io_state_ = READ_AHEAD_IO_TRANSITION::IO_TERMINATED;
-    }
-
-    cv.notify_one();
-}
-
-bool Snapuserd::ReadAheadIOCompleted(bool sync) {
-    if (sync) {
-        // Flush the entire buffer region
-        int ret = msync(mapped_addr_, total_mapped_addr_length_, MS_SYNC);
-        if (ret < 0) {
-            PLOG(ERROR) << "msync failed after ReadAheadIOCompleted: " << ret;
-            return false;
-        }
-
-        // Metadata and data are synced. Now, update the state.
-        // We need to update the state after flushing data; if there is a crash
-        // when read-ahead IO is in progress, the state of data in the COW file
-        // is unknown. kCowReadAheadDone acts as a checkpoint wherein the data
-        // in the scratch space is good and during next reboot, read-ahead thread
-        // can safely re-construct the data.
-        struct BufferState* ra_state = GetBufferState();
-        ra_state->read_ahead_state = kCowReadAheadDone;
-
-        ret = msync(mapped_addr_, BLOCK_SZ, MS_SYNC);
-        if (ret < 0) {
-            PLOG(ERROR) << "msync failed to flush Readahead completion state...";
-            return false;
-        }
-    }
-
-    // Notify the worker threads
-    {
-        std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(lock_);
-        io_state_ = READ_AHEAD_IO_TRANSITION::IO_IN_PROGRESS;
-    }
-
-    cv.notify_all();
-    return true;
-}
-
-void Snapuserd::ReadAheadIOFailed() {
-    {
-        std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(lock_);
-        io_state_ = READ_AHEAD_IO_TRANSITION::READ_AHEAD_FAILURE;
-    }
-
-    cv.notify_all();
-}
-
-//========== End of state transition functions ====================
-
-bool Snapuserd::IsChunkIdMetadata(chunk_t chunk) {
-    uint32_t stride = exceptions_per_area_ + 1;
-    lldiv_t divresult = lldiv(chunk, stride);
-
-    return (divresult.rem == NUM_SNAPSHOT_HDR_CHUNKS);
-}
-
-// Find the next free chunk-id to be assigned. Check if the next free
-// chunk-id represents a metadata page. If so, skip it.
-chunk_t Snapuserd::GetNextAllocatableChunkId(chunk_t chunk) {
-    chunk_t next_chunk = chunk + 1;
-
-    if (IsChunkIdMetadata(next_chunk)) {
-        next_chunk += 1;
-    }
-    return next_chunk;
-}
-
-void Snapuserd::CheckMergeCompletionStatus() {
-    if (!merge_initiated_) {
-        SNAP_LOG(INFO) << "Merge was not initiated. Total-data-ops: "
-                       << reader_->get_num_total_data_ops();
-        return;
-    }
-
-    struct CowHeader* ch = reinterpret_cast<struct CowHeader*>(mapped_addr_);
-
-    SNAP_LOG(INFO) << "Merge-status: Total-Merged-ops: " << ch->num_merge_ops
-                   << " Total-data-ops: " << reader_->get_num_total_data_ops();
-}
-
-/*
- * Read the metadata from COW device and
- * construct the metadata as required by the kernel.
- *
- * Please see design on kernel COW format
- *
- * 1: Read the metadata from internal COW device
- * 2: There are 3 COW operations:
- *     a: Replace op
- *     b: Copy op
- *     c: Zero op
- * 3: For each of the 3 operations, op->new_block
- *    represents the block number in the base device
- *    for which one of the 3 operations have to be applied.
- *    This represents the old_chunk in the kernel COW format
- * 4: We need to assign new_chunk for a corresponding old_chunk
- * 5: The algorithm is similar to how kernel assigns chunk number
- *    while creating exceptions. However, there are few cases
- *    which needs to be addressed here:
- *      a: During merge process, kernel scans the metadata page
- *      from backwards when merge is initiated. Since, we need
- *      to make sure that the merge ordering follows our COW format,
- *      we read the COW operation from backwards and populate the
- *      metadata so that when kernel starts the merging from backwards,
- *      those ops correspond to the beginning of our COW format.
- *      b: Kernel can merge successive operations if the two chunk IDs
- *      are contiguous. This can be problematic when there is a crash
- *      during merge; specifically when the merge operation has dependency.
- *      These dependencies can only happen during copy operations.
- *
- *      To avoid this problem, we make sure overlap copy operations
- *      are not batch merged.
- * 6: Use a monotonically increasing chunk number to assign the
- *    new_chunk
- * 7: Each chunk-id represents either
- *        a: Metadata page or
- *        b: Data page
- * 8: Chunk-id representing a data page is stored in a map.
- * 9: Chunk-id representing a metadata page is converted into a vector
- *    index. We store this in vector as kernel requests metadata during
- *    two stage:
- *       a: When initial dm-snapshot device is created, kernel requests
- *          all the metadata and stores it in its internal data-structures.
- *       b: During merge, kernel once again requests the same metadata
- *          once-again.
- *    In both these cases, a quick lookup based on chunk-id is done.
- * 10: When chunk number is incremented, we need to make sure that
- *    if the chunk is representing a metadata page and skip.
- * 11: Each 4k page will contain 256 disk exceptions. We call this
- *    exceptions_per_area_
- * 12: Kernel will stop issuing metadata IO request when new-chunk ID is 0.
- */
-bool Snapuserd::ReadMetadata() {
-    reader_ = std::make_unique<CowReader>();
-    CowOptions options;
-    bool metadata_found = false;
-    int replace_ops = 0, zero_ops = 0, copy_ops = 0;
-
-    SNAP_LOG(DEBUG) << "ReadMetadata: Parsing cow file";
-
-    if (!reader_->Parse(cow_fd_)) {
-        SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to parse";
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    const auto& header = reader_->GetHeader();
-    if (!(header.block_size == BLOCK_SZ)) {
-        SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "Invalid header block size found: " << header.block_size;
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    SNAP_LOG(DEBUG) << "Merge-ops: " << header.num_merge_ops;
-
-    if (!MmapMetadata()) {
-        SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "mmap failed";
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    // Initialize the iterator for reading metadata
-    std::unique_ptr<ICowOpIter> cowop_rm_iter = reader_->GetRevMergeOpIter();
-
-    exceptions_per_area_ = (CHUNK_SIZE << SECTOR_SHIFT) / sizeof(struct disk_exception);
-
-    // Start from chunk number 2. Chunk 0 represents header and chunk 1
-    // represents first metadata page.
-    chunk_t data_chunk_id = NUM_SNAPSHOT_HDR_CHUNKS + 1;
-    size_t num_ops = 0;
-
-    loff_t offset = 0;
-    std::unique_ptr<uint8_t[]> de_ptr =
-            std::make_unique<uint8_t[]>(exceptions_per_area_ * sizeof(struct disk_exception));
-
-    // This memset is important. Kernel will stop issuing IO when new-chunk ID
-    // is 0. When Area is not filled completely with all 256 exceptions,
-    // this memset will ensure that metadata read is completed.
-    memset(de_ptr.get(), 0, (exceptions_per_area_ * sizeof(struct disk_exception)));
-
-    while (!cowop_rm_iter->AtEnd()) {
-        const CowOperation* cow_op = cowop_rm_iter->Get();
-        struct disk_exception* de =
-                reinterpret_cast<struct disk_exception*>((char*)de_ptr.get() + offset);
-
-        metadata_found = true;
-        // This loop will handle all the replace and zero ops.
-        // We will handle the copy ops later as it requires special
-        // handling of assigning chunk-id's. Furthermore, we make
-        // sure that replace/zero and copy ops are not batch merged; hence,
-        // the bump in the chunk_id before break of this loop
-        if (IsOrderedOp(*cow_op)) {
-            data_chunk_id = GetNextAllocatableChunkId(data_chunk_id);
-            break;
-        }
-
-        if (cow_op->type == kCowReplaceOp) {
-            replace_ops++;
-        } else if (cow_op->type == kCowZeroOp) {
-            zero_ops++;
-        }
-
-        // Construct the disk-exception
-        de->old_chunk = cow_op->new_block;
-        de->new_chunk = data_chunk_id;
-
-        // Store operation pointer.
-        chunk_vec_.push_back(std::make_pair(ChunkToSector(data_chunk_id), cow_op));
-        num_ops += 1;
-        offset += sizeof(struct disk_exception);
-        cowop_rm_iter->Next();
-
-        SNAP_LOG(DEBUG) << num_ops << ":"
-                        << " Old-chunk: " << de->old_chunk << " New-chunk: " << de->new_chunk;
-
-        if (num_ops == exceptions_per_area_) {
-            // Store it in vector at the right index. This maps the chunk-id to
-            // vector index.
-            vec_.push_back(std::move(de_ptr));
-            offset = 0;
-            num_ops = 0;
-
-            // Create buffer for next area
-            de_ptr = std::make_unique<uint8_t[]>(exceptions_per_area_ *
-                                                 sizeof(struct disk_exception));
-            memset(de_ptr.get(), 0, (exceptions_per_area_ * sizeof(struct disk_exception)));
-
-            if (cowop_rm_iter->AtEnd()) {
-                vec_.push_back(std::move(de_ptr));
-            }
-        }
-
-        data_chunk_id = GetNextAllocatableChunkId(data_chunk_id);
-    }
-
-    int num_ra_ops_per_iter = ((GetBufferDataSize()) / BLOCK_SZ);
-    std::optional<chunk_t> prev_id = {};
-    std::vector<const CowOperation*> vec;
-    std::set<uint64_t> dest_blocks;
-    std::set<uint64_t> source_blocks;
-    size_t pending_ordered_ops = exceptions_per_area_ - num_ops;
-    uint64_t total_ordered_ops = reader_->get_num_ordered_ops_to_merge();
-
-    SNAP_LOG(DEBUG) << " Processing copy-ops at Area: " << vec_.size()
-                    << " Number of replace/zero ops completed in this area: " << num_ops
-                    << " Pending copy ops for this area: " << pending_ordered_ops;
-
-    while (!cowop_rm_iter->AtEnd()) {
-        do {
-            const CowOperation* cow_op = cowop_rm_iter->Get();
-
-            // We have two cases specific cases:
-            //
-            // =====================================================
-            // Case 1: Overlapping copy regions
-            //
-            // Ex:
-            //
-            // Source -> Destination
-            //
-            // 1: 15 -> 18
-            // 2: 16 -> 19
-            // 3: 17 -> 20
-            // 4: 18 -> 21
-            // 5: 19 -> 22
-            // 6: 20 -> 23
-            //
-            // We have 6 copy operations to be executed in OTA and there is a overlap. Update-engine
-            // will write to COW file as follows:
-            //
-            // Op-1: 20 -> 23
-            // Op-2: 19 -> 22
-            // Op-3: 18 -> 21
-            // Op-4: 17 -> 20
-            // Op-5: 16 -> 19
-            // Op-6: 15 -> 18
-            //
-            // Note that the blocks numbers are contiguous. Hence, all 6 copy
-            // operations can be batch merged. However, that will be
-            // problematic if we have a crash as block 20, 19, 18 would have
-            // been overwritten and hence subsequent recovery may end up with
-            // a silent data corruption when op-1, op-2 and op-3 are
-            // re-executed.
-            //
-            // To address the above problem, read-ahead thread will
-            // read all the 6 source blocks, cache them in the scratch
-            // space of the COW file. During merge, read-ahead
-            // thread will serve the blocks from the read-ahead cache.
-            // If there is a crash during merge; on subsequent reboot,
-            // read-ahead thread will recover the data from the
-            // scratch space and re-construct it thereby there
-            // is no loss of data.
-            //
-            // Note that we will follow the same order of COW operations
-            // as present in the COW file. This will make sure that
-            // the merge of operations are done based on the ops present
-            // in the file.
-            //===========================================================
-            uint64_t block_source = cow_op->source;
-            if (prev_id.has_value()) {
-                if (dest_blocks.count(cow_op->new_block) || source_blocks.count(block_source)) {
-                    break;
-                }
-            }
-            metadata_found = true;
-            pending_ordered_ops -= 1;
-            vec.push_back(cow_op);
-            dest_blocks.insert(block_source);
-            source_blocks.insert(cow_op->new_block);
-            prev_id = cow_op->new_block;
-            cowop_rm_iter->Next();
-        } while (!cowop_rm_iter->AtEnd() && pending_ordered_ops);
-
-        data_chunk_id = GetNextAllocatableChunkId(data_chunk_id);
-        SNAP_LOG(DEBUG) << "Batch Merge copy-ops of size: " << vec.size()
-                        << " Area: " << vec_.size() << " Area offset: " << offset
-                        << " Pending-ordered-ops in this area: " << pending_ordered_ops;
-
-        for (size_t i = 0; i < vec.size(); i++) {
-            struct disk_exception* de =
-                    reinterpret_cast<struct disk_exception*>((char*)de_ptr.get() + offset);
-            const CowOperation* cow_op = vec[i];
-
-            de->old_chunk = cow_op->new_block;
-            de->new_chunk = data_chunk_id;
-
-            // Store operation pointer.
-            chunk_vec_.push_back(std::make_pair(ChunkToSector(data_chunk_id), cow_op));
-            offset += sizeof(struct disk_exception);
-            num_ops += 1;
-            if (cow_op->type == kCowCopyOp) {
-                copy_ops++;
-            }
-
-            if (read_ahead_feature_) {
-                read_ahead_ops_.push_back(cow_op);
-            }
-
-            SNAP_LOG(DEBUG) << num_ops << ":"
-                            << " Ordered-op: "
-                            << " Old-chunk: " << de->old_chunk << " New-chunk: " << de->new_chunk;
-
-            if (num_ops == exceptions_per_area_) {
-                // Store it in vector at the right index. This maps the chunk-id to
-                // vector index.
-                vec_.push_back(std::move(de_ptr));
-                num_ops = 0;
-                offset = 0;
-
-                // Create buffer for next area
-                de_ptr = std::make_unique<uint8_t[]>(exceptions_per_area_ *
-                                                     sizeof(struct disk_exception));
-                memset(de_ptr.get(), 0, (exceptions_per_area_ * sizeof(struct disk_exception)));
-
-                if (cowop_rm_iter->AtEnd()) {
-                    vec_.push_back(std::move(de_ptr));
-                    SNAP_LOG(DEBUG) << "ReadMetadata() completed; Number of Areas: " << vec_.size();
-                }
-
-                if (!(pending_ordered_ops == 0)) {
-                    SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "Invalid pending_ordered_ops: expected: 0 found: "
-                                    << pending_ordered_ops;
-                    return false;
-                }
-                pending_ordered_ops = exceptions_per_area_;
-            }
-
-            data_chunk_id = GetNextAllocatableChunkId(data_chunk_id);
-            total_ordered_ops -= 1;
-            /*
-             * Split the number of ops based on the size of read-ahead buffer
-             * region. We need to ensure that kernel doesn't issue IO on blocks
-             * which are not read by the read-ahead thread.
-             */
-            if (read_ahead_feature_ && (total_ordered_ops % num_ra_ops_per_iter == 0)) {
-                data_chunk_id = GetNextAllocatableChunkId(data_chunk_id);
-            }
-        }
-        vec.clear();
-        dest_blocks.clear();
-        source_blocks.clear();
-        prev_id.reset();
-    }
-
-    // Partially filled area or there is no metadata
-    // If there is no metadata, fill with zero so that kernel
-    // is aware that merge is completed.
-    if (num_ops || !metadata_found) {
-        vec_.push_back(std::move(de_ptr));
-        SNAP_LOG(DEBUG) << "ReadMetadata() completed. Partially filled area num_ops: " << num_ops
-                        << "Areas : " << vec_.size();
-    }
-
-    chunk_vec_.shrink_to_fit();
-    vec_.shrink_to_fit();
-    read_ahead_ops_.shrink_to_fit();
-
-    // Sort the vector based on sectors as we need this during un-aligned access
-    std::sort(chunk_vec_.begin(), chunk_vec_.end(), compare);
-
-    SNAP_LOG(INFO) << "ReadMetadata completed. Final-chunk-id: " << data_chunk_id
-                   << " Num Sector: " << ChunkToSector(data_chunk_id)
-                   << " Replace-ops: " << replace_ops << " Zero-ops: " << zero_ops
-                   << " Copy-ops: " << copy_ops << " Areas: " << vec_.size()
-                   << " Num-ops-merged: " << header.num_merge_ops
-                   << " Total-data-ops: " << reader_->get_num_total_data_ops();
-
-    // Total number of sectors required for creating dm-user device
-    num_sectors_ = ChunkToSector(data_chunk_id);
-    merge_initiated_ = false;
-    PrepareReadAhead();
-
-    return true;
-}
-
-bool Snapuserd::MmapMetadata() {
-    const auto& header = reader_->GetHeader();
-
-    if (header.major_version >= 2 && header.buffer_size > 0) {
-        total_mapped_addr_length_ = header.header_size + BUFFER_REGION_DEFAULT_SIZE;
-        read_ahead_feature_ = true;
-    } else {
-        // mmap the first 4k page - older COW format
-        total_mapped_addr_length_ = BLOCK_SZ;
-        read_ahead_feature_ = false;
-    }
-
-    mapped_addr_ = mmap(NULL, total_mapped_addr_length_, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, MAP_SHARED,
-                        cow_fd_.get(), 0);
-    if (mapped_addr_ == MAP_FAILED) {
-        SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "mmap metadata failed";
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    return true;
-}
-
-void Snapuserd::UnmapBufferRegion() {
-    int ret = munmap(mapped_addr_, total_mapped_addr_length_);
-    if (ret < 0) {
-        SNAP_PLOG(ERROR) << "munmap failed";
-    }
-}
-
-void MyLogger(android::base::LogId, android::base::LogSeverity severity, const char*, const char*,
-              unsigned int, const char* message) {
-    if (severity == android::base::ERROR) {
-        fprintf(stderr, "%s\n", message);
-    } else {
-        fprintf(stdout, "%s\n", message);
-    }
-}
-
-bool Snapuserd::InitCowDevice() {
-    cow_fd_.reset(open(cow_device_.c_str(), O_RDWR));
-    if (cow_fd_ < 0) {
-        SNAP_PLOG(ERROR) << "Open Failed: " << cow_device_;
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    return ReadMetadata();
-}
-
-void Snapuserd::ReadBlocksToCache(const std::string& dm_block_device,
-                                  const std::string& partition_name, off_t offset, size_t size) {
-    android::base::unique_fd fd(TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(open(dm_block_device.c_str(), O_RDONLY)));
-    if (fd.get() == -1) {
-        SNAP_PLOG(ERROR) << "Error reading " << dm_block_device
-                         << " partition-name: " << partition_name;
-        return;
-    }
-
-    size_t remain = size;
-    off_t file_offset = offset;
-    // We pick 4M I/O size based on the fact that the current
-    // update_verifier has a similar I/O size.
-    size_t read_sz = 1024 * BLOCK_SZ;
-    std::vector<uint8_t> buf(read_sz);
-
-    while (remain > 0) {
-        size_t to_read = std::min(remain, read_sz);
-
-        if (!android::base::ReadFullyAtOffset(fd.get(), buf.data(), to_read, file_offset)) {
-            SNAP_PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to read block from block device: " << dm_block_device
-                             << " at offset: " << file_offset
-                             << " partition-name: " << partition_name << " total-size: " << size
-                             << " remain_size: " << remain;
-            return;
-        }
-
-        file_offset += to_read;
-        remain -= to_read;
-    }
-
-    SNAP_LOG(INFO) << "Finished reading block-device: " << dm_block_device
-                   << " partition: " << partition_name << " size: " << size
-                   << " offset: " << offset;
-}
-
-void Snapuserd::ReadBlocks(const std::string& partition_name, const std::string& dm_block_device) {
-    SNAP_LOG(DEBUG) << "Reading partition: " << partition_name
-                    << " Block-Device: " << dm_block_device;
-
-    uint64_t dev_sz = 0;
-
-    unique_fd fd(TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(open(dm_block_device.c_str(), O_RDONLY | O_CLOEXEC)));
-    if (fd < 0) {
-        SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "Cannot open block device";
-        return;
-    }
-
-    dev_sz = get_block_device_size(fd.get());
-    if (!dev_sz) {
-        SNAP_PLOG(ERROR) << "Could not determine block device size: " << dm_block_device;
-        return;
-    }
-
-    int num_threads = 2;
-    size_t num_blocks = dev_sz >> BLOCK_SHIFT;
-    size_t num_blocks_per_thread = num_blocks / num_threads;
-    size_t read_sz_per_thread = num_blocks_per_thread << BLOCK_SHIFT;
-    off_t offset = 0;
-
-    for (int i = 0; i < num_threads; i++) {
-        std::async(std::launch::async, &Snapuserd::ReadBlocksToCache, this, dm_block_device,
-                   partition_name, offset, read_sz_per_thread);
-
-        offset += read_sz_per_thread;
-    }
-}
-
-/*
- * Entry point to launch threads
- */
-bool Snapuserd::Start() {
-    std::vector<std::future<bool>> threads;
-    std::future<bool> ra_thread;
-    bool rathread = (read_ahead_feature_ && (read_ahead_ops_.size() > 0));
-
-    // Start the read-ahead thread and wait
-    // for it as the data has to be re-constructed
-    // from COW device.
-    if (rathread) {
-        ra_thread = std::async(std::launch::async, &ReadAheadThread::RunThread,
-                               read_ahead_thread_.get());
-        if (!WaitForReadAheadToStart()) {
-            SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to start Read-ahead thread...";
-            return false;
-        }
-
-        SNAP_LOG(INFO) << "Read-ahead thread started...";
-    }
-
-    // Launch worker threads
-    for (int i = 0; i < worker_threads_.size(); i++) {
-        threads.emplace_back(
-                std::async(std::launch::async, &WorkerThread::RunThread, worker_threads_[i].get()));
-    }
-
-    bool second_stage_init = true;
-
-    // We don't want to read the blocks during first stage init.
-    if (android::base::EndsWith(misc_name_, "-init") || is_socket_present_) {
-        second_stage_init = false;
-    }
-
-    if (second_stage_init) {
-        SNAP_LOG(INFO) << "Reading blocks to cache....";
-        auto& dm = DeviceMapper::Instance();
-        auto dm_block_devices = dm.FindDmPartitions();
-        if (dm_block_devices.empty()) {
-            SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "No dm-enabled block device is found.";
-        } else {
-            auto parts = android::base::Split(misc_name_, "-");
-            std::string partition_name = parts[0];
-
-            const char* suffix_b = "_b";
-            const char* suffix_a = "_a";
-
-            partition_name.erase(partition_name.find_last_not_of(suffix_b) + 1);
-            partition_name.erase(partition_name.find_last_not_of(suffix_a) + 1);
-
-            if (dm_block_devices.find(partition_name) == dm_block_devices.end()) {
-                SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to find dm block device for " << partition_name;
-            } else {
-                ReadBlocks(partition_name, dm_block_devices.at(partition_name));
-            }
-        }
-    } else {
-        SNAP_LOG(INFO) << "Not reading block device into cache";
-    }
-
-    bool ret = true;
-    for (auto& t : threads) {
-        ret = t.get() && ret;
-    }
-
-    if (rathread) {
-        // Notify the read-ahead thread that all worker threads
-        // are done. We need this explicit notification when
-        // there is an IO failure or there was a switch
-        // of dm-user table; thus, forcing the read-ahead
-        // thread to wake up.
-        MergeCompleted();
-        ret = ret && ra_thread.get();
-    }
-
-    return ret;
-}
-
-uint64_t Snapuserd::GetBufferMetadataOffset() {
-    const auto& header = reader_->GetHeader();
-
-    size_t size = header.header_size + sizeof(BufferState);
-    return size;
-}
-
-/*
- * Metadata for read-ahead is 16 bytes. For a 2 MB region, we will
- * end up with 8k (2 PAGE) worth of metadata. Thus, a 2MB buffer
- * region is split into:
- *
- * 1: 8k metadata
- *
- */
-size_t Snapuserd::GetBufferMetadataSize() {
-    const auto& header = reader_->GetHeader();
-
-    size_t metadata_bytes = (header.buffer_size * sizeof(struct ScratchMetadata)) / BLOCK_SZ;
-    return metadata_bytes;
-}
-
-size_t Snapuserd::GetBufferDataOffset() {
-    const auto& header = reader_->GetHeader();
-
-    return (header.header_size + GetBufferMetadataSize());
-}
-
-/*
- * (2MB - 8K = 2088960 bytes) will be the buffer region to hold the data.
- */
-size_t Snapuserd::GetBufferDataSize() {
-    const auto& header = reader_->GetHeader();
-
-    size_t size = header.buffer_size - GetBufferMetadataSize();
-    return size;
-}
-
-struct BufferState* Snapuserd::GetBufferState() {
-    const auto& header = reader_->GetHeader();
-
-    struct BufferState* ra_state =
-            reinterpret_cast<struct BufferState*>((char*)mapped_addr_ + header.header_size);
-    return ra_state;
-}
-
-}  // namespace snapshot
-}  // namespace android
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/dm-snapshot-merge/snapuserd.h b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/dm-snapshot-merge/snapuserd.h
deleted file mode 100644
index beb600483776..000000000000
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/dm-snapshot-merge/snapuserd.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,332 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright (C) 2020 The Android Open Source Project
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-// You may obtain a copy of the License at
-//
-//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-//
-// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-// limitations under the License.
-
-#pragma once
-
-#include <linux/types.h>
-#include <stdint.h>
-#include <stdlib.h>
-#include <sys/mman.h>
-
-#include <bitset>
-#include <condition_variable>
-#include <csignal>
-#include <cstring>
-#include <future>
-#include <iostream>
-#include <limits>
-#include <map>
-#include <mutex>
-#include <string>
-#include <thread>
-#include <unordered_map>
-#include <unordered_set>
-#include <vector>
-
-#include <android-base/file.h>
-#include <android-base/logging.h>
-#include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
-#include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
-#include <ext4_utils/ext4_utils.h>
-#include <libdm/dm.h>
-#include <libsnapshot/cow_reader.h>
-#include <libsnapshot/cow_writer.h>
-#include <snapuserd/snapuserd_buffer.h>
-#include <snapuserd/snapuserd_kernel.h>
-
-namespace android {
-namespace snapshot {
-
-using android::base::unique_fd;
-using namespace std::chrono_literals;
-
-static constexpr size_t PAYLOAD_SIZE = (1UL << 20);
-static_assert(PAYLOAD_SIZE >= BLOCK_SZ);
-
-/*
- * With 4 threads, we get optimal performance
- * when update_verifier reads the partition during
- * boot.
- */
-static constexpr int NUM_THREADS_PER_PARTITION = 4;
-
-/*
- * State transitions between worker threads and read-ahead
- * threads.
- *
- * READ_AHEAD_BEGIN: Worker threads initiates the read-ahead
- *                   thread to begin reading the copy operations
- *                   for each bounded region.
- *
- * READ_AHEAD_IN_PROGRESS: When read ahead thread is in-flight
- *                         and reading the copy operations.
- *
- * IO_IN_PROGRESS: Merge operation is in-progress by worker threads.
- *
- * IO_TERMINATED: When all the worker threads are done, request the
- *                read-ahead thread to terminate
- *
- * READ_AHEAD_FAILURE: If there are any IO failures when read-ahead
- *                     thread is reading from COW device.
- *
- * The transition of each states is described in snapuserd_readahead.cpp
- */
-enum class READ_AHEAD_IO_TRANSITION {
-    READ_AHEAD_BEGIN,
-    READ_AHEAD_IN_PROGRESS,
-    IO_IN_PROGRESS,
-    IO_TERMINATED,
-    READ_AHEAD_FAILURE,
-};
-
-class Snapuserd;
-
-class ReadAheadThread {
-  public:
-    ReadAheadThread(const std::string& cow_device, const std::string& backing_device,
-                    const std::string& misc_name, std::shared_ptr<Snapuserd> snapuserd);
-    bool RunThread();
-
-  private:
-    void InitializeRAIter();
-    bool RAIterDone();
-    void RAIterNext();
-    const CowOperation* GetRAOpIter();
-    void InitializeBuffer();
-
-    bool InitializeFds();
-    void CloseFds() {
-        cow_fd_ = {};
-        backing_store_fd_ = {};
-    }
-
-    bool ReadAheadIOStart();
-    void PrepareReadAhead(uint64_t* source_offset, int* pending_ops, std::vector<uint64_t>& blocks);
-    bool ReconstructDataFromCow();
-    void CheckOverlap(const CowOperation* cow_op);
-
-    void* read_ahead_buffer_;
-    void* metadata_buffer_;
-    std::vector<const CowOperation*>::reverse_iterator read_ahead_iter_;
-    std::string cow_device_;
-    std::string backing_store_device_;
-    std::string misc_name_;
-
-    unique_fd cow_fd_;
-    unique_fd backing_store_fd_;
-
-    std::shared_ptr<Snapuserd> snapuserd_;
-
-    std::unordered_set<uint64_t> dest_blocks_;
-    std::unordered_set<uint64_t> source_blocks_;
-    bool overlap_;
-};
-
-class WorkerThread {
-  public:
-    WorkerThread(const std::string& cow_device, const std::string& backing_device,
-                 const std::string& control_device, const std::string& misc_name,
-                 std::shared_ptr<Snapuserd> snapuserd);
-    bool RunThread();
-
-  private:
-    // Initialization
-    void InitializeBufsink();
-    bool InitializeFds();
-    bool InitReader();
-    void CloseFds() {
-        ctrl_fd_ = {};
-        backing_store_fd_ = {};
-    }
-
-    // Functions interacting with dm-user
-    bool ReadDmUserHeader();
-    bool DmuserReadRequest();
-    bool DmuserWriteRequest();
-    bool ReadDmUserPayload(void* buffer, size_t size);
-    bool WriteDmUserPayload(size_t size, bool header_response);
-
-    bool ReadDiskExceptions(chunk_t chunk, size_t size);
-    bool ZerofillDiskExceptions(size_t read_size);
-    void ConstructKernelCowHeader();
-
-    // IO Path
-    bool ProcessIORequest();
-    int ReadData(sector_t sector, size_t size);
-    int ReadUnalignedSector(sector_t sector, size_t size,
-                            std::vector<std::pair<sector_t, const CowOperation*>>::iterator& it);
-
-    // Processing COW operations
-    bool ProcessCowOp(const CowOperation* cow_op);
-    bool ProcessReplaceOp(const CowOperation* cow_op);
-    // Handles Copy
-    bool ProcessCopyOp(const CowOperation* cow_op);
-    bool ProcessZeroOp();
-
-    bool ReadFromBaseDevice(const CowOperation* cow_op);
-    bool GetReadAheadPopulatedBuffer(const CowOperation* cow_op);
-
-    // Merge related functions
-    bool ProcessMergeComplete(chunk_t chunk, void* buffer);
-    loff_t GetMergeStartOffset(void* merged_buffer, void* unmerged_buffer,
-                               int* unmerged_exceptions);
-
-    int GetNumberOfMergedOps(void* merged_buffer, void* unmerged_buffer, loff_t offset,
-                             int unmerged_exceptions, bool* copy_op, bool* commit);
-
-    sector_t ChunkToSector(chunk_t chunk) { return chunk << CHUNK_SHIFT; }
-    chunk_t SectorToChunk(sector_t sector) { return sector >> CHUNK_SHIFT; }
-
-    std::unique_ptr<CowReader> reader_;
-    BufferSink bufsink_;
-
-    std::string cow_device_;
-    std::string backing_store_device_;
-    std::string control_device_;
-    std::string misc_name_;
-
-    unique_fd cow_fd_;
-    unique_fd backing_store_fd_;
-    unique_fd ctrl_fd_;
-
-    std::shared_ptr<Snapuserd> snapuserd_;
-    uint32_t exceptions_per_area_;
-};
-
-class Snapuserd : public std::enable_shared_from_this<Snapuserd> {
-  public:
-    Snapuserd(const std::string& misc_name, const std::string& cow_device,
-              const std::string& backing_device);
-    bool InitCowDevice();
-    bool Start();
-    const std::string& GetControlDevicePath() { return control_device_; }
-    const std::string& GetMiscName() { return misc_name_; }
-    uint64_t GetNumSectors() { return num_sectors_; }
-    bool IsAttached() const { return attached_; }
-    void AttachControlDevice() { attached_ = true; }
-
-    void CheckMergeCompletionStatus();
-    bool CommitMerge(int num_merge_ops);
-
-    void CloseFds() { cow_fd_ = {}; }
-    void FreeResources() {
-        worker_threads_.clear();
-        read_ahead_thread_ = nullptr;
-    }
-    size_t GetMetadataAreaSize() { return vec_.size(); }
-    void* GetExceptionBuffer(size_t i) { return vec_[i].get(); }
-
-    bool InitializeWorkers();
-    std::unique_ptr<CowReader> CloneReaderForWorker();
-    std::shared_ptr<Snapuserd> GetSharedPtr() { return shared_from_this(); }
-
-    std::vector<std::pair<sector_t, const CowOperation*>>& GetChunkVec() { return chunk_vec_; }
-    const std::vector<std::unique_ptr<uint8_t[]>>& GetMetadataVec() const { return vec_; }
-
-    static bool compare(std::pair<sector_t, const CowOperation*> p1,
-                        std::pair<sector_t, const CowOperation*> p2) {
-        return p1.first < p2.first;
-    }
-
-    void UnmapBufferRegion();
-    bool MmapMetadata();
-
-    // Read-ahead related functions
-    std::vector<const CowOperation*>& GetReadAheadOpsVec() { return read_ahead_ops_; }
-    std::unordered_map<uint64_t, void*>& GetReadAheadMap() { return read_ahead_buffer_map_; }
-    void* GetMappedAddr() { return mapped_addr_; }
-    bool IsReadAheadFeaturePresent() { return read_ahead_feature_; }
-    void PrepareReadAhead();
-    void StartReadAhead();
-    void MergeCompleted();
-    bool ReadAheadIOCompleted(bool sync);
-    void ReadAheadIOFailed();
-    bool WaitForMergeToComplete();
-    bool GetReadAheadPopulatedBuffer(uint64_t block, void* buffer);
-    bool ReconstructDataFromCow() { return populate_data_from_cow_; }
-    void ReconstructDataFromCowFinish() { populate_data_from_cow_ = false; }
-    bool WaitForReadAheadToStart();
-
-    uint64_t GetBufferMetadataOffset();
-    size_t GetBufferMetadataSize();
-    size_t GetBufferDataOffset();
-    size_t GetBufferDataSize();
-
-    // Final block to be merged in a given read-ahead buffer region
-    void SetFinalBlockMerged(uint64_t x) { final_block_merged_ = x; }
-    uint64_t GetFinalBlockMerged() { return final_block_merged_; }
-    // Total number of blocks to be merged in a given read-ahead buffer region
-    void SetTotalRaBlocksMerged(int x) { total_ra_blocks_merged_ = x; }
-    int GetTotalRaBlocksMerged() { return total_ra_blocks_merged_; }
-    void SetSocketPresent(bool socket) { is_socket_present_ = socket; }
-
-  private:
-    bool IsChunkIdMetadata(chunk_t chunk);
-    chunk_t GetNextAllocatableChunkId(chunk_t chunk_id);
-
-    bool GetRABuffer(std::unique_lock<std::mutex>* lock, uint64_t block, void* buffer);
-    bool ReadMetadata();
-    sector_t ChunkToSector(chunk_t chunk) { return chunk << CHUNK_SHIFT; }
-    chunk_t SectorToChunk(sector_t sector) { return sector >> CHUNK_SHIFT; }
-    bool IsBlockAligned(int read_size) { return ((read_size & (BLOCK_SZ - 1)) == 0); }
-    struct BufferState* GetBufferState();
-
-    void ReadBlocks(const std::string& partition_name, const std::string& dm_block_device);
-    void ReadBlocksToCache(const std::string& dm_block_device, const std::string& partition_name,
-                           off_t offset, size_t size);
-
-    std::string cow_device_;
-    std::string backing_store_device_;
-    std::string control_device_;
-    std::string misc_name_;
-
-    unique_fd cow_fd_;
-
-    uint32_t exceptions_per_area_;
-    uint64_t num_sectors_;
-
-    std::unique_ptr<CowReader> reader_;
-
-    // Vector of disk exception which is a
-    // mapping of old-chunk to new-chunk
-    std::vector<std::unique_ptr<uint8_t[]>> vec_;
-
-    // chunk_vec stores the pseudo mapping of sector
-    // to COW operations.
-    std::vector<std::pair<sector_t, const CowOperation*>> chunk_vec_;
-
-    std::mutex lock_;
-    std::condition_variable cv;
-
-    void* mapped_addr_;
-    size_t total_mapped_addr_length_;
-
-    std::vector<std::unique_ptr<WorkerThread>> worker_threads_;
-    // Read-ahead related
-    std::unordered_map<uint64_t, void*> read_ahead_buffer_map_;
-    std::vector<const CowOperation*> read_ahead_ops_;
-    bool populate_data_from_cow_ = false;
-    bool read_ahead_feature_;
-    uint64_t final_block_merged_;
-    int total_ra_blocks_merged_ = 0;
-    READ_AHEAD_IO_TRANSITION io_state_;
-    std::unique_ptr<ReadAheadThread> read_ahead_thread_;
-
-    bool merge_initiated_ = false;
-    bool attached_ = false;
-    bool is_socket_present_;
-};
-
-}  // namespace snapshot
-}  // namespace android
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/dm-snapshot-merge/snapuserd_readahead.cpp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/dm-snapshot-merge/snapuserd_readahead.cpp
deleted file mode 100644
index a32c2bfdd2ac..000000000000
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/dm-snapshot-merge/snapuserd_readahead.cpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,482 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2021 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#include "snapuserd.h"
-
-#include <csignal>
-#include <optional>
-#include <set>
-
-#include <snapuserd/snapuserd_client.h>
-
-namespace android {
-namespace snapshot {
-
-using namespace android;
-using namespace android::dm;
-using android::base::unique_fd;
-
-#define SNAP_LOG(level) LOG(level) << misc_name_ << ": "
-#define SNAP_PLOG(level) PLOG(level) << misc_name_ << ": "
-
-/*
- * Merging a copy operation involves the following flow:
- *
- * 1: dm-snapshot layer requests merge for a 4k block. dm-user sends the request
- *    to the daemon
- * 2: daemon reads the source block
- * 3: daemon copies the source data
- * 4: IO completion sent back to dm-user (a switch from user space to kernel)
- * 5: dm-snapshot merges the data to base device
- * 6: dm-snapshot sends the merge-completion IO to dm-user
- * 7: dm-user re-directs the merge completion IO to daemon (one more switch)
- * 8: daemon updates the COW file about the completed merge request (a write syscall) and followed
- * by a fysnc. 9: Send the IO completion back to dm-user
- *
- * The above sequence is a significant overhead especially when merging one 4k
- * block at a time.
- *
- * Read-ahead layer will optimize the above path by reading the data from base
- * device in the background so that merging thread can retrieve the data from
- * the read-ahead cache. Additionally, syncing of merged data is deferred to
- * read-ahead thread threadby the IO path is not bottlenecked.
- *
- * We create a scratch space of 2MB to store the read-ahead data in the COW
- * device.
- *
- *      +-----------------------+
- *      |     Header (fixed)    |
- *      +-----------------------+
- *      |    Scratch space      |  <-- 2MB
- *      +-----------------------+
- *
- *      Scratch space is as follows:
- *
- *      +-----------------------+
- *      |       Metadata        | <- 4k page
- *      +-----------------------+
- *      |       Metadata        | <- 4k page
- *      +-----------------------+
- *      |                       |
- *      |    Read-ahead data    |
- *      |                       |
- *      +-----------------------+
- *
- * State transitions and communication between read-ahead thread and worker
- * thread during merge:
- * =====================================================================
- *
- *   Worker Threads                                 Read-Ahead thread
- *   ------------------------------------------------------------------
- *
- *      |
- *      |
- *  --> -----------------READ_AHEAD_BEGIN------------->|
- *  |   |                                              | READ_AHEAD_IN_PROGRESS
- *  |  WAIT                                            |
- *  |   |                                              |
- *  |   |<-----------------IO_IN_PROGRESS---------------
- *  |   |                                              |
- *  |   | IO_IN_PRGRESS                               WAIT
- *  |   |                                              |
- *  |<--|                                              |
- *      |                                              |
- *      ------------------IO_TERMINATED--------------->|
- *                                                     END
- *
- *
- * ===================================================================
- *
- * Example:
- *
- * We have 6 copy operations to be executed in OTA and there is a overlap. Update-engine
- * will write to COW file as follows:
- *
- * Op-1: 20 -> 23
- * Op-2: 19 -> 22
- * Op-3: 18 -> 21
- * Op-4: 17 -> 20
- * Op-5: 16 -> 19
- * Op-6: 15 -> 18
- *
- * Read-ahead thread will read all the 6 source blocks and store the data in the
- * scratch space. Metadata will contain the destination block numbers. Thus,
- * scratch space will look something like this:
- *
- * +--------------+
- * | Block   23   |
- * | offset - 1   |
- * +--------------+
- * | Block   22   |
- * | offset - 2   |
- * +--------------+
- * | Block   21   |
- * | offset - 3   |
- * +--------------+
- *    ...
- *    ...
- * +--------------+
- * | Data-Block 20| <-- offset - 1
- * +--------------+
- * | Data-Block 19| <-- offset - 2
- * +--------------+
- * | Data-Block 18| <-- offset - 3
- * +--------------+
- *     ...
- *     ...
- *
- * ====================================================================
- * IO Path:
- *
- * Read-ahead will serve the data to worker threads during merge only
- * after metadata and data are persisted to the scratch space. Worker
- * threads during merge will always retrieve the data from cache; if the
- * cache is not populated, it will wait for the read-ahead thread to finish.
- * Furthermore, the number of operations merged will by synced to the header
- * only when all the blocks in the read-ahead cache are merged. In the above
- * case, when all 6 operations are merged, COW Header is updated with
- * num_merge_ops = 6.
- *
- * Merge resume after crash:
- *
- * Let's say we have a crash after 5 operations are merged. i.e. after
- * Op-5: 16->19 is completed but before the Op-6 is merged. Thus, COW Header
- * num_merge_ops will be 0 as the all the ops were not merged yet. During next
- * reboot, read-ahead thread will re-construct the data in-memory from the
- * scratch space; when merge resumes, Op-1 will be re-exectued. However,
- * data will be served from read-ahead cache safely even though, block 20
- * was over-written by Op-4.
- *
- */
-
-ReadAheadThread::ReadAheadThread(const std::string& cow_device, const std::string& backing_device,
-                                 const std::string& misc_name,
-                                 std::shared_ptr<Snapuserd> snapuserd) {
-    cow_device_ = cow_device;
-    backing_store_device_ = backing_device;
-    misc_name_ = misc_name;
-    snapuserd_ = snapuserd;
-}
-
-void ReadAheadThread::CheckOverlap(const CowOperation* cow_op) {
-    uint64_t source_block = cow_op->source;
-    if (dest_blocks_.count(cow_op->new_block) || source_blocks_.count(source_block)) {
-        overlap_ = true;
-    }
-
-    dest_blocks_.insert(source_block);
-    source_blocks_.insert(cow_op->new_block);
-}
-
-void ReadAheadThread::PrepareReadAhead(uint64_t* source_offset, int* pending_ops,
-                                       std::vector<uint64_t>& blocks) {
-    int num_ops = *pending_ops;
-    int nr_consecutive = 0;
-    CHECK_NE(source_offset, nullptr);
-
-    if (!RAIterDone() && num_ops) {
-        // Get the first block with offset
-        const CowOperation* cow_op = GetRAOpIter();
-        CHECK_NE(cow_op, nullptr);
-        *source_offset = cow_op->source;
-        if (cow_op->type == kCowCopyOp) {
-            *source_offset *= BLOCK_SZ;
-        }
-        RAIterNext();
-        num_ops -= 1;
-        nr_consecutive = 1;
-        blocks.push_back(cow_op->new_block);
-
-        if (!overlap_) {
-            CheckOverlap(cow_op);
-        }
-
-        /*
-         * Find number of consecutive blocks working backwards.
-         */
-        while (!RAIterDone() && num_ops) {
-            const CowOperation* op = GetRAOpIter();
-            CHECK_NE(op, nullptr);
-            uint64_t next_offset = op->source;
-            if (op->type == kCowCopyOp) {
-                next_offset *= BLOCK_SZ;
-            }
-            if (next_offset + nr_consecutive * BLOCK_SZ != *source_offset) {
-                break;
-            }
-            nr_consecutive += 1;
-            num_ops -= 1;
-            blocks.push_back(op->new_block);
-            RAIterNext();
-
-            if (!overlap_) {
-                CheckOverlap(op);
-            }
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-bool ReadAheadThread::ReconstructDataFromCow() {
-    std::unordered_map<uint64_t, void*>& read_ahead_buffer_map = snapuserd_->GetReadAheadMap();
-    read_ahead_buffer_map.clear();
-    loff_t metadata_offset = 0;
-    loff_t start_data_offset = snapuserd_->GetBufferDataOffset();
-    int num_ops = 0;
-    int total_blocks_merged = 0;
-
-    // This memcpy is important as metadata_buffer_ will be an unaligned address and will fault
-    // on 32-bit systems
-    std::unique_ptr<uint8_t[]> metadata_buffer =
-            std::make_unique<uint8_t[]>(snapuserd_->GetBufferMetadataSize());
-    memcpy(metadata_buffer.get(), metadata_buffer_, snapuserd_->GetBufferMetadataSize());
-
-    while (true) {
-        struct ScratchMetadata* bm = reinterpret_cast<struct ScratchMetadata*>(
-                (char*)metadata_buffer.get() + metadata_offset);
-
-        // Done reading metadata
-        if (bm->new_block == 0 && bm->file_offset == 0) {
-            break;
-        }
-
-        loff_t buffer_offset = bm->file_offset - start_data_offset;
-        void* bufptr = static_cast<void*>((char*)read_ahead_buffer_ + buffer_offset);
-        read_ahead_buffer_map[bm->new_block] = bufptr;
-        num_ops += 1;
-        total_blocks_merged += 1;
-
-        metadata_offset += sizeof(struct ScratchMetadata);
-    }
-
-    // We are done re-constructing the mapping; however, we need to make sure
-    // all the COW operations to-be merged are present in the re-constructed
-    // mapping.
-    while (!RAIterDone()) {
-        const CowOperation* op = GetRAOpIter();
-        if (read_ahead_buffer_map.find(op->new_block) != read_ahead_buffer_map.end()) {
-            num_ops -= 1;
-            snapuserd_->SetFinalBlockMerged(op->new_block);
-            RAIterNext();
-        } else {
-            // Verify that we have covered all the ops which were re-constructed
-            // from COW device - These are the ops which are being
-            // re-constructed after crash.
-            if (!(num_ops == 0)) {
-                SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "ReconstructDataFromCow failed. Not all ops recoverd "
-                                << " Pending ops: " << num_ops;
-                snapuserd_->ReadAheadIOFailed();
-                return false;
-            }
-            break;
-        }
-    }
-
-    snapuserd_->SetTotalRaBlocksMerged(total_blocks_merged);
-
-    snapuserd_->ReconstructDataFromCowFinish();
-
-    if (!snapuserd_->ReadAheadIOCompleted(true)) {
-        SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "ReadAheadIOCompleted failed...";
-        snapuserd_->ReadAheadIOFailed();
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    SNAP_LOG(INFO) << "ReconstructDataFromCow success";
-    return true;
-}
-
-bool ReadAheadThread::ReadAheadIOStart() {
-    // Check if the data has to be constructed from the COW file.
-    // This will be true only once during boot up after a crash
-    // during merge.
-    if (snapuserd_->ReconstructDataFromCow()) {
-        return ReconstructDataFromCow();
-    }
-
-    std::unordered_map<uint64_t, void*>& read_ahead_buffer_map = snapuserd_->GetReadAheadMap();
-    read_ahead_buffer_map.clear();
-
-    int num_ops = (snapuserd_->GetBufferDataSize()) / BLOCK_SZ;
-    loff_t metadata_offset = 0;
-
-    struct ScratchMetadata* bm =
-            reinterpret_cast<struct ScratchMetadata*>((char*)metadata_buffer_ + metadata_offset);
-
-    bm->new_block = 0;
-    bm->file_offset = 0;
-
-    std::vector<uint64_t> blocks;
-
-    loff_t buffer_offset = 0;
-    loff_t offset = 0;
-    loff_t file_offset = snapuserd_->GetBufferDataOffset();
-    int total_blocks_merged = 0;
-    overlap_ = false;
-    dest_blocks_.clear();
-    source_blocks_.clear();
-
-    while (true) {
-        uint64_t source_offset;
-        int linear_blocks;
-
-        PrepareReadAhead(&source_offset, &num_ops, blocks);
-        linear_blocks = blocks.size();
-        if (linear_blocks == 0) {
-            // No more blocks to read
-            SNAP_LOG(DEBUG) << " Read-ahead completed....";
-            break;
-        }
-
-        // Get the first block in the consecutive set of blocks
-        source_offset = source_offset - (linear_blocks - 1) * BLOCK_SZ;
-        size_t io_size = (linear_blocks * BLOCK_SZ);
-        num_ops -= linear_blocks;
-        total_blocks_merged += linear_blocks;
-
-        // Mark the block number as the one which will
-        // be the final block to be merged in this entire region.
-        // Read-ahead thread will get
-        // notified when this block is merged to make
-        // forward progress
-        snapuserd_->SetFinalBlockMerged(blocks.back());
-
-        while (linear_blocks) {
-            uint64_t new_block = blocks.back();
-            blocks.pop_back();
-            // Assign the mapping
-            void* bufptr = static_cast<void*>((char*)read_ahead_buffer_ + offset);
-            read_ahead_buffer_map[new_block] = bufptr;
-            offset += BLOCK_SZ;
-
-            bm = reinterpret_cast<struct ScratchMetadata*>((char*)metadata_buffer_ +
-                                                           metadata_offset);
-            bm->new_block = new_block;
-            bm->file_offset = file_offset;
-
-            metadata_offset += sizeof(struct ScratchMetadata);
-            file_offset += BLOCK_SZ;
-
-            linear_blocks -= 1;
-        }
-
-        // Read from the base device consecutive set of blocks in one shot
-        if (!android::base::ReadFullyAtOffset(backing_store_fd_,
-                                              (char*)read_ahead_buffer_ + buffer_offset, io_size,
-                                              source_offset)) {
-            SNAP_PLOG(ERROR) << "Ordered-op failed. Read from backing store: "
-                             << backing_store_device_ << "at block :" << source_offset / BLOCK_SZ
-                             << " offset :" << source_offset % BLOCK_SZ
-                             << " buffer_offset : " << buffer_offset << " io_size : " << io_size
-                             << " buf-addr : " << read_ahead_buffer_;
-
-            snapuserd_->ReadAheadIOFailed();
-            return false;
-        }
-
-        // This is important - explicitly set the contents to zero. This is used
-        // when re-constructing the data after crash. This indicates end of
-        // reading metadata contents when re-constructing the data
-        bm = reinterpret_cast<struct ScratchMetadata*>((char*)metadata_buffer_ + metadata_offset);
-        bm->new_block = 0;
-        bm->file_offset = 0;
-
-        buffer_offset += io_size;
-    }
-
-    snapuserd_->SetTotalRaBlocksMerged(total_blocks_merged);
-
-    // Flush the data only if we have a overlapping blocks in the region
-    if (!snapuserd_->ReadAheadIOCompleted(overlap_)) {
-        SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "ReadAheadIOCompleted failed...";
-        snapuserd_->ReadAheadIOFailed();
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    return true;
-}
-
-bool ReadAheadThread::RunThread() {
-    if (!InitializeFds()) {
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    InitializeRAIter();
-    InitializeBuffer();
-
-    while (!RAIterDone()) {
-        if (!ReadAheadIOStart()) {
-            return false;
-        }
-
-        bool status = snapuserd_->WaitForMergeToComplete();
-
-        if (status && !snapuserd_->CommitMerge(snapuserd_->GetTotalRaBlocksMerged())) {
-            return false;
-        }
-
-        if (!status) break;
-    }
-
-    CloseFds();
-    SNAP_LOG(INFO) << " ReadAhead thread terminating....";
-    return true;
-}
-
-// Initialization
-bool ReadAheadThread::InitializeFds() {
-    backing_store_fd_.reset(open(backing_store_device_.c_str(), O_RDONLY));
-    if (backing_store_fd_ < 0) {
-        SNAP_PLOG(ERROR) << "Open Failed: " << backing_store_device_;
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    cow_fd_.reset(open(cow_device_.c_str(), O_RDWR));
-    if (cow_fd_ < 0) {
-        SNAP_PLOG(ERROR) << "Open Failed: " << cow_device_;
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    return true;
-}
-
-void ReadAheadThread::InitializeRAIter() {
-    std::vector<const CowOperation*>& read_ahead_ops = snapuserd_->GetReadAheadOpsVec();
-    read_ahead_iter_ = read_ahead_ops.rbegin();
-}
-
-bool ReadAheadThread::RAIterDone() {
-    std::vector<const CowOperation*>& read_ahead_ops = snapuserd_->GetReadAheadOpsVec();
-    return read_ahead_iter_ == read_ahead_ops.rend();
-}
-
-void ReadAheadThread::RAIterNext() {
-    read_ahead_iter_++;
-}
-
-const CowOperation* ReadAheadThread::GetRAOpIter() {
-    return *read_ahead_iter_;
-}
-
-void ReadAheadThread::InitializeBuffer() {
-    void* mapped_addr = snapuserd_->GetMappedAddr();
-    // Map the scratch space region into memory
-    metadata_buffer_ =
-            static_cast<void*>((char*)mapped_addr + snapuserd_->GetBufferMetadataOffset());
-    read_ahead_buffer_ = static_cast<void*>((char*)mapped_addr + snapuserd_->GetBufferDataOffset());
-}
-
-}  // namespace snapshot
-}  // namespace android
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/dm-snapshot-merge/snapuserd_server.cpp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/dm-snapshot-merge/snapuserd_server.cpp
deleted file mode 100644
index 577b09d1e10c..000000000000
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/dm-snapshot-merge/snapuserd_server.cpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,559 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2020 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#include <arpa/inet.h>
-#include <cutils/sockets.h>
-#include <errno.h>
-#include <netinet/in.h>
-#include <stdint.h>
-#include <stdio.h>
-#include <stdlib.h>
-#include <sys/socket.h>
-#include <sys/types.h>
-#include <unistd.h>
-
-#include <android-base/cmsg.h>
-#include <android-base/logging.h>
-#include <android-base/properties.h>
-#include <android-base/scopeguard.h>
-#include <fs_mgr/file_wait.h>
-#include <snapuserd/snapuserd_client.h>
-
-#include "snapuserd_server.h"
-
-#define _REALLY_INCLUDE_SYS__SYSTEM_PROPERTIES_H_
-#include <sys/_system_properties.h>
-
-namespace android {
-namespace snapshot {
-
-using namespace std::string_literals;
-
-using android::base::borrowed_fd;
-using android::base::unique_fd;
-
-DaemonOperations SnapuserdServer::Resolveop(std::string& input) {
-    if (input == "init") return DaemonOperations::INIT;
-    if (input == "start") return DaemonOperations::START;
-    if (input == "stop") return DaemonOperations::STOP;
-    if (input == "query") return DaemonOperations::QUERY;
-    if (input == "delete") return DaemonOperations::DELETE;
-    if (input == "detach") return DaemonOperations::DETACH;
-    if (input == "supports") return DaemonOperations::SUPPORTS;
-
-    return DaemonOperations::INVALID;
-}
-
-SnapuserdServer::~SnapuserdServer() {
-    // Close any client sockets that were added via AcceptClient().
-    for (size_t i = 1; i < watched_fds_.size(); i++) {
-        close(watched_fds_[i].fd);
-    }
-}
-
-std::string SnapuserdServer::GetDaemonStatus() {
-    std::string msg = "";
-
-    if (IsTerminating())
-        msg = "passive";
-    else
-        msg = "active";
-
-    return msg;
-}
-
-void SnapuserdServer::Parsemsg(std::string const& msg, const char delim,
-                               std::vector<std::string>& out) {
-    std::stringstream ss(msg);
-    std::string s;
-
-    while (std::getline(ss, s, delim)) {
-        out.push_back(s);
-    }
-}
-
-void SnapuserdServer::ShutdownThreads() {
-    StopThreads();
-    JoinAllThreads();
-}
-
-DmUserHandler::DmUserHandler(std::shared_ptr<Snapuserd> snapuserd)
-    : snapuserd_(snapuserd), misc_name_(snapuserd_->GetMiscName()) {}
-
-bool SnapuserdServer::Sendmsg(android::base::borrowed_fd fd, const std::string& msg) {
-    ssize_t ret = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(send(fd.get(), msg.data(), msg.size(), MSG_NOSIGNAL));
-    if (ret < 0) {
-        PLOG(ERROR) << "Snapuserd:server: send() failed";
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    if (ret < msg.size()) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "Partial send; expected " << msg.size() << " bytes, sent " << ret;
-        return false;
-    }
-    return true;
-}
-
-bool SnapuserdServer::Recv(android::base::borrowed_fd fd, std::string* data) {
-    char msg[MAX_PACKET_SIZE];
-    ssize_t rv = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(recv(fd.get(), msg, sizeof(msg), 0));
-    if (rv < 0) {
-        PLOG(ERROR) << "recv failed";
-        return false;
-    }
-    *data = std::string(msg, rv);
-    return true;
-}
-
-bool SnapuserdServer::Receivemsg(android::base::borrowed_fd fd, const std::string& str) {
-    const char delim = ',';
-
-    std::vector<std::string> out;
-    Parsemsg(str, delim, out);
-    DaemonOperations op = Resolveop(out[0]);
-
-    switch (op) {
-        case DaemonOperations::INIT: {
-            // Message format:
-            // init,<misc_name>,<cow_device_path>,<backing_device>
-            //
-            // Reads the metadata and send the number of sectors
-            if (out.size() != 4) {
-                LOG(ERROR) << "Malformed init message, " << out.size() << " parts";
-                return Sendmsg(fd, "fail");
-            }
-
-            auto handler = AddHandler(out[1], out[2], out[3]);
-            if (!handler) {
-                return Sendmsg(fd, "fail");
-            }
-
-            auto retval = "success," + std::to_string(handler->snapuserd()->GetNumSectors());
-            return Sendmsg(fd, retval);
-        }
-        case DaemonOperations::START: {
-            // Message format:
-            // start,<misc_name>
-            //
-            // Start the new thread which binds to dm-user misc device
-            if (out.size() != 2) {
-                LOG(ERROR) << "Malformed start message, " << out.size() << " parts";
-                return Sendmsg(fd, "fail");
-            }
-
-            std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(lock_);
-            auto iter = FindHandler(&lock, out[1]);
-            if (iter == dm_users_.end()) {
-                LOG(ERROR) << "Could not find handler: " << out[1];
-                return Sendmsg(fd, "fail");
-            }
-            if (!(*iter)->snapuserd() || (*iter)->snapuserd()->IsAttached()) {
-                LOG(ERROR) << "Tried to re-attach control device: " << out[1];
-                return Sendmsg(fd, "fail");
-            }
-            if (!StartHandler(*iter)) {
-                return Sendmsg(fd, "fail");
-            }
-            return Sendmsg(fd, "success");
-        }
-        case DaemonOperations::STOP: {
-            // Message format: stop
-            //
-            // Stop all the threads gracefully and then shutdown the
-            // main thread
-            SetTerminating();
-            ShutdownThreads();
-            return true;
-        }
-        case DaemonOperations::QUERY: {
-            // Message format: query
-            //
-            // As part of transition, Second stage daemon will be
-            // created before terminating the first stage daemon. Hence,
-            // for a brief period client may have to distiguish between
-            // first stage daemon and second stage daemon.
-            //
-            // Second stage daemon is marked as active and hence will
-            // be ready to receive control message.
-            return Sendmsg(fd, GetDaemonStatus());
-        }
-        case DaemonOperations::DELETE: {
-            // Message format:
-            // delete,<misc_name>
-            if (out.size() != 2) {
-                LOG(ERROR) << "Malformed delete message, " << out.size() << " parts";
-                return Sendmsg(fd, "fail");
-            }
-            if (!RemoveAndJoinHandler(out[1])) {
-                return Sendmsg(fd, "fail");
-            }
-            return Sendmsg(fd, "success");
-        }
-        case DaemonOperations::DETACH: {
-            terminating_ = true;
-            return true;
-        }
-        case DaemonOperations::SUPPORTS: {
-            if (out.size() != 2) {
-                LOG(ERROR) << "Malformed supports message, " << out.size() << " parts";
-                return Sendmsg(fd, "fail");
-            }
-            if (out[1] == "second_stage_socket_handoff") {
-                return Sendmsg(fd, "success");
-            }
-            return Sendmsg(fd, "fail");
-        }
-        default: {
-            LOG(ERROR) << "Received unknown message type from client";
-            Sendmsg(fd, "fail");
-            return false;
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-void SnapuserdServer::RunThread(std::shared_ptr<DmUserHandler> handler) {
-    LOG(INFO) << "Entering thread for handler: " << handler->misc_name();
-
-    handler->snapuserd()->SetSocketPresent(is_socket_present_);
-    if (!handler->snapuserd()->Start()) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << " Failed to launch all worker threads";
-    }
-
-    handler->snapuserd()->CloseFds();
-    handler->snapuserd()->CheckMergeCompletionStatus();
-    handler->snapuserd()->UnmapBufferRegion();
-
-    auto misc_name = handler->misc_name();
-    LOG(INFO) << "Handler thread about to exit: " << misc_name;
-
-    {
-        std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(lock_);
-        auto iter = FindHandler(&lock, handler->misc_name());
-        if (iter == dm_users_.end()) {
-            // RemoveAndJoinHandler() already removed us from the list, and is
-            // now waiting on a join(), so just return. Additionally, release
-            // all the resources held by snapuserd object which are shared
-            // by worker threads. This should be done when the last reference
-            // of "handler" is released; but we will explicitly release here
-            // to make sure snapuserd object is freed as it is the biggest
-            // consumer of memory in the daemon.
-            handler->FreeResources();
-            LOG(INFO) << "Exiting handler thread to allow for join: " << misc_name;
-            return;
-        }
-
-        LOG(INFO) << "Exiting handler thread and freeing resources: " << misc_name;
-
-        if (handler->snapuserd()->IsAttached()) {
-            handler->thread().detach();
-        }
-
-        // Important: free resources within the lock. This ensures that if
-        // WaitForDelete() is called, the handler is either in the list, or
-        // it's not and its resources are guaranteed to be freed.
-        handler->FreeResources();
-    }
-}
-
-bool SnapuserdServer::Start(const std::string& socketname) {
-    bool start_listening = true;
-
-    sockfd_.reset(android_get_control_socket(socketname.c_str()));
-    if (sockfd_ < 0) {
-        sockfd_.reset(socket_local_server(socketname.c_str(), ANDROID_SOCKET_NAMESPACE_RESERVED,
-                                          SOCK_STREAM));
-        if (sockfd_ < 0) {
-            PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to create server socket " << socketname;
-            return false;
-        }
-        start_listening = false;
-    }
-    return StartWithSocket(start_listening);
-}
-
-bool SnapuserdServer::StartWithSocket(bool start_listening) {
-    if (start_listening && listen(sockfd_.get(), 4) < 0) {
-        PLOG(ERROR) << "listen socket failed";
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    AddWatchedFd(sockfd_, POLLIN);
-    is_socket_present_ = true;
-
-    // If started in first-stage init, the property service won't be online.
-    if (access("/dev/socket/property_service", F_OK) == 0) {
-        if (!android::base::SetProperty("snapuserd.ready", "true")) {
-            LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to set snapuserd.ready property";
-            return false;
-        }
-    }
-
-    LOG(DEBUG) << "Snapuserd server now accepting connections";
-    return true;
-}
-
-bool SnapuserdServer::Run() {
-    LOG(INFO) << "Now listening on snapuserd socket";
-
-    while (!IsTerminating()) {
-        int rv = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(poll(watched_fds_.data(), watched_fds_.size(), -1));
-        if (rv < 0) {
-            PLOG(ERROR) << "poll failed";
-            return false;
-        }
-        if (!rv) {
-            continue;
-        }
-
-        if (watched_fds_[0].revents) {
-            AcceptClient();
-        }
-
-        auto iter = watched_fds_.begin() + 1;
-        while (iter != watched_fds_.end()) {
-            if (iter->revents && !HandleClient(iter->fd, iter->revents)) {
-                close(iter->fd);
-                iter = watched_fds_.erase(iter);
-            } else {
-                iter++;
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    JoinAllThreads();
-    return true;
-}
-
-void SnapuserdServer::JoinAllThreads() {
-    // Acquire the thread list within the lock.
-    std::vector<std::shared_ptr<DmUserHandler>> dm_users;
-    {
-        std::lock_guard<std::mutex> guard(lock_);
-        dm_users = std::move(dm_users_);
-    }
-
-    for (auto& client : dm_users) {
-        auto& th = client->thread();
-
-        if (th.joinable()) th.join();
-    }
-}
-
-void SnapuserdServer::AddWatchedFd(android::base::borrowed_fd fd, int events) {
-    struct pollfd p = {};
-    p.fd = fd.get();
-    p.events = events;
-    watched_fds_.emplace_back(std::move(p));
-}
-
-void SnapuserdServer::AcceptClient() {
-    int fd = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(accept4(sockfd_.get(), nullptr, nullptr, SOCK_CLOEXEC));
-    if (fd < 0) {
-        PLOG(ERROR) << "accept4 failed";
-        return;
-    }
-
-    AddWatchedFd(fd, POLLIN);
-}
-
-bool SnapuserdServer::HandleClient(android::base::borrowed_fd fd, int revents) {
-    if (revents & POLLHUP) {
-        LOG(DEBUG) << "Snapuserd client disconnected";
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    std::string str;
-    if (!Recv(fd, &str)) {
-        return false;
-    }
-    if (!Receivemsg(fd, str)) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "Encountered error handling client message, revents: " << revents;
-        return false;
-    }
-    return true;
-}
-
-void SnapuserdServer::Interrupt() {
-    // Force close the socket so poll() fails.
-    sockfd_ = {};
-    SetTerminating();
-}
-
-std::shared_ptr<DmUserHandler> SnapuserdServer::AddHandler(const std::string& misc_name,
-                                                           const std::string& cow_device_path,
-                                                           const std::string& backing_device) {
-    auto snapuserd = std::make_shared<Snapuserd>(misc_name, cow_device_path, backing_device);
-    if (!snapuserd->InitCowDevice()) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to initialize Snapuserd";
-        return nullptr;
-    }
-
-    if (!snapuserd->InitializeWorkers()) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to initialize workers";
-        return nullptr;
-    }
-
-    auto handler = std::make_shared<DmUserHandler>(snapuserd);
-    {
-        std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(lock_);
-        if (FindHandler(&lock, misc_name) != dm_users_.end()) {
-            LOG(ERROR) << "Handler already exists: " << misc_name;
-            return nullptr;
-        }
-        dm_users_.push_back(handler);
-    }
-    return handler;
-}
-
-bool SnapuserdServer::StartHandler(const std::shared_ptr<DmUserHandler>& handler) {
-    if (handler->snapuserd()->IsAttached()) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "Handler already attached";
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    handler->snapuserd()->AttachControlDevice();
-
-    handler->thread() = std::thread(std::bind(&SnapuserdServer::RunThread, this, handler));
-    return true;
-}
-
-auto SnapuserdServer::FindHandler(std::lock_guard<std::mutex>* proof_of_lock,
-                                  const std::string& misc_name) -> HandlerList::iterator {
-    CHECK(proof_of_lock);
-
-    for (auto iter = dm_users_.begin(); iter != dm_users_.end(); iter++) {
-        if ((*iter)->misc_name() == misc_name) {
-            return iter;
-        }
-    }
-    return dm_users_.end();
-}
-
-bool SnapuserdServer::RemoveAndJoinHandler(const std::string& misc_name) {
-    std::shared_ptr<DmUserHandler> handler;
-    {
-        std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(lock_);
-
-        auto iter = FindHandler(&lock, misc_name);
-        if (iter == dm_users_.end()) {
-            // Client already deleted.
-            return true;
-        }
-        handler = std::move(*iter);
-        dm_users_.erase(iter);
-    }
-
-    auto& th = handler->thread();
-    if (th.joinable()) {
-        th.join();
-    }
-    return true;
-}
-
-bool SnapuserdServer::WaitForSocket() {
-    auto scope_guard = android::base::make_scope_guard([this]() -> void { JoinAllThreads(); });
-
-    auto socket_path = ANDROID_SOCKET_DIR "/"s + kSnapuserdSocketProxy;
-
-    if (!android::fs_mgr::WaitForFile(socket_path, std::chrono::milliseconds::max())) {
-        LOG(ERROR)
-                << "Failed to wait for proxy socket, second-stage snapuserd will fail to connect";
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    // We must re-initialize property service access, since we launched before
-    // second-stage init.
-    __system_properties_init();
-
-    if (!android::base::WaitForProperty("snapuserd.proxy_ready", "true")) {
-        LOG(ERROR)
-                << "Failed to wait for proxy property, second-stage snapuserd will fail to connect";
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    unique_fd fd(socket_local_client(kSnapuserdSocketProxy, ANDROID_SOCKET_NAMESPACE_RESERVED,
-                                     SOCK_SEQPACKET));
-    if (fd < 0) {
-        PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to connect to socket proxy";
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    char code[1];
-    std::vector<unique_fd> fds;
-    ssize_t rv = android::base::ReceiveFileDescriptorVector(fd, code, sizeof(code), 1, &fds);
-    if (rv < 0) {
-        PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to receive server socket over proxy";
-        return false;
-    }
-    if (fds.empty()) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "Expected at least one file descriptor from proxy";
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    // We don't care if the ACK is received.
-    code[0] = 'a';
-    if (TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(send(fd, code, sizeof(code), MSG_NOSIGNAL)) < 0) {
-        PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to send ACK to proxy";
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    sockfd_ = std::move(fds[0]);
-    if (!StartWithSocket(true)) {
-        return false;
-    }
-    return Run();
-}
-
-bool SnapuserdServer::RunForSocketHandoff() {
-    unique_fd proxy_fd(android_get_control_socket(kSnapuserdSocketProxy));
-    if (proxy_fd < 0) {
-        PLOG(FATAL) << "Proxy could not get android control socket " << kSnapuserdSocketProxy;
-    }
-    borrowed_fd server_fd(android_get_control_socket(kSnapuserdSocket));
-    if (server_fd < 0) {
-        PLOG(FATAL) << "Proxy could not get android control socket " << kSnapuserdSocket;
-    }
-
-    if (listen(proxy_fd.get(), 4) < 0) {
-        PLOG(FATAL) << "Proxy listen socket failed";
-    }
-
-    if (!android::base::SetProperty("snapuserd.proxy_ready", "true")) {
-        LOG(FATAL) << "Proxy failed to set ready property";
-    }
-
-    unique_fd client_fd(
-            TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(accept4(proxy_fd.get(), nullptr, nullptr, SOCK_CLOEXEC)));
-    if (client_fd < 0) {
-        PLOG(FATAL) << "Proxy accept failed";
-    }
-
-    char code[1] = {'a'};
-    std::vector<int> fds = {server_fd.get()};
-    ssize_t rv = android::base::SendFileDescriptorVector(client_fd, code, sizeof(code), fds);
-    if (rv < 0) {
-        PLOG(FATAL) << "Proxy could not send file descriptor to snapuserd";
-    }
-    // Wait for an ACK - results don't matter, we just don't want to risk closing
-    // the proxy socket too early.
-    if (recv(client_fd, code, sizeof(code), 0) < 0) {
-        PLOG(FATAL) << "Proxy could not receive terminating code from snapuserd";
-    }
-    return true;
-}
-
-}  // namespace snapshot
-}  // namespace android
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/dm-snapshot-merge/snapuserd_server.h b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/dm-snapshot-merge/snapuserd_server.h
deleted file mode 100644
index 3b6ff1583679..000000000000
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/dm-snapshot-merge/snapuserd_server.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,149 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright (C) 2020 The Android Open Source Project
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-// You may obtain a copy of the License at
-//
-//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-//
-// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-// limitations under the License.
-
-#pragma once
-
-#include <poll.h>
-
-#include <cstdio>
-#include <cstring>
-#include <functional>
-#include <future>
-#include <iostream>
-#include <mutex>
-#include <sstream>
-#include <string>
-#include <thread>
-#include <vector>
-
-#include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
-#include "snapuserd.h"
-
-namespace android {
-namespace snapshot {
-
-static constexpr uint32_t MAX_PACKET_SIZE = 512;
-
-enum class DaemonOperations {
-    INIT,
-    START,
-    QUERY,
-    STOP,
-    DELETE,
-    DETACH,
-    SUPPORTS,
-    INVALID,
-};
-
-class DmUserHandler {
-  public:
-    explicit DmUserHandler(std::shared_ptr<Snapuserd> snapuserd);
-
-    void FreeResources() {
-        // Each worker thread holds a reference to snapuserd.
-        // Clear them so that all the resources
-        // held by snapuserd is released
-        if (snapuserd_) {
-            snapuserd_->FreeResources();
-            snapuserd_ = nullptr;
-        }
-    }
-    const std::shared_ptr<Snapuserd>& snapuserd() const { return snapuserd_; }
-    std::thread& thread() { return thread_; }
-
-    const std::string& misc_name() const { return misc_name_; }
-
-  private:
-    std::thread thread_;
-    std::shared_ptr<Snapuserd> snapuserd_;
-    std::string misc_name_;
-};
-
-class Stoppable {
-    std::promise<void> exitSignal_;
-    std::future<void> futureObj_;
-
-  public:
-    Stoppable() : futureObj_(exitSignal_.get_future()) {}
-
-    virtual ~Stoppable() {}
-
-    bool StopRequested() {
-        // checks if value in future object is available
-        if (futureObj_.wait_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(0)) == std::future_status::timeout) {
-            return false;
-        }
-        return true;
-    }
-    // Request the thread to stop by setting value in promise object
-    void StopThreads() { exitSignal_.set_value(); }
-};
-
-class SnapuserdServer : public Stoppable {
-  private:
-    android::base::unique_fd sockfd_;
-    bool terminating_;
-    volatile bool received_socket_signal_ = false;
-    std::vector<struct pollfd> watched_fds_;
-    bool is_socket_present_ = false;
-
-    std::mutex lock_;
-
-    using HandlerList = std::vector<std::shared_ptr<DmUserHandler>>;
-    HandlerList dm_users_;
-
-    void AddWatchedFd(android::base::borrowed_fd fd, int events);
-    void AcceptClient();
-    bool HandleClient(android::base::borrowed_fd fd, int revents);
-    bool Recv(android::base::borrowed_fd fd, std::string* data);
-    bool Sendmsg(android::base::borrowed_fd fd, const std::string& msg);
-    bool Receivemsg(android::base::borrowed_fd fd, const std::string& str);
-
-    void ShutdownThreads();
-    bool RemoveAndJoinHandler(const std::string& control_device);
-    DaemonOperations Resolveop(std::string& input);
-    std::string GetDaemonStatus();
-    void Parsemsg(std::string const& msg, const char delim, std::vector<std::string>& out);
-
-    bool IsTerminating() { return terminating_; }
-
-    void RunThread(std::shared_ptr<DmUserHandler> handler);
-    void JoinAllThreads();
-    bool StartWithSocket(bool start_listening);
-
-    // Find a DmUserHandler within a lock.
-    HandlerList::iterator FindHandler(std::lock_guard<std::mutex>* proof_of_lock,
-                                      const std::string& misc_name);
-
-  public:
-    SnapuserdServer() { terminating_ = false; }
-    ~SnapuserdServer();
-
-    bool Start(const std::string& socketname);
-    bool Run();
-    void Interrupt();
-    bool RunForSocketHandoff();
-    bool WaitForSocket();
-
-    std::shared_ptr<DmUserHandler> AddHandler(const std::string& misc_name,
-                                              const std::string& cow_device_path,
-                                              const std::string& backing_device);
-    bool StartHandler(const std::shared_ptr<DmUserHandler>& handler);
-
-    void SetTerminating() { terminating_ = true; }
-    void ReceivedSocketSignal() { received_socket_signal_ = true; }
-};
-
-}  // namespace snapshot
-}  // namespace android
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/dm-snapshot-merge/snapuserd_worker.cpp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/dm-snapshot-merge/snapuserd_worker.cpp
deleted file mode 100644
index 922df34247c7..000000000000
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/dm-snapshot-merge/snapuserd_worker.cpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,867 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2020 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#include "snapuserd.h"
-
-#include <csignal>
-#include <optional>
-#include <set>
-
-#include <snapuserd/snapuserd_client.h>
-
-namespace android {
-namespace snapshot {
-
-using namespace android;
-using namespace android::dm;
-using android::base::unique_fd;
-
-#define SNAP_LOG(level) LOG(level) << misc_name_ << ": "
-#define SNAP_PLOG(level) PLOG(level) << misc_name_ << ": "
-
-WorkerThread::WorkerThread(const std::string& cow_device, const std::string& backing_device,
-                           const std::string& control_device, const std::string& misc_name,
-                           std::shared_ptr<Snapuserd> snapuserd) {
-    cow_device_ = cow_device;
-    backing_store_device_ = backing_device;
-    control_device_ = control_device;
-    misc_name_ = misc_name;
-    snapuserd_ = snapuserd;
-    exceptions_per_area_ = (CHUNK_SIZE << SECTOR_SHIFT) / sizeof(struct disk_exception);
-}
-
-bool WorkerThread::InitializeFds() {
-    backing_store_fd_.reset(open(backing_store_device_.c_str(), O_RDONLY));
-    if (backing_store_fd_ < 0) {
-        SNAP_PLOG(ERROR) << "Open Failed: " << backing_store_device_;
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    cow_fd_.reset(open(cow_device_.c_str(), O_RDWR));
-    if (cow_fd_ < 0) {
-        SNAP_PLOG(ERROR) << "Open Failed: " << cow_device_;
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    ctrl_fd_.reset(open(control_device_.c_str(), O_RDWR));
-    if (ctrl_fd_ < 0) {
-        SNAP_PLOG(ERROR) << "Unable to open " << control_device_;
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    return true;
-}
-
-bool WorkerThread::InitReader() {
-    reader_ = snapuserd_->CloneReaderForWorker();
-
-    if (!reader_->InitForMerge(std::move(cow_fd_))) {
-        return false;
-    }
-    return true;
-}
-
-// Construct kernel COW header in memory
-// This header will be in sector 0. The IO
-// request will always be 4k. After constructing
-// the header, zero out the remaining block.
-void WorkerThread::ConstructKernelCowHeader() {
-    void* buffer = bufsink_.GetPayloadBuffer(BLOCK_SZ);
-
-    memset(buffer, 0, BLOCK_SZ);
-
-    struct disk_header* dh = reinterpret_cast<struct disk_header*>(buffer);
-
-    dh->magic = SNAP_MAGIC;
-    dh->valid = SNAPSHOT_VALID;
-    dh->version = SNAPSHOT_DISK_VERSION;
-    dh->chunk_size = CHUNK_SIZE;
-}
-
-// Start the replace operation. This will read the
-// internal COW format and if the block is compressed,
-// it will be de-compressed.
-bool WorkerThread::ProcessReplaceOp(const CowOperation* cow_op) {
-    void* buffer = bufsink_.GetPayloadBuffer(BLOCK_SZ);
-    if (!buffer) {
-        SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "No space in buffer sink";
-        return false;
-    }
-    ssize_t rv = reader_->ReadData(cow_op, buffer, BLOCK_SZ);
-    if (rv != BLOCK_SZ) {
-        SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "ProcessReplaceOp failed for block " << cow_op->new_block
-                        << ", return = " << rv;
-        return false;
-    }
-    return true;
-}
-
-bool WorkerThread::ReadFromBaseDevice(const CowOperation* cow_op) {
-    void* buffer = bufsink_.GetPayloadBuffer(BLOCK_SZ);
-    if (buffer == nullptr) {
-        SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "ReadFromBaseDevice: Failed to get payload buffer";
-        return false;
-    }
-    SNAP_LOG(DEBUG) << " ReadFromBaseDevice...: new-block: " << cow_op->new_block
-                    << " Source: " << cow_op->source;
-    uint64_t offset = cow_op->source;
-    if (cow_op->type == kCowCopyOp) {
-        offset *= BLOCK_SZ;
-    }
-    if (!android::base::ReadFullyAtOffset(backing_store_fd_, buffer, BLOCK_SZ, offset)) {
-        SNAP_PLOG(ERROR) << "Copy op failed. Read from backing store: " << backing_store_device_
-                         << "at block :" << offset / BLOCK_SZ << " offset:" << offset % BLOCK_SZ;
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    return true;
-}
-
-bool WorkerThread::GetReadAheadPopulatedBuffer(const CowOperation* cow_op) {
-    void* buffer = bufsink_.GetPayloadBuffer(BLOCK_SZ);
-    if (buffer == nullptr) {
-        SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "GetReadAheadPopulatedBuffer: Failed to get payload buffer";
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    if (!snapuserd_->GetReadAheadPopulatedBuffer(cow_op->new_block, buffer)) {
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    return true;
-}
-
-// Start the copy operation. This will read the backing
-// block device which is represented by cow_op->source.
-bool WorkerThread::ProcessCopyOp(const CowOperation* cow_op) {
-    if (!GetReadAheadPopulatedBuffer(cow_op)) {
-        SNAP_LOG(DEBUG) << " GetReadAheadPopulatedBuffer failed..."
-                        << " new_block: " << cow_op->new_block;
-        if (!ReadFromBaseDevice(cow_op)) {
-            return false;
-        }
-    }
-
-    return true;
-}
-
-bool WorkerThread::ProcessZeroOp() {
-    // Zero out the entire block
-    void* buffer = bufsink_.GetPayloadBuffer(BLOCK_SZ);
-    if (buffer == nullptr) {
-        SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "ProcessZeroOp: Failed to get payload buffer";
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    memset(buffer, 0, BLOCK_SZ);
-    return true;
-}
-
-bool WorkerThread::ProcessCowOp(const CowOperation* cow_op) {
-    if (cow_op == nullptr) {
-        SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "ProcessCowOp: Invalid cow_op";
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    switch (cow_op->type) {
-        case kCowReplaceOp: {
-            return ProcessReplaceOp(cow_op);
-        }
-
-        case kCowZeroOp: {
-            return ProcessZeroOp();
-        }
-
-        case kCowCopyOp: {
-            return ProcessCopyOp(cow_op);
-        }
-
-        default: {
-            SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "Unsupported operation-type found: " << cow_op->type;
-        }
-    }
-    return false;
-}
-
-int WorkerThread::ReadUnalignedSector(
-        sector_t sector, size_t size,
-        std::vector<std::pair<sector_t, const CowOperation*>>::iterator& it) {
-    size_t skip_sector_size = 0;
-
-    SNAP_LOG(DEBUG) << "ReadUnalignedSector: sector " << sector << " size: " << size
-                    << " Aligned sector: " << it->first;
-
-    if (!ProcessCowOp(it->second)) {
-        SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "ReadUnalignedSector: " << sector << " failed of size: " << size
-                        << " Aligned sector: " << it->first;
-        return -1;
-    }
-
-    int num_sectors_skip = sector - it->first;
-
-    if (num_sectors_skip > 0) {
-        skip_sector_size = num_sectors_skip << SECTOR_SHIFT;
-        char* buffer = reinterpret_cast<char*>(bufsink_.GetBufPtr());
-        struct dm_user_message* msg = (struct dm_user_message*)(&(buffer[0]));
-
-        if (skip_sector_size == BLOCK_SZ) {
-            SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "Invalid un-aligned IO request at sector: " << sector
-                            << " Base-sector: " << it->first;
-            return -1;
-        }
-
-        memmove(msg->payload.buf, (char*)msg->payload.buf + skip_sector_size,
-                (BLOCK_SZ - skip_sector_size));
-    }
-
-    bufsink_.ResetBufferOffset();
-    return std::min(size, (BLOCK_SZ - skip_sector_size));
-}
-
-/*
- * Read the data for a given COW Operation.
- *
- * Kernel can issue IO at a sector granularity.
- * Hence, an IO may end up with reading partial
- * data from a COW operation or we may also
- * end up with interspersed request between
- * two COW operations.
- *
- */
-int WorkerThread::ReadData(sector_t sector, size_t size) {
-    std::vector<std::pair<sector_t, const CowOperation*>>& chunk_vec = snapuserd_->GetChunkVec();
-    std::vector<std::pair<sector_t, const CowOperation*>>::iterator it;
-    /*
-     * chunk_map stores COW operation at 4k granularity.
-     * If the requested IO with the sector falls on the 4k
-     * boundary, then we can read the COW op directly without
-     * any issue.
-     *
-     * However, if the requested sector is not 4K aligned,
-     * then we will have the find the nearest COW operation
-     * and chop the 4K block to fetch the requested sector.
-     */
-    it = std::lower_bound(chunk_vec.begin(), chunk_vec.end(), std::make_pair(sector, nullptr),
-                          Snapuserd::compare);
-
-    bool read_end_of_device = false;
-    if (it == chunk_vec.end()) {
-        // |-------|-------|-------|
-        // 0       1       2       3
-        //
-        // Block 0 - op 1
-        // Block 1 - op 2
-        // Block 2 - op 3
-        //
-        // chunk_vec will have block 0, 1, 2 which maps to relavant COW ops.
-        //
-        // Each block is 4k bytes. Thus, the last block will span 8 sectors
-        // ranging till block 3 (However, block 3 won't be in chunk_vec as
-        // it doesn't have any mapping to COW ops. Now, if we get an I/O request for a sector
-        // spanning between block 2 and block 3, we need to step back
-        // and get hold of the last element.
-        //
-        // Additionally, dm-snapshot makes sure that I/O request beyond block 3
-        // will not be routed to the daemon. Hence, it is safe to assume that
-        // if a sector is not available in the chunk_vec, the I/O falls in the
-        // end of region.
-        it = std::prev(chunk_vec.end());
-        read_end_of_device = true;
-    }
-
-    // We didn't find the required sector; hence find the previous sector
-    // as lower_bound will gives us the value greater than
-    // the requested sector
-    if (it->first != sector) {
-        if (it != chunk_vec.begin() && !read_end_of_device) {
-            --it;
-        }
-
-        /*
-         * If the IO is spanned between two COW operations,
-         * split the IO into two parts:
-         *
-         * 1: Read the first part from the single COW op
-         * 2: Read the second part from the next COW op.
-         *
-         * Ex: Let's say we have a 1024 Bytes IO request.
-         *
-         * 0       COW OP-1  4096     COW OP-2  8192
-         * |******************|*******************|
-         *              |*****|*****|
-         *           3584           4608
-         *              <- 1024B - >
-         *
-         * We have two COW operations which are 4k blocks.
-         * The IO is requested for 1024 Bytes which are spanned
-         * between two COW operations. We will split this IO
-         * into two parts:
-         *
-         * 1: IO of size 512B from offset 3584 bytes (COW OP-1)
-         * 2: IO of size 512B from offset 4096 bytes (COW OP-2)
-         */
-        return ReadUnalignedSector(sector, size, it);
-    }
-
-    int num_ops = DIV_ROUND_UP(size, BLOCK_SZ);
-    sector_t read_sector = sector;
-    while (num_ops) {
-        // We have to make sure that the reads are
-        // sequential; there shouldn't be a data
-        // request merged with a metadata IO.
-        if (it->first != read_sector) {
-            SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "Invalid IO request: read_sector: " << read_sector
-                            << " cow-op sector: " << it->first;
-            return -1;
-        } else if (!ProcessCowOp(it->second)) {
-            return -1;
-        }
-        num_ops -= 1;
-        read_sector += (BLOCK_SZ >> SECTOR_SHIFT);
-
-        it++;
-
-        if (it == chunk_vec.end() && num_ops) {
-            SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "Invalid IO request at sector " << sector
-                            << " COW ops completed; pending read-request: " << num_ops;
-            return -1;
-        }
-        // Update the buffer offset
-        bufsink_.UpdateBufferOffset(BLOCK_SZ);
-    }
-
-    // Reset the buffer offset
-    bufsink_.ResetBufferOffset();
-    return size;
-}
-
-/*
- * dm-snap does prefetch reads while reading disk-exceptions.
- * By default, prefetch value is set to 12; this means that
- * dm-snap will issue 12 areas wherein each area is a 4k page
- * of disk-exceptions.
- *
- * If during prefetch, if the chunk-id seen is beyond the
- * actual number of metadata page, fill the buffer with zero.
- * When dm-snap starts parsing the buffer, it will stop
- * reading metadata page once the buffer content is zero.
- */
-bool WorkerThread::ZerofillDiskExceptions(size_t read_size) {
-    size_t size = exceptions_per_area_ * sizeof(struct disk_exception);
-
-    if (read_size > size) {
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    void* buffer = bufsink_.GetPayloadBuffer(size);
-    if (buffer == nullptr) {
-        SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "ZerofillDiskExceptions: Failed to get payload buffer";
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    memset(buffer, 0, size);
-    return true;
-}
-
-/*
- * A disk exception is a simple mapping of old_chunk to new_chunk.
- * When dm-snapshot device is created, kernel requests these mapping.
- *
- * Each disk exception is of size 16 bytes. Thus a single 4k page can
- * have:
- *
- * exceptions_per_area_ = 4096/16 = 256. This entire 4k page
- * is considered a metadata page and it is represented by chunk ID.
- *
- * Convert the chunk ID to index into the vector which gives us
- * the metadata page.
- */
-bool WorkerThread::ReadDiskExceptions(chunk_t chunk, size_t read_size) {
-    uint32_t stride = exceptions_per_area_ + 1;
-    size_t size;
-    const std::vector<std::unique_ptr<uint8_t[]>>& vec = snapuserd_->GetMetadataVec();
-
-    // ChunkID to vector index
-    lldiv_t divresult = lldiv(chunk, stride);
-
-    if (divresult.quot < vec.size()) {
-        size = exceptions_per_area_ * sizeof(struct disk_exception);
-
-        if (read_size != size) {
-            SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "ReadDiskExceptions: read_size: " << read_size
-                            << " does not match with size: " << size;
-            return false;
-        }
-
-        void* buffer = bufsink_.GetPayloadBuffer(size);
-        if (buffer == nullptr) {
-            SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "ReadDiskExceptions: Failed to get payload buffer of size: " << size;
-            return false;
-        }
-
-        memcpy(buffer, vec[divresult.quot].get(), size);
-    } else {
-        return ZerofillDiskExceptions(read_size);
-    }
-
-    return true;
-}
-
-loff_t WorkerThread::GetMergeStartOffset(void* merged_buffer, void* unmerged_buffer,
-                                         int* unmerged_exceptions) {
-    loff_t offset = 0;
-    *unmerged_exceptions = 0;
-
-    while (*unmerged_exceptions <= exceptions_per_area_) {
-        struct disk_exception* merged_de =
-                reinterpret_cast<struct disk_exception*>((char*)merged_buffer + offset);
-        struct disk_exception* cow_de =
-                reinterpret_cast<struct disk_exception*>((char*)unmerged_buffer + offset);
-
-        // Unmerged op by the kernel
-        if (merged_de->old_chunk != 0 || merged_de->new_chunk != 0) {
-            if (!(merged_de->old_chunk == cow_de->old_chunk)) {
-                SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "GetMergeStartOffset: merged_de->old_chunk: "
-                                << merged_de->old_chunk
-                                << "cow_de->old_chunk: " << cow_de->old_chunk;
-                return -1;
-            }
-
-            if (!(merged_de->new_chunk == cow_de->new_chunk)) {
-                SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "GetMergeStartOffset: merged_de->new_chunk: "
-                                << merged_de->new_chunk
-                                << "cow_de->new_chunk: " << cow_de->new_chunk;
-                return -1;
-            }
-
-            offset += sizeof(struct disk_exception);
-            *unmerged_exceptions += 1;
-            continue;
-        }
-
-        break;
-    }
-
-    SNAP_LOG(DEBUG) << "Unmerged_Exceptions: " << *unmerged_exceptions << " Offset: " << offset;
-    return offset;
-}
-
-int WorkerThread::GetNumberOfMergedOps(void* merged_buffer, void* unmerged_buffer, loff_t offset,
-                                       int unmerged_exceptions, bool* ordered_op, bool* commit) {
-    int merged_ops_cur_iter = 0;
-    std::unordered_map<uint64_t, void*>& read_ahead_buffer_map = snapuserd_->GetReadAheadMap();
-    *ordered_op = false;
-    std::vector<std::pair<sector_t, const CowOperation*>>& chunk_vec = snapuserd_->GetChunkVec();
-
-    // Find the operations which are merged in this cycle.
-    while ((unmerged_exceptions + merged_ops_cur_iter) < exceptions_per_area_) {
-        struct disk_exception* merged_de =
-                reinterpret_cast<struct disk_exception*>((char*)merged_buffer + offset);
-        struct disk_exception* cow_de =
-                reinterpret_cast<struct disk_exception*>((char*)unmerged_buffer + offset);
-
-        if (!(merged_de->new_chunk == 0)) {
-            SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "GetNumberOfMergedOps: Invalid new-chunk: " << merged_de->new_chunk;
-            return -1;
-        }
-
-        if (!(merged_de->old_chunk == 0)) {
-            SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "GetNumberOfMergedOps: Invalid old-chunk: " << merged_de->old_chunk;
-            return -1;
-        }
-
-        if (cow_de->new_chunk != 0) {
-            merged_ops_cur_iter += 1;
-            offset += sizeof(struct disk_exception);
-            auto it = std::lower_bound(chunk_vec.begin(), chunk_vec.end(),
-                                       std::make_pair(ChunkToSector(cow_de->new_chunk), nullptr),
-                                       Snapuserd::compare);
-
-            if (!(it != chunk_vec.end())) {
-                SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "Sector not found: " << ChunkToSector(cow_de->new_chunk);
-                return -1;
-            }
-
-            if (!(it->first == ChunkToSector(cow_de->new_chunk))) {
-                SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "Invalid sector: " << ChunkToSector(cow_de->new_chunk);
-                return -1;
-            }
-            const CowOperation* cow_op = it->second;
-
-            if (snapuserd_->IsReadAheadFeaturePresent() && IsOrderedOp(*cow_op)) {
-                *ordered_op = true;
-                // Every single ordered operation has to come from read-ahead
-                // cache.
-                if (read_ahead_buffer_map.find(cow_op->new_block) == read_ahead_buffer_map.end()) {
-                    SNAP_LOG(ERROR)
-                            << " Block: " << cow_op->new_block << " not found in read-ahead cache"
-                            << " Source: " << cow_op->source;
-                    return -1;
-                }
-                // If this is a final block merged in the read-ahead buffer
-                // region, notify the read-ahead thread to make forward
-                // progress
-                if (cow_op->new_block == snapuserd_->GetFinalBlockMerged()) {
-                    *commit = true;
-                }
-            }
-
-            // zero out to indicate that operation is merged.
-            cow_de->old_chunk = 0;
-            cow_de->new_chunk = 0;
-        } else if (cow_de->old_chunk == 0) {
-            // Already merged op in previous iteration or
-            // This could also represent a partially filled area.
-            //
-            // If the op was merged in previous cycle, we don't have
-            // to count them.
-            break;
-        } else {
-            SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "Error in merge operation. Found invalid metadata: "
-                            << " merged_de-old-chunk: " << merged_de->old_chunk
-                            << " merged_de-new-chunk: " << merged_de->new_chunk
-                            << " cow_de-old-chunk: " << cow_de->old_chunk
-                            << " cow_de-new-chunk: " << cow_de->new_chunk
-                            << " unmerged_exceptions: " << unmerged_exceptions
-                            << " merged_ops_cur_iter: " << merged_ops_cur_iter
-                            << " offset: " << offset;
-            return -1;
-        }
-    }
-    return merged_ops_cur_iter;
-}
-
-bool WorkerThread::ProcessMergeComplete(chunk_t chunk, void* buffer) {
-    uint32_t stride = exceptions_per_area_ + 1;
-    const std::vector<std::unique_ptr<uint8_t[]>>& vec = snapuserd_->GetMetadataVec();
-    bool ordered_op = false;
-    bool commit = false;
-
-    // ChunkID to vector index
-    lldiv_t divresult = lldiv(chunk, stride);
-
-    if (!(divresult.quot < vec.size())) {
-        SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "ProcessMergeComplete: Invalid chunk: " << chunk
-                        << " Metadata-Index: " << divresult.quot << " Area-size: " << vec.size();
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    SNAP_LOG(DEBUG) << "ProcessMergeComplete: chunk: " << chunk
-                    << " Metadata-Index: " << divresult.quot;
-
-    int unmerged_exceptions = 0;
-    loff_t offset = GetMergeStartOffset(buffer, vec[divresult.quot].get(), &unmerged_exceptions);
-
-    if (offset < 0) {
-        SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "GetMergeStartOffset failed: unmerged_exceptions: "
-                        << unmerged_exceptions;
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    int merged_ops_cur_iter = GetNumberOfMergedOps(buffer, vec[divresult.quot].get(), offset,
-                                                   unmerged_exceptions, &ordered_op, &commit);
-
-    // There should be at least one operation merged in this cycle
-    if (!(merged_ops_cur_iter > 0)) {
-        SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "Merge operation failed: " << merged_ops_cur_iter;
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    if (ordered_op) {
-        if (commit) {
-            // Push the flushing logic to read-ahead thread so that merge thread
-            // can make forward progress. Sync will happen in the background
-            snapuserd_->StartReadAhead();
-        }
-    } else {
-        // Non-copy ops and all ops in older COW format
-        if (!snapuserd_->CommitMerge(merged_ops_cur_iter)) {
-            SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "CommitMerge failed...";
-            return false;
-        }
-    }
-
-    SNAP_LOG(DEBUG) << "Merge success: " << merged_ops_cur_iter << "chunk: " << chunk;
-    return true;
-}
-
-// Read Header from dm-user misc device. This gives
-// us the sector number for which IO is issued by dm-snapshot device
-bool WorkerThread::ReadDmUserHeader() {
-    if (!android::base::ReadFully(ctrl_fd_, bufsink_.GetBufPtr(), sizeof(struct dm_user_header))) {
-        if (errno != ENOTBLK) {
-            SNAP_PLOG(ERROR) << "Control-read failed";
-        }
-
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    return true;
-}
-
-// Send the payload/data back to dm-user misc device.
-bool WorkerThread::WriteDmUserPayload(size_t size, bool header_response) {
-    size_t payload_size = size;
-    void* buf = bufsink_.GetPayloadBufPtr();
-    if (header_response) {
-        payload_size += sizeof(struct dm_user_header);
-        buf = bufsink_.GetBufPtr();
-    }
-
-    if (!android::base::WriteFully(ctrl_fd_, buf, payload_size)) {
-        SNAP_PLOG(ERROR) << "Write to dm-user failed size: " << payload_size;
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    return true;
-}
-
-bool WorkerThread::ReadDmUserPayload(void* buffer, size_t size) {
-    if (!android::base::ReadFully(ctrl_fd_, buffer, size)) {
-        SNAP_PLOG(ERROR) << "ReadDmUserPayload failed size: " << size;
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    return true;
-}
-
-bool WorkerThread::DmuserWriteRequest() {
-    struct dm_user_header* header = bufsink_.GetHeaderPtr();
-
-    // device mapper has the capability to allow
-    // targets to flush the cache when writes are completed. This
-    // is controlled by each target by a flag "flush_supported".
-    // This flag is set by dm-user. When flush is supported,
-    // a number of zero-length bio's will be submitted to
-    // the target for the purpose of flushing cache. It is the
-    // responsibility of the target driver - which is dm-user in this
-    // case, to remap these bio's to the underlying device. Since,
-    // there is no underlying device for dm-user, this zero length
-    // bio's gets routed to daemon.
-    //
-    // Flush operations are generated post merge by dm-snap by having
-    // REQ_PREFLUSH flag set. Snapuser daemon doesn't have anything
-    // to flush per se; hence, just respond back with a success message.
-    if (header->sector == 0) {
-        if (!(header->len == 0)) {
-            SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "Invalid header length received from sector 0: " << header->len;
-            header->type = DM_USER_RESP_ERROR;
-        } else {
-            header->type = DM_USER_RESP_SUCCESS;
-        }
-
-        if (!WriteDmUserPayload(0, true)) {
-            return false;
-        }
-        return true;
-    }
-
-    std::vector<std::pair<sector_t, const CowOperation*>>& chunk_vec = snapuserd_->GetChunkVec();
-    size_t remaining_size = header->len;
-    size_t read_size = std::min(PAYLOAD_SIZE, remaining_size);
-
-    chunk_t chunk = SectorToChunk(header->sector);
-    auto it = std::lower_bound(chunk_vec.begin(), chunk_vec.end(),
-                               std::make_pair(header->sector, nullptr), Snapuserd::compare);
-
-    bool not_found = (it == chunk_vec.end() || it->first != header->sector);
-
-    if (not_found) {
-        void* buffer = bufsink_.GetPayloadBuffer(read_size);
-        if (buffer == nullptr) {
-            SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "DmuserWriteRequest: Failed to get payload buffer of size: "
-                            << read_size;
-            header->type = DM_USER_RESP_ERROR;
-        } else {
-            header->type = DM_USER_RESP_SUCCESS;
-
-            if (!ReadDmUserPayload(buffer, read_size)) {
-                SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "ReadDmUserPayload failed for chunk id: " << chunk
-                                << "Sector: " << header->sector;
-                header->type = DM_USER_RESP_ERROR;
-            }
-
-            if (header->type == DM_USER_RESP_SUCCESS && !ProcessMergeComplete(chunk, buffer)) {
-                SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "ProcessMergeComplete failed for chunk id: " << chunk
-                                << "Sector: " << header->sector;
-                header->type = DM_USER_RESP_ERROR;
-            }
-        }
-    } else {
-        SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "DmuserWriteRequest: Invalid sector received: header->sector";
-        header->type = DM_USER_RESP_ERROR;
-    }
-
-    if (!WriteDmUserPayload(0, true)) {
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    return true;
-}
-
-bool WorkerThread::DmuserReadRequest() {
-    struct dm_user_header* header = bufsink_.GetHeaderPtr();
-    size_t remaining_size = header->len;
-    loff_t offset = 0;
-    sector_t sector = header->sector;
-    std::vector<std::pair<sector_t, const CowOperation*>>& chunk_vec = snapuserd_->GetChunkVec();
-    bool header_response = true;
-    do {
-        size_t read_size = std::min(PAYLOAD_SIZE, remaining_size);
-
-        int ret = read_size;
-        header->type = DM_USER_RESP_SUCCESS;
-        chunk_t chunk = SectorToChunk(header->sector);
-
-        // Request to sector 0 is always for kernel
-        // representation of COW header. This IO should be only
-        // once during dm-snapshot device creation. We should
-        // never see multiple IO requests. Additionally this IO
-        // will always be a single 4k.
-        if (header->sector == 0) {
-            if (read_size == BLOCK_SZ) {
-                ConstructKernelCowHeader();
-                SNAP_LOG(DEBUG) << "Kernel header constructed";
-            } else {
-                SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "Invalid read_size: " << read_size << " for sector 0";
-                header->type = DM_USER_RESP_ERROR;
-            }
-        } else {
-            auto it = std::lower_bound(chunk_vec.begin(), chunk_vec.end(),
-                                       std::make_pair(header->sector, nullptr), Snapuserd::compare);
-            bool not_found = (it == chunk_vec.end() || it->first != header->sector);
-            if (!offset && (read_size == BLOCK_SZ) && not_found) {
-                if (!ReadDiskExceptions(chunk, read_size)) {
-                    SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "ReadDiskExceptions failed for chunk id: " << chunk
-                                    << "Sector: " << header->sector;
-                    header->type = DM_USER_RESP_ERROR;
-                } else {
-                    SNAP_LOG(DEBUG) << "ReadDiskExceptions success for chunk id: " << chunk
-                                    << "Sector: " << header->sector;
-                }
-            } else {
-                chunk_t num_sectors_read = (offset >> SECTOR_SHIFT);
-
-                ret = ReadData(sector + num_sectors_read, read_size);
-                if (ret < 0) {
-                    SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "ReadData failed for chunk id: " << chunk
-                                    << " Sector: " << (sector + num_sectors_read)
-                                    << " size: " << read_size << " header-len: " << header->len;
-                    header->type = DM_USER_RESP_ERROR;
-                } else {
-                    SNAP_LOG(DEBUG) << "ReadData success for chunk id: " << chunk
-                                    << "Sector: " << header->sector;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        // Just return the header if it is an error
-        if (header->type == DM_USER_RESP_ERROR) {
-            SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "IO read request failed...";
-            ret = 0;
-        }
-
-        if (!header_response) {
-            CHECK(header->type == DM_USER_RESP_SUCCESS)
-                    << " failed for sector: " << sector << " header->len: " << header->len
-                    << " remaining_size: " << remaining_size;
-        }
-
-        // Daemon will not be terminated if there is any error. We will
-        // just send the error back to dm-user.
-        if (!WriteDmUserPayload(ret, header_response)) {
-            return false;
-        }
-
-        if (header->type == DM_USER_RESP_ERROR) {
-            break;
-        }
-
-        remaining_size -= ret;
-        offset += ret;
-        header_response = false;
-    } while (remaining_size > 0);
-
-    return true;
-}
-
-void WorkerThread::InitializeBufsink() {
-    // Allocate the buffer which is used to communicate between
-    // daemon and dm-user. The buffer comprises of header and a fixed payload.
-    // If the dm-user requests a big IO, the IO will be broken into chunks
-    // of PAYLOAD_SIZE.
-    size_t buf_size = sizeof(struct dm_user_header) + PAYLOAD_SIZE;
-    bufsink_.Initialize(buf_size);
-}
-
-bool WorkerThread::RunThread() {
-    InitializeBufsink();
-
-    if (!InitializeFds()) {
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    if (!InitReader()) {
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    // Start serving IO
-    while (true) {
-        if (!ProcessIORequest()) {
-            break;
-        }
-    }
-
-    CloseFds();
-    reader_->CloseCowFd();
-
-    return true;
-}
-
-bool WorkerThread::ProcessIORequest() {
-    struct dm_user_header* header = bufsink_.GetHeaderPtr();
-
-    if (!ReadDmUserHeader()) {
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    SNAP_LOG(DEBUG) << "Daemon: msg->seq: " << std::dec << header->seq;
-    SNAP_LOG(DEBUG) << "Daemon: msg->len: " << std::dec << header->len;
-    SNAP_LOG(DEBUG) << "Daemon: msg->sector: " << std::dec << header->sector;
-    SNAP_LOG(DEBUG) << "Daemon: msg->type: " << std::dec << header->type;
-    SNAP_LOG(DEBUG) << "Daemon: msg->flags: " << std::dec << header->flags;
-
-    switch (header->type) {
-        case DM_USER_REQ_MAP_READ: {
-            if (!DmuserReadRequest()) {
-                return false;
-            }
-            break;
-        }
-
-        case DM_USER_REQ_MAP_WRITE: {
-            if (!DmuserWriteRequest()) {
-                return false;
-            }
-            break;
-        }
-    }
-
-    return true;
-}
-
-}  // namespace snapshot
-}  // namespace android
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/dm_user_block_server.cpp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/dm_user_block_server.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..4599ad3b31d8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/dm_user_block_server.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,154 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#include <snapuserd/dm_user_block_server.h>
+
+#include <android-base/file.h>
+#include <android-base/logging.h>
+#include <snapuserd/snapuserd_kernel.h>
+#include "snapuserd_logging.h"
+
+namespace android {
+namespace snapshot {
+
+using android::base::unique_fd;
+
+DmUserBlockServer::DmUserBlockServer(const std::string& misc_name, unique_fd&& ctrl_fd,
+                                     Delegate* delegate, size_t buffer_size)
+    : misc_name_(misc_name), ctrl_fd_(std::move(ctrl_fd)), delegate_(delegate) {
+    buffer_.Initialize(sizeof(struct dm_user_header), buffer_size);
+}
+
+bool DmUserBlockServer::ProcessRequests() {
+    struct dm_user_header* header =
+            reinterpret_cast<struct dm_user_header*>(buffer_.GetHeaderPtr());
+    if (!android::base::ReadFully(ctrl_fd_, header, sizeof(*header))) {
+        if (errno != ENOTBLK) {
+            SNAP_PLOG(ERROR) << "Control-read failed";
+        }
+
+        SNAP_PLOG(DEBUG) << "ReadDmUserHeader failed....";
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    SNAP_LOG(DEBUG) << "Daemon: msg->seq: " << std::dec << header->seq;
+    SNAP_LOG(DEBUG) << "Daemon: msg->len: " << std::dec << header->len;
+    SNAP_LOG(DEBUG) << "Daemon: msg->sector: " << std::dec << header->sector;
+    SNAP_LOG(DEBUG) << "Daemon: msg->type: " << std::dec << header->type;
+    SNAP_LOG(DEBUG) << "Daemon: msg->flags: " << std::dec << header->flags;
+
+    if (!ProcessRequest(header)) {
+        if (header->type != DM_USER_RESP_ERROR) {
+            SendError();
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
+bool DmUserBlockServer::ProcessRequest(dm_user_header* header) {
+    // Use the same header buffer as the response header.
+    int request_type = header->type;
+    header->type = DM_USER_RESP_SUCCESS;
+    header_response_ = true;
+
+    // Reset the output buffer.
+    buffer_.ResetBufferOffset();
+
+    switch (request_type) {
+        case DM_USER_REQ_MAP_READ:
+            return delegate_->RequestSectors(header->sector, header->len);
+
+        case DM_USER_REQ_MAP_WRITE:
+            // We should not get any write request to dm-user as we mount all
+            // partitions as read-only.
+            SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "Unexpected write request from dm-user";
+            return false;
+
+        default:
+            SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "Unexpected request from dm-user: " << request_type;
+            return false;
+    }
+}
+
+void* DmUserBlockServer::GetResponseBuffer(size_t size, size_t to_write) {
+    return buffer_.AcquireBuffer(size, to_write);
+}
+
+bool DmUserBlockServer::SendBufferedIo() {
+    return WriteDmUserPayload(buffer_.GetPayloadBytesWritten());
+}
+
+void DmUserBlockServer::SendError() {
+    struct dm_user_header* header =
+            reinterpret_cast<struct dm_user_header*>(buffer_.GetHeaderPtr());
+    header->type = DM_USER_RESP_ERROR;
+    // This is an issue with the dm-user interface. There
+    // is no way to propagate the I/O error back to dm-user
+    // if we have already communicated the header back. Header
+    // is responded once at the beginning; however I/O can
+    // be processed in chunks. If we encounter an I/O error
+    // somewhere in the middle of the processing, we can't communicate
+    // this back to dm-user.
+    //
+    // TODO: Fix the interface
+    CHECK(header_response_);
+
+    WriteDmUserPayload(0);
+}
+
+bool DmUserBlockServer::WriteDmUserPayload(size_t size) {
+    size_t payload_size = size;
+    void* buf = buffer_.GetPayloadBufPtr();
+    if (header_response_) {
+        payload_size += sizeof(struct dm_user_header);
+        buf = buffer_.GetBufPtr();
+    }
+
+    if (!android::base::WriteFully(ctrl_fd_, buf, payload_size)) {
+        SNAP_PLOG(ERROR) << "Write to dm-user failed size: " << payload_size;
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    // After the first header is sent in response to a request, we cannot
+    // send any additional headers.
+    header_response_ = false;
+
+    // Reset the buffer for use by the next request.
+    buffer_.ResetBufferOffset();
+    return true;
+}
+
+DmUserBlockServerOpener::DmUserBlockServerOpener(const std::string& misc_name,
+                                                 const std::string& dm_user_path)
+    : misc_name_(misc_name), dm_user_path_(dm_user_path) {}
+
+std::unique_ptr<IBlockServer> DmUserBlockServerOpener::Open(IBlockServer::Delegate* delegate,
+                                                            size_t buffer_size) {
+    unique_fd fd(open(dm_user_path_.c_str(), O_RDWR | O_CLOEXEC));
+    if (fd < 0) {
+        SNAP_PLOG(ERROR) << "Could not open dm-user path: " << dm_user_path_;
+        return nullptr;
+    }
+    return std::make_unique<DmUserBlockServer>(misc_name_, std::move(fd), delegate, buffer_size);
+}
+
+std::shared_ptr<IBlockServerOpener> DmUserBlockServerFactory::CreateOpener(
+        const std::string& misc_name) {
+    auto dm_path = "/dev/dm-user/" + misc_name;
+    return std::make_shared<DmUserBlockServerOpener>(misc_name, dm_path);
+}
+
+}  // namespace snapshot
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/include/snapuserd/block_server.h b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/include/snapuserd/block_server.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..406bf11c34ca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/include/snapuserd/block_server.h
@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <stddef.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+
+#include <memory>
+
+namespace android {
+namespace snapshot {
+
+// These interfaces model the block device driver component of snapuserd (eg,
+// dm-user).
+
+// An open connection to a userspace block device control
+class IBlockServer {
+  public:
+    class Delegate {
+      public:
+        virtual ~Delegate() {}
+
+        // Respond to a request for reading a contiguous run of sectors. This
+        // call should be followed by calls to GetResponseBuffer/CommitBuffer
+        // until the |size| is fulfilled.
+        //
+        // If false is returned, an error will be automatically reported unless
+        // SendError was called.
+        virtual bool RequestSectors(uint64_t sector, uint64_t size) = 0;
+    };
+
+    virtual ~IBlockServer() {}
+
+    // Process I/O requests. This can block the worker thread until either a
+    // request is available or the underlying connection has been destroyed.
+    //
+    // True indicates that one or more requests was processed. False indicates
+    // an unrecoverable condition and processing should stop.
+    virtual bool ProcessRequests() = 0;
+
+    // Return a buffer for fulfilling a RequestSectors request. This buffer
+    // is valid until calling SendBufferedIo. This cannot be called outside
+    // of RequestSectors().
+    //
+    // "to_write" must be <= "size". If it is < size, the excess bytes are
+    // available for writing, but will not be send via SendBufferedIo, and
+    // may be reallocated in the next call to GetResponseBuffer.
+    //
+    // All buffers returned are invalidated after SendBufferedIo or returning
+    // control from RequestSectors.
+    virtual void* GetResponseBuffer(size_t size, size_t to_write) = 0;
+
+    // Send all outstanding buffers to the driver, in order. This should
+    // be called at least once in response to RequestSectors. This returns
+    // ownership of any buffers returned by GetResponseBuffer.
+    //
+    // If false is returned, an error is automatically reported to the driver.
+    virtual bool SendBufferedIo() = 0;
+
+    void* GetResponseBuffer(size_t size) { return GetResponseBuffer(size, size); }
+};
+
+class IBlockServerOpener {
+  public:
+    virtual ~IBlockServerOpener() = default;
+
+    // Open a connection to the service. This is called on the daemon thread.
+    //
+    // buffer_size is the maximum amount of buffered I/O to use.
+    virtual std::unique_ptr<IBlockServer> Open(IBlockServer::Delegate* delegate,
+                                               size_t buffer_size) = 0;
+};
+
+class IBlockServerFactory {
+  public:
+    virtual ~IBlockServerFactory() {}
+
+    // Return a new IBlockServerOpener given a unique device name.
+    virtual std::shared_ptr<IBlockServerOpener> CreateOpener(const std::string& misc_name) = 0;
+};
+
+}  // namespace snapshot
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/include/snapuserd/dm_user_block_server.h b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/include/snapuserd/dm_user_block_server.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..35c6bfbb21e7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/include/snapuserd/dm_user_block_server.h
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
+
+#include <string>
+
+#include <snapuserd/block_server.h>
+#include <snapuserd/snapuserd_buffer.h>
+#include <snapuserd/snapuserd_kernel.h>
+
+namespace android {
+namespace snapshot {
+
+class DmUserBlockServer : public IBlockServer {
+  public:
+    DmUserBlockServer(const std::string& misc_name, android::base::unique_fd&& ctrl_fd,
+                      Delegate* delegate, size_t buffer_size);
+
+    bool ProcessRequests() override;
+    void* GetResponseBuffer(size_t size, size_t to_write) override;
+    bool SendBufferedIo() override;
+    void SendError();
+
+  private:
+    bool ProcessRequest(dm_user_header* header);
+    bool WriteDmUserPayload(size_t size);
+
+    std::string misc_name_;
+    android::base::unique_fd ctrl_fd_;
+    Delegate* delegate_;
+
+    // Per-request state.
+    BufferSink buffer_;
+    bool header_response_ = false;
+};
+
+class DmUserBlockServerOpener : public IBlockServerOpener {
+  public:
+    DmUserBlockServerOpener(const std::string& misc_name, const std::string& dm_user_path);
+
+    std::unique_ptr<IBlockServer> Open(IBlockServer::Delegate* delegate,
+                                       size_t buffer_size) override;
+
+  private:
+    std::string misc_name_;
+    std::string dm_user_path_;
+};
+
+class DmUserBlockServerFactory : public IBlockServerFactory {
+  public:
+    std::shared_ptr<IBlockServerOpener> CreateOpener(const std::string& misc_name) override;
+};
+
+}  // namespace snapshot
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/include/snapuserd/snapuserd_buffer.h b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/include/snapuserd/snapuserd_buffer.h
index a6b6a7f2d9e8..cc7c48c96ab7 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/include/snapuserd/snapuserd_buffer.h
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/include/snapuserd/snapuserd_buffer.h
@@ -27,34 +27,40 @@ namespace snapshot {
 
 class BufferSink final {
   public:
-    void Initialize(size_t size);
+    // Do not reserve any space of header by default
+    void Initialize(size_t size) { return Initialize(0, size); };
+    // This allows to set const header_size_ to be used if caller needs it
+    // for example, while working with dm_user
+    void Initialize(size_t header_size, size_t size);
     void* GetBufPtr() { return buffer_.get(); }
     void Clear() { memset(GetBufPtr(), 0, buffer_size_); }
     void* GetPayloadBuffer(size_t size);
     void* GetBuffer(size_t requested, size_t* actual);
     void UpdateBufferOffset(size_t size) { buffer_offset_ += size; }
-    struct dm_user_header* GetHeaderPtr();
+    void* GetHeaderPtr();
     void ResetBufferOffset() { buffer_offset_ = 0; }
     void* GetPayloadBufPtr();
+    loff_t GetPayloadBytesWritten() { return buffer_offset_; }
 
-  private:
-    std::unique_ptr<uint8_t[]> buffer_;
-    loff_t buffer_offset_;
-    size_t buffer_size_;
-};
+    // Same as calling GetPayloadBuffer and then UpdateBufferOffset.
+    //
+    // This is preferred over GetPayloadBuffer as it does not require a
+    // separate call to UpdateBufferOffset.
+    void* AcquireBuffer(size_t size) { return AcquireBuffer(size, size); }
 
-class XorSink final {
-  public:
-    void Initialize(BufferSink* sink, size_t size);
-    void Reset();
-    void* GetBuffer(size_t requested, size_t* actual);
-    bool ReturnData(void* buffer, size_t len);
+    // Same as AcquireBuffer, but separates the requested size from the buffer
+    // offset. This is useful for a situation where a full run of data will be
+    // read, but only a partial amount will be returned.
+    //
+    // If size != to_write, the excess bytes may be reallocated by the next
+    // call to AcquireBuffer.
+    void* AcquireBuffer(size_t size, size_t to_write);
 
   private:
-    BufferSink* bufsink_;
     std::unique_ptr<uint8_t[]> buffer_;
+    loff_t buffer_offset_;
     size_t buffer_size_;
-    size_t returned_;
+    size_t header_size_;
 };
 
 }  // namespace snapshot
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/include/snapuserd/snapuserd_client.h b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/include/snapuserd/snapuserd_client.h
index 010beb3f2f2f..39850c08acbd 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/include/snapuserd/snapuserd_client.h
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/include/snapuserd/snapuserd_client.h
@@ -17,11 +17,7 @@
 #include <unistd.h>
 
 #include <chrono>
-#include <cstring>
-#include <iostream>
 #include <string>
-#include <thread>
-#include <vector>
 
 #include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
 
@@ -53,9 +49,14 @@ class SnapuserdClient {
     explicit SnapuserdClient(android::base::unique_fd&& sockfd);
     SnapuserdClient(){};
 
+    // Attempt to connect to snapsuerd, wait for the daemon to start if
+    // connection failed.
     static std::unique_ptr<SnapuserdClient> Connect(const std::string& socket_name,
                                                     std::chrono::milliseconds timeout_ms);
-
+    // Attempt to connect to snapsuerd, but does not wait for the daemon to
+    // start.
+    static std::unique_ptr<SnapuserdClient> TryConnect(const std::string& socket_name,
+                                                       std::chrono::milliseconds timeout_ms);
     bool StopSnapuserd();
 
     // Initializing a snapuserd handler is a three-step process:
@@ -107,6 +108,12 @@ class SnapuserdClient {
 
     // Notify init that snapuserd daemon is ready post selinux transition
     void NotifyTransitionDaemonIsReady();
+
+    // Pause Merge threads
+    bool PauseMerge();
+
+    // Resume Merge threads
+    bool ResumeMerge();
 };
 
 }  // namespace snapshot
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/include/snapuserd/snapuserd_kernel.h b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/include/snapuserd/snapuserd_kernel.h
index 46952c4ed98e..14291b214f22 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/include/snapuserd/snapuserd_kernel.h
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/include/snapuserd/snapuserd_kernel.h
@@ -14,6 +14,8 @@
 
 #pragma once
 
+#include <linux/types.h>
+
 namespace android {
 namespace snapshot {
 
@@ -40,6 +42,7 @@ static constexpr uint32_t SNAPSHOT_VALID = 1;
  * multiple of 512 bytes. Hence these two constants.
  */
 static constexpr uint32_t SECTOR_SHIFT = 9;
+static constexpr uint64_t SECTOR_SIZE = (1ULL << SECTOR_SHIFT);
 
 static constexpr size_t BLOCK_SZ = 4096;
 static constexpr size_t BLOCK_SHIFT = (__builtin_ffs(BLOCK_SZ) - 1);
@@ -69,7 +72,7 @@ struct disk_header {
 
     /* In sectors */
     uint32_t chunk_size;
-} __packed;
+} __attribute__((packed));
 
 // A disk exception is a mapping of old_chunk to new_chunk
 // old_chunk is the chunk ID of a dm-snapshot device.
@@ -77,7 +80,7 @@ struct disk_header {
 struct disk_exception {
     uint64_t old_chunk;
     uint64_t new_chunk;
-} __packed;
+} __attribute__((packed));
 
 // Control structures to communicate with dm-user
 // It comprises of header and a payload
@@ -89,15 +92,5 @@ struct dm_user_header {
     __u64 len;
 } __attribute__((packed));
 
-struct dm_user_payload {
-    __u8 buf[];
-};
-
-// Message comprising both header and payload
-struct dm_user_message {
-    struct dm_user_header header;
-    struct dm_user_payload payload;
-};
-
 }  // namespace snapshot
 }  // namespace android
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/snapuserd_buffer.cpp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/snapuserd_buffer.cpp
index ab763ab7e4bc..51b2490342ac 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/snapuserd_buffer.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/snapuserd_buffer.cpp
@@ -15,23 +15,38 @@
  */
 
 #include <snapuserd/snapuserd_buffer.h>
+
+#include <android-base/logging.h>
 #include <snapuserd/snapuserd_kernel.h>
 
 namespace android {
 namespace snapshot {
 
-void BufferSink::Initialize(size_t size) {
-    buffer_size_ = size;
+void BufferSink::Initialize(size_t header_size, size_t size) {
+    header_size_ = header_size;
+    buffer_size_ = size + header_size;
     buffer_offset_ = 0;
-    buffer_ = std::make_unique<uint8_t[]>(size);
+    buffer_ = std::make_unique<uint8_t[]>(buffer_size_);
 }
 
-void* BufferSink::GetPayloadBuffer(size_t size) {
-    if ((buffer_size_ - buffer_offset_) < size) return nullptr;
+void* BufferSink::AcquireBuffer(size_t size, size_t to_write) {
+    CHECK(to_write <= size);
+
+    void* ptr = GetPayloadBuffer(size);
+    if (!ptr) {
+        return nullptr;
+    }
+    UpdateBufferOffset(to_write);
+    return ptr;
+}
 
+void* BufferSink::GetPayloadBuffer(size_t size) {
     char* buffer = reinterpret_cast<char*>(GetBufPtr());
-    struct dm_user_message* msg = (struct dm_user_message*)(&(buffer[0]));
-    return (char*)msg->payload.buf + buffer_offset_;
+
+    if ((buffer_size_ - buffer_offset_ - header_size_) < size) {
+        return nullptr;
+    }
+    return (char*)(&buffer[0] + header_size_ + buffer_offset_);
 }
 
 void* BufferSink::GetBuffer(size_t requested, size_t* actual) {
@@ -44,52 +59,18 @@ void* BufferSink::GetBuffer(size_t requested, size_t* actual) {
     return buf;
 }
 
-struct dm_user_header* BufferSink::GetHeaderPtr() {
-    if (!(sizeof(struct dm_user_header) <= buffer_size_)) {
+void* BufferSink::GetHeaderPtr() {
+    // If no sufficient space or header not reserved
+    if (!(header_size_ <= buffer_size_) || !header_size_) {
         return nullptr;
     }
     char* buf = reinterpret_cast<char*>(GetBufPtr());
-    struct dm_user_header* header = (struct dm_user_header*)(&(buf[0]));
-    return header;
+    return (void*)(&(buf[0]));
 }
 
 void* BufferSink::GetPayloadBufPtr() {
     char* buffer = reinterpret_cast<char*>(GetBufPtr());
-    struct dm_user_message* msg = reinterpret_cast<struct dm_user_message*>(&(buffer[0]));
-    return msg->payload.buf;
-}
-
-void XorSink::Initialize(BufferSink* sink, size_t size) {
-    bufsink_ = sink;
-    buffer_size_ = size;
-    returned_ = 0;
-    buffer_ = std::make_unique<uint8_t[]>(size);
-}
-
-void XorSink::Reset() {
-    returned_ = 0;
-}
-
-void* XorSink::GetBuffer(size_t requested, size_t* actual) {
-    if (requested > buffer_size_) {
-        *actual = buffer_size_;
-    } else {
-        *actual = requested;
-    }
-    return buffer_.get();
-}
-
-bool XorSink::ReturnData(void* buffer, size_t len) {
-    uint8_t* xor_data = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(buffer);
-    uint8_t* buff = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(bufsink_->GetPayloadBuffer(len + returned_));
-    if (buff == nullptr) {
-        return false;
-    }
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < len; i++) {
-        buff[returned_ + i] ^= xor_data[i];
-    }
-    returned_ += len;
-    return true;
+    return &buffer[header_size_];
 }
 
 }  // namespace snapshot
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/snapuserd_client.cpp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/snapuserd_client.cpp
index 3bed3a4a47dc..693fe39b6101 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/snapuserd_client.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/snapuserd_client.cpp
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@
 #include <unistd.h>
 
 #include <chrono>
-#include <sstream>
+#include <thread>
 
 #include <android-base/file.h>
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
@@ -35,6 +35,7 @@
 #include <android-base/properties.h>
 #include <android-base/strings.h>
 #include <fs_mgr/file_wait.h>
+#include <libdm/dm.h>
 #include <snapuserd/snapuserd_client.h>
 
 namespace android {
@@ -51,6 +52,7 @@ bool EnsureSnapuserdStarted() {
             return false;
         }
     }
+
     if (!android::base::WaitForProperty("snapuserd.ready", "true", 10s)) {
         LOG(ERROR) << "Timed out waiting for snapuserd to be ready.";
         return false;
@@ -64,6 +66,40 @@ static inline bool IsRetryErrno() {
     return errno == ECONNREFUSED || errno == EINTR || errno == ENOENT;
 }
 
+std::unique_ptr<SnapuserdClient> SnapuserdClient::TryConnect(const std::string& socket_name,
+                                                             std::chrono::milliseconds timeout_ms) {
+    unique_fd fd;
+    const auto start = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
+    while (true) {
+        fd.reset(TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(socket_local_client(
+                socket_name.c_str(), ANDROID_SOCKET_NAMESPACE_RESERVED, SOCK_STREAM)));
+        if (fd >= 0) {
+            auto client = std::make_unique<SnapuserdClient>(std::move(fd));
+            if (!client->ValidateConnection()) {
+                return nullptr;
+            }
+            return client;
+        }
+        if (errno == ENOENT) {
+            LOG(INFO) << "Daemon socket " << socket_name
+                      << " does not exist, return without waiting.";
+            return nullptr;
+        }
+        if (errno == ECONNREFUSED) {
+            const auto now = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
+            const auto elapsed = std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::milliseconds>(now - start);
+            if (elapsed >= timeout_ms) {
+                LOG(ERROR) << "Timed out connecting to snapuserd socket: " << socket_name;
+                return nullptr;
+            }
+            std::this_thread::sleep_for(10ms);
+        } else {
+            PLOG(ERROR) << "connect failed: " << socket_name;
+            return nullptr;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 std::unique_ptr<SnapuserdClient> SnapuserdClient::Connect(const std::string& socket_name,
                                                           std::chrono::milliseconds timeout_ms) {
     unique_fd fd;
@@ -276,6 +312,11 @@ double SnapuserdClient::GetMergePercent() {
     }
     std::string response = Receivemsg();
 
+    // If server socket disconnects most likely because of device reboot,
+    // then we just return 0.
+    if (response.empty()) {
+        return 0.0;
+    }
     return std::stod(response);
 }
 
@@ -299,7 +340,21 @@ bool SnapuserdClient::QueryUpdateVerification() {
 }
 
 std::string SnapuserdClient::GetDaemonAliveIndicatorPath() {
-    return "/metadata/ota/" + std::string(kDaemonAliveIndicator);
+    std::string metadata_dir;
+    std::string temp_metadata_mnt = "/mnt/scratch_ota_metadata_super";
+
+    auto& dm = ::android::dm::DeviceMapper::Instance();
+    auto partition_name = android::base::Basename(temp_metadata_mnt);
+
+    bool invalid_partition = (dm.GetState(partition_name) == dm::DmDeviceState::INVALID);
+    std::string temp_device;
+    if (!invalid_partition && dm.GetDmDevicePathByName(partition_name, &temp_device)) {
+        metadata_dir = temp_metadata_mnt + "/" + "ota/";
+    } else {
+        metadata_dir = "/metadata/ota/";
+    }
+
+    return metadata_dir + std::string(kDaemonAliveIndicator);
 }
 
 bool SnapuserdClient::IsTransitionedDaemonReady() {
@@ -335,5 +390,23 @@ void SnapuserdClient::NotifyTransitionDaemonIsReady() {
     }
 }
 
+bool SnapuserdClient::PauseMerge() {
+    if (!Sendmsg("pause_merge")) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to pause snapshot merge.";
+        return false;
+    }
+    std::string response = Receivemsg();
+    return response == "success";
+}
+
+bool SnapuserdClient::ResumeMerge() {
+    if (!Sendmsg("resume_merge")) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to resume snapshot merge.";
+        return false;
+    }
+    std::string response = Receivemsg();
+    return response == "success";
+}
+
 }  // namespace snapshot
 }  // namespace android
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/snapuserd_daemon.cpp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/snapuserd_daemon.cpp
index 36dad3343d3e..32e16cc80946 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/snapuserd_daemon.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/snapuserd_daemon.cpp
@@ -29,6 +29,9 @@ DEFINE_bool(socket_handoff, false,
             "If true, perform a socket hand-off with an existing snapuserd instance, then exit.");
 DEFINE_bool(user_snapshot, false, "If true, user-space snapshots are used");
 DEFINE_bool(io_uring, false, "If true, io_uring feature is enabled");
+DEFINE_bool(o_direct, false, "If true, enable direct reads on source device");
+DEFINE_int32(cow_op_merge_size, 0, "number of operations to be processed at once");
+DEFINE_int32(worker_count, 4, "number of worker threads used to serve I/O requests to dm-user");
 
 namespace android {
 namespace snapshot {
@@ -38,20 +41,20 @@ bool Daemon::IsUserspaceSnapshotsEnabled() {
     const std::string vendor_release =
             android::base::GetProperty("ro.vendor.build.version.release_or_codename", UNKNOWN);
 
-    // No user-space snapshots if vendor partition is on Android 12
+    // If the vendor is on Android S, install process will forcefully take the
+    // userspace snapshots path.
+    //
+    // We will not reach here post OTA reboot as the binary will be from vendor
+    // ramdisk which is on Android S.
     if (vendor_release.find("12") != std::string::npos) {
-        LOG(INFO) << "Userspace snapshots disabled as vendor partition is on Android: "
+        LOG(INFO) << "Userspace snapshots enabled as vendor partition is on Android: "
                   << vendor_release;
-        return false;
+        return true;
     }
 
     return android::base::GetBoolProperty("ro.virtual_ab.userspace.snapshots.enabled", false);
 }
 
-bool Daemon::IsDmSnapshotTestingEnabled() {
-    return android::base::GetBoolProperty("snapuserd.test.dm.snapshots", false);
-}
-
 bool Daemon::StartDaemon(int argc, char** argv) {
     int arg_start = gflags::ParseCommandLineFlags(&argc, &argv, true);
 
@@ -65,16 +68,15 @@ bool Daemon::StartDaemon(int argc, char** argv) {
     // stage init and hence use the command line flags to get the information.
     bool user_snapshots = FLAGS_user_snapshot;
     if (!user_snapshots) {
-        user_snapshots = (!IsDmSnapshotTestingEnabled() && IsUserspaceSnapshotsEnabled());
+        user_snapshots = IsUserspaceSnapshotsEnabled();
     }
-
     if (user_snapshots) {
         LOG(INFO) << "Starting daemon for user-space snapshots.....";
         return StartServerForUserspaceSnapshots(arg_start, argc, argv);
     } else {
-        LOG(INFO) << "Starting daemon for dm-snapshots.....";
-        return StartServerForDmSnapshot(arg_start, argc, argv);
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Userspace snapshots not enabled. No support for legacy snapshots";
     }
+    return false;
 }
 
 bool Daemon::StartServerForUserspaceSnapshots(int arg_start, int argc, char** argv) {
@@ -106,14 +108,16 @@ bool Daemon::StartServerForUserspaceSnapshots(int arg_start, int argc, char** ar
         }
         return user_server_.Run();
     }
-
     for (int i = arg_start; i < argc; i++) {
         auto parts = android::base::Split(argv[i], ",");
+
         if (parts.size() != 4) {
-            LOG(ERROR) << "Malformed message, expected four sub-arguments.";
+            LOG(ERROR) << "Malformed message, expected at least four sub-arguments.";
             return false;
         }
-        auto handler = user_server_.AddHandler(parts[0], parts[1], parts[2], parts[3]);
+        auto handler =
+                user_server_.AddHandler(parts[0], parts[1], parts[2], parts[3], FLAGS_worker_count,
+                                        FLAGS_o_direct, FLAGS_cow_op_merge_size);
         if (!handler || !user_server_.StartHandler(parts[0])) {
             return false;
         }
@@ -130,48 +134,6 @@ bool Daemon::StartServerForUserspaceSnapshots(int arg_start, int argc, char** ar
     return user_server_.WaitForSocket();
 }
 
-bool Daemon::StartServerForDmSnapshot(int arg_start, int argc, char** argv) {
-    sigfillset(&signal_mask_);
-    sigdelset(&signal_mask_, SIGINT);
-    sigdelset(&signal_mask_, SIGTERM);
-    sigdelset(&signal_mask_, SIGUSR1);
-
-    // Masking signals here ensure that after this point, we won't handle INT/TERM
-    // until after we call into ppoll()
-    signal(SIGINT, Daemon::SignalHandler);
-    signal(SIGTERM, Daemon::SignalHandler);
-    signal(SIGPIPE, Daemon::SignalHandler);
-    signal(SIGUSR1, Daemon::SignalHandler);
-
-    MaskAllSignalsExceptIntAndTerm();
-
-    if (FLAGS_socket_handoff) {
-        return server_.RunForSocketHandoff();
-    }
-    if (!FLAGS_no_socket) {
-        if (!server_.Start(FLAGS_socket)) {
-            return false;
-        }
-        return server_.Run();
-    }
-
-    for (int i = arg_start; i < argc; i++) {
-        auto parts = android::base::Split(argv[i], ",");
-        if (parts.size() != 3) {
-            LOG(ERROR) << "Malformed message, expected three sub-arguments.";
-            return false;
-        }
-        auto handler = server_.AddHandler(parts[0], parts[1], parts[2]);
-        if (!handler || !server_.StartHandler(handler)) {
-            return false;
-        }
-    }
-
-    // Skip the accept() call to avoid spurious log spam. The server will still
-    // run until all handlers have completed.
-    return server_.WaitForSocket();
-}
-
 void Daemon::MaskAllSignalsExceptIntAndTerm() {
     sigset_t signal_mask;
     sigfillset(&signal_mask);
@@ -198,16 +160,12 @@ void Daemon::Interrupt() {
     // and verify it through a temp variable.
     if (user_server_.IsServerRunning()) {
         user_server_.Interrupt();
-    } else {
-        server_.Interrupt();
     }
 }
 
 void Daemon::ReceivedSocketSignal() {
     if (user_server_.IsServerRunning()) {
         user_server_.ReceivedSocketSignal();
-    } else {
-        server_.ReceivedSocketSignal();
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/snapuserd_daemon.h b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/snapuserd_daemon.h
index cf3b917e5f77..303e394a8410 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/snapuserd_daemon.h
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/snapuserd_daemon.h
@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@
 #include <string>
 #include <vector>
 
-#include "dm-snapshot-merge/snapuserd_server.h"
 #include "user-space-merge/snapuserd_server.h"
 
 namespace android {
@@ -36,12 +35,10 @@ class Daemon {
         return instance;
     }
 
-    bool StartServerForDmSnapshot(int arg_start, int argc, char** argv);
     bool StartServerForUserspaceSnapshots(int arg_start, int argc, char** argv);
     void Interrupt();
     void ReceivedSocketSignal();
     bool IsUserspaceSnapshotsEnabled();
-    bool IsDmSnapshotTestingEnabled();
     bool StartDaemon(int argc, char** argv);
 
   private:
@@ -51,7 +48,6 @@ class Daemon {
     Daemon(Daemon const&) = delete;
     void operator=(Daemon const&) = delete;
 
-    SnapuserdServer server_;
     UserSnapshotServer user_server_;
     void MaskAllSignalsExceptIntAndTerm();
     void MaskAllSignals();
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/snapuserd_extractor.cpp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/snapuserd_extractor.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..f46cd5bc53c9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/snapuserd_extractor.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <linux/fs.h>
+#include <sys/ioctl.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <sys/syscall.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#include <iostream>
+#include <memory>
+
+#include <android-base/file.h>
+#include <android-base/logging.h>
+#include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
+#include <gflags/gflags.h>
+#include "user-space-merge/extractor.h"
+
+using namespace std::string_literals;
+
+DEFINE_string(base, "", "Base device/image");
+DEFINE_string(cow, "", "COW device/image");
+DEFINE_string(out, "", "Output path");
+DEFINE_int32(num_sectors, 0, "Number of sectors to read");
+
+int main([[maybe_unused]] int argc, [[maybe_unused]] char** argv) {
+    android::base::InitLogging(argv);
+    gflags::ParseCommandLineFlags(&argc, &argv, true);
+
+    if (FLAGS_out.empty()) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Missing -out argument.";
+        return 1;
+    }
+    if (FLAGS_base.empty()) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Missing -base argument.";
+        return 1;
+    }
+    if (FLAGS_cow.empty()) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "missing -out argument.";
+        return 1;
+    }
+    if (!FLAGS_num_sectors) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "missing -num_sectors argument.";
+        return 1;
+    }
+
+    android::snapshot::Extractor extractor(FLAGS_base, FLAGS_cow);
+    if (!extractor.Init()) {
+        return 1;
+    }
+    if (!extractor.Extract(FLAGS_num_sectors, FLAGS_out)) {
+        return 1;
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
diff --git a/trusty/storage/interface/Android.bp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/snapuserd_logging.h
similarity index 69%
rename from trusty/storage/interface/Android.bp
rename to fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/snapuserd_logging.h
index d031b0c1e938..bc470ce1076c 100644
--- a/trusty/storage/interface/Android.bp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/snapuserd_logging.h
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
-//
-// Copyright (C) 2015 The Android Open-Source Project
+// Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 // you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -12,14 +11,10 @@
 // WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.
-//
 
-package {
-    default_applicable_licenses: ["Android-Apache-2.0"],
-}
+#pragma once
+
+#include <android-base/logging.h>
 
-cc_library_static {
-    name: "libtrustystorageinterface",
-    vendor: true,
-    export_include_dirs: ["include"],
-}
+#define SNAP_LOG(level) LOG(level) << misc_name_ << ": "
+#define SNAP_PLOG(level) PLOG(level) << misc_name_ << ": "
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/testing/dm_user_harness.cpp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/testing/dm_user_harness.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..7cadf250c267
--- /dev/null
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/testing/dm_user_harness.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#include "dm_user_harness.h"
+
+#include <fcntl.h>
+
+#include <android-base/file.h>
+#include <fs_mgr/file_wait.h>
+#include <libdm/dm.h>
+#include <snapuserd/dm_user_block_server.h>
+
+namespace android {
+namespace snapshot {
+
+using namespace std::chrono_literals;
+using android::base::unique_fd;
+
+DmUserDevice::DmUserDevice(std::unique_ptr<Tempdevice>&& dev) : dev_(std::move(dev)) {}
+
+const std::string& DmUserDevice::GetPath() {
+    return dev_->path();
+}
+
+bool DmUserDevice::Destroy() {
+    return dev_->Destroy();
+}
+
+DmUserTestHarness::DmUserTestHarness() {
+    block_server_factory_ = std::make_unique<DmUserBlockServerFactory>();
+}
+
+std::unique_ptr<IUserDevice> DmUserTestHarness::CreateUserDevice(const std::string& dev_name,
+                                                                 const std::string& misc_name,
+                                                                 uint64_t num_sectors) {
+    android::dm::DmTable dmuser_table;
+    dmuser_table.Emplace<android::dm::DmTargetUser>(0, num_sectors, misc_name);
+    auto dev = std::make_unique<Tempdevice>(dev_name, dmuser_table);
+    if (!dev->valid()) {
+        return nullptr;
+    }
+
+    auto misc_device = "/dev/dm-user/" + misc_name;
+    if (!android::fs_mgr::WaitForFile(misc_device, 10s)) {
+        return nullptr;
+    }
+
+    return std::make_unique<DmUserDevice>(std::move(dev));
+}
+
+IBlockServerFactory* DmUserTestHarness::GetBlockServerFactory() {
+    return block_server_factory_.get();
+}
+
+}  // namespace snapshot
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/testing/dm_user_harness.h b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/testing/dm_user_harness.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..507e8f3ff329
--- /dev/null
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/testing/dm_user_harness.h
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
+
+#include "harness.h"
+#include "temp_device.h"
+
+#include <snapuserd/dm_user_block_server.h>
+
+namespace android {
+namespace snapshot {
+
+using android::base::unique_fd;
+
+class DmUserDevice final : public IUserDevice {
+  public:
+    explicit DmUserDevice(std::unique_ptr<Tempdevice>&& dev);
+    const std::string& GetPath() override;
+    bool Destroy() override;
+
+  private:
+    std::unique_ptr<Tempdevice> dev_;
+};
+
+class DmUserTestHarness final : public ITestHarness {
+  public:
+    DmUserTestHarness();
+
+    std::unique_ptr<IUserDevice> CreateUserDevice(const std::string& dev_name,
+                                                  const std::string& misc_name,
+                                                  uint64_t num_sectors) override;
+    IBlockServerFactory* GetBlockServerFactory() override;
+    bool HasUserDevice() override { return true; }
+
+  private:
+    std::unique_ptr<DmUserBlockServerFactory> block_server_factory_;
+};
+
+}  // namespace snapshot
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/testing/harness.cpp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/testing/harness.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..02ae549d1cc0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/testing/harness.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#include "harness.h"
+
+#ifdef __ANDROID__
+#include <linux/memfd.h>
+#endif
+#include <sys/mman.h>
+#include <sys/resource.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#include <android-base/file.h>
+#include <ext4_utils/ext4_utils.h>
+#include <libdm/loop_control.h>
+#include "snapuserd_logging.h"
+
+namespace android {
+namespace snapshot {
+
+using namespace std::chrono_literals;
+using android::base::unique_fd;
+using android::dm::LoopDevice;
+
+#ifdef __ANDROID__
+// Prefer this on device since it is a real block device, which is more similar
+// to how we use snapuserd.
+class MemoryBackedDevice final : public IBackingDevice {
+  public:
+    bool Init(uint64_t size) {
+        memfd_.reset(memfd_create("snapuserd_test", MFD_ALLOW_SEALING));
+        if (memfd_ < 0) {
+            PLOG(ERROR) << "memfd_create failed";
+            return false;
+        }
+        if (ftruncate(memfd_.get(), size) < 0) {
+            PLOG(ERROR) << "ftruncate failed";
+            return false;
+        }
+        if (fcntl(memfd_.get(), F_ADD_SEALS, F_SEAL_GROW | F_SEAL_SHRINK) < 0) {
+            PLOG(ERROR) << "fcntl seal failed";
+            return false;
+        }
+        dev_ = std::make_unique<LoopDevice>(memfd_, 10s);
+        return dev_->valid();
+    }
+    const std::string& GetPath() override { return dev_->device(); }
+    uint64_t GetSize() override {
+        unique_fd fd(open(GetPath().c_str(), O_RDONLY | O_CLOEXEC));
+        if (fd < 0) {
+            PLOG(ERROR) << "open failed: " << GetPath();
+            return 0;
+        }
+        return get_block_device_size(fd.get());
+    }
+
+  private:
+    unique_fd memfd_;
+    std::unique_ptr<LoopDevice> dev_;
+};
+#endif
+
+class FileBackedDevice final : public IBackingDevice {
+  public:
+    bool Init(uint64_t size) {
+        if (temp_.fd < 0) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        if (ftruncate(temp_.fd, size) < 0) {
+            PLOG(ERROR) << "ftruncate failed: " << temp_.path;
+            return false;
+        }
+        path_ = temp_.path;
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    const std::string& GetPath() override { return path_; }
+    uint64_t GetSize() override {
+        off_t off = lseek(temp_.fd, 0, SEEK_END);
+        if (off < 0) {
+            PLOG(ERROR) << "lseek failed: " << temp_.path;
+            return 0;
+        }
+        return off;
+    }
+
+  private:
+    TemporaryFile temp_;
+    std::string path_;
+};
+
+std::unique_ptr<IBackingDevice> ITestHarness::CreateBackingDevice(uint64_t size) {
+#ifdef __ANDROID__
+    auto dev = std::make_unique<MemoryBackedDevice>();
+#else
+    auto dev = std::make_unique<FileBackedDevice>();
+#endif
+    if (!dev->Init(size)) {
+        return nullptr;
+    }
+    return dev;
+}
+
+}  // namespace snapshot
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/testing/harness.h b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/testing/harness.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..ffe9f7bc72e2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/testing/harness.h
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <stddef.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+
+#include <memory>
+
+#include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
+#include <snapuserd/block_server.h>
+
+namespace android {
+namespace snapshot {
+
+// Interface for a "block driver in userspace" device.
+class IUserDevice {
+  public:
+    virtual ~IUserDevice() {}
+    virtual const std::string& GetPath() = 0;
+    virtual bool Destroy() = 0;
+};
+
+// Interface for an fd/temp file that is a block device when possible.
+class IBackingDevice {
+  public:
+    virtual ~IBackingDevice() {}
+    virtual const std::string& GetPath() = 0;
+    virtual uint64_t GetSize() = 0;
+};
+
+class ITestHarness {
+  public:
+    virtual ~ITestHarness() {}
+    virtual std::unique_ptr<IUserDevice> CreateUserDevice(const std::string& dev_name,
+                                                          const std::string& misc_name,
+                                                          uint64_t num_sectors) = 0;
+    virtual IBlockServerFactory* GetBlockServerFactory() = 0;
+    virtual bool HasUserDevice() = 0;
+    virtual std::unique_ptr<IBackingDevice> CreateBackingDevice(uint64_t size);
+};
+
+}  // namespace snapshot
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/testing/host_harness.cpp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/testing/host_harness.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..0d230ad84726
--- /dev/null
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/testing/host_harness.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#include "host_harness.h"
+
+#include "snapuserd_logging.h"
+
+namespace android {
+namespace snapshot {
+
+void TestBlockServerQueue::WaitForShutdown() {
+    std::unique_lock lock(m_);
+    if (shutdown_) {
+        return;
+    }
+    cv_.wait(lock, [this]() -> bool { return shutdown_; });
+}
+
+void TestBlockServerQueue::Shutdown() {
+    std::unique_lock lock(m_);
+    shutdown_ = true;
+    cv_.notify_all();
+}
+
+TestBlockServer::TestBlockServer(std::shared_ptr<TestBlockServerQueue> queue,
+                                 const std::string& misc_name)
+    : queue_(queue), misc_name_(misc_name) {}
+
+bool TestBlockServer::ProcessRequests() {
+    queue_->WaitForShutdown();
+    return false;
+}
+
+void* TestBlockServer::GetResponseBuffer(size_t size, size_t to_write) {
+    std::string buffer(size, '\0');
+    buffered_.emplace_back(std::move(buffer), to_write);
+    return buffered_.back().first.data();
+}
+
+bool TestBlockServer::SendBufferedIo() {
+    for (const auto& [data, to_write] : buffered_) {
+        sent_io_ += data.substr(0, to_write);
+    }
+    buffered_.clear();
+    return true;
+}
+
+TestBlockServerOpener::TestBlockServerOpener(std::shared_ptr<TestBlockServerQueue> queue,
+                                             const std::string& misc_name)
+    : queue_(queue), misc_name_(misc_name) {}
+
+std::unique_ptr<IBlockServer> TestBlockServerOpener::Open(IBlockServer::Delegate*, size_t) {
+    return std::make_unique<TestBlockServer>(queue_, misc_name_);
+}
+
+std::shared_ptr<TestBlockServerOpener> TestBlockServerFactory::CreateTestOpener(
+        const std::string& misc_name) {
+    if (queues_.count(misc_name)) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Cannot create opener for " << misc_name << ", already exists";
+        return nullptr;
+    }
+    auto queue = std::make_shared<TestBlockServerQueue>();
+    queues_.emplace(misc_name, queue);
+    return std::make_shared<TestBlockServerOpener>(queue, misc_name);
+}
+
+std::shared_ptr<IBlockServerOpener> TestBlockServerFactory::CreateOpener(
+        const std::string& misc_name) {
+    return CreateTestOpener(misc_name);
+}
+
+bool TestBlockServerFactory::DeleteQueue(const std::string& misc_name) {
+    auto iter = queues_.find(misc_name);
+    if (iter == queues_.end()) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Cannot delete queue " << misc_name << ", not found";
+        return false;
+    }
+    iter->second->Shutdown();
+    queues_.erase(iter);
+    return true;
+}
+
+HostUserDevice::HostUserDevice(TestBlockServerFactory* factory, const std::string& misc_name)
+    : factory_(factory), misc_name_(misc_name) {}
+
+bool HostUserDevice::Destroy() {
+    return factory_->DeleteQueue(misc_name_);
+}
+
+std::unique_ptr<IUserDevice> HostTestHarness::CreateUserDevice(const std::string&,
+                                                               const std::string& misc_name,
+                                                               uint64_t) {
+    return std::make_unique<HostUserDevice>(&factory_, misc_name);
+}
+
+IBlockServerFactory* HostTestHarness::GetBlockServerFactory() {
+    return &factory_;
+}
+
+}  // namespace snapshot
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/testing/host_harness.h b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/testing/host_harness.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..ec0bd29ad474
--- /dev/null
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/testing/host_harness.h
@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <condition_variable>
+#include <mutex>
+#include <string>
+#include <unordered_map>
+#include <utility>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "harness.h"
+
+namespace android {
+namespace snapshot {
+
+class TestBlockServerQueue final {
+  public:
+    void WaitForShutdown();
+    void Shutdown();
+
+  private:
+    std::mutex m_;
+    std::condition_variable cv_;
+    bool shutdown_ = false;
+};
+
+class TestBlockServer final : public IBlockServer {
+  public:
+    TestBlockServer(std::shared_ptr<TestBlockServerQueue> queue, const std::string& misc_name);
+    bool ProcessRequests() override;
+    void* GetResponseBuffer(size_t size, size_t to_write) override;
+    bool SendBufferedIo() override;
+
+    std::string&& sent_io() { return std::move(sent_io_); }
+
+  private:
+    std::shared_ptr<TestBlockServerQueue> queue_;
+    std::string misc_name_;
+    std::string sent_io_;
+    std::vector<std::pair<std::string, size_t>> buffered_;
+};
+
+class TestBlockServerOpener final : public IBlockServerOpener {
+  public:
+    TestBlockServerOpener(std::shared_ptr<TestBlockServerQueue> queue,
+                          const std::string& misc_name);
+    std::unique_ptr<IBlockServer> Open(IBlockServer::Delegate* delegate,
+                                       size_t buffer_size) override;
+
+  private:
+    std::shared_ptr<TestBlockServerQueue> queue_;
+    std::string misc_name_;
+};
+
+class TestBlockServerFactory final : public IBlockServerFactory {
+  public:
+    std::shared_ptr<IBlockServerOpener> CreateOpener(const std::string& misc_name) override;
+    std::shared_ptr<TestBlockServerOpener> CreateTestOpener(const std::string& misc_name);
+    bool DeleteQueue(const std::string& misc_name);
+
+  private:
+    std::unordered_map<std::string, std::shared_ptr<TestBlockServerQueue>> queues_;
+};
+
+class TestBlockServerFactory;
+
+class HostUserDevice final : public IUserDevice {
+  public:
+    HostUserDevice(TestBlockServerFactory* factory, const std::string& misc_name);
+    const std::string& GetPath() override { return empty_path_; }
+    bool Destroy();
+
+  private:
+    TestBlockServerFactory* factory_;
+    std::string misc_name_;
+    std::string empty_path_;
+};
+
+class HostTestHarness final : public ITestHarness {
+  public:
+    std::unique_ptr<IUserDevice> CreateUserDevice(const std::string& dev_name,
+                                                  const std::string& misc_name,
+                                                  uint64_t num_sectors) override;
+    IBlockServerFactory* GetBlockServerFactory() override;
+    bool HasUserDevice() override { return false; }
+
+  private:
+    TestBlockServerFactory factory_;
+};
+
+}  // namespace snapshot
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/testing/temp_device.h b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/testing/temp_device.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..2a6d3eaac5e4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/testing/temp_device.h
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <chrono>
+#include <string>
+
+#include <libdm/dm.h>
+
+namespace android {
+namespace snapshot {
+
+using android::dm::DeviceMapper;
+using android::dm::DmTable;
+
+class Tempdevice {
+  public:
+    Tempdevice(const std::string& name, const DmTable& table)
+        : dm_(DeviceMapper::Instance()), name_(name), valid_(false) {
+        valid_ = dm_.CreateDevice(name, table, &path_, std::chrono::seconds(5));
+    }
+    Tempdevice(Tempdevice&& other) noexcept
+        : dm_(other.dm_), name_(other.name_), path_(other.path_), valid_(other.valid_) {
+        other.valid_ = false;
+    }
+    ~Tempdevice() {
+        if (valid_) {
+            dm_.DeleteDeviceIfExists(name_);
+        }
+    }
+    bool Destroy() {
+        if (!valid_) {
+            return true;
+        }
+        valid_ = false;
+        return dm_.DeleteDeviceIfExists(name_);
+    }
+    const std::string& path() const { return path_; }
+    const std::string& name() const { return name_; }
+    bool valid() const { return valid_; }
+
+    Tempdevice(const Tempdevice&) = delete;
+    Tempdevice& operator=(const Tempdevice&) = delete;
+
+    Tempdevice& operator=(Tempdevice&& other) noexcept {
+        name_ = other.name_;
+        valid_ = other.valid_;
+        other.valid_ = false;
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+  private:
+    DeviceMapper& dm_;
+    std::string name_;
+    std::string path_;
+    bool valid_;
+};
+
+}  // namespace snapshot
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/extractor.cpp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/extractor.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..ef4ba93fed55
--- /dev/null
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/extractor.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#include "extractor.h"
+
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <linux/fs.h>
+#include <sys/ioctl.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <sys/syscall.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#include <iostream>
+#include <memory>
+
+#include <android-base/file.h>
+#include <android-base/properties.h>
+#include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
+
+using android::base::unique_fd;
+using namespace std::string_literals;
+
+namespace android {
+namespace snapshot {
+
+Extractor::Extractor(const std::string& base_path, const std::string& cow_path)
+    : base_path_(base_path), cow_path_(cow_path), control_name_("test") {}
+
+bool Extractor::Init() {
+    auto opener = factory_.CreateTestOpener(control_name_);
+    handler_ = std::make_shared<SnapshotHandler>(control_name_, cow_path_, base_path_, base_path_,
+                                                 opener, 1, false, false, false, 0);
+    if (!handler_->InitCowDevice()) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    if (!handler_->InitializeWorkers()) {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    read_worker_ = std::make_unique<ReadWorker>(cow_path_, base_path_, control_name_, base_path_,
+                                                handler_->GetSharedPtr(), opener, false);
+    if (!read_worker_->Init()) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    block_server_ = static_cast<TestBlockServer*>(read_worker_->block_server());
+
+    handler_thread_ = std::async(std::launch::async, &SnapshotHandler::Start, handler_.get());
+    return true;
+}
+
+Extractor::~Extractor() {
+    factory_.DeleteQueue(control_name_);
+}
+
+bool Extractor::Extract(off_t num_sectors, const std::string& out_path) {
+    unique_fd out_fd(open(out_path.c_str(), O_RDWR | O_CLOEXEC | O_TRUNC | O_CREAT, 0664));
+    if (out_fd < 0) {
+        PLOG(ERROR) << "Could not open for writing: " << out_path;
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    for (off_t i = 0; i < num_sectors; i++) {
+        if (!read_worker_->RequestSectors(i, 512)) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "Read sector " << i << " failed.";
+            return false;
+        }
+        std::string result = std::move(block_server_->sent_io());
+        off_t offset = i * 512;
+        if (!android::base::WriteFullyAtOffset(out_fd, result.data(), result.size(), offset)) {
+            PLOG(ERROR) << "write failed";
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
+}  // namespace snapshot
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/extractor.h b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/extractor.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..65285b1fa5f7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/extractor.h
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <string>
+#include <thread>
+
+#include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
+#include "merge_worker.h"
+#include "read_worker.h"
+#include "snapuserd_core.h"
+#include "testing/host_harness.h"
+
+namespace android {
+namespace snapshot {
+
+class Extractor final {
+  public:
+    Extractor(const std::string& base_path, const std::string& cow_path);
+    ~Extractor();
+
+    bool Init();
+    bool Extract(off_t num_sectors, const std::string& out_path);
+
+  private:
+    std::string base_path_;
+    std::string cow_path_;
+
+    TestBlockServerFactory factory_;
+    HostTestHarness harness_;
+    std::string control_name_;
+    std::shared_ptr<SnapshotHandler> handler_;
+    std::unique_ptr<ReadWorker> read_worker_;
+    std::future<bool> handler_thread_;
+    TestBlockServer* block_server_ = nullptr;
+};
+
+}  // namespace snapshot
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/handler_manager.cpp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/handler_manager.cpp
index bdba5c0cc3ab..cf507e32d545 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/handler_manager.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/handler_manager.cpp
@@ -14,10 +14,14 @@
 
 #include "handler_manager.h"
 
+#include <pthread.h>
 #include <sys/eventfd.h>
 
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
 
+#include "android-base/properties.h"
+#include "merge_worker.h"
+#include "read_worker.h"
 #include "snapuserd_core.h"
 
 namespace android {
@@ -48,10 +52,11 @@ SnapshotHandlerManager::SnapshotHandlerManager() {
 std::shared_ptr<HandlerThread> SnapshotHandlerManager::AddHandler(
         const std::string& misc_name, const std::string& cow_device_path,
         const std::string& backing_device, const std::string& base_path_merge,
-        int num_worker_threads, bool use_iouring, bool perform_verification) {
-    auto snapuserd = std::make_shared<SnapshotHandler>(misc_name, cow_device_path, backing_device,
-                                                       base_path_merge, num_worker_threads,
-                                                       use_iouring, perform_verification);
+        std::shared_ptr<IBlockServerOpener> opener, int num_worker_threads, bool use_iouring,
+        bool o_direct, uint32_t cow_op_merge_size) {
+    auto snapuserd = std::make_shared<SnapshotHandler>(
+            misc_name, cow_device_path, backing_device, base_path_merge, opener, num_worker_threads,
+            use_iouring, perform_verification_, o_direct, cow_op_merge_size);
     if (!snapuserd->InitCowDevice()) {
         LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to initialize Snapuserd";
         return nullptr;
@@ -129,6 +134,8 @@ bool SnapshotHandlerManager::DeleteHandler(const std::string& misc_name) {
 void SnapshotHandlerManager::RunThread(std::shared_ptr<HandlerThread> handler) {
     LOG(INFO) << "Entering thread for handler: " << handler->misc_name();
 
+    pthread_setname_np(pthread_self(), "Handler");
+
     if (!handler->snapuserd()->Start()) {
         LOG(ERROR) << " Failed to launch all worker threads";
     }
@@ -198,9 +205,8 @@ bool SnapshotHandlerManager::StartMerge(std::lock_guard<std::mutex>* proof_of_lo
 
     handler->snapuserd()->MonitorMerge();
 
-    if (!is_merge_monitor_started_) {
-        std::thread(&SnapshotHandlerManager::MonitorMerge, this).detach();
-        is_merge_monitor_started_ = true;
+    if (!merge_monitor_.joinable()) {
+        merge_monitor_ = std::thread(&SnapshotHandlerManager::MonitorMerge, this);
     }
 
     merge_handlers_.push(handler);
@@ -217,6 +223,7 @@ void SnapshotHandlerManager::WakeupMonitorMergeThread() {
 }
 
 void SnapshotHandlerManager::MonitorMerge() {
+    pthread_setname_np(pthread_self(), "Merge Monitor");
     while (!stop_monitor_merge_thread_) {
         uint64_t testVal;
         ssize_t ret =
@@ -229,8 +236,10 @@ void SnapshotHandlerManager::MonitorMerge() {
 
         LOG(INFO) << "MonitorMerge: active-merge-threads: " << active_merge_threads_;
         {
+            auto num_merge_threads = android::base::GetUintProperty<uint>(
+                    "ro.virtual_ab.num_merge_threads", kMaxMergeThreads);
             std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(lock_);
-            while (active_merge_threads_ < kMaxMergeThreads && merge_handlers_.size() > 0) {
+            while (active_merge_threads_ < num_merge_threads && merge_handlers_.size() > 0) {
                 auto handler = merge_handlers_.front();
                 merge_handlers_.pop();
 
@@ -354,8 +363,12 @@ void SnapshotHandlerManager::JoinAllThreads() {
         if (th.joinable()) th.join();
     }
 
-    stop_monitor_merge_thread_ = true;
-    WakeupMonitorMergeThread();
+    if (merge_monitor_.joinable()) {
+        stop_monitor_merge_thread_ = true;
+        WakeupMonitorMergeThread();
+
+        merge_monitor_.join();
+    }
 }
 
 auto SnapshotHandlerManager::FindHandler(std::lock_guard<std::mutex>* proof_of_lock,
@@ -370,5 +383,25 @@ auto SnapshotHandlerManager::FindHandler(std::lock_guard<std::mutex>* proof_of_l
     return dm_users_.end();
 }
 
+void SnapshotHandlerManager::PauseMerge() {
+    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> guard(lock_);
+
+    for (auto iter = dm_users_.begin(); iter != dm_users_.end(); iter++) {
+        if (!(*iter)->ThreadTerminated()) {
+            (*iter)->snapuserd()->PauseMergeThreads();
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+void SnapshotHandlerManager::ResumeMerge() {
+    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> guard(lock_);
+
+    for (auto iter = dm_users_.begin(); iter != dm_users_.end(); iter++) {
+        if (!(*iter)->ThreadTerminated()) {
+            (*iter)->snapuserd()->ResumeMergeThreads();
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 }  // namespace snapshot
 }  // namespace android
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/handler_manager.h b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/handler_manager.h
index b7ddac19f28a..89f3461345f5 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/handler_manager.h
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/handler_manager.h
@@ -15,12 +15,14 @@
 #pragma once
 
 #include <memory>
+#include <mutex>
 #include <queue>
 #include <string>
 #include <thread>
 #include <vector>
 
 #include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
+#include <snapuserd/block_server.h>
 
 namespace android {
 namespace snapshot {
@@ -51,12 +53,11 @@ class ISnapshotHandlerManager {
     virtual ~ISnapshotHandlerManager() {}
 
     // Add a new snapshot handler but do not start serving requests yet.
-    virtual std::shared_ptr<HandlerThread> AddHandler(const std::string& misc_name,
-                                                      const std::string& cow_device_path,
-                                                      const std::string& backing_device,
-                                                      const std::string& base_path_merge,
-                                                      int num_worker_threads, bool use_iouring,
-                                                      bool perform_verification) = 0;
+    virtual std::shared_ptr<HandlerThread> AddHandler(
+            const std::string& misc_name, const std::string& cow_device_path,
+            const std::string& backing_device, const std::string& base_path_merge,
+            std::shared_ptr<IBlockServerOpener> opener, int num_worker_threads, bool use_iouring,
+            bool o_direct, uint32_t cow_op_merge_size) = 0;
 
     // Start serving requests on a snapshot handler.
     virtual bool StartHandler(const std::string& misc_name) = 0;
@@ -82,6 +83,15 @@ class ISnapshotHandlerManager {
 
     // Returns whether all snapshots have verified.
     virtual bool GetVerificationStatus() = 0;
+
+    // Disable partition verification
+    virtual void DisableVerification() = 0;
+
+    // Pause Merge threads
+    virtual void PauseMerge() = 0;
+
+    // Resume Merge threads
+    virtual void ResumeMerge() = 0;
 };
 
 class SnapshotHandlerManager final : public ISnapshotHandlerManager {
@@ -91,8 +101,9 @@ class SnapshotHandlerManager final : public ISnapshotHandlerManager {
                                               const std::string& cow_device_path,
                                               const std::string& backing_device,
                                               const std::string& base_path_merge,
+                                              std::shared_ptr<IBlockServerOpener> opener,
                                               int num_worker_threads, bool use_iouring,
-                                              bool perform_verification) override;
+                                              bool o_direct, uint32_t cow_op_merge_size) override;
     bool StartHandler(const std::string& misc_name) override;
     bool DeleteHandler(const std::string& misc_name) override;
     bool InitiateMerge(const std::string& misc_name) override;
@@ -101,6 +112,9 @@ class SnapshotHandlerManager final : public ISnapshotHandlerManager {
     void TerminateMergeThreads() override;
     double GetMergePercentage() override;
     bool GetVerificationStatus() override;
+    void DisableVerification() override { perform_verification_ = false; }
+    void PauseMerge() override;
+    void ResumeMerge() override;
 
   private:
     bool StartHandler(const std::shared_ptr<HandlerThread>& handler);
@@ -119,12 +133,13 @@ class SnapshotHandlerManager final : public ISnapshotHandlerManager {
     std::mutex lock_;
     HandlerList dm_users_;
 
-    bool is_merge_monitor_started_ = false;
     bool stop_monitor_merge_thread_ = false;
     int active_merge_threads_ = 0;
+    std::thread merge_monitor_;
     int num_partitions_merge_complete_ = 0;
     std::queue<std::shared_ptr<HandlerThread>> merge_handlers_;
     android::base::unique_fd monitor_merge_event_fd_;
+    bool perform_verification_ = true;
 };
 
 }  // namespace snapshot
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/snapuserd_merge.cpp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/merge_worker.cpp
similarity index 79%
rename from fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/snapuserd_merge.cpp
rename to fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/merge_worker.cpp
index ce95b7659d9d..660082f73c92 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/snapuserd_merge.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/merge_worker.cpp
@@ -14,7 +14,14 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
+#include <libsnapshot/cow_format.h>
+#include <pthread.h>
+
+#include <android-base/properties.h>
+
+#include "merge_worker.h"
 #include "snapuserd_core.h"
+#include "utility.h"
 
 namespace android {
 namespace snapshot {
@@ -23,11 +30,23 @@ using namespace android;
 using namespace android::dm;
 using android::base::unique_fd;
 
-int Worker::PrepareMerge(uint64_t* source_offset, int* pending_ops,
-                         std::vector<const CowOperation*>* replace_zero_vec) {
+MergeWorker::MergeWorker(const std::string& cow_device, const std::string& misc_name,
+                         const std::string& base_path_merge,
+                         std::shared_ptr<SnapshotHandler> snapuserd, uint32_t cow_op_merge_size)
+    : Worker(cow_device, misc_name, base_path_merge, snapuserd),
+      cow_op_merge_size_(cow_op_merge_size) {}
+
+int MergeWorker::PrepareMerge(uint64_t* source_offset, int* pending_ops,
+                              std::vector<const CowOperation*>* replace_zero_vec) {
     int num_ops = *pending_ops;
+    // 0 indicates ro.virtual_ab.cow_op_merge_size was not set in the build
+    if (cow_op_merge_size_ != 0) {
+        num_ops = std::min(cow_op_merge_size_, static_cast<uint32_t>(*pending_ops));
+    }
+
     int nr_consecutive = 0;
     bool checkOrderedOp = (replace_zero_vec == nullptr);
+    size_t num_blocks = 1;
 
     do {
         if (!cowop_iter_->AtEnd() && num_ops) {
@@ -36,14 +55,18 @@ int Worker::PrepareMerge(uint64_t* source_offset, int* pending_ops,
                 break;
             }
 
-            *source_offset = cow_op->new_block * BLOCK_SZ;
+            *source_offset = static_cast<uint64_t>(cow_op->new_block) * BLOCK_SZ;
             if (!checkOrderedOp) {
                 replace_zero_vec->push_back(cow_op);
+                if (cow_op->type() == kCowReplaceOp) {
+                    // Get the number of blocks this op has compressed
+                    num_blocks = (CowOpCompressionSize(cow_op, BLOCK_SZ) / BLOCK_SZ);
+                }
             }
 
             cowop_iter_->Next();
-            num_ops -= 1;
-            nr_consecutive = 1;
+            num_ops -= num_blocks;
+            nr_consecutive = num_blocks;
 
             while (!cowop_iter_->AtEnd() && num_ops) {
                 const CowOperation* op = cowop_iter_->Get();
@@ -51,17 +74,26 @@ int Worker::PrepareMerge(uint64_t* source_offset, int* pending_ops,
                     break;
                 }
 
-                uint64_t next_offset = op->new_block * BLOCK_SZ;
+                uint64_t next_offset = static_cast<uint64_t>(op->new_block) * BLOCK_SZ;
                 if (next_offset != (*source_offset + nr_consecutive * BLOCK_SZ)) {
                     break;
                 }
 
                 if (!checkOrderedOp) {
+                    if (op->type() == kCowReplaceOp) {
+                        num_blocks = (CowOpCompressionSize(op, BLOCK_SZ) / BLOCK_SZ);
+                        if (num_ops < num_blocks) {
+                            break;
+                        }
+                    } else {
+                        // zero op
+                        num_blocks = 1;
+                    }
                     replace_zero_vec->push_back(op);
                 }
 
-                nr_consecutive += 1;
-                num_ops -= 1;
+                nr_consecutive += num_blocks;
+                num_ops -= num_blocks;
                 cowop_iter_->Next();
             }
         }
@@ -70,17 +102,17 @@ int Worker::PrepareMerge(uint64_t* source_offset, int* pending_ops,
     return nr_consecutive;
 }
 
-bool Worker::MergeReplaceZeroOps() {
-    // Flush after merging 2MB. Since all ops are independent and there is no
+bool MergeWorker::MergeReplaceZeroOps() {
+    // Flush after merging 1MB. Since all ops are independent and there is no
     // dependency between COW ops, we will flush the data and the number
     // of ops merged in COW block device. If there is a crash, we will
     // end up replaying some of the COW ops which were already merged. That is
     // ok.
     //
-    // Although increasing this greater than 2MB may help in improving merge
+    // Although increasing this greater than 1MB may help in improving merge
     // times; however, on devices with low memory, this can be problematic
     // when there are multiple merge threads in parallel.
-    int total_ops_merged_per_commit = (PAYLOAD_BUFFER_SZ / BLOCK_SZ) * 2;
+    int total_ops_merged_per_commit = (PAYLOAD_BUFFER_SZ / BLOCK_SZ);
     int num_ops_merged = 0;
 
     SNAP_LOG(INFO) << "MergeReplaceZeroOps started....";
@@ -99,20 +131,27 @@ bool Worker::MergeReplaceZeroOps() {
 
         for (size_t i = 0; i < replace_zero_vec.size(); i++) {
             const CowOperation* cow_op = replace_zero_vec[i];
-            if (cow_op->type == kCowReplaceOp) {
-                if (!ProcessReplaceOp(cow_op)) {
-                    SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "Merge - ReplaceOp failed for block: " << cow_op->new_block;
+            if (cow_op->type() == kCowReplaceOp) {
+                size_t buffer_size = CowOpCompressionSize(cow_op, BLOCK_SZ);
+                void* buffer = bufsink_.AcquireBuffer(buffer_size);
+                if (!buffer) {
+                    SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "AcquireBuffer failed in MergeReplaceOps";
+                    return false;
+                }
+                // Read the entire compressed buffer spanning multiple blocks
+                if (!reader_->ReadData(cow_op, buffer, buffer_size)) {
+                    SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to read COW in merge";
                     return false;
                 }
             } else {
-                CHECK(cow_op->type == kCowZeroOp);
-                if (!ProcessZeroOp()) {
-                    SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "Merge ZeroOp failed.";
+                void* buffer = bufsink_.AcquireBuffer(BLOCK_SZ);
+                if (!buffer) {
+                    SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "AcquireBuffer failed in MergeReplaceOps";
                     return false;
                 }
+                CHECK(cow_op->type() == kCowZeroOp);
+                memset(buffer, 0, BLOCK_SZ);
             }
-
-            bufsink_.UpdateBufferOffset(BLOCK_SZ);
         }
 
         size_t io_size = linear_blocks * BLOCK_SZ;
@@ -127,7 +166,7 @@ bool Worker::MergeReplaceZeroOps() {
             return false;
         }
 
-        num_ops_merged += linear_blocks;
+        num_ops_merged += replace_zero_vec.size();
 
         if (num_ops_merged >= total_ops_merged_per_commit) {
             // Flush the data
@@ -148,10 +187,13 @@ bool Worker::MergeReplaceZeroOps() {
         bufsink_.ResetBufferOffset();
 
         if (snapuserd_->IsIOTerminated()) {
-            SNAP_LOG(ERROR)
-                    << "MergeReplaceZeroOps: Worker threads terminated - shutting down merge";
+            SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "MergeReplaceZeroOps: MergeWorker threads terminated - shutting "
+                               "down merge";
             return false;
         }
+
+        // Safe to check if there is a pause request.
+        snapuserd_->PauseMergeIfRequired();
     }
 
     // Any left over ops not flushed yet.
@@ -173,7 +215,7 @@ bool Worker::MergeReplaceZeroOps() {
     return true;
 }
 
-bool Worker::MergeOrderedOpsAsync() {
+bool MergeWorker::MergeOrderedOpsAsync() {
     void* mapped_addr = snapuserd_->GetMappedAddr();
     void* read_ahead_buffer =
             static_cast<void*>((char*)mapped_addr + snapuserd_->GetBufferDataOffset());
@@ -190,9 +232,15 @@ bool Worker::MergeOrderedOpsAsync() {
         // Wait for RA thread to notify that the merge window
         // is ready for merging.
         if (!snapuserd_->WaitForMergeBegin()) {
+            SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "Failed waiting for merge to begin";
             return false;
         }
 
+        std::optional<std::lock_guard<std::mutex>> buffer_lock;
+        // Acquire the buffer lock at this point so that RA thread
+        // doesn't step into this buffer. See b/377819507
+        buffer_lock.emplace(snapuserd_->GetBufferLock());
+
         snapuserd_->SetMergeInProgress(ra_block_index_);
 
         loff_t offset = 0;
@@ -295,7 +343,7 @@ bool Worker::MergeOrderedOpsAsync() {
                     // will fallback to synchronous I/O.
                     ret = io_uring_wait_cqe(ring_.get(), &cqe);
                     if (ret) {
-                        SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "Merge: io_uring_wait_cqe failed: " << ret;
+                        SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "Merge: io_uring_wait_cqe failed: " << strerror(-ret);
                         status = false;
                         break;
                     }
@@ -343,6 +391,9 @@ bool Worker::MergeOrderedOpsAsync() {
         // Mark the block as merge complete
         snapuserd_->SetMergeCompleted(ra_block_index_);
 
+        // Release the buffer lock
+        buffer_lock.reset();
+
         // Notify RA thread that the merge thread is ready to merge the next
         // window
         snapuserd_->NotifyRAForMergeReady();
@@ -354,7 +405,7 @@ bool Worker::MergeOrderedOpsAsync() {
     return true;
 }
 
-bool Worker::MergeOrderedOps() {
+bool MergeWorker::MergeOrderedOps() {
     void* mapped_addr = snapuserd_->GetMappedAddr();
     void* read_ahead_buffer =
             static_cast<void*>((char*)mapped_addr + snapuserd_->GetBufferDataOffset());
@@ -375,6 +426,11 @@ bool Worker::MergeOrderedOps() {
             return false;
         }
 
+        std::optional<std::lock_guard<std::mutex>> buffer_lock;
+        // Acquire the buffer lock at this point so that RA thread
+        // doesn't step into this buffer. See b/377819507
+        buffer_lock.emplace(snapuserd_->GetBufferLock());
+
         snapuserd_->SetMergeInProgress(ra_block_index_);
 
         loff_t offset = 0;
@@ -428,6 +484,9 @@ bool Worker::MergeOrderedOps() {
         // Mark the block as merge complete
         snapuserd_->SetMergeCompleted(ra_block_index_);
 
+        // Release the buffer lock
+        buffer_lock.reset();
+
         // Notify RA thread that the merge thread is ready to merge the next
         // window
         snapuserd_->NotifyRAForMergeReady();
@@ -439,7 +498,7 @@ bool Worker::MergeOrderedOps() {
     return true;
 }
 
-bool Worker::AsyncMerge() {
+bool MergeWorker::AsyncMerge() {
     if (!MergeOrderedOpsAsync()) {
         SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "MergeOrderedOpsAsync failed - Falling back to synchronous I/O";
         // Reset the iter so that we retry the merge
@@ -455,7 +514,7 @@ bool Worker::AsyncMerge() {
     return true;
 }
 
-bool Worker::SyncMerge() {
+bool MergeWorker::SyncMerge() {
     if (!MergeOrderedOps()) {
         SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "Merge failed for ordered ops";
         return false;
@@ -465,7 +524,7 @@ bool Worker::SyncMerge() {
     return true;
 }
 
-bool Worker::Merge() {
+bool MergeWorker::Merge() {
     cowop_iter_ = reader_->GetOpIter(true);
 
     bool retry = false;
@@ -511,7 +570,7 @@ bool Worker::Merge() {
     return true;
 }
 
-bool Worker::InitializeIouring() {
+bool MergeWorker::InitializeIouring() {
     if (!snapuserd_->IsIouringSupported()) {
         return false;
     }
@@ -530,25 +589,35 @@ bool Worker::InitializeIouring() {
     return true;
 }
 
-void Worker::FinalizeIouring() {
+void MergeWorker::FinalizeIouring() {
     if (merge_async_) {
         io_uring_queue_exit(ring_.get());
     }
 }
 
-bool Worker::RunMergeThread() {
+bool MergeWorker::Run() {
     SNAP_LOG(DEBUG) << "Waiting for merge begin...";
+
+    pthread_setname_np(pthread_self(), "MergeWorker");
+
     if (!snapuserd_->WaitForMergeBegin()) {
-        SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "Merge terminated early...";
         return true;
     }
+    auto merge_thread_priority = android::base::GetUintProperty<uint32_t>(
+            "ro.virtual_ab.merge_thread_priority", ANDROID_PRIORITY_BACKGROUND);
 
-    if (setpriority(PRIO_PROCESS, gettid(), kNiceValueForMergeThreads)) {
-        SNAP_PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to set priority for TID: " << gettid();
+    if (!SetThreadPriority(merge_thread_priority)) {
+        SNAP_PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to set thread priority";
+    }
+
+    if (!SetProfiles({"CPUSET_SP_BACKGROUND"})) {
+        SNAP_PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to assign task profile to Mergeworker thread";
     }
 
     SNAP_LOG(INFO) << "Merge starting..";
 
+    bufsink_.Initialize(PAYLOAD_BUFFER_SZ);
+
     if (!Init()) {
         SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "Merge thread initialization failed...";
         snapuserd_->MergeFailed();
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/merge_worker.h b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/merge_worker.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..a19352dad47a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/merge_worker.h
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+#pragma once
+
+#include "worker.h"
+
+#include <liburing.h>
+
+namespace android {
+namespace snapshot {
+
+class MergeWorker : public Worker {
+  public:
+    MergeWorker(const std::string& cow_device, const std::string& misc_name,
+                const std::string& base_path_merge, std::shared_ptr<SnapshotHandler> snapuserd,
+                uint32_t cow_op_merge_size);
+    bool Run();
+
+  private:
+    int PrepareMerge(uint64_t* source_offset, int* pending_ops,
+                     std::vector<const CowOperation*>* replace_zero_vec = nullptr);
+    bool MergeReplaceZeroOps();
+    bool MergeOrderedOps();
+    bool MergeOrderedOpsAsync();
+    bool Merge();
+    bool AsyncMerge();
+    bool SyncMerge();
+    bool InitializeIouring();
+    void FinalizeIouring();
+
+  private:
+    BufferSink bufsink_;
+    std::unique_ptr<ICowOpIter> cowop_iter_;
+    std::unique_ptr<struct io_uring> ring_;
+    size_t ra_block_index_ = 0;
+    uint64_t blocks_merged_in_group_ = 0;
+    bool merge_async_ = false;
+    // Queue depth of 8 seems optimal. We don't want
+    // to have a huge depth as it may put more memory pressure
+    // on the kernel worker threads given that we use
+    // IOSQE_ASYNC flag - ASYNC flags can potentially
+    // result in EINTR; Since we don't restart
+    // syscalls and fallback to synchronous I/O, we
+    // don't want huge queue depth
+    int queue_depth_ = 8;
+    uint32_t cow_op_merge_size_ = 0;
+};
+
+}  // namespace snapshot
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/read_worker.cpp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/read_worker.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..33767d6547e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/read_worker.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,674 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2021 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include <android-base/properties.h>
+
+#include <libsnapshot/cow_format.h>
+#include <pthread.h>
+
+#include "read_worker.h"
+#include "snapuserd_core.h"
+#include "user-space-merge/worker.h"
+#include "utility.h"
+
+namespace android {
+namespace snapshot {
+
+using namespace android;
+using namespace android::dm;
+using android::base::unique_fd;
+
+void ReadWorker::CloseFds() {
+    block_server_ = {};
+    backing_store_fd_ = {};
+    backing_store_direct_fd_ = {};
+    Worker::CloseFds();
+}
+
+ReadWorker::ReadWorker(const std::string& cow_device, const std::string& backing_device,
+                       const std::string& misc_name, const std::string& base_path_merge,
+                       std::shared_ptr<SnapshotHandler> snapuserd,
+                       std::shared_ptr<IBlockServerOpener> opener, bool direct_read)
+    : Worker(cow_device, misc_name, base_path_merge, snapuserd),
+      backing_store_device_(backing_device),
+      direct_read_(direct_read),
+      block_server_opener_(opener),
+      aligned_buffer_(std::unique_ptr<void, decltype(&::free)>(nullptr, &::free)) {}
+
+// Start the replace operation. This will read the
+// internal COW format and if the block is compressed,
+// it will be de-compressed.
+bool ReadWorker::ProcessReplaceOp(const CowOperation* cow_op, void* buffer, size_t buffer_size) {
+    if (!reader_->ReadData(cow_op, buffer, buffer_size)) {
+        SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "ProcessReplaceOp failed for block " << cow_op->new_block
+                        << " buffer_size: " << buffer_size;
+        return false;
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
+bool ReadWorker::ReadFromSourceDevice(const CowOperation* cow_op, void* buffer) {
+    uint64_t offset;
+    if (!reader_->GetSourceOffset(cow_op, &offset)) {
+        SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "ReadFromSourceDevice: Failed to get source offset";
+        return false;
+    }
+    SNAP_LOG(DEBUG) << " ReadFromBaseDevice...: new-block: " << cow_op->new_block
+                    << " Op: " << *cow_op;
+
+    if (direct_read_ && IsBlockAligned(offset)) {
+        if (!android::base::ReadFullyAtOffset(backing_store_direct_fd_, aligned_buffer_.get(),
+                                              BLOCK_SZ, offset)) {
+            SNAP_PLOG(ERROR) << "O_DIRECT Read failed at offset: " << offset;
+            return false;
+        }
+        std::memcpy(buffer, aligned_buffer_.get(), BLOCK_SZ);
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    if (!android::base::ReadFullyAtOffset(backing_store_fd_, buffer, BLOCK_SZ, offset)) {
+        std::string op;
+        if (cow_op->type() == kCowCopyOp)
+            op = "Copy-op";
+        else {
+            op = "Xor-op";
+        }
+        SNAP_PLOG(ERROR) << op << " failed. Read from backing store: " << backing_store_device_
+                         << "at block :" << offset / BLOCK_SZ << " offset:" << offset % BLOCK_SZ;
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    return true;
+}
+
+// Start the copy operation. This will read the backing
+// block device which is represented by cow_op->source.
+bool ReadWorker::ProcessCopyOp(const CowOperation* cow_op, void* buffer) {
+    if (!ReadFromSourceDevice(cow_op, buffer)) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
+bool ReadWorker::ProcessXorOp(const CowOperation* cow_op, void* buffer) {
+    using WordType = std::conditional_t<sizeof(void*) == sizeof(uint64_t), uint64_t, uint32_t>;
+
+    if (!ReadFromSourceDevice(cow_op, buffer)) {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    if (xor_buffer_.empty()) {
+        xor_buffer_.resize(BLOCK_SZ);
+    }
+    CHECK(xor_buffer_.size() == BLOCK_SZ);
+
+    ssize_t size = reader_->ReadData(cow_op, xor_buffer_.data(), xor_buffer_.size());
+    if (size != BLOCK_SZ) {
+        SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "ProcessXorOp failed for block " << cow_op->new_block
+                        << ", return value: " << size;
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    auto xor_in = reinterpret_cast<const WordType*>(xor_buffer_.data());
+    auto xor_out = reinterpret_cast<WordType*>(buffer);
+    auto num_words = BLOCK_SZ / sizeof(WordType);
+
+    for (auto i = 0; i < num_words; i++) {
+        xor_out[i] ^= xor_in[i];
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
+bool ReadWorker::ProcessZeroOp(void* buffer) {
+    memset(buffer, 0, BLOCK_SZ);
+    return true;
+}
+
+bool ReadWorker::ProcessOrderedOp(const CowOperation* cow_op, void* buffer) {
+    MERGE_GROUP_STATE state = snapuserd_->ProcessMergingBlock(cow_op->new_block, buffer);
+
+    switch (state) {
+        case MERGE_GROUP_STATE::GROUP_MERGE_COMPLETED: {
+            // Merge is completed for this COW op; just read directly from
+            // the base device
+            SNAP_LOG(DEBUG) << "Merge-completed: Reading from base device sector: "
+                            << (cow_op->new_block >> SECTOR_SHIFT)
+                            << " Block-number: " << cow_op->new_block;
+            if (!ReadDataFromBaseDevice(ChunkToSector(cow_op->new_block), buffer, BLOCK_SZ)) {
+                SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "ReadDataFromBaseDevice at sector: "
+                                << (cow_op->new_block >> SECTOR_SHIFT) << " after merge-complete.";
+                return false;
+            }
+            return true;
+        }
+        case MERGE_GROUP_STATE::GROUP_MERGE_PENDING: {
+            bool ret;
+            if (cow_op->type() == kCowCopyOp) {
+                ret = ProcessCopyOp(cow_op, buffer);
+            } else {
+                ret = ProcessXorOp(cow_op, buffer);
+            }
+
+            // I/O is complete - decrement the refcount irrespective of the return
+            // status
+            snapuserd_->NotifyIOCompletion(cow_op->new_block);
+            return ret;
+        }
+        // We already have the data in the buffer retrieved from RA thread.
+        // Nothing to process further.
+        case MERGE_GROUP_STATE::GROUP_MERGE_RA_READY: {
+            [[fallthrough]];
+        }
+        case MERGE_GROUP_STATE::GROUP_MERGE_IN_PROGRESS: {
+            return true;
+        }
+        default: {
+            // All other states, fail the I/O viz (GROUP_MERGE_FAILED and GROUP_INVALID)
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    return false;
+}
+
+bool ReadWorker::ProcessCowOp(const CowOperation* cow_op, void* buffer) {
+    if (cow_op == nullptr) {
+        SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "ProcessCowOp: Invalid cow_op";
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    switch (cow_op->type()) {
+        case kCowReplaceOp: {
+            size_t buffer_size = CowOpCompressionSize(cow_op, BLOCK_SZ);
+            uint8_t chunk[buffer_size];
+            if (!ProcessReplaceOp(cow_op, chunk, buffer_size)) {
+                return false;
+            }
+            std::memcpy(buffer, chunk, BLOCK_SZ);
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        case kCowZeroOp: {
+            return ProcessZeroOp(buffer);
+        }
+
+        case kCowCopyOp:
+            [[fallthrough]];
+        case kCowXorOp: {
+            return ProcessOrderedOp(cow_op, buffer);
+        }
+
+        default: {
+            SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "Unknown operation-type found: "
+                            << static_cast<uint8_t>(cow_op->type());
+        }
+    }
+    return false;
+}
+
+bool ReadWorker::Init() {
+    if (!Worker::Init()) {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    const size_t compression_factor = reader_->GetMaxCompressionSize();
+    if (!compression_factor) {
+        SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "Compression factor is set to 0 which is invalid.";
+        return false;
+    }
+    decompressed_buffer_ = std::make_unique<uint8_t[]>(compression_factor);
+
+    backing_store_fd_.reset(open(backing_store_device_.c_str(), O_RDONLY));
+    if (backing_store_fd_ < 0) {
+        SNAP_PLOG(ERROR) << "Open Failed: " << backing_store_device_;
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    if (direct_read_) {
+        backing_store_direct_fd_.reset(open(backing_store_device_.c_str(), O_RDONLY | O_DIRECT));
+        if (backing_store_direct_fd_ < 0) {
+            SNAP_PLOG(ERROR) << "Open Failed with O_DIRECT: " << backing_store_direct_fd_;
+            direct_read_ = false;
+        } else {
+            void* aligned_addr;
+            ssize_t page_size = getpagesize();
+            if (posix_memalign(&aligned_addr, page_size, page_size) < 0) {
+                direct_read_ = false;
+                SNAP_PLOG(ERROR) << "posix_memalign failed "
+                                 << " page_size: " << page_size << " read_sz: " << page_size;
+            } else {
+                aligned_buffer_.reset(aligned_addr);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    block_server_ = block_server_opener_->Open(this, PAYLOAD_BUFFER_SZ);
+    if (!block_server_) {
+        SNAP_PLOG(ERROR) << "Unable to open block server";
+        return false;
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
+bool ReadWorker::Run() {
+    SNAP_LOG(INFO) << "Processing snapshot I/O requests....";
+
+    pthread_setname_np(pthread_self(), "ReadWorker");
+    auto worker_thread_priority = android::base::GetUintProperty<uint32_t>(
+            "ro.virtual_ab.worker_thread_priority", ANDROID_PRIORITY_NORMAL);
+
+    if (!SetThreadPriority(worker_thread_priority)) {
+        SNAP_PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to set thread priority";
+    }
+
+    // Start serving IO
+    while (true) {
+        if (!block_server_->ProcessRequests()) {
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+
+    CloseFds();
+    reader_->CloseCowFd();
+
+    return true;
+}
+
+bool ReadWorker::ReadDataFromBaseDevice(sector_t sector, void* buffer, size_t read_size) {
+    CHECK(read_size <= BLOCK_SZ);
+
+    loff_t offset = sector << SECTOR_SHIFT;
+    if (!android::base::ReadFullyAtOffset(base_path_merge_fd_, buffer, read_size, offset)) {
+        SNAP_PLOG(ERROR) << "ReadDataFromBaseDevice failed. fd: " << base_path_merge_fd_
+                         << "at sector :" << sector << " size: " << read_size;
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    return true;
+}
+
+bool ReadWorker::GetCowOpBlockOffset(const CowOperation* cow_op, uint64_t io_block,
+                                     off_t* block_offset) {
+    // If this is a replace op, get the block offset of this I/O
+    // block. Multi-block compression is supported only for
+    // Replace ops.
+    //
+    // Note: This can be extended when we support COPY and XOR ops down the
+    // line as the blocks are mostly contiguous.
+    if (cow_op && cow_op->type() == kCowReplaceOp) {
+        return GetBlockOffset(cow_op, io_block, BLOCK_SZ, block_offset);
+    }
+    return false;
+}
+
+bool ReadWorker::ReadAlignedSector(sector_t sector, size_t sz) {
+    size_t remaining_size = sz;
+    std::vector<std::pair<sector_t, const CowOperation*>>& chunk_vec = snapuserd_->GetChunkVec();
+    int ret = 0;
+
+    do {
+        // Process 1MB payload at a time
+        size_t read_size = std::min(PAYLOAD_BUFFER_SZ, remaining_size);
+
+        size_t total_bytes_read = 0;
+        const CowOperation* prev_op = nullptr;
+        while (read_size) {
+            // We need to check every 4k block to verify if it is
+            // present in the mapping.
+            size_t size = std::min(BLOCK_SZ, read_size);
+
+            auto it = std::lower_bound(chunk_vec.begin(), chunk_vec.end(),
+                                       std::make_pair(sector, nullptr), SnapshotHandler::compare);
+            const bool sector_not_found = (it == chunk_vec.end() || it->first != sector);
+
+            void* buffer = block_server_->GetResponseBuffer(BLOCK_SZ, size);
+            if (!buffer) {
+                SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "AcquireBuffer failed in ReadAlignedSector";
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            if (sector_not_found) {
+                // Find the 4k block
+                uint64_t io_block = SectorToChunk(sector);
+                // Get the previous iterator. Since the vector is sorted, the
+                // lookup of this sector can fall in a range of blocks if
+                // CowOperation has compressed multiple blocks.
+                if (it != chunk_vec.begin()) {
+                    std::advance(it, -1);
+                }
+
+                bool is_mapping_present = true;
+
+                // Vector itself is empty. This can happen if the block was not
+                // changed per the OTA or if the merge was already complete but
+                // snapshot table was not yet collapsed.
+                if (it == chunk_vec.end()) {
+                    is_mapping_present = false;
+                }
+
+                const CowOperation* cow_op = nullptr;
+                // Relative offset within the compressed multiple blocks
+                off_t block_offset = 0;
+                if (is_mapping_present) {
+                    // Get the nearest operation found in the vector
+                    cow_op = it->second;
+                    is_mapping_present = GetCowOpBlockOffset(cow_op, io_block, &block_offset);
+                }
+
+                // Thus, we have a case wherein sector was not found in the sorted
+                // vector; however, we indeed have a mapping of this sector
+                // embedded in one of the CowOperation which spans multiple
+                // block size.
+                if (is_mapping_present) {
+                    // block_offset = 0 would mean that the CowOperation should
+                    // already be in the sorted vector. Hence, lookup should
+                    // have already found it. If not, this is a bug.
+                    if (block_offset == 0) {
+                        SNAP_LOG(ERROR)
+                                << "GetBlockOffset returned offset 0 for io_block: " << io_block;
+                        return false;
+                    }
+
+                    // Get the CowOperation actual compression size
+                    size_t compression_size = CowOpCompressionSize(cow_op, BLOCK_SZ);
+                    // Offset cannot be greater than the compression size
+                    if (block_offset > compression_size) {
+                        SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "Invalid I/O block found. io_block: " << io_block
+                                        << " CowOperation-new-block: " << cow_op->new_block
+                                        << " compression-size: " << compression_size;
+                        return false;
+                    }
+
+                    // Cached copy of the previous iteration. Just retrieve the
+                    // data
+                    if (prev_op && prev_op->new_block == cow_op->new_block) {
+                        std::memcpy(buffer, (char*)decompressed_buffer_.get() + block_offset, size);
+                    } else {
+                        // Get the data from the disk based on the compression
+                        // size
+                        if (!ProcessReplaceOp(cow_op, decompressed_buffer_.get(),
+                                              compression_size)) {
+                            return false;
+                        }
+                        // Copy the data from the decompressed buffer relative
+                        // to the i/o block offset.
+                        std::memcpy(buffer, (char*)decompressed_buffer_.get() + block_offset, size);
+                        // Cache this CowOperation pointer for successive I/O
+                        // operation. Since the request is sequential and the
+                        // block is already decompressed, subsequest I/O blocks
+                        // can fetch the data directly from this decompressed
+                        // buffer.
+                        prev_op = cow_op;
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    // Block not found in map - which means this block was not
+                    // changed as per the OTA. Just route the I/O to the base
+                    // device.
+                    if (!ReadDataFromBaseDevice(sector, buffer, size)) {
+                        SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "ReadDataFromBaseDevice failed";
+                        return false;
+                    }
+                }
+                ret = size;
+            } else {
+                // We found the sector in mapping. Check the type of COW OP and
+                // process it.
+                if (!ProcessCowOp(it->second, buffer)) {
+                    SNAP_LOG(ERROR)
+                            << "ProcessCowOp failed, sector = " << sector << ", size = " << sz;
+                    return false;
+                }
+
+                ret = std::min(BLOCK_SZ, read_size);
+            }
+
+            read_size -= ret;
+            total_bytes_read += ret;
+            sector += (ret >> SECTOR_SHIFT);
+        }
+
+        if (!SendBufferedIo()) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        SNAP_LOG(DEBUG) << "SendBufferedIo success total_bytes_read: " << total_bytes_read
+                        << " remaining_size: " << remaining_size;
+        remaining_size -= total_bytes_read;
+    } while (remaining_size > 0);
+
+    return true;
+}
+
+bool ReadWorker::IsMappingPresent(const CowOperation* cow_op, loff_t requested_offset,
+                                  loff_t cow_op_offset) {
+    const bool replace_op = (cow_op->type() == kCowReplaceOp);
+    if (replace_op) {
+        size_t max_compressed_size = CowOpCompressionSize(cow_op, BLOCK_SZ);
+        if ((requested_offset >= cow_op_offset) &&
+            (requested_offset < (cow_op_offset + max_compressed_size))) {
+            return true;
+        }
+    }
+    return false;
+}
+
+int ReadWorker::ReadUnalignedSector(
+        sector_t sector, size_t size,
+        std::vector<std::pair<sector_t, const CowOperation*>>::iterator& it) {
+    SNAP_LOG(DEBUG) << "ReadUnalignedSector: sector " << sector << " size: " << size
+                    << " Aligned sector: " << it->first;
+
+    loff_t requested_offset = sector << SECTOR_SHIFT;
+    loff_t final_offset = (it->first) << SECTOR_SHIFT;
+
+    const CowOperation* cow_op = it->second;
+    if (IsMappingPresent(cow_op, requested_offset, final_offset)) {
+        size_t buffer_size = CowOpCompressionSize(cow_op, BLOCK_SZ);
+        uint8_t chunk[buffer_size];
+        // Read the entire decompressed buffer based on the block-size
+        if (!ProcessReplaceOp(cow_op, chunk, buffer_size)) {
+            return -1;
+        }
+        size_t skip_offset = (requested_offset - final_offset);
+        size_t write_sz = std::min(size, buffer_size - skip_offset);
+
+        auto buffer =
+                reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(block_server_->GetResponseBuffer(BLOCK_SZ, write_sz));
+        if (!buffer) {
+            SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "ReadUnalignedSector failed to allocate buffer";
+            return -1;
+        }
+
+        std::memcpy(buffer, (char*)chunk + skip_offset, write_sz);
+        return write_sz;
+    }
+
+    int num_sectors_skip = sector - it->first;
+    size_t skip_size = num_sectors_skip << SECTOR_SHIFT;
+    size_t write_size = std::min(size, BLOCK_SZ - skip_size);
+    auto buffer =
+            reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(block_server_->GetResponseBuffer(BLOCK_SZ, write_size));
+    if (!buffer) {
+        SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "ProcessCowOp failed to allocate buffer";
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    if (!ProcessCowOp(it->second, buffer)) {
+        SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "ReadUnalignedSector: " << sector << " failed of size: " << size
+                        << " Aligned sector: " << it->first;
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    if (skip_size) {
+        if (skip_size == BLOCK_SZ) {
+            SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "Invalid un-aligned IO request at sector: " << sector
+                            << " Base-sector: " << it->first;
+            return -1;
+        }
+        memmove(buffer, buffer + skip_size, write_size);
+    }
+    return write_size;
+}
+
+bool ReadWorker::ReadUnalignedSector(sector_t sector, size_t size) {
+    std::vector<std::pair<sector_t, const CowOperation*>>& chunk_vec = snapuserd_->GetChunkVec();
+
+    auto it = std::lower_bound(chunk_vec.begin(), chunk_vec.end(), std::make_pair(sector, nullptr),
+                               SnapshotHandler::compare);
+
+    // |-------|-------|-------|
+    // 0       1       2       3
+    //
+    // Block 0 - op 1
+    // Block 1 - op 2
+    // Block 2 - op 3
+    //
+    // chunk_vec will have block 0, 1, 2 which maps to relavant COW ops.
+    //
+    // Each block is 4k bytes. Thus, the last block will span 8 sectors
+    // ranging till block 3 (However, block 3 won't be in chunk_vec as
+    // it doesn't have any mapping to COW ops. Now, if we get an I/O request for a sector
+    // spanning between block 2 and block 3, we need to step back
+    // and get hold of the last element.
+    //
+    // Additionally, we need to make sure that the requested sector is
+    // indeed within the range of the final sector. It is perfectly valid
+    // to get an I/O request for block 3 and beyond which are not mapped
+    // to any COW ops. In that case, we just need to read from the base
+    // device.
+    bool merge_complete = false;
+    if (it == chunk_vec.end()) {
+        if (chunk_vec.size() > 0) {
+            // I/O request beyond the last mapped sector
+            it = std::prev(chunk_vec.end());
+        } else {
+            // This can happen when a partition merge is complete but snapshot
+            // state in /metadata is not yet deleted; during this window if the
+            // device is rebooted, subsequent attempt will mount the snapshot.
+            // However, since the merge was completed we wouldn't have any
+            // mapping to COW ops thus chunk_vec will be empty. In that case,
+            // mark this as merge_complete and route the I/O to the base device.
+            merge_complete = true;
+        }
+    } else if (it->first != sector) {
+        if (it != chunk_vec.begin()) {
+            --it;
+        }
+    } else {
+        return ReadAlignedSector(sector, size);
+    }
+
+    loff_t requested_offset = sector << SECTOR_SHIFT;
+
+    loff_t final_offset = 0;
+    if (!merge_complete) {
+        final_offset = it->first << SECTOR_SHIFT;
+    }
+
+    // Since a COW op span 4k block size, we need to make sure that the requested
+    // offset is within the 4k region. Consider the following case:
+    //
+    // |-------|-------|-------|
+    // 0       1       2       3
+    //
+    // Block 0 - op 1
+    // Block 1 - op 2
+    //
+    // We have an I/O request for a sector between block 2 and block 3. However,
+    // we have mapping to COW ops only for block 0 and block 1. Thus, the
+    // requested offset in this case is beyond the last mapped COW op size (which
+    // is block 1 in this case).
+
+    size_t remaining_size = size;
+    int ret = 0;
+
+    const CowOperation* cow_op = it->second;
+    if (!merge_complete && (requested_offset >= final_offset) &&
+        (((requested_offset - final_offset) < BLOCK_SZ) ||
+         IsMappingPresent(cow_op, requested_offset, final_offset))) {
+        // Read the partial un-aligned data
+        ret = ReadUnalignedSector(sector, remaining_size, it);
+        if (ret < 0) {
+            SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "ReadUnalignedSector failed for sector: " << sector
+                            << " size: " << size << " it->sector: " << it->first;
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        remaining_size -= ret;
+        sector += (ret >> SECTOR_SHIFT);
+
+        // Send the data back
+        if (!SendBufferedIo()) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        // If we still have pending data to be processed, this will be aligned I/O
+        if (remaining_size) {
+            return ReadAlignedSector(sector, remaining_size);
+        }
+    } else {
+        // This is all about handling I/O request to be routed to base device
+        // as the I/O is not mapped to any of the COW ops.
+        loff_t aligned_offset = requested_offset;
+        // Align to nearest 4k
+        aligned_offset += BLOCK_SZ - 1;
+        aligned_offset &= ~(BLOCK_SZ - 1);
+        // Find the diff of the aligned offset
+        size_t diff_size = aligned_offset - requested_offset;
+        CHECK(diff_size <= BLOCK_SZ);
+
+        size_t read_size = std::min(remaining_size, diff_size);
+        void* buffer = block_server_->GetResponseBuffer(BLOCK_SZ, read_size);
+        if (!buffer) {
+            SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "AcquireBuffer failed in ReadUnalignedSector";
+            return false;
+        }
+        if (!ReadDataFromBaseDevice(sector, buffer, read_size)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        if (!SendBufferedIo()) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        if (remaining_size >= diff_size) {
+            remaining_size -= diff_size;
+            size_t num_sectors_read = (diff_size >> SECTOR_SHIFT);
+            sector += num_sectors_read;
+            CHECK(IsBlockAligned(sector << SECTOR_SHIFT));
+
+            // If we still have pending data to be processed, this will be aligned I/O
+            return ReadAlignedSector(sector, remaining_size);
+        }
+    }
+
+    return true;
+}
+
+bool ReadWorker::RequestSectors(uint64_t sector, uint64_t len) {
+    // Unaligned I/O request
+    if (!IsBlockAligned(sector << SECTOR_SHIFT)) {
+        return ReadUnalignedSector(sector, len);
+    }
+
+    return ReadAlignedSector(sector, len);
+}
+
+bool ReadWorker::SendBufferedIo() {
+    return block_server_->SendBufferedIo();
+}
+
+}  // namespace snapshot
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/read_worker.h b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/read_worker.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..378d809792f4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/read_worker.h
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <utility>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include <snapuserd/block_server.h>
+#include "worker.h"
+
+namespace android {
+namespace snapshot {
+
+class ReadWorker : public Worker, public IBlockServer::Delegate {
+  public:
+    ReadWorker(const std::string& cow_device, const std::string& backing_device,
+               const std::string& misc_name, const std::string& base_path_merge,
+               std::shared_ptr<SnapshotHandler> snapuserd,
+               std::shared_ptr<IBlockServerOpener> opener, bool direct_read = false);
+
+    bool Run();
+    bool Init() override;
+    void CloseFds() override;
+    bool RequestSectors(uint64_t sector, uint64_t size) override;
+
+    IBlockServer* block_server() const { return block_server_.get(); }
+
+  private:
+    bool SendBufferedIo();
+
+    bool ProcessCowOp(const CowOperation* cow_op, void* buffer);
+    bool ProcessXorOp(const CowOperation* cow_op, void* buffer);
+    bool ProcessOrderedOp(const CowOperation* cow_op, void* buffer);
+    bool ProcessCopyOp(const CowOperation* cow_op, void* buffer);
+    bool ProcessReplaceOp(const CowOperation* cow_op, void* buffer, size_t buffer_size);
+    bool ProcessZeroOp(void* buffer);
+
+    bool IsMappingPresent(const CowOperation* cow_op, loff_t requested_offset,
+                          loff_t cow_op_offset);
+    bool GetCowOpBlockOffset(const CowOperation* cow_op, uint64_t io_block, off_t* block_offset);
+    bool ReadAlignedSector(sector_t sector, size_t sz);
+    bool ReadUnalignedSector(sector_t sector, size_t size);
+    int ReadUnalignedSector(sector_t sector, size_t size,
+                            std::vector<std::pair<sector_t, const CowOperation*>>::iterator& it);
+    bool ReadFromSourceDevice(const CowOperation* cow_op, void* buffer);
+    bool ReadDataFromBaseDevice(sector_t sector, void* buffer, size_t read_size);
+
+    constexpr bool IsBlockAligned(uint64_t size) { return ((size & (BLOCK_SZ - 1)) == 0); }
+    constexpr sector_t ChunkToSector(chunk_t chunk) { return chunk << CHUNK_SHIFT; }
+    constexpr chunk_t SectorToChunk(sector_t sector) { return sector >> CHUNK_SHIFT; }
+
+    std::string backing_store_device_;
+    unique_fd backing_store_fd_;
+    unique_fd backing_store_direct_fd_;
+    bool direct_read_ = false;
+
+    std::shared_ptr<IBlockServerOpener> block_server_opener_;
+    std::unique_ptr<IBlockServer> block_server_;
+
+    std::vector<uint8_t> xor_buffer_;
+    std::unique_ptr<void, decltype(&::free)> aligned_buffer_;
+    std::unique_ptr<uint8_t[]> decompressed_buffer_;
+};
+
+}  // namespace snapshot
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/snapuserd_core.cpp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/snapuserd_core.cpp
index a51963985381..7c9a64ee4b8f 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/snapuserd_core.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/snapuserd_core.cpp
@@ -16,12 +16,15 @@
 
 #include "snapuserd_core.h"
 
-#include <sys/utsname.h>
-
 #include <android-base/chrono_utils.h>
 #include <android-base/properties.h>
 #include <android-base/scopeguard.h>
 #include <android-base/strings.h>
+#include <snapuserd/dm_user_block_server.h>
+
+#include "merge_worker.h"
+#include "read_worker.h"
+#include "utility.h"
 
 namespace android {
 namespace snapshot {
@@ -32,23 +35,26 @@ using android::base::unique_fd;
 
 SnapshotHandler::SnapshotHandler(std::string misc_name, std::string cow_device,
                                  std::string backing_device, std::string base_path_merge,
-                                 int num_worker_threads, bool use_iouring,
-                                 bool perform_verification) {
+                                 std::shared_ptr<IBlockServerOpener> opener, int num_worker_threads,
+                                 bool use_iouring, bool perform_verification, bool o_direct,
+                                 uint32_t cow_op_merge_size) {
     misc_name_ = std::move(misc_name);
     cow_device_ = std::move(cow_device);
     backing_store_device_ = std::move(backing_device);
-    control_device_ = "/dev/dm-user/" + misc_name_;
+    block_server_opener_ = std::move(opener);
     base_path_merge_ = std::move(base_path_merge);
     num_worker_threads_ = num_worker_threads;
     is_io_uring_enabled_ = use_iouring;
     perform_verification_ = perform_verification;
+    o_direct_ = o_direct;
+    cow_op_merge_size_ = cow_op_merge_size;
 }
 
 bool SnapshotHandler::InitializeWorkers() {
     for (int i = 0; i < num_worker_threads_; i++) {
-        std::unique_ptr<Worker> wt =
-                std::make_unique<Worker>(cow_device_, backing_store_device_, control_device_,
-                                         misc_name_, base_path_merge_, GetSharedPtr());
+        auto wt = std::make_unique<ReadWorker>(cow_device_, backing_store_device_, misc_name_,
+                                               base_path_merge_, GetSharedPtr(),
+                                               block_server_opener_, o_direct_);
         if (!wt->Init()) {
             SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "Thread initialization failed";
             return false;
@@ -56,12 +62,11 @@ bool SnapshotHandler::InitializeWorkers() {
 
         worker_threads_.push_back(std::move(wt));
     }
-
-    merge_thread_ = std::make_unique<Worker>(cow_device_, backing_store_device_, control_device_,
-                                             misc_name_, base_path_merge_, GetSharedPtr());
+    merge_thread_ = std::make_unique<MergeWorker>(cow_device_, misc_name_, base_path_merge_,
+                                                  GetSharedPtr(), cow_op_merge_size_);
 
     read_ahead_thread_ = std::make_unique<ReadAhead>(cow_device_, backing_store_device_, misc_name_,
-                                                     GetSharedPtr());
+                                                     GetSharedPtr(), cow_op_merge_size_);
 
     update_verify_ = std::make_unique<UpdateVerify>(misc_name_);
 
@@ -79,6 +84,10 @@ void SnapshotHandler::UpdateMergeCompletionPercentage() {
     SNAP_LOG(DEBUG) << "Merge-complete %: " << merge_completion_percentage_
                     << " num_merge_ops: " << ch->num_merge_ops
                     << " total-ops: " << reader_->get_num_total_data_ops();
+
+    if (ch->num_merge_ops == reader_->get_num_total_data_ops()) {
+        MarkMergeComplete();
+    }
 }
 
 bool SnapshotHandler::CommitMerge(int num_merge_ops) {
@@ -105,7 +114,7 @@ bool SnapshotHandler::CommitMerge(int num_merge_ops) {
             return false;
         }
 
-        if (!android::base::WriteFully(cow_fd_, &header, sizeof(CowHeader))) {
+        if (!android::base::WriteFully(cow_fd_, &header, header.prefix.header_size)) {
             SNAP_PLOG(ERROR) << "Write to header failed";
             return false;
         }
@@ -169,6 +178,10 @@ bool SnapshotHandler::ReadMetadata() {
     }
 
     SNAP_LOG(INFO) << "Merge-ops: " << header.num_merge_ops;
+    if (header.num_merge_ops) {
+        resume_merge_ = true;
+        SNAP_LOG(INFO) << "Resume Snapshot-merge";
+    }
 
     if (!MmapMetadata()) {
         SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "mmap failed";
@@ -188,13 +201,13 @@ bool SnapshotHandler::ReadMetadata() {
     while (!cowop_iter->AtEnd()) {
         const CowOperation* cow_op = cowop_iter->Get();
 
-        if (cow_op->type == kCowCopyOp) {
+        if (cow_op->type() == kCowCopyOp) {
             copy_ops += 1;
-        } else if (cow_op->type == kCowReplaceOp) {
+        } else if (cow_op->type() == kCowReplaceOp) {
             replace_ops += 1;
-        } else if (cow_op->type == kCowZeroOp) {
+        } else if (cow_op->type() == kCowZeroOp) {
             zero_ops += 1;
-        } else if (cow_op->type == kCowXorOp) {
+        } else if (cow_op->type() == kCowXorOp) {
             xor_ops += 1;
         }
 
@@ -240,9 +253,9 @@ bool SnapshotHandler::ReadMetadata() {
 bool SnapshotHandler::MmapMetadata() {
     const auto& header = reader_->GetHeader();
 
-    total_mapped_addr_length_ = header.header_size + BUFFER_REGION_DEFAULT_SIZE;
+    total_mapped_addr_length_ = header.prefix.header_size + BUFFER_REGION_DEFAULT_SIZE;
 
-    if (header.major_version >= 2 && header.buffer_size > 0) {
+    if (header.prefix.major_version >= 2 && header.buffer_size > 0) {
         scratch_space_ = true;
     }
 
@@ -278,20 +291,6 @@ bool SnapshotHandler::InitCowDevice() {
         return false;
     }
 
-    unique_fd fd(TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(open(base_path_merge_.c_str(), O_RDONLY | O_CLOEXEC)));
-    if (fd < 0) {
-        SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "Cannot open block device";
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    uint64_t dev_sz = get_block_device_size(fd.get());
-    if (!dev_sz) {
-        SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to find block device size: " << base_path_merge_;
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    num_sectors_ = dev_sz >> SECTOR_SHIFT;
-
     return ReadMetadata();
 }
 
@@ -305,21 +304,26 @@ bool SnapshotHandler::Start() {
     if (ra_thread_) {
         ra_thread_status =
                 std::async(std::launch::async, &ReadAhead::RunThread, read_ahead_thread_.get());
-
-        SNAP_LOG(INFO) << "Read-ahead thread started...";
+        // If this is a merge-resume path, wait until RA thread is fully up as
+        // the data has to be re-constructed from the scratch space.
+        if (resume_merge_ && ShouldReconstructDataFromCow()) {
+            WaitForRaThreadToStart();
+        }
     }
 
     // Launch worker threads
     for (int i = 0; i < worker_threads_.size(); i++) {
         threads.emplace_back(
-                std::async(std::launch::async, &Worker::RunThread, worker_threads_[i].get()));
+                std::async(std::launch::async, &ReadWorker::Run, worker_threads_[i].get()));
     }
 
     std::future<bool> merge_thread =
-            std::async(std::launch::async, &Worker::RunMergeThread, merge_thread_.get());
+            std::async(std::launch::async, &MergeWorker::Run, merge_thread_.get());
 
     // Now that the worker threads are up, scan the partitions.
-    if (perform_verification_) {
+    // If the snapshot-merge is being resumed, there is no need to scan as the
+    // current slot is already marked as boot complete.
+    if (perform_verification_ && !resume_merge_) {
         update_verify_->VerifyUpdatePartition();
     }
 
@@ -362,7 +366,7 @@ bool SnapshotHandler::Start() {
 uint64_t SnapshotHandler::GetBufferMetadataOffset() {
     const auto& header = reader_->GetHeader();
 
-    return (header.header_size + sizeof(BufferState));
+    return (header.prefix.header_size + sizeof(BufferState));
 }
 
 /*
@@ -390,7 +394,7 @@ size_t SnapshotHandler::GetBufferMetadataSize() {
 size_t SnapshotHandler::GetBufferDataOffset() {
     const auto& header = reader_->GetHeader();
 
-    return (header.header_size + GetBufferMetadataSize());
+    return (header.prefix.header_size + GetBufferMetadataSize());
 }
 
 /*
@@ -413,27 +417,12 @@ struct BufferState* SnapshotHandler::GetBufferState() {
     const auto& header = reader_->GetHeader();
 
     struct BufferState* ra_state =
-            reinterpret_cast<struct BufferState*>((char*)mapped_addr_ + header.header_size);
+            reinterpret_cast<struct BufferState*>((char*)mapped_addr_ + header.prefix.header_size);
     return ra_state;
 }
 
 bool SnapshotHandler::IsIouringSupported() {
-    struct utsname uts;
-    unsigned int major, minor;
-
-    if ((uname(&uts) != 0) || (sscanf(uts.release, "%u.%u", &major, &minor) != 2)) {
-        SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "Could not parse the kernel version from uname. "
-                        << " io_uring not supported";
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    // We will only support kernels from 5.6 onwards as IOSQE_ASYNC flag and
-    // IO_URING_OP_READ/WRITE opcodes were introduced only on 5.6 kernel
-    if (major >= 5) {
-        if (major == 5 && minor < 6) {
-            return false;
-        }
-    } else {
+    if (!KernelSupportsIoUring()) {
         return false;
     }
 
@@ -448,5 +437,31 @@ bool SnapshotHandler::IsIouringSupported() {
     return android::base::GetBoolProperty("ro.virtual_ab.io_uring.enabled", false);
 }
 
+bool SnapshotHandler::CheckPartitionVerification() {
+    return update_verify_->CheckPartitionVerification();
+}
+
+void SnapshotHandler::FreeResources() {
+    worker_threads_.clear();
+    read_ahead_thread_ = nullptr;
+    merge_thread_ = nullptr;
+}
+
+uint64_t SnapshotHandler::GetNumSectors() const {
+    unique_fd fd(TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(open(base_path_merge_.c_str(), O_RDONLY | O_CLOEXEC)));
+    if (fd < 0) {
+        SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "Cannot open base path: " << base_path_merge_;
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    uint64_t dev_sz = get_block_device_size(fd.get());
+    if (!dev_sz) {
+        SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to find block device size: " << base_path_merge_;
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    return dev_sz / SECTOR_SIZE;
+}
+
 }  // namespace snapshot
 }  // namespace android
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/snapuserd_core.h b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/snapuserd_core.h
index 777aa0705b2d..924539fe38c4 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/snapuserd_core.h
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/snapuserd_core.h
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@
 #include <iostream>
 #include <limits>
 #include <mutex>
+#include <ostream>
 #include <string>
 #include <thread>
 #include <unordered_map>
@@ -42,10 +43,13 @@
 #include <libdm/dm.h>
 #include <libsnapshot/cow_reader.h>
 #include <libsnapshot/cow_writer.h>
-#include <liburing.h>
+#include <snapuserd/block_server.h>
 #include <snapuserd/snapuserd_buffer.h>
 #include <snapuserd/snapuserd_kernel.h>
 #include <storage_literals/storage_literals.h>
+#include <system/thread_defs.h>
+#include "snapuserd_readahead.h"
+#include "snapuserd_verify.h"
 
 namespace android {
 namespace snapshot {
@@ -59,21 +63,21 @@ static_assert(PAYLOAD_BUFFER_SZ >= BLOCK_SZ);
 
 static constexpr int kNumWorkerThreads = 4;
 
-static constexpr int kNiceValueForMergeThreads = -5;
-
 #define SNAP_LOG(level) LOG(level) << misc_name_ << ": "
 #define SNAP_PLOG(level) PLOG(level) << misc_name_ << ": "
 
 enum class MERGE_IO_TRANSITION {
+    INVALID,
     MERGE_READY,
     MERGE_BEGIN,
     MERGE_FAILED,
     MERGE_COMPLETE,
     IO_TERMINATED,
-    READ_AHEAD_FAILURE,
+    READ_AHEAD_FAILURE
 };
 
-class SnapshotHandler;
+class MergeWorker;
+class ReadWorker;
 
 enum class MERGE_GROUP_STATE {
     GROUP_MERGE_PENDING,
@@ -96,219 +100,18 @@ struct MergeGroupState {
         : merge_state_(state), num_ios_in_progress(n_ios) {}
 };
 
-class ReadAhead {
-  public:
-    ReadAhead(const std::string& cow_device, const std::string& backing_device,
-              const std::string& misc_name, std::shared_ptr<SnapshotHandler> snapuserd);
-    bool RunThread();
-
-  private:
-    void InitializeRAIter();
-    bool RAIterDone();
-    void RAIterNext();
-    void RAResetIter(uint64_t num_blocks);
-    const CowOperation* GetRAOpIter();
-
-    void InitializeBuffer();
-    bool InitReader();
-    bool InitializeFds();
-
-    void CloseFds() { backing_store_fd_ = {}; }
-
-    bool ReadAheadIOStart();
-    int PrepareNextReadAhead(uint64_t* source_offset, int* pending_ops,
-                             std::vector<uint64_t>& blocks,
-                             std::vector<const CowOperation*>& xor_op_vec);
-    bool ReconstructDataFromCow();
-    void CheckOverlap(const CowOperation* cow_op);
-
-    bool ReadAheadAsyncIO();
-    bool ReapIoCompletions(int pending_ios_to_complete);
-    bool ReadXorData(size_t block_index, size_t xor_op_index,
-                     std::vector<const CowOperation*>& xor_op_vec);
-    void ProcessXorData(size_t& block_xor_index, size_t& xor_index,
-                        std::vector<const CowOperation*>& xor_op_vec, void* buffer,
-                        loff_t& buffer_offset);
-    void UpdateScratchMetadata();
-
-    bool ReadAheadSyncIO();
-    bool InitializeIouring();
-    void FinalizeIouring();
-
-    void* read_ahead_buffer_;
-    void* metadata_buffer_;
-
-    std::unique_ptr<ICowOpIter> cowop_iter_;
-
-    std::string cow_device_;
-    std::string backing_store_device_;
-    std::string misc_name_;
-
-    unique_fd cow_fd_;
-    unique_fd backing_store_fd_;
-
-    std::shared_ptr<SnapshotHandler> snapuserd_;
-    std::unique_ptr<CowReader> reader_;
-
-    std::unordered_set<uint64_t> dest_blocks_;
-    std::unordered_set<uint64_t> source_blocks_;
-    bool overlap_;
-    std::vector<uint64_t> blocks_;
-    int total_blocks_merged_ = 0;
-    std::unique_ptr<uint8_t[]> ra_temp_buffer_;
-    std::unique_ptr<uint8_t[]> ra_temp_meta_buffer_;
-    BufferSink bufsink_;
-
-    uint64_t total_ra_blocks_completed_ = 0;
-    bool read_ahead_async_ = false;
-    // Queue depth of 8 seems optimal. We don't want
-    // to have a huge depth as it may put more memory pressure
-    // on the kernel worker threads given that we use
-    // IOSQE_ASYNC flag - ASYNC flags can potentially
-    // result in EINTR; Since we don't restart
-    // syscalls and fallback to synchronous I/O, we
-    // don't want huge queue depth
-    int queue_depth_ = 8;
-    std::unique_ptr<struct io_uring> ring_;
-};
-
-class UpdateVerify {
-  public:
-    UpdateVerify(const std::string& misc_name);
-    void VerifyUpdatePartition();
-    bool CheckPartitionVerification();
-
-  private:
-    enum class UpdateVerifyState {
-        VERIFY_UNKNOWN,
-        VERIFY_FAILED,
-        VERIFY_SUCCESS,
-    };
-
-    std::string misc_name_;
-    UpdateVerifyState state_;
-    std::mutex m_lock_;
-    std::condition_variable m_cv_;
-
-    int kMinThreadsToVerify = 1;
-    int kMaxThreadsToVerify = 4;
-    uint64_t kThresholdSize = 512_MiB;
-    uint64_t kBlockSizeVerify = 1_MiB;
-
-    bool IsBlockAligned(uint64_t read_size) { return ((read_size & (BLOCK_SZ - 1)) == 0); }
-    void UpdatePartitionVerificationState(UpdateVerifyState state);
-    bool VerifyPartition(const std::string& partition_name, const std::string& dm_block_device);
-    bool VerifyBlocks(const std::string& partition_name, const std::string& dm_block_device,
-                      off_t offset, int skip_blocks, uint64_t dev_sz);
-};
-
-class Worker {
-  public:
-    Worker(const std::string& cow_device, const std::string& backing_device,
-           const std::string& control_device, const std::string& misc_name,
-           const std::string& base_path_merge, std::shared_ptr<SnapshotHandler> snapuserd);
-    bool RunThread();
-    bool RunMergeThread();
-    bool Init();
-
-  private:
-    // Initialization
-    void InitializeBufsink();
-    bool InitializeFds();
-    bool InitReader();
-    void CloseFds() {
-        ctrl_fd_ = {};
-        backing_store_fd_ = {};
-        base_path_merge_fd_ = {};
-    }
-
-    // Functions interacting with dm-user
-    bool ReadDmUserHeader();
-    bool WriteDmUserPayload(size_t size, bool header_response);
-    bool DmuserReadRequest();
-
-    // IO Path
-    bool ProcessIORequest();
-    bool IsBlockAligned(size_t size) { return ((size & (BLOCK_SZ - 1)) == 0); }
-
-    bool ReadDataFromBaseDevice(sector_t sector, size_t read_size);
-    bool ReadFromSourceDevice(const CowOperation* cow_op);
-
-    bool ReadAlignedSector(sector_t sector, size_t sz, bool header_response);
-    bool ReadUnalignedSector(sector_t sector, size_t size);
-    int ReadUnalignedSector(sector_t sector, size_t size,
-                            std::vector<std::pair<sector_t, const CowOperation*>>::iterator& it);
-    bool RespondIOError(bool header_response);
-
-    // Processing COW operations
-    bool ProcessCowOp(const CowOperation* cow_op);
-    bool ProcessReplaceOp(const CowOperation* cow_op);
-    bool ProcessZeroOp();
-
-    // Handles Copy and Xor
-    bool ProcessCopyOp(const CowOperation* cow_op);
-    bool ProcessXorOp(const CowOperation* cow_op);
-    bool ProcessOrderedOp(const CowOperation* cow_op);
-
-    // Merge related ops
-    bool Merge();
-    bool AsyncMerge();
-    bool SyncMerge();
-    bool MergeOrderedOps();
-    bool MergeOrderedOpsAsync();
-    bool MergeReplaceZeroOps();
-    int PrepareMerge(uint64_t* source_offset, int* pending_ops,
-                     std::vector<const CowOperation*>* replace_zero_vec = nullptr);
-
-    sector_t ChunkToSector(chunk_t chunk) { return chunk << CHUNK_SHIFT; }
-    chunk_t SectorToChunk(sector_t sector) { return sector >> CHUNK_SHIFT; }
-
-    bool InitializeIouring();
-    void FinalizeIouring();
-
-    std::unique_ptr<CowReader> reader_;
-    BufferSink bufsink_;
-    XorSink xorsink_;
-
-    std::string cow_device_;
-    std::string backing_store_device_;
-    std::string control_device_;
-    std::string misc_name_;
-    std::string base_path_merge_;
-
-    unique_fd cow_fd_;
-    unique_fd backing_store_fd_;
-    unique_fd base_path_merge_fd_;
-    unique_fd ctrl_fd_;
-
-    std::unique_ptr<ICowOpIter> cowop_iter_;
-    size_t ra_block_index_ = 0;
-    uint64_t blocks_merged_in_group_ = 0;
-    bool merge_async_ = false;
-    // Queue depth of 8 seems optimal. We don't want
-    // to have a huge depth as it may put more memory pressure
-    // on the kernel worker threads given that we use
-    // IOSQE_ASYNC flag - ASYNC flags can potentially
-    // result in EINTR; Since we don't restart
-    // syscalls and fallback to synchronous I/O, we
-    // don't want huge queue depth
-    int queue_depth_ = 8;
-    std::unique_ptr<struct io_uring> ring_;
-
-    std::shared_ptr<SnapshotHandler> snapuserd_;
-};
-
 class SnapshotHandler : public std::enable_shared_from_this<SnapshotHandler> {
   public:
     SnapshotHandler(std::string misc_name, std::string cow_device, std::string backing_device,
-                    std::string base_path_merge, int num_workers, bool use_iouring,
-                    bool perform_verification);
+                    std::string base_path_merge, std::shared_ptr<IBlockServerOpener> opener,
+                    int num_workers, bool use_iouring, bool perform_verification, bool o_direct,
+                    uint32_t cow_op_merge_size);
     bool InitCowDevice();
     bool Start();
 
     const std::string& GetControlDevicePath() { return control_device_; }
     const std::string& GetMiscName() { return misc_name_; }
-    const uint64_t& GetNumSectors() { return num_sectors_; }
+    uint64_t GetNumSectors() const;
     const bool& IsAttached() const { return attached_; }
     void AttachControlDevice() { attached_ = true; }
 
@@ -316,11 +119,7 @@ class SnapshotHandler : public std::enable_shared_from_this<SnapshotHandler> {
     bool CommitMerge(int num_merge_ops);
 
     void CloseFds() { cow_fd_ = {}; }
-    void FreeResources() {
-        worker_threads_.clear();
-        read_ahead_thread_ = nullptr;
-        merge_thread_ = nullptr;
-    }
+    void FreeResources();
 
     bool InitializeWorkers();
     std::unique_ptr<CowReader> CloneReaderForWorker();
@@ -347,6 +146,8 @@ class SnapshotHandler : public std::enable_shared_from_this<SnapshotHandler> {
     void WakeupMonitorMergeThread();
     void WaitForMergeComplete();
     bool WaitForMergeBegin();
+    void RaThreadStarted();
+    void WaitForRaThreadToStart();
     void NotifyRAForMergeReady();
     bool WaitForMergeReady();
     void MergeFailed();
@@ -358,6 +159,7 @@ class SnapshotHandler : public std::enable_shared_from_this<SnapshotHandler> {
 
     bool ShouldReconstructDataFromCow() { return populate_data_from_cow_; }
     void FinishReconstructDataFromCow() { populate_data_from_cow_ = false; }
+    void MarkMergeComplete();
     // Return the snapshot status
     std::string GetMergeStatus();
 
@@ -373,6 +175,9 @@ class SnapshotHandler : public std::enable_shared_from_this<SnapshotHandler> {
     bool MergeInitiated() { return merge_initiated_; }
     bool MergeMonitored() { return merge_monitored_; }
     double GetMergePercentage() { return merge_completion_percentage_; }
+    void PauseMergeThreads();
+    void ResumeMergeThreads();
+    void PauseMergeIfRequired();
 
     // Merge Block State Transitions
     void SetMergeCompleted(size_t block_index);
@@ -383,7 +188,8 @@ class SnapshotHandler : public std::enable_shared_from_this<SnapshotHandler> {
     MERGE_GROUP_STATE ProcessMergingBlock(uint64_t new_block, void* buffer);
 
     bool IsIouringSupported();
-    bool CheckPartitionVerification() { return update_verify_->CheckPartitionVerification(); }
+    bool CheckPartitionVerification();
+    std::mutex& GetBufferLock() { return buffer_lock_; }
 
   private:
     bool ReadMetadata();
@@ -405,8 +211,6 @@ class SnapshotHandler : public std::enable_shared_from_this<SnapshotHandler> {
 
     unique_fd cow_fd_;
 
-    uint64_t num_sectors_;
-
     std::unique_ptr<CowReader> reader_;
 
     // chunk_vec stores the pseudo mapping of sector
@@ -416,15 +220,19 @@ class SnapshotHandler : public std::enable_shared_from_this<SnapshotHandler> {
     std::mutex lock_;
     std::condition_variable cv;
 
+    // Lock the buffer used for snapshot-merge
+    std::mutex buffer_lock_;
+
     void* mapped_addr_;
     size_t total_mapped_addr_length_;
 
-    std::vector<std::unique_ptr<Worker>> worker_threads_;
+    std::vector<std::unique_ptr<ReadWorker>> worker_threads_;
     // Read-ahead related
     bool populate_data_from_cow_ = false;
     bool ra_thread_ = false;
+    bool ra_thread_started_ = false;
     int total_ra_blocks_merged_ = 0;
-    MERGE_IO_TRANSITION io_state_;
+    MERGE_IO_TRANSITION io_state_ = MERGE_IO_TRANSITION::INVALID;
     std::unique_ptr<ReadAhead> read_ahead_thread_;
     std::unordered_map<uint64_t, void*> read_ahead_buffer_map_;
 
@@ -434,7 +242,7 @@ class SnapshotHandler : public std::enable_shared_from_this<SnapshotHandler> {
     // Merge Block state
     std::vector<std::unique_ptr<MergeGroupState>> merge_blk_state_;
 
-    std::unique_ptr<Worker> merge_thread_;
+    std::unique_ptr<MergeWorker> merge_thread_;
     double merge_completion_percentage_;
 
     bool merge_initiated_ = false;
@@ -444,10 +252,21 @@ class SnapshotHandler : public std::enable_shared_from_this<SnapshotHandler> {
     bool scratch_space_ = false;
     int num_worker_threads_ = kNumWorkerThreads;
     bool perform_verification_ = true;
-
-    std::unique_ptr<struct io_uring> ring_;
+    bool resume_merge_ = false;
+    bool merge_complete_ = false;
+    bool o_direct_ = false;
+    uint32_t cow_op_merge_size_ = 0;
     std::unique_ptr<UpdateVerify> update_verify_;
+    std::shared_ptr<IBlockServerOpener> block_server_opener_;
+
+    // Pause merge threads
+    bool pause_merge_ = false;
+    std::mutex pause_merge_lock_;
+    std::condition_variable pause_merge_cv_;
 };
 
+std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, MERGE_IO_TRANSITION value);
+static_assert(sizeof(off_t) == sizeof(uint64_t));
+
 }  // namespace snapshot
 }  // namespace android
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/snapuserd_dm_user.cpp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/snapuserd_dm_user.cpp
deleted file mode 100644
index 78582164f175..000000000000
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/snapuserd_dm_user.cpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,668 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2021 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#include "snapuserd_core.h"
-
-namespace android {
-namespace snapshot {
-
-using namespace android;
-using namespace android::dm;
-using android::base::unique_fd;
-
-Worker::Worker(const std::string& cow_device, const std::string& backing_device,
-               const std::string& control_device, const std::string& misc_name,
-               const std::string& base_path_merge, std::shared_ptr<SnapshotHandler> snapuserd) {
-    cow_device_ = cow_device;
-    backing_store_device_ = backing_device;
-    control_device_ = control_device;
-    misc_name_ = misc_name;
-    base_path_merge_ = base_path_merge;
-    snapuserd_ = snapuserd;
-}
-
-bool Worker::InitializeFds() {
-    backing_store_fd_.reset(open(backing_store_device_.c_str(), O_RDONLY));
-    if (backing_store_fd_ < 0) {
-        SNAP_PLOG(ERROR) << "Open Failed: " << backing_store_device_;
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    cow_fd_.reset(open(cow_device_.c_str(), O_RDWR));
-    if (cow_fd_ < 0) {
-        SNAP_PLOG(ERROR) << "Open Failed: " << cow_device_;
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    ctrl_fd_.reset(open(control_device_.c_str(), O_RDWR));
-    if (ctrl_fd_ < 0) {
-        SNAP_PLOG(ERROR) << "Unable to open " << control_device_;
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    // Base device used by merge thread
-    base_path_merge_fd_.reset(open(base_path_merge_.c_str(), O_RDWR));
-    if (base_path_merge_fd_ < 0) {
-        SNAP_PLOG(ERROR) << "Open Failed: " << base_path_merge_;
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    return true;
-}
-
-bool Worker::InitReader() {
-    reader_ = snapuserd_->CloneReaderForWorker();
-
-    if (!reader_->InitForMerge(std::move(cow_fd_))) {
-        return false;
-    }
-    return true;
-}
-
-// Start the replace operation. This will read the
-// internal COW format and if the block is compressed,
-// it will be de-compressed.
-bool Worker::ProcessReplaceOp(const CowOperation* cow_op) {
-    void* buffer = bufsink_.GetPayloadBuffer(BLOCK_SZ);
-    if (!buffer) {
-        SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "ProcessReplaceOp failed to allocate buffer";
-        return false;
-    }
-    if (!reader_->ReadData(cow_op, buffer, BLOCK_SZ)) {
-        SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "ProcessReplaceOp failed for block " << cow_op->new_block;
-        return false;
-    }
-    return true;
-}
-
-bool Worker::ReadFromSourceDevice(const CowOperation* cow_op) {
-    void* buffer = bufsink_.GetPayloadBuffer(BLOCK_SZ);
-    if (buffer == nullptr) {
-        SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "ReadFromBaseDevice: Failed to get payload buffer";
-        return false;
-    }
-    SNAP_LOG(DEBUG) << " ReadFromBaseDevice...: new-block: " << cow_op->new_block
-                    << " Source: " << cow_op->source;
-    uint64_t offset = cow_op->source;
-    if (cow_op->type == kCowCopyOp) {
-        offset *= BLOCK_SZ;
-    }
-    if (!android::base::ReadFullyAtOffset(backing_store_fd_, buffer, BLOCK_SZ, offset)) {
-        std::string op;
-        if (cow_op->type == kCowCopyOp)
-            op = "Copy-op";
-        else {
-            op = "Xor-op";
-        }
-        SNAP_PLOG(ERROR) << op << " failed. Read from backing store: " << backing_store_device_
-                         << "at block :" << offset / BLOCK_SZ << " offset:" << offset % BLOCK_SZ;
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    return true;
-}
-
-// Start the copy operation. This will read the backing
-// block device which is represented by cow_op->source.
-bool Worker::ProcessCopyOp(const CowOperation* cow_op) {
-    if (!ReadFromSourceDevice(cow_op)) {
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    return true;
-}
-
-bool Worker::ProcessXorOp(const CowOperation* cow_op) {
-    if (!ReadFromSourceDevice(cow_op)) {
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    xorsink_.Reset();
-
-    size_t actual = 0;
-    void* buffer = xorsink_.GetBuffer(BLOCK_SZ, &actual);
-    if (!buffer || actual < BLOCK_SZ) {
-        SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "ProcessXorOp failed to get buffer of " << BLOCK_SZ << " size, got "
-                        << actual;
-        return false;
-    }
-    ssize_t size = reader_->ReadData(cow_op, buffer, BLOCK_SZ);
-    if (size != BLOCK_SZ) {
-        SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "ProcessXorOp failed for block " << cow_op->new_block
-                        << ", return value: " << size;
-        return false;
-    }
-    if (!xorsink_.ReturnData(buffer, size)) {
-        SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "ProcessXorOp failed to return data";
-        return false;
-    }
-    return true;
-}
-
-bool Worker::ProcessZeroOp() {
-    // Zero out the entire block
-    void* buffer = bufsink_.GetPayloadBuffer(BLOCK_SZ);
-    if (buffer == nullptr) {
-        SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "ProcessZeroOp: Failed to get payload buffer";
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    memset(buffer, 0, BLOCK_SZ);
-    return true;
-}
-
-bool Worker::ProcessOrderedOp(const CowOperation* cow_op) {
-    void* buffer = bufsink_.GetPayloadBuffer(BLOCK_SZ);
-    if (buffer == nullptr) {
-        SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "ProcessOrderedOp: Failed to get payload buffer";
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    MERGE_GROUP_STATE state = snapuserd_->ProcessMergingBlock(cow_op->new_block, buffer);
-
-    switch (state) {
-        case MERGE_GROUP_STATE::GROUP_MERGE_COMPLETED: {
-            // Merge is completed for this COW op; just read directly from
-            // the base device
-            SNAP_LOG(DEBUG) << "Merge-completed: Reading from base device sector: "
-                            << (cow_op->new_block >> SECTOR_SHIFT)
-                            << " Block-number: " << cow_op->new_block;
-            if (!ReadDataFromBaseDevice(ChunkToSector(cow_op->new_block), BLOCK_SZ)) {
-                SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "ReadDataFromBaseDevice at sector: "
-                                << (cow_op->new_block >> SECTOR_SHIFT) << " after merge-complete.";
-                return false;
-            }
-            return true;
-        }
-        case MERGE_GROUP_STATE::GROUP_MERGE_PENDING: {
-            bool ret;
-            if (cow_op->type == kCowCopyOp) {
-                ret = ProcessCopyOp(cow_op);
-            } else {
-                ret = ProcessXorOp(cow_op);
-            }
-
-            // I/O is complete - decrement the refcount irrespective of the return
-            // status
-            snapuserd_->NotifyIOCompletion(cow_op->new_block);
-            return ret;
-        }
-        // We already have the data in the buffer retrieved from RA thread.
-        // Nothing to process further.
-        case MERGE_GROUP_STATE::GROUP_MERGE_RA_READY: {
-            [[fallthrough]];
-        }
-        case MERGE_GROUP_STATE::GROUP_MERGE_IN_PROGRESS: {
-            return true;
-        }
-        default: {
-            // All other states, fail the I/O viz (GROUP_MERGE_FAILED and GROUP_INVALID)
-            return false;
-        }
-    }
-
-    return false;
-}
-
-bool Worker::ProcessCowOp(const CowOperation* cow_op) {
-    if (cow_op == nullptr) {
-        SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "ProcessCowOp: Invalid cow_op";
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    switch (cow_op->type) {
-        case kCowReplaceOp: {
-            return ProcessReplaceOp(cow_op);
-        }
-
-        case kCowZeroOp: {
-            return ProcessZeroOp();
-        }
-
-        case kCowCopyOp:
-            [[fallthrough]];
-        case kCowXorOp: {
-            return ProcessOrderedOp(cow_op);
-        }
-
-        default: {
-            SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "Unknown operation-type found: " << cow_op->type;
-        }
-    }
-    return false;
-}
-
-void Worker::InitializeBufsink() {
-    // Allocate the buffer which is used to communicate between
-    // daemon and dm-user. The buffer comprises of header and a fixed payload.
-    // If the dm-user requests a big IO, the IO will be broken into chunks
-    // of PAYLOAD_BUFFER_SZ.
-    size_t buf_size = sizeof(struct dm_user_header) + PAYLOAD_BUFFER_SZ;
-    bufsink_.Initialize(buf_size);
-}
-
-bool Worker::Init() {
-    InitializeBufsink();
-    xorsink_.Initialize(&bufsink_, BLOCK_SZ);
-
-    if (!InitializeFds()) {
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    if (!InitReader()) {
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    return true;
-}
-
-bool Worker::RunThread() {
-    SNAP_LOG(INFO) << "Processing snapshot I/O requests....";
-
-    if (setpriority(PRIO_PROCESS, gettid(), kNiceValueForMergeThreads)) {
-        SNAP_PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to set priority for TID: " << gettid();
-    }
-
-    // Start serving IO
-    while (true) {
-        if (!ProcessIORequest()) {
-            break;
-        }
-    }
-
-    CloseFds();
-    reader_->CloseCowFd();
-
-    return true;
-}
-
-// Read Header from dm-user misc device. This gives
-// us the sector number for which IO is issued by dm-snapshot device
-bool Worker::ReadDmUserHeader() {
-    if (!android::base::ReadFully(ctrl_fd_, bufsink_.GetBufPtr(), sizeof(struct dm_user_header))) {
-        if (errno != ENOTBLK) {
-            SNAP_PLOG(ERROR) << "Control-read failed";
-        }
-
-        SNAP_PLOG(DEBUG) << "ReadDmUserHeader failed....";
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    return true;
-}
-
-// Send the payload/data back to dm-user misc device.
-bool Worker::WriteDmUserPayload(size_t size, bool header_response) {
-    size_t payload_size = size;
-    void* buf = bufsink_.GetPayloadBufPtr();
-    if (header_response) {
-        payload_size += sizeof(struct dm_user_header);
-        buf = bufsink_.GetBufPtr();
-    }
-
-    if (!android::base::WriteFully(ctrl_fd_, buf, payload_size)) {
-        SNAP_PLOG(ERROR) << "Write to dm-user failed size: " << payload_size;
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    return true;
-}
-
-bool Worker::ReadDataFromBaseDevice(sector_t sector, size_t read_size) {
-    CHECK(read_size <= BLOCK_SZ);
-
-    void* buffer = bufsink_.GetPayloadBuffer(BLOCK_SZ);
-    if (buffer == nullptr) {
-        SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "ReadFromBaseDevice: Failed to get payload buffer";
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    loff_t offset = sector << SECTOR_SHIFT;
-    if (!android::base::ReadFullyAtOffset(base_path_merge_fd_, buffer, read_size, offset)) {
-        SNAP_PLOG(ERROR) << "ReadDataFromBaseDevice failed. fd: " << base_path_merge_fd_
-                         << "at sector :" << sector << " size: " << read_size;
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    return true;
-}
-
-bool Worker::ReadAlignedSector(sector_t sector, size_t sz, bool header_response) {
-    struct dm_user_header* header = bufsink_.GetHeaderPtr();
-    size_t remaining_size = sz;
-    std::vector<std::pair<sector_t, const CowOperation*>>& chunk_vec = snapuserd_->GetChunkVec();
-    bool io_error = false;
-    int ret = 0;
-
-    do {
-        // Process 1MB payload at a time
-        size_t read_size = std::min(PAYLOAD_BUFFER_SZ, remaining_size);
-
-        header->type = DM_USER_RESP_SUCCESS;
-        size_t total_bytes_read = 0;
-        io_error = false;
-        bufsink_.ResetBufferOffset();
-
-        while (read_size) {
-            // We need to check every 4k block to verify if it is
-            // present in the mapping.
-            size_t size = std::min(BLOCK_SZ, read_size);
-
-            auto it = std::lower_bound(chunk_vec.begin(), chunk_vec.end(),
-                                       std::make_pair(sector, nullptr), SnapshotHandler::compare);
-            bool not_found = (it == chunk_vec.end() || it->first != sector);
-
-            if (not_found) {
-                // Block not found in map - which means this block was not
-                // changed as per the OTA. Just route the I/O to the base
-                // device.
-                if (!ReadDataFromBaseDevice(sector, size)) {
-                    SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "ReadDataFromBaseDevice failed";
-                    header->type = DM_USER_RESP_ERROR;
-                }
-
-                ret = size;
-            } else {
-                // We found the sector in mapping. Check the type of COW OP and
-                // process it.
-                if (!ProcessCowOp(it->second)) {
-                    SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "ProcessCowOp failed";
-                    header->type = DM_USER_RESP_ERROR;
-                }
-
-                ret = BLOCK_SZ;
-            }
-
-            // Just return the header if it is an error
-            if (header->type == DM_USER_RESP_ERROR) {
-                if (!RespondIOError(header_response)) {
-                    return false;
-                }
-
-                io_error = true;
-                break;
-            }
-
-            read_size -= ret;
-            total_bytes_read += ret;
-            sector += (ret >> SECTOR_SHIFT);
-            bufsink_.UpdateBufferOffset(ret);
-        }
-
-        if (!io_error) {
-            if (!WriteDmUserPayload(total_bytes_read, header_response)) {
-                return false;
-            }
-
-            SNAP_LOG(DEBUG) << "WriteDmUserPayload success total_bytes_read: " << total_bytes_read
-                            << " header-response: " << header_response
-                            << " remaining_size: " << remaining_size;
-            header_response = false;
-            remaining_size -= total_bytes_read;
-        }
-    } while (remaining_size > 0 && !io_error);
-
-    return true;
-}
-
-int Worker::ReadUnalignedSector(
-        sector_t sector, size_t size,
-        std::vector<std::pair<sector_t, const CowOperation*>>::iterator& it) {
-    size_t skip_sector_size = 0;
-
-    SNAP_LOG(DEBUG) << "ReadUnalignedSector: sector " << sector << " size: " << size
-                    << " Aligned sector: " << it->first;
-
-    if (!ProcessCowOp(it->second)) {
-        SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "ReadUnalignedSector: " << sector << " failed of size: " << size
-                        << " Aligned sector: " << it->first;
-        return -1;
-    }
-
-    int num_sectors_skip = sector - it->first;
-
-    if (num_sectors_skip > 0) {
-        skip_sector_size = num_sectors_skip << SECTOR_SHIFT;
-        char* buffer = reinterpret_cast<char*>(bufsink_.GetBufPtr());
-        struct dm_user_message* msg = (struct dm_user_message*)(&(buffer[0]));
-
-        if (skip_sector_size == BLOCK_SZ) {
-            SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "Invalid un-aligned IO request at sector: " << sector
-                            << " Base-sector: " << it->first;
-            return -1;
-        }
-
-        memmove(msg->payload.buf, (char*)msg->payload.buf + skip_sector_size,
-                (BLOCK_SZ - skip_sector_size));
-    }
-
-    bufsink_.ResetBufferOffset();
-    return std::min(size, (BLOCK_SZ - skip_sector_size));
-}
-
-bool Worker::ReadUnalignedSector(sector_t sector, size_t size) {
-    struct dm_user_header* header = bufsink_.GetHeaderPtr();
-    header->type = DM_USER_RESP_SUCCESS;
-    bufsink_.ResetBufferOffset();
-    std::vector<std::pair<sector_t, const CowOperation*>>& chunk_vec = snapuserd_->GetChunkVec();
-
-    auto it = std::lower_bound(chunk_vec.begin(), chunk_vec.end(), std::make_pair(sector, nullptr),
-                               SnapshotHandler::compare);
-
-    // |-------|-------|-------|
-    // 0       1       2       3
-    //
-    // Block 0 - op 1
-    // Block 1 - op 2
-    // Block 2 - op 3
-    //
-    // chunk_vec will have block 0, 1, 2 which maps to relavant COW ops.
-    //
-    // Each block is 4k bytes. Thus, the last block will span 8 sectors
-    // ranging till block 3 (However, block 3 won't be in chunk_vec as
-    // it doesn't have any mapping to COW ops. Now, if we get an I/O request for a sector
-    // spanning between block 2 and block 3, we need to step back
-    // and get hold of the last element.
-    //
-    // Additionally, we need to make sure that the requested sector is
-    // indeed within the range of the final sector. It is perfectly valid
-    // to get an I/O request for block 3 and beyond which are not mapped
-    // to any COW ops. In that case, we just need to read from the base
-    // device.
-    bool merge_complete = false;
-    bool header_response = true;
-    if (it == chunk_vec.end()) {
-        if (chunk_vec.size() > 0) {
-            // I/O request beyond the last mapped sector
-            it = std::prev(chunk_vec.end());
-        } else {
-            // This can happen when a partition merge is complete but snapshot
-            // state in /metadata is not yet deleted; during this window if the
-            // device is rebooted, subsequent attempt will mount the snapshot.
-            // However, since the merge was completed we wouldn't have any
-            // mapping to COW ops thus chunk_vec will be empty. In that case,
-            // mark this as merge_complete and route the I/O to the base device.
-            merge_complete = true;
-        }
-    } else if (it->first != sector) {
-        if (it != chunk_vec.begin()) {
-            --it;
-        }
-    } else {
-        return ReadAlignedSector(sector, size, header_response);
-    }
-
-    loff_t requested_offset = sector << SECTOR_SHIFT;
-
-    loff_t final_offset = 0;
-    if (!merge_complete) {
-        final_offset = it->first << SECTOR_SHIFT;
-    }
-
-    // Since a COW op span 4k block size, we need to make sure that the requested
-    // offset is within the 4k region. Consider the following case:
-    //
-    // |-------|-------|-------|
-    // 0       1       2       3
-    //
-    // Block 0 - op 1
-    // Block 1 - op 2
-    //
-    // We have an I/O request for a sector between block 2 and block 3. However,
-    // we have mapping to COW ops only for block 0 and block 1. Thus, the
-    // requested offset in this case is beyond the last mapped COW op size (which
-    // is block 1 in this case).
-
-    size_t total_bytes_read = 0;
-    size_t remaining_size = size;
-    int ret = 0;
-    if (!merge_complete && (requested_offset >= final_offset) &&
-        (requested_offset - final_offset) < BLOCK_SZ) {
-        // Read the partial un-aligned data
-        ret = ReadUnalignedSector(sector, remaining_size, it);
-        if (ret < 0) {
-            SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "ReadUnalignedSector failed for sector: " << sector
-                            << " size: " << size << " it->sector: " << it->first;
-            return RespondIOError(header_response);
-        }
-
-        remaining_size -= ret;
-        total_bytes_read += ret;
-        sector += (ret >> SECTOR_SHIFT);
-
-        // Send the data back
-        if (!WriteDmUserPayload(total_bytes_read, header_response)) {
-            return false;
-        }
-
-        header_response = false;
-        // If we still have pending data to be processed, this will be aligned I/O
-        if (remaining_size) {
-            return ReadAlignedSector(sector, remaining_size, header_response);
-        }
-    } else {
-        // This is all about handling I/O request to be routed to base device
-        // as the I/O is not mapped to any of the COW ops.
-        loff_t aligned_offset = requested_offset;
-        // Align to nearest 4k
-        aligned_offset += BLOCK_SZ - 1;
-        aligned_offset &= ~(BLOCK_SZ - 1);
-        // Find the diff of the aligned offset
-        size_t diff_size = aligned_offset - requested_offset;
-        CHECK(diff_size <= BLOCK_SZ);
-        if (remaining_size < diff_size) {
-            if (!ReadDataFromBaseDevice(sector, remaining_size)) {
-                return RespondIOError(header_response);
-            }
-            total_bytes_read += remaining_size;
-
-            if (!WriteDmUserPayload(total_bytes_read, header_response)) {
-                return false;
-            }
-        } else {
-            if (!ReadDataFromBaseDevice(sector, diff_size)) {
-                return RespondIOError(header_response);
-            }
-
-            total_bytes_read += diff_size;
-
-            if (!WriteDmUserPayload(total_bytes_read, header_response)) {
-                return false;
-            }
-
-            remaining_size -= diff_size;
-            size_t num_sectors_read = (diff_size >> SECTOR_SHIFT);
-            sector += num_sectors_read;
-            CHECK(IsBlockAligned(sector << SECTOR_SHIFT));
-            header_response = false;
-
-            // If we still have pending data to be processed, this will be aligned I/O
-            return ReadAlignedSector(sector, remaining_size, header_response);
-        }
-    }
-
-    return true;
-}
-
-bool Worker::RespondIOError(bool header_response) {
-    struct dm_user_header* header = bufsink_.GetHeaderPtr();
-    header->type = DM_USER_RESP_ERROR;
-    // This is an issue with the dm-user interface. There
-    // is no way to propagate the I/O error back to dm-user
-    // if we have already communicated the header back. Header
-    // is responded once at the beginning; however I/O can
-    // be processed in chunks. If we encounter an I/O error
-    // somewhere in the middle of the processing, we can't communicate
-    // this back to dm-user.
-    //
-    // TODO: Fix the interface
-    CHECK(header_response);
-
-    if (!WriteDmUserPayload(0, header_response)) {
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    // There is no need to process further as we have already seen
-    // an I/O error
-    return true;
-}
-
-bool Worker::DmuserReadRequest() {
-    struct dm_user_header* header = bufsink_.GetHeaderPtr();
-
-    // Unaligned I/O request
-    if (!IsBlockAligned(header->sector << SECTOR_SHIFT)) {
-        return ReadUnalignedSector(header->sector, header->len);
-    }
-
-    return ReadAlignedSector(header->sector, header->len, true);
-}
-
-bool Worker::ProcessIORequest() {
-    struct dm_user_header* header = bufsink_.GetHeaderPtr();
-
-    if (!ReadDmUserHeader()) {
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    SNAP_LOG(DEBUG) << "Daemon: msg->seq: " << std::dec << header->seq;
-    SNAP_LOG(DEBUG) << "Daemon: msg->len: " << std::dec << header->len;
-    SNAP_LOG(DEBUG) << "Daemon: msg->sector: " << std::dec << header->sector;
-    SNAP_LOG(DEBUG) << "Daemon: msg->type: " << std::dec << header->type;
-    SNAP_LOG(DEBUG) << "Daemon: msg->flags: " << std::dec << header->flags;
-
-    switch (header->type) {
-        case DM_USER_REQ_MAP_READ: {
-            if (!DmuserReadRequest()) {
-                return false;
-            }
-            break;
-        }
-
-        case DM_USER_REQ_MAP_WRITE: {
-            // TODO: We should not get any write request
-            // to dm-user as we mount all partitions
-            // as read-only. Need to verify how are TRIM commands
-            // handled during mount.
-            return false;
-        }
-    }
-
-    return true;
-}
-
-}  // namespace snapshot
-}  // namespace android
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/snapuserd_readahead.cpp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/snapuserd_readahead.cpp
index 17f1f0e27375..c7ae51926860 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/snapuserd_readahead.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/snapuserd_readahead.cpp
@@ -14,7 +14,13 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
+#include "snapuserd_readahead.h"
+
+#include <pthread.h>
+
+#include "android-base/properties.h"
 #include "snapuserd_core.h"
+#include "utility.h"
 
 namespace android {
 namespace snapshot {
@@ -24,22 +30,27 @@ using namespace android::dm;
 using android::base::unique_fd;
 
 ReadAhead::ReadAhead(const std::string& cow_device, const std::string& backing_device,
-                     const std::string& misc_name, std::shared_ptr<SnapshotHandler> snapuserd) {
+                     const std::string& misc_name, std::shared_ptr<SnapshotHandler> snapuserd,
+                     uint32_t cow_op_merge_size) {
     cow_device_ = cow_device;
     backing_store_device_ = backing_device;
     misc_name_ = misc_name;
     snapuserd_ = snapuserd;
+    cow_op_merge_size_ = cow_op_merge_size;
 }
 
 void ReadAhead::CheckOverlap(const CowOperation* cow_op) {
-    uint64_t source_block = cow_op->source;
-    uint64_t source_offset = 0;
-    if (cow_op->type == kCowXorOp) {
-        source_block /= BLOCK_SZ;
-        source_offset = cow_op->source % BLOCK_SZ;
+    uint64_t source_offset;
+    if (!reader_->GetSourceOffset(cow_op, &source_offset)) {
+        SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "ReadAhead operation has no source offset: " << *cow_op;
+        return;
     }
+
+    uint64_t source_block = GetBlockFromOffset(header_, source_offset);
+    bool misaligned = (GetBlockRelativeOffset(header_, source_offset) != 0);
+
     if (dest_blocks_.count(cow_op->new_block) || source_blocks_.count(source_block) ||
-        (source_offset > 0 && source_blocks_.count(source_block + 1))) {
+        (misaligned && source_blocks_.count(source_block + 1))) {
         overlap_ = true;
     }
 
@@ -54,8 +65,11 @@ int ReadAhead::PrepareNextReadAhead(uint64_t* source_offset, int* pending_ops,
                                     std::vector<uint64_t>& blocks,
                                     std::vector<const CowOperation*>& xor_op_vec) {
     int num_ops = *pending_ops;
-    int nr_consecutive = 0;
+    if (cow_op_merge_size_ != 0) {
+        num_ops = std::min(static_cast<int>(cow_op_merge_size_), *pending_ops);
+    }
 
+    int nr_consecutive = 0;
     bool is_ops_present = (!RAIterDone() && num_ops);
 
     if (!is_ops_present) {
@@ -64,11 +78,12 @@ int ReadAhead::PrepareNextReadAhead(uint64_t* source_offset, int* pending_ops,
 
     // Get the first block with offset
     const CowOperation* cow_op = GetRAOpIter();
-    *source_offset = cow_op->source;
 
-    if (cow_op->type == kCowCopyOp) {
-        *source_offset *= BLOCK_SZ;
-    } else if (cow_op->type == kCowXorOp) {
+    if (!reader_->GetSourceOffset(cow_op, source_offset)) {
+        SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "PrepareNextReadAhead operation has no source offset: " << *cow_op;
+        return nr_consecutive;
+    }
+    if (cow_op->type() == kCowXorOp) {
         xor_op_vec.push_back(cow_op);
     }
 
@@ -86,10 +101,10 @@ int ReadAhead::PrepareNextReadAhead(uint64_t* source_offset, int* pending_ops,
      */
     while (!RAIterDone() && num_ops) {
         const CowOperation* op = GetRAOpIter();
-        uint64_t next_offset = op->source;
-
-        if (cow_op->type == kCowCopyOp) {
-            next_offset *= BLOCK_SZ;
+        uint64_t next_offset;
+        if (!reader_->GetSourceOffset(op, &next_offset)) {
+            SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "PrepareNextReadAhead operation has no source offset: " << *cow_op;
+            break;
         }
 
         // Check for consecutive blocks
@@ -97,7 +112,7 @@ int ReadAhead::PrepareNextReadAhead(uint64_t* source_offset, int* pending_ops,
             break;
         }
 
-        if (op->type == kCowXorOp) {
+        if (op->type() == kCowXorOp) {
             xor_op_vec.push_back(op);
         }
 
@@ -197,6 +212,7 @@ bool ReadAhead::ReconstructDataFromCow() {
         return false;
     }
 
+    snapuserd_->RaThreadStarted();
     SNAP_LOG(INFO) << "ReconstructDataFromCow success";
     notify_read_ahead_failed.Cancel();
     return true;
@@ -421,7 +437,7 @@ bool ReadAhead::ReapIoCompletions(int pending_ios_to_complete) {
         // will fallback to synchronous I/O.
         int ret = io_uring_wait_cqe(ring_.get(), &cqe);
         if (ret) {
-            SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "Read-ahead - io_uring_wait_cqe failed: " << ret;
+            SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "Read-ahead - io_uring_wait_cqe failed: " << strerror(-ret);
             status = false;
             break;
         }
@@ -442,6 +458,7 @@ bool ReadAhead::ReapIoCompletions(int pending_ios_to_complete) {
 void ReadAhead::ProcessXorData(size_t& block_xor_index, size_t& xor_index,
                                std::vector<const CowOperation*>& xor_op_vec, void* buffer,
                                loff_t& buffer_offset) {
+    using WordType = std::conditional_t<sizeof(void*) == sizeof(uint64_t), uint64_t, uint32_t>;
     loff_t xor_buf_offset = 0;
 
     while (block_xor_index < blocks_.size()) {
@@ -454,13 +471,14 @@ void ReadAhead::ProcessXorData(size_t& block_xor_index, size_t& xor_index,
             // Check if this block is an XOR op
             if (xor_op->new_block == new_block) {
                 // Pointer to the data read from base device
-                uint8_t* buffer = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(bufptr);
+                auto buffer_words = reinterpret_cast<WordType*>(bufptr);
                 // Get the xor'ed data read from COW device
-                uint8_t* xor_data = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>((char*)bufsink_.GetPayloadBufPtr() +
-                                                               xor_buf_offset);
+                auto xor_data_words = reinterpret_cast<WordType*>(
+                        (char*)bufsink_.GetPayloadBufPtr() + xor_buf_offset);
+                auto num_words = BLOCK_SZ / sizeof(WordType);
 
-                for (size_t byte_offset = 0; byte_offset < BLOCK_SZ; byte_offset++) {
-                    buffer[byte_offset] ^= xor_data[byte_offset];
+                for (auto i = 0; i < num_words; i++) {
+                    buffer_words[i] ^= xor_data_words[i];
                 }
 
                 // Move to next XOR op
@@ -486,7 +504,7 @@ bool ReadAhead::ReadXorData(size_t block_index, size_t xor_op_index,
         if (xor_op_index < xor_op_vec.size()) {
             const CowOperation* xor_op = xor_op_vec[xor_op_index];
             if (xor_op->new_block == new_block) {
-                void* buffer = bufsink_.GetPayloadBuffer(BLOCK_SZ);
+                void* buffer = bufsink_.AcquireBuffer(BLOCK_SZ);
                 if (!buffer) {
                     SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "ReadAhead - failed to allocate buffer for block: "
                                     << xor_op->new_block;
@@ -500,7 +518,6 @@ bool ReadAhead::ReadXorData(size_t block_index, size_t xor_op_index,
                 }
 
                 xor_op_index += 1;
-                bufsink_.UpdateBufferOffset(BLOCK_SZ);
             }
         }
         block_index += 1;
@@ -587,7 +604,7 @@ bool ReadAhead::ReadAheadSyncIO() {
             // Check if this block is an XOR op
             if (xor_op->new_block == new_block) {
                 // Read the xor'ed data from COW
-                void* buffer = bufsink_.GetPayloadBuffer(BLOCK_SZ);
+                void* buffer = bufsink.GetPayloadBuffer(BLOCK_SZ);
                 if (!buffer) {
                     SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "ReadAhead - failed to allocate buffer";
                     return false;
@@ -685,31 +702,43 @@ bool ReadAhead::ReadAheadIOStart() {
     // window. If there is a crash during this time frame, merge should resume
     // based on the contents of the scratch space.
     if (!snapuserd_->WaitForMergeReady()) {
+        SNAP_LOG(VERBOSE) << "ReadAhead failed to wait for merge ready";
         return false;
     }
 
-    // Copy the data to scratch space
-    memcpy(metadata_buffer_, ra_temp_meta_buffer_.get(), snapuserd_->GetBufferMetadataSize());
-    memcpy(read_ahead_buffer_, ra_temp_buffer_.get(), total_blocks_merged_ * BLOCK_SZ);
+    // Acquire buffer lock before doing memcpy to the scratch buffer. Although,
+    // by now snapshot-merge thread shouldn't be working on this scratch space
+    // but we take additional measure to ensure that the buffer is not being
+    // used by the merge thread at this point. see b/377819507
+    {
+        std::lock_guard<std::mutex> buffer_lock(snapuserd_->GetBufferLock());
+        // Copy the data to scratch space
+        memcpy(metadata_buffer_, ra_temp_meta_buffer_.get(), snapuserd_->GetBufferMetadataSize());
+        memcpy(read_ahead_buffer_, ra_temp_buffer_.get(), total_blocks_merged_ * BLOCK_SZ);
 
-    loff_t offset = 0;
-    std::unordered_map<uint64_t, void*>& read_ahead_buffer_map = snapuserd_->GetReadAheadMap();
-    read_ahead_buffer_map.clear();
+        loff_t offset = 0;
+        std::unordered_map<uint64_t, void*>& read_ahead_buffer_map = snapuserd_->GetReadAheadMap();
+        read_ahead_buffer_map.clear();
 
-    for (size_t block_index = 0; block_index < blocks_.size(); block_index++) {
-        void* bufptr = static_cast<void*>((char*)read_ahead_buffer_ + offset);
-        uint64_t new_block = blocks_[block_index];
+        for (size_t block_index = 0; block_index < blocks_.size(); block_index++) {
+            void* bufptr = static_cast<void*>((char*)read_ahead_buffer_ + offset);
+            uint64_t new_block = blocks_[block_index];
 
-        read_ahead_buffer_map[new_block] = bufptr;
-        offset += BLOCK_SZ;
-    }
+            read_ahead_buffer_map[new_block] = bufptr;
+            offset += BLOCK_SZ;
+        }
 
-    total_ra_blocks_completed_ += total_blocks_merged_;
-    snapuserd_->SetMergedBlockCountForNextCommit(total_blocks_merged_);
+        total_ra_blocks_completed_ += total_blocks_merged_;
+        snapuserd_->SetMergedBlockCountForNextCommit(total_blocks_merged_);
+    }
 
-    // Flush the data only if we have a overlapping blocks in the region
+    // Flush the scratch data - Technically, we should flush only for overlapping
+    // blocks; However, since this region is mmap'ed, the dirty pages can still
+    // get flushed to disk at any random point in time. Instead, make sure
+    // the data in scratch is in the correct state before merge thread resumes.
+    //
     // Notify the Merge thread to resume merging this window
-    if (!snapuserd_->ReadAheadIOCompleted(overlap_)) {
+    if (!snapuserd_->ReadAheadIOCompleted(true)) {
         SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "ReadAheadIOCompleted failed...";
         snapuserd_->ReadAheadIOFailed();
         return false;
@@ -746,6 +775,10 @@ void ReadAhead::FinalizeIouring() {
 }
 
 bool ReadAhead::RunThread() {
+    SNAP_LOG(INFO) << "ReadAhead thread started.";
+
+    pthread_setname_np(pthread_self(), "ReadAhead");
+
     if (!InitializeFds()) {
         return false;
     }
@@ -760,10 +793,15 @@ bool ReadAhead::RunThread() {
 
     InitializeIouring();
 
-    if (setpriority(PRIO_PROCESS, gettid(), kNiceValueForMergeThreads)) {
-        SNAP_PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to set priority for TID: " << gettid();
+    if (!SetThreadPriority(ANDROID_PRIORITY_BACKGROUND)) {
+        SNAP_PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to set thread priority";
+    }
+
+    if (!SetProfiles({"CPUSET_SP_BACKGROUND"})) {
+        SNAP_PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to assign task profile to readahead thread";
     }
 
+    SNAP_LOG(INFO) << "ReadAhead processing.";
     while (!RAIterDone()) {
         if (!ReadAheadIOStart()) {
             break;
@@ -774,7 +812,7 @@ bool ReadAhead::RunThread() {
     CloseFds();
     reader_->CloseCowFd();
 
-    SNAP_LOG(INFO) << " ReadAhead thread terminating....";
+    SNAP_LOG(INFO) << " ReadAhead thread terminating.";
     return true;
 }
 
@@ -801,6 +839,7 @@ bool ReadAhead::InitReader() {
     if (!reader_->InitForMerge(std::move(cow_fd_))) {
         return false;
     }
+    header_ = reader_->GetHeader();
     return true;
 }
 
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/snapuserd_readahead.h b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/snapuserd_readahead.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..4885c9608716
--- /dev/null
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/snapuserd_readahead.h
@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <stddef.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+
+#include <memory>
+#include <string>
+#include <unordered_set>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
+#include <libsnapshot/cow_reader.h>
+#include <liburing.h>
+#include <snapuserd/snapuserd_buffer.h>
+
+namespace android {
+namespace snapshot {
+
+class SnapshotHandler;
+
+class ReadAhead {
+  public:
+    ReadAhead(const std::string& cow_device, const std::string& backing_device,
+              const std::string& misc_name, std::shared_ptr<SnapshotHandler> snapuserd,
+              uint32_t cow_op_merge_size);
+    bool RunThread();
+
+  private:
+    void InitializeRAIter();
+    bool RAIterDone();
+    void RAIterNext();
+    void RAResetIter(uint64_t num_blocks);
+    const CowOperation* GetRAOpIter();
+
+    void InitializeBuffer();
+    bool InitReader();
+    bool InitializeFds();
+
+    void CloseFds() { backing_store_fd_ = {}; }
+
+    bool ReadAheadIOStart();
+    int PrepareNextReadAhead(uint64_t* source_offset, int* pending_ops,
+                             std::vector<uint64_t>& blocks,
+                             std::vector<const CowOperation*>& xor_op_vec);
+    bool ReconstructDataFromCow();
+    void CheckOverlap(const CowOperation* cow_op);
+
+    bool ReadAheadAsyncIO();
+    bool ReapIoCompletions(int pending_ios_to_complete);
+    bool ReadXorData(size_t block_index, size_t xor_op_index,
+                     std::vector<const CowOperation*>& xor_op_vec);
+    void ProcessXorData(size_t& block_xor_index, size_t& xor_index,
+                        std::vector<const CowOperation*>& xor_op_vec, void* buffer,
+                        loff_t& buffer_offset);
+    void UpdateScratchMetadata();
+
+    bool ReadAheadSyncIO();
+    bool InitializeIouring();
+    void FinalizeIouring();
+
+    void* read_ahead_buffer_;
+    void* metadata_buffer_;
+
+    std::unique_ptr<ICowOpIter> cowop_iter_;
+
+    std::string cow_device_;
+    std::string backing_store_device_;
+    std::string misc_name_;
+
+    android::base::unique_fd cow_fd_;
+    android::base::unique_fd backing_store_fd_;
+
+    std::shared_ptr<SnapshotHandler> snapuserd_;
+    std::unique_ptr<CowReader> reader_;
+    CowHeader header_;
+
+    std::unordered_set<uint64_t> dest_blocks_;
+    std::unordered_set<uint64_t> source_blocks_;
+    bool overlap_;
+    std::vector<uint64_t> blocks_;
+    int total_blocks_merged_ = 0;
+    std::unique_ptr<uint8_t[]> ra_temp_buffer_;
+    std::unique_ptr<uint8_t[]> ra_temp_meta_buffer_;
+    BufferSink bufsink_;
+
+    uint64_t total_ra_blocks_completed_ = 0;
+    bool read_ahead_async_ = false;
+    // Queue depth of 8 seems optimal. We don't want
+    // to have a huge depth as it may put more memory pressure
+    // on the kernel worker threads given that we use
+    // IOSQE_ASYNC flag - ASYNC flags can potentially
+    // result in EINTR; Since we don't restart
+    // syscalls and fallback to synchronous I/O, we
+    // don't want huge queue depth
+    int queue_depth_ = 8;
+    uint32_t cow_op_merge_size_;
+    std::unique_ptr<struct io_uring> ring_;
+};
+
+}  // namespace snapshot
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/snapuserd_server.cpp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/snapuserd_server.cpp
index c953f1a053bd..372b2f2f7c81 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/snapuserd_server.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/snapuserd_server.cpp
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #include <sys/socket.h>
+#include <sys/system_properties.h>
 #include <sys/types.h>
 #include <unistd.h>
 
@@ -31,11 +32,10 @@
 #include <android-base/scopeguard.h>
 #include <android-base/strings.h>
 #include <fs_mgr/file_wait.h>
+#include <snapuserd/dm_user_block_server.h>
 #include <snapuserd/snapuserd_client.h>
 #include "snapuserd_server.h"
-
-#define _REALLY_INCLUDE_SYS__SYSTEM_PROPERTIES_H_
-#include <sys/_system_properties.h>
+#include "user-space-merge/snapuserd_core.h"
 
 namespace android {
 namespace snapshot {
@@ -48,6 +48,7 @@ using android::base::unique_fd;
 UserSnapshotServer::UserSnapshotServer() {
     terminating_ = false;
     handlers_ = std::make_unique<SnapshotHandlerManager>();
+    block_server_factory_ = std::make_unique<DmUserBlockServerFactory>();
 }
 
 UserSnapshotServer::~UserSnapshotServer() {
@@ -125,12 +126,17 @@ bool UserSnapshotServer::Receivemsg(android::base::borrowed_fd fd, const std::st
             return Sendmsg(fd, "fail");
         }
 
-        auto handler = AddHandler(out[1], out[2], out[3], out[4]);
+        auto handler = AddHandler(out[1], out[2], out[3], out[4], std::nullopt);
         if (!handler) {
             return Sendmsg(fd, "fail");
         }
 
-        auto retval = "success," + std::to_string(handler->snapuserd()->GetNumSectors());
+        auto num_sectors = handler->snapuserd()->GetNumSectors();
+        if (!num_sectors) {
+            return Sendmsg(fd, "fail");
+        }
+
+        auto retval = "success," + std::to_string(num_sectors);
         return Sendmsg(fd, retval);
     } else if (cmd == "start") {
         // Message format:
@@ -221,6 +227,12 @@ bool UserSnapshotServer::Receivemsg(android::base::borrowed_fd fd, const std::st
             return Sendmsg(fd, "fail");
         }
         return Sendmsg(fd, "success");
+    } else if (cmd == "pause_merge") {
+        handlers_->PauseMerge();
+        return Sendmsg(fd, "success");
+    } else if (cmd == "resume_merge") {
+        handlers_->ResumeMerge();
+        return Sendmsg(fd, "success");
     } else {
         LOG(ERROR) << "Received unknown message type from client";
         Sendmsg(fd, "fail");
@@ -336,10 +348,11 @@ void UserSnapshotServer::Interrupt() {
     SetTerminating();
 }
 
-std::shared_ptr<HandlerThread> UserSnapshotServer::AddHandler(const std::string& misc_name,
-                                                              const std::string& cow_device_path,
-                                                              const std::string& backing_device,
-                                                              const std::string& base_path_merge) {
+std::shared_ptr<HandlerThread> UserSnapshotServer::AddHandler(
+        const std::string& misc_name, const std::string& cow_device_path,
+        const std::string& backing_device, const std::string& base_path_merge,
+        std::optional<uint32_t> num_worker_threads, const bool o_direct,
+        uint32_t cow_op_merge_size) {
     // We will need multiple worker threads only during
     // device boot after OTA. For all other purposes,
     // one thread is sufficient. We don't want to consume
@@ -348,18 +361,23 @@ std::shared_ptr<HandlerThread> UserSnapshotServer::AddHandler(const std::string&
     //
     // During boot up, we need multiple threads primarily for
     // update-verification.
-    int num_worker_threads = kNumWorkerThreads;
+    if (!num_worker_threads.has_value()) {
+        num_worker_threads = kNumWorkerThreads;
+    }
     if (is_socket_present_) {
         num_worker_threads = 1;
     }
 
-    bool perform_verification = true;
-    if (android::base::EndsWith(misc_name, "-init") || is_socket_present_) {
-        perform_verification = false;
+    if (android::base::EndsWith(misc_name, "-init") || is_socket_present_ ||
+        (access(kBootSnapshotsWithoutSlotSwitch, F_OK) == 0)) {
+        handlers_->DisableVerification();
     }
 
+    auto opener = block_server_factory_->CreateOpener(misc_name);
+
     return handlers_->AddHandler(misc_name, cow_device_path, backing_device, base_path_merge,
-                                 num_worker_threads, io_uring_enabled_, perform_verification);
+                                 opener, num_worker_threads.value(), io_uring_enabled_, o_direct,
+                                 cow_op_merge_size);
 }
 
 bool UserSnapshotServer::WaitForSocket() {
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/snapuserd_server.h b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/snapuserd_server.h
index 988c01a99ba3..f002e8d9a676 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/snapuserd_server.h
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/snapuserd_server.h
@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@
 #include <vector>
 
 #include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
+#include <snapuserd/block_server.h>
 #include "handler_manager.h"
 #include "snapuserd_core.h"
 
@@ -38,7 +39,9 @@ namespace android {
 namespace snapshot {
 
 static constexpr uint32_t kMaxPacketSize = 512;
-static constexpr uint8_t kMaxMergeThreads = 2;
+
+static constexpr char kBootSnapshotsWithoutSlotSwitch[] =
+        "/metadata/ota/snapshot-boot-without-slot-switch";
 
 class UserSnapshotServer {
   private:
@@ -50,6 +53,7 @@ class UserSnapshotServer {
     bool is_server_running_ = false;
     bool io_uring_enabled_ = false;
     std::unique_ptr<ISnapshotHandlerManager> handlers_;
+    std::unique_ptr<IBlockServerFactory> block_server_factory_;
 
     std::mutex lock_;
 
@@ -82,7 +86,10 @@ class UserSnapshotServer {
     std::shared_ptr<HandlerThread> AddHandler(const std::string& misc_name,
                                               const std::string& cow_device_path,
                                               const std::string& backing_device,
-                                              const std::string& base_path_merge);
+                                              const std::string& base_path_merge,
+                                              std::optional<uint32_t> num_worker_threads,
+                                              bool o_direct = false,
+                                              uint32_t cow_op_merge_size = 0);
     bool StartHandler(const std::string& misc_name);
 
     void SetTerminating() { terminating_ = true; }
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/snapuserd_test.cpp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/snapuserd_test.cpp
index 57f9e7ac1a03..0790a193538e 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/snapuserd_test.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/snapuserd_test.cpp
@@ -17,7 +17,6 @@
 
 #include <fcntl.h>
 #include <linux/fs.h>
-#include <linux/memfd.h>
 #include <sys/ioctl.h>
 #include <sys/stat.h>
 #include <sys/syscall.h>
@@ -37,12 +36,16 @@
 #include <libdm/dm.h>
 #include <libdm/loop_control.h>
 #include <libsnapshot/cow_writer.h>
+#include <snapuserd/dm_user_block_server.h>
 #include <storage_literals/storage_literals.h>
-
 #include "handler_manager.h"
+#include "merge_worker.h"
+#include "read_worker.h"
 #include "snapuserd_core.h"
-
-DEFINE_string(force_config, "", "Force testing mode with iouring disabled");
+#include "testing/dm_user_harness.h"
+#include "testing/host_harness.h"
+#include "testing/temp_device.h"
+#include "utility.h"
 
 namespace android {
 namespace snapshot {
@@ -53,201 +56,340 @@ using LoopDevice = android::dm::LoopDevice;
 using namespace std::chrono_literals;
 using namespace android::dm;
 using namespace std;
+using testing::AssertionFailure;
+using testing::AssertionResult;
+using testing::AssertionSuccess;
+using ::testing::TestWithParam;
+
+struct TestParam {
+    bool io_uring;
+    bool o_direct;
+    std::string compression;
+    int block_size;
+    int num_threads;
+    uint32_t cow_op_merge_size;
+};
 
-class Tempdevice {
-  public:
-    Tempdevice(const std::string& name, const DmTable& table)
-        : dm_(DeviceMapper::Instance()), name_(name), valid_(false) {
-        valid_ = dm_.CreateDevice(name, table, &path_, std::chrono::seconds(5));
+class SnapuserdTestBase : public ::testing::TestWithParam<TestParam> {
+  protected:
+    virtual void SetUp() override;
+    void TearDown() override;
+    void CreateBaseDevice();
+    void CreateCowDevice();
+    void SetDeviceControlName();
+    std::unique_ptr<ICowWriter> CreateCowDeviceInternal();
+    std::unique_ptr<ICowWriter> CreateV3Cow();
+
+    unique_fd GetCowFd() { return unique_fd{dup(cow_system_->fd)}; }
+
+    bool ShouldSkipSetUp();
+
+    std::unique_ptr<ITestHarness> harness_;
+    size_t size_ = 10_MiB;
+    int total_base_size_ = 0;
+    std::string system_device_ctrl_name_;
+    std::string system_device_name_;
+
+    unique_ptr<IBackingDevice> base_dev_;
+    unique_fd base_fd_;
+
+    std::unique_ptr<TemporaryFile> cow_system_;
+
+    std::unique_ptr<uint8_t[]> orig_buffer_;
+};
+
+void SnapuserdTestBase::SetUp() {
+    if (ShouldSkipSetUp()) {
+        GTEST_SKIP() << "snapuserd not supported on this device";
     }
-    Tempdevice(Tempdevice&& other) noexcept
-        : dm_(other.dm_), name_(other.name_), path_(other.path_), valid_(other.valid_) {
-        other.valid_ = false;
+
+#if __ANDROID__
+    harness_ = std::make_unique<DmUserTestHarness>();
+#else
+    harness_ = std::make_unique<HostTestHarness>();
+#endif
+}
+
+bool SnapuserdTestBase::ShouldSkipSetUp() {
+#ifdef __ANDROID__
+    if (!android::snapshot::CanUseUserspaceSnapshots() ||
+        android::snapshot::IsVendorFromAndroid12()) {
+        return true;
     }
-    ~Tempdevice() {
-        if (valid_) {
-            dm_.DeleteDeviceIfExists(name_);
-        }
+#endif
+    return false;
+}
+
+void SnapuserdTestBase::TearDown() {
+    cow_system_ = nullptr;
+}
+
+void SnapuserdTestBase::CreateBaseDevice() {
+    total_base_size_ = (size_ * 5);
+
+    base_dev_ = harness_->CreateBackingDevice(total_base_size_);
+    ASSERT_NE(base_dev_, nullptr);
+
+    base_fd_.reset(open(base_dev_->GetPath().c_str(), O_RDWR | O_CLOEXEC));
+    ASSERT_GE(base_fd_, 0);
+
+    unique_fd rnd_fd(open("/dev/random", O_RDONLY));
+    ASSERT_GE(rnd_fd, 0);
+
+    std::unique_ptr<uint8_t[]> random_buffer = std::make_unique<uint8_t[]>(1_MiB);
+
+    for (size_t j = 0; j < ((total_base_size_) / 1_MiB); j++) {
+        ASSERT_EQ(ReadFullyAtOffset(rnd_fd, (char*)random_buffer.get(), 1_MiB, 0), true);
+        ASSERT_EQ(android::base::WriteFully(base_fd_, random_buffer.get(), 1_MiB), true);
+    }
+
+    ASSERT_EQ(lseek(base_fd_, 0, SEEK_SET), 0);
+}
+
+std::unique_ptr<ICowWriter> SnapuserdTestBase::CreateCowDeviceInternal() {
+    std::string path = android::base::GetExecutableDirectory();
+    cow_system_ = std::make_unique<TemporaryFile>(path);
+
+    CowOptions options;
+    options.compression = "gz";
+
+    return CreateCowWriter(2, options, GetCowFd());
+}
+
+std::unique_ptr<ICowWriter> SnapuserdTestBase::CreateV3Cow() {
+    const TestParam params = GetParam();
+
+    CowOptions options;
+    options.op_count_max = 100000;
+    options.compression = params.compression;
+    options.num_compress_threads = params.num_threads;
+    options.batch_write = true;
+    options.compression_factor = params.block_size;
+
+    std::string path = android::base::GetExecutableDirectory();
+    cow_system_ = std::make_unique<TemporaryFile>(path);
+
+    return CreateCowWriter(3, options, GetCowFd());
+}
+
+void SnapuserdTestBase::CreateCowDevice() {
+    unique_fd rnd_fd;
+    loff_t offset = 0;
+
+    auto writer = CreateCowDeviceInternal();
+    ASSERT_NE(writer, nullptr);
+
+    rnd_fd.reset(open("/dev/random", O_RDONLY));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(rnd_fd > 0);
+
+    std::unique_ptr<uint8_t[]> random_buffer_1_ = std::make_unique<uint8_t[]>(size_);
+
+    // Fill random data
+    for (size_t j = 0; j < (size_ / 1_MiB); j++) {
+        ASSERT_EQ(ReadFullyAtOffset(rnd_fd, (char*)random_buffer_1_.get() + offset, 1_MiB, 0),
+                  true);
+
+        offset += 1_MiB;
+    }
+
+    size_t num_blocks = size_ / writer->GetBlockSize();
+    size_t blk_end_copy = num_blocks * 2;
+    size_t source_blk = num_blocks - 1;
+    size_t blk_src_copy = blk_end_copy - 1;
+
+    uint32_t sequence[num_blocks * 2];
+    // Sequence for Copy ops
+    for (int i = 0; i < num_blocks; i++) {
+        sequence[i] = num_blocks - 1 - i;
+    }
+    // Sequence for Xor ops
+    for (int i = 0; i < num_blocks; i++) {
+        sequence[num_blocks + i] = 5 * num_blocks - 1 - i;
     }
-    bool Destroy() {
-        if (!valid_) {
-            return true;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer->AddSequenceData(2 * num_blocks, sequence));
+
+    size_t x = num_blocks;
+    while (1) {
+        ASSERT_TRUE(writer->AddCopy(source_blk, blk_src_copy));
+        x -= 1;
+        if (x == 0) {
+            break;
         }
-        valid_ = false;
-        return dm_.DeleteDeviceIfExists(name_);
+        source_blk -= 1;
+        blk_src_copy -= 1;
     }
-    const std::string& path() const { return path_; }
-    const std::string& name() const { return name_; }
-    bool valid() const { return valid_; }
 
-    Tempdevice(const Tempdevice&) = delete;
-    Tempdevice& operator=(const Tempdevice&) = delete;
+    source_blk = num_blocks;
+    blk_src_copy = blk_end_copy;
+
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer->AddRawBlocks(source_blk, random_buffer_1_.get(), size_));
+
+    size_t blk_zero_copy_start = source_blk + num_blocks;
+    size_t blk_zero_copy_end = blk_zero_copy_start + num_blocks;
+
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer->AddZeroBlocks(blk_zero_copy_start, num_blocks));
+
+    size_t blk_random2_replace_start = blk_zero_copy_end;
+
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer->AddRawBlocks(blk_random2_replace_start, random_buffer_1_.get(), size_));
 
-    Tempdevice& operator=(Tempdevice&& other) noexcept {
-        name_ = other.name_;
-        valid_ = other.valid_;
-        other.valid_ = false;
-        return *this;
+    size_t blk_xor_start = blk_random2_replace_start + num_blocks;
+    size_t xor_offset = BLOCK_SZ / 2;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer->AddXorBlocks(blk_xor_start, random_buffer_1_.get(), size_, num_blocks,
+                                     xor_offset));
+
+    // Flush operations
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer->Finalize());
+    // Construct the buffer required for validation
+    orig_buffer_ = std::make_unique<uint8_t[]>(total_base_size_);
+    std::string zero_buffer(size_, 0);
+    ASSERT_EQ(android::base::ReadFullyAtOffset(base_fd_, orig_buffer_.get(), size_, size_), true);
+    memcpy((char*)orig_buffer_.get() + size_, random_buffer_1_.get(), size_);
+    memcpy((char*)orig_buffer_.get() + (size_ * 2), (void*)zero_buffer.c_str(), size_);
+    memcpy((char*)orig_buffer_.get() + (size_ * 3), random_buffer_1_.get(), size_);
+    ASSERT_EQ(android::base::ReadFullyAtOffset(base_fd_, &orig_buffer_.get()[size_ * 4], size_,
+                                               size_ + xor_offset),
+              true);
+    for (int i = 0; i < size_; i++) {
+        orig_buffer_.get()[(size_ * 4) + i] =
+                (uint8_t)(orig_buffer_.get()[(size_ * 4) + i] ^ random_buffer_1_.get()[i]);
     }
+}
 
-  private:
-    DeviceMapper& dm_;
-    std::string name_;
-    std::string path_;
-    bool valid_;
-};
+void SnapuserdTestBase::SetDeviceControlName() {
+    system_device_name_.clear();
+    system_device_ctrl_name_.clear();
+
+    std::string str(cow_system_->path);
+    std::size_t found = str.find_last_of("/\\");
+    ASSERT_NE(found, std::string::npos);
+    system_device_name_ = str.substr(found + 1);
+
+    system_device_ctrl_name_ = system_device_name_ + "-ctrl";
+}
 
-class SnapuserdTest : public ::testing::Test {
+class SnapuserdTest : public SnapuserdTestBase {
   public:
-    bool SetupDefault();
-    bool SetupOrderedOps();
-    bool SetupOrderedOpsInverted();
-    bool SetupCopyOverlap_1();
-    bool SetupCopyOverlap_2();
+    void SetupDefault();
+    void SetupOrderedOps();
+    void SetupOrderedOpsInverted();
+    void SetupCopyOverlap_1();
+    void SetupCopyOverlap_2();
+    void SetupDeviceForPassthrough();
     bool Merge();
     void ValidateMerge();
     void ReadSnapshotDeviceAndValidate();
+    void ReadSnapshotAndValidateOverlappingBlocks();
     void Shutdown();
     void MergeInterrupt();
     void MergeInterruptFixed(int duration);
+    void MergeInterruptAndValidate(int duration);
     void MergeInterruptRandomly(int max_duration);
-    void StartMerge();
+    bool StartMerge();
     void CheckMergeCompletion();
 
     static const uint64_t kSectorSize = 512;
 
   protected:
-    void SetUp() override {}
-    void TearDown() override { Shutdown(); }
+    void SetUp() override;
+    void TearDown() override;
 
-  private:
     void SetupImpl();
 
     void SimulateDaemonRestart();
 
-    void CreateCowDevice();
+    void CreateCowDeviceWithNoBlockChanges();
+    void ValidateDeviceWithNoBlockChanges();
+
     void CreateCowDeviceOrderedOps();
     void CreateCowDeviceOrderedOpsInverted();
     void CreateCowDeviceWithCopyOverlap_1();
     void CreateCowDeviceWithCopyOverlap_2();
-    bool SetupDaemon();
-    void CreateBaseDevice();
+    void SetupDaemon();
     void InitCowDevice();
-    void SetDeviceControlName();
     void InitDaemon();
-    void CreateDmUserDevice();
-
-    unique_ptr<LoopDevice> base_loop_;
-    unique_ptr<Tempdevice> dmuser_dev_;
+    void CreateUserDevice();
 
-    std::string system_device_ctrl_name_;
-    std::string system_device_name_;
+    unique_ptr<IUserDevice> dmuser_dev_;
 
-    unique_fd base_fd_;
-    std::unique_ptr<TemporaryFile> cow_system_;
-    std::unique_ptr<uint8_t[]> orig_buffer_;
     std::unique_ptr<uint8_t[]> merged_buffer_;
-    SnapshotHandlerManager handlers_;
-    bool setup_ok_ = false;
-    bool merge_ok_ = false;
-    size_t size_ = 100_MiB;
+    std::unique_ptr<SnapshotHandlerManager> handlers_;
     int cow_num_sectors_;
-    int total_base_size_;
 };
 
-static unique_fd CreateTempFile(const std::string& name, size_t size) {
-    unique_fd fd(syscall(__NR_memfd_create, name.c_str(), MFD_ALLOW_SEALING));
-    if (fd < 0) {
-        return {};
-    }
-    if (size) {
-        if (ftruncate(fd, size) < 0) {
-            perror("ftruncate");
-            return {};
-        }
-        if (fcntl(fd, F_ADD_SEALS, F_SEAL_GROW | F_SEAL_SHRINK) < 0) {
-            perror("fcntl");
-            return {};
-        }
+void SnapuserdTest::SetUp() {
+    if (ShouldSkipSetUp()) {
+        GTEST_SKIP() << "snapuserd not supported on this device";
     }
-    return fd;
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(SnapuserdTestBase::SetUp());
+    handlers_ = std::make_unique<SnapshotHandlerManager>();
+}
+
+void SnapuserdTest::TearDown() {
+    SnapuserdTestBase::TearDown();
+    Shutdown();
 }
 
 void SnapuserdTest::Shutdown() {
-    ASSERT_TRUE(dmuser_dev_->Destroy());
+    if (!handlers_) {
+        return;
+    }
+    if (dmuser_dev_) {
+        ASSERT_TRUE(dmuser_dev_->Destroy());
+    }
 
     auto misc_device = "/dev/dm-user/" + system_device_ctrl_name_;
-    ASSERT_TRUE(handlers_.DeleteHandler(system_device_ctrl_name_));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(handlers_->DeleteHandler(system_device_ctrl_name_));
     ASSERT_TRUE(android::fs_mgr::WaitForFileDeleted(misc_device, 10s));
-    handlers_.TerminateMergeThreads();
+    handlers_->TerminateMergeThreads();
+    handlers_->JoinAllThreads();
+    handlers_ = std::make_unique<SnapshotHandlerManager>();
 }
 
-bool SnapuserdTest::SetupDefault() {
-    SetupImpl();
-    return setup_ok_;
+void SnapuserdTest::SetupDefault() {
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(SetupImpl());
 }
 
-bool SnapuserdTest::SetupOrderedOps() {
-    CreateBaseDevice();
-    CreateCowDeviceOrderedOps();
-    return SetupDaemon();
+void SnapuserdTest::SetupOrderedOps() {
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(CreateBaseDevice());
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(CreateCowDeviceOrderedOps());
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(SetupDaemon());
 }
 
-bool SnapuserdTest::SetupOrderedOpsInverted() {
-    CreateBaseDevice();
-    CreateCowDeviceOrderedOpsInverted();
-    return SetupDaemon();
+void SnapuserdTest::SetupDeviceForPassthrough() {
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(CreateBaseDevice());
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(CreateCowDeviceWithNoBlockChanges());
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(SetupDaemon());
 }
 
-bool SnapuserdTest::SetupCopyOverlap_1() {
-    CreateBaseDevice();
-    CreateCowDeviceWithCopyOverlap_1();
-    return SetupDaemon();
+void SnapuserdTest::SetupOrderedOpsInverted() {
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(CreateBaseDevice());
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(CreateCowDeviceOrderedOpsInverted());
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(SetupDaemon());
 }
 
-bool SnapuserdTest::SetupCopyOverlap_2() {
-    CreateBaseDevice();
-    CreateCowDeviceWithCopyOverlap_2();
-    return SetupDaemon();
+void SnapuserdTest::SetupCopyOverlap_1() {
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(CreateBaseDevice());
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(CreateCowDeviceWithCopyOverlap_1());
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(SetupDaemon());
 }
 
-bool SnapuserdTest::SetupDaemon() {
-    SetDeviceControlName();
-
-    CreateDmUserDevice();
-    InitCowDevice();
-    InitDaemon();
-
-    setup_ok_ = true;
-
-    return setup_ok_;
+void SnapuserdTest::SetupCopyOverlap_2() {
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(CreateBaseDevice());
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(CreateCowDeviceWithCopyOverlap_2());
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(SetupDaemon());
 }
 
-void SnapuserdTest::CreateBaseDevice() {
-    unique_fd rnd_fd;
-
-    total_base_size_ = (size_ * 5);
-    base_fd_ = CreateTempFile("base_device", total_base_size_);
-    ASSERT_GE(base_fd_, 0);
-
-    rnd_fd.reset(open("/dev/random", O_RDONLY));
-    ASSERT_TRUE(rnd_fd > 0);
-
-    std::unique_ptr<uint8_t[]> random_buffer = std::make_unique<uint8_t[]>(1_MiB);
-
-    for (size_t j = 0; j < ((total_base_size_) / 1_MiB); j++) {
-        ASSERT_EQ(ReadFullyAtOffset(rnd_fd, (char*)random_buffer.get(), 1_MiB, 0), true);
-        ASSERT_EQ(android::base::WriteFully(base_fd_, random_buffer.get(), 1_MiB), true);
-    }
-
-    ASSERT_EQ(lseek(base_fd_, 0, SEEK_SET), 0);
+void SnapuserdTest::SetupDaemon() {
+    SetDeviceControlName();
 
-    base_loop_ = std::make_unique<LoopDevice>(base_fd_, 10s);
-    ASSERT_TRUE(base_loop_->valid());
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(CreateUserDevice());
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(InitCowDevice());
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(InitDaemon());
 }
 
 void SnapuserdTest::ReadSnapshotDeviceAndValidate() {
-    unique_fd fd(open(dmuser_dev_->path().c_str(), O_RDONLY));
+    unique_fd fd(open(dmuser_dev_->GetPath().c_str(), O_RDONLY));
     ASSERT_GE(fd, 0);
     std::unique_ptr<uint8_t[]> snapuserd_buffer = std::make_unique<uint8_t[]>(size_);
 
@@ -277,23 +419,87 @@ void SnapuserdTest::ReadSnapshotDeviceAndValidate() {
     ASSERT_EQ(memcmp(snapuserd_buffer.get(), (char*)orig_buffer_.get() + (size_ * 4), size_), 0);
 }
 
-void SnapuserdTest::CreateCowDeviceWithCopyOverlap_2() {
-    std::string path = android::base::GetExecutableDirectory();
-    cow_system_ = std::make_unique<TemporaryFile>(path);
+void SnapuserdTest::ReadSnapshotAndValidateOverlappingBlocks() {
+    // Open COW device
+    unique_fd fd(open(cow_system_->path, O_RDONLY));
+    ASSERT_GE(fd, 0);
 
-    CowOptions options;
-    options.compression = "gz";
-    CowWriter writer(options);
+    CowReader reader;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(reader.Parse(fd));
+
+    const auto& header = reader.GetHeader();
+    size_t total_mapped_addr_length = header.prefix.header_size + BUFFER_REGION_DEFAULT_SIZE;
+
+    ASSERT_GE(header.prefix.major_version, 2);
+
+    void* mapped_addr = mmap(NULL, total_mapped_addr_length, PROT_READ, MAP_SHARED, fd.get(), 0);
+    ASSERT_NE(mapped_addr, MAP_FAILED);
+
+    bool populate_data_from_scratch = false;
+    struct BufferState* ra_state =
+            reinterpret_cast<struct BufferState*>((char*)mapped_addr + header.prefix.header_size);
+    if (ra_state->read_ahead_state == kCowReadAheadDone) {
+        populate_data_from_scratch = true;
+    }
+
+    size_t num_merge_ops = header.num_merge_ops;
+    // We have some partial merge operations completed.
+    // To test the merge-resume path, forcefully corrupt the data of the base
+    // device for the offsets where the merge is still pending.
+    if (num_merge_ops && populate_data_from_scratch) {
+        std::string corrupt_buffer(4096, 0);
+        // Corrupt two blocks from the point where the merge has to be resumed by
+        // writing down zeroe's.
+        //
+        // Now, since this is a merge-resume path, the "correct" data should be
+        // in the scratch space of the COW device. When there is an I/O request
+        // from the snapshot device, the data has to be retrieved from the
+        // scratch space. If not and I/O is routed to the base device, we
+        // may end up with corruption.
+        off_t corrupt_offset = (num_merge_ops + 2) * 4096;
+
+        if (corrupt_offset < size_) {
+            ASSERT_EQ(android::base::WriteFullyAtOffset(base_fd_, (void*)corrupt_buffer.c_str(),
+                                                        4096, corrupt_offset),
+                      true);
+            corrupt_offset -= 4096;
+            ASSERT_EQ(android::base::WriteFullyAtOffset(base_fd_, (void*)corrupt_buffer.c_str(),
+                                                        4096, corrupt_offset),
+                      true);
+            fsync(base_fd_.get());
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Time to read the snapshot device.
+    unique_fd snapshot_fd(open(dmuser_dev_->GetPath().c_str(), O_RDONLY | O_DIRECT | O_SYNC));
+    ASSERT_GE(snapshot_fd, 0);
+
+    void* buff_addr;
+    ASSERT_EQ(posix_memalign(&buff_addr, 4096, size_), 0);
 
-    ASSERT_TRUE(writer.Initialize(cow_system_->fd));
+    std::unique_ptr<void, decltype(&::free)> snapshot_buffer(buff_addr, ::free);
 
-    size_t num_blocks = size_ / options.block_size;
+    // Scan the entire snapshot device and read the data and verify data
+    // integrity. Since the base device was forcefully corrupted, the data from
+    // this scan should be retrieved from scratch space of the COW partition.
+    //
+    // Furthermore, after the merge is complete, base device data is again
+    // verified as the aforementioned corrupted blocks aren't persisted.
+    ASSERT_EQ(ReadFullyAtOffset(snapshot_fd, snapshot_buffer.get(), size_, 0), true);
+    ASSERT_EQ(memcmp(snapshot_buffer.get(), orig_buffer_.get(), size_), 0);
+}
+
+void SnapuserdTest::CreateCowDeviceWithCopyOverlap_2() {
+    auto writer = CreateCowDeviceInternal();
+    ASSERT_NE(writer, nullptr);
+
+    size_t num_blocks = size_ / writer->GetBlockSize();
     size_t x = num_blocks;
     size_t blk_src_copy = 0;
 
     // Create overlapping copy operations
     while (1) {
-        ASSERT_TRUE(writer.AddCopy(blk_src_copy, blk_src_copy + 1));
+        ASSERT_TRUE(writer->AddCopy(blk_src_copy, blk_src_copy + 1));
         x -= 1;
         if (x == 1) {
             break;
@@ -302,7 +508,7 @@ void SnapuserdTest::CreateCowDeviceWithCopyOverlap_2() {
     }
 
     // Flush operations
-    ASSERT_TRUE(writer.Finalize());
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer->Finalize());
 
     // Construct the buffer required for validation
     orig_buffer_ = std::make_unique<uint8_t[]>(total_base_size_);
@@ -329,23 +535,58 @@ void SnapuserdTest::CreateCowDeviceWithCopyOverlap_2() {
     }
 }
 
-void SnapuserdTest::CreateCowDeviceWithCopyOverlap_1() {
-    std::string path = android::base::GetExecutableDirectory();
-    cow_system_ = std::make_unique<TemporaryFile>(path);
+void SnapuserdTest::CreateCowDeviceWithNoBlockChanges() {
+    auto writer = CreateCowDeviceInternal();
+    ASSERT_NE(writer, nullptr);
 
-    CowOptions options;
-    options.compression = "gz";
-    CowWriter writer(options);
+    std::unique_ptr<uint8_t[]> buffer = std::make_unique<uint8_t[]>(BLOCK_SZ);
+    std::memset(buffer.get(), 'A', BLOCK_SZ);
+
+    // This test focusses on not changing all the blocks thereby validating
+    // the pass-through I/O
+
+    // Replace the first block
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer->AddRawBlocks(1, buffer.get(), BLOCK_SZ));
+
+    // Set zero block of Block 3
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer->AddZeroBlocks(3, 1));
+
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer->Finalize());
+    orig_buffer_ = std::make_unique<uint8_t[]>(total_base_size_);
+
+    // Read the entire base device
+    ASSERT_EQ(android::base::ReadFullyAtOffset(base_fd_, orig_buffer_.get(), total_base_size_, 0),
+              true);
+
+    off_t offset = BLOCK_SZ;
+    std::memcpy(orig_buffer_.get() + offset, buffer.get(), BLOCK_SZ);
+    offset = 3 * BLOCK_SZ;
+    std::memset(orig_buffer_.get() + offset, 0, BLOCK_SZ);
+}
+
+void SnapuserdTest::ValidateDeviceWithNoBlockChanges() {
+    unique_fd fd(open(dmuser_dev_->GetPath().c_str(), O_RDONLY));
+    ASSERT_GE(fd, 0);
+    std::unique_ptr<uint8_t[]> snapshot_buffer = std::make_unique<uint8_t[]>(size_);
+    std::memset(snapshot_buffer.get(), 'B', size_);
+
+    // All the I/O request should be a pass through to base device except for
+    // Block 1 and Block 3.
+    ASSERT_EQ(ReadFullyAtOffset(fd, snapshot_buffer.get(), size_, 0), true);
+    ASSERT_EQ(memcmp(snapshot_buffer.get(), orig_buffer_.get(), size_), 0);
+}
 
-    ASSERT_TRUE(writer.Initialize(cow_system_->fd));
+void SnapuserdTest::CreateCowDeviceWithCopyOverlap_1() {
+    auto writer = CreateCowDeviceInternal();
+    ASSERT_NE(writer, nullptr);
 
-    size_t num_blocks = size_ / options.block_size;
+    size_t num_blocks = size_ / writer->GetBlockSize();
     size_t x = num_blocks;
     size_t blk_src_copy = num_blocks - 1;
 
     // Create overlapping copy operations
     while (1) {
-        ASSERT_TRUE(writer.AddCopy(blk_src_copy + 1, blk_src_copy));
+        ASSERT_TRUE(writer->AddCopy(blk_src_copy + 1, blk_src_copy));
         x -= 1;
         if (x == 0) {
             ASSERT_EQ(blk_src_copy, 0);
@@ -355,7 +596,7 @@ void SnapuserdTest::CreateCowDeviceWithCopyOverlap_1() {
     }
 
     // Flush operations
-    ASSERT_TRUE(writer.Finalize());
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer->Finalize());
 
     // Construct the buffer required for validation
     orig_buffer_ = std::make_unique<uint8_t[]>(total_base_size_);
@@ -365,10 +606,11 @@ void SnapuserdTest::CreateCowDeviceWithCopyOverlap_1() {
               true);
 
     // Merged operations
-    ASSERT_EQ(android::base::ReadFullyAtOffset(base_fd_, orig_buffer_.get(), options.block_size, 0),
+    ASSERT_EQ(android::base::ReadFullyAtOffset(base_fd_, orig_buffer_.get(), writer->GetBlockSize(),
+                                               0),
               true);
     ASSERT_EQ(android::base::ReadFullyAtOffset(
-                      base_fd_, (char*)orig_buffer_.get() + options.block_size, size_, 0),
+                      base_fd_, (char*)orig_buffer_.get() + writer->GetBlockSize(), size_, 0),
               true);
 }
 
@@ -376,8 +618,8 @@ void SnapuserdTest::CreateCowDeviceOrderedOpsInverted() {
     unique_fd rnd_fd;
     loff_t offset = 0;
 
-    std::string path = android::base::GetExecutableDirectory();
-    cow_system_ = std::make_unique<TemporaryFile>(path);
+    auto writer = CreateCowDeviceInternal();
+    ASSERT_NE(writer, nullptr);
 
     rnd_fd.reset(open("/dev/random", O_RDONLY));
     ASSERT_TRUE(rnd_fd > 0);
@@ -392,13 +634,7 @@ void SnapuserdTest::CreateCowDeviceOrderedOpsInverted() {
         offset += 1_MiB;
     }
 
-    CowOptions options;
-    options.compression = "gz";
-    CowWriter writer(options);
-
-    ASSERT_TRUE(writer.Initialize(cow_system_->fd));
-
-    size_t num_blocks = size_ / options.block_size;
+    size_t num_blocks = size_ / writer->GetBlockSize();
     size_t blk_end_copy = num_blocks * 3;
     size_t source_blk = num_blocks - 1;
     size_t blk_src_copy = blk_end_copy - 1;
@@ -406,7 +642,7 @@ void SnapuserdTest::CreateCowDeviceOrderedOpsInverted() {
 
     size_t x = num_blocks;
     while (1) {
-        ASSERT_TRUE(writer.AddCopy(source_blk, blk_src_copy));
+        ASSERT_TRUE(writer->AddCopy(source_blk, blk_src_copy));
         x -= 1;
         if (x == 0) {
             break;
@@ -416,12 +652,12 @@ void SnapuserdTest::CreateCowDeviceOrderedOpsInverted() {
     }
 
     for (size_t i = num_blocks; i > 0; i--) {
-        ASSERT_TRUE(writer.AddXorBlocks(num_blocks + i - 1,
-                                        &random_buffer_1_.get()[options.block_size * (i - 1)],
-                                        options.block_size, 2 * num_blocks + i - 1, xor_offset));
+        ASSERT_TRUE(writer->AddXorBlocks(
+                num_blocks + i - 1, &random_buffer_1_.get()[writer->GetBlockSize() * (i - 1)],
+                writer->GetBlockSize(), 2 * num_blocks + i - 1, xor_offset));
     }
     // Flush operations
-    ASSERT_TRUE(writer.Finalize());
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer->Finalize());
     // Construct the buffer required for validation
     orig_buffer_ = std::make_unique<uint8_t[]>(total_base_size_);
     // Read the entire base device
@@ -439,8 +675,8 @@ void SnapuserdTest::CreateCowDeviceOrderedOps() {
     unique_fd rnd_fd;
     loff_t offset = 0;
 
-    std::string path = android::base::GetExecutableDirectory();
-    cow_system_ = std::make_unique<TemporaryFile>(path);
+    auto writer = CreateCowDeviceInternal();
+    ASSERT_NE(writer, nullptr);
 
     rnd_fd.reset(open("/dev/random", O_RDONLY));
     ASSERT_TRUE(rnd_fd > 0);
@@ -456,20 +692,14 @@ void SnapuserdTest::CreateCowDeviceOrderedOps() {
     }
     memset(random_buffer_1_.get(), 0, size_);
 
-    CowOptions options;
-    options.compression = "gz";
-    CowWriter writer(options);
-
-    ASSERT_TRUE(writer.Initialize(cow_system_->fd));
-
-    size_t num_blocks = size_ / options.block_size;
+    size_t num_blocks = size_ / writer->GetBlockSize();
     size_t x = num_blocks;
     size_t source_blk = 0;
     size_t blk_src_copy = 2 * num_blocks;
     uint16_t xor_offset = 5;
 
     while (1) {
-        ASSERT_TRUE(writer.AddCopy(source_blk, blk_src_copy));
+        ASSERT_TRUE(writer->AddCopy(source_blk, blk_src_copy));
 
         x -= 1;
         if (x == 0) {
@@ -479,10 +709,10 @@ void SnapuserdTest::CreateCowDeviceOrderedOps() {
         blk_src_copy += 1;
     }
 
-    ASSERT_TRUE(writer.AddXorBlocks(num_blocks, random_buffer_1_.get(), size_, 2 * num_blocks,
-                                    xor_offset));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer->AddXorBlocks(num_blocks, random_buffer_1_.get(), size_, 2 * num_blocks,
+                                     xor_offset));
     // Flush operations
-    ASSERT_TRUE(writer.Finalize());
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer->Finalize());
     // Construct the buffer required for validation
     orig_buffer_ = std::make_unique<uint8_t[]>(total_base_size_);
     // Read the entire base device
@@ -496,181 +726,68 @@ void SnapuserdTest::CreateCowDeviceOrderedOps() {
     }
 }
 
-void SnapuserdTest::CreateCowDevice() {
-    unique_fd rnd_fd;
-    loff_t offset = 0;
+void SnapuserdTest::InitCowDevice() {
+    auto factory = harness_->GetBlockServerFactory();
+    auto opener = factory->CreateOpener(system_device_ctrl_name_);
+    handlers_->DisableVerification();
+    const TestParam params = GetParam();
+    auto handler = handlers_->AddHandler(
+            system_device_ctrl_name_, cow_system_->path, base_dev_->GetPath(), base_dev_->GetPath(),
+            opener, 1, params.io_uring, params.o_direct, params.cow_op_merge_size);
+    ASSERT_NE(handler, nullptr);
+    ASSERT_NE(handler->snapuserd(), nullptr);
+#ifdef __ANDROID__
+    ASSERT_NE(handler->snapuserd()->GetNumSectors(), 0);
+#endif
+}
 
-    std::string path = android::base::GetExecutableDirectory();
-    cow_system_ = std::make_unique<TemporaryFile>(path);
+void SnapuserdTest::CreateUserDevice() {
+    auto dev_sz = base_dev_->GetSize();
+    ASSERT_NE(dev_sz, 0);
 
-    rnd_fd.reset(open("/dev/random", O_RDONLY));
-    ASSERT_TRUE(rnd_fd > 0);
+    cow_num_sectors_ = dev_sz >> 9;
 
-    std::unique_ptr<uint8_t[]> random_buffer_1_ = std::make_unique<uint8_t[]>(size_);
+    dmuser_dev_ = harness_->CreateUserDevice(system_device_name_, system_device_ctrl_name_,
+                                             cow_num_sectors_);
+    ASSERT_NE(dmuser_dev_, nullptr);
+}
 
-    // Fill random data
-    for (size_t j = 0; j < (size_ / 1_MiB); j++) {
-        ASSERT_EQ(ReadFullyAtOffset(rnd_fd, (char*)random_buffer_1_.get() + offset, 1_MiB, 0),
-                  true);
+void SnapuserdTest::InitDaemon() {
+    ASSERT_TRUE(handlers_->StartHandler(system_device_ctrl_name_));
+}
 
-        offset += 1_MiB;
-    }
-
-    CowOptions options;
-    options.compression = "gz";
-    CowWriter writer(options);
-
-    ASSERT_TRUE(writer.Initialize(cow_system_->fd));
-
-    size_t num_blocks = size_ / options.block_size;
-    size_t blk_end_copy = num_blocks * 2;
-    size_t source_blk = num_blocks - 1;
-    size_t blk_src_copy = blk_end_copy - 1;
-
-    uint32_t sequence[num_blocks * 2];
-    // Sequence for Copy ops
-    for (int i = 0; i < num_blocks; i++) {
-        sequence[i] = num_blocks - 1 - i;
-    }
-    // Sequence for Xor ops
-    for (int i = 0; i < num_blocks; i++) {
-        sequence[num_blocks + i] = 5 * num_blocks - 1 - i;
-    }
-    ASSERT_TRUE(writer.AddSequenceData(2 * num_blocks, sequence));
-
-    size_t x = num_blocks;
-    while (1) {
-        ASSERT_TRUE(writer.AddCopy(source_blk, blk_src_copy));
-        x -= 1;
-        if (x == 0) {
-            break;
-        }
-        source_blk -= 1;
-        blk_src_copy -= 1;
-    }
-
-    source_blk = num_blocks;
-    blk_src_copy = blk_end_copy;
-
-    ASSERT_TRUE(writer.AddRawBlocks(source_blk, random_buffer_1_.get(), size_));
-
-    size_t blk_zero_copy_start = source_blk + num_blocks;
-    size_t blk_zero_copy_end = blk_zero_copy_start + num_blocks;
-
-    ASSERT_TRUE(writer.AddZeroBlocks(blk_zero_copy_start, num_blocks));
-
-    size_t blk_random2_replace_start = blk_zero_copy_end;
-
-    ASSERT_TRUE(writer.AddRawBlocks(blk_random2_replace_start, random_buffer_1_.get(), size_));
-
-    size_t blk_xor_start = blk_random2_replace_start + num_blocks;
-    size_t xor_offset = BLOCK_SZ / 2;
-    ASSERT_TRUE(writer.AddXorBlocks(blk_xor_start, random_buffer_1_.get(), size_, num_blocks,
-                                    xor_offset));
-
-    // Flush operations
-    ASSERT_TRUE(writer.Finalize());
-    // Construct the buffer required for validation
-    orig_buffer_ = std::make_unique<uint8_t[]>(total_base_size_);
-    std::string zero_buffer(size_, 0);
-    ASSERT_EQ(android::base::ReadFullyAtOffset(base_fd_, orig_buffer_.get(), size_, size_), true);
-    memcpy((char*)orig_buffer_.get() + size_, random_buffer_1_.get(), size_);
-    memcpy((char*)orig_buffer_.get() + (size_ * 2), (void*)zero_buffer.c_str(), size_);
-    memcpy((char*)orig_buffer_.get() + (size_ * 3), random_buffer_1_.get(), size_);
-    ASSERT_EQ(android::base::ReadFullyAtOffset(base_fd_, &orig_buffer_.get()[size_ * 4], size_,
-                                               size_ + xor_offset),
-              true);
-    for (int i = 0; i < size_; i++) {
-        orig_buffer_.get()[(size_ * 4) + i] =
-                (uint8_t)(orig_buffer_.get()[(size_ * 4) + i] ^ random_buffer_1_.get()[i]);
-    }
-}
-
-void SnapuserdTest::InitCowDevice() {
-    bool use_iouring = true;
-    if (FLAGS_force_config == "iouring_disabled") {
-        use_iouring = false;
-    }
-
-    auto handler =
-            handlers_.AddHandler(system_device_ctrl_name_, cow_system_->path, base_loop_->device(),
-                                 base_loop_->device(), 1, use_iouring, false);
-    ASSERT_NE(handler, nullptr);
-    ASSERT_NE(handler->snapuserd(), nullptr);
-    ASSERT_NE(handler->snapuserd()->GetNumSectors(), 0);
-}
-
-void SnapuserdTest::SetDeviceControlName() {
-    system_device_name_.clear();
-    system_device_ctrl_name_.clear();
-
-    std::string str(cow_system_->path);
-    std::size_t found = str.find_last_of("/\\");
-    ASSERT_NE(found, std::string::npos);
-    system_device_name_ = str.substr(found + 1);
-
-    system_device_ctrl_name_ = system_device_name_ + "-ctrl";
-}
-
-void SnapuserdTest::CreateDmUserDevice() {
-    unique_fd fd(TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(open(base_loop_->device().c_str(), O_RDONLY | O_CLOEXEC)));
-    ASSERT_TRUE(fd > 0);
-
-    uint64_t dev_sz = get_block_device_size(fd.get());
-    ASSERT_TRUE(dev_sz > 0);
-
-    cow_num_sectors_ = dev_sz >> 9;
-
-    DmTable dmuser_table;
-    ASSERT_TRUE(dmuser_table.AddTarget(
-            std::make_unique<DmTargetUser>(0, cow_num_sectors_, system_device_ctrl_name_)));
-    ASSERT_TRUE(dmuser_table.valid());
-
-    dmuser_dev_ = std::make_unique<Tempdevice>(system_device_name_, dmuser_table);
-    ASSERT_TRUE(dmuser_dev_->valid());
-    ASSERT_FALSE(dmuser_dev_->path().empty());
-
-    auto misc_device = "/dev/dm-user/" + system_device_ctrl_name_;
-    ASSERT_TRUE(android::fs_mgr::WaitForFile(misc_device, 10s));
-}
-
-void SnapuserdTest::InitDaemon() {
-    ASSERT_TRUE(handlers_.StartHandler(system_device_ctrl_name_));
-}
-
-void SnapuserdTest::CheckMergeCompletion() {
-    while (true) {
-        double percentage = handlers_.GetMergePercentage();
-        if ((int)percentage == 100) {
-            break;
-        }
+void SnapuserdTest::CheckMergeCompletion() {
+    while (true) {
+        double percentage = handlers_->GetMergePercentage();
+        if ((int)percentage == 100) {
+            break;
+        }
 
         std::this_thread::sleep_for(1s);
     }
 }
 
 void SnapuserdTest::SetupImpl() {
-    CreateBaseDevice();
-    CreateCowDevice();
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(CreateBaseDevice());
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(CreateCowDevice());
 
     SetDeviceControlName();
 
-    CreateDmUserDevice();
-    InitCowDevice();
-    InitDaemon();
-
-    setup_ok_ = true;
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(CreateUserDevice());
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(InitCowDevice());
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(InitDaemon());
 }
 
 bool SnapuserdTest::Merge() {
-    StartMerge();
+    if (!StartMerge()) {
+        return false;
+    }
     CheckMergeCompletion();
-    merge_ok_ = true;
-    return merge_ok_;
+    return true;
 }
 
-void SnapuserdTest::StartMerge() {
-    ASSERT_TRUE(handlers_.InitiateMerge(system_device_ctrl_name_));
+bool SnapuserdTest::StartMerge() {
+    return handlers_->InitiateMerge(system_device_ctrl_name_);
 }
 
 void SnapuserdTest::ValidateMerge() {
@@ -681,160 +798,786 @@ void SnapuserdTest::ValidateMerge() {
 }
 
 void SnapuserdTest::SimulateDaemonRestart() {
-    Shutdown();
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(Shutdown());
     std::this_thread::sleep_for(500ms);
     SetDeviceControlName();
-    CreateDmUserDevice();
-    InitCowDevice();
-    InitDaemon();
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(CreateUserDevice());
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(InitCowDevice());
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(InitDaemon());
 }
 
 void SnapuserdTest::MergeInterruptRandomly(int max_duration) {
     std::srand(std::time(nullptr));
-    StartMerge();
+    ASSERT_TRUE(StartMerge());
 
     for (int i = 0; i < 20; i++) {
         int duration = std::rand() % max_duration;
         std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(duration));
-        SimulateDaemonRestart();
-        StartMerge();
+        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(SimulateDaemonRestart());
+        ASSERT_TRUE(StartMerge());
     }
 
-    SimulateDaemonRestart();
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(SimulateDaemonRestart());
     ASSERT_TRUE(Merge());
 }
 
 void SnapuserdTest::MergeInterruptFixed(int duration) {
-    StartMerge();
+    ASSERT_TRUE(StartMerge());
 
     for (int i = 0; i < 25; i++) {
         std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(duration));
-        SimulateDaemonRestart();
-        StartMerge();
+        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(SimulateDaemonRestart());
+        ASSERT_TRUE(StartMerge());
+    }
+
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(SimulateDaemonRestart());
+    ASSERT_TRUE(Merge());
+}
+
+void SnapuserdTest::MergeInterruptAndValidate(int duration) {
+    ASSERT_TRUE(StartMerge());
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < 15; i++) {
+        std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(duration));
+        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(SimulateDaemonRestart());
+        ReadSnapshotAndValidateOverlappingBlocks();
+        ASSERT_TRUE(StartMerge());
     }
 
-    SimulateDaemonRestart();
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(SimulateDaemonRestart());
     ASSERT_TRUE(Merge());
 }
 
 void SnapuserdTest::MergeInterrupt() {
     // Interrupt merge at various intervals
-    StartMerge();
+    ASSERT_TRUE(StartMerge());
     std::this_thread::sleep_for(250ms);
-    SimulateDaemonRestart();
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(SimulateDaemonRestart());
 
-    StartMerge();
+    ASSERT_TRUE(StartMerge());
     std::this_thread::sleep_for(250ms);
-    SimulateDaemonRestart();
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(SimulateDaemonRestart());
 
-    StartMerge();
+    ASSERT_TRUE(StartMerge());
     std::this_thread::sleep_for(150ms);
-    SimulateDaemonRestart();
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(SimulateDaemonRestart());
 
-    StartMerge();
+    ASSERT_TRUE(StartMerge());
     std::this_thread::sleep_for(100ms);
-    SimulateDaemonRestart();
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(SimulateDaemonRestart());
 
-    StartMerge();
+    ASSERT_TRUE(StartMerge());
     std::this_thread::sleep_for(800ms);
-    SimulateDaemonRestart();
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(SimulateDaemonRestart());
 
-    StartMerge();
+    ASSERT_TRUE(StartMerge());
     std::this_thread::sleep_for(600ms);
-    SimulateDaemonRestart();
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(SimulateDaemonRestart());
 
     ASSERT_TRUE(Merge());
 }
 
-TEST_F(SnapuserdTest, Snapshot_IO_TEST) {
-    ASSERT_TRUE(SetupDefault());
+TEST_P(SnapuserdTest, Snapshot_Passthrough) {
+    if (!harness_->HasUserDevice()) {
+        GTEST_SKIP() << "Skipping snapshot read; not supported";
+    }
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(SetupDeviceForPassthrough());
     // I/O before merge
-    ReadSnapshotDeviceAndValidate();
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(ValidateDeviceWithNoBlockChanges());
     ASSERT_TRUE(Merge());
     ValidateMerge();
     // I/O after merge - daemon should read directly
     // from base device
-    ReadSnapshotDeviceAndValidate();
-    Shutdown();
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(ValidateDeviceWithNoBlockChanges());
+}
+
+TEST_P(SnapuserdTest, Snapshot_IO_TEST) {
+    if (!harness_->HasUserDevice()) {
+        GTEST_SKIP() << "Skipping snapshot read; not supported";
+    }
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(SetupDefault());
+    // I/O before merge
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(ReadSnapshotDeviceAndValidate());
+    ASSERT_TRUE(Merge());
+    ValidateMerge();
+    // I/O after merge - daemon should read directly
+    // from base device
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(ReadSnapshotDeviceAndValidate());
 }
 
-TEST_F(SnapuserdTest, Snapshot_MERGE_IO_TEST) {
-    ASSERT_TRUE(SetupDefault());
+TEST_P(SnapuserdTest, Snapshot_MERGE_IO_TEST) {
+    if (!harness_->HasUserDevice()) {
+        GTEST_SKIP() << "Skipping snapshot read; not supported";
+    }
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(SetupDefault());
     // Issue I/O before merge begins
-    std::async(std::launch::async, &SnapuserdTest::ReadSnapshotDeviceAndValidate, this);
+    auto read_future =
+            std::async(std::launch::async, &SnapuserdTest::ReadSnapshotDeviceAndValidate, this);
     // Start the merge
     ASSERT_TRUE(Merge());
     ValidateMerge();
-    Shutdown();
+    read_future.wait();
 }
 
-TEST_F(SnapuserdTest, Snapshot_MERGE_IO_TEST_1) {
-    ASSERT_TRUE(SetupDefault());
+TEST_P(SnapuserdTest, Snapshot_MERGE_IO_TEST_1) {
+    if (!harness_->HasUserDevice()) {
+        GTEST_SKIP() << "Skipping snapshot read; not supported";
+    }
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(SetupDefault());
     // Start the merge
-    StartMerge();
+    ASSERT_TRUE(StartMerge());
     // Issue I/O in parallel when merge is in-progress
-    std::async(std::launch::async, &SnapuserdTest::ReadSnapshotDeviceAndValidate, this);
+    auto read_future =
+            std::async(std::launch::async, &SnapuserdTest::ReadSnapshotDeviceAndValidate, this);
     CheckMergeCompletion();
     ValidateMerge();
-    Shutdown();
+    read_future.wait();
 }
 
-TEST_F(SnapuserdTest, Snapshot_Merge_Resume) {
-    ASSERT_TRUE(SetupDefault());
-    MergeInterrupt();
+TEST_P(SnapuserdTest, Snapshot_MERGE_PAUSE_RESUME) {
+    if (!harness_->HasUserDevice()) {
+        GTEST_SKIP() << "Skipping snapshot read; not supported";
+    }
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(SetupDefault());
+    // Start the merge
+    ASSERT_TRUE(StartMerge());
+    std::this_thread::sleep_for(300ms);
+    // Pause merge
+    handlers_->PauseMerge();
+    // Issue I/O after pausing the merge and validate
+    auto read_future =
+            std::async(std::launch::async, &SnapuserdTest::ReadSnapshotDeviceAndValidate, this);
+    // Resume the merge
+    handlers_->ResumeMerge();
+    CheckMergeCompletion();
     ValidateMerge();
-    Shutdown();
+    read_future.wait();
 }
 
-TEST_F(SnapuserdTest, Snapshot_COPY_Overlap_TEST_1) {
-    ASSERT_TRUE(SetupCopyOverlap_1());
+TEST_P(SnapuserdTest, Snapshot_Merge_Resume) {
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(SetupDefault());
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(MergeInterrupt());
+    ValidateMerge();
+}
+
+TEST_P(SnapuserdTest, Snapshot_COPY_Overlap_TEST_1) {
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(SetupCopyOverlap_1());
     ASSERT_TRUE(Merge());
     ValidateMerge();
-    Shutdown();
 }
 
-TEST_F(SnapuserdTest, Snapshot_COPY_Overlap_TEST_2) {
-    ASSERT_TRUE(SetupCopyOverlap_2());
+TEST_P(SnapuserdTest, Snapshot_COPY_Overlap_TEST_2) {
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(SetupCopyOverlap_2());
     ASSERT_TRUE(Merge());
     ValidateMerge();
-    Shutdown();
 }
 
-TEST_F(SnapuserdTest, Snapshot_COPY_Overlap_Merge_Resume_TEST) {
-    ASSERT_TRUE(SetupCopyOverlap_1());
-    MergeInterrupt();
+TEST_P(SnapuserdTest, Snapshot_COPY_Overlap_Merge_Resume_TEST) {
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(SetupCopyOverlap_1());
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(MergeInterrupt());
     ValidateMerge();
-    Shutdown();
 }
 
-TEST_F(SnapuserdTest, Snapshot_Merge_Crash_Fixed_Ordered) {
-    ASSERT_TRUE(SetupOrderedOps());
-    MergeInterruptFixed(300);
+TEST_P(SnapuserdTest, Snapshot_COPY_Overlap_Merge_Resume_IO_Validate_TEST) {
+    if (!harness_->HasUserDevice()) {
+        GTEST_SKIP() << "Skipping snapshot read; not supported";
+    }
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(SetupCopyOverlap_2());
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(MergeInterruptFixed(300));
     ValidateMerge();
-    Shutdown();
 }
 
-TEST_F(SnapuserdTest, Snapshot_Merge_Crash_Random_Ordered) {
-    ASSERT_TRUE(SetupOrderedOps());
-    MergeInterruptRandomly(500);
+TEST_P(SnapuserdTest, Snapshot_Merge_Crash_Fixed_Ordered) {
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(SetupOrderedOps());
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(MergeInterruptFixed(300));
     ValidateMerge();
-    Shutdown();
 }
 
-TEST_F(SnapuserdTest, Snapshot_Merge_Crash_Fixed_Inverted) {
-    ASSERT_TRUE(SetupOrderedOpsInverted());
-    MergeInterruptFixed(50);
+TEST_P(SnapuserdTest, Snapshot_Merge_Crash_Random_Ordered) {
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(SetupOrderedOps());
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(MergeInterruptRandomly(500));
     ValidateMerge();
-    Shutdown();
 }
 
-TEST_F(SnapuserdTest, Snapshot_Merge_Crash_Random_Inverted) {
-    ASSERT_TRUE(SetupOrderedOpsInverted());
-    MergeInterruptRandomly(50);
+TEST_P(SnapuserdTest, Snapshot_Merge_Crash_Fixed_Inverted) {
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(SetupOrderedOpsInverted());
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(MergeInterruptFixed(50));
     ValidateMerge();
-    Shutdown();
 }
 
+TEST_P(SnapuserdTest, Snapshot_Merge_Crash_Random_Inverted) {
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(SetupOrderedOpsInverted());
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(MergeInterruptRandomly(50));
+    ValidateMerge();
+}
+
+class SnapuserdVariableBlockSizeTest : public SnapuserdTest {
+  public:
+    void SetupCowV3ForVariableBlockSize();
+    void ReadSnapshotWithVariableBlockSize();
+
+  protected:
+    void SetUp() override;
+    void TearDown() override;
+
+    void CreateV3CowDeviceForVariableBlockSize();
+};
+
+void SnapuserdVariableBlockSizeTest::SetupCowV3ForVariableBlockSize() {
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(CreateBaseDevice());
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(CreateV3CowDeviceForVariableBlockSize());
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(SetupDaemon());
+}
+
+void SnapuserdVariableBlockSizeTest::CreateV3CowDeviceForVariableBlockSize() {
+    auto writer = CreateV3Cow();
+
+    ASSERT_NE(writer, nullptr);
+    size_t total_data_to_write = size_;
+
+    size_t total_blocks_to_write = total_data_to_write / BLOCK_SZ;
+    size_t num_blocks_per_op = total_blocks_to_write / 4;
+    size_t source_block = 0;
+
+    size_t seq_len = num_blocks_per_op;
+    uint32_t sequence[seq_len];
+    size_t xor_block_start = seq_len * 3;
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < seq_len; i++) {
+        sequence[i] = xor_block_start + i;
+    }
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer->AddSequenceData(seq_len, sequence));
+
+    size_t total_replace_blocks = num_blocks_per_op;
+    // Write some data which can be compressed
+    std::string data;
+    data.resize(total_replace_blocks * BLOCK_SZ, '\0');
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < data.size(); i++) {
+        data[i] = static_cast<char>('A' + i / BLOCK_SZ);
+    }
+    // REPLACE ops
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer->AddRawBlocks(source_block, data.data(), data.size()));
+
+    total_blocks_to_write -= total_replace_blocks;
+    source_block = source_block + total_replace_blocks;
+
+    // ZERO ops
+    size_t total_zero_blocks = total_blocks_to_write / 3;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer->AddZeroBlocks(source_block, total_zero_blocks));
+
+    total_blocks_to_write -= total_zero_blocks;
+    source_block = source_block + total_zero_blocks;
+
+    // Generate some random data wherein few blocks cannot be compressed.
+    // This is to test the I/O path for those blocks which aren't compressed.
+    size_t total_random_data_blocks = total_blocks_to_write / 2;
+    unique_fd rnd_fd(open("/dev/random", O_RDONLY));
+
+    ASSERT_GE(rnd_fd, 0);
+    std::string random_buffer;
+    random_buffer.resize(total_random_data_blocks * BLOCK_SZ, '\0');
+    ASSERT_EQ(
+            android::base::ReadFullyAtOffset(rnd_fd, random_buffer.data(), random_buffer.size(), 0),
+            true);
+    // REPLACE ops
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer->AddRawBlocks(source_block, random_buffer.data(), random_buffer.size()));
+
+    total_blocks_to_write -= total_random_data_blocks;
+    source_block = source_block + total_random_data_blocks;
+
+    // XOR ops will always be 4k blocks
+    std::string xor_buffer;
+    xor_buffer.resize(total_blocks_to_write * BLOCK_SZ, '\0');
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < xor_buffer.size(); i++) {
+        xor_buffer[i] = static_cast<char>('C' + i / BLOCK_SZ);
+    }
+    size_t xor_offset = 21;
+    std::string source_buffer;
+    source_buffer.resize(total_blocks_to_write * BLOCK_SZ, '\0');
+    ASSERT_EQ(android::base::ReadFullyAtOffset(base_fd_, source_buffer.data(), source_buffer.size(),
+                                               size_ + xor_offset),
+              true);
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < xor_buffer.size(); i++) {
+        xor_buffer[i] ^= source_buffer[i];
+    }
+
+    ASSERT_EQ(xor_block_start, source_block);
+
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer->AddXorBlocks(source_block, xor_buffer.data(), xor_buffer.size(),
+                                     (size_ / BLOCK_SZ), xor_offset));
+    // Flush operations
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer->Finalize());
+
+    // Construct the buffer required for validation
+    orig_buffer_ = std::make_unique<uint8_t[]>(total_base_size_);
+
+    // Read the entire base device
+    ASSERT_EQ(android::base::ReadFullyAtOffset(base_fd_, orig_buffer_.get(), total_base_size_, 0),
+              true);
+
+    // REPLACE ops which are compressed
+    std::memcpy(orig_buffer_.get(), data.data(), data.size());
+    size_t offset = data.size();
+
+    // ZERO ops
+    std::string zero_buffer(total_zero_blocks * BLOCK_SZ, 0);
+    std::memcpy((char*)orig_buffer_.get() + offset, (void*)zero_buffer.c_str(), zero_buffer.size());
+    offset += zero_buffer.size();
+
+    // REPLACE ops - Random buffers which aren't compressed
+    std::memcpy((char*)orig_buffer_.get() + offset, random_buffer.c_str(), random_buffer.size());
+    offset += random_buffer.size();
+
+    // XOR Ops which default to 4k block size compression irrespective of
+    // compression factor
+    ASSERT_EQ(android::base::ReadFullyAtOffset(base_fd_, (char*)orig_buffer_.get() + offset,
+                                               xor_buffer.size(), size_ + xor_offset),
+              true);
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < xor_buffer.size(); i++) {
+        orig_buffer_.get()[offset + i] = (uint8_t)(orig_buffer_.get()[offset + i] ^ xor_buffer[i]);
+    }
+}
+
+void SnapuserdVariableBlockSizeTest::ReadSnapshotWithVariableBlockSize() {
+    unique_fd fd(open(dmuser_dev_->GetPath().c_str(), O_RDONLY | O_DIRECT));
+    ASSERT_GE(fd, 0);
+
+    void* addr;
+    ssize_t page_size = getpagesize();
+    ASSERT_EQ(posix_memalign(&addr, page_size, size_), 0);
+    std::unique_ptr<void, decltype(&::free)> snapshot_buffer(addr, ::free);
+
+    const TestParam params = GetParam();
+
+    // Issue I/O request with various block sizes
+    size_t num_blocks = size_ / params.block_size;
+    off_t offset = 0;
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < num_blocks; i++) {
+        ASSERT_EQ(ReadFullyAtOffset(fd, (char*)snapshot_buffer.get() + offset, params.block_size,
+                                    offset),
+                  true);
+        offset += params.block_size;
+    }
+    // Validate buffer
+    ASSERT_EQ(memcmp(snapshot_buffer.get(), orig_buffer_.get(), size_), 0);
+
+    // Reset the buffer
+    std::memset(snapshot_buffer.get(), 0, size_);
+
+    // Read one full chunk in a single shot and re-validate.
+    ASSERT_EQ(ReadFullyAtOffset(fd, snapshot_buffer.get(), size_, 0), true);
+    ASSERT_EQ(memcmp(snapshot_buffer.get(), orig_buffer_.get(), size_), 0);
+
+    // Reset the buffer
+    std::memset(snapshot_buffer.get(), 0, size_);
+
+    // Buffered I/O test
+    fd.reset(open(dmuser_dev_->GetPath().c_str(), O_RDONLY));
+    ASSERT_GE(fd, 0);
+
+    // Try not to cache
+    posix_fadvise(fd.get(), 0, size_, POSIX_FADV_DONTNEED);
+
+    size_t num_blocks_per_op = (size_ / BLOCK_SZ) / 4;
+    offset = num_blocks_per_op * BLOCK_SZ;
+    size_t read_size = 1019;  // bytes
+    offset -= 111;
+
+    // Issue a un-aligned read which crosses the boundary between a REPLACE block and a ZERO
+    // block.
+    ASSERT_EQ(ReadFullyAtOffset(fd, snapshot_buffer.get(), read_size, offset), true);
+
+    // Validate the data
+    ASSERT_EQ(std::memcmp(snapshot_buffer.get(), (char*)orig_buffer_.get() + offset, read_size), 0);
+
+    offset = (num_blocks_per_op * 3) * BLOCK_SZ;
+    offset -= (BLOCK_SZ - 119);
+    read_size = 8111;
+
+    // Issue an un-aligned read which crosses the boundary between a REPLACE block of random
+    // un-compressed data and a XOR block
+    ASSERT_EQ(ReadFullyAtOffset(fd, snapshot_buffer.get(), read_size, offset), true);
+
+    // Validate the data
+    ASSERT_EQ(std::memcmp(snapshot_buffer.get(), (char*)orig_buffer_.get() + offset, read_size), 0);
+
+    // Reset the buffer
+    std::memset(snapshot_buffer.get(), 0, size_);
+
+    // Read just one byte at an odd offset which is a REPLACE op
+    offset = 19;
+    read_size = 1;
+    ASSERT_EQ(ReadFullyAtOffset(fd, snapshot_buffer.get(), read_size, offset), true);
+    // Validate the data
+    ASSERT_EQ(std::memcmp(snapshot_buffer.get(), (char*)orig_buffer_.get() + offset, read_size), 0);
+
+    // Reset the buffer
+    std::memset(snapshot_buffer.get(), 0, size_);
+
+    // Read a block which has no mapping to a COW operation. This read should be
+    // a pass-through to the underlying base device.
+    offset = size_ + 9342;
+    read_size = 30;
+    ASSERT_EQ(ReadFullyAtOffset(fd, snapshot_buffer.get(), read_size, offset), true);
+    // Validate the data
+    ASSERT_EQ(std::memcmp(snapshot_buffer.get(), (char*)orig_buffer_.get() + offset, read_size), 0);
+}
+
+void SnapuserdVariableBlockSizeTest::SetUp() {
+    if (ShouldSkipSetUp()) {
+        GTEST_SKIP() << "snapuserd not supported on this device";
+    }
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(SnapuserdTest::SetUp());
+}
+
+void SnapuserdVariableBlockSizeTest::TearDown() {
+    SnapuserdTest::TearDown();
+}
+
+TEST_P(SnapuserdVariableBlockSizeTest, Snapshot_Test_Variable_Block_Size) {
+    if (!harness_->HasUserDevice()) {
+        GTEST_SKIP() << "Skipping snapshot read; not supported";
+    }
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(SetupCowV3ForVariableBlockSize());
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(ReadSnapshotWithVariableBlockSize());
+    ASSERT_TRUE(StartMerge());
+    CheckMergeCompletion();
+    ValidateMerge();
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(ReadSnapshotWithVariableBlockSize());
+}
+
+class HandlerTest : public SnapuserdTestBase {
+  protected:
+    void SetUp() override;
+    void TearDown() override;
+
+    void SetUpV2Cow();
+    void InitializeDevice();
+    AssertionResult ReadSectors(sector_t sector, uint64_t size, void* buffer);
+
+    TestBlockServerFactory factory_;
+    std::shared_ptr<TestBlockServerOpener> opener_;
+    std::shared_ptr<SnapshotHandler> handler_;
+    std::unique_ptr<ReadWorker> read_worker_;
+    TestBlockServer* block_server_;
+    std::future<bool> handler_thread_;
+};
+
+void HandlerTest::SetUpV2Cow() {
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(CreateCowDevice());
+}
+
+void HandlerTest::InitializeDevice() {
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(SetDeviceControlName());
+
+    opener_ = factory_.CreateTestOpener(system_device_ctrl_name_);
+    ASSERT_NE(opener_, nullptr);
+
+    const TestParam params = GetParam();
+    handler_ = std::make_shared<SnapshotHandler>(
+            system_device_ctrl_name_, cow_system_->path, base_dev_->GetPath(), base_dev_->GetPath(),
+            opener_, 1, false, false, params.o_direct, params.cow_op_merge_size);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(handler_->InitCowDevice());
+    ASSERT_TRUE(handler_->InitializeWorkers());
+
+    read_worker_ = std::make_unique<ReadWorker>(cow_system_->path, base_dev_->GetPath(),
+                                                system_device_ctrl_name_, base_dev_->GetPath(),
+                                                handler_->GetSharedPtr(), opener_);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(read_worker_->Init());
+    block_server_ = static_cast<TestBlockServer*>(read_worker_->block_server());
+
+    handler_thread_ = std::async(std::launch::async, &SnapshotHandler::Start, handler_.get());
+}
+
+void HandlerTest::SetUp() {
+    if (ShouldSkipSetUp()) {
+        GTEST_SKIP() << "snapuserd not supported on this device";
+    }
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(SnapuserdTestBase::SetUp());
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(CreateBaseDevice());
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(SetUpV2Cow());
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(InitializeDevice());
+}
+
+void HandlerTest::TearDown() {
+    if (ShouldSkipSetUp()) {
+        return;
+    }
+    ASSERT_TRUE(factory_.DeleteQueue(system_device_ctrl_name_));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(handler_thread_.get());
+    SnapuserdTestBase::TearDown();
+}
+
+AssertionResult HandlerTest::ReadSectors(sector_t sector, uint64_t size, void* buffer) {
+    if (!read_worker_->RequestSectors(sector, size)) {
+        return AssertionFailure() << "request sectors failed";
+    }
+
+    std::string result = std::move(block_server_->sent_io());
+    if (result.size() != size) {
+        return AssertionFailure() << "size mismatch in result, got " << result.size()
+                                  << ", expected " << size;
+    }
+
+    memcpy(buffer, result.data(), size);
+    return AssertionSuccess();
+}
+
+// This test mirrors ReadSnapshotDeviceAndValidate.
+TEST_P(HandlerTest, Read) {
+    std::unique_ptr<uint8_t[]> snapuserd_buffer = std::make_unique<uint8_t[]>(size_);
+
+    // COPY
+    loff_t offset = 0;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(ReadSectors(offset / SECTOR_SIZE, size_, snapuserd_buffer.get()));
+    ASSERT_EQ(memcmp(snapuserd_buffer.get(), orig_buffer_.get(), size_), 0);
+
+    // REPLACE
+    offset += size_;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(ReadSectors(offset / SECTOR_SIZE, size_, snapuserd_buffer.get()));
+    ASSERT_EQ(memcmp(snapuserd_buffer.get(), (char*)orig_buffer_.get() + size_, size_), 0);
+
+    // ZERO
+    offset += size_;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(ReadSectors(offset / SECTOR_SIZE, size_, snapuserd_buffer.get()));
+    ASSERT_EQ(memcmp(snapuserd_buffer.get(), (char*)orig_buffer_.get() + (size_ * 2), size_), 0);
+
+    // REPLACE
+    offset += size_;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(ReadSectors(offset / SECTOR_SIZE, size_, snapuserd_buffer.get()));
+    ASSERT_EQ(memcmp(snapuserd_buffer.get(), (char*)orig_buffer_.get() + (size_ * 3), size_), 0);
+
+    // XOR
+    offset += size_;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(ReadSectors(offset / SECTOR_SIZE, size_, snapuserd_buffer.get()));
+    ASSERT_EQ(memcmp(snapuserd_buffer.get(), (char*)orig_buffer_.get() + (size_ * 4), size_), 0);
+}
+
+TEST_P(HandlerTest, ReadUnalignedSector) {
+    std::unique_ptr<uint8_t[]> snapuserd_buffer = std::make_unique<uint8_t[]>(BLOCK_SZ);
+
+    ASSERT_TRUE(ReadSectors(1, BLOCK_SZ, snapuserd_buffer.get()));
+    ASSERT_EQ(memcmp(snapuserd_buffer.get(), orig_buffer_.get() + SECTOR_SIZE, BLOCK_SZ), 0);
+}
+
+TEST_P(HandlerTest, ReadUnalignedSize) {
+    std::unique_ptr<uint8_t[]> snapuserd_buffer = std::make_unique<uint8_t[]>(SECTOR_SIZE);
+
+    ASSERT_TRUE(ReadSectors(0, SECTOR_SIZE, snapuserd_buffer.get()));
+    ASSERT_EQ(memcmp(snapuserd_buffer.get(), orig_buffer_.get(), SECTOR_SIZE), 0);
+}
+
+class HandlerTestV3 : public HandlerTest {
+  public:
+    void ReadSnapshotWithVariableBlockSize();
+
+  protected:
+    void SetUp() override;
+    void TearDown() override;
+    void SetUpV3Cow();
+};
+
+void HandlerTestV3::SetUp() {
+    if (ShouldSkipSetUp()) {
+        GTEST_SKIP() << "snapuserd not supported on this device";
+    }
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(SnapuserdTestBase::SetUp());
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(CreateBaseDevice());
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(SetUpV3Cow());
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(InitializeDevice());
+}
+
+void HandlerTestV3::TearDown() {
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(HandlerTest::TearDown());
+}
+
+void HandlerTestV3::SetUpV3Cow() {
+    auto writer = CreateV3Cow();
+
+    ASSERT_NE(writer, nullptr);
+    size_t total_data_to_write = size_;
+
+    size_t total_blocks_to_write = total_data_to_write / BLOCK_SZ;
+    size_t num_blocks_per_op = total_blocks_to_write / 4;
+    size_t source_block = 0;
+
+    size_t total_replace_blocks = num_blocks_per_op;
+    // Write some data which can be compressed
+    std::string data;
+    data.resize(total_replace_blocks * BLOCK_SZ, '\0');
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < data.size(); i++) {
+        data[i] = static_cast<char>('A' + i / BLOCK_SZ);
+    }
+    // REPLACE ops
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer->AddRawBlocks(source_block, data.data(), data.size()));
+
+    total_blocks_to_write -= total_replace_blocks;
+    source_block = source_block + total_replace_blocks;
+
+    // ZERO ops
+    size_t total_zero_blocks = total_blocks_to_write / 3;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer->AddZeroBlocks(source_block, total_zero_blocks));
+
+    total_blocks_to_write -= total_zero_blocks;
+    source_block = source_block + total_zero_blocks;
+
+    // Generate some random data wherein few blocks cannot be compressed.
+    // This is to test the I/O path for those blocks which aren't compressed.
+    size_t total_random_data_blocks = total_blocks_to_write;
+    unique_fd rnd_fd(open("/dev/random", O_RDONLY));
+
+    ASSERT_GE(rnd_fd, 0);
+    std::string random_buffer;
+    random_buffer.resize(total_random_data_blocks * BLOCK_SZ, '\0');
+    ASSERT_EQ(
+            android::base::ReadFullyAtOffset(rnd_fd, random_buffer.data(), random_buffer.size(), 0),
+            true);
+    // REPLACE ops
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer->AddRawBlocks(source_block, random_buffer.data(), random_buffer.size()));
+    // Flush operations
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer->Finalize());
+
+    // Construct the buffer required for validation
+    orig_buffer_ = std::make_unique<uint8_t[]>(total_base_size_);
+
+    // Read the entire base device
+    ASSERT_EQ(android::base::ReadFullyAtOffset(base_fd_, orig_buffer_.get(), total_base_size_, 0),
+              true);
+
+    // REPLACE ops which are compressed
+    std::memcpy(orig_buffer_.get(), data.data(), data.size());
+    size_t offset = data.size();
+
+    // ZERO ops
+    std::string zero_buffer(total_zero_blocks * BLOCK_SZ, 0);
+    std::memcpy((char*)orig_buffer_.get() + offset, (void*)zero_buffer.c_str(), zero_buffer.size());
+    offset += zero_buffer.size();
+
+    // REPLACE ops - Random buffers which aren't compressed
+    std::memcpy((char*)orig_buffer_.get() + offset, random_buffer.c_str(), random_buffer.size());
+}
+
+TEST_P(HandlerTestV3, Read) {
+    std::unique_ptr<uint8_t[]> snapuserd_buffer = std::make_unique<uint8_t[]>(size_);
+
+    size_t read_size = SECTOR_SIZE;
+    off_t offset = 0;
+    // Read the first sector
+    ASSERT_TRUE(ReadSectors(1, read_size, snapuserd_buffer.get()));
+    // Validate the data
+    ASSERT_EQ(std::memcmp(snapuserd_buffer.get(), orig_buffer_.get(), read_size), 0);
+
+    // Read the second block at offset 7680 (Sector 15). This will map to the
+    // first COW operation for variable block size
+    offset += (((BLOCK_SZ * 2) - SECTOR_SIZE));
+    read_size = BLOCK_SZ;  // Span across two REPLACE ops
+    ASSERT_TRUE(ReadSectors(offset / SECTOR_SIZE, read_size, snapuserd_buffer.get()));
+    // Validate the data
+    ASSERT_EQ(std::memcmp(snapuserd_buffer.get(), (char*)orig_buffer_.get() + offset, read_size),
+              0);
+
+    // Fill some other data since we are going to read zero blocks
+    std::memset(snapuserd_buffer.get(), 'Z', size_);
+
+    size_t num_blocks_per_op = (size_ / BLOCK_SZ) / 4;
+    offset = num_blocks_per_op * BLOCK_SZ;
+    // Issue read spanning between a REPLACE op and ZERO ops. The starting point
+    // is the last REPLACE op at sector 5118
+    offset -= (SECTOR_SIZE * 2);
+    // This will make sure it falls back to aligned reads after reading the
+    // first unaligned block
+    read_size = BLOCK_SZ * 6;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(ReadSectors(offset / SECTOR_SIZE, read_size, snapuserd_buffer.get()));
+    // Validate the data
+    ASSERT_EQ(std::memcmp(snapuserd_buffer.get(), (char*)orig_buffer_.get() + offset, read_size),
+              0);
+
+    // Issue I/O request at the last block. The first chunk of (SECTOR_SIZE * 2)
+    // will be from REPLACE op which has random buffers
+    offset = (size_ - (SECTOR_SIZE * 2));
+    // Request will span beyond the COW mapping, thereby fetching data from base
+    // device.
+    read_size = BLOCK_SZ * 8;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(ReadSectors(offset / SECTOR_SIZE, read_size, snapuserd_buffer.get()));
+    // Validate the data
+    ASSERT_EQ(std::memcmp(snapuserd_buffer.get(), (char*)orig_buffer_.get() + offset, read_size),
+              0);
+
+    // Issue I/O request which are not mapped to any COW operations
+    offset = (size_ + (SECTOR_SIZE * 3));
+    read_size = BLOCK_SZ * 3;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(ReadSectors(offset / SECTOR_SIZE, read_size, snapuserd_buffer.get()));
+    // Validate the data
+    ASSERT_EQ(std::memcmp(snapuserd_buffer.get(), (char*)orig_buffer_.get() + offset, read_size),
+              0);
+}
+
+std::vector<bool> GetIoUringConfigs() {
+#if __ANDROID__
+    if (!android::base::GetBoolProperty("ro.virtual_ab.io_uring.enabled", false)) {
+        return {false};
+    }
+#endif
+    if (!KernelSupportsIoUring()) {
+        return {false};
+    }
+    return {false, true};
+}
+
+std::vector<TestParam> GetTestConfigs() {
+    std::vector<TestParam> testParams;
+    std::vector<bool> uring_configs = GetIoUringConfigs();
+
+    for (bool config : uring_configs) {
+        TestParam param;
+        param.io_uring = config;
+        param.o_direct = false;
+        testParams.push_back(std::move(param));
+    }
+
+    for (bool config : uring_configs) {
+        TestParam param;
+        param.io_uring = config;
+        param.o_direct = true;
+        testParams.push_back(std::move(param));
+    }
+    return testParams;
+}
+
+std::vector<TestParam> GetVariableBlockTestConfigs() {
+    std::vector<TestParam> testParams;
+
+    std::vector<int> block_sizes = {4096, 8192, 16384, 32768, 65536, 131072};
+    std::vector<std::string> compression_algo = {"none", "lz4", "zstd", "gz"};
+    std::vector<int> threads = {1, 2};
+    std::vector<bool> uring_configs = GetIoUringConfigs();
+
+    // This should test 96 combination and validates the I/O path
+    for (auto block : block_sizes) {
+        for (auto compression : compression_algo) {
+            for (auto thread : threads) {
+                for (auto io_uring : uring_configs) {
+                    TestParam param;
+                    param.block_size = block;
+                    param.compression = compression;
+                    param.num_threads = thread;
+                    param.io_uring = io_uring;
+                    param.o_direct = false;
+                    param.cow_op_merge_size = 0;
+                    testParams.push_back(std::move(param));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    return testParams;
+}
+
+INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(Io, SnapuserdVariableBlockSizeTest,
+                         ::testing::ValuesIn(GetVariableBlockTestConfigs()));
+INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(Io, HandlerTestV3, ::testing::ValuesIn(GetVariableBlockTestConfigs()));
+INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(Io, SnapuserdTest, ::testing::ValuesIn(GetTestConfigs()));
+INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(Io, HandlerTest, ::testing::ValuesIn(GetTestConfigs()));
+
 }  // namespace snapshot
 }  // namespace android
 
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/snapuserd_transitions.cpp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/snapuserd_transitions.cpp
index 28c9f688a8cc..90705f77949b 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/snapuserd_transitions.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/snapuserd_transitions.cpp
@@ -189,33 +189,32 @@ void SnapshotHandler::InitiateMerge() {
     cv.notify_all();
 }
 
+static inline bool IsMergeBeginError(MERGE_IO_TRANSITION io_state) {
+    return io_state == MERGE_IO_TRANSITION::READ_AHEAD_FAILURE ||
+           io_state == MERGE_IO_TRANSITION::IO_TERMINATED;
+}
+
 // Invoked by Merge thread - Waits on RA thread to resume merging. Will
 // be waken up RA thread.
 bool SnapshotHandler::WaitForMergeBegin() {
-    {
-        std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(lock_);
-        while (!MergeInitiated()) {
-            cv.wait(lock);
+    std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(lock_);
 
-            if (io_state_ == MERGE_IO_TRANSITION::READ_AHEAD_FAILURE ||
-                io_state_ == MERGE_IO_TRANSITION::IO_TERMINATED) {
-                return false;
-            }
-        }
+    cv.wait(lock, [this]() -> bool { return MergeInitiated() || IsMergeBeginError(io_state_); });
 
-        while (!(io_state_ == MERGE_IO_TRANSITION::MERGE_BEGIN ||
-                 io_state_ == MERGE_IO_TRANSITION::READ_AHEAD_FAILURE ||
-                 io_state_ == MERGE_IO_TRANSITION::IO_TERMINATED)) {
-            cv.wait(lock);
-        }
+    if (IsMergeBeginError(io_state_)) {
+        SNAP_LOG(VERBOSE) << "WaitForMergeBegin failed with state: " << io_state_;
+        return false;
+    }
 
-        if (io_state_ == MERGE_IO_TRANSITION::READ_AHEAD_FAILURE ||
-            io_state_ == MERGE_IO_TRANSITION::IO_TERMINATED) {
-            return false;
-        }
+    cv.wait(lock, [this]() -> bool {
+        return io_state_ == MERGE_IO_TRANSITION::MERGE_BEGIN || IsMergeBeginError(io_state_);
+    });
 
-        return true;
+    if (IsMergeBeginError(io_state_)) {
+        SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "WaitForMergeBegin failed with state: " << io_state_;
+        return false;
     }
+    return true;
 }
 
 // Invoked by RA thread - Flushes the RA block to scratch space if necessary
@@ -258,6 +257,19 @@ bool SnapshotHandler::ReadAheadIOCompleted(bool sync) {
     return true;
 }
 
+void SnapshotHandler::PauseMergeIfRequired() {
+    {
+        std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(pause_merge_lock_);
+        while (pause_merge_) {
+            SNAP_LOG(INFO) << "Merge thread paused";
+            pause_merge_cv_.wait(lock);
+            if (!pause_merge_) {
+                SNAP_LOG(INFO) << "Merge thread resumed";
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 // Invoked by RA thread - Waits for merge thread to finish merging
 // RA Block N - RA thread would be ready will with Block N+1 but
 // will wait to merge thread to finish Block N. Once Block N
@@ -277,10 +289,18 @@ bool SnapshotHandler::WaitForMergeReady() {
         if (io_state_ == MERGE_IO_TRANSITION::MERGE_FAILED ||
             io_state_ == MERGE_IO_TRANSITION::MERGE_COMPLETE ||
             io_state_ == MERGE_IO_TRANSITION::IO_TERMINATED) {
+            if (io_state_ == MERGE_IO_TRANSITION::MERGE_FAILED) {
+                SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "Wait for merge ready failed: " << io_state_;
+            }
             return false;
         }
-        return true;
     }
+
+    // This is a safe place to check if the RA thread should be
+    // paused. Since the scratch space isn't flushed yet, it is safe
+    // to wait here until resume is invoked.
+    PauseMergeIfRequired();
+    return true;
 }
 
 // Invoked by Merge thread - Notify RA thread about Merge completion
@@ -295,6 +315,11 @@ void SnapshotHandler::NotifyRAForMergeReady() {
     }
 
     cv.notify_all();
+
+    // This is a safe place to check if the merge thread should be
+    // paused. The data from the scratch space is merged to disk and is safe
+    // to wait.
+    PauseMergeIfRequired();
 }
 
 // The following transitions are mostly in the failure paths
@@ -366,10 +391,50 @@ void SnapshotHandler::WaitForMergeComplete() {
     }
 }
 
+void SnapshotHandler::RaThreadStarted() {
+    std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(lock_);
+    ra_thread_started_ = true;
+}
+
+void SnapshotHandler::WaitForRaThreadToStart() {
+    auto now = std::chrono::system_clock::now();
+    auto deadline = now + 3s;
+    {
+        std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(lock_);
+        while (!ra_thread_started_) {
+            auto status = cv.wait_until(lock, deadline);
+            if (status == std::cv_status::timeout) {
+                SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "Read-ahead thread did not start";
+                return;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+void SnapshotHandler::MarkMergeComplete() {
+    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(lock_);
+    merge_complete_ = true;
+}
+
+void SnapshotHandler::PauseMergeThreads() {
+    {
+        std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(pause_merge_lock_);
+        pause_merge_ = true;
+    }
+}
+
+void SnapshotHandler::ResumeMergeThreads() {
+    {
+        std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(pause_merge_lock_);
+        pause_merge_ = false;
+    }
+}
+
 std::string SnapshotHandler::GetMergeStatus() {
     bool merge_not_initiated = false;
     bool merge_monitored = false;
     bool merge_failed = false;
+    bool merge_complete = false;
 
     {
         std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(lock_);
@@ -385,10 +450,9 @@ std::string SnapshotHandler::GetMergeStatus() {
         if (io_state_ == MERGE_IO_TRANSITION::MERGE_FAILED) {
             merge_failed = true;
         }
-    }
 
-    struct CowHeader* ch = reinterpret_cast<struct CowHeader*>(mapped_addr_);
-    bool merge_complete = (ch->num_merge_ops == reader_->get_num_total_data_ops());
+        merge_complete = merge_complete_;
+    }
 
     if (merge_not_initiated) {
         // Merge was not initiated yet; however, we have merge completion
@@ -424,7 +488,6 @@ std::string SnapshotHandler::GetMergeStatus() {
         return "snapshot-merge-failed";
     }
 
-    // Merge complete
     if (merge_complete) {
         return "snapshot-merge-complete";
     }
@@ -618,7 +681,6 @@ bool SnapshotHandler::GetRABuffer(std::unique_lock<std::mutex>* lock, uint64_t b
     std::unordered_map<uint64_t, void*>::iterator it = read_ahead_buffer_map_.find(block);
 
     if (it == read_ahead_buffer_map_.end()) {
-        SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "Block: " << block << " not found in RA buffer";
         return false;
     }
 
@@ -642,6 +704,13 @@ MERGE_GROUP_STATE SnapshotHandler::ProcessMergingBlock(uint64_t new_block, void*
         MERGE_GROUP_STATE state = blk_state->merge_state_;
         switch (state) {
             case MERGE_GROUP_STATE::GROUP_MERGE_PENDING: {
+                // If this is a merge-resume path, check if the data is
+                // available from scratch space. Data from scratch space takes
+                // higher precedence than from source device for overlapping
+                // blocks.
+                if (resume_merge_ && GetRABuffer(&lock, new_block, buffer)) {
+                    return (MERGE_GROUP_STATE::GROUP_MERGE_IN_PROGRESS);
+                }
                 blk_state->num_ios_in_progress += 1;  // ref count
                 [[fallthrough]];
             }
@@ -668,5 +737,26 @@ MERGE_GROUP_STATE SnapshotHandler::ProcessMergingBlock(uint64_t new_block, void*
     }
 }
 
+std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, MERGE_IO_TRANSITION value) {
+    switch (value) {
+        case MERGE_IO_TRANSITION::INVALID:
+            return os << "INVALID";
+        case MERGE_IO_TRANSITION::MERGE_READY:
+            return os << "MERGE_READY";
+        case MERGE_IO_TRANSITION::MERGE_BEGIN:
+            return os << "MERGE_BEGIN";
+        case MERGE_IO_TRANSITION::MERGE_FAILED:
+            return os << "MERGE_FAILED";
+        case MERGE_IO_TRANSITION::MERGE_COMPLETE:
+            return os << "MERGE_COMPLETE";
+        case MERGE_IO_TRANSITION::IO_TERMINATED:
+            return os << "IO_TERMINATED";
+        case MERGE_IO_TRANSITION::READ_AHEAD_FAILURE:
+            return os << "READ_AHEAD_FAILURE";
+        default:
+            return os << "unknown";
+    }
+}
+
 }  // namespace snapshot
 }  // namespace android
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/snapuserd_verify.cpp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/snapuserd_verify.cpp
index 18c1dfcd9288..97f8df49d255 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/snapuserd_verify.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/snapuserd_verify.cpp
@@ -14,12 +14,16 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
-#include "snapuserd_core.h"
+#include "snapuserd_verify.h"
 
 #include <android-base/chrono_utils.h>
 #include <android-base/scopeguard.h>
 #include <android-base/strings.h>
 
+#include "android-base/properties.h"
+#include "snapuserd_core.h"
+#include "utility.h"
+
 namespace android {
 namespace snapshot {
 
@@ -101,41 +105,108 @@ bool UpdateVerify::VerifyBlocks(const std::string& partition_name,
         return false;
     }
 
-    loff_t file_offset = offset;
-    const uint64_t read_sz = kBlockSizeVerify;
+    int queue_depth = std::max(queue_depth_, 1);
+    int verify_block_size = verify_block_size_;
+
+    // Smaller partitions don't need a bigger queue-depth.
+    // This is required for low-memory devices.
+    if (dev_sz < threshold_size_) {
+        queue_depth = std::max(queue_depth / 2, 1);
+        verify_block_size >>= 2;
+    }
+
+    if (!IsBlockAligned(verify_block_size)) {
+        verify_block_size = EXT4_ALIGN(verify_block_size, BLOCK_SZ);
+    }
 
-    void* addr;
-    ssize_t page_size = getpagesize();
-    if (posix_memalign(&addr, page_size, read_sz) < 0) {
-        SNAP_PLOG(ERROR) << "posix_memalign failed "
-                         << " page_size: " << page_size << " read_sz: " << read_sz;
+    std::unique_ptr<io_uring_cpp::IoUringInterface> ring =
+            io_uring_cpp::IoUringInterface::CreateLinuxIoUring(queue_depth, 0);
+    if (ring.get() == nullptr) {
+        PLOG(ERROR) << "Verify: io_uring_queue_init failed for queue_depth: " << queue_depth;
         return false;
     }
 
-    std::unique_ptr<void, decltype(&::free)> buffer(addr, ::free);
+    std::unique_ptr<struct iovec[]> vecs = std::make_unique<struct iovec[]>(queue_depth);
+    std::vector<std::unique_ptr<void, decltype(&::free)>> buffers;
+    for (int i = 0; i < queue_depth; i++) {
+        void* addr;
+        ssize_t page_size = getpagesize();
+        if (posix_memalign(&addr, page_size, verify_block_size) < 0) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "posix_memalign failed";
+            return false;
+        }
 
-    uint64_t bytes_read = 0;
+        buffers.emplace_back(addr, ::free);
+        vecs[i].iov_base = addr;
+        vecs[i].iov_len = verify_block_size;
+    }
 
-    while (true) {
-        size_t to_read = std::min((dev_sz - file_offset), read_sz);
+    auto ret = ring->RegisterBuffers(vecs.get(), queue_depth);
+    if (!ret.IsOk()) {
+        SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "io_uring_register_buffers failed: " << ret.ErrCode();
+        return false;
+    }
 
-        if (!android::base::ReadFullyAtOffset(fd.get(), buffer.get(), to_read, file_offset)) {
-            SNAP_PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to read block from block device: " << dm_block_device
-                             << " partition-name: " << partition_name
-                             << " at offset: " << file_offset << " read-size: " << to_read
-                             << " block-size: " << dev_sz;
-            return false;
+    loff_t file_offset = offset;
+    const uint64_t read_sz = verify_block_size;
+    uint64_t total_read = 0;
+    int num_submitted = 0;
+
+    SNAP_LOG(DEBUG) << "VerifyBlocks: queue_depth: " << queue_depth
+                    << " verify_block_size: " << verify_block_size << " dev_sz: " << dev_sz
+                    << " file_offset: " << file_offset << " skip_blocks: " << skip_blocks;
+
+    while (file_offset < dev_sz) {
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < queue_depth; i++) {
+            uint64_t to_read = std::min((dev_sz - file_offset), read_sz);
+            if (to_read <= 0) break;
+
+            const auto sqe =
+                    ring->PrepReadFixed(fd.get(), vecs[i].iov_base, to_read, file_offset, i);
+            if (!sqe.IsOk()) {
+                SNAP_PLOG(ERROR) << "PrepReadFixed failed";
+                return false;
+            }
+            file_offset += (skip_blocks * to_read);
+            total_read += to_read;
+            num_submitted += 1;
+            if (file_offset >= dev_sz) {
+                break;
+            }
         }
 
-        bytes_read += to_read;
-        file_offset += (skip_blocks * kBlockSizeVerify);
-        if (file_offset >= dev_sz) {
+        if (num_submitted == 0) {
             break;
         }
+
+        const auto io_submit = ring->SubmitAndWait(num_submitted);
+        if (!io_submit.IsOk()) {
+            SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "SubmitAndWait failed: " << io_submit.ErrMsg()
+                            << " for: " << num_submitted << " entries.";
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        SNAP_LOG(DEBUG) << "io_uring_submit: " << total_read << "num_submitted: " << num_submitted
+                        << "ret: " << ret;
+
+        const auto cqes = ring->PopCQE(num_submitted);
+        if (cqes.IsErr()) {
+            SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "PopCqe failed for: " << num_submitted
+                            << " error: " << cqes.GetError().ErrMsg();
+            return false;
+        }
+        for (const auto& cqe : cqes.GetResult()) {
+            if (cqe.res < 0) {
+                SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "I/O failed: cqe->res: " << cqe.res;
+                return false;
+            }
+            num_submitted -= 1;
+        }
     }
 
-    SNAP_LOG(DEBUG) << "Verification success with bytes-read: " << bytes_read
-                    << " dev_sz: " << dev_sz << " partition_name: " << partition_name;
+    SNAP_LOG(DEBUG) << "Verification success with io_uring: "
+                    << " dev_sz: " << dev_sz << " partition_name: " << partition_name
+                    << " total_read: " << total_read;
 
     return true;
 }
@@ -170,19 +241,14 @@ bool UpdateVerify::VerifyPartition(const std::string& partition_name,
         return false;
     }
 
-    /*
-     * Not all partitions are of same size. Some partitions are as small as
-     * 100Mb. We can just finish them in a single thread. For bigger partitions
-     * such as product, 4 threads are sufficient enough.
-     *
-     * TODO: With io_uring SQ_POLL support, we can completely cut this
-     * down to just single thread for all partitions and potentially verify all
-     * the partitions with zero syscalls. Additionally, since block layer
-     * supports polling, IO_POLL could be used which will further cut down
-     * latency.
-     */
+    if (!KernelSupportsIoUring()) {
+        SNAP_LOG(INFO) << "Kernel does not support io_uring. Skipping verification.\n";
+        // This will fallback to update_verifier to do the verification.
+        return false;
+    }
+
     int num_threads = kMinThreadsToVerify;
-    if (dev_sz > kThresholdSize) {
+    if (dev_sz > threshold_size_) {
         num_threads = kMaxThreadsToVerify;
     }
 
@@ -194,7 +260,7 @@ bool UpdateVerify::VerifyPartition(const std::string& partition_name,
         threads.emplace_back(std::async(std::launch::async, &UpdateVerify::VerifyBlocks, this,
                                         partition_name, dm_block_device, start_offset, skip_blocks,
                                         dev_sz));
-        start_offset += kBlockSizeVerify;
+        start_offset += verify_block_size_;
         num_threads -= 1;
         if (start_offset >= dev_sz) {
             break;
@@ -209,9 +275,9 @@ bool UpdateVerify::VerifyPartition(const std::string& partition_name,
     if (ret) {
         succeeded = true;
         UpdatePartitionVerificationState(UpdateVerifyState::VERIFY_SUCCESS);
-        SNAP_LOG(INFO) << "Partition: " << partition_name << " Block-device: " << dm_block_device
-                       << " Size: " << dev_sz
-                       << " verification success. Duration : " << timer.duration().count() << " ms";
+        SNAP_LOG(INFO) << "Partition verification success: " << partition_name
+                       << " Block-device: " << dm_block_device << " Size: " << dev_sz
+                       << " Duration : " << timer.duration().count() << " ms";
         return true;
     }
 
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/snapuserd_verify.h b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/snapuserd_verify.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..69a334b65e9d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/snapuserd_verify.h
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+//
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <liburing.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+
+#include <condition_variable>
+#include <mutex>
+#include <string>
+
+#include <liburing_cpp/IoUring.h>
+#include <snapuserd/snapuserd_kernel.h>
+#include <storage_literals/storage_literals.h>
+
+namespace android {
+namespace snapshot {
+
+using namespace android::storage_literals;
+
+class UpdateVerify {
+  public:
+    UpdateVerify(const std::string& misc_name);
+    void VerifyUpdatePartition();
+    bool CheckPartitionVerification();
+
+  private:
+    enum class UpdateVerifyState {
+        VERIFY_UNKNOWN,
+        VERIFY_FAILED,
+        VERIFY_SUCCESS,
+    };
+
+    std::string misc_name_;
+    UpdateVerifyState state_;
+    std::mutex m_lock_;
+    std::condition_variable m_cv_;
+
+    int kMinThreadsToVerify = 1;
+    int kMaxThreadsToVerify = 3;
+
+    /*
+     * To optimize partition scanning speed without significantly impacting boot time,
+     * we employ O_DIRECT, bypassing the page-cache. However, O_DIRECT's memory
+     * allocation from CMA can be problematic on devices with restricted CMA space.
+     * To address this, io_uring_register_buffers() pre-registers I/O buffers,
+     * preventing CMA usage. See b/401952955 for more details.
+     *
+     * These numbers were derived by monitoring the memory and CPU pressure
+     * (/proc/pressure/{cpu,memory}; and monitoring the Inactive(file) and
+     * Active(file) pages from /proc/meminfo.
+     */
+    uint64_t verify_block_size_ = 1_MiB;
+    uint64_t threshold_size_ = 2_GiB;
+    int queue_depth_ = 4;
+
+    bool IsBlockAligned(uint64_t read_size) { return ((read_size & (BLOCK_SZ - 1)) == 0); }
+    void UpdatePartitionVerificationState(UpdateVerifyState state);
+    bool VerifyPartition(const std::string& partition_name, const std::string& dm_block_device);
+    bool VerifyBlocks(const std::string& partition_name, const std::string& dm_block_device,
+                      off_t offset, int skip_blocks, uint64_t dev_sz);
+};
+
+}  // namespace snapshot
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/worker.cpp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/worker.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..65208fb8bac9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/worker.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#include "worker.h"
+
+#include "snapuserd_core.h"
+
+namespace android {
+namespace snapshot {
+
+Worker::Worker(const std::string& cow_device, const std::string& misc_name,
+               const std::string& base_path_merge, std::shared_ptr<SnapshotHandler> snapuserd) {
+    cow_device_ = cow_device;
+    misc_name_ = misc_name;
+    base_path_merge_ = base_path_merge;
+    snapuserd_ = snapuserd;
+}
+
+bool Worker::Init() {
+    if (!InitializeFds()) {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    if (!InitReader()) {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    return true;
+}
+
+bool Worker::InitReader() {
+    reader_ = snapuserd_->CloneReaderForWorker();
+
+    if (!reader_->InitForMerge(std::move(cow_fd_))) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
+bool Worker::InitializeFds() {
+    cow_fd_.reset(open(cow_device_.c_str(), O_RDWR));
+    if (cow_fd_ < 0) {
+        SNAP_PLOG(ERROR) << "Open Failed: " << cow_device_;
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    // Base device used by merge thread
+    base_path_merge_fd_.reset(open(base_path_merge_.c_str(), O_RDWR));
+    if (base_path_merge_fd_ < 0) {
+        SNAP_PLOG(ERROR) << "Open Failed: " << base_path_merge_;
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    return true;
+}
+
+}  // namespace snapshot
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/worker.h b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/worker.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..c89d1b4fd558
--- /dev/null
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/worker.h
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <stddef.h>
+
+#include <memory>
+#include <string>
+
+#include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
+#include <libsnapshot/cow_reader.h>
+#include <snapuserd/snapuserd_buffer.h>
+#include <snapuserd/snapuserd_kernel.h>
+
+namespace android {
+namespace snapshot {
+
+using android::base::unique_fd;
+
+class SnapshotHandler;
+
+class Worker {
+  public:
+    Worker(const std::string& cow_device, const std::string& misc_name,
+           const std::string& base_path_merge, std::shared_ptr<SnapshotHandler> snapuserd);
+    virtual ~Worker() = default;
+
+    virtual bool Init();
+
+  protected:
+    bool InitializeFds();
+    bool InitReader();
+    virtual void CloseFds() { base_path_merge_fd_ = {}; }
+
+    std::unique_ptr<CowReader> reader_;
+
+    std::string misc_name_;  // Needed for SNAP_LOG.
+
+    unique_fd base_path_merge_fd_;
+
+    std::shared_ptr<SnapshotHandler> snapuserd_;
+
+  private:
+    std::string cow_device_;
+    std::string base_path_merge_;
+    unique_fd cow_fd_;
+};
+
+}  // namespace snapshot
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/utility.cpp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/utility.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..b44f5abd2355
--- /dev/null
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/utility.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#include "utility.h"
+
+#include <android-base/properties.h>
+#include <sys/resource.h>
+#include <sys/utsname.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#include <android-base/file.h>
+#include <android-base/logging.h>
+#include <libdm/dm.h>
+#include <processgroup/processgroup.h>
+
+#include <private/android_filesystem_config.h>
+
+namespace android {
+namespace snapshot {
+
+using android::base::unique_fd;
+using android::dm::DeviceMapper;
+
+bool SetThreadPriority([[maybe_unused]] int priority) {
+#ifdef __ANDROID__
+    return setpriority(PRIO_PROCESS, gettid(), priority) != -1;
+#else
+    return true;
+#endif
+}
+
+bool SetProfiles([[maybe_unused]] std::initializer_list<std::string_view> profiles) {
+#ifdef __ANDROID__
+    if (setgid(AID_SYSTEM)) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    return SetTaskProfiles(gettid(), profiles);
+#else
+    return true;
+#endif
+}
+
+bool KernelSupportsIoUring() {
+    struct utsname uts {};
+    unsigned int major, minor;
+
+    uname(&uts);
+    if (sscanf(uts.release, "%u.%u", &major, &minor) != 2) {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    // We will only support kernels from 5.6 onwards as IOSQE_ASYNC flag and
+    // IO_URING_OP_READ/WRITE opcodes were introduced only on 5.6 kernel
+    return major > 5 || (major == 5 && minor >= 6);
+}
+
+bool GetUserspaceSnapshotsEnabledProperty() {
+    return android::base::GetBoolProperty("ro.virtual_ab.userspace.snapshots.enabled", false);
+}
+
+bool KernelSupportsCompressedSnapshots() {
+    auto& dm = DeviceMapper::Instance();
+    return dm.GetTargetByName("user", nullptr);
+}
+
+bool IsVendorFromAndroid12() {
+    const std::string UNKNOWN = "unknown";
+    const std::string vendor_release =
+            android::base::GetProperty("ro.vendor.build.version.release_or_codename", UNKNOWN);
+
+    if (vendor_release.find("12") != std::string::npos) {
+        return true;
+    }
+    return false;
+}
+
+bool CanUseUserspaceSnapshots() {
+    if (!GetUserspaceSnapshotsEnabledProperty()) {
+        LOG(INFO) << "Virtual A/B - Userspace snapshots disabled";
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    if (!KernelSupportsCompressedSnapshots()) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Userspace snapshots requested, but no kernel support is available.";
+        return false;
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
+}  // namespace snapshot
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/utility.h b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/utility.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..50be4183708c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/utility.h
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <initializer_list>
+#include <string_view>
+
+namespace android {
+namespace snapshot {
+
+bool SetThreadPriority(int priority);
+bool SetProfiles(std::initializer_list<std::string_view> profiles);
+bool KernelSupportsIoUring();
+
+bool GetUserspaceSnapshotsEnabledProperty();
+bool KernelSupportsCompressedSnapshots();
+bool CanUseUserspaceSnapshots();
+bool IsVendorFromAndroid12();
+
+}  // namespace snapshot
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/test_helpers.cpp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/test_helpers.cpp
index a224f6b58284..2eac34749909 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/test_helpers.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/test_helpers.cpp
@@ -130,12 +130,7 @@ bool WriteRandomData(const std::string& path, std::optional<size_t> expect_size,
     return true;
 }
 
-std::string HashSnapshot(ISnapshotWriter* writer) {
-    auto reader = writer->OpenReader();
-    if (!reader) {
-        return {};
-    }
-
+std::string HashSnapshot(ICowWriter::FileDescriptor* reader) {
     SHA256_CTX ctx;
     SHA256_Init(&ctx);
 
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/tools/Android.bp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/tools/Android.bp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..a1c92c03beae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/tools/Android.bp
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+
+cc_binary {
+    name: "cow_benchmark",
+    host_supported: true,
+    defaults: [
+        "fs_mgr_defaults",
+        "libsnapshot_cow_defaults",
+    ],
+
+    srcs: ["cow_benchmark.cpp"],
+
+    static_libs: [
+        "libsnapshot_cow",
+    ],
+
+    shared_libs: [
+        "libbase",
+        "liblog",
+    ],
+
+    cflags: ["-Werror"],
+}
+
+
+cc_binary {
+    name: "write_cow",
+    host_supported: true,
+    defaults: [
+        "fs_mgr_defaults",
+        "libsnapshot_cow_defaults",
+    ],
+
+    srcs: ["write_cow.cpp"],
+
+    static_libs: [
+        "libsnapshot_cow",
+        "libgflags",
+    ],
+
+    shared_libs: [
+        "libbase",
+        "liblog",
+    ],
+
+    cflags: ["-Werror"],
+}
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/tools/cow_benchmark.cpp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/tools/cow_benchmark.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..fb463c816749
--- /dev/null
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/tools/cow_benchmark.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,202 @@
+//
+// Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+//
+#include <memory>
+
+#include <array>
+#include <iostream>
+#include <random>
+
+#include <libsnapshot/cow_compress.h>
+#include <libsnapshot/cow_format.h>
+
+static const uint32_t BLOCK_SZ = 4096;
+static const uint32_t SEED_NUMBER = 10;
+
+namespace android {
+namespace snapshot {
+
+static std::string CompressionToString(CowCompression& compression) {
+    std::string output;
+    switch (compression.algorithm) {
+        case kCowCompressBrotli:
+            output.append("brotli");
+            break;
+        case kCowCompressGz:
+            output.append("gz");
+            break;
+        case kCowCompressLz4:
+            output.append("lz4");
+            break;
+        case kCowCompressZstd:
+            output.append("zstd");
+            break;
+        case kCowCompressNone:
+            return "No Compression";
+    }
+    output.append(" " + std::to_string(compression.compression_level));
+    return output;
+}
+
+void OneShotCompressionTest() {
+    std::cout << "\n-------One Shot Compressor Perf Analysis-------\n";
+
+    std::vector<CowCompression> compression_list = {
+            {kCowCompressLz4, 0},     {kCowCompressBrotli, 1}, {kCowCompressBrotli, 3},
+            {kCowCompressBrotli, 11}, {kCowCompressZstd, 3},   {kCowCompressZstd, 6},
+            {kCowCompressZstd, 9},    {kCowCompressZstd, 22},  {kCowCompressGz, 1},
+            {kCowCompressGz, 3},      {kCowCompressGz, 6},     {kCowCompressGz, 9}};
+    std::vector<std::unique_ptr<ICompressor>> compressors;
+    for (auto i : compression_list) {
+        compressors.emplace_back(ICompressor::Create(i, BLOCK_SZ));
+    }
+
+    // Allocate a buffer of size 8 blocks.
+    std::array<char, 32768> buffer;
+
+    // Generate a random 4k buffer of characters
+    std::default_random_engine gen(SEED_NUMBER);
+    std::uniform_int_distribution<int> distribution(0, 10);
+    for (int i = 0; i < buffer.size(); i++) {
+        buffer[i] = static_cast<char>(distribution(gen));
+    }
+
+    std::vector<std::pair<double, std::string>> latencies;
+    std::vector<std::pair<double, std::string>> ratios;
+
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < compressors.size(); i++) {
+        const auto start = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
+        std::vector<uint8_t> compressed_data =
+                compressors[i]->Compress(buffer.data(), buffer.size());
+        const auto end = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
+        const auto latency =
+                std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::nanoseconds>(end - start) / 1000.0;
+        const double compression_ratio =
+                static_cast<uint16_t>(compressed_data.size()) * 1.00 / buffer.size();
+
+        std::cout << "Metrics for " << CompressionToString(compression_list[i]) << ": latency -> "
+                  << latency.count() << "ms "
+                  << " compression ratio ->" << compression_ratio << " \n";
+
+        latencies.emplace_back(
+                std::make_pair(latency.count(), CompressionToString(compression_list[i])));
+        ratios.emplace_back(
+                std::make_pair(compression_ratio, CompressionToString(compression_list[i])));
+    }
+
+    int best_speed = 0;
+    int best_ratio = 0;
+
+    for (size_t i = 1; i < latencies.size(); i++) {
+        if (latencies[i].first < latencies[best_speed].first) {
+            best_speed = i;
+        }
+        if (ratios[i].first < ratios[best_ratio].first) {
+            best_ratio = i;
+        }
+    }
+
+    std::cout << "BEST SPEED: " << latencies[best_speed].first << "ms "
+              << latencies[best_speed].second << "\n";
+    std::cout << "BEST RATIO: " << ratios[best_ratio].first << " " << ratios[best_ratio].second
+              << "\n";
+}
+
+void IncrementalCompressionTest() {
+    std::cout << "\n-------Incremental Compressor Perf Analysis-------\n";
+
+    std::vector<CowCompression> compression_list = {
+            {kCowCompressLz4, 0},     {kCowCompressBrotli, 1}, {kCowCompressBrotli, 3},
+            {kCowCompressBrotli, 11}, {kCowCompressZstd, 3},   {kCowCompressZstd, 6},
+            {kCowCompressZstd, 9},    {kCowCompressZstd, 22},  {kCowCompressGz, 1},
+            {kCowCompressGz, 3},      {kCowCompressGz, 6},     {kCowCompressGz, 9}};
+    std::vector<std::unique_ptr<ICompressor>> compressors;
+    for (auto i : compression_list) {
+        compressors.emplace_back(ICompressor::Create(i, BLOCK_SZ));
+    }
+
+    // Allocate a buffer of size 8 blocks.
+    std::array<char, 32768> buffer;
+
+    // Generate a random 4k buffer of characters
+    std::default_random_engine gen(SEED_NUMBER);
+    std::uniform_int_distribution<int> distribution(0, 10);
+    for (int i = 0; i < buffer.size(); i++) {
+        buffer[i] = static_cast<char>(distribution(gen));
+    }
+
+    std::vector<std::pair<double, std::string>> latencies;
+    std::vector<std::pair<double, std::string>> ratios;
+
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < compressors.size(); i++) {
+        std::vector<std::vector<uint8_t>> compressed_data_vec;
+        int num_blocks = buffer.size() / BLOCK_SZ;
+        const uint8_t* iter = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(buffer.data());
+
+        const auto start = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
+        while (num_blocks > 0) {
+            std::vector<uint8_t> compressed_data = compressors[i]->Compress(iter, BLOCK_SZ);
+            compressed_data_vec.emplace_back(compressed_data);
+            num_blocks--;
+            iter += BLOCK_SZ;
+        }
+
+        const auto end = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
+        const auto latency =
+                std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::nanoseconds>(end - start) / 1000.0;
+
+        size_t size = 0;
+        for (auto& i : compressed_data_vec) {
+            size += i.size();
+        }
+        const double compression_ratio = size * 1.00 / buffer.size();
+
+        std::cout << "Metrics for " << CompressionToString(compression_list[i]) << ": latency -> "
+                  << latency.count() << "ms "
+                  << " compression ratio ->" << compression_ratio << " \n";
+
+        latencies.emplace_back(
+                std::make_pair(latency.count(), CompressionToString(compression_list[i])));
+        ratios.emplace_back(
+                std::make_pair(compression_ratio, CompressionToString(compression_list[i])));
+    }
+
+    int best_speed = 0;
+    int best_ratio = 0;
+
+    for (size_t i = 1; i < latencies.size(); i++) {
+        if (latencies[i].first < latencies[best_speed].first) {
+            best_speed = i;
+        }
+        if (ratios[i].first < ratios[best_ratio].first) {
+            best_ratio = i;
+        }
+    }
+
+    std::cout << "BEST SPEED: " << latencies[best_speed].first << "ms "
+              << latencies[best_speed].second << "\n";
+    std::cout << "BEST RATIO: " << ratios[best_ratio].first << " " << ratios[best_ratio].second
+              << "\n";
+}
+
+}  // namespace snapshot
+}  // namespace android
+
+int main() {
+    android::snapshot::OneShotCompressionTest();
+    android::snapshot::IncrementalCompressionTest();
+
+    return 0;
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/tools/testdata/cow_v2 b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/tools/testdata/cow_v2
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..9f37dfc50c55
Binary files /dev/null and b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/tools/testdata/cow_v2 differ
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/tools/testdata/incompressible_block b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/tools/testdata/incompressible_block
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..cc45cd04e62b
Binary files /dev/null and b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/tools/testdata/incompressible_block differ
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/tools/write_cow.cpp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/tools/write_cow.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..bd51174dd7e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/tools/write_cow.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
+//
+// Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+//
+#include <android-base/file.h>
+#include <android-base/logging.h>
+#include <libsnapshot/cow_compress.h>
+#include <libsnapshot/cow_format.h>
+#include <libsnapshot/cow_writer.h>
+
+#include <gflags/gflags.h>
+#include <iostream>
+
+#include "android-base/unique_fd.h"
+
+DEFINE_bool(silent, false, "Run silently");
+DEFINE_int32(writer_version, 2, "which version of COW writer to be used");
+DEFINE_bool(write_legacy, false,
+            "Writes a legacy cow_v2 in current directory, this cow was used to test backwards "
+            "compatibility between version 2 and version 3");
+DEFINE_bool(write_header, false, "Test reading/writing just the header");
+using namespace android::snapshot;
+
+// This writes a simple cow v2 file in the current directory. This file will serve as testdata for
+// ensuring our v3 cow reader will be able to read a cow file created by the v2 writer.
+//
+// WARNING: We should not be overriding this test file, as it will serve as historic marker for what
+// a device with old writer_v2 will write as a cow.
+static void write_legacy_cow_v2() {
+    CowOptions options;
+    options.cluster_ops = 5;
+    options.num_merge_ops = 1;
+    std::string data = "This is some data, believe it";
+    data.resize(options.block_size, '\0');
+
+    char cwd_buffer[1024];
+    size_t cwd_buffer_size = sizeof(cwd_buffer);
+
+    // Get the current working directory path.
+    char* err = getcwd(cwd_buffer, cwd_buffer_size);
+    if (!err) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Couldn't get current directory";
+    }
+    android::base::unique_fd fd(open(strcat(cwd_buffer, "/cow_v2"), O_CREAT | O_RDWR, 0666));
+    if (fd.get() == -1) {
+        LOG(FATAL) << "couldn't open tmp_cow";
+    }
+    std::unique_ptr<ICowWriter> writer = CreateCowWriter(2, options, std::move(fd));
+    writer->AddCopy(0, 5);
+    writer->AddRawBlocks(2, data.data(), data.size());
+    writer->AddLabel(1);
+    writer->AddXorBlocks(50, data.data(), data.size(), 24, 10);
+    writer->AddZeroBlocks(5, 10);
+    writer->AddLabel(2);
+    writer->Finalize();
+}
+
+static bool WriteCow(const std::string& path) {
+    android::base::unique_fd fd(open(path.c_str(), O_RDONLY));
+    fd.reset(open(path.c_str(), O_RDWR | O_CREAT | O_TRUNC, 0664));
+    if (fd < 0) {
+        PLOG(ERROR) << "could not open " << path << " for writing";
+        return false;
+    }
+    CowOptions options;
+    std::string data = "This is some data, believe it";
+    data.resize(options.block_size, '\0');
+
+    std::unique_ptr<ICowWriter> writer =
+            CreateCowWriter(FLAGS_writer_version, options, std::move(fd));
+    if (!writer) {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    writer->AddCopy(0, 5);
+    writer->AddRawBlocks(2, data.data(), data.size());
+    writer->AddLabel(1);
+    writer->AddXorBlocks(50, data.data(), data.size(), 24, 10);
+    writer->AddZeroBlocks(5, 10);
+    writer->AddLabel(2);
+    writer->Finalize();
+
+    if (!FLAGS_silent) {
+        std::cout << "Writing COW with writer v" << FLAGS_writer_version << "\n";
+    }
+
+    return true;
+}
+
+int main(int argc, char** argv) {
+    gflags::ParseCommandLineFlags(&argc, &argv, true);
+    if (FLAGS_write_legacy) {
+        write_legacy_cow_v2();
+        return 0;
+    }
+    if (argc < 2) {
+        gflags::ShowUsageWithFlags(argv[0]);
+        return 1;
+    }
+    if (!WriteCow(argv[1])) {
+        return 1;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/utility.cpp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/utility.cpp
index 1ffa89cba23a..30510d076b64 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/utility.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/utility.cpp
@@ -199,12 +199,28 @@ bool WriteStringToFileAtomic(const std::string& content, const std::string& path
 }
 
 std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const Now&) {
-    struct tm now {};
+    struct tm now{};
     time_t t = time(nullptr);
     localtime_r(&t, &now);
     return os << std::put_time(&now, "%Y%m%d-%H%M%S");
 }
 
+std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, CancelResult result) {
+    switch (result) {
+        case CancelResult::OK:
+            return os << "ok";
+        case CancelResult::ERROR:
+            return os << "error";
+        case CancelResult::LIVE_SNAPSHOTS:
+            return os << "live_snapshots";
+        case CancelResult::NEEDS_MERGE:
+            return os << "needs_merge";
+        default:
+            LOG(ERROR) << "Unknown cancel result: " << static_cast<uint32_t>(result);
+            return os;
+    }
+}
+
 void AppendExtent(RepeatedPtrField<chromeos_update_engine::Extent>* extents, uint64_t start_block,
                   uint64_t num_blocks) {
     if (extents->size() > 0) {
@@ -230,11 +246,7 @@ bool GetUserspaceSnapshotsEnabledProperty() {
     return fetcher->GetBoolProperty("ro.virtual_ab.userspace.snapshots.enabled", false);
 }
 
-bool CanUseUserspaceSnapshots() {
-    if (!GetUserspaceSnapshotsEnabledProperty()) {
-        return false;
-    }
-
+bool IsVendorFromAndroid12() {
     auto fetcher = IPropertyFetcher::GetInstance();
 
     const std::string UNKNOWN = "unknown";
@@ -243,8 +255,15 @@ bool CanUseUserspaceSnapshots() {
 
     // No user-space snapshots if vendor partition is on Android 12
     if (vendor_release.find("12") != std::string::npos) {
-        LOG(INFO) << "Userspace snapshots disabled as vendor partition is on Android: "
-                  << vendor_release;
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    return false;
+}
+
+bool CanUseUserspaceSnapshots() {
+    if (!GetUserspaceSnapshotsEnabledProperty()) {
+        LOG(INFO) << "Virtual A/B - Userspace snapshots disabled";
         return false;
     }
 
@@ -269,6 +288,11 @@ bool GetXorCompressionEnabledProperty() {
     return fetcher->GetBoolProperty("ro.virtual_ab.compression.xor.enabled", false);
 }
 
+bool GetODirectEnabledProperty() {
+    auto fetcher = IPropertyFetcher::GetInstance();
+    return fetcher->GetBoolProperty("ro.virtual_ab.o_direct.enabled", false);
+}
+
 std::string GetOtherPartitionName(const std::string& name) {
     auto suffix = android::fs_mgr::GetPartitionSlotSuffix(name);
     CHECK(suffix == "_a" || suffix == "_b");
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/utility.h b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/utility.h
index 370f3c4fc6e8..30c75c0f5222 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/utility.h
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/utility.h
@@ -123,6 +123,8 @@ bool FsyncDirectory(const char* dirname);
 struct Now {};
 std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const Now&);
 
+std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, CancelResult);
+
 // Append to |extents|. Merged into the last element if possible.
 void AppendExtent(google::protobuf::RepeatedPtrField<chromeos_update_engine::Extent>* extents,
                   uint64_t start_block, uint64_t num_blocks);
@@ -133,9 +135,11 @@ bool GetLegacyCompressionEnabledProperty();
 bool GetUserspaceSnapshotsEnabledProperty();
 bool GetIouringEnabledProperty();
 bool GetXorCompressionEnabledProperty();
+bool GetODirectEnabledProperty();
 
 bool CanUseUserspaceSnapshots();
 bool IsDmSnapshotTestingEnabled();
+bool IsVendorFromAndroid12();
 
 // Swap the suffix of a partition name.
 std::string GetOtherPartitionName(const std::string& name);
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/vts_ota_config_test.cpp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/vts_ota_config_test.cpp
index d387eb32d1db..b5618c478680 100755
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/vts_ota_config_test.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/vts_ota_config_test.cpp
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ static int GetVsrLevel() {
     return android::base::GetIntProperty("ro.vendor.api_level", -1);
 }
 
+// @VsrTest = 3.7.6
 TEST(VAB, Enabled) {
     if (!android::base::GetBoolProperty("ro.build.ab_update", false) && (GetVsrLevel() < __ANDROID_API_T__)) {
         GTEST_SKIP();
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libstorage_literals/storage_literals/storage_literals.h b/fs_mgr/libstorage_literals/storage_literals/storage_literals.h
index ac0dfbdb7004..bbeabd5c987b 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libstorage_literals/storage_literals/storage_literals.h
+++ b/fs_mgr/libstorage_literals/storage_literals/storage_literals.h
@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@ using B = Size<0>;
 using KiB = Size<10>;
 using MiB = Size<20>;
 using GiB = Size<30>;
+using TiB = Size<40>;
 
 constexpr B operator""_B(unsigned long long v) {  // NOLINT
     return B{v};
@@ -54,6 +55,10 @@ constexpr GiB operator""_GiB(unsigned long long v) {  // NOLINT
     return GiB{v};
 }
 
+constexpr TiB operator""_TiB(unsigned long long v) {  // NOLINT
+    return TiB{v};
+}
+
 template <typename Dest, typename Src>
 constexpr Dest size_cast(Src src) {
     if (Src::power < Dest::power) {
@@ -69,6 +74,7 @@ static_assert(1_B == 1);
 static_assert(1_KiB == 1 << 10);
 static_assert(1_MiB == 1 << 20);
 static_assert(1_GiB == 1 << 30);
+static_assert(1_TiB == 1ULL << 40);
 static_assert(size_cast<KiB>(1_B).count() == 0);
 static_assert(size_cast<KiB>(1024_B).count() == 1);
 static_assert(size_cast<KiB>(1_MiB).count() == 1024);
diff --git a/fs_mgr/tests/Android.bp b/fs_mgr/tests/Android.bp
index b9bae2513e70..041762fa1dfe 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/tests/Android.bp
+++ b/fs_mgr/tests/Android.bp
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
 
 package {
     default_applicable_licenses: ["Android-Apache-2.0"],
+    default_team: "trendy_team_android_kernel",
 }
 
 cc_test {
@@ -38,7 +39,8 @@ cc_test {
     ],
     static_libs: [
         "libfs_mgr",
-        "libfstab",
+        "libgmock",
+        "libgtest",
     ],
     srcs: [
         "file_wait_test.cpp",
@@ -109,7 +111,6 @@ cc_test {
     ],
     static_libs: [
         "libfs_mgr",
-        "libfstab",
         "libgmock",
         "libgtest",
     ],
diff --git a/fs_mgr/tests/AndroidTest.xml b/fs_mgr/tests/AndroidTest.xml
index de835b3adfba..1c06ebd337be 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/tests/AndroidTest.xml
+++ b/fs_mgr/tests/AndroidTest.xml
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
     <option name="config-descriptor:metadata" key="parameter" value="not_instant_app" />
     <option name="config-descriptor:metadata" key="parameter" value="multi_abi" />
     <option name="config-descriptor:metadata" key="parameter" value="secondary_user" />
+    <option name="config-descriptor:metadata" key="parameter" value="secondary_user_on_secondary_display" />
     <target_preparer class="com.android.compatibility.common.tradefed.targetprep.FilePusher">
         <option name="cleanup" value="true" />
         <option name="push" value="CtsFsMgrTestCases->/data/local/tmp/CtsFsMgrTestCases" />
diff --git a/fs_mgr/tests/adb-remount-test.sh b/fs_mgr/tests/adb-remount-test.sh
index c87e564c4ce6..df9635e426f9 100755
--- a/fs_mgr/tests/adb-remount-test.sh
+++ b/fs_mgr/tests/adb-remount-test.sh
@@ -1081,7 +1081,9 @@ LOG OK "no overlay present before setup"
 LOG RUN "Testing adb disable-verity -R"
 
 T=$(adb_date)
-adb_su disable-verity -R >&2 ||
+adb_su disable-verity -R >&2
+err=${?}
+[[ ${err} -eq 0 || ${err} -eq 255 ]] ||
   die -t "${T}" "disable-verity -R failed"
 sleep 2
 adb_wait "${ADB_WAIT}" ||
@@ -1192,7 +1194,9 @@ LOG OK "adb remount from scratch"
 LOG RUN "Testing adb remount -R"
 
 T=$(adb_date)
-adb_su remount -R </dev/null >&2 ||
+adb_su remount -R </dev/null >&2
+err=${?}
+[[ ${err} -eq 0 || ${err} -eq 255 ]] ||
   die -t "${T}" "adb remount -R failed"
 sleep 2
 adb_wait "${ADB_WAIT}" ||
@@ -1233,6 +1237,12 @@ adb_sh grep -qE " (/system|/) [^ ]* rw," /proc/mounts </dev/null &&
 adb_sh grep -q " /vendor [^ ]* rw," /proc/mounts </dev/null &&
   die "/vendor is not RO"
 
+data_device=$(adb_sh awk '$2 == "/data" { print $1; exit }' /proc/mounts)
+RO=$(adb_sh grep " ro," /proc/mounts </dev/null |
+    grep -v "^${data_device}" |
+    skip_administrative_mounts |
+    awk '{ print $1 }')
+
 T=$(adb_date)
 adb remount >&2 ||
   die -t "${T}" "adb remount"
@@ -1241,6 +1251,12 @@ adb_sh grep -qE " (/system|/) [^ ]* rw," /proc/mounts </dev/null ||
 adb_sh grep -q " /vendor [^ ]* rw," /proc/mounts </dev/null ||
   die -t "${T}" "/vendor is not RW"
 
+# Only find mounts that are remounted RO -> RW
+RW=$(adb_sh grep " rw," /proc/mounts </dev/null |
+    grep -v "^${data_device}" |
+    skip_administrative_mounts |
+    grep -E "^($(join_with '|' ${RO})) ")
+
 scratch_on_super=false
 if ${overlayfs_needed}; then
   is_overlayfs_mounted /system ||
@@ -1287,38 +1303,37 @@ if ${overlayfs_needed}; then
     fi
   done
 
-  data_device=$(adb_sh awk '$2 == "/data" { print $1; exit }' /proc/mounts)
   # KISS (we do not support sub-mounts for system partitions currently)
   adb_sh grep "^overlay " /proc/mounts </dev/null |
     grep -vE "^overlay.* /(apex|system|vendor)/[^ ]" |
     grep " overlay ro," &&
     die "expected overlay to be RW after remount"
-  adb_sh grep -v noatime /proc/mounts </dev/null |
-    grep -v "^${data_device}" |
-    skip_administrative_mounts |
-    grep -v ' ro,' &&
-    die "mounts are not noatime"
 
-  D=$(adb_sh grep " rw," /proc/mounts </dev/null |
-      grep -v "^${data_device}" |
-      skip_administrative_mounts |
+  D=$(echo "${RW}" |
       awk '{ print $1 }' |
       sed 's|/dev/root|/|' |
       sort -u)
   if [ -n "${D}" ]; then
     adb_sh df -k ${D} </dev/null |
-      sed -e 's/^Filesystem      /Filesystem (rw) /'
+      sed -e 's/^Filesystem     /Filesystem (rw)/'
   fi >&2
   for d in ${D}; do
     if adb_sh tune2fs -l "${d}" </dev/null 2>&1 | grep -q "Filesystem features:.*shared_blocks" ||
         adb_sh df -k "${d}" | grep -q " 100% "; then
-      die "remount overlayfs missed a spot (rw)"
+      # See b/397158623
+      # The new overlayfs mounter is a bit more limited due to sepolicy. Since we know of no use
+      # cases for these mounts, disabling for now
+      LOG OK "remount overlayfs missed a spot (rw)"
     fi
   done
 else
   is_overlayfs_mounted && die -t "${T}" "unexpected overlay takeover"
 fi
 
+echo -n "${RW}" |
+  grep -v noatime &&
+  die "mounts (rw) are not noatime"
+
 LOG OK "adb remount RW"
 
 ################################################################################
@@ -1348,6 +1363,14 @@ cat "${system_build_prop_original}" - <<EOF >"${system_build_prop_modified}"
 # Properties added by adb remount test
 test.adb.remount.system.build.prop=true
 EOF
+
+# Move /system/build.prop to make sure we can move and then replace files
+# Note that as of kernel 6.1 mv creates the char_file that whites out the lower
+# file with different selabels than rm does
+# See b/394290609
+adb shell mv /system/build.prop /system/build.prop.backup >/dev/null ||
+  die "adb shell rm /system/build.prop"
+
 adb push "${system_build_prop_modified}" /system/build.prop >/dev/null ||
   die "adb push /system/build.prop"
 adb pull /system/build.prop "${system_build_prop_fromdevice}" >/dev/null ||
diff --git a/fs_mgr/tests/fs_mgr_test.cpp b/fs_mgr/tests/fs_mgr_test.cpp
index e33681c3f66d..fc3d5dc0e806 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/tests/fs_mgr_test.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/tests/fs_mgr_test.cpp
@@ -29,11 +29,13 @@
 #include <android-base/strings.h>
 #include <fs_mgr.h>
 #include <fstab/fstab.h>
+#include <gmock/gmock.h>
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
 
-#include "../fs_mgr_priv_boot_config.h"
+#include "../fs_mgr_priv.h"
 
 using namespace android::fs_mgr;
+using namespace testing;
 
 namespace {
 
@@ -119,37 +121,42 @@ const std::vector<std::pair<std::string, std::string>> result_space = {
         {"terminator", "truncated"},
 };
 
-const std::string bootconfig =
-        "androidboot.bootdevice = \"1d84000.ufshc\"\n"
-        "androidboot.boot_devices = \"dev1\", \"dev2,withcomma\", \"dev3\"\n"
-        "androidboot.baseband = \"sdy\"\n"
-        "androidboot.keymaster = \"1\"\n"
-        "androidboot.serialno = \"BLAHBLAHBLAH\"\n"
-        "androidboot.slot_suffix = \"_a\"\n"
-        "androidboot.hardware.platform = \"sdw813\"\n"
-        "androidboot.hardware = \"foo\"\n"
-        "androidboot.revision = \"EVT1.0\"\n"
-        "androidboot.bootloader = \"burp-0.1-7521\"\n"
-        "androidboot.hardware.sku = \"mary\"\n"
-        "androidboot.hardware.radio.subtype = \"0\"\n"
-        "androidboot.dtbo_idx = \"2\"\n"
-        "androidboot.mode = \"normal\"\n"
-        "androidboot.hardware.ddr = \"1GB,combuchi,LPDDR4X\"\n"
-        "androidboot.ddr_info = \"combuchiandroidboot.ddr_size=2GB\"\n"
-        "androidboot.hardware.ufs = \"2GB,combushi\"\n"
-        "androidboot.boottime = \"0BLE:58,1BLL:22,1BLE:571,2BLL:105,ODT:0,AVB:123\"\n"
-        "androidboot.ramdump = \"disabled\"\n"
-        "androidboot.vbmeta.device = \"PARTUUID=aa08f1a4-c7c9-402e-9a66-9707cafa9ceb\"\n"
-        "androidboot.vbmeta.avb_version = \"1.1\"\n"
-        "androidboot.vbmeta.device_state = \"unlocked\"\n"
-        "androidboot.vbmeta.hash_alg = \"sha256\"\n"
-        "androidboot.vbmeta.size = \"5248\"\n"
-        "androidboot.vbmeta.digest = \""
-        "ac13147e959861c20f2a6da97d25fe79e60e902c022a371c5c039d31e7c68860\"\n"
-        "androidboot.vbmeta.invalidate_on_error = \"yes\"\n"
-        "androidboot.veritymode = \"enforcing\"\n"
-        "androidboot.verifiedbootstate = \"orange\"\n"
-        "androidboot.space = \"sha256 5248 androidboot.nospace = nope\"\n";
+const std::string bootconfig = R"(
+androidboot.bootdevice = "1d84000.ufshc"
+androidboot.boot_devices = "dev1", "dev2,withcomma", "dev3"
+androidboot.baseband = "sdy"
+androidboot.keymaster = "1"
+androidboot.serialno = "BLAHBLAHBLAH"
+androidboot.slot_suffix = "_a"
+androidboot.hardware.platform = "sdw813"
+androidboot.hardware = "foo"
+androidboot.revision = "EVT1.0"
+androidboot.bootloader = "burp-0.1-7521"
+androidboot.hardware.sku = "mary"
+androidboot.hardware.radio.subtype = "0"
+androidboot.dtbo_idx = "2"
+androidboot.mode = "normal"
+androidboot.hardware.ddr = "1GB,combuchi,LPDDR4X"
+androidboot.ddr_info = "combuchiandroidboot.ddr_size=2GB"
+androidboot.hardware.ufs = "2GB,combushi"
+androidboot.boottime = "0BLE:58,1BLL:22,1BLE:571,2BLL:105,ODT:0,AVB:123"
+androidboot.ramdump = "disabled"
+androidboot.vbmeta.device = "PARTUUID=aa08f1a4-c7c9-402e-9a66-9707cafa9ceb"
+androidboot.vbmeta.avb_version = "1.1"
+androidboot.vbmeta.device_state = "unlocked"
+androidboot.vbmeta.hash_alg = "sha256"
+androidboot.vbmeta.size = "5248"
+androidboot.vbmeta.digest = "ac13147e959861c20f2a6da97d25fe79e60e902c022a371c5c039d31e7c68860"
+androidboot.vbmeta.invalidate_on_error = "yes"
+androidboot.veritymode = "enforcing"
+androidboot.verifiedbootstate = "orange"
+androidboot.space = "sha256 5248 androidboot.nospace = nope"
+just.key
+key.empty.value =
+dessert.value = "ice, cream"
+dessert.list = "ice", "cream"
+ambiguous.list = ", ", ", "
+)";
 
 const std::vector<std::pair<std::string, std::string>> bootconfig_result_space = {
         {"androidboot.bootdevice", "1d84000.ufshc"},
@@ -182,6 +189,11 @@ const std::vector<std::pair<std::string, std::string>> bootconfig_result_space =
         {"androidboot.veritymode", "enforcing"},
         {"androidboot.verifiedbootstate", "orange"},
         {"androidboot.space", "sha256 5248 androidboot.nospace = nope"},
+        {"just.key", ""},
+        {"key.empty.value", ""},
+        {"dessert.value", "ice, cream"},
+        {"dessert.list", "ice,cream"},
+        {"ambiguous.list", ", ,, "},
 };
 
 bool CompareFlags(FstabEntry::FsMgrFlags& lhs, FstabEntry::FsMgrFlags& rhs) {
@@ -212,44 +224,61 @@ bool CompareFlags(FstabEntry::FsMgrFlags& lhs, FstabEntry::FsMgrFlags& rhs) {
 
 }  // namespace
 
-TEST(fs_mgr, fs_mgr_parse_cmdline) {
-    EXPECT_EQ(result_space, fs_mgr_parse_cmdline(cmdline));
+TEST(fs_mgr, ImportKernelCmdline) {
+    std::vector<std::pair<std::string, std::string>> result;
+    ImportKernelCmdlineFromString(
+            cmdline, [&](std::string key, std::string value) { result.emplace_back(key, value); });
+    EXPECT_THAT(result, ContainerEq(result_space));
 }
 
-TEST(fs_mgr, fs_mgr_get_boot_config_from_kernel_cmdline) {
+TEST(fs_mgr, GetKernelCmdline) {
     std::string content;
-    for (const auto& entry : result_space) {
-        static constexpr char androidboot[] = "androidboot.";
-        if (!android::base::StartsWith(entry.first, androidboot)) continue;
-        auto key = entry.first.substr(strlen(androidboot));
-        EXPECT_TRUE(fs_mgr_get_boot_config_from_kernel(cmdline, key, &content)) << " for " << key;
-        EXPECT_EQ(entry.second, content);
+    for (const auto& [key, value] : result_space) {
+        EXPECT_TRUE(GetKernelCmdlineFromString(cmdline, key, &content)) << " for " << key;
+        EXPECT_EQ(content, value);
     }
-    EXPECT_FALSE(fs_mgr_get_boot_config_from_kernel(cmdline, "vbmeta.avb_versio", &content));
-    EXPECT_TRUE(content.empty()) << content;
-    EXPECT_FALSE(fs_mgr_get_boot_config_from_kernel(cmdline, "nospace", &content));
-    EXPECT_TRUE(content.empty()) << content;
+
+    const std::string kUnmodifiedToken = "<UNMODIFIED>";
+    content = kUnmodifiedToken;
+    EXPECT_FALSE(GetKernelCmdlineFromString(cmdline, "", &content));
+    EXPECT_EQ(content, kUnmodifiedToken) << "output parameter shouldn't be overridden";
+
+    content = kUnmodifiedToken;
+    EXPECT_FALSE(GetKernelCmdlineFromString(cmdline, "androidboot.vbmeta.avb_versio", &content));
+    EXPECT_EQ(content, kUnmodifiedToken) << "output parameter shouldn't be overridden";
+
+    content = kUnmodifiedToken;
+    EXPECT_FALSE(GetKernelCmdlineFromString(bootconfig, "androidboot.nospace", &content));
+    EXPECT_EQ(content, kUnmodifiedToken) << "output parameter shouldn't be overridden";
 }
 
-TEST(fs_mgr, fs_mgr_parse_bootconfig) {
-    EXPECT_EQ(bootconfig_result_space, fs_mgr_parse_proc_bootconfig(bootconfig));
+TEST(fs_mgr, ImportBootconfig) {
+    std::vector<std::pair<std::string, std::string>> result;
+    ImportBootconfigFromString(bootconfig, [&](std::string key, std::string value) {
+        result.emplace_back(key, value);
+    });
+    EXPECT_THAT(result, ContainerEq(bootconfig_result_space));
 }
 
-TEST(fs_mgr, fs_mgr_get_boot_config_from_bootconfig) {
+TEST(fs_mgr, GetBootconfig) {
     std::string content;
-    for (const auto& entry : bootconfig_result_space) {
-        static constexpr char androidboot[] = "androidboot.";
-        if (!android::base::StartsWith(entry.first, androidboot)) continue;
-        auto key = entry.first.substr(strlen(androidboot));
-        EXPECT_TRUE(fs_mgr_get_boot_config_from_bootconfig(bootconfig, key, &content))
-                << " for " << key;
-        EXPECT_EQ(entry.second, content);
+    for (const auto& [key, value] : bootconfig_result_space) {
+        EXPECT_TRUE(GetBootconfigFromString(bootconfig, key, &content)) << " for " << key;
+        EXPECT_EQ(content, value);
     }
 
-    EXPECT_FALSE(fs_mgr_get_boot_config_from_bootconfig(bootconfig, "vbmeta.avb_versio", &content));
-    EXPECT_TRUE(content.empty()) << content;
-    EXPECT_FALSE(fs_mgr_get_boot_config_from_bootconfig(bootconfig, "nospace", &content));
-    EXPECT_TRUE(content.empty()) << content;
+    const std::string kUnmodifiedToken = "<UNMODIFIED>";
+    content = kUnmodifiedToken;
+    EXPECT_FALSE(GetBootconfigFromString(bootconfig, "", &content));
+    EXPECT_EQ(content, kUnmodifiedToken) << "output parameter shouldn't be overridden";
+
+    content = kUnmodifiedToken;
+    EXPECT_FALSE(GetBootconfigFromString(bootconfig, "androidboot.vbmeta.avb_versio", &content));
+    EXPECT_EQ(content, kUnmodifiedToken) << "output parameter shouldn't be overridden";
+
+    content = kUnmodifiedToken;
+    EXPECT_FALSE(GetBootconfigFromString(bootconfig, "androidboot.nospace", &content));
+    EXPECT_EQ(content, kUnmodifiedToken) << "output parameter shouldn't be overridden";
 }
 
 TEST(fs_mgr, fs_mgr_read_fstab_file_proc_mounts) {
@@ -300,6 +329,8 @@ TEST(fs_mgr, fs_mgr_read_fstab_file_proc_mounts) {
                 {"private", MS_PRIVATE},
                 {"slave", MS_SLAVE},
                 {"shared", MS_SHARED},
+                {"lazytime", MS_LAZYTIME},
+                {"nosymfollow", MS_NOSYMFOLLOW},
                 {"defaults", 0},
                 {0, 0},
         };
@@ -497,6 +528,7 @@ source none1       swap   defaults      fileencryption=,keydirectory=,length=,sw
     EXPECT_EQ("none0", entry->mount_point);
     {
         FstabEntry::FsMgrFlags flags = {};
+        flags.file_encryption = true;
         EXPECT_TRUE(CompareFlags(flags, entry->fs_mgr_flags));
     }
     EXPECT_EQ("", entry->metadata_key_dir);
@@ -675,6 +707,7 @@ source none2       swap   defaults      zramsize=blah%
 source none3       swap   defaults      zramsize=5%
 source none4       swap   defaults      zramsize=105%
 source none5       swap   defaults      zramsize=%
+source none6       swap   defaults      zramsize=210%
 )fs";
     ASSERT_TRUE(android::base::WriteStringToFile(fstab_contents, tf.path));
 
@@ -707,12 +740,17 @@ source none5       swap   defaults      zramsize=%
 
     EXPECT_EQ("none4", entry->mount_point);
     EXPECT_TRUE(CompareFlags(flags, entry->fs_mgr_flags));
-    EXPECT_EQ(0, entry->zram_size);
+    EXPECT_NE(0, entry->zram_size);
     entry++;
 
     EXPECT_EQ("none5", entry->mount_point);
     EXPECT_TRUE(CompareFlags(flags, entry->fs_mgr_flags));
     EXPECT_EQ(0, entry->zram_size);
+    entry++;
+
+    EXPECT_EQ("none6", entry->mount_point);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(CompareFlags(flags, entry->fs_mgr_flags));
+    EXPECT_EQ(0, entry->zram_size);
 }
 
 TEST(fs_mgr, ReadFstabFromFile_FsMgrOptions_FileEncryption) {
@@ -1032,23 +1070,6 @@ TEST(fs_mgr, DefaultFstabContainsUserdata) {
             << "Default fstab doesn't contain /data entry";
 }
 
-TEST(fs_mgr, UserdataMountedFromDefaultFstab) {
-    if (getuid() != 0) {
-        GTEST_SKIP() << "Must be run as root.";
-        return;
-    }
-    Fstab fstab;
-    ASSERT_TRUE(ReadDefaultFstab(&fstab)) << "Failed to read default fstab";
-    Fstab proc_mounts;
-    ASSERT_TRUE(ReadFstabFromFile("/proc/mounts", &proc_mounts)) << "Failed to read /proc/mounts";
-    auto mounted_entry = GetEntryForMountPoint(&proc_mounts, "/data");
-    ASSERT_NE(mounted_entry, nullptr) << "/data is not mounted";
-    std::string block_device;
-    ASSERT_TRUE(android::base::Realpath(mounted_entry->blk_device, &block_device));
-    ASSERT_NE(nullptr, fs_mgr_get_mounted_entry_for_userdata(&fstab, block_device))
-            << "/data wasn't mounted from default fstab";
-}
-
 TEST(fs_mgr, ReadFstabFromFile_FsMgrOptions_Readahead_Size_KB) {
     TemporaryFile tf;
     ASSERT_TRUE(tf.fd != -1);
diff --git a/fs_mgr/tests/src/com/android/tests/vendoroverlay/VendorOverlayHostTest.java b/fs_mgr/tests/src/com/android/tests/vendoroverlay/VendorOverlayHostTest.java
index f08cab239773..91f235c861e3 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/tests/src/com/android/tests/vendoroverlay/VendorOverlayHostTest.java
+++ b/fs_mgr/tests/src/com/android/tests/vendoroverlay/VendorOverlayHostTest.java
@@ -21,10 +21,8 @@
 import com.android.tradefed.testtype.junit4.BaseHostJUnit4Test;
 import com.android.tradefed.util.CommandResult;
 import com.android.tradefed.util.CommandStatus;
-
 import java.util.regex.Matcher;
 import java.util.regex.Pattern;
-
 import org.junit.After;
 import org.junit.Assert;
 import org.junit.Assume;
@@ -38,9 +36,15 @@
 @RunWith(DeviceJUnit4ClassRunner.class)
 public class VendorOverlayHostTest extends BaseHostJUnit4Test {
   boolean wasRoot = false;
+  String vndkVersion = null;
 
   @Before
   public void setup() throws DeviceNotAvailableException {
+    vndkVersion = getDevice().executeShellV2Command("getprop ro.vndk.version").getStdout();
+    Assume.assumeTrue(
+        "Vendor Overlay is disabled for VNDK deprecated devices",
+        vndkVersion != null && !vndkVersion.trim().isEmpty());
+
     wasRoot = getDevice().isAdbRoot();
     if (!wasRoot) {
       Assume.assumeTrue("Test requires root", getDevice().enableAdbRoot());
@@ -74,8 +78,6 @@ private void assumeMkdirSuccess(String dir) throws DeviceNotAvailableException {
    */
   @Test
   public void testVendorOverlay() throws DeviceNotAvailableException {
-    String vndkVersion = getDevice().executeShellV2Command("getprop ro.vndk.version").getStdout();
-
     // Create files and modify policy
     CommandResult result = getDevice().executeShellV2Command(
         "echo '/(product|system/product)/vendor_overlay/" + vndkVersion +
diff --git a/fs_mgr/tests/vts_fs_test.cpp b/fs_mgr/tests/vts_fs_test.cpp
index bb2ceb9b5681..f55cadb2403a 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/tests/vts_fs_test.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/tests/vts_fs_test.cpp
@@ -23,6 +23,8 @@
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
 #include <libdm/dm.h>
 
+#include "../fs_mgr_priv.h"
+
 using testing::Contains;
 using testing::Not;
 
@@ -30,6 +32,24 @@ static int GetVsrLevel() {
     return android::base::GetIntProperty("ro.vendor.api_level", -1);
 }
 
+// Returns true iff the device has the specified feature.
+bool DeviceSupportsFeature(const char* feature) {
+    bool device_supports_feature = false;
+    FILE* p = popen("pm list features", "re");
+    if (p) {
+        char* line = NULL;
+        size_t len = 0;
+        while (getline(&line, &len, p) > 0) {
+            if (strstr(line, feature)) {
+                device_supports_feature = true;
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        pclose(p);
+    }
+    return device_supports_feature;
+}
+
 TEST(fs, ErofsSupported) {
     // T-launch GKI kernels and higher must support EROFS.
     if (GetVsrLevel() < __ANDROID_API_T__) {
@@ -54,7 +74,23 @@ TEST(fs, ErofsSupported) {
     ASSERT_EQ(access("/sys/fs/erofs", F_OK), 0);
 }
 
+// @VsrTest = 3.7.10
 TEST(fs, PartitionTypes) {
+    // Requirements only apply to Android 13+, 5.10+ devices.
+    int vsr_level = GetVsrLevel();
+    if (vsr_level < __ANDROID_API_T__) {
+        GTEST_SKIP();
+    }
+
+    struct utsname uts;
+    ASSERT_EQ(uname(&uts), 0);
+
+    unsigned int major, minor;
+    ASSERT_EQ(sscanf(uts.release, "%u.%u", &major, &minor), 2);
+    if (major < 5 || (major == 5 && minor < 10)) {
+        GTEST_SKIP();
+    }
+
     android::fs_mgr::Fstab fstab;
     ASSERT_TRUE(android::fs_mgr::ReadFstabFromFile("/proc/mounts", &fstab));
 
@@ -64,16 +100,7 @@ TEST(fs, PartitionTypes) {
     ASSERT_TRUE(android::base::Readlink("/dev/block/by-name/super", &super_bdev));
     ASSERT_TRUE(android::base::Readlink("/dev/block/by-name/userdata", &userdata_bdev));
 
-    int vsr_level = GetVsrLevel();
-
-    std::vector<std::string> must_be_f2fs;
-    if (vsr_level >= __ANDROID_API_T__) {
-        must_be_f2fs.emplace_back("/data");
-    }
-    if (vsr_level >= __ANDROID_API_U__) {
-        must_be_f2fs.emplace_back("/metadata");
-    }
-
+    std::vector<std::string> data_fs = {"/data", "/metadata"};
     for (const auto& entry : fstab) {
         std::string parent_bdev = entry.blk_device;
         while (true) {
@@ -98,24 +125,19 @@ TEST(fs, PartitionTypes) {
             continue;
         }
 
-        if (vsr_level < __ANDROID_API_T__) {
-            continue;
-        }
-        if (vsr_level == __ANDROID_API_T__ && parent_bdev != super_bdev) {
-            // Only check for dynamic partitions at this VSR level.
-            continue;
-        }
-
         if (entry.flags & MS_RDONLY) {
-            std::vector<std::string> allowed = {"erofs", "ext4", "f2fs"};
+            if (parent_bdev != super_bdev) {
+                // Ignore non-AOSP partitions (eg anything outside of super).
+                continue;
+            }
 
+            std::vector<std::string> allowed = {"erofs", "ext4", "f2fs"};
             EXPECT_NE(std::find(allowed.begin(), allowed.end(), entry.fs_type), allowed.end())
                     << entry.mount_point;
-        } else {
-            if (std::find(must_be_f2fs.begin(), must_be_f2fs.end(), entry.mount_point) !=
-                must_be_f2fs.end()) {
-                EXPECT_EQ(entry.fs_type, "f2fs") << entry.mount_point;
-            }
+        } else if (std::find(data_fs.begin(), data_fs.end(), entry.mount_point) != data_fs.end()) {
+            std::vector<std::string> allowed = {"ext4", "f2fs"};
+            EXPECT_NE(std::find(allowed.begin(), allowed.end(), entry.fs_type), allowed.end())
+                    << entry.mount_point << ", " << entry.fs_type;
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/fs_mgr/tools/dmctl.cpp b/fs_mgr/tools/dmctl.cpp
index 7273087b3b11..00f8038e199e 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/tools/dmctl.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/tools/dmctl.cpp
@@ -50,8 +50,10 @@ static int Usage(void) {
     std::cerr << "  create <dm-name> [-ro] <targets...>" << std::endl;
     std::cerr << "  delete <dm-name>" << std::endl;
     std::cerr << "  list <devices | targets> [-v]" << std::endl;
+    std::cerr << "  message <dm-name> <sector> <message>" << std::endl;
     std::cerr << "  getpath <dm-name>" << std::endl;
     std::cerr << "  getuuid <dm-name>" << std::endl;
+    std::cerr << "  ima <dm-name>" << std::endl;
     std::cerr << "  info <dm-name>" << std::endl;
     std::cerr << "  replace <dm-name> <targets...>" << std::endl;
     std::cerr << "  status <dm-name>" << std::endl;
@@ -115,6 +117,21 @@ class TargetParser final {
             std::string block_device = NextArg();
             return std::make_unique<DmTargetAndroidVerity>(start_sector, num_sectors, keyid,
                                                            block_device);
+        } else if (target_type == "striped") {
+            if (!HasArgs(3)) {
+                std::cerr << "Expected \"striped\" <block_device0> <block_device1> <chunksize>"
+                          << std::endl;
+                return nullptr;
+            }
+            std::string block_device0 = NextArg();
+            std::string block_device1 = NextArg();
+            uint64_t chunk_size;
+            if (!android::base::ParseUint(NextArg(), &chunk_size)) {
+                std::cerr << "Expected start sector, got: " << PreviousArg() << std::endl;
+                return nullptr;
+            }
+            return std::make_unique<DmTargetStripe>(start_sector, num_sectors, chunk_size,
+                                                    block_device0, block_device1);
         } else if (target_type == "bow") {
             if (!HasArgs(1)) {
                 std::cerr << "Expected \"bow\" <block_device>" << std::endl;
@@ -187,6 +204,46 @@ class TargetParser final {
             return std::make_unique<DmTargetUser>(start_sector, num_sectors, control_device);
         } else if (target_type == "error") {
             return std::make_unique<DmTargetError>(start_sector, num_sectors);
+        } else if (target_type == "thin-pool") {
+            if (!HasArgs(4)) {
+                std::cerr << "Expected \"thin-pool\" <metadata dev> <data dev> <data block size> "
+                             "<low water mark> <feature args>"
+                          << std::endl;
+                return nullptr;
+            }
+
+            std::string metadata_dev = NextArg();
+            std::string data_dev = NextArg();
+            std::string data_block_size_str = NextArg();
+            std::string low_water_mark_str = NextArg();
+
+            uint64_t data_block_size;
+            if (!android::base::ParseUint(data_block_size_str, &data_block_size)) {
+                std::cerr << "Data block size must be an unsigned integer.\n";
+                return nullptr;
+            }
+            uint64_t low_water_mark;
+            if (!android::base::ParseUint(low_water_mark_str, &low_water_mark)) {
+                std::cerr << "Low water mark must be an unsigned integer.\n";
+                return nullptr;
+            }
+            return std::make_unique<DmTargetThinPool>(start_sector, num_sectors, metadata_dev,
+                                                      data_dev, data_block_size, low_water_mark);
+        } else if (target_type == "thin") {
+            if (!HasArgs(2)) {
+                std::cerr << "Expected \"thin\" <pool dev> <dev id>" << std::endl;
+                return nullptr;
+            }
+
+            std::string pool_dev = NextArg();
+            std::string dev_id_str = NextArg();
+
+            uint64_t dev_id;
+            if (!android::base::ParseUint(dev_id_str, &dev_id)) {
+                std::cerr << "Dev id must be an unsigned integer.\n";
+                return nullptr;
+            }
+            return std::make_unique<DmTargetThin>(start_sector, num_sectors, pool_dev, dev_id);
         } else {
             std::cerr << "Unrecognized target type: " << target_type << std::endl;
             return nullptr;
@@ -401,6 +458,24 @@ static int DmListCmdHandler(int argc, char** argv) {
     return -EINVAL;
 }
 
+static int DmMessageCmdHandler(int argc, char** argv) {
+    if (argc != 3) {
+        std::cerr << "Usage: dmctl message <name> <sector> <message>" << std::endl;
+        return -EINVAL;
+    }
+    uint64_t sector;
+    if (!android::base::ParseUint(argv[1], &sector)) {
+        std::cerr << "Invalid argument for sector: " << argv[1] << std::endl;
+        return -EINVAL;
+    }
+    DeviceMapper& dm = DeviceMapper::Instance();
+    if (!dm.SendMessage(argv[0], sector, argv[2])) {
+        std::cerr << "Could not send message to " << argv[0] << std::endl;
+        return -EINVAL;
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
 static int HelpCmdHandler(int /* argc */, char** /* argv */) {
     Usage();
     return 0;
@@ -493,7 +568,14 @@ static int DumpTable(const std::string& mode, int argc, char** argv) {
                       << std::endl;
             return -EINVAL;
         }
+    } else if (mode == "ima") {
+        if (!dm.GetTableStatusIma(argv[0], &table)) {
+            std::cerr << "Could not query table status of device \"" << argv[0] << "\"."
+                      << std::endl;
+            return -EINVAL;
+        }
     }
+
     std::cout << "Targets in the device-mapper table for " << argv[0] << ":" << std::endl;
     for (const auto& target : table) {
         std::cout << target.spec.sector_start << "-"
@@ -515,6 +597,10 @@ static int StatusCmdHandler(int argc, char** argv) {
     return DumpTable("status", argc, argv);
 }
 
+static int ImaCmdHandler(int argc, char** argv) {
+    return DumpTable("ima", argc, argv);
+}
+
 static int ResumeCmdHandler(int argc, char** argv) {
     if (argc != 1) {
         std::cerr << "Invalid arguments, see \'dmctl help\'" << std::endl;
@@ -549,12 +635,14 @@ static std::map<std::string, std::function<int(int, char**)>> cmdmap = {
         {"delete", DmDeleteCmdHandler},
         {"replace", DmReplaceCmdHandler},
         {"list", DmListCmdHandler},
+        {"message", DmMessageCmdHandler},
         {"help", HelpCmdHandler},
         {"getpath", GetPathCmdHandler},
         {"getuuid", GetUuidCmdHandler},
         {"info", InfoCmdHandler},
         {"table", TableCmdHandler},
         {"status", StatusCmdHandler},
+        {"ima", ImaCmdHandler},
         {"resume", ResumeCmdHandler},
         {"suspend", SuspendCmdHandler},
         // clang-format on
diff --git a/gatekeeperd/OWNERS b/gatekeeperd/OWNERS
index 04cd19e257ec..7d822e663e1e 100644
--- a/gatekeeperd/OWNERS
+++ b/gatekeeperd/OWNERS
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 # Bug component: 1124862
 drysdale@google.com
 oarbildo@google.com
-subrahmanyaman@google.com
 swillden@google.com
diff --git a/gatekeeperd/fuzzer/GateKeeperServiceFuzzer.cpp b/gatekeeperd/fuzzer/GateKeeperServiceFuzzer.cpp
index bc0d5fe053aa..a3cc3f32c717 100644
--- a/gatekeeperd/fuzzer/GateKeeperServiceFuzzer.cpp
+++ b/gatekeeperd/fuzzer/GateKeeperServiceFuzzer.cpp
@@ -22,6 +22,8 @@ using android::fuzzService;
 using android::GateKeeperProxy;
 
 extern "C" int LLVMFuzzerTestOneInput(const uint8_t* data, size_t size) {
+    // TODO(b/183141167): need to rewrite 'dump' to avoid SIGPIPE.
+    signal(SIGPIPE, SIG_IGN);
     auto gatekeeperService = new GateKeeperProxy();
     fuzzService(gatekeeperService, FuzzedDataProvider(data, size));
     return 0;
diff --git a/gatekeeperd/gatekeeperd.cpp b/gatekeeperd/gatekeeperd.cpp
index e5241b5842a7..bdfb7f6f7f1f 100644
--- a/gatekeeperd/gatekeeperd.cpp
+++ b/gatekeeperd/gatekeeperd.cpp
@@ -63,9 +63,13 @@ constexpr const char gatekeeperServiceName[] = "android.hardware.gatekeeper.IGat
 
 GateKeeperProxy::GateKeeperProxy() {
     clear_state_if_needed_done = false;
-    hw_device = IGatekeeper::getService();
-    ::ndk::SpAIBinder ks2Binder(AServiceManager_getService(gatekeeperServiceName));
-    aidl_hw_device = AidlIGatekeeper::fromBinder(ks2Binder);
+    if (AServiceManager_isDeclared(gatekeeperServiceName)) {
+        ::ndk::SpAIBinder ks2Binder(AServiceManager_waitForService(gatekeeperServiceName));
+        aidl_hw_device = AidlIGatekeeper::fromBinder(ks2Binder);
+    }
+    if (!aidl_hw_device) {
+        hw_device = IGatekeeper::getService();
+    }
     is_running_gsi = android::base::GetBoolProperty(android::gsi::kGsiBootedProp, false);
 
     if (!aidl_hw_device && !hw_device) {
@@ -144,14 +148,22 @@ void GateKeeperProxy::clear_sid(uint32_t userId) {
     }
 }
 
-uint32_t GateKeeperProxy::adjust_userId(uint32_t userId) {
+Status GateKeeperProxy::adjust_userId(uint32_t userId, uint32_t* hw_userId) {
     static constexpr uint32_t kGsiOffset = 1000000;
-    CHECK(userId < kGsiOffset);
-    CHECK((aidl_hw_device != nullptr) || (hw_device != nullptr));
+    if (userId >= kGsiOffset) {
+        return Status::fromExceptionCode(Status::EX_ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT);
+    }
+
+    if ((aidl_hw_device == nullptr) && (hw_device == nullptr)) {
+        return Status::fromExceptionCode(Status::EX_ILLEGAL_STATE);
+    }
+
     if (is_running_gsi) {
-        return userId + kGsiOffset;
+        *hw_userId = userId + kGsiOffset;
+        return Status::ok();
     }
-    return userId;
+    *hw_userId = userId;
+    return Status::ok();
 }
 
 #define GK_ERROR *gkResponse = GKResponse::error(), Status::ok()
@@ -201,7 +213,12 @@ Status GateKeeperProxy::enroll(int32_t userId,
     android::hardware::hidl_vec<uint8_t> newPwd;
     newPwd.setToExternal(const_cast<uint8_t*>(desiredPassword.data()), desiredPassword.size());
 
-    uint32_t hw_userId = adjust_userId(userId);
+    uint32_t hw_userId = 0;
+    Status result = adjust_userId(userId, &hw_userId);
+    if (!result.isOk()) {
+        return result;
+    }
+
     uint64_t secureUserId = 0;
     if (aidl_hw_device) {
         // AIDL gatekeeper service
@@ -300,7 +317,12 @@ Status GateKeeperProxy::verifyChallenge(int32_t userId, int64_t challenge,
         }
     }
 
-    uint32_t hw_userId = adjust_userId(userId);
+    uint32_t hw_userId = 0;
+    Status result = adjust_userId(userId, &hw_userId);
+    if (!result.isOk()) {
+        return result;
+    }
+
     android::hardware::hidl_vec<uint8_t> curPwdHandle;
     curPwdHandle.setToExternal(const_cast<uint8_t*>(enrolledPasswordHandle.data()),
                                enrolledPasswordHandle.size());
@@ -410,7 +432,12 @@ Status GateKeeperProxy::clearSecureUserId(int32_t userId) {
     }
     clear_sid(userId);
 
-    uint32_t hw_userId = adjust_userId(userId);
+    uint32_t hw_userId = 0;
+    Status result = adjust_userId(userId, &hw_userId);
+    if (!result.isOk()) {
+        return result;
+    }
+
     if (aidl_hw_device) {
         aidl_hw_device->deleteUser(hw_userId);
     } else if (hw_device) {
diff --git a/gatekeeperd/gatekeeperd.h b/gatekeeperd/gatekeeperd.h
index 29873da29381..b1f08c6113b9 100644
--- a/gatekeeperd/gatekeeperd.h
+++ b/gatekeeperd/gatekeeperd.h
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ class GateKeeperProxy : public BnGateKeeperService {
 
     // This should only be called on userIds being passed to the GateKeeper HAL. It ensures that
     // secure storage shared across a GSI image and a host image will not overlap.
-    uint32_t adjust_userId(uint32_t userId);
+    Status adjust_userId(uint32_t userId, uint32_t* hw_userId);
 
 #define GK_ERROR *gkResponse = GKResponse::error(), Status::ok()
 
diff --git a/healthd/Android.bp b/healthd/Android.bp
index 235303fd32a7..7eb6edde1ec2 100644
--- a/healthd/Android.bp
+++ b/healthd/Android.bp
@@ -4,7 +4,10 @@ package {
 
 cc_defaults {
     name: "libbatterymonitor_defaults",
-    cflags: ["-Wall", "-Werror"],
+    cflags: [
+        "-Wall",
+        "-Werror",
+    ],
     vendor_available: true,
     recovery_available: true,
     export_include_dirs: ["include"],
@@ -76,7 +79,7 @@ cc_library_static {
     defaults: ["libbatterymonitor_defaults"],
     srcs: ["BatteryMonitor.cpp"],
     static_libs: [
-        "android.hardware.health-V2-ndk",
+        "android.hardware.health-V4-ndk",
     ],
     whole_static_libs: [
         // Need to translate HIDL to AIDL to support legacy APIs in
@@ -100,44 +103,6 @@ cc_library_static {
     ],
 }
 
-cc_defaults {
-    name: "android.hardware.health@2.0-service_defaults",
-
-    cflags: [
-        "-Wall",
-        "-Werror",
-    ],
-
-    static_libs: [
-        "android.hardware.health@2.0-impl",
-        "android.hardware.health@1.0-convert",
-        "libhealthservice",
-        "libhealthstoragedefault",
-        "libbatterymonitor",
-    ],
-
-    shared_libs: [
-        "libbase",
-        "libcutils",
-        "libhidlbase",
-        "liblog",
-        "libutils",
-        "android.hardware.health@2.0",
-    ],
-}
-
-cc_binary {
-    name: "android.hardware.health@2.0-service",
-    defaults: ["android.hardware.health@2.0-service_defaults"],
-
-    vendor: true,
-    relative_install_path: "hw",
-    init_rc: ["android.hardware.health@2.0-service.rc"],
-    srcs: [
-        "HealthServiceDefault.cpp",
-    ],
-}
-
 cc_library_static {
     name: "libhealthd_charger_nops",
     recovery_available: true,
@@ -203,12 +168,12 @@ cc_library_static {
     defaults: ["libhealthd_charger_ui_defaults"],
 
     static_libs: [
-        "android.hardware.health-V2-ndk",
+        "android.hardware.health-V4-ndk",
         "android.hardware.health-translate-ndk",
     ],
 
     export_static_lib_headers: [
-        "android.hardware.health-V2-ndk",
+        "android.hardware.health-V4-ndk",
     ],
 }
 
@@ -280,7 +245,7 @@ cc_defaults {
     static_libs: [
         // common
         "android.hardware.health@1.0-convert",
-        "android.hardware.health-V2-ndk",
+        "android.hardware.health-V4-ndk",
         "libbatterymonitor",
         "libcharger_sysprop",
         "libhealthd_charger_nops",
@@ -325,8 +290,8 @@ cc_binary {
                 "libminui",
                 "libsuspend",
             ],
-        }
-    }
+        },
+    },
 }
 
 cc_test {
@@ -345,7 +310,7 @@ cc_test {
     defaults: ["charger_defaults"],
     srcs: [
         "AnimationParser_test.cpp",
-        "healthd_mode_charger_test.cpp"
+        "healthd_mode_charger_test.cpp",
     ],
     static_libs: [
         "android.hardware.health@1.0",
diff --git a/healthd/BatteryMonitor.cpp b/healthd/BatteryMonitor.cpp
index f68d65a54d70..b0a14bb836af 100644
--- a/healthd/BatteryMonitor.cpp
+++ b/healthd/BatteryMonitor.cpp
@@ -59,6 +59,7 @@ using aidl::android::hardware::health::BatteryChargingPolicy;
 using aidl::android::hardware::health::BatteryChargingState;
 using aidl::android::hardware::health::BatteryHealth;
 using aidl::android::hardware::health::BatteryHealthData;
+using aidl::android::hardware::health::BatteryPartStatus;
 using aidl::android::hardware::health::BatteryStatus;
 using aidl::android::hardware::health::HealthInfo;
 
@@ -130,6 +131,7 @@ static void initHealthInfo(HealthInfo* health_info) {
                     (int64_t)HealthInfo::BATTERY_CHARGE_TIME_TO_FULL_NOW_SECONDS_UNSUPPORTED,
             .batteryStatus = BatteryStatus::UNKNOWN,
             .batteryHealth = BatteryHealth::UNKNOWN,
+            .batteryHealthData = std::nullopt,
     };
 }
 
@@ -219,6 +221,7 @@ BatteryHealth getBatteryHealth(const char* status) {
             {"Warm", BatteryHealth::GOOD},
             {"Cool", BatteryHealth::GOOD},
             {"Hot", BatteryHealth::OVERHEAT},
+            {"Calibration required", BatteryHealth::INCONSISTENT},
             {NULL, BatteryHealth::UNKNOWN},
     };
 
@@ -244,6 +247,8 @@ BatteryHealth getBatteryHealthStatus(int status) {
         value = BatteryHealth::UNSPECIFIED_FAILURE;
     else if (status == BatteryMonitor::BH_NOT_AVAILABLE)
         value = BatteryHealth::NOT_AVAILABLE;
+    else if (status == BatteryMonitor::BH_INCONSISTENT)
+        value = BatteryHealth::INCONSISTENT;
     else
         value = BatteryHealth::UNKNOWN;
 
@@ -356,10 +361,18 @@ static bool isScopedPowerSupply(const char* name) {
     return (readFromFile(path, &scope) > 0 && scope == kScopeDevice);
 }
 
+static BatteryHealthData *ensureBatteryHealthData(HealthInfo *info) {
+    if (!info->batteryHealthData.has_value()) {
+        return &info->batteryHealthData.emplace();
+    }
+
+    return &info->batteryHealthData.value();
+}
+
 void BatteryMonitor::updateValues(void) {
     initHealthInfo(mHealthInfo.get());
 
-    if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryPresentPath.isEmpty())
+    if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryPresentPath.empty())
         mHealthInfo->batteryPresent = getBooleanField(mHealthdConfig->batteryPresentPath);
     else
         mHealthInfo->batteryPresent = mBatteryDevicePresent;
@@ -369,44 +382,44 @@ void BatteryMonitor::updateValues(void) {
                                         : getIntField(mHealthdConfig->batteryCapacityPath);
     mHealthInfo->batteryVoltageMillivolts = getIntField(mHealthdConfig->batteryVoltagePath) / 1000;
 
-    if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryCurrentNowPath.isEmpty())
+    if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryCurrentNowPath.empty())
         mHealthInfo->batteryCurrentMicroamps = getIntField(mHealthdConfig->batteryCurrentNowPath);
 
-    if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryFullChargePath.isEmpty())
+    if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryFullChargePath.empty())
         mHealthInfo->batteryFullChargeUah = getIntField(mHealthdConfig->batteryFullChargePath);
 
-    if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryCycleCountPath.isEmpty())
+    if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryCycleCountPath.empty())
         mHealthInfo->batteryCycleCount = getIntField(mHealthdConfig->batteryCycleCountPath);
 
-    if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryChargeCounterPath.isEmpty())
+    if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryChargeCounterPath.empty())
         mHealthInfo->batteryChargeCounterUah =
                 getIntField(mHealthdConfig->batteryChargeCounterPath);
 
-    if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryCurrentAvgPath.isEmpty())
+    if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryCurrentAvgPath.empty())
         mHealthInfo->batteryCurrentAverageMicroamps =
                 getIntField(mHealthdConfig->batteryCurrentAvgPath);
 
-    if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryChargeTimeToFullNowPath.isEmpty())
+    if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryChargeTimeToFullNowPath.empty())
         mHealthInfo->batteryChargeTimeToFullNowSeconds =
                 getIntField(mHealthdConfig->batteryChargeTimeToFullNowPath);
 
-    if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryFullChargeDesignCapacityUahPath.isEmpty())
+    if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryFullChargeDesignCapacityUahPath.empty())
         mHealthInfo->batteryFullChargeDesignCapacityUah =
                 getIntField(mHealthdConfig->batteryFullChargeDesignCapacityUahPath);
 
-    if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryHealthStatusPath.isEmpty())
+    if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryHealthStatusPath.empty())
         mBatteryHealthStatus = getIntField(mHealthdConfig->batteryHealthStatusPath);
 
-    if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryStateOfHealthPath.isEmpty())
-        mHealthInfo->batteryHealthData->batteryStateOfHealth =
+    if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryStateOfHealthPath.empty())
+        ensureBatteryHealthData(mHealthInfo.get())->batteryStateOfHealth =
                 getIntField(mHealthdConfig->batteryStateOfHealthPath);
 
-    if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryManufacturingDatePath.isEmpty())
-        mHealthInfo->batteryHealthData->batteryManufacturingDateSeconds =
+    if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryManufacturingDatePath.empty())
+        ensureBatteryHealthData(mHealthInfo.get())->batteryManufacturingDateSeconds =
                 getIntField(mHealthdConfig->batteryManufacturingDatePath);
 
-    if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryFirstUsageDatePath.isEmpty())
-        mHealthInfo->batteryHealthData->batteryFirstUsageSeconds =
+    if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryFirstUsageDatePath.empty())
+        ensureBatteryHealthData(mHealthInfo.get())->batteryFirstUsageSeconds =
                 getIntField(mHealthdConfig->batteryFirstUsageDatePath);
 
     mHealthInfo->batteryTemperatureTenthsCelsius =
@@ -430,7 +443,7 @@ void BatteryMonitor::updateValues(void) {
     }
 
     if (readFromFile(mHealthdConfig->batteryTechnologyPath, &buf) > 0)
-        mHealthInfo->batteryTechnology = String8(buf.c_str());
+        mHealthInfo->batteryTechnology = buf;
 
     if (readFromFile(mHealthdConfig->chargingPolicyPath, &buf) > 0)
         mHealthInfo->chargingPolicy = getBatteryChargingPolicy(buf.c_str());
@@ -442,12 +455,10 @@ void BatteryMonitor::updateValues(void) {
 
     for (size_t i = 0; i < mChargerNames.size(); i++) {
         String8 path;
-        path.appendFormat("%s/%s/online", POWER_SUPPLY_SYSFS_PATH,
-                          mChargerNames[i].string());
+        path.appendFormat("%s/%s/online", POWER_SUPPLY_SYSFS_PATH, mChargerNames[i].c_str());
         if (getIntField(path)) {
             path.clear();
-            path.appendFormat("%s/%s/type", POWER_SUPPLY_SYSFS_PATH,
-                              mChargerNames[i].string());
+            path.appendFormat("%s/%s/type", POWER_SUPPLY_SYSFS_PATH, mChargerNames[i].c_str());
             switch(readPowerSupplyType(path)) {
             case ANDROID_POWER_SUPPLY_TYPE_AC:
                 mHealthInfo->chargerAcOnline = true;
@@ -464,26 +475,24 @@ void BatteryMonitor::updateValues(void) {
             default:
                 path.clear();
                 path.appendFormat("%s/%s/is_dock", POWER_SUPPLY_SYSFS_PATH,
-                                  mChargerNames[i].string());
-                if (access(path.string(), R_OK) == 0)
+                                  mChargerNames[i].c_str());
+                if (access(path.c_str(), R_OK) == 0)
                     mHealthInfo->chargerDockOnline = true;
                 else
                     KLOG_WARNING(LOG_TAG, "%s: Unknown power supply type\n",
-                                 mChargerNames[i].string());
+                                 mChargerNames[i].c_str());
             }
             path.clear();
             path.appendFormat("%s/%s/current_max", POWER_SUPPLY_SYSFS_PATH,
-                              mChargerNames[i].string());
-            int ChargingCurrent =
-                    (access(path.string(), R_OK) == 0) ? getIntField(path) : 0;
+                              mChargerNames[i].c_str());
+            int ChargingCurrent = (access(path.c_str(), R_OK) == 0) ? getIntField(path) : 0;
 
             path.clear();
             path.appendFormat("%s/%s/voltage_max", POWER_SUPPLY_SYSFS_PATH,
-                              mChargerNames[i].string());
+                              mChargerNames[i].c_str());
 
             int ChargingVoltage =
-                (access(path.string(), R_OK) == 0) ? getIntField(path) :
-                DEFAULT_VBUS_VOLTAGE;
+                    (access(path.c_str(), R_OK) == 0) ? getIntField(path) : DEFAULT_VBUS_VOLTAGE;
 
             double power = ((double)ChargingCurrent / MILLION) *
                            ((double)ChargingVoltage / MILLION);
@@ -508,17 +517,17 @@ static void doLogValues(const HealthInfo& props, const struct healthd_config& he
                  props.batteryStatus);
 
         len = strlen(dmesgline);
-        if (!healthd_config.batteryCurrentNowPath.isEmpty()) {
+        if (!healthd_config.batteryCurrentNowPath.empty()) {
             len += snprintf(dmesgline + len, sizeof(dmesgline) - len, " c=%d",
                             props.batteryCurrentMicroamps);
         }
 
-        if (!healthd_config.batteryFullChargePath.isEmpty()) {
+        if (!healthd_config.batteryFullChargePath.empty()) {
             len += snprintf(dmesgline + len, sizeof(dmesgline) - len, " fc=%d",
                             props.batteryFullChargeUah);
         }
 
-        if (!healthd_config.batteryCycleCountPath.isEmpty()) {
+        if (!healthd_config.batteryCycleCountPath.empty()) {
             len += snprintf(dmesgline + len, sizeof(dmesgline) - len, " cc=%d",
                             props.batteryCycleCount);
         }
@@ -552,7 +561,7 @@ bool BatteryMonitor::isChargerOnline() {
 
 int BatteryMonitor::getChargeStatus() {
     BatteryStatus result = BatteryStatus::UNKNOWN;
-    if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryStatusPath.isEmpty()) {
+    if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryStatusPath.empty()) {
         std::string buf;
         if (readFromFile(mHealthdConfig->batteryStatusPath, &buf) > 0)
             result = getBatteryStatus(buf.c_str());
@@ -563,7 +572,7 @@ int BatteryMonitor::getChargeStatus() {
 status_t BatteryMonitor::setChargingPolicy(int value) {
     status_t ret = NAME_NOT_FOUND;
     bool result;
-    if (!mHealthdConfig->chargingPolicyPath.isEmpty()) {
+    if (!mHealthdConfig->chargingPolicyPath.empty()) {
         result = writeToFile(mHealthdConfig->chargingPolicyPath, value);
         if (!result) {
             KLOG_WARNING(LOG_TAG, "setChargingPolicy fail\n");
@@ -577,7 +586,7 @@ status_t BatteryMonitor::setChargingPolicy(int value) {
 
 int BatteryMonitor::getChargingPolicy() {
     BatteryChargingPolicy result = BatteryChargingPolicy::DEFAULT;
-    if (!mHealthdConfig->chargingPolicyPath.isEmpty()) {
+    if (!mHealthdConfig->chargingPolicyPath.empty()) {
         std::string buf;
         if (readFromFile(mHealthdConfig->chargingPolicyPath, &buf) > 0)
             result = getBatteryChargingPolicy(buf.c_str());
@@ -587,17 +596,20 @@ int BatteryMonitor::getChargingPolicy() {
 
 int BatteryMonitor::getBatteryHealthData(int id) {
     if (id == BATTERY_PROP_MANUFACTURING_DATE) {
-        if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryManufacturingDatePath.isEmpty())
+        if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryManufacturingDatePath.empty())
             return getIntField(mHealthdConfig->batteryManufacturingDatePath);
     }
     if (id == BATTERY_PROP_FIRST_USAGE_DATE) {
-        if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryFirstUsageDatePath.isEmpty())
+        if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryFirstUsageDatePath.empty())
             return getIntField(mHealthdConfig->batteryFirstUsageDatePath);
     }
     if (id == BATTERY_PROP_STATE_OF_HEALTH) {
-        if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryStateOfHealthPath.isEmpty())
+        if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryStateOfHealthPath.empty())
             return getIntField(mHealthdConfig->batteryStateOfHealthPath);
     }
+    if (id == BATTERY_PROP_PART_STATUS) {
+        return static_cast<int>(BatteryPartStatus::UNSUPPORTED);
+    }
     return 0;
 }
 
@@ -609,7 +621,7 @@ status_t BatteryMonitor::getProperty(int id, struct BatteryProperty *val) {
 
     switch(id) {
     case BATTERY_PROP_CHARGE_COUNTER:
-        if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryChargeCounterPath.isEmpty()) {
+        if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryChargeCounterPath.empty()) {
             val->valueInt64 =
                 getIntField(mHealthdConfig->batteryChargeCounterPath);
             ret = OK;
@@ -619,7 +631,7 @@ status_t BatteryMonitor::getProperty(int id, struct BatteryProperty *val) {
         break;
 
     case BATTERY_PROP_CURRENT_NOW:
-        if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryCurrentNowPath.isEmpty()) {
+        if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryCurrentNowPath.empty()) {
             val->valueInt64 =
                 getIntField(mHealthdConfig->batteryCurrentNowPath);
             ret = OK;
@@ -629,7 +641,7 @@ status_t BatteryMonitor::getProperty(int id, struct BatteryProperty *val) {
         break;
 
     case BATTERY_PROP_CURRENT_AVG:
-        if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryCurrentAvgPath.isEmpty()) {
+        if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryCurrentAvgPath.empty()) {
             val->valueInt64 =
                 getIntField(mHealthdConfig->batteryCurrentAvgPath);
             ret = OK;
@@ -639,7 +651,7 @@ status_t BatteryMonitor::getProperty(int id, struct BatteryProperty *val) {
         break;
 
     case BATTERY_PROP_CAPACITY:
-        if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryCapacityPath.isEmpty()) {
+        if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryCapacityPath.empty()) {
             val->valueInt64 =
                 getIntField(mHealthdConfig->batteryCapacityPath);
             ret = OK;
@@ -681,6 +693,11 @@ status_t BatteryMonitor::getProperty(int id, struct BatteryProperty *val) {
         ret = OK;
         break;
 
+    case BATTERY_PROP_PART_STATUS:
+        val->valueInt64 = getBatteryHealthData(BATTERY_PROP_PART_STATUS);
+        ret = OK;
+        break;
+
     default:
         break;
     }
@@ -688,6 +705,11 @@ status_t BatteryMonitor::getProperty(int id, struct BatteryProperty *val) {
     return ret;
 }
 
+status_t BatteryMonitor::getSerialNumber(std::optional<std::string>* out) {
+    *out = std::nullopt;
+    return OK;
+}
+
 void BatteryMonitor::dumpState(int fd) {
     int v;
     char vs[128];
@@ -706,35 +728,35 @@ void BatteryMonitor::dumpState(int fd) {
              props.batteryVoltageMillivolts, props.batteryTemperatureTenthsCelsius);
     write(fd, vs, strlen(vs));
 
-    if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryCurrentNowPath.isEmpty()) {
+    if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryCurrentNowPath.empty()) {
         v = getIntField(mHealthdConfig->batteryCurrentNowPath);
         snprintf(vs, sizeof(vs), "current now: %d\n", v);
         write(fd, vs, strlen(vs));
     }
 
-    if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryCurrentAvgPath.isEmpty()) {
+    if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryCurrentAvgPath.empty()) {
         v = getIntField(mHealthdConfig->batteryCurrentAvgPath);
         snprintf(vs, sizeof(vs), "current avg: %d\n", v);
         write(fd, vs, strlen(vs));
     }
 
-    if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryChargeCounterPath.isEmpty()) {
+    if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryChargeCounterPath.empty()) {
         v = getIntField(mHealthdConfig->batteryChargeCounterPath);
         snprintf(vs, sizeof(vs), "charge counter: %d\n", v);
         write(fd, vs, strlen(vs));
     }
 
-    if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryCurrentNowPath.isEmpty()) {
+    if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryCurrentNowPath.empty()) {
         snprintf(vs, sizeof(vs), "current now: %d\n", props.batteryCurrentMicroamps);
         write(fd, vs, strlen(vs));
     }
 
-    if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryCycleCountPath.isEmpty()) {
+    if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryCycleCountPath.empty()) {
         snprintf(vs, sizeof(vs), "cycle count: %d\n", props.batteryCycleCount);
         write(fd, vs, strlen(vs));
     }
 
-    if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryFullChargePath.isEmpty()) {
+    if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryFullChargePath.empty()) {
         snprintf(vs, sizeof(vs), "Full charge: %d\n", props.batteryFullChargeUah);
         write(fd, vs, strlen(vs));
     }
@@ -773,8 +795,7 @@ void BatteryMonitor::init(struct healthd_config *hc) {
             case ANDROID_POWER_SUPPLY_TYPE_DOCK:
                 path.clear();
                 path.appendFormat("%s/%s/online", POWER_SUPPLY_SYSFS_PATH, name);
-                if (access(path.string(), R_OK) == 0)
-                    mChargerNames.add(String8(name));
+                if (access(path.c_str(), R_OK) == 0) mChargerNames.add(String8(name));
                 break;
 
             case ANDROID_POWER_SUPPLY_TYPE_BATTERY:
@@ -785,166 +806,168 @@ void BatteryMonitor::init(struct healthd_config *hc) {
                 if (isScopedPowerSupply(name)) continue;
                 mBatteryDevicePresent = true;
 
-                if (mHealthdConfig->batteryStatusPath.isEmpty()) {
+                if (mHealthdConfig->batteryStatusPath.empty()) {
                     path.clear();
                     path.appendFormat("%s/%s/status", POWER_SUPPLY_SYSFS_PATH,
                                       name);
-                    if (access(path, R_OK) == 0)
-                        mHealthdConfig->batteryStatusPath = path;
+                    if (access(path.c_str(), R_OK) == 0) mHealthdConfig->batteryStatusPath = path;
                 }
 
-                if (mHealthdConfig->batteryHealthPath.isEmpty()) {
+                if (mHealthdConfig->batteryHealthPath.empty()) {
                     path.clear();
                     path.appendFormat("%s/%s/health", POWER_SUPPLY_SYSFS_PATH,
                                       name);
-                    if (access(path, R_OK) == 0)
-                        mHealthdConfig->batteryHealthPath = path;
+                    if (access(path.c_str(), R_OK) == 0) mHealthdConfig->batteryHealthPath = path;
                 }
 
-                if (mHealthdConfig->batteryPresentPath.isEmpty()) {
+                if (mHealthdConfig->batteryPresentPath.empty()) {
                     path.clear();
                     path.appendFormat("%s/%s/present", POWER_SUPPLY_SYSFS_PATH,
                                       name);
-                    if (access(path, R_OK) == 0)
-                        mHealthdConfig->batteryPresentPath = path;
+                    if (access(path.c_str(), R_OK) == 0) mHealthdConfig->batteryPresentPath = path;
                 }
 
-                if (mHealthdConfig->batteryCapacityPath.isEmpty()) {
+                if (mHealthdConfig->batteryCapacityPath.empty()) {
                     path.clear();
                     path.appendFormat("%s/%s/capacity", POWER_SUPPLY_SYSFS_PATH,
                                       name);
-                    if (access(path, R_OK) == 0)
-                        mHealthdConfig->batteryCapacityPath = path;
+                    if (access(path.c_str(), R_OK) == 0) mHealthdConfig->batteryCapacityPath = path;
                 }
 
-                if (mHealthdConfig->batteryVoltagePath.isEmpty()) {
+                if (mHealthdConfig->batteryVoltagePath.empty()) {
                     path.clear();
                     path.appendFormat("%s/%s/voltage_now",
                                       POWER_SUPPLY_SYSFS_PATH, name);
-                    if (access(path, R_OK) == 0) {
+                    if (access(path.c_str(), R_OK) == 0) {
                         mHealthdConfig->batteryVoltagePath = path;
                     }
                 }
 
-                if (mHealthdConfig->batteryFullChargePath.isEmpty()) {
+                if (mHealthdConfig->batteryFullChargePath.empty()) {
                     path.clear();
                     path.appendFormat("%s/%s/charge_full",
                                       POWER_SUPPLY_SYSFS_PATH, name);
-                    if (access(path, R_OK) == 0)
+                    if (access(path.c_str(), R_OK) == 0)
                         mHealthdConfig->batteryFullChargePath = path;
                 }
 
-                if (mHealthdConfig->batteryCurrentNowPath.isEmpty()) {
+                if (mHealthdConfig->batteryCurrentNowPath.empty()) {
                     path.clear();
                     path.appendFormat("%s/%s/current_now",
                                       POWER_SUPPLY_SYSFS_PATH, name);
-                    if (access(path, R_OK) == 0)
+                    if (access(path.c_str(), R_OK) == 0)
                         mHealthdConfig->batteryCurrentNowPath = path;
                 }
 
-                if (mHealthdConfig->batteryCycleCountPath.isEmpty()) {
+                if (mHealthdConfig->batteryCycleCountPath.empty()) {
                     path.clear();
                     path.appendFormat("%s/%s/cycle_count",
                                       POWER_SUPPLY_SYSFS_PATH, name);
-                    if (access(path, R_OK) == 0)
+                    if (access(path.c_str(), R_OK) == 0)
                         mHealthdConfig->batteryCycleCountPath = path;
                 }
 
-                if (mHealthdConfig->batteryCapacityLevelPath.isEmpty()) {
+                if (mHealthdConfig->batteryCapacityLevelPath.empty()) {
                     path.clear();
                     path.appendFormat("%s/%s/capacity_level", POWER_SUPPLY_SYSFS_PATH, name);
-                    if (access(path, R_OK) == 0) mHealthdConfig->batteryCapacityLevelPath = path;
+                    if (access(path.c_str(), R_OK) == 0) {
+                        mHealthdConfig->batteryCapacityLevelPath = path;
+                    }
                 }
 
-                if (mHealthdConfig->batteryChargeTimeToFullNowPath.isEmpty()) {
+                if (mHealthdConfig->batteryChargeTimeToFullNowPath.empty()) {
                     path.clear();
                     path.appendFormat("%s/%s/time_to_full_now", POWER_SUPPLY_SYSFS_PATH, name);
-                    if (access(path, R_OK) == 0)
+                    if (access(path.c_str(), R_OK) == 0)
                         mHealthdConfig->batteryChargeTimeToFullNowPath = path;
                 }
 
-                if (mHealthdConfig->batteryFullChargeDesignCapacityUahPath.isEmpty()) {
+                if (mHealthdConfig->batteryFullChargeDesignCapacityUahPath.empty()) {
                     path.clear();
                     path.appendFormat("%s/%s/charge_full_design", POWER_SUPPLY_SYSFS_PATH, name);
-                    if (access(path, R_OK) == 0)
+                    if (access(path.c_str(), R_OK) == 0)
                         mHealthdConfig->batteryFullChargeDesignCapacityUahPath = path;
                 }
 
-                if (mHealthdConfig->batteryCurrentAvgPath.isEmpty()) {
+                if (mHealthdConfig->batteryCurrentAvgPath.empty()) {
                     path.clear();
                     path.appendFormat("%s/%s/current_avg",
                                       POWER_SUPPLY_SYSFS_PATH, name);
-                    if (access(path, R_OK) == 0)
+                    if (access(path.c_str(), R_OK) == 0)
                         mHealthdConfig->batteryCurrentAvgPath = path;
                 }
 
-                if (mHealthdConfig->batteryChargeCounterPath.isEmpty()) {
+                if (mHealthdConfig->batteryChargeCounterPath.empty()) {
                     path.clear();
                     path.appendFormat("%s/%s/charge_counter",
                                       POWER_SUPPLY_SYSFS_PATH, name);
-                    if (access(path, R_OK) == 0)
+                    if (access(path.c_str(), R_OK) == 0)
                         mHealthdConfig->batteryChargeCounterPath = path;
                 }
 
-                if (mHealthdConfig->batteryTemperaturePath.isEmpty()) {
+                if (mHealthdConfig->batteryTemperaturePath.empty()) {
                     path.clear();
                     path.appendFormat("%s/%s/temp", POWER_SUPPLY_SYSFS_PATH,
                                       name);
-                    if (access(path, R_OK) == 0) {
+                    if (access(path.c_str(), R_OK) == 0) {
                         mHealthdConfig->batteryTemperaturePath = path;
                     }
                 }
 
-                if (mHealthdConfig->batteryTechnologyPath.isEmpty()) {
+                if (mHealthdConfig->batteryTechnologyPath.empty()) {
                     path.clear();
                     path.appendFormat("%s/%s/technology",
                                       POWER_SUPPLY_SYSFS_PATH, name);
-                    if (access(path, R_OK) == 0)
+                    if (access(path.c_str(), R_OK) == 0)
                         mHealthdConfig->batteryTechnologyPath = path;
                 }
 
-                if (mHealthdConfig->batteryStateOfHealthPath.isEmpty()) {
+                if (mHealthdConfig->batteryStateOfHealthPath.empty()) {
                     path.clear();
                     path.appendFormat("%s/%s/state_of_health", POWER_SUPPLY_SYSFS_PATH, name);
-                    if (access(path, R_OK) == 0) {
+                    if (access(path.c_str(), R_OK) == 0) {
                         mHealthdConfig->batteryStateOfHealthPath = path;
                     } else {
                         path.clear();
                         path.appendFormat("%s/%s/health_index", POWER_SUPPLY_SYSFS_PATH, name);
-                        if (access(path, R_OK) == 0)
+                        if (access(path.c_str(), R_OK) == 0)
                             mHealthdConfig->batteryStateOfHealthPath = path;
                     }
                 }
 
-                if (mHealthdConfig->batteryHealthStatusPath.isEmpty()) {
+                if (mHealthdConfig->batteryHealthStatusPath.empty()) {
                     path.clear();
                     path.appendFormat("%s/%s/health_status", POWER_SUPPLY_SYSFS_PATH, name);
-                    if (access(path, R_OK) == 0) mHealthdConfig->batteryHealthStatusPath = path;
+                    if (access(path.c_str(), R_OK) == 0) {
+                        mHealthdConfig->batteryHealthStatusPath = path;
+                    }
                 }
 
-                if (mHealthdConfig->batteryManufacturingDatePath.isEmpty()) {
+                if (mHealthdConfig->batteryManufacturingDatePath.empty()) {
                     path.clear();
                     path.appendFormat("%s/%s/manufacturing_date", POWER_SUPPLY_SYSFS_PATH, name);
-                    if (access(path, R_OK) == 0)
+                    if (access(path.c_str(), R_OK) == 0)
                         mHealthdConfig->batteryManufacturingDatePath = path;
                 }
 
-                if (mHealthdConfig->batteryFirstUsageDatePath.isEmpty()) {
+                if (mHealthdConfig->batteryFirstUsageDatePath.empty()) {
                     path.clear();
                     path.appendFormat("%s/%s/first_usage_date", POWER_SUPPLY_SYSFS_PATH, name);
-                    if (access(path, R_OK) == 0) mHealthdConfig->batteryFirstUsageDatePath = path;
+                    if (access(path.c_str(), R_OK) == 0) {
+                        mHealthdConfig->batteryFirstUsageDatePath = path;
+                    }
                 }
 
-                if (mHealthdConfig->chargingStatePath.isEmpty()) {
+                if (mHealthdConfig->chargingStatePath.empty()) {
                     path.clear();
                     path.appendFormat("%s/%s/charging_state", POWER_SUPPLY_SYSFS_PATH, name);
-                    if (access(path, R_OK) == 0) mHealthdConfig->chargingStatePath = path;
+                    if (access(path.c_str(), R_OK) == 0) mHealthdConfig->chargingStatePath = path;
                 }
 
-                if (mHealthdConfig->chargingPolicyPath.isEmpty()) {
+                if (mHealthdConfig->chargingPolicyPath.empty()) {
                     path.clear();
                     path.appendFormat("%s/%s/charging_policy", POWER_SUPPLY_SYSFS_PATH, name);
-                    if (access(path, R_OK) == 0) mHealthdConfig->chargingPolicyPath = path;
+                    if (access(path.c_str(), R_OK) == 0) mHealthdConfig->chargingPolicyPath = path;
                 }
 
                 break;
@@ -956,12 +979,10 @@ void BatteryMonitor::init(struct healthd_config *hc) {
             // Look for "is_dock" file
             path.clear();
             path.appendFormat("%s/%s/is_dock", POWER_SUPPLY_SYSFS_PATH, name);
-            if (access(path.string(), R_OK) == 0) {
+            if (access(path.c_str(), R_OK) == 0) {
                 path.clear();
                 path.appendFormat("%s/%s/online", POWER_SUPPLY_SYSFS_PATH, name);
-                if (access(path.string(), R_OK) == 0)
-                    mChargerNames.add(String8(name));
-
+                if (access(path.c_str(), R_OK) == 0) mChargerNames.add(String8(name));
             }
         }
     }
@@ -973,43 +994,43 @@ void BatteryMonitor::init(struct healthd_config *hc) {
         hc->periodic_chores_interval_fast = -1;
         hc->periodic_chores_interval_slow = -1;
     } else {
-        if (mHealthdConfig->batteryStatusPath.isEmpty())
+        if (mHealthdConfig->batteryStatusPath.empty())
             KLOG_WARNING(LOG_TAG, "BatteryStatusPath not found\n");
-        if (mHealthdConfig->batteryHealthPath.isEmpty())
+        if (mHealthdConfig->batteryHealthPath.empty())
             KLOG_WARNING(LOG_TAG, "BatteryHealthPath not found\n");
-        if (mHealthdConfig->batteryPresentPath.isEmpty())
+        if (mHealthdConfig->batteryPresentPath.empty())
             KLOG_WARNING(LOG_TAG, "BatteryPresentPath not found\n");
-        if (mHealthdConfig->batteryCapacityPath.isEmpty())
+        if (mHealthdConfig->batteryCapacityPath.empty())
             KLOG_WARNING(LOG_TAG, "BatteryCapacityPath not found\n");
-        if (mHealthdConfig->batteryVoltagePath.isEmpty())
+        if (mHealthdConfig->batteryVoltagePath.empty())
             KLOG_WARNING(LOG_TAG, "BatteryVoltagePath not found\n");
-        if (mHealthdConfig->batteryTemperaturePath.isEmpty())
+        if (mHealthdConfig->batteryTemperaturePath.empty())
             KLOG_WARNING(LOG_TAG, "BatteryTemperaturePath not found\n");
-        if (mHealthdConfig->batteryTechnologyPath.isEmpty())
+        if (mHealthdConfig->batteryTechnologyPath.empty())
             KLOG_WARNING(LOG_TAG, "BatteryTechnologyPath not found\n");
-        if (mHealthdConfig->batteryCurrentNowPath.isEmpty())
+        if (mHealthdConfig->batteryCurrentNowPath.empty())
             KLOG_WARNING(LOG_TAG, "BatteryCurrentNowPath not found\n");
-        if (mHealthdConfig->batteryFullChargePath.isEmpty())
+        if (mHealthdConfig->batteryFullChargePath.empty())
             KLOG_WARNING(LOG_TAG, "BatteryFullChargePath not found\n");
-        if (mHealthdConfig->batteryCycleCountPath.isEmpty())
+        if (mHealthdConfig->batteryCycleCountPath.empty())
             KLOG_WARNING(LOG_TAG, "BatteryCycleCountPath not found\n");
-        if (mHealthdConfig->batteryCapacityLevelPath.isEmpty())
+        if (mHealthdConfig->batteryCapacityLevelPath.empty())
             KLOG_WARNING(LOG_TAG, "batteryCapacityLevelPath not found\n");
-        if (mHealthdConfig->batteryChargeTimeToFullNowPath.isEmpty())
+        if (mHealthdConfig->batteryChargeTimeToFullNowPath.empty())
             KLOG_WARNING(LOG_TAG, "batteryChargeTimeToFullNowPath. not found\n");
-        if (mHealthdConfig->batteryFullChargeDesignCapacityUahPath.isEmpty())
+        if (mHealthdConfig->batteryFullChargeDesignCapacityUahPath.empty())
             KLOG_WARNING(LOG_TAG, "batteryFullChargeDesignCapacityUahPath. not found\n");
-        if (mHealthdConfig->batteryStateOfHealthPath.isEmpty())
+        if (mHealthdConfig->batteryStateOfHealthPath.empty())
             KLOG_WARNING(LOG_TAG, "batteryStateOfHealthPath not found\n");
-        if (mHealthdConfig->batteryHealthStatusPath.isEmpty())
+        if (mHealthdConfig->batteryHealthStatusPath.empty())
             KLOG_WARNING(LOG_TAG, "batteryHealthStatusPath not found\n");
-        if (mHealthdConfig->batteryManufacturingDatePath.isEmpty())
+        if (mHealthdConfig->batteryManufacturingDatePath.empty())
             KLOG_WARNING(LOG_TAG, "batteryManufacturingDatePath not found\n");
-        if (mHealthdConfig->batteryFirstUsageDatePath.isEmpty())
+        if (mHealthdConfig->batteryFirstUsageDatePath.empty())
             KLOG_WARNING(LOG_TAG, "batteryFirstUsageDatePath not found\n");
-        if (mHealthdConfig->chargingStatePath.isEmpty())
+        if (mHealthdConfig->chargingStatePath.empty())
             KLOG_WARNING(LOG_TAG, "chargingStatePath not found\n");
-        if (mHealthdConfig->chargingPolicyPath.isEmpty())
+        if (mHealthdConfig->chargingPolicyPath.empty())
             KLOG_WARNING(LOG_TAG, "chargingPolicyPath not found\n");
     }
 
diff --git a/healthd/BatteryMonitor_v1.cpp b/healthd/BatteryMonitor_v1.cpp
index b87c493b2579..2e0cfc97182a 100644
--- a/healthd/BatteryMonitor_v1.cpp
+++ b/healthd/BatteryMonitor_v1.cpp
@@ -301,7 +301,7 @@ static bool isScopedPowerSupply(const char* name) {
 void BatteryMonitor::updateValues(void) {
     initHealthInfo(mHealthInfo.get());
 
-    if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryPresentPath.isEmpty())
+    if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryPresentPath.empty())
         mHealthInfo->batteryPresent = getBooleanField(mHealthdConfig->batteryPresentPath);
     else
         mHealthInfo->batteryPresent = mBatteryDevicePresent;
@@ -311,28 +311,28 @@ void BatteryMonitor::updateValues(void) {
                                         : getIntField(mHealthdConfig->batteryCapacityPath);
     mHealthInfo->batteryVoltageMillivolts = getIntField(mHealthdConfig->batteryVoltagePath) / 1000;
 
-    if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryCurrentNowPath.isEmpty())
+    if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryCurrentNowPath.empty())
         mHealthInfo->batteryCurrentMicroamps = getIntField(mHealthdConfig->batteryCurrentNowPath);
 
-    if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryFullChargePath.isEmpty())
+    if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryFullChargePath.empty())
         mHealthInfo->batteryFullChargeUah = getIntField(mHealthdConfig->batteryFullChargePath);
 
-    if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryCycleCountPath.isEmpty())
+    if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryCycleCountPath.empty())
         mHealthInfo->batteryCycleCount = getIntField(mHealthdConfig->batteryCycleCountPath);
 
-    if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryChargeCounterPath.isEmpty())
+    if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryChargeCounterPath.empty())
         mHealthInfo->batteryChargeCounterUah =
                 getIntField(mHealthdConfig->batteryChargeCounterPath);
 
-    if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryCurrentAvgPath.isEmpty())
+    if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryCurrentAvgPath.empty())
         mHealthInfo->batteryCurrentAverageMicroamps =
                 getIntField(mHealthdConfig->batteryCurrentAvgPath);
 
-    if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryChargeTimeToFullNowPath.isEmpty())
+    if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryChargeTimeToFullNowPath.empty())
         mHealthInfo->batteryChargeTimeToFullNowSeconds =
                 getIntField(mHealthdConfig->batteryChargeTimeToFullNowPath);
 
-    if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryFullChargeDesignCapacityUahPath.isEmpty())
+    if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryFullChargeDesignCapacityUahPath.empty())
         mHealthInfo->batteryFullChargeDesignCapacityUah =
                 getIntField(mHealthdConfig->batteryFullChargeDesignCapacityUahPath);
 
@@ -352,18 +352,16 @@ void BatteryMonitor::updateValues(void) {
         mHealthInfo->batteryHealth = getBatteryHealth(buf.c_str());
 
     if (readFromFile(mHealthdConfig->batteryTechnologyPath, &buf) > 0)
-        mHealthInfo->batteryTechnology = String8(buf.c_str());
+        mHealthInfo->batteryTechnology = buf;
 
     double MaxPower = 0;
 
     for (size_t i = 0; i < mChargerNames.size(); i++) {
         String8 path;
-        path.appendFormat("%s/%s/online", POWER_SUPPLY_SYSFS_PATH,
-                          mChargerNames[i].string());
+        path.appendFormat("%s/%s/online", POWER_SUPPLY_SYSFS_PATH, mChargerNames[i].c_str());
         if (getIntField(path)) {
             path.clear();
-            path.appendFormat("%s/%s/type", POWER_SUPPLY_SYSFS_PATH,
-                              mChargerNames[i].string());
+            path.appendFormat("%s/%s/type", POWER_SUPPLY_SYSFS_PATH, mChargerNames[i].c_str());
             switch(readPowerSupplyType(path)) {
             case ANDROID_POWER_SUPPLY_TYPE_AC:
                 mHealthInfo->chargerAcOnline = true;
@@ -380,26 +378,24 @@ void BatteryMonitor::updateValues(void) {
             default:
                 path.clear();
                 path.appendFormat("%s/%s/is_dock", POWER_SUPPLY_SYSFS_PATH,
-                                  mChargerNames[i].string());
-                if (access(path.string(), R_OK) == 0)
+                                  mChargerNames[i].c_str());
+                if (access(path.c_str(), R_OK) == 0)
                     mHealthInfo->chargerDockOnline = true;
                 else
                     KLOG_WARNING(LOG_TAG, "%s: Unknown power supply type\n",
-                                 mChargerNames[i].string());
+                                 mChargerNames[i].c_str());
             }
             path.clear();
             path.appendFormat("%s/%s/current_max", POWER_SUPPLY_SYSFS_PATH,
-                              mChargerNames[i].string());
-            int ChargingCurrent =
-                    (access(path.string(), R_OK) == 0) ? getIntField(path) : 0;
+                              mChargerNames[i].c_str());
+            int ChargingCurrent = (access(path.c_str(), R_OK) == 0) ? getIntField(path) : 0;
 
             path.clear();
             path.appendFormat("%s/%s/voltage_max", POWER_SUPPLY_SYSFS_PATH,
-                              mChargerNames[i].string());
+                              mChargerNames[i].c_str());
 
             int ChargingVoltage =
-                (access(path.string(), R_OK) == 0) ? getIntField(path) :
-                DEFAULT_VBUS_VOLTAGE;
+                    (access(path.c_str(), R_OK) == 0) ? getIntField(path) : DEFAULT_VBUS_VOLTAGE;
 
             double power = ((double)ChargingCurrent / MILLION) *
                            ((double)ChargingVoltage / MILLION);
@@ -424,17 +420,17 @@ static void doLogValues(const HealthInfo& props, const struct healthd_config& he
                  props.batteryStatus);
 
         len = strlen(dmesgline);
-        if (!healthd_config.batteryCurrentNowPath.isEmpty()) {
+        if (!healthd_config.batteryCurrentNowPath.empty()) {
             len += snprintf(dmesgline + len, sizeof(dmesgline) - len, " c=%d",
                             props.batteryCurrentMicroamps);
         }
 
-        if (!healthd_config.batteryFullChargePath.isEmpty()) {
+        if (!healthd_config.batteryFullChargePath.empty()) {
             len += snprintf(dmesgline + len, sizeof(dmesgline) - len, " fc=%d",
                             props.batteryFullChargeUah);
         }
 
-        if (!healthd_config.batteryCycleCountPath.isEmpty()) {
+        if (!healthd_config.batteryCycleCountPath.empty()) {
             len += snprintf(dmesgline + len, sizeof(dmesgline) - len, " cc=%d",
                             props.batteryCycleCount);
         }
@@ -468,7 +464,7 @@ bool BatteryMonitor::isChargerOnline() {
 
 int BatteryMonitor::getChargeStatus() {
     BatteryStatus result = BatteryStatus::UNKNOWN;
-    if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryStatusPath.isEmpty()) {
+    if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryStatusPath.empty()) {
         std::string buf;
         if (readFromFile(mHealthdConfig->batteryStatusPath, &buf) > 0)
             result = getBatteryStatus(buf.c_str());
@@ -484,7 +480,7 @@ status_t BatteryMonitor::getProperty(int id, struct BatteryProperty *val) {
 
     switch(id) {
     case BATTERY_PROP_CHARGE_COUNTER:
-        if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryChargeCounterPath.isEmpty()) {
+        if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryChargeCounterPath.empty()) {
             val->valueInt64 =
                 getIntField(mHealthdConfig->batteryChargeCounterPath);
             ret = OK;
@@ -494,7 +490,7 @@ status_t BatteryMonitor::getProperty(int id, struct BatteryProperty *val) {
         break;
 
     case BATTERY_PROP_CURRENT_NOW:
-        if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryCurrentNowPath.isEmpty()) {
+        if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryCurrentNowPath.empty()) {
             val->valueInt64 =
                 getIntField(mHealthdConfig->batteryCurrentNowPath);
             ret = OK;
@@ -504,7 +500,7 @@ status_t BatteryMonitor::getProperty(int id, struct BatteryProperty *val) {
         break;
 
     case BATTERY_PROP_CURRENT_AVG:
-        if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryCurrentAvgPath.isEmpty()) {
+        if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryCurrentAvgPath.empty()) {
             val->valueInt64 =
                 getIntField(mHealthdConfig->batteryCurrentAvgPath);
             ret = OK;
@@ -514,7 +510,7 @@ status_t BatteryMonitor::getProperty(int id, struct BatteryProperty *val) {
         break;
 
     case BATTERY_PROP_CAPACITY:
-        if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryCapacityPath.isEmpty()) {
+        if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryCapacityPath.empty()) {
             val->valueInt64 =
                 getIntField(mHealthdConfig->batteryCapacityPath);
             ret = OK;
@@ -561,35 +557,35 @@ void BatteryMonitor::dumpState(int fd) {
              props.batteryVoltageMillivolts, props.batteryTemperatureTenthsCelsius);
     write(fd, vs, strlen(vs));
 
-    if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryCurrentNowPath.isEmpty()) {
+    if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryCurrentNowPath.empty()) {
         v = getIntField(mHealthdConfig->batteryCurrentNowPath);
         snprintf(vs, sizeof(vs), "current now: %d\n", v);
         write(fd, vs, strlen(vs));
     }
 
-    if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryCurrentAvgPath.isEmpty()) {
+    if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryCurrentAvgPath.empty()) {
         v = getIntField(mHealthdConfig->batteryCurrentAvgPath);
         snprintf(vs, sizeof(vs), "current avg: %d\n", v);
         write(fd, vs, strlen(vs));
     }
 
-    if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryChargeCounterPath.isEmpty()) {
+    if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryChargeCounterPath.empty()) {
         v = getIntField(mHealthdConfig->batteryChargeCounterPath);
         snprintf(vs, sizeof(vs), "charge counter: %d\n", v);
         write(fd, vs, strlen(vs));
     }
 
-    if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryCurrentNowPath.isEmpty()) {
+    if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryCurrentNowPath.empty()) {
         snprintf(vs, sizeof(vs), "current now: %d\n", props.batteryCurrentMicroamps);
         write(fd, vs, strlen(vs));
     }
 
-    if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryCycleCountPath.isEmpty()) {
+    if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryCycleCountPath.empty()) {
         snprintf(vs, sizeof(vs), "cycle count: %d\n", props.batteryCycleCount);
         write(fd, vs, strlen(vs));
     }
 
-    if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryFullChargePath.isEmpty()) {
+    if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryFullChargePath.empty()) {
         snprintf(vs, sizeof(vs), "Full charge: %d\n", props.batteryFullChargeUah);
         write(fd, vs, strlen(vs));
     }
@@ -628,8 +624,7 @@ void BatteryMonitor::init(struct healthd_config *hc) {
             case ANDROID_POWER_SUPPLY_TYPE_DOCK:
                 path.clear();
                 path.appendFormat("%s/%s/online", POWER_SUPPLY_SYSFS_PATH, name);
-                if (access(path.string(), R_OK) == 0)
-                    mChargerNames.add(String8(name));
+                if (access(path.c_str(), R_OK) == 0) mChargerNames.add(String8(name));
                 break;
 
             case ANDROID_POWER_SUPPLY_TYPE_BATTERY:
@@ -640,121 +635,119 @@ void BatteryMonitor::init(struct healthd_config *hc) {
                 if (isScopedPowerSupply(name)) continue;
                 mBatteryDevicePresent = true;
 
-                if (mHealthdConfig->batteryStatusPath.isEmpty()) {
+                if (mHealthdConfig->batteryStatusPath.empty()) {
                     path.clear();
                     path.appendFormat("%s/%s/status", POWER_SUPPLY_SYSFS_PATH,
                                       name);
-                    if (access(path, R_OK) == 0)
-                        mHealthdConfig->batteryStatusPath = path;
+                    if (access(path.c_str(), R_OK) == 0) mHealthdConfig->batteryStatusPath = path;
                 }
 
-                if (mHealthdConfig->batteryHealthPath.isEmpty()) {
+                if (mHealthdConfig->batteryHealthPath.empty()) {
                     path.clear();
                     path.appendFormat("%s/%s/health", POWER_SUPPLY_SYSFS_PATH,
                                       name);
-                    if (access(path, R_OK) == 0)
-                        mHealthdConfig->batteryHealthPath = path;
+                    if (access(path.c_str(), R_OK) == 0) mHealthdConfig->batteryHealthPath = path;
                 }
 
-                if (mHealthdConfig->batteryPresentPath.isEmpty()) {
+                if (mHealthdConfig->batteryPresentPath.empty()) {
                     path.clear();
                     path.appendFormat("%s/%s/present", POWER_SUPPLY_SYSFS_PATH,
                                       name);
-                    if (access(path, R_OK) == 0)
-                        mHealthdConfig->batteryPresentPath = path;
+                    if (access(path.c_str(), R_OK) == 0) mHealthdConfig->batteryPresentPath = path;
                 }
 
-                if (mHealthdConfig->batteryCapacityPath.isEmpty()) {
+                if (mHealthdConfig->batteryCapacityPath.empty()) {
                     path.clear();
                     path.appendFormat("%s/%s/capacity", POWER_SUPPLY_SYSFS_PATH,
                                       name);
-                    if (access(path, R_OK) == 0)
-                        mHealthdConfig->batteryCapacityPath = path;
+                    if (access(path.c_str(), R_OK) == 0) mHealthdConfig->batteryCapacityPath = path;
                 }
 
-                if (mHealthdConfig->batteryVoltagePath.isEmpty()) {
+                if (mHealthdConfig->batteryVoltagePath.empty()) {
                     path.clear();
                     path.appendFormat("%s/%s/voltage_now",
                                       POWER_SUPPLY_SYSFS_PATH, name);
-                    if (access(path, R_OK) == 0) {
+                    if (access(path.c_str(), R_OK) == 0) {
                         mHealthdConfig->batteryVoltagePath = path;
                     }
                 }
 
-                if (mHealthdConfig->batteryFullChargePath.isEmpty()) {
+                if (mHealthdConfig->batteryFullChargePath.empty()) {
                     path.clear();
                     path.appendFormat("%s/%s/charge_full",
                                       POWER_SUPPLY_SYSFS_PATH, name);
-                    if (access(path, R_OK) == 0)
+                    if (access(path.c_str(), R_OK) == 0)
                         mHealthdConfig->batteryFullChargePath = path;
                 }
 
-                if (mHealthdConfig->batteryCurrentNowPath.isEmpty()) {
+                if (mHealthdConfig->batteryCurrentNowPath.empty()) {
                     path.clear();
                     path.appendFormat("%s/%s/current_now",
                                       POWER_SUPPLY_SYSFS_PATH, name);
-                    if (access(path, R_OK) == 0)
+                    if (access(path.c_str(), R_OK) == 0)
                         mHealthdConfig->batteryCurrentNowPath = path;
                 }
 
-                if (mHealthdConfig->batteryCycleCountPath.isEmpty()) {
+                if (mHealthdConfig->batteryCycleCountPath.empty()) {
                     path.clear();
                     path.appendFormat("%s/%s/cycle_count",
                                       POWER_SUPPLY_SYSFS_PATH, name);
-                    if (access(path, R_OK) == 0)
+                    if (access(path.c_str(), R_OK) == 0)
                         mHealthdConfig->batteryCycleCountPath = path;
                 }
 
-                if (mHealthdConfig->batteryCapacityLevelPath.isEmpty()) {
+                if (mHealthdConfig->batteryCapacityLevelPath.empty()) {
                     path.clear();
                     path.appendFormat("%s/%s/capacity_level", POWER_SUPPLY_SYSFS_PATH, name);
-                    if (access(path, R_OK) == 0) mHealthdConfig->batteryCapacityLevelPath = path;
+                    if (access(path.c_str(), R_OK) == 0) {
+                        mHealthdConfig->batteryCapacityLevelPath = path;
+                    }
                 }
 
-                if (mHealthdConfig->batteryChargeTimeToFullNowPath.isEmpty()) {
+                if (mHealthdConfig->batteryChargeTimeToFullNowPath.empty()) {
                     path.clear();
                     path.appendFormat("%s/%s/time_to_full_now", POWER_SUPPLY_SYSFS_PATH, name);
-                    if (access(path, R_OK) == 0)
+                    if (access(path.c_str(), R_OK) == 0)
                         mHealthdConfig->batteryChargeTimeToFullNowPath = path;
                 }
 
-                if (mHealthdConfig->batteryFullChargeDesignCapacityUahPath.isEmpty()) {
+                if (mHealthdConfig->batteryFullChargeDesignCapacityUahPath.empty()) {
                     path.clear();
                     path.appendFormat("%s/%s/charge_full_design", POWER_SUPPLY_SYSFS_PATH, name);
-                    if (access(path, R_OK) == 0)
+                    if (access(path.c_str(), R_OK) == 0)
                         mHealthdConfig->batteryFullChargeDesignCapacityUahPath = path;
                 }
 
-                if (mHealthdConfig->batteryCurrentAvgPath.isEmpty()) {
+                if (mHealthdConfig->batteryCurrentAvgPath.empty()) {
                     path.clear();
                     path.appendFormat("%s/%s/current_avg",
                                       POWER_SUPPLY_SYSFS_PATH, name);
-                    if (access(path, R_OK) == 0)
+                    if (access(path.c_str(), R_OK) == 0)
                         mHealthdConfig->batteryCurrentAvgPath = path;
                 }
 
-                if (mHealthdConfig->batteryChargeCounterPath.isEmpty()) {
+                if (mHealthdConfig->batteryChargeCounterPath.empty()) {
                     path.clear();
                     path.appendFormat("%s/%s/charge_counter",
                                       POWER_SUPPLY_SYSFS_PATH, name);
-                    if (access(path, R_OK) == 0)
+                    if (access(path.c_str(), R_OK) == 0)
                         mHealthdConfig->batteryChargeCounterPath = path;
                 }
 
-                if (mHealthdConfig->batteryTemperaturePath.isEmpty()) {
+                if (mHealthdConfig->batteryTemperaturePath.empty()) {
                     path.clear();
                     path.appendFormat("%s/%s/temp", POWER_SUPPLY_SYSFS_PATH,
                                       name);
-                    if (access(path, R_OK) == 0) {
+                    if (access(path.c_str(), R_OK) == 0) {
                         mHealthdConfig->batteryTemperaturePath = path;
                     }
                 }
 
-                if (mHealthdConfig->batteryTechnologyPath.isEmpty()) {
+                if (mHealthdConfig->batteryTechnologyPath.empty()) {
                     path.clear();
                     path.appendFormat("%s/%s/technology",
                                       POWER_SUPPLY_SYSFS_PATH, name);
-                    if (access(path, R_OK) == 0)
+                    if (access(path.c_str(), R_OK) == 0)
                         mHealthdConfig->batteryTechnologyPath = path;
                 }
 
@@ -767,12 +760,10 @@ void BatteryMonitor::init(struct healthd_config *hc) {
             // Look for "is_dock" file
             path.clear();
             path.appendFormat("%s/%s/is_dock", POWER_SUPPLY_SYSFS_PATH, name);
-            if (access(path.string(), R_OK) == 0) {
+            if (access(path.c_str(), R_OK) == 0) {
                 path.clear();
                 path.appendFormat("%s/%s/online", POWER_SUPPLY_SYSFS_PATH, name);
-                if (access(path.string(), R_OK) == 0)
-                    mChargerNames.add(String8(name));
-
+                if (access(path.c_str(), R_OK) == 0) mChargerNames.add(String8(name));
             }
         }
     }
@@ -784,31 +775,31 @@ void BatteryMonitor::init(struct healthd_config *hc) {
         hc->periodic_chores_interval_fast = -1;
         hc->periodic_chores_interval_slow = -1;
     } else {
-        if (mHealthdConfig->batteryStatusPath.isEmpty())
+        if (mHealthdConfig->batteryStatusPath.empty())
             KLOG_WARNING(LOG_TAG, "BatteryStatusPath not found\n");
-        if (mHealthdConfig->batteryHealthPath.isEmpty())
+        if (mHealthdConfig->batteryHealthPath.empty())
             KLOG_WARNING(LOG_TAG, "BatteryHealthPath not found\n");
-        if (mHealthdConfig->batteryPresentPath.isEmpty())
+        if (mHealthdConfig->batteryPresentPath.empty())
             KLOG_WARNING(LOG_TAG, "BatteryPresentPath not found\n");
-        if (mHealthdConfig->batteryCapacityPath.isEmpty())
+        if (mHealthdConfig->batteryCapacityPath.empty())
             KLOG_WARNING(LOG_TAG, "BatteryCapacityPath not found\n");
-        if (mHealthdConfig->batteryVoltagePath.isEmpty())
+        if (mHealthdConfig->batteryVoltagePath.empty())
             KLOG_WARNING(LOG_TAG, "BatteryVoltagePath not found\n");
-        if (mHealthdConfig->batteryTemperaturePath.isEmpty())
+        if (mHealthdConfig->batteryTemperaturePath.empty())
             KLOG_WARNING(LOG_TAG, "BatteryTemperaturePath not found\n");
-        if (mHealthdConfig->batteryTechnologyPath.isEmpty())
+        if (mHealthdConfig->batteryTechnologyPath.empty())
             KLOG_WARNING(LOG_TAG, "BatteryTechnologyPath not found\n");
-        if (mHealthdConfig->batteryCurrentNowPath.isEmpty())
+        if (mHealthdConfig->batteryCurrentNowPath.empty())
             KLOG_WARNING(LOG_TAG, "BatteryCurrentNowPath not found\n");
-        if (mHealthdConfig->batteryFullChargePath.isEmpty())
+        if (mHealthdConfig->batteryFullChargePath.empty())
             KLOG_WARNING(LOG_TAG, "BatteryFullChargePath not found\n");
-        if (mHealthdConfig->batteryCycleCountPath.isEmpty())
+        if (mHealthdConfig->batteryCycleCountPath.empty())
             KLOG_WARNING(LOG_TAG, "BatteryCycleCountPath not found\n");
-        if (mHealthdConfig->batteryCapacityLevelPath.isEmpty())
+        if (mHealthdConfig->batteryCapacityLevelPath.empty())
             KLOG_WARNING(LOG_TAG, "batteryCapacityLevelPath not found\n");
-        if (mHealthdConfig->batteryChargeTimeToFullNowPath.isEmpty())
+        if (mHealthdConfig->batteryChargeTimeToFullNowPath.empty())
             KLOG_WARNING(LOG_TAG, "batteryChargeTimeToFullNowPath. not found\n");
-        if (mHealthdConfig->batteryFullChargeDesignCapacityUahPath.isEmpty())
+        if (mHealthdConfig->batteryFullChargeDesignCapacityUahPath.empty())
             KLOG_WARNING(LOG_TAG, "batteryFullChargeDesignCapacityUahPath. not found\n");
     }
 
diff --git a/healthd/HealthServiceDefault.cpp b/healthd/HealthServiceDefault.cpp
deleted file mode 100644
index 89ecc2fa4247..000000000000
--- a/healthd/HealthServiceDefault.cpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,39 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2017 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#include <health2/service.h>
-#include <healthd/healthd.h>
-
-void healthd_board_init(struct healthd_config*) {
-    // Implementation-defined init logic goes here.
-    // 1. config->periodic_chores_interval_* variables
-    // 2. config->battery*Path variables
-    // 3. config->energyCounter. In this implementation, energyCounter is not defined.
-
-    // use defaults
-}
-
-int healthd_board_battery_update(struct android::BatteryProperties*) {
-    // Implementation-defined update logic goes here. An implementation
-    // can make modifications to prop before broadcasting it to all callbacks.
-
-    // return 0 to log periodic polled battery status to kernel log
-    return 0;
-}
-
-int main() {
-    return health_service_main();
-}
diff --git a/healthd/OWNERS b/healthd/OWNERS
index e64c33d1ac39..c436ba2afdf1 100644
--- a/healthd/OWNERS
+++ b/healthd/OWNERS
@@ -1 +1 @@
-elsk@google.com
+include platform/hardware/interfaces:/health/OWNERS
diff --git a/healthd/android.hardware.health@2.0-service.rc b/healthd/android.hardware.health@2.0-service.rc
deleted file mode 100644
index 762771e5e023..000000000000
--- a/healthd/android.hardware.health@2.0-service.rc
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
-service health-hal-2-0 /vendor/bin/hw/android.hardware.health@2.0-service
-    class hal
-    user system
-    group system
-    capabilities WAKE_ALARM BLOCK_SUSPEND
-    file /dev/kmsg w
diff --git a/healthd/healthd_mode_charger.cpp b/healthd/healthd_mode_charger.cpp
index 26af13b31436..54b469be397f 100644
--- a/healthd/healthd_mode_charger.cpp
+++ b/healthd/healthd_mode_charger.cpp
@@ -306,8 +306,8 @@ void Charger::UpdateScreenState(int64_t now) {
 
     if (!batt_anim_.run || now < next_screen_transition_) return;
 
-    // If battery level is not ready, keep checking in the defined time
-    if (health_info_.battery_level == 0 && health_info_.battery_status == BatteryStatus::UNKNOWN) {
+    // If battery status is not ready, keep checking in the defined time
+    if (health_info_.battery_status == BatteryStatus::UNKNOWN) {
         if (wait_batt_level_timestamp_ == 0) {
             // Set max delay time and skip drawing screen
             wait_batt_level_timestamp_ = now + MAX_BATT_LEVEL_WAIT_TIME;
@@ -317,7 +317,7 @@ void Charger::UpdateScreenState(int64_t now) {
             // Do nothing, keep waiting
             return;
         }
-        // If timeout and battery level is still not ready, draw unknown battery
+        // If timeout and battery status is still not ready, draw unknown battery
     }
 
     if (healthd_draw_ == nullptr) return;
diff --git a/healthd/include/healthd/BatteryMonitor.h b/healthd/include/healthd/BatteryMonitor.h
index a4c013b86b33..b30458d3cc49 100644
--- a/healthd/include/healthd/BatteryMonitor.h
+++ b/healthd/include/healthd/BatteryMonitor.h
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
 #define HEALTHD_BATTERYMONITOR_H
 
 #include <memory>
+#include <optional>
 
 #include <batteryservice/BatteryService.h>
 #include <utils/String8.h>
@@ -63,6 +64,7 @@ class BatteryMonitor {
         BH_NEEDS_REPLACEMENT,
         BH_FAILED,
         BH_NOT_AVAILABLE,
+        BH_INCONSISTENT,
     };
 
     BatteryMonitor();
@@ -85,6 +87,8 @@ class BatteryMonitor {
     int getChargingPolicy();
     int getBatteryHealthData(int id);
 
+    status_t getSerialNumber(std::optional<std::string>* out);
+
     static void logValues(const android::hardware::health::V2_1::HealthInfo& health_info,
                           const struct healthd_config& healthd_config);
 
diff --git a/init/Android.bp b/init/Android.bp
index 7b529033a968..b209c47c94b2 100644
--- a/init/Android.bp
+++ b/init/Android.bp
@@ -38,7 +38,6 @@ init_common_sources = [
     "capabilities.cpp",
     "epoll.cpp",
     "import_parser.cpp",
-    "interface_utils.cpp",
     "interprocess_fifo.cpp",
     "keychords.cpp",
     "parser.cpp",
@@ -85,11 +84,6 @@ init_device_sources = [
     "ueventd.cpp",
     "ueventd_parser.cpp",
 ]
-init_host_sources = [
-    "check_builtins.cpp",
-    "host_import_parser.cpp",
-    "host_init_verifier.cpp",
-]
 
 soong_config_module_type {
     name: "libinit_cc_defaults",
@@ -97,6 +91,7 @@ soong_config_module_type {
     config_namespace: "ANDROID",
     bool_variables: [
         "PRODUCT_INSTALL_DEBUG_POLICY_TO_SYSTEM_EXT",
+        "release_write_appcompat_override_system_properties",
     ],
     properties: [
         "cflags",
@@ -141,6 +136,8 @@ libinit_cc_defaults {
                 "-DWORLD_WRITABLE_KMSG=1",
                 "-UDUMP_ON_UMOUNT_FAILURE",
                 "-DDUMP_ON_UMOUNT_FAILURE=1",
+                "-UALLOW_REMOUNT_OVERLAYS",
+                "-DALLOW_REMOUNT_OVERLAYS=1",
             ],
         },
         eng: {
@@ -160,38 +157,36 @@ libinit_cc_defaults {
                 "-DINSTALL_DEBUG_POLICY_TO_SYSTEM_EXT=1",
             ],
         },
+        release_write_appcompat_override_system_properties: {
+            cflags: ["-DWRITE_APPCOMPAT_OVERRIDE_SYSTEM_PROPERTIES"],
+        },
     },
     static_libs: [
         "libavb",
+        "libavf_cc_flags",
         "libbootloader_message",
-        "libc++fs",
-        "libcgrouprc_format",
-        "libfsverity_init",
         "liblmkd_utils",
         "liblz4",
-        "libmini_keyctl_static",
+        "libzstd",
         "libmodprobe",
         "libprocinfo",
         "libprotobuf-cpp-lite",
         "libpropertyinfoserializer",
         "libpropertyinfoparser",
-        "libsigningutils",
         "libsnapshot_cow",
         "libsnapshot_init",
         "libxml2",
         "lib_apex_manifest_proto_lite",
         "update_metadata-protos",
+        "libgenfslabelsversion.ffi",
     ],
     shared_libs: [
         "libbase",
-        "libcrypto",
         "libcutils",
         "libdl",
         "libext4_utils",
         "libfs_mgr",
         "libgsi",
-        "libhidl-gen-utils",
-        "libkeyutils",
         "liblog",
         "liblogwrap",
         "liblp",
@@ -200,7 +195,7 @@ libinit_cc_defaults {
         "libselinux",
         "libunwindstack",
         "libutils",
-        "libziparchive",
+        "libvendorsupport",
     ],
     header_libs: ["bionic_libc_platform_headers"],
     bootstrap: true,
@@ -213,8 +208,8 @@ cc_library_headers {
     visibility: [":__subpackages__"],
 }
 
-cc_library_static {
-    name: "libinit",
+cc_defaults {
+    name: "libinit_defaults",
     recovery_available: true,
     defaults: [
         "init_defaults",
@@ -227,8 +222,6 @@ cc_library_static {
     ],
     whole_static_libs: [
         "libcap",
-        "libcom.android.sysprop.apex",
-        "libcom.android.sysprop.init",
     ],
     header_libs: ["bootimg_headers"],
     proto: {
@@ -251,59 +244,90 @@ cc_library_static {
             ],
         },
     },
-    visibility: [
-        "//system/apex/apexd",
-        "//frameworks/native/cmds/installd",
+}
+
+cc_library_static {
+    name: "libinit",
+    defaults: ["libinit_defaults"],
+}
+
+cc_library_static {
+    name: "libinit.microdroid",
+    defaults: [
+        "avf_build_flags_cc",
+        "libinit_defaults",
     ],
+    recovery_available: false,
+    cflags: ["-DMICRODROID=1"],
 }
 
 phony {
     name: "init",
     required: [
         "init_second_stage",
-    ],
+    ] + select(product_variable("debuggable"), {
+        true: ["overlay_remounter"],
+        false: [],
+    }),
 }
 
-cc_binary {
-    name: "init_second_stage",
-    recovery_available: true,
+cc_defaults {
+    name: "init_second_stage_defaults",
     stem: "init",
     defaults: ["init_defaults"],
-    static_libs: ["libinit"],
     srcs: ["main.cpp"],
     symlinks: ["ueventd"],
-    target: {
-        platform: {
-            required: [
-                "init.rc",
-                "ueventd.rc",
-                "e2fsdroid",
-                "extra_free_kbytes",
-                "make_f2fs",
-                "mke2fs",
-                "sload_f2fs",
-            ],
-        },
-        recovery: {
-            cflags: ["-DRECOVERY"],
-            exclude_static_libs: [
-                "libxml2",
-            ],
-            exclude_shared_libs: [
-                "libbinder",
-                "libutils",
-            ],
-            required: [
-                "init_recovery.rc",
-                "ueventd.rc.recovery",
-                "e2fsdroid.recovery",
-                "make_f2fs.recovery",
-                "mke2fs.recovery",
-                "sload_f2fs.recovery",
-            ],
-        },
-    },
-    visibility: ["//packages/modules/Virtualization/microdroid"],
+}
+
+cc_binary {
+    name: "init_second_stage",
+    defaults: ["init_second_stage_defaults"],
+    static_libs: ["libinit"],
+    visibility: ["//visibility:any_system_partition"],
+    required: [
+        "init.rc",
+        "ueventd.rc",
+        "e2fsdroid",
+        "extra_free_kbytes",
+        "make_f2fs",
+        "mke2fs",
+        "sload_f2fs",
+    ],
+}
+
+cc_binary {
+    name: "init_second_stage.recovery",
+    defaults: ["init_second_stage_defaults"],
+    static_libs: ["libinit"],
+    recovery: true,
+    cflags: ["-DRECOVERY"],
+    exclude_static_libs: [
+        "libxml2",
+    ],
+    exclude_shared_libs: [
+        "libbinder",
+        "libutils",
+    ],
+    required: [
+        "init_recovery.rc",
+        "ueventd.rc.recovery",
+        "e2fsdroid.recovery",
+        "make_f2fs.recovery",
+        "mke2fs.recovery",
+        "sload_f2fs.recovery",
+    ],
+}
+
+cc_binary {
+    name: "init_second_stage.microdroid",
+    defaults: [
+        "avf_build_flags_cc",
+        "init_second_stage_defaults",
+    ],
+    static_libs: ["libinit.microdroid"],
+    cflags: ["-DMICRODROID=1"],
+    no_full_install: true,
+    visibility: ["//packages/modules/Virtualization/build/microdroid"],
 }
 
 soong_config_module_type {
@@ -311,7 +335,7 @@ soong_config_module_type {
     module_type: "cc_defaults",
     config_namespace: "ANDROID",
     bool_variables: ["BOARD_USES_RECOVERY_AS_BOOT"],
-    properties: ["installable"],
+    properties: ["no_full_install"],
 }
 
 // Do not install init_first_stage even with mma if we're system-as-root.
@@ -320,15 +344,11 @@ init_first_stage_cc_defaults {
     name: "init_first_stage_defaults",
     soong_config_variables: {
         BOARD_USES_RECOVERY_AS_BOOT: {
-            installable: false,
+            no_full_install: true,
         },
     },
-}
 
-cc_binary {
-    name: "init_first_stage",
     stem: "init",
-    defaults: ["init_first_stage_defaults"],
 
     srcs: [
         "block_dev_initializer.cpp",
@@ -347,8 +367,8 @@ cc_binary {
     ],
 
     static_libs: [
-        "libc++fs",
         "libfs_avb",
+        "libavf_cc_flags",
         "libfs_mgr",
         "libfec",
         "libfec_rs",
@@ -370,9 +390,11 @@ cc_binary {
         "libprotobuf-cpp-lite",
         "libsnapshot_cow",
         "liblz4",
+        "libzstd",
         "libsnapshot_init",
         "update_metadata-protos",
         "libprocinfo",
+        "libbootloader_message",
     ],
 
     static_executable: true,
@@ -430,6 +452,7 @@ cc_binary {
 
         // First stage init is weird: it may start without stdout/stderr, and no /proc.
         hwaddress: false,
+        memtag_stack: false,
     },
 
     // Install adb_debug.prop into debug ramdisk.
@@ -441,6 +464,21 @@ cc_binary {
     install_in_root: true,
 }
 
+cc_binary {
+    name: "init_first_stage",
+    defaults: ["init_first_stage_defaults"],
+}
+
+cc_binary {
+    name: "init_first_stage.microdroid",
+    defaults: [
+        "avf_build_flags_cc",
+        "init_first_stage_defaults",
+    ],
+    cflags: ["-DMICRODROID=1"],
+    no_full_install: true,
+}
+
 phony {
     name: "init_system",
     required: ["init_second_stage"],
@@ -450,6 +488,7 @@ phony {
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 cc_test {
+    // Note: This is NOT a CTS test. See b/320800872
     name: "CtsInitTestCases",
     defaults: ["init_defaults"],
     require_root: true,
@@ -482,7 +521,6 @@ cc_test {
     ],
 
     test_suites: [
-        "cts",
         "device-tests",
     ],
 }
@@ -507,6 +545,7 @@ cc_defaults {
         "libprotobuf-cpp-lite",
     ],
     static_libs: [
+        "libfs_mgr",
         "libhidl-gen-utils",
     ],
 }
@@ -528,6 +567,11 @@ cc_library_static {
     ],
     export_include_dirs: ["test_utils/include"], // for tests
     header_libs: ["bionic_libc_platform_headers"],
+    product_variables: {
+        shipping_api_level: {
+            cflags: ["-DBUILD_SHIPPING_API_LEVEL=%s"],
+        },
+    },
 }
 
 // Host Verifier
@@ -555,6 +599,7 @@ cc_defaults {
     ],
     static_libs: [
         "libbase",
+        "libfstab",
         "libselinux",
         "libpropertyinfoserializer",
         "libpropertyinfoparser",
@@ -562,8 +607,6 @@ cc_defaults {
     whole_static_libs: ["libcap"],
     shared_libs: [
         "libcutils",
-        "libhidl-gen-utils",
-        "libhidlmetadata",
         "liblog",
         "libprocessgroup",
         "libprotobuf-cpp-lite",
@@ -571,10 +614,6 @@ cc_defaults {
     proto: {
         type: "lite",
     },
-    generated_headers: [
-        "generated_stub_builtin_function_map",
-        "generated_android_ids",
-    ],
     target: {
         android: {
             enabled: false,
@@ -583,19 +622,53 @@ cc_defaults {
             enabled: false,
         },
     },
+    product_variables: {
+        shipping_api_level: {
+            cflags: ["-DBUILD_SHIPPING_API_LEVEL=%s"],
+        },
+    },
 }
 
 cc_binary {
     name: "host_init_verifier",
     defaults: ["init_host_defaults"],
-    srcs: init_common_sources + init_host_sources,
+    srcs: [
+        "check_builtins.cpp",
+        "host_import_parser.cpp",
+        "host_init_verifier.cpp",
+        "interface_utils.cpp",
+    ] + init_common_sources,
+    generated_headers: [
+        "generated_android_ids",
+        "generated_stub_builtin_function_map",
+    ],
+    shared_libs: [
+        "libhidl-gen-utils",
+        "libhidlmetadata",
+    ],
+}
+
+genrule {
+    name: "noop_builtin_function_map",
+    tool_files: ["host_builtin_map.py"],
+    out: ["noop_builtin_function_map.h"],
+    srcs: [
+        "builtins.cpp",
+        "noop_builtins.cpp",
+    ],
+    cmd: "$(location host_builtin_map.py) --builtins $(location builtins.cpp) --check_builtins $(location noop_builtins.cpp) > $(out)",
 }
 
 cc_library_host_static {
     name: "libinit_host",
     defaults: ["init_host_defaults"],
-    srcs: init_common_sources,
+    srcs: [
+        "noop_builtins.cpp",
+    ] + init_common_sources,
     export_include_dirs: ["."],
+    generated_headers: [
+        "noop_builtin_function_map",
+    ],
     proto: {
         export_proto_headers: true,
     },
@@ -610,3 +683,11 @@ sh_binary {
     src: "extra_free_kbytes.sh",
     filename_from_src: true,
 }
+
+phony {
+    name: "init_vendor",
+    required: select(soong_config_variable("ANDROID", "BOARD_USES_RECOVERY_AS_BOOT"), {
+        true: [],
+        default: ["init_first_stage"],
+    }),
+}
diff --git a/init/Android.mk b/init/Android.mk
deleted file mode 100644
index 4b85c15ea825..000000000000
--- a/init/Android.mk
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,16 +0,0 @@
-# Copyright 2005 The Android Open Source Project
-
-LOCAL_PATH:= $(call my-dir)
-
-include $(CLEAR_VARS)
-
-LOCAL_MODULE := init_vendor
-LOCAL_LICENSE_KINDS := SPDX-license-identifier-Apache-2.0
-LOCAL_LICENSE_CONDITIONS := notice
-LOCAL_NOTICE_FILE := $(LOCAL_PATH)/NOTICE
-ifneq ($(BOARD_USES_RECOVERY_AS_BOOT),true)
-LOCAL_REQUIRED_MODULES := \
-   init_first_stage \
-
-endif  # BOARD_USES_RECOVERY_AS_BOOT
-include $(BUILD_PHONY_PACKAGE)
diff --git a/init/README.md b/init/README.md
index 6bdff4afead7..6a66f14396c0 100644
--- a/init/README.md
+++ b/init/README.md
@@ -344,11 +344,14 @@ runs the service.
   intended to be used with the `exec_start` builtin for any must-have checks during boot.
 
 `restart_period <seconds>`
-> If a non-oneshot service exits, it will be restarted at its start time plus
-  this period. It defaults to 5s to rate limit crashing services.
-  This can be increased for services that are meant to run periodically. For
-  example, it may be set to 3600 to indicate that the service should run every hour
-  or 86400 to indicate that the service should run every day.
+> If a non-oneshot service exits, it will be restarted at its previous start time plus this period.
+  The default value is 5s. This can be used to implement periodic services together with the
+  `timeout_period` command below. For example, it may be set to 3600 to indicate that the service
+  should run every hour or 86400 to indicate that the service should run every day. This can be set
+  to a value shorter than 5s for example 0, but the minimum 5s delay is enforced if the restart was
+  due to a crash. This is to rate limit persistentally crashing services. In other words,
+  `<seconds>` smaller than 5 is respected only when the service exits deliverately and successfully
+  (i.e. by calling exit(0)).
 
 `rlimit <resource> <cur> <max>`
 > This applies the given rlimit to the service. rlimits are inherited by child
@@ -366,6 +369,17 @@ runs the service.
 `setenv <name> <value>`
 > Set the environment variable _name_ to _value_ in the launched process.
 
+`shared_kallsyms`
+> If set, init will behave as if the service specified "file /proc/kallsyms r",
+  except the service will receive a duplicate of a single fd that init saved
+  during early second\_stage. This fd retains address visibility even after the
+  systemwide kptr\_restrict sysctl is set to its steady state on Android. The
+  ability to read from this fd is still constrained by selinux permissions,
+  which need to be granted separately and are gated by a neverallow.
+  Because of performance gotchas of concurrent use of this shared fd, all uses
+  need to coordinate via provisional flock(LOCK\_EX) locks on separately opened
+  /proc/kallsyms fds (since locking requires distinct open file descriptions).
+
 `shutdown <shutdown_behavior>`
 > Set shutdown behavior of the service process. When this is not specified,
   the service is killed during shutdown process by using SIGTERM and SIGKILL.
@@ -440,38 +454,66 @@ runs the service.
 
 Triggers
 --------
-Triggers are strings which can be used to match certain kinds of
-events and used to cause an action to occur.
+Triggers of an action specifies one or more conditions when satisfied
+execute the commands in the action. A trigger encodes a single atomic
+condition, and multiple triggers can be combined using the `&&`
+operator to form a bigger AND condition.
 
-Triggers are subdivided into event triggers and property triggers.
+There are two types of triggers: event triggers and action triggers.
+An action can have multiple property triggers but may have only one
+event trigger.
 
-Event triggers are strings triggered by the 'trigger' command or by
-the QueueEventTrigger() function within the init executable.  These
-take the form of a simple string such as 'boot' or 'late-init'.
+An event trigger takes the simple form of `<event>` where `<event>` is
+the name of a boot stage like `early-init` or `boot`. This trigger
+is satisfied when init reaches the stage via the `trigger` command or
+by the `QueueEventTrigger()` function in the init executable.
 
-Property triggers are strings triggered when a named property changes
-value to a given new value or when a named property changes value to
-any new value.  These take the form of 'property:<name>=<value>' and
-'property:<name>=\*' respectively.  Property triggers are additionally
-evaluated and triggered accordingly during the initial boot phase of
-init.
+A property trigger takes the form of `property:<name>=<value>`. This
+trigger is satisfied when the property of name `<name>` is found to
+have the value of `<value>` when the check is made. The `<value>` part
+can be `\*` to match with any value.
 
-An Action can have multiple property triggers but may only have one
-event trigger.
+The check for property trigger is made in the following cases:
 
-For example:
-`on boot && property:a=b` defines an action that is only executed when
-the 'boot' event trigger happens and the property a equals b at the moment. This
-will NOT be executed when the property a transitions to value b after the `boot`
-event was triggered.
+* All property triggers get checked at least once when the `boot`
+  event is finished (i.e. when the last command under `on boot ...` is
+finished).
+
+* After the one-time check, `property:a=b` is checked when property `a`
+  is newly created, or when the property is set to a new value.
+
+* Property triggers are also checked when other triggers in the same
+  action are checked. For example, `property:a=b && property:c=d` is
+checked not only when property `a` gets a new value, but also when
+property `c` gets a new value (and of course when the one-time check
+is made).
+
+* Before the one-time check, `property:a=b` without an event trigger
+  is NOT checked, even if property `a` gets a new value. Care must be
+taken since this is a non-intuitive behavior, which unfortunately
+can't be changed due to compatibility concerns.
+
+Some examples:
+
+`on property:a=b` is executed in two cases:
+
+1. during the one-time check if property `a` is `b` at the moment.
+2. if property `a` is set to or changed to `b` after the one-time
+   check, but not before then.
+
+`on property:a=b && property:c=d` is executed in three cases:
 
-`on property:a=b && property:c=d` defines an action that is executed
-at three times:
+1. during the one-time check if property `a` is `b` and property `c`
+   is `d` at the moment.
+2. (after the one-time check) property `a` becomes `b` while property
+   `c` already equals to `d`.
+3. (after the one-time check) property `c` becomes `d` while property
+   `a` already equals to `b`.
 
-   1. During initial boot if property a=b and property c=d.
-   2. Any time that property a transitions to value b, while property c already equals d.
-   3. Any time that property c transitions to value d, while property a already equals b.
+`on property:a=b && post-fs` is executed in one case only:
 
+1. `post-fs` is triggered while property `a` already equals to `b`.
+   This is NOT executed when property `a` becomes `b` AFTER `post-fs`.
 
 Trigger Sequence
 ----------------
@@ -496,9 +538,12 @@ have been omitted.
    4. `late-fs` - Mount partitions marked as latemounted.
    5. `post-fs-data` - Mount and configure `/data`; set up encryption. `/metadata` is
       reformatted here if it couldn't mount in first-stage init.
-   6. `zygote-start` - Start the zygote.
-   7. `early-boot` - After zygote has started.
-   8. `boot` - After `early-boot` actions have completed.
+   6. `post-fs-data-checkpointed` - Triggered when vold has completed committing a checkpoint
+      after an OTA update. Not triggered if checkpointing is not needed or supported.
+   7. `bpf-progs-loaded` - Starts things that want to start ASAP but need eBPF (incl. netd)
+   8. `zygote-start` - Start the zygote.
+   9. `early-boot` - After zygote has started.
+  10. `boot` - After `early-boot` actions have completed.
 
 Commands
 --------
@@ -631,7 +676,7 @@ provides the `aidl_lazy_test_1` interface.
   Properties are expanded within _level_.
 
 `mark_post_data`
-> Used to mark the point right after /data is mounted.
+> (This action is deprecated and no-op.)
 
 `mkdir <path> [<mode>] [<owner>] [<group>] [encryption=<action>] [key=<key>]`
 > Create a directory at _path_, optionally with the given mode, owner, and
@@ -671,11 +716,12 @@ provides the `aidl_lazy_test_1` interface.
   _options_ include "barrier=1", "noauto\_da\_alloc", "discard", ... as
   a comma separated string, e.g. barrier=1,noauto\_da\_alloc
 
-`perform_apex_config`
+`perform_apex_config [--bootstrap]`
 > Performs tasks after APEXes are mounted. For example, creates data directories
   for the mounted APEXes, parses config file(s) from them, and updates linker
   configurations. Intended to be used only once when apexd notifies the mount
   event by setting `apexd.status` to ready.
+  Use --bootstrap when invoking in the bootstrap mount namespace.
 
 `restart [--only-if-running] <service>`
 > Stops and restarts a running service, does nothing if the service is currently
@@ -739,6 +785,19 @@ provides the `aidl_lazy_test_1` interface.
   fstab.${ro.hardware} or fstab.${ro.hardware.platform} will be scanned for
   under /odm/etc, /vendor/etc, or / at runtime, in that order.
 
+> swapon_all is deprecated and will do nothing if `mmd_enabled` AConfig flag
+  in `system_performance` namespace and `mmd.zram.enabled` sysprop are enabled.
+  OEMs, who decided to use mmd to manage zram, must remove zram entry from fstab
+  or remove swapon_all call from their init script.
+
+> swapon_all continues to support setting up non-zram swap devices.
+
+> swapon_all on recovery mode continues to support setting up zram because mmd
+  does not support the recovery mode.
+
+`swapoff <path>`
+> Stops swapping to the file or block device specified by path.
+
 `symlink <target> <path>`
 > Create a symbolic link at _path_ with the value _target_
 
@@ -782,7 +841,6 @@ provides the `aidl_lazy_test_1` interface.
   If the file does not exist, it will be created. If it does exist,
   it will be truncated. Properties are expanded within _content_.
 
-
 Imports
 -------
 `import <path>`
@@ -913,26 +971,13 @@ Init records some boot timing information in system properties.
 
 Bootcharting
 ------------
-This version of init contains code to perform "bootcharting": generating log
-files that can be later processed by the tools provided by <http://www.bootchart.org/>.
+Bootchart provides CPU and I/O load breakdown of all processes for the whole system.
+Refer to the instructions at
+ <https://source.android.com/docs/core/perf/boot-times#bootchart>.
 
 On the emulator, use the -bootchart _timeout_ option to boot with bootcharting
 activated for _timeout_ seconds.
 
-On a device:
-
-    adb shell 'touch /data/bootchart/enabled'
-
-Don't forget to delete this file when you're done collecting data!
-
-The log files are written to /data/bootchart/. A script is provided to
-retrieve them and create a bootchart.tgz file that can be used with the
-bootchart command-line utility:
-
-    sudo apt-get install pybootchartgui
-    # grab-bootchart.sh uses $ANDROID_SERIAL.
-    $ANDROID_BUILD_TOP/system/core/init/grab-bootchart.sh
-
 One thing to watch for is that the bootchart will show init as if it started
 running at 0s. You'll have to look at dmesg to work out when the kernel
 actually started init.
diff --git a/init/README.ueventd.md b/init/README.ueventd.md
index 3c7107a4d1b8..0e84c6f5fc63 100644
--- a/init/README.ueventd.md
+++ b/init/README.ueventd.md
@@ -39,6 +39,33 @@ for the node path:
      `device_id` is `uevent MINOR % 128 + 1`.
   3. All other devices are created as `/dev/<basename uevent DEVPATH>`
 
+Whether a device is considered a "boot device" is a bit complicated.
+
+ - The recommended way to specify the boot device is to provide the "partition UUID" containing the
+   kernel (or, really, any parition on the boot device) and then boot device is the block device
+   containing that partition. This is passed via `androidboot.boot_part_uuid` which can be provided
+   either via the kernel bootconfig or via the kernel commandline. As an example, you could set
+   `androidboot.boot_part_uuid=12345678-abcd-ef01-0234-6789abcdef01`.
+ - Though using `boot_part_uuid` is preferred, you can also specify the boot device via
+   `androidboot.boot_device` or `androidboot.boot_devices`. These can be passed via the kernel
+   bootconfig or the kernel command line. It is also possible to pass this via device tree by
+   creating a `boot_devices` property in the Android firmware node. In most cases the `boot_device`
+   is the sysfs path (without the `/sys/devices` or `/sys/devices/platform` prefix) to the closest
+   parent of the block device that's on the "platform" bus. As an example, if the block device is
+   `/sys/devices/platform/soc@0/7c4000.mmc/mmc_host/mmc1/mmc1:0001/block/mmcblk1` then the
+   `boot_device` is `soc@0/7c4000.mmc` since we strip off the `/sys/devices/platform` and nothing
+   past the `7c4000.mmc` directory represents a device on the "platform" bus. In the case that none
+   of the parents are on the "platform" bus there are special rules for block devices under PCI
+   and VBD (Virtual Block Device). NOTE: sysfs paths for block devices are not guaranteed to be
+   stable between kernel versions, which is one of the reasons why it is suggested to use
+   `boot_part_uuid` instead of `boot_devices`. ALSO NOTE: If more than one device matches (either
+   because multiple `boot_devices` were listed or because there was more than one block device
+   under the found sysfs directory) and these multiple matching devices provide some of the same
+   named partitions then the behavior is unspecified.
+ - There is a further fallback to determine "boot devices" via the vstab, but providing at least
+   `boot_devices` has been required since Android 12 so this further fallback will not be described
+   here.
+
 The permissions can be modified using a ueventd.rc script and a line that beings with `/dev`. These
 lines take the format of
 
@@ -49,19 +76,20 @@ For example
 When `/dev/null` is created, its mode will be set to `0666`, its user to `root` and its group to
 `root`.
 
-The path can be modified using a ueventd.rc script and a `subsystem` section. There are three to set
-for a subsystem: the subsystem name, which device name to use, and which directory to place the
-device in. The section takes the below format of
+The path can be modified using a ueventd.rc script and a `subsystem` and/or `driver` section.
+There are three options to set for a subsystem or driver: the name, which device name to use,
+and which directory to place the device in. The section takes the below format of
 
     subsystem <subsystem_name>
       devname uevent_devname|uevent_devpath
       [dirname <directory>]
 
-`subsystem_name` is used to match uevent `SUBSYSTEM` value
+`subsystem_name` is used to match the uevent `SUBSYSTEM` value.
 
-`devname` takes one of two options
+`devname` takes one of three options:
   1. `uevent_devname` specifies that the name of the node will be the uevent `DEVNAME`
-  2. `uevent_devpath` specified that the name of the node will be basename uevent `DEVPATH`
+  2. `uevent_devpath` specifies that the name of the node will be basename uevent `DEVPATH`
+  3. `sys_name` specifies that the name of the node will be the contents of `/sys/DEVPATH/name`
 
 `dirname` is an optional parameter that specifies a directory within `/dev` where the node will be
 created.
@@ -71,9 +99,13 @@ For example
     subsystem sound
       devname uevent_devpath
       dirname /dev/snd
-Indicates that all uevents with `SUBSYSTEM=sound` will create nodes as `/dev/snd/<basename uevent
+indicates that all uevents with `SUBSYSTEM=sound` will create nodes as `/dev/snd/<basename uevent
 DEVPATH>`.
 
+The `driver` section has the exact same structure as a `subsystem` section, but
+will instead match the `DRIVER` value in a `bind`/`unbind` uevent. However, the
+`driver` section will be ignored for block devices.
+
 ## /sys
 ----
 Ueventd by default takes no action for `/sys`, however it can be instructed to set permissions for
diff --git a/init/TEST_MAPPING b/init/TEST_MAPPING
index 402b501b9a67..36ca3793bcf9 100644
--- a/init/TEST_MAPPING
+++ b/init/TEST_MAPPING
@@ -8,14 +8,6 @@
     },
     {
       "name": "MicrodroidHostTestCases"
-    },
-    {
-      "name": "CtsSecurityHostTestCases",
-      "options": [
-        {
-          "include-filter": "android.security.cts.SeamendcHostTest"
-        }
-      ]
     }
   ],
   "hwasan-presubmit": [
@@ -27,14 +19,6 @@
     },
     {
       "name": "MicrodroidHostTestCases"
-    },
-    {
-      "name": "CtsSecurityHostTestCases",
-      "options": [
-        {
-          "include-filter": "android.security.cts.SeamendcHostTest"
-        }
-      ]
     }
   ]
 }
diff --git a/init/apex_init_util.cpp b/init/apex_init_util.cpp
index c818f8fe9e3a..809c805c42a3 100644
--- a/init/apex_init_util.cpp
+++ b/init/apex_init_util.cpp
@@ -16,13 +16,15 @@
 
 #include "apex_init_util.h"
 
+#include <dirent.h>
 #include <glob.h>
 
+#include <set>
 #include <vector>
 
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
-#include <android-base/result.h>
 #include <android-base/properties.h>
+#include <android-base/result.h>
 #include <android-base/strings.h>
 
 #include "action_manager.h"
@@ -34,10 +36,13 @@
 namespace android {
 namespace init {
 
-static Result<std::vector<std::string>> CollectApexConfigs(const std::string& apex_name) {
+static Result<std::vector<std::string>> CollectRcScriptsFromApex(
+        const std::string& apex_name, const std::set<std::string>& skip_apexes) {
     glob_t glob_result;
-    std::string glob_pattern = apex_name.empty() ?
-            "/apex/*/etc/*rc" : "/apex/" + apex_name + "/etc/*rc";
+    // Pattern uses "*rc" instead of ".rc" because APEXes can have versioned RC files
+    // like foo.34rc.
+    std::string glob_pattern =
+            apex_name.empty() ? "/apex/*/etc/*rc" : "/apex/" + apex_name + "/etc/*rc";
 
     const int ret = glob(glob_pattern.c_str(), GLOB_MARK, nullptr, &glob_result);
     if (ret != 0 && ret != GLOB_NOMATCH) {
@@ -47,15 +52,28 @@ static Result<std::vector<std::string>> CollectApexConfigs(const std::string& ap
     std::vector<std::string> configs;
     for (size_t i = 0; i < glob_result.gl_pathc; i++) {
         std::string path = glob_result.gl_pathv[i];
-        // Filter-out /apex/<name>@<ver> paths. The paths are bind-mounted to
+
+        // Filter out directories
+        if (path.back() == '/') {
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        // Get apex name from path.
+        std::vector<std::string> paths = android::base::Split(path, "/");
+        if (paths.size() < 3) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        const std::string& apex_name = paths[2];
+
+        // Filter out /apex/<name>@<ver> paths. The paths are bind-mounted to
         // /apex/<name> paths, so unless we filter them out, we will parse the
         // same file twice.
-        std::vector<std::string> paths = android::base::Split(path, "/");
-        if (paths.size() >= 3 && paths[2].find('@') != std::string::npos) {
+        if (apex_name.find('@') != std::string::npos) {
             continue;
         }
-        // Filter directories
-        if (path.back() == '/') {
+
+        // Filter out skip_set apexes
+        if (skip_apexes.count(apex_name) > 0) {
             continue;
         }
         configs.push_back(path);
@@ -64,11 +82,49 @@ static Result<std::vector<std::string>> CollectApexConfigs(const std::string& ap
     return configs;
 }
 
-static Result<void> ParseConfigs(const std::vector<std::string>& configs) {
+std::set<std::string> GetApexListFrom(const std::string& apex_dir) {
+    std::set<std::string> apex_list;
+    auto dirp = std::unique_ptr<DIR, int (*)(DIR*)>(opendir(apex_dir.c_str()), closedir);
+    if (!dirp) {
+        return apex_list;
+    }
+    struct dirent* entry;
+    while ((entry = readdir(dirp.get())) != nullptr) {
+        if (entry->d_type != DT_DIR) continue;
+
+        const char* name = entry->d_name;
+        if (name[0] == '.') continue;
+        if (strchr(name, '@') != nullptr) continue;
+        if (strcmp(name, "sharedlibs") == 0) continue;
+        apex_list.insert(name);
+    }
+    return apex_list;
+}
+
+static int GetCurrentSdk() {
+    bool is_preview = base::GetProperty("ro.build.version.codename", "") != "REL";
+    if (is_preview) {
+        return __ANDROID_API_FUTURE__;
+    }
+    return android::base::GetIntProperty("ro.build.version.sdk", __ANDROID_API_FUTURE__);
+}
+
+static Result<void> ParseRcScripts(const std::vector<std::string>& files) {
+    if (files.empty()) {
+        return {};
+    }
+    // APEXes can have versioned RC files. These should be filtered based on
+    // SDK version.
+    static int sdk = GetCurrentSdk();
+    auto filtered = FilterVersionedConfigs(files, sdk);
+    if (filtered.empty()) {
+        return {};
+    }
+
     Parser parser =
             CreateApexConfigParser(ActionManager::GetInstance(), ServiceList::GetInstance());
     std::vector<std::string> errors;
-    for (const auto& c : configs) {
+    for (const auto& c : filtered) {
         auto result = parser.ParseConfigFile(c);
         // We should handle other config files even when there's an error.
         if (!result.ok()) {
@@ -81,16 +137,21 @@ static Result<void> ParseConfigs(const std::vector<std::string>& configs) {
     return {};
 }
 
-Result<void> ParseApexConfigs(const std::string& apex_name) {
-    auto configs = OR_RETURN(CollectApexConfigs(apex_name));
+Result<void> ParseRcScriptsFromApex(const std::string& apex_name) {
+    auto configs = OR_RETURN(CollectRcScriptsFromApex(apex_name, /*skip_apexes=*/{}));
+    return ParseRcScripts(configs);
+}
 
-    if (configs.empty()) {
-        return {};
+Result<void> ParseRcScriptsFromAllApexes(bool bootstrap) {
+    std::set<std::string> skip_apexes;
+    if (!bootstrap) {
+        // In case we already loaded config files from bootstrap APEXes, we need to avoid loading
+        // them again. We can get the list of bootstrap APEXes by scanning /bootstrap-apex and
+        // skip them in CollectRcScriptsFromApex.
+        skip_apexes = GetApexListFrom("/bootstrap-apex");
     }
-
-    auto filtered_configs = FilterVersionedConfigs(configs,
-                                    android::base::GetIntProperty("ro.build.version.sdk", INT_MAX));
-    return ParseConfigs(filtered_configs);
+    auto configs = OR_RETURN(CollectRcScriptsFromApex(/*apex_name=*/"", skip_apexes));
+    return ParseRcScripts(configs);
 }
 
 }  // namespace init
diff --git a/init/apex_init_util.h b/init/apex_init_util.h
index 43f8ad5eb64d..75dfee1ae4a4 100644
--- a/init/apex_init_util.h
+++ b/init/apex_init_util.h
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 
 #pragma once
 
+#include <set>
 #include <string>
 #include <vector>
 
@@ -24,9 +25,14 @@
 namespace android {
 namespace init {
 
-// Parse all config files for a given apex.
-// If apex name is empty(""), config files for all apexes will be parsed.
-Result<void> ParseApexConfigs(const std::string& apex_name);
+// Scans apex_dir (/apex) to get the list of active APEXes.
+std::set<std::string> GetApexListFrom(const std::string& apex_dir);
+
+// Parse all RC scripts for a given apex.
+Result<void> ParseRcScriptsFromApex(const std::string& apex_name);
+
+// Parse all RC scripts for all apexes under /apex.
+Result<void> ParseRcScriptsFromAllApexes(bool bootstrap);
 
 }  // namespace init
 }  // namespace android
diff --git a/init/block_dev_initializer.cpp b/init/block_dev_initializer.cpp
index 05e00edfda22..deb68e9ac2fc 100644
--- a/init/block_dev_initializer.cpp
+++ b/init/block_dev_initializer.cpp
@@ -33,7 +33,50 @@ BlockDevInitializer::BlockDevInitializer() : uevent_listener_(16 * 1024 * 1024)
     auto boot_devices = android::fs_mgr::GetBootDevices();
     device_handler_ = std::make_unique<DeviceHandler>(
             std::vector<Permissions>{}, std::vector<SysfsPermissions>{}, std::vector<Subsystem>{},
-            std::move(boot_devices), false);
+            std::vector<Subsystem>{}, std::move(boot_devices), android::fs_mgr::GetBootPartUuid(),
+            false);
+}
+
+// If boot_part_uuid is specified, use it to set boot_devices
+//
+// When `androidboot.boot_part_uuid` is specified then that's the partition UUID
+// of the kernel. Look for that partition and then set `boot_devices` to be
+// exactly one item: the block device containing that partition.
+//
+// NOTE that `boot_part_uuid` is only specified on newer devices. Older devices
+// specified `boot_devices` directly.
+bool BlockDevInitializer::InitBootDevicesFromPartUuid() {
+    bool uuid_check_done = false;
+
+    auto boot_part_callback = [&, this](const Uevent& uevent) -> ListenerAction {
+        uuid_check_done = device_handler_->CheckUeventForBootPartUuid(uevent);
+        return uuid_check_done ? ListenerAction::kStop : ListenerAction::kContinue;
+    };
+
+    // Re-run already arrived uevents looking for the boot partition UUID.
+    //
+    // NOTE: If we're not using the boot partition UUID to find the boot
+    // device then the first uevent we analyze will cause us to stop looking
+    // and set `uuid_check_done`. This will shortcut all of the UUID logic.
+    // Replaying one uevent is not expected to be slow.
+    uevent_listener_.RegenerateUevents(boot_part_callback);
+
+    // If we're not done looking, poll for uevents for longer
+    if (!uuid_check_done) {
+        Timer t;
+        uevent_listener_.Poll(boot_part_callback, 10s);
+        LOG(INFO) << "Wait for boot partition returned after " << t;
+    }
+
+    // Give a nicer error message if we were expecting to find the kernel boot
+    // partition but didn't. Later code would fail too but the message there
+    // is a bit further from the root cause of the problem.
+    if (!uuid_check_done) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << __PRETTY_FUNCTION__ << ": boot partition not found after polling timeout.";
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    return true;
 }
 
 bool BlockDevInitializer::InitDeviceMapper() {
@@ -98,11 +141,43 @@ ListenerAction BlockDevInitializer::HandleUevent(const Uevent& uevent,
 
     LOG(VERBOSE) << __PRETTY_FUNCTION__ << ": found partition: " << name;
 
-    devices->erase(iter);
+    // Remove the partition from the list of partitions we're waiting for.
+    //
+    // Partitions that we're waiting for here are expected to be on the boot
+    // device, so only remove from the list if they're on the boot device.
+    // This prevents us from being confused if there are multiple disks (some
+    // perhaps connected via USB) that have matching partition names.
+    //
+    // ...but...
+    //
+    // Some products (especialy emulators) don't seem to set up boot_devices
+    // or possibly not all the partitions that we need to wait for are on the
+    // specified boot device. Thus, only require partitions to be on the boot
+    // device in "strict" mode, which should be used on newer systems.
+    if (device_handler_->IsBootDevice(uevent) || !device_handler_->IsBootDeviceStrict()) {
+        devices->erase(iter);
+    }
+
     device_handler_->HandleUevent(uevent);
     return devices->empty() ? ListenerAction::kStop : ListenerAction::kContinue;
 }
 
+// Wait for partitions that are expected to be on the "boot device" to initialize.
+//
+// Wait (for up to 10 seconds) for partitions passed in `devices` to show up.
+// All block devices found while waiting will be initialized, which includes
+// creating symlinks for them in /dev/block. Once all `devices` are found we'll
+// return success (true). If any devices aren't found we'll return failure
+// (false). As devices are found they will be removed from `devices`.
+//
+// The contents of `devices` is the names of the partitions. This can be:
+// - The `partition_name` reported by a uevent, or the final component in the
+//   `path` reported by a uevent if the `partition_name` is blank.
+// - The result of DeviceHandler::GetPartitionNameForDevice() on the
+//   `device_name` reported by a uevent.
+//
+// NOTE: on newer systems partitions _must_ be on the "boot device". See
+// comments inside HandleUevent().
 bool BlockDevInitializer::InitDevices(std::set<std::string> devices) {
     auto uevent_callback = [&, this](const Uevent& uevent) -> ListenerAction {
         return HandleUevent(uevent, &devices);
@@ -132,11 +207,23 @@ bool BlockDevInitializer::InitDevices(std::set<std::string> devices) {
 bool BlockDevInitializer::InitDmDevice(const std::string& device) {
     const std::string device_name(basename(device.c_str()));
     const std::string syspath = "/sys/block/" + device_name;
+    return InitDevice(syspath, device_name);
+}
+
+bool BlockDevInitializer::InitPlatformDevice(const std::string& dev_name) {
+    return InitDevice("/sys/devices/platform", dev_name);
+}
+
+bool BlockDevInitializer::InitHvcDevice(const std::string& dev_name) {
+    return InitDevice("/sys/devices/virtual/tty", dev_name);
+}
+
+bool BlockDevInitializer::InitDevice(const std::string& syspath, const std::string& device_name) {
     bool found = false;
 
-    auto uevent_callback = [&device_name, &device, this, &found](const Uevent& uevent) {
+    auto uevent_callback = [&device_name, this, &found](const Uevent& uevent) {
         if (uevent.device_name == device_name) {
-            LOG(VERBOSE) << "Creating device-mapper device : " << device;
+            LOG(VERBOSE) << "Creating device : " << device_name;
             device_handler_->HandleUevent(uevent);
             found = true;
             return ListenerAction::kStop;
@@ -146,13 +233,13 @@ bool BlockDevInitializer::InitDmDevice(const std::string& device) {
 
     uevent_listener_.RegenerateUeventsForPath(syspath, uevent_callback);
     if (!found) {
-        LOG(INFO) << "dm device '" << device << "' not found in /sys, waiting for its uevent";
+        LOG(INFO) << "device '" << device_name << "' not found in /sys, waiting for its uevent";
         Timer t;
         uevent_listener_.Poll(uevent_callback, 10s);
-        LOG(INFO) << "wait for dm device '" << device << "' returned after " << t;
+        LOG(INFO) << "wait for device '" << device_name << "' returned after " << t;
     }
     if (!found) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "dm device '" << device << "' not found after polling timeout";
+        LOG(ERROR) << "device '" << device_name << "' not found after polling timeout";
         return false;
     }
     return true;
diff --git a/init/block_dev_initializer.h b/init/block_dev_initializer.h
index ec39ce084d10..25107c97f5b2 100644
--- a/init/block_dev_initializer.h
+++ b/init/block_dev_initializer.h
@@ -24,19 +24,24 @@
 namespace android {
 namespace init {
 
+// TODO: should this be renamed to FirstStageDevInitialize?
 class BlockDevInitializer final {
   public:
     BlockDevInitializer();
 
+    bool InitBootDevicesFromPartUuid();
     bool InitDeviceMapper();
     bool InitDmUser(const std::string& name);
     bool InitDevices(std::set<std::string> devices);
     bool InitDmDevice(const std::string& device);
+    bool InitPlatformDevice(const std::string& device);
+    bool InitHvcDevice(const std::string& device);
 
   private:
     ListenerAction HandleUevent(const Uevent& uevent, std::set<std::string>* devices);
 
     bool InitMiscDevice(const std::string& name);
+    bool InitDevice(const std::string& syspath, const std::string& device);
 
     std::unique_ptr<DeviceHandler> device_handler_;
     UeventListener uevent_listener_;
diff --git a/init/builtins.cpp b/init/builtins.cpp
index 585eca25da88..38aed9c64c52 100644
--- a/init/builtins.cpp
+++ b/init/builtins.cpp
@@ -36,6 +36,7 @@
 #include <sys/resource.h>
 #include <sys/socket.h>
 #include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <sys/swap.h>
 #include <sys/syscall.h>
 #include <sys/system_properties.h>
 #include <sys/time.h>
@@ -46,7 +47,6 @@
 #include <map>
 #include <memory>
 
-#include <InitProperties.sysprop.h>
 #include <android-base/chrono_utils.h>
 #include <android-base/file.h>
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
@@ -471,12 +471,11 @@ static struct {
     { "private",    MS_PRIVATE },
     { "slave",      MS_SLAVE },
     { "shared",     MS_SHARED },
+    { "nosymfollow", MS_NOSYMFOLLOW },
     { "defaults",   0 },
     { 0,            0 },
 };
 
-#define DATA_MNT_POINT "/data"
-
 /* mount <type> <device> <path> <flags ...> <options> */
 static Result<void> do_mount(const BuiltinArguments& args) {
     const char* options = nullptr;
@@ -577,7 +576,7 @@ static void import_late(const std::vector<std::string>& rc_paths) {
  *
  * return code is processed based on input code
  */
-static Result<void> queue_fs_event(int code, bool userdata_remount) {
+static Result<void> queue_fs_event(int code) {
     if (code == FS_MGR_MNTALL_DEV_NOT_ENCRYPTABLE) {
         SetProperty("ro.crypto.state", "unsupported");
         ActionManager::GetInstance().QueueEventTrigger("nonencrypted");
@@ -591,30 +590,9 @@ static Result<void> queue_fs_event(int code, bool userdata_remount) {
         const std::vector<std::string> options = {"--wipe_data", "--reason=fs_mgr_mount_all" };
         return reboot_into_recovery(options);
         /* If reboot worked, there is no return. */
-    } else if (code == FS_MGR_MNTALL_DEV_FILE_ENCRYPTED) {
-        if (!FscryptInstallKeyring()) {
-            return Error() << "FscryptInstallKeyring() failed";
-        }
-        SetProperty("ro.crypto.state", "encrypted");
-
-        // Although encrypted, we have device key, so we do not need to
-        // do anything different from the nonencrypted case.
-        ActionManager::GetInstance().QueueEventTrigger("nonencrypted");
-        return {};
-    } else if (code == FS_MGR_MNTALL_DEV_IS_METADATA_ENCRYPTED) {
-        if (!FscryptInstallKeyring()) {
-            return Error() << "FscryptInstallKeyring() failed";
-        }
-        SetProperty("ro.crypto.state", "encrypted");
-
-        // Although encrypted, vold has already set the device up, so we do not need to
-        // do anything different from the nonencrypted case.
-        ActionManager::GetInstance().QueueEventTrigger("nonencrypted");
-        return {};
-    } else if (code == FS_MGR_MNTALL_DEV_NEEDS_METADATA_ENCRYPTION) {
-        if (!FscryptInstallKeyring()) {
-            return Error() << "FscryptInstallKeyring() failed";
-        }
+    } else if (code == FS_MGR_MNTALL_DEV_FILE_ENCRYPTED ||
+               code == FS_MGR_MNTALL_DEV_IS_METADATA_ENCRYPTED ||
+               code == FS_MGR_MNTALL_DEV_NEEDS_METADATA_ENCRYPTION) {
         SetProperty("ro.crypto.state", "encrypted");
 
         // Although encrypted, vold has already set the device up, so we do not need to
@@ -629,8 +607,6 @@ static Result<void> queue_fs_event(int code, bool userdata_remount) {
     return Error() << "Invalid code: " << code;
 }
 
-static int initial_mount_fstab_return_code = -1;
-
 /* <= Q: mount_all <fstab> [ <path> ]* [--<options>]*
  * >= R: mount_all [ <fstab> ] [--<options>]*
  *
@@ -671,19 +647,10 @@ static Result<void> do_mount_all(const BuiltinArguments& args) {
         import_late(mount_all->rc_paths);
     }
 
-    if (mount_fstab_result.userdata_mounted) {
-        // This call to fs_mgr_mount_all mounted userdata. Keep the result in
-        // order for userspace reboot to correctly remount userdata.
-        LOG(INFO) << "Userdata mounted using "
-                  << (mount_all->fstab_path.empty() ? "(default fstab)" : mount_all->fstab_path)
-                  << " result : " << mount_fstab_result.code;
-        initial_mount_fstab_return_code = mount_fstab_result.code;
-    }
-
     if (queue_event) {
         /* queue_fs_event will queue event based on mount_fstab return code
          * and return processed return code*/
-        auto queue_fs_result = queue_fs_event(mount_fstab_result.code, false);
+        auto queue_fs_result = queue_fs_event(mount_fstab_result);
         if (!queue_fs_result.ok()) {
             return Error() << "queue_fs_event() failed: " << queue_fs_result.error();
         }
@@ -764,6 +731,7 @@ static Result<void> do_setrlimit(const BuiltinArguments& args) {
 static Result<void> do_start(const BuiltinArguments& args) {
     Service* svc = ServiceList::GetInstance().FindService(args[1]);
     if (!svc) return Error() << "service " << args[1] << " not found";
+    errno = 0;
     if (auto result = svc->Start(); !result.ok()) {
         return ErrorIgnoreEnoent() << "Could not start service: " << result.error();
     }
@@ -1170,29 +1138,19 @@ static Result<void> ExecWithFunctionOnFailure(const std::vector<std::string>& ar
 }
 
 static Result<void> ExecVdcRebootOnFailure(const std::string& vdc_arg) {
-    bool should_reboot_into_recovery = true;
     auto reboot_reason = vdc_arg + "_failed";
-    if (android::sysprop::InitProperties::userspace_reboot_in_progress().value_or(false)) {
-        should_reboot_into_recovery = false;
-        reboot_reason = "userspace_failed," + vdc_arg;
-    }
 
-    auto reboot = [reboot_reason, should_reboot_into_recovery](const std::string& message) {
+    auto reboot = [reboot_reason](const std::string& message) {
         // TODO (b/122850122): support this in gsi
-        if (should_reboot_into_recovery) {
-            if (IsFbeEnabled() && !android::gsi::IsGsiRunning()) {
-                LOG(ERROR) << message << ": Rebooting into recovery, reason: " << reboot_reason;
-                if (auto result = reboot_into_recovery(
-                            {"--prompt_and_wipe_data", "--reason="s + reboot_reason});
-                    !result.ok()) {
-                    LOG(FATAL) << "Could not reboot into recovery: " << result.error();
-                }
-            } else {
-                LOG(ERROR) << "Failure (reboot suppressed): " << reboot_reason;
+        if (IsFbeEnabled() && !android::gsi::IsGsiRunning()) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << message << ": Rebooting into recovery, reason: " << reboot_reason;
+            if (auto result = reboot_into_recovery(
+                        {"--prompt_and_wipe_data", "--reason="s + reboot_reason});
+                !result.ok()) {
+                LOG(FATAL) << "Could not reboot into recovery: " << result.error();
             }
         } else {
-            LOG(ERROR) << message << ": rebooting, reason: " << reboot_reason;
-            trigger_shutdown("reboot," + reboot_reason);
+            LOG(ERROR) << "Failure (reboot suppressed): " << reboot_reason;
         }
     };
 
@@ -1200,29 +1158,6 @@ static Result<void> ExecVdcRebootOnFailure(const std::string& vdc_arg) {
     return ExecWithFunctionOnFailure(args, reboot);
 }
 
-static Result<void> do_remount_userdata(const BuiltinArguments& args) {
-    if (initial_mount_fstab_return_code == -1) {
-        return Error() << "Calling remount_userdata too early";
-    }
-    Fstab fstab;
-    if (!ReadDefaultFstab(&fstab)) {
-        // TODO(b/135984674): should we reboot here?
-        return Error() << "Failed to read fstab";
-    }
-    // TODO(b/135984674): check that fstab contains /data.
-    if (auto rc = fs_mgr_remount_userdata_into_checkpointing(&fstab); rc < 0) {
-        std::string proc_mounts_output;
-        android::base::ReadFileToString("/proc/mounts", &proc_mounts_output, true);
-        android::base::WriteStringToFile(proc_mounts_output,
-                                         "/metadata/userspacereboot/mount_info.txt");
-        trigger_shutdown("reboot,mount_userdata_failed");
-    }
-    if (auto result = queue_fs_event(initial_mount_fstab_return_code, true); !result.ok()) {
-        return Error() << "queue_fs_event() failed: " << result.error();
-    }
-    return {};
-}
-
 static Result<void> do_installkey(const BuiltinArguments& args) {
     if (!is_file_crypto()) return {};
 
@@ -1238,8 +1173,7 @@ static Result<void> do_init_user0(const BuiltinArguments& args) {
 }
 
 static Result<void> do_mark_post_data(const BuiltinArguments& args) {
-    ServiceList::GetInstance().MarkPostData();
-
+    LOG(INFO) << "deprecated action `mark_post_data` called.";
     return {};
 }
 
@@ -1287,37 +1221,33 @@ static Result<void> do_update_linker_config(const BuiltinArguments&) {
 /*
  * Creates a directory under /data/misc/apexdata/ for each APEX.
  */
-static Result<void> create_apex_data_dirs() {
-    auto dirp = std::unique_ptr<DIR, int (*)(DIR*)>(opendir("/apex"), closedir);
-    if (!dirp) {
-        return ErrnoError() << "Unable to open apex directory";
-    }
-    struct dirent* entry;
-    while ((entry = readdir(dirp.get())) != nullptr) {
-        if (entry->d_type != DT_DIR) continue;
-
-        const char* name = entry->d_name;
-        // skip any starting with "."
-        if (name[0] == '.') continue;
-
-        if (strchr(name, '@') != nullptr) continue;
-
-        auto path = "/data/misc/apexdata/" + std::string(name);
+static void create_apex_data_dirs() {
+    for (const auto& name : GetApexListFrom("/apex")) {
+        auto path = "/data/misc/apexdata/" + name;
         auto options = MkdirOptions{path, 0771, AID_ROOT, AID_SYSTEM, FscryptAction::kNone, "ref"};
-        make_dir_with_options(options);
+        auto result = make_dir_with_options(options);
+        if (!result.ok()) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << result.error();
+        }
     }
-    return {};
 }
 
 static Result<void> do_perform_apex_config(const BuiltinArguments& args) {
-    auto create_dirs = create_apex_data_dirs();
-    if (!create_dirs.ok()) {
-        return create_dirs.error();
+    bool bootstrap = false;
+    if (args.size() == 2) {
+        if (args[1] != "--bootstrap") {
+            return Error() << "Unexpected argument: " << args[1];
+        }
+        bootstrap = true;
     }
-    auto parse_configs = ParseApexConfigs(/*apex_name=*/"");
-    ServiceList::GetInstance().MarkServicesUpdate();
-    if (!parse_configs.ok()) {
-        return parse_configs.error();
+
+    if (!bootstrap) {
+        create_apex_data_dirs();
+    }
+
+    auto parse_result = ParseRcScriptsFromAllApexes(bootstrap);
+    if (!parse_result.ok()) {
+        return parse_result.error();
     }
 
     auto update_linker_config = do_update_linker_config(args);
@@ -1325,6 +1255,9 @@ static Result<void> do_perform_apex_config(const BuiltinArguments& args) {
         return update_linker_config.error();
     }
 
+    if (!bootstrap) {
+        ServiceList::GetInstance().StartDelayedServices();
+    }
     return {};
 }
 
@@ -1339,6 +1272,13 @@ static Result<void> do_enter_default_mount_ns(const BuiltinArguments& args) {
     return {};
 }
 
+static Result<void> do_swapoff(const BuiltinArguments& args) {
+    if (!swapoff(args[1].c_str())) {
+        return ErrnoError() << "swapoff() failed";
+    }
+    return {};
+}
+
 // Builtin-function-map start
 const BuiltinFunctionMap& GetBuiltinFunctionMap() {
     constexpr std::size_t kMax = std::numeric_limits<std::size_t>::max();
@@ -1379,12 +1319,11 @@ const BuiltinFunctionMap& GetBuiltinFunctionMap() {
         // mount and umount are run in the same context as mount_all for symmetry.
         {"mount_all",               {0,     kMax, {false,  do_mount_all}}},
         {"mount",                   {3,     kMax, {false,  do_mount}}},
-        {"perform_apex_config",     {0,     0,    {false,  do_perform_apex_config}}},
+        {"perform_apex_config",     {0,     1,    {false,  do_perform_apex_config}}},
         {"umount",                  {1,     1,    {false,  do_umount}}},
         {"umount_all",              {0,     1,    {false,  do_umount_all}}},
         {"update_linker_config",    {0,     0,    {false,  do_update_linker_config}}},
         {"readahead",               {1,     2,    {true,   do_readahead}}},
-        {"remount_userdata",        {0,     0,    {false,  do_remount_userdata}}},
         {"restart",                 {1,     2,    {false,  do_restart}}},
         {"restorecon",              {1,     kMax, {true,   do_restorecon}}},
         {"restorecon_recursive",    {1,     kMax, {true,   do_restorecon_recursive}}},
@@ -1395,6 +1334,7 @@ const BuiltinFunctionMap& GetBuiltinFunctionMap() {
         {"start",                   {1,     1,    {false,  do_start}}},
         {"stop",                    {1,     1,    {false,  do_stop}}},
         {"swapon_all",              {0,     1,    {false,  do_swapon_all}}},
+        {"swapoff",                 {1,     1,    {false,  do_swapoff}}},
         {"enter_default_mount_ns",  {0,     0,    {false,  do_enter_default_mount_ns}}},
         {"symlink",                 {2,     2,    {true,   do_symlink}}},
         {"sysclktz",                {1,     1,    {false,  do_sysclktz}}},
diff --git a/init/capabilities.cpp b/init/capabilities.cpp
index ab6ff03ef623..0e2cd2acc3e7 100644
--- a/init/capabilities.cpp
+++ b/init/capabilities.cpp
@@ -66,18 +66,12 @@ static const std::map<std::string, int> cap_map = {
         CAP_MAP_ENTRY(WAKE_ALARM),
         CAP_MAP_ENTRY(BLOCK_SUSPEND),
         CAP_MAP_ENTRY(AUDIT_READ),
-#if defined(__BIONIC__)
         CAP_MAP_ENTRY(PERFMON),
         CAP_MAP_ENTRY(BPF),
         CAP_MAP_ENTRY(CHECKPOINT_RESTORE),
-#endif
 };
 
-#if defined(__BIONIC__)
 static_assert(CAP_LAST_CAP == CAP_CHECKPOINT_RESTORE, "CAP_LAST_CAP is not CAP_CHECKPOINT_RESTORE");
-#else
-static_assert(CAP_LAST_CAP == CAP_AUDIT_READ, "CAP_LAST_CAP is not CAP_AUDIT_READ");
-#endif
 
 static bool ComputeCapAmbientSupported() {
 #if defined(__ANDROID__)
diff --git a/init/capabilities.h b/init/capabilities.h
index 891e0ac982cd..b71d2cb6882a 100644
--- a/init/capabilities.h
+++ b/init/capabilities.h
@@ -18,20 +18,10 @@
 #include <sys/capability.h>
 
 #include <bitset>
+#include <memory>
 #include <string>
 #include <type_traits>
 
-#if !defined(__ANDROID__)
-#ifndef CAP_BLOCK_SUSPEND
-#define CAP_BLOCK_SUSPEND 36
-#endif
-#ifndef CAP_AUDIT_READ
-#define CAP_AUDIT_READ 37
-#endif
-#undef CAP_LAST_CAP
-#define CAP_LAST_CAP CAP_AUDIT_READ
-#endif
-
 namespace android {
 namespace init {
 
diff --git a/init/check_builtins.cpp b/init/check_builtins.cpp
index 461ed2255e5b..97254580cd27 100644
--- a/init/check_builtins.cpp
+++ b/init/check_builtins.cpp
@@ -28,9 +28,9 @@
 #include <android-base/parsedouble.h>
 #include <android-base/parseint.h>
 #include <android-base/strings.h>
+#include <property_info_parser/property_info_parser.h>
 
 #include "builtin_arguments.h"
-#include "host_init_verifier.h"
 #include "interface_utils.h"
 #include "property_type.h"
 #include "rlimit_parser.h"
@@ -39,6 +39,9 @@
 
 using android::base::ParseInt;
 using android::base::StartsWith;
+using android::properties::BuildTrie;
+using android::properties::PropertyInfoArea;
+using android::properties::PropertyInfoEntry;
 
 #define ReturnIfAnyArgsEmpty()     \
     for (const auto& arg : args) { \
@@ -50,6 +53,26 @@ using android::base::StartsWith;
 namespace android {
 namespace init {
 
+const PropertyInfoArea* property_info_area;
+
+Result<void> InitializeHostPropertyInfoArea(const std::vector<PropertyInfoEntry>& property_infos) {
+    static std::string serialized_contexts;
+    std::string trie_error;
+    if (!BuildTrie(property_infos, "u:object_r:default_prop:s0", "string", &serialized_contexts,
+                   &trie_error)) {
+        return Error() << "Unable to serialize property contexts: " << trie_error;
+    }
+
+    property_info_area = reinterpret_cast<const PropertyInfoArea*>(serialized_contexts.c_str());
+    return {};
+}
+
+static Result<void> check_stub(const BuiltinArguments& args) {
+    return {};
+}
+
+#include "generated_stub_builtin_function_map.h"
+
 Result<void> check_chown(const BuiltinArguments& args) {
     if (!args[1].empty()) {
         auto uid = DecodeUid(args[1]);
diff --git a/init/check_builtins.h b/init/check_builtins.h
index dc1b752e7435..9b00a7c39ed0 100644
--- a/init/check_builtins.h
+++ b/init/check_builtins.h
@@ -19,6 +19,10 @@
 #include "builtin_arguments.h"
 #include "result.h"
 
+#include <vector>
+
+#include <property_info_serializer/property_info_serializer.h>
+
 namespace android {
 namespace init {
 
@@ -43,5 +47,8 @@ Result<void> check_umount_all(const BuiltinArguments& args);
 Result<void> check_wait(const BuiltinArguments& args);
 Result<void> check_wait_for_prop(const BuiltinArguments& args);
 
+Result<void> InitializeHostPropertyInfoArea(
+        const std::vector<properties::PropertyInfoEntry>& property_infos);
+
 }  // namespace init
 }  // namespace android
diff --git a/init/compare-bootcharts.py b/init/compare-bootcharts.py
index 009b63999a40..b299b7d1b670 100755
--- a/init/compare-bootcharts.py
+++ b/init/compare-bootcharts.py
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@
 def analyze_process_maps(process_map1, process_map2, jiffy_record):
     # List interesting processes here
     processes_of_interest = [
-        '/init',
+        '/system/bin/init',
         '/system/bin/surfaceflinger',
         '/system/bin/bootanimation',
         'zygote64',
diff --git a/init/devices.cpp b/init/devices.cpp
index 39442a0e8019..cead72616727 100644
--- a/init/devices.cpp
+++ b/init/devices.cpp
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@
 #include <filesystem>
 #include <memory>
 #include <string>
+#include <string_view>
 #include <thread>
 
 #include <android-base/chrono_utils.h>
@@ -32,6 +33,8 @@
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
 #include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
 #include <android-base/strings.h>
+#include <fs_mgr.h>
+#include <libdm/dm.h>
 #include <private/android_filesystem_config.h>
 #include <selinux/android.h>
 #include <selinux/selinux.h>
@@ -42,6 +45,7 @@
 using namespace std::chrono_literals;
 
 using android::base::Basename;
+using android::base::ConsumePrefix;
 using android::base::Dirname;
 using android::base::ReadFileToString;
 using android::base::Readlink;
@@ -112,17 +116,14 @@ static bool FindVbdDevicePrefix(const std::string& path, std::string* result) {
 // the supplied buffer with the dm module's instantiated name.
 // If it doesn't start with a virtual block device, or there is some
 // error, return false.
-static bool FindDmDevice(const std::string& path, std::string* name, std::string* uuid) {
-    if (!StartsWith(path, "/devices/virtual/block/dm-")) return false;
+static bool FindDmDevice(const Uevent& uevent, std::string* name, std::string* uuid) {
+    if (!StartsWith(uevent.path, "/devices/virtual/block/dm-")) return false;
+    if (uevent.action == "remove") return false;  // Avoid error spam from ioctl
 
-    if (!ReadFileToString("/sys" + path + "/dm/name", name)) {
-        return false;
-    }
-    ReadFileToString("/sys" + path + "/dm/uuid", uuid);
+    dev_t dev = makedev(uevent.major, uevent.minor);
 
-    *name = android::base::Trim(*name);
-    *uuid = android::base::Trim(*uuid);
-    return true;
+    auto& dm = android::dm::DeviceMapper::Instance();
+    return dm.GetDeviceNameAndUuid(dev, name, uuid);
 }
 
 Permissions::Permissions(const std::string& name, mode_t perm, uid_t uid, gid_t gid,
@@ -188,6 +189,56 @@ void SysfsPermissions::SetPermissions(const std::string& path) const {
     }
 }
 
+BlockDeviceInfo DeviceHandler::GetBlockDeviceInfo(const std::string& uevent_path) const {
+    BlockDeviceInfo info;
+
+    if (!boot_part_uuid_.empty()) {
+        // Only use the more specific "MMC" / "NVME" / "SCSI" match if a
+        // partition UUID was passed.
+        //
+        // Old bootloaders that aren't passing the partition UUID instead
+        // pass the path to the closest "platform" device. It would
+        // break them if we chose this deeper (more specific) path.
+        //
+        // When we have a UUID we _want_ the more specific path since it can
+        // handle, for instance, differentiating two USB disks that are on
+        // the same USB controller. Using the closest platform device would
+        // classify them both the same by using the path to the USB controller.
+        if (FindMmcDevice(uevent_path, &info.str)) {
+            info.type = "mmc";
+        } else if (FindNvmeDevice(uevent_path, &info.str)) {
+            info.type = "nvme";
+        } else if (FindScsiDevice(uevent_path, &info.str)) {
+            info.type = "scsi";
+        }
+    } else if (FindPlatformDevice(uevent_path, &info.str)) {
+        info.type = "platform";
+    } else if (FindPciDevicePrefix(uevent_path, &info.str)) {
+        info.type = "pci";
+    } else if (FindVbdDevicePrefix(uevent_path, &info.str)) {
+        info.type = "vbd";
+    } else {
+        // Re-clear device to be extra certain in case one of the FindXXX()
+        // functions returned false but still modified it.
+        info.str = "";
+    }
+
+    info.is_boot_device = boot_devices_.find(info.str) != boot_devices_.end();
+
+    return info;
+}
+
+bool DeviceHandler::IsBootDeviceStrict() const {
+    // When using the newer "boot_part_uuid" to specify the boot device then
+    // we require all core system partitions to be on the boot device.
+    return !boot_part_uuid_.empty();
+}
+
+bool DeviceHandler::IsBootDevice(const Uevent& uevent) const {
+    auto device = GetBlockDeviceInfo(uevent.path);
+    return device.is_boot_device;
+}
+
 std::string DeviceHandler::GetPartitionNameForDevice(const std::string& query_device) {
     static const auto partition_map = [] {
         std::vector<std::pair<std::string, std::string>> partition_map;
@@ -205,8 +256,8 @@ std::string DeviceHandler::GetPartitionNameForDevice(const std::string& query_de
                 partition_map.emplace_back(map_pieces[0], map_pieces[1]);
             }
         };
-        ImportKernelCmdline(parser);
-        ImportBootconfig(parser);
+        android::fs_mgr::ImportKernelCmdline(parser);
+        android::fs_mgr::ImportBootconfig(parser);
         return partition_map;
     }();
 
@@ -218,11 +269,12 @@ std::string DeviceHandler::GetPartitionNameForDevice(const std::string& query_de
     return {};
 }
 
-// Given a path that may start with a platform device, find the parent platform device by finding a
-// parent directory with a 'subsystem' symlink that points to the platform bus.
-// If it doesn't start with a platform device, return false
-bool DeviceHandler::FindPlatformDevice(std::string path, std::string* platform_device_path) const {
-    platform_device_path->clear();
+// Given a path to a device that may have a parent in the passed set of
+// subsystems, find the parent device that's in the passed set of subsystems.
+// If we don't find a parent in the passed set of subsystems, return false.
+bool DeviceHandler::FindSubsystemDevice(std::string path, std::string* device_path,
+                                        const std::set<std::string>& subsystem_paths) const {
+    device_path->clear();
 
     // Uevents don't contain the mount point, so we need to add it here.
     path.insert(0, sysfs_mount_point_);
@@ -232,11 +284,20 @@ bool DeviceHandler::FindPlatformDevice(std::string path, std::string* platform_d
     while (directory != "/" && directory != ".") {
         std::string subsystem_link_path;
         if (Realpath(directory + "/subsystem", &subsystem_link_path) &&
-            (subsystem_link_path == sysfs_mount_point_ + "/bus/platform" ||
-             subsystem_link_path == sysfs_mount_point_ + "/bus/amba")) {
+            subsystem_paths.find(subsystem_link_path) != subsystem_paths.end()) {
             // We need to remove the mount point that we added above before returning.
             directory.erase(0, sysfs_mount_point_.size());
-            *platform_device_path = directory;
+
+            // Skip /devices/platform or /devices/ if present
+            static constexpr std::string_view devices_platform_prefix = "/devices/platform/";
+            static constexpr std::string_view devices_prefix = "/devices/";
+            std::string_view sv = directory;
+
+            if (!ConsumePrefix(&sv, devices_platform_prefix)) {
+                ConsumePrefix(&sv, devices_prefix);
+            }
+            *device_path = sv;
+
             return true;
         }
 
@@ -250,6 +311,60 @@ bool DeviceHandler::FindPlatformDevice(std::string path, std::string* platform_d
     return false;
 }
 
+bool DeviceHandler::FindPlatformDevice(const std::string& path,
+                                       std::string* platform_device_path) const {
+    const std::set<std::string> subsystem_paths = {
+            sysfs_mount_point_ + "/bus/platform",
+            sysfs_mount_point_ + "/bus/amba",
+    };
+
+    return FindSubsystemDevice(path, platform_device_path, subsystem_paths);
+}
+
+bool DeviceHandler::FindMmcDevice(const std::string& path, std::string* mmc_device_path) const {
+    const std::set<std::string> subsystem_paths = {
+            sysfs_mount_point_ + "/bus/mmc",
+    };
+
+    return FindSubsystemDevice(path, mmc_device_path, subsystem_paths);
+}
+
+bool DeviceHandler::FindNvmeDevice(const std::string& path, std::string* nvme_device_path) const {
+    const std::set<std::string> subsystem_paths = {
+            sysfs_mount_point_ + "/class/nvme",
+    };
+
+    return FindSubsystemDevice(path, nvme_device_path, subsystem_paths);
+}
+
+bool DeviceHandler::FindScsiDevice(const std::string& path, std::string* scsi_device_path) const {
+    const std::set<std::string> subsystem_paths = {
+            sysfs_mount_point_ + "/bus/scsi",
+    };
+
+    return FindSubsystemDevice(path, scsi_device_path, subsystem_paths);
+}
+
+void DeviceHandler::TrackDeviceUevent(const Uevent& uevent) {
+    // No need to track any events if we won't bother handling any bind events
+    // later.
+    if (drivers_.size() == 0) return;
+
+    // Only track add, and not for block devices. We don't track remove because
+    // unbind events may arrive after remove events, so unbind will be the
+    // trigger to untrack those events.
+    if ((uevent.action != "add") || uevent.subsystem == "block" ||
+        (uevent.major < 0 || uevent.minor < 0)) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    std::string path = sysfs_mount_point_ + uevent.path + "/device";
+    std::string device;
+    if (!Realpath(path, &device)) return;
+
+    tracked_uevents_.emplace_back(uevent, device);
+}
+
 void DeviceHandler::FixupSysPermissions(const std::string& upath,
                                         const std::string& subsystem) const {
     // upaths omit the "/sys" that paths in this list
@@ -283,7 +398,7 @@ std::tuple<mode_t, uid_t, gid_t> DeviceHandler::GetDevicePermissions(
 
 void DeviceHandler::MakeDevice(const std::string& path, bool block, int major, int minor,
                                const std::vector<std::string>& links) const {
-    auto[mode, uid, gid] = GetDevicePermissions(path, links);
+    auto [mode, uid, gid] = GetDevicePermissions(path, links);
     mode |= (block ? S_IFBLK : S_IFCHR);
 
     std::string secontext;
@@ -330,11 +445,11 @@ void DeviceHandler::MakeDevice(const std::string& path, bool block, int major, i
             if (gid != s.st_gid) {
                 new_group = gid;
             }
-        if (mode != s.st_mode) {
-            if (chmod(path.c_str(), mode) != 0) {
-                PLOG(ERROR) << "Cannot chmod " << path << " to " << mode;
+            if (mode != s.st_mode) {
+                if (chmod(path.c_str(), mode) != 0) {
+                    PLOG(ERROR) << "Cannot chmod " << path << " to " << mode;
+                }
             }
-        }
         } else {
             PLOG(ERROR) << "Cannot stat " << path;
         }
@@ -371,44 +486,30 @@ void SanitizePartitionName(std::string* string) {
 }
 
 std::vector<std::string> DeviceHandler::GetBlockDeviceSymlinks(const Uevent& uevent) const {
-    std::string device;
-    std::string type;
+    BlockDeviceInfo info;
     std::string partition;
     std::string uuid;
 
-    if (FindPlatformDevice(uevent.path, &device)) {
-        // Skip /devices/platform or /devices/ if present
-        static const std::string devices_platform_prefix = "/devices/platform/";
-        static const std::string devices_prefix = "/devices/";
-
-        if (StartsWith(device, devices_platform_prefix)) {
-            device = device.substr(devices_platform_prefix.length());
-        } else if (StartsWith(device, devices_prefix)) {
-            device = device.substr(devices_prefix.length());
-        }
-
-        type = "platform";
-    } else if (FindPciDevicePrefix(uevent.path, &device)) {
-        type = "pci";
-    } else if (FindVbdDevicePrefix(uevent.path, &device)) {
-        type = "vbd";
-    } else if (FindDmDevice(uevent.path, &partition, &uuid)) {
+    if (FindDmDevice(uevent, &partition, &uuid)) {
         std::vector<std::string> symlinks = {"/dev/block/mapper/" + partition};
         if (!uuid.empty()) {
             symlinks.emplace_back("/dev/block/mapper/by-uuid/" + uuid);
         }
         return symlinks;
-    } else {
+    }
+
+    info = GetBlockDeviceInfo(uevent.path);
+
+    if (info.type.empty()) {
         return {};
     }
 
     std::vector<std::string> links;
 
-    LOG(VERBOSE) << "found " << type << " device " << device;
+    LOG(VERBOSE) << "found " << info.type << " device " << info.str;
 
-    auto link_path = "/dev/block/" + type + "/" + device;
+    auto link_path = "/dev/block/" + info.type + "/" + info.str;
 
-    bool is_boot_device = boot_devices_.find(device) != boot_devices_.end();
     if (!uevent.partition_name.empty()) {
         std::string partition_name_sanitized(uevent.partition_name);
         SanitizePartitionName(&partition_name_sanitized);
@@ -418,10 +519,10 @@ std::vector<std::string> DeviceHandler::GetBlockDeviceSymlinks(const Uevent& uev
         }
         links.emplace_back(link_path + "/by-name/" + partition_name_sanitized);
         // Adds symlink: /dev/block/by-name/<partition_name>.
-        if (is_boot_device) {
+        if (info.is_boot_device) {
             links.emplace_back("/dev/block/by-name/" + partition_name_sanitized);
         }
-    } else if (is_boot_device) {
+    } else if (info.is_boot_device) {
         // If we don't have a partition name but we are a partition on a boot device, create a
         // symlink of /dev/block/by-name/<device_name> for symmetry.
         links.emplace_back("/dev/block/by-name/" + uevent.device_name);
@@ -435,6 +536,7 @@ std::vector<std::string> DeviceHandler::GetBlockDeviceSymlinks(const Uevent& uev
     if (ReadFileToString("/sys/class/block/" + uevent.device_name + "/queue/zoned", &model) &&
         !StartsWith(model, "none")) {
         links.emplace_back("/dev/block/by-name/zoned_device");
+        links.emplace_back("/dev/sys/block/by-name/zoned_device");
     }
 
     auto last_slash = uevent.path.rfind('/');
@@ -483,11 +585,36 @@ void DeviceHandler::HandleDevice(const std::string& action, const std::string& d
     // event.
     if (action == "add" || (action == "change" && StartsWith(devpath, "/dev/block/dm-"))) {
         for (const auto& link : links) {
+            std::string target;
+            if (StartsWith(link, "/dev/block/")) {
+                target = devpath;
+            } else if (StartsWith(link, "/dev/sys/block/")) {
+                target = "/sys/class/block/" + Basename(devpath);
+            } else {
+                LOG(ERROR) << "Unrecognized link type: " << link;
+                continue;
+            }
+
             if (!mkdir_recursive(Dirname(link), 0755)) {
                 PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to create directory " << Dirname(link);
             }
 
-            if (symlink(devpath.c_str(), link.c_str())) {
+            // Create symlink and make sure it's correctly labeled
+            std::string secontext;
+            // Passing 0 for mode should work.
+            if (SelabelLookupFileContext(link, 0, &secontext) && !secontext.empty()) {
+                setfscreatecon(secontext.c_str());
+            }
+
+            int rc = symlink(target.c_str(), link.c_str());
+
+            if (!secontext.empty()) {
+                int save_errno = errno;
+                setfscreatecon(nullptr);
+                errno = save_errno;
+            }
+
+            if (rc < 0) {
                 if (errno != EEXIST) {
                     PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to symlink " << devpath << " to " << link;
                 } else if (std::string link_path;
@@ -520,7 +647,7 @@ void DeviceHandler::HandleAshmemUevent(const Uevent& uevent) {
         if (!ReadFileToString(boot_id_path, &boot_id)) {
             PLOG(ERROR) << "Cannot duplicate ashmem device node. Failed to read " << boot_id_path;
             return;
-        };
+        }
         boot_id = Trim(boot_id);
 
         Uevent dup_ashmem_uevent = uevent;
@@ -530,11 +657,94 @@ void DeviceHandler::HandleAshmemUevent(const Uevent& uevent) {
     }
 }
 
+// Check Uevents looking for the kernel's boot partition UUID
+//
+// When we can stop checking uevents (either because we're done or because
+// we weren't looking for the kernel's boot partition UUID) then return
+// true. Return false if we're not done yet.
+bool DeviceHandler::CheckUeventForBootPartUuid(const Uevent& uevent) {
+    // If we aren't using boot_part_uuid then we're done.
+    if (boot_part_uuid_.empty()) {
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    // Finding the boot partition is a one-time thing that we do at init
+    // time, not steady state. This is because the boot partition isn't
+    // allowed to go away or change. Once we found the boot partition we don't
+    // expect to run again.
+    if (found_boot_part_uuid_) {
+        LOG(WARNING) << __PRETTY_FUNCTION__
+                     << " shouldn't run after kernel boot partition is found";
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    // We only need to look at newly-added block devices. Note that if someone
+    // is replaying events all existing devices will get "add"ed.
+    if (uevent.subsystem != "block" || uevent.action != "add") {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    // If it's not the partition we care about then move on.
+    if (uevent.partition_uuid != boot_part_uuid_) {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    auto device = GetBlockDeviceInfo(uevent.path);
+
+    LOG(INFO) << "Boot device " << device.str << " found via partition UUID";
+    found_boot_part_uuid_ = true;
+    boot_devices_.clear();
+    boot_devices_.insert(device.str);
+
+    return true;
+}
+
+void DeviceHandler::HandleBindInternal(std::string driver_name, std::string action,
+                                       const Uevent& uevent) {
+    if (uevent.subsystem == "block") {
+        LOG(FATAL) << "Tried to handle bind event for block device";
+    }
+
+    // Get tracked uevents for all devices that have this uevent's path as
+    // their canonical device path. Then handle those again if their driver
+    // is one of the ones we're interested in.
+    const auto driver = std::find(drivers_.cbegin(), drivers_.cend(), driver_name);
+    if (driver == drivers_.cend()) return;
+
+    std::string bind_path = sysfs_mount_point_ + uevent.path;
+    for (const TrackedUevent& tracked : tracked_uevents_) {
+        if (tracked.canonical_device_path != bind_path) continue;
+
+        LOG(VERBOSE) << "Propagating " << uevent.action << " as " << action << " for "
+                     << uevent.path;
+
+        std::string devpath = driver->ParseDevPath(tracked.uevent);
+        mkdir_recursive(Dirname(devpath), 0755);
+        HandleDevice(action, devpath, false, tracked.uevent.major, tracked.uevent.minor,
+                     std::vector<std::string>{});
+    }
+}
+
 void DeviceHandler::HandleUevent(const Uevent& uevent) {
-  if (uevent.action == "add" || uevent.action == "change" ||
-      uevent.action == "bind" || uevent.action == "online") {
-    FixupSysPermissions(uevent.path, uevent.subsystem);
-  }
+    if (uevent.action == "add" || uevent.action == "change" || uevent.action == "bind" ||
+        uevent.action == "online") {
+        FixupSysPermissions(uevent.path, uevent.subsystem);
+    }
+
+    if (uevent.action == "bind") {
+        bound_drivers_[uevent.path] = uevent.driver;
+        HandleBindInternal(uevent.driver, "add", uevent);
+        return;
+    } else if (uevent.action == "unbind") {
+        if (bound_drivers_.count(uevent.path) == 0) return;
+        HandleBindInternal(bound_drivers_[uevent.path], "remove", uevent);
+
+        std::string sys_path = sysfs_mount_point_ + uevent.path;
+        std::erase_if(tracked_uevents_, [&sys_path](const TrackedUevent& tracked) {
+            return sys_path == tracked.canonical_device_path;
+        });
+        return;
+    }
 
     // if it's not a /dev device, nothing to do
     if (uevent.major < 0 || uevent.minor < 0) return;
@@ -543,6 +753,8 @@ void DeviceHandler::HandleUevent(const Uevent& uevent) {
     std::vector<std::string> links;
     bool block = false;
 
+    TrackDeviceUevent(uevent);
+
     if (uevent.subsystem == "block") {
         block = true;
         devpath = "/dev/block/" + Basename(uevent.path);
@@ -570,6 +782,8 @@ void DeviceHandler::HandleUevent(const Uevent& uevent) {
         return;
     } else if (uevent.subsystem == "misc" && StartsWith(uevent.device_name, "dm-user/")) {
         devpath = "/dev/dm-user/" + uevent.device_name.substr(8);
+    } else if (uevent.subsystem == "misc" && uevent.device_name == "vfio/vfio") {
+        devpath = "/dev/" + uevent.device_name;
     } else {
         devpath = "/dev/" + Basename(uevent.path);
     }
@@ -589,18 +803,29 @@ void DeviceHandler::ColdbootDone() {
 
 DeviceHandler::DeviceHandler(std::vector<Permissions> dev_permissions,
                              std::vector<SysfsPermissions> sysfs_permissions,
-                             std::vector<Subsystem> subsystems, std::set<std::string> boot_devices,
+                             std::vector<Subsystem> drivers, std::vector<Subsystem> subsystems,
+                             std::set<std::string> boot_devices, std::string boot_part_uuid,
                              bool skip_restorecon)
     : dev_permissions_(std::move(dev_permissions)),
       sysfs_permissions_(std::move(sysfs_permissions)),
+      drivers_(std::move(drivers)),
       subsystems_(std::move(subsystems)),
       boot_devices_(std::move(boot_devices)),
+      boot_part_uuid_(boot_part_uuid),
       skip_restorecon_(skip_restorecon),
-      sysfs_mount_point_("/sys") {}
+      sysfs_mount_point_("/sys") {
+    // If both a boot partition UUID and a list of boot devices are
+    // specified then we ignore the boot_devices in favor of boot_part_uuid.
+    if (boot_devices_.size() && !boot_part_uuid.empty()) {
+        LOG(WARNING) << "Both boot_devices and boot_part_uuid provided; ignoring bootdevices";
+        boot_devices_.clear();
+    }
+}
 
 DeviceHandler::DeviceHandler()
     : DeviceHandler(std::vector<Permissions>{}, std::vector<SysfsPermissions>{},
-                    std::vector<Subsystem>{}, std::set<std::string>{}, false) {}
+                    std::vector<Subsystem>{}, std::vector<Subsystem>{}, std::set<std::string>{}, "",
+                    false) {}
 
 }  // namespace init
 }  // namespace android
diff --git a/init/devices.h b/init/devices.h
index f9f4d7989a50..69a244978800 100644
--- a/init/devices.h
+++ b/init/devices.h
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@
 #include <sys/types.h>
 
 #include <algorithm>
+#include <map>
 #include <set>
 #include <string>
 #include <vector>
@@ -82,6 +83,7 @@ class Subsystem {
     enum DevnameSource {
         DEVNAME_UEVENT_DEVNAME,
         DEVNAME_UEVENT_DEVPATH,
+        DEVNAME_SYS_NAME,
     };
 
     Subsystem() {}
@@ -92,10 +94,18 @@ class Subsystem {
     // Returns the full path for a uevent of a device that is a member of this subsystem,
     // according to the rules parsed from ueventd.rc
     std::string ParseDevPath(const Uevent& uevent) const {
-        std::string devname = devname_source_ == DEVNAME_UEVENT_DEVNAME
-                                      ? uevent.device_name
-                                      : android::base::Basename(uevent.path);
-
+        std::string devname;
+        if (devname_source_ == DEVNAME_UEVENT_DEVNAME) {
+            devname = uevent.device_name;
+        } else if (devname_source_ == DEVNAME_UEVENT_DEVPATH) {
+            devname = android::base::Basename(uevent.path);
+        } else if (devname_source_ == DEVNAME_SYS_NAME) {
+            if (android::base::ReadFileToString("/sys/" + uevent.path + "/name", &devname)) {
+                devname.pop_back();  // Remove terminating newline
+            } else {
+                devname = uevent.device_name;
+            }
+        }
         return dir_name_ + "/" + devname;
     }
 
@@ -107,44 +117,73 @@ class Subsystem {
     std::string dir_name_ = "/dev";
 };
 
+struct BlockDeviceInfo {
+    std::string str;
+    std::string type;
+    bool is_boot_device;
+};
+
 class DeviceHandler : public UeventHandler {
   public:
     friend class DeviceHandlerTester;
 
     DeviceHandler();
     DeviceHandler(std::vector<Permissions> dev_permissions,
-                  std::vector<SysfsPermissions> sysfs_permissions, std::vector<Subsystem> subsystems,
-                  std::set<std::string> boot_devices, bool skip_restorecon);
+                  std::vector<SysfsPermissions> sysfs_permissions, std::vector<Subsystem> drivers,
+                  std::vector<Subsystem> subsystems, std::set<std::string> boot_devices,
+                  std::string boot_part_uuid, bool skip_restorecon);
     virtual ~DeviceHandler() = default;
 
+    bool CheckUeventForBootPartUuid(const Uevent& uevent);
     void HandleUevent(const Uevent& uevent) override;
-    void ColdbootDone() override;
-
-    std::vector<std::string> GetBlockDeviceSymlinks(const Uevent& uevent) const;
 
     // `androidboot.partition_map` allows associating a partition name for a raw block device
     // through a comma separated and semicolon deliminated list. For example,
     // `androidboot.partition_map=vdb,metadata;vdc,userdata` maps `vdb` to `metadata` and `vdc` to
     // `userdata`.
     static std::string GetPartitionNameForDevice(const std::string& device);
+    bool IsBootDeviceStrict() const;
+    bool IsBootDevice(const Uevent& uevent) const;
 
   private:
-    bool FindPlatformDevice(std::string path, std::string* platform_device_path) const;
+    struct TrackedUevent {
+        Uevent uevent;
+        std::string canonical_device_path;
+    };
+
+    void ColdbootDone() override;
+    BlockDeviceInfo GetBlockDeviceInfo(const std::string& uevent_path) const;
+    bool FindSubsystemDevice(std::string path, std::string* device_path,
+                             const std::set<std::string>& subsystem_paths) const;
+    bool FindPlatformDevice(const std::string& path, std::string* platform_device_path) const;
+    bool FindMmcDevice(const std::string& path, std::string* mmc_device_path) const;
+    bool FindNvmeDevice(const std::string& path, std::string* nvme_device_path) const;
+    bool FindScsiDevice(const std::string& path, std::string* scsi_device_path) const;
     std::tuple<mode_t, uid_t, gid_t> GetDevicePermissions(
         const std::string& path, const std::vector<std::string>& links) const;
     void MakeDevice(const std::string& path, bool block, int major, int minor,
                     const std::vector<std::string>& links) const;
+    std::vector<std::string> GetBlockDeviceSymlinks(const Uevent& uevent) const;
     void HandleDevice(const std::string& action, const std::string& devpath, bool block, int major,
                       int minor, const std::vector<std::string>& links) const;
     void FixupSysPermissions(const std::string& upath, const std::string& subsystem) const;
     void HandleAshmemUevent(const Uevent& uevent);
 
+    void TrackDeviceUevent(const Uevent& uevent);
+    void HandleBindInternal(std::string driver_name, std::string action, const Uevent& uevent);
+
     std::vector<Permissions> dev_permissions_;
     std::vector<SysfsPermissions> sysfs_permissions_;
+    std::vector<Subsystem> drivers_;
     std::vector<Subsystem> subsystems_;
     std::set<std::string> boot_devices_;
+    std::string boot_part_uuid_;
+    bool found_boot_part_uuid_;
     bool skip_restorecon_;
     std::string sysfs_mount_point_;
+
+    std::vector<TrackedUevent> tracked_uevents_;
+    std::map<std::string, std::string> bound_drivers_;
 };
 
 // Exposed for testing
diff --git a/init/epoll.cpp b/init/epoll.cpp
index cd73a0c3dfe1..719a53271aed 100644
--- a/init/epoll.cpp
+++ b/init/epoll.cpp
@@ -47,8 +47,8 @@ Result<void> Epoll::RegisterHandler(int fd, Handler handler, uint32_t events) {
 
     auto [it, inserted] = epoll_handlers_.emplace(
             fd, Info{
-                        .events = events,
                         .handler = std::move(handler),
+                        .events = events,
                 });
     if (!inserted) {
         return Error() << "Cannot specify two epoll handlers for a given FD";
diff --git a/init/firmware_handler.cpp b/init/firmware_handler.cpp
index b9fa58ca1154..dcfda52d6723 100644
--- a/init/firmware_handler.cpp
+++ b/init/firmware_handler.cpp
@@ -33,16 +33,20 @@
 #include <android-base/chrono_utils.h>
 #include <android-base/file.h>
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
+#include <android-base/properties.h>
 #include <android-base/scopeguard.h>
 #include <android-base/strings.h>
 #include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
 
+#include "exthandler/exthandler.h"
+
 using android::base::ReadFdToString;
 using android::base::Socketpair;
 using android::base::Split;
 using android::base::Timer;
 using android::base::Trim;
 using android::base::unique_fd;
+using android::base::WaitForProperty;
 using android::base::WriteFully;
 
 namespace android {
@@ -82,6 +86,33 @@ static bool IsBooting() {
     return access("/dev/.booting", F_OK) == 0;
 }
 
+static bool IsApexActivated() {
+    static bool apex_activated = []() {
+        // Wait for com.android.runtime.apex activation
+        // Property name and value must be kept in sync with system/apexd/apex/apex_constants.h
+        // 60s is the default firmware sysfs fallback timeout. (/sys/class/firmware/timeout)
+        if (!WaitForProperty("apexd.status", "activated", 60s)) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "Apexd activation wait timeout";
+            return false;
+        }
+        return true;
+    }();
+
+    return apex_activated;
+}
+
+static bool NeedsRerunExternalHandler() {
+    static bool first = true;
+
+    // Rerun external handler only on the first try and when apex is activated
+    if (first) {
+        first = false;
+        return IsApexActivated();
+    }
+
+    return first;
+}
+
 ExternalFirmwareHandler::ExternalFirmwareHandler(std::string devpath, uid_t uid, gid_t gid,
                                                  std::string handler_path)
     : devpath(std::move(devpath)), uid(uid), gid(gid), handler_path(std::move(handler_path)) {
@@ -107,100 +138,6 @@ FirmwareHandler::FirmwareHandler(std::vector<std::string> firmware_directories,
     : firmware_directories_(std::move(firmware_directories)),
       external_firmware_handlers_(std::move(external_firmware_handlers)) {}
 
-Result<std::string> FirmwareHandler::RunExternalHandler(const std::string& handler, uid_t uid,
-                                                        gid_t gid, const Uevent& uevent) const {
-    unique_fd child_stdout;
-    unique_fd parent_stdout;
-    if (!Socketpair(AF_UNIX, SOCK_STREAM | SOCK_CLOEXEC, 0, &child_stdout, &parent_stdout)) {
-        return ErrnoError() << "Socketpair() for stdout failed";
-    }
-
-    unique_fd child_stderr;
-    unique_fd parent_stderr;
-    if (!Socketpair(AF_UNIX, SOCK_STREAM | SOCK_CLOEXEC, 0, &child_stderr, &parent_stderr)) {
-        return ErrnoError() << "Socketpair() for stderr failed";
-    }
-
-    signal(SIGCHLD, SIG_DFL);
-
-    auto pid = fork();
-    if (pid < 0) {
-        return ErrnoError() << "fork() failed";
-    }
-
-    if (pid == 0) {
-        setenv("FIRMWARE", uevent.firmware.c_str(), 1);
-        setenv("DEVPATH", uevent.path.c_str(), 1);
-        parent_stdout.reset();
-        parent_stderr.reset();
-        close(STDOUT_FILENO);
-        close(STDERR_FILENO);
-        dup2(child_stdout.get(), STDOUT_FILENO);
-        dup2(child_stderr.get(), STDERR_FILENO);
-
-        auto args = Split(handler, " ");
-        std::vector<char*> c_args;
-        for (auto& arg : args) {
-            c_args.emplace_back(arg.data());
-        }
-        c_args.emplace_back(nullptr);
-
-        if (gid != 0) {
-            if (setgid(gid) != 0) {
-                fprintf(stderr, "setgid() failed: %s", strerror(errno));
-                _exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
-            }
-        }
-
-        if (setuid(uid) != 0) {
-            fprintf(stderr, "setuid() failed: %s", strerror(errno));
-            _exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
-        }
-
-        execv(c_args[0], c_args.data());
-        fprintf(stderr, "exec() failed: %s", strerror(errno));
-        _exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
-    }
-
-    child_stdout.reset();
-    child_stderr.reset();
-
-    int status;
-    pid_t waited_pid = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(waitpid(pid, &status, 0));
-    if (waited_pid == -1) {
-        return ErrnoError() << "waitpid() failed";
-    }
-
-    std::string stdout_content;
-    if (!ReadFdToString(parent_stdout.get(), &stdout_content)) {
-        return ErrnoError() << "ReadFdToString() for stdout failed";
-    }
-
-    std::string stderr_content;
-    if (ReadFdToString(parent_stderr.get(), &stderr_content)) {
-        auto messages = Split(stderr_content, "\n");
-        for (const auto& message : messages) {
-            if (!message.empty()) {
-                LOG(ERROR) << "External Firmware Handler: " << message;
-            }
-        }
-    } else {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "ReadFdToString() for stderr failed";
-    }
-
-    if (WIFEXITED(status)) {
-        if (WEXITSTATUS(status) == EXIT_SUCCESS) {
-            return Trim(stdout_content);
-        } else {
-            return Error() << "exited with status " << WEXITSTATUS(status);
-        }
-    } else if (WIFSIGNALED(status)) {
-        return Error() << "killed by signal " << WTERMSIG(status);
-    }
-
-    return Error() << "unexpected exit status " << status;
-}
-
 std::string FirmwareHandler::GetFirmwarePath(const Uevent& uevent) const {
     for (const auto& external_handler : external_firmware_handlers_) {
         if (external_handler.match(uevent.path)) {
@@ -208,8 +145,17 @@ std::string FirmwareHandler::GetFirmwarePath(const Uevent& uevent) const {
                       << "' for devpath: '" << uevent.path << "' firmware: '" << uevent.firmware
                       << "'";
 
+            std::unordered_map<std::string, std::string> envs_map;
+            envs_map["FIRMWARE"] = uevent.firmware;
+            envs_map["DEVPATH"] = uevent.path;
+
             auto result = RunExternalHandler(external_handler.handler_path, external_handler.uid,
-                                             external_handler.gid, uevent);
+                                             external_handler.gid, envs_map);
+            if (!result.ok() && NeedsRerunExternalHandler()) {
+                auto res = RunExternalHandler(external_handler.handler_path, external_handler.uid,
+                                              external_handler.gid, envs_map);
+                result = std::move(res);
+            }
             if (!result.ok()) {
                 LOG(ERROR) << "Using default firmware; External firmware handler failed: "
                            << result.error();
@@ -230,8 +176,9 @@ std::string FirmwareHandler::GetFirmwarePath(const Uevent& uevent) const {
     return uevent.firmware;
 }
 
-void FirmwareHandler::ProcessFirmwareEvent(const std::string& root,
+void FirmwareHandler::ProcessFirmwareEvent(const std::string& path,
                                            const std::string& firmware) const {
+    std::string root = "/sys" + path;
     std::string loading = root + "/loading";
     std::string data = root + "/data";
 
@@ -262,6 +209,7 @@ void FirmwareHandler::ProcessFirmwareEvent(const std::string& root,
                                                     ", fstat failed: " + strerror(errno));
             return false;
         }
+        LOG(INFO) << "found " << file << " for " << path;
         LoadFirmware(firmware, root, fw_fd.get(), sb.st_size, loading_fd.get(), data_fd.get());
         return true;
     };
@@ -328,7 +276,7 @@ void FirmwareHandler::HandleUevent(const Uevent& uevent) {
     if (pid == 0) {
         Timer t;
         auto firmware = GetFirmwarePath(uevent);
-        ProcessFirmwareEvent("/sys" + uevent.path, firmware);
+        ProcessFirmwareEvent(uevent.path, firmware);
         LOG(INFO) << "loading " << uevent.path << " took " << t;
         _exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
     }
diff --git a/init/firmware_handler.h b/init/firmware_handler.h
index d2f7347cec63..e5d3538096ee 100644
--- a/init/firmware_handler.h
+++ b/init/firmware_handler.h
@@ -54,10 +54,8 @@ class FirmwareHandler : public UeventHandler {
     friend void FirmwareTestWithExternalHandler(const std::string& test_name,
                                                 bool expect_new_firmware);
 
-    Result<std::string> RunExternalHandler(const std::string& handler, uid_t uid, gid_t gid,
-                                           const Uevent& uevent) const;
     std::string GetFirmwarePath(const Uevent& uevent) const;
-    void ProcessFirmwareEvent(const std::string& root, const std::string& firmware) const;
+    void ProcessFirmwareEvent(const std::string& path, const std::string& firmware) const;
     bool ForEachFirmwareDirectory(std::function<bool(const std::string&)> handler) const;
 
     std::vector<std::string> firmware_directories_;
diff --git a/init/first_stage_console.cpp b/init/first_stage_console.cpp
index 67cac19144c1..f6f93299b9f2 100644
--- a/init/first_stage_console.cpp
+++ b/init/first_stage_console.cpp
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 
 #include "first_stage_console.h"
 
+#include <spawn.h>
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <sys/stat.h>
 #include <sys/sysmacros.h>
@@ -65,19 +66,20 @@ static bool SetupConsole() {
     return true;
 }
 
-static void RunScript() {
-    LOG(INFO) << "Attempting to run /first_stage.sh...";
-    pid_t pid = fork();
-    if (pid != 0) {
-        int status;
-        waitpid(pid, &status, 0);
-        LOG(INFO) << "/first_stage.sh exited with status " << status;
-        return;
-    }
-    const char* path = "/system/bin/sh";
-    const char* args[] = {path, "/first_stage.sh", nullptr};
-    int rv = execv(path, const_cast<char**>(args));
-    LOG(ERROR) << "unable to execv /first_stage.sh, returned " << rv << " errno " << errno;
+static pid_t SpawnImage(const char* file) {
+    const char* argv[] = {file, NULL};
+    const char* envp[] = {NULL};
+
+    char* const* argvp = const_cast<char* const*>(argv);
+    char* const* envpp = const_cast<char* const*>(envp);
+
+    pid_t pid;
+    errno = posix_spawn(&pid, argv[0], NULL, NULL, argvp, envpp);
+    if (!errno) return pid;
+
+    PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to spawn '" << file << "'";
+
+    return (pid_t)0;
 }
 
 namespace android {
@@ -86,24 +88,28 @@ namespace init {
 void StartConsole(const std::string& cmdline) {
     bool console = KernelConsolePresent(cmdline);
     // Use a simple sigchld handler -- first_stage_console doesn't need to track or log zombies
-    const struct sigaction chld_act { .sa_handler = SIG_DFL, .sa_flags = SA_NOCLDWAIT };
+    const struct sigaction chld_act {
+        .sa_flags = SA_NOCLDWAIT, .sa_handler = SIG_DFL
+    };
 
     sigaction(SIGCHLD, &chld_act, nullptr);
     pid_t pid = fork();
     if (pid != 0) {
-        int status;
-        waitpid(pid, &status, 0);
-        LOG(ERROR) << "console shell exited with status " << status;
+        wait(NULL);
+        LOG(ERROR) << "console shell exited";
         return;
     }
 
     if (console) console = SetupConsole();
-    RunScript();
+
+    LOG(INFO) << "Attempting to run /first_stage.sh...";
+    if (SpawnImage("/first_stage.sh")) {
+        wait(NULL);
+        LOG(INFO) << "/first_stage.sh exited";
+    }
+
     if (console) {
-        const char* path = "/system/bin/sh";
-        const char* args[] = {path, nullptr};
-        int rv = execv(path, const_cast<char**>(args));
-        LOG(ERROR) << "unable to execv, returned " << rv << " errno " << errno;
+        if (SpawnImage("/system/bin/sh")) wait(NULL);
     }
     _exit(127);
 }
diff --git a/init/first_stage_init.cpp b/init/first_stage_init.cpp
index 107e99a31554..6bb0ad79df44 100644
--- a/init/first_stage_init.cpp
+++ b/init/first_stage_init.cpp
@@ -30,11 +30,15 @@
 #include <chrono>
 #include <filesystem>
 #include <string>
+#include <thread>
 #include <vector>
 
 #include <android-base/chrono_utils.h>
 #include <android-base/file.h>
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
+#include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
+#include <android/avf_cc_flags.h>
+#include <fs_mgr.h>
 #include <modprobe/modprobe.h>
 #include <private/android_filesystem_config.h>
 
@@ -58,10 +62,16 @@ namespace init {
 
 namespace {
 
+enum class BootMode {
+    NORMAL_MODE,
+    RECOVERY_MODE,
+    CHARGER_MODE,
+};
+
 void FreeRamdisk(DIR* dir, dev_t dev) {
     int dfd = dirfd(dir);
 
-    dirent* de;
+    dirent* de = nullptr;
     while ((de = readdir(dir)) != nullptr) {
         if (de->d_name == "."s || de->d_name == ".."s) {
             continue;
@@ -70,7 +80,7 @@ void FreeRamdisk(DIR* dir, dev_t dev) {
         bool is_dir = false;
 
         if (de->d_type == DT_DIR || de->d_type == DT_UNKNOWN) {
-            struct stat info;
+            struct stat info {};
             if (fstatat(dfd, de->d_name, &info, AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW) != 0) {
                 continue;
             }
@@ -147,15 +157,53 @@ void PrepareSwitchRoot() {
         Copy(snapuserd, dst);
     }
 }
+
+std::string GetPageSizeSuffix() {
+    static const size_t page_size = sysconf(_SC_PAGE_SIZE);
+    if (page_size <= 4096) {
+        return "";
+    }
+    return android::base::StringPrintf("_%zuk", page_size / 1024);
+}
+
+constexpr bool EndsWith(const std::string_view str, const std::string_view suffix) {
+    return str.size() >= suffix.size() &&
+           0 == str.compare(str.size() - suffix.size(), suffix.size(), suffix);
+}
+
+constexpr std::string_view GetPageSizeSuffix(std::string_view dirname) {
+    if (EndsWith(dirname, "_16k")) {
+        return "_16k";
+    }
+    if (EndsWith(dirname, "_64k")) {
+        return "_64k";
+    }
+    return "";
+}
+
 }  // namespace
 
-std::string GetModuleLoadList(bool recovery, const std::string& dir_path) {
-    auto module_load_file = "modules.load";
-    if (recovery) {
-        struct stat fileStat;
-        std::string recovery_load_path = dir_path + "/modules.load.recovery";
-        if (!stat(recovery_load_path.c_str(), &fileStat)) {
+std::string GetModuleLoadList(BootMode boot_mode, const std::string& dir_path) {
+    std::string module_load_file;
+
+    switch (boot_mode) {
+        case BootMode::NORMAL_MODE:
+            module_load_file = "modules.load";
+            break;
+        case BootMode::RECOVERY_MODE:
             module_load_file = "modules.load.recovery";
+            break;
+        case BootMode::CHARGER_MODE:
+            module_load_file = "modules.load.charger";
+            break;
+    }
+
+    if (module_load_file != "modules.load") {
+        struct stat fileStat {};
+        std::string load_path = dir_path + "/" + module_load_file;
+        // Fall back to modules.load if the other files aren't accessible
+        if (stat(load_path.c_str(), &fileStat)) {
+            module_load_file = "modules.load";
         }
     }
 
@@ -163,12 +211,13 @@ std::string GetModuleLoadList(bool recovery, const std::string& dir_path) {
 }
 
 #define MODULE_BASE_DIR "/lib/modules"
-bool LoadKernelModules(bool recovery, bool want_console, bool want_parallel, int& modules_loaded) {
-    struct utsname uts;
+bool LoadKernelModules(BootMode boot_mode, bool want_console, bool want_parallel,
+                       int& modules_loaded) {
+    struct utsname uts {};
     if (uname(&uts)) {
         LOG(FATAL) << "Failed to get kernel version.";
     }
-    int major, minor;
+    int major = 0, minor = 0;
     if (sscanf(uts.release, "%d.%d", &major, &minor) != 2) {
         LOG(FATAL) << "Failed to parse kernel version " << uts.release;
     }
@@ -178,13 +227,30 @@ bool LoadKernelModules(bool recovery, bool want_console, bool want_parallel, int
         LOG(INFO) << "Unable to open /lib/modules, skipping module loading.";
         return true;
     }
-    dirent* entry;
+    dirent* entry = nullptr;
     std::vector<std::string> module_dirs;
+    const auto page_size_suffix = GetPageSizeSuffix();
+    const std::string release_specific_module_dir = uts.release + page_size_suffix;
     while ((entry = readdir(base_dir.get()))) {
         if (entry->d_type != DT_DIR) {
             continue;
         }
-        int dir_major, dir_minor;
+        if (entry->d_name == release_specific_module_dir) {
+            LOG(INFO) << "Release specific kernel module dir " << release_specific_module_dir
+                      << " found, loading modules from here with no fallbacks.";
+            module_dirs.clear();
+            module_dirs.emplace_back(entry->d_name);
+            break;
+        }
+        // Is a directory does not have page size suffix, it does not mean this directory is for 4K
+        // kernels. Certain 16K kernel builds put all modules in /lib/modules/`uname -r` without any
+        // suffix. Therefore, only ignore a directory if it has _16k/_64k suffix and the suffix does
+        // not match system page size.
+        const auto dir_page_size_suffix = GetPageSizeSuffix(entry->d_name);
+        if (!dir_page_size_suffix.empty() && dir_page_size_suffix != page_size_suffix) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        int dir_major = 0, dir_minor = 0;
         if (sscanf(entry->d_name, "%d.%d", &dir_major, &dir_minor) != 2 || dir_major != major ||
             dir_minor != minor) {
             continue;
@@ -203,24 +269,67 @@ bool LoadKernelModules(bool recovery, bool want_console, bool want_parallel, int
     for (const auto& module_dir : module_dirs) {
         std::string dir_path = MODULE_BASE_DIR "/";
         dir_path.append(module_dir);
-        Modprobe m({dir_path}, GetModuleLoadList(recovery, dir_path));
+        Modprobe m({dir_path}, GetModuleLoadList(boot_mode, dir_path));
         bool retval = m.LoadListedModules(!want_console);
         modules_loaded = m.GetModuleCount();
         if (modules_loaded > 0) {
+            LOG(INFO) << "Loaded " << modules_loaded << " modules from " << dir_path;
             return retval;
         }
     }
 
-    Modprobe m({MODULE_BASE_DIR}, GetModuleLoadList(recovery, MODULE_BASE_DIR));
+    Modprobe m({MODULE_BASE_DIR}, GetModuleLoadList(boot_mode, MODULE_BASE_DIR));
     bool retval = (want_parallel) ? m.LoadModulesParallel(std::thread::hardware_concurrency())
                                   : m.LoadListedModules(!want_console);
     modules_loaded = m.GetModuleCount();
     if (modules_loaded > 0) {
+        LOG(INFO) << "Loaded " << modules_loaded << " modules from " << MODULE_BASE_DIR;
         return retval;
     }
     return true;
 }
 
+static bool IsChargerMode(const std::string& cmdline, const std::string& bootconfig) {
+    return bootconfig.find("androidboot.mode = \"charger\"") != std::string::npos ||
+            cmdline.find("androidboot.mode=charger") != std::string::npos;
+}
+
+static BootMode GetBootMode(const std::string& cmdline, const std::string& bootconfig)
+{
+    if (IsChargerMode(cmdline, bootconfig))
+        return BootMode::CHARGER_MODE;
+    else if (IsRecoveryMode() && !ForceNormalBoot(cmdline, bootconfig))
+        return BootMode::RECOVERY_MODE;
+
+    return BootMode::NORMAL_MODE;
+}
+
+static void MaybeResumeFromHibernation(const std::string& bootconfig) {
+    std::string hibernationResumeDevice;
+    android::fs_mgr::GetBootconfigFromString(bootconfig, "androidboot.hibernation_resume_device",
+                                             &hibernationResumeDevice);
+    if (!hibernationResumeDevice.empty()) {
+        android::base::unique_fd fd(open("/sys/power/resume", O_RDWR | O_CLOEXEC));
+        if (fd >= 0) {
+            if (!android::base::WriteStringToFd(hibernationResumeDevice, fd)) {
+                PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to write to /sys/power/resume";
+            }
+        } else {
+            PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to open /sys/power/resume";
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+static std::unique_ptr<FirstStageMount> CreateFirstStageMount(const std::string& cmdline) {
+    auto ret = FirstStageMount::Create(cmdline);
+    if (ret.ok()) {
+        return std::move(*ret);
+    } else {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to create FirstStageMount : " << ret.error();
+        return nullptr;
+    }
+}
+
 int FirstStageMain(int argc, char** argv) {
     if (REBOOT_BOOTLOADER_ON_PANIC) {
         InstallRebootSignalHandlers();
@@ -293,8 +402,13 @@ int FirstStageMain(int argc, char** argv) {
 
     // /second_stage_resources is used to preserve files from first to second
     // stage init
-    CHECKCALL(mount("tmpfs", kSecondStageRes, "tmpfs", MS_NOEXEC | MS_NOSUID | MS_NODEV,
-                    "mode=0755,uid=0,gid=0"))
+    CHECKCALL(mount("tmpfs", kSecondStageRes, "tmpfs", MS_NOSUID | MS_NODEV,
+                    "mode=0755,uid=0,gid=0"));
+
+    if (IsMicrodroid() && android::virtualization::IsOpenDiceChangesFlagEnabled()) {
+        CHECKCALL(mount("tmpfs", "/microdroid_resources", "tmpfs", MS_NOEXEC | MS_NOSUID | MS_NODEV,
+                        "mode=0750,uid=0,gid=0"));
+    }
 #undef CHECKCALL
 
     SetStdioToDevNull(argv);
@@ -316,7 +430,7 @@ int FirstStageMain(int argc, char** argv) {
         PLOG(ERROR) << "Could not opendir(\"/\"), not freeing ramdisk";
     }
 
-    struct stat old_root_info;
+    struct stat old_root_info {};
     if (stat("/", &old_root_info) != 0) {
         PLOG(ERROR) << "Could not stat(\"/\"), not freeing ramdisk";
         old_root_dir.reset();
@@ -328,7 +442,8 @@ int FirstStageMain(int argc, char** argv) {
 
     boot_clock::time_point module_start_time = boot_clock::now();
     int module_count = 0;
-    if (!LoadKernelModules(IsRecoveryMode() && !ForceNormalBoot(cmdline, bootconfig), want_console,
+    BootMode boot_mode = GetBootMode(cmdline, bootconfig);
+    if (!LoadKernelModules(boot_mode, want_console,
                            want_parallel, module_count)) {
         if (want_console != FirstStageConsoleParam::DISABLED) {
             LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to load kernel modules, starting console";
@@ -344,12 +459,19 @@ int FirstStageMain(int argc, char** argv) {
                   << module_elapse_time.count() << " ms";
     }
 
+    MaybeResumeFromHibernation(bootconfig);
+
+    std::unique_ptr<FirstStageMount> fsm;
+
     bool created_devices = false;
     if (want_console == FirstStageConsoleParam::CONSOLE_ON_FAILURE) {
         if (!IsRecoveryMode()) {
-            created_devices = DoCreateDevices();
-            if (!created_devices) {
-                LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to create device nodes early";
+            fsm = CreateFirstStageMount(cmdline);
+            if (fsm) {
+                created_devices = fsm->DoCreateDevices();
+                if (!created_devices) {
+                    LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to create device nodes early";
+                }
             }
         }
         StartConsole(cmdline);
@@ -400,11 +522,26 @@ int FirstStageMain(int argc, char** argv) {
         SwitchRoot("/first_stage_ramdisk");
     }
 
-    if (!DoFirstStageMount(!created_devices)) {
-        LOG(FATAL) << "Failed to mount required partitions early ...";
+    if (IsRecoveryMode()) {
+        LOG(INFO) << "First stage mount skipped (recovery mode)";
+    } else {
+        if (!fsm) {
+            fsm = CreateFirstStageMount(cmdline);
+        }
+        if (!fsm) {
+            LOG(FATAL) << "FirstStageMount not available";
+        }
+
+        if (!created_devices && !fsm->DoCreateDevices()) {
+            LOG(FATAL) << "Failed to create devices required for first stage mount";
+        }
+
+        if (!fsm->DoFirstStageMount()) {
+            LOG(FATAL) << "Failed to mount required partitions early ...";
+        }
     }
 
-    struct stat new_root_info;
+    struct stat new_root_info {};
     if (stat("/", &new_root_info) != 0) {
         PLOG(ERROR) << "Could not stat(\"/\"), not freeing ramdisk";
         old_root_dir.reset();
diff --git a/init/first_stage_mount.cpp b/init/first_stage_mount.cpp
index 07ce4588d039..aa6b551662fa 100644
--- a/init/first_stage_mount.cpp
+++ b/init/first_stage_mount.cpp
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 
 #include "first_stage_mount.h"
 
+#include <signal.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #include <sys/mount.h>
 #include <unistd.h>
@@ -31,8 +32,12 @@
 #include <android-base/chrono_utils.h>
 #include <android-base/file.h>
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
+#include <android-base/parseint.h>
 #include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
 #include <android-base/strings.h>
+#include <android/avf_cc_flags.h>
+#include <bootloader_message/bootloader_message.h>
+#include <cutils/android_reboot.h>
 #include <fs_avb/fs_avb.h>
 #include <fs_mgr.h>
 #include <fs_mgr_dm_linear.h>
@@ -44,6 +49,7 @@
 
 #include "block_dev_initializer.h"
 #include "devices.h"
+#include "reboot_utils.h"
 #include "result.h"
 #include "snapuserd_transition.h"
 #include "switch_root.h"
@@ -76,21 +82,21 @@ namespace init {
 
 // Class Declarations
 // ------------------
-class FirstStageMount {
+class FirstStageMountVBootV2 : public FirstStageMount {
   public:
-    FirstStageMount(Fstab fstab);
-    virtual ~FirstStageMount() = default;
+    friend void SetInitAvbVersionInRecovery();
 
-    // The factory method to create a FirstStageMountVBootV2 instance.
-    static Result<std::unique_ptr<FirstStageMount>> Create();
-    bool DoCreateDevices();    // Creates devices and logical partitions from storage devices
-    bool DoFirstStageMount();  // Mounts fstab entries read from device tree.
-    bool InitDevices();
+    FirstStageMountVBootV2(Fstab fstab);
+    virtual ~FirstStageMountVBootV2() = default;
+
+    bool DoCreateDevices() override;
+    bool DoFirstStageMount() override;
 
-  protected:
+  private:
+    bool InitDevices();
     bool InitRequiredDevices(std::set<std::string> devices);
     bool CreateLogicalPartitions();
-    bool CreateSnapshotPartitions(android::snapshot::SnapshotManager* sm);
+    bool CreateSnapshotPartitions(SnapshotManager* sm);
     bool MountPartition(const Fstab::iterator& begin, bool erase_same_mounts,
                         Fstab::iterator* end = nullptr);
 
@@ -106,9 +112,12 @@ class FirstStageMount {
     // revocation check by DSU installation service.
     void CopyDsuAvbKeys();
 
-    // Pure virtual functions.
-    virtual bool GetDmVerityDevices(std::set<std::string>* devices) = 0;
-    virtual bool SetUpDmVerity(FstabEntry* fstab_entry) = 0;
+    bool GetDmVerityDevices(std::set<std::string>* devices);
+    bool SetUpDmVerity(FstabEntry* fstab_entry);
+
+    void RequestTradeInModeWipeIfNeeded();
+
+    bool InitAvbHandle();
 
     bool need_dm_verity_;
     bool dsu_not_on_userdata_ = false;
@@ -122,19 +131,6 @@ class FirstStageMount {
     // Reads all AVB keys before chroot into /system, as they might be used
     // later when mounting other partitions, e.g., /vendor and /product.
     std::map<std::string, std::vector<std::string>> preload_avb_key_blobs_;
-};
-
-class FirstStageMountVBootV2 : public FirstStageMount {
-  public:
-    friend void SetInitAvbVersionInRecovery();
-
-    FirstStageMountVBootV2(Fstab fstab);
-    ~FirstStageMountVBootV2() override = default;
-
-  protected:
-    bool GetDmVerityDevices(std::set<std::string>* devices) override;
-    bool SetUpDmVerity(FstabEntry* fstab_entry) override;
-    bool InitAvbHandle();
 
     std::vector<std::string> vbmeta_partitions_;
     AvbUniquePtr avb_handle_;
@@ -150,7 +146,7 @@ static inline bool IsDtVbmetaCompatible(const Fstab& fstab) {
     return is_android_dt_value_expected("vbmeta/compatible", "android,vbmeta");
 }
 
-static Result<Fstab> ReadFirstStageFstab() {
+static Result<Fstab> ReadFirstStageFstabAndroid() {
     Fstab fstab;
     if (!ReadFstabFromDt(&fstab)) {
         if (ReadDefaultFstab(&fstab)) {
@@ -166,6 +162,24 @@ static Result<Fstab> ReadFirstStageFstab() {
     return fstab;
 }
 
+// Note: this is a temporary solution to avoid blocking devs that depend on /vendor partition in
+// Microdroid. For the proper solution the /vendor fstab should probably be defined in the DT.
+// TODO(b/285855430): refactor this
+// TODO(b/285855436): verify key microdroid-vendor was signed with.
+// TODO(b/285855436): should be mounted on top of dm-verity device.
+static Result<Fstab> ReadFirstStageFstabMicrodroid(const std::string& cmdline) {
+    Fstab fstab;
+    if (!ReadDefaultFstab(&fstab)) {
+        return Error() << "failed to read fstab";
+    }
+    if (cmdline.find("androidboot.microdroid.mount_vendor=1") == std::string::npos) {
+        // We weren't asked to mount /vendor partition, filter it out from the fstab.
+        auto predicate = [](const auto& entry) { return entry.mount_point == "/vendor"; };
+        fstab.erase(std::remove_if(fstab.begin(), fstab.end(), predicate), fstab.end());
+    }
+    return fstab;
+}
+
 static bool GetRootEntry(FstabEntry* root_entry) {
     Fstab proc_mounts;
     if (!ReadFstabFromFile("/proc/mounts", &proc_mounts)) {
@@ -218,14 +232,13 @@ static bool IsStandaloneImageRollback(const AvbHandle& builtin_vbmeta,
     return rollbacked;
 }
 
-// Class Definitions
-// -----------------
-FirstStageMount::FirstStageMount(Fstab fstab) : need_dm_verity_(false), fstab_(std::move(fstab)) {
-    super_partition_name_ = fs_mgr_get_super_partition_name();
-}
-
-Result<std::unique_ptr<FirstStageMount>> FirstStageMount::Create() {
-    auto fstab = ReadFirstStageFstab();
+Result<std::unique_ptr<FirstStageMount>> FirstStageMount::Create(const std::string& cmdline) {
+    Result<Fstab> fstab;
+    if (IsMicrodroid()) {
+        fstab = ReadFirstStageFstabMicrodroid(cmdline);
+    } else {
+        fstab = ReadFirstStageFstabAndroid();
+    }
     if (!fstab.ok()) {
         return fstab.error();
     }
@@ -233,7 +246,7 @@ Result<std::unique_ptr<FirstStageMount>> FirstStageMount::Create() {
     return std::make_unique<FirstStageMountVBootV2>(std::move(*fstab));
 }
 
-bool FirstStageMount::DoCreateDevices() {
+bool FirstStageMountVBootV2::DoCreateDevices() {
     if (!InitDevices()) return false;
 
     // Mount /metadata before creating logical partitions, since we need to
@@ -255,7 +268,9 @@ bool FirstStageMount::DoCreateDevices() {
     return true;
 }
 
-bool FirstStageMount::DoFirstStageMount() {
+bool FirstStageMountVBootV2::DoFirstStageMount() {
+    RequestTradeInModeWipeIfNeeded();
+
     if (!IsDmLinearEnabled() && fstab_.empty()) {
         // Nothing to mount.
         LOG(INFO) << "First stage mount skipped (missing/incompatible/empty fstab in device tree)";
@@ -267,7 +282,16 @@ bool FirstStageMount::DoFirstStageMount() {
     return true;
 }
 
-bool FirstStageMount::InitDevices() {
+// TODO: should this be in a library in packages/modules/Virtualization first_stage_init links?
+static bool IsMicrodroidStrictBoot() {
+    return access("/proc/device-tree/chosen/avf,strict-boot", F_OK) == 0;
+}
+
+bool FirstStageMountVBootV2::InitDevices() {
+    if (!block_dev_init_.InitBootDevicesFromPartUuid()) {
+        return false;
+    }
+
     std::set<std::string> devices;
     GetSuperDeviceName(&devices);
 
@@ -278,6 +302,14 @@ bool FirstStageMount::InitDevices() {
         return false;
     }
 
+    if (IsMicrodroid() && android::virtualization::IsOpenDiceChangesFlagEnabled()) {
+        if (IsMicrodroidStrictBoot()) {
+            if (!block_dev_init_.InitPlatformDevice("open-dice0")) {
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
     if (IsDmLinearEnabled()) {
         auto super_symlink = "/dev/block/by-name/"s + super_partition_name_;
         if (!android::base::Realpath(super_symlink, &super_path_)) {
@@ -288,14 +320,14 @@ bool FirstStageMount::InitDevices() {
     return true;
 }
 
-bool FirstStageMount::IsDmLinearEnabled() {
+bool FirstStageMountVBootV2::IsDmLinearEnabled() {
     for (const auto& entry : fstab_) {
         if (entry.fs_mgr_flags.logical) return true;
     }
     return false;
 }
 
-void FirstStageMount::GetSuperDeviceName(std::set<std::string>* devices) {
+void FirstStageMountVBootV2::GetSuperDeviceName(std::set<std::string>* devices) {
     // Add any additional devices required for dm-linear mappings.
     if (!IsDmLinearEnabled()) {
         return;
@@ -307,7 +339,7 @@ void FirstStageMount::GetSuperDeviceName(std::set<std::string>* devices) {
 // Creates devices with uevent->partition_name matching ones in the given set.
 // Found partitions will then be removed from it for the subsequent member
 // function to check which devices are NOT created.
-bool FirstStageMount::InitRequiredDevices(std::set<std::string> devices) {
+bool FirstStageMountVBootV2::InitRequiredDevices(std::set<std::string> devices) {
     if (!block_dev_init_.InitDeviceMapper()) {
         return false;
     }
@@ -317,7 +349,8 @@ bool FirstStageMount::InitRequiredDevices(std::set<std::string> devices) {
     return block_dev_init_.InitDevices(std::move(devices));
 }
 
-bool FirstStageMount::InitDmLinearBackingDevices(const android::fs_mgr::LpMetadata& metadata) {
+bool FirstStageMountVBootV2::InitDmLinearBackingDevices(
+        const android::fs_mgr::LpMetadata& metadata) {
     std::set<std::string> devices;
 
     auto partition_names = android::fs_mgr::GetBlockDevicePartitionNames(metadata);
@@ -334,7 +367,7 @@ bool FirstStageMount::InitDmLinearBackingDevices(const android::fs_mgr::LpMetada
     return InitRequiredDevices(std::move(devices));
 }
 
-bool FirstStageMount::CreateLogicalPartitions() {
+bool FirstStageMountVBootV2::CreateLogicalPartitions() {
     if (!IsDmLinearEnabled()) {
         return true;
     }
@@ -345,6 +378,14 @@ bool FirstStageMount::CreateLogicalPartitions() {
     }
 
     if (SnapshotManager::IsSnapshotManagerNeeded()) {
+        auto init_devices = [this](const std::string& device) -> bool {
+            if (android::base::StartsWith(device, "/dev/block/dm-")) {
+                return block_dev_init_.InitDmDevice(device);
+            }
+            return block_dev_init_.InitDevices({device});
+        };
+
+        SnapshotManager::MapTempOtaMetadataPartitionIfNeeded(init_devices);
         auto sm = SnapshotManager::NewForFirstStageMount();
         if (!sm) {
             return false;
@@ -365,7 +406,7 @@ bool FirstStageMount::CreateLogicalPartitions() {
     return android::fs_mgr::CreateLogicalPartitions(*metadata.get(), super_path_);
 }
 
-bool FirstStageMount::CreateSnapshotPartitions(SnapshotManager* sm) {
+bool FirstStageMountVBootV2::CreateSnapshotPartitions(SnapshotManager* sm) {
     // When COW images are present for snapshots, they are stored on
     // the data partition.
     if (!InitRequiredDevices({"userdata"})) {
@@ -374,11 +415,7 @@ bool FirstStageMount::CreateSnapshotPartitions(SnapshotManager* sm) {
 
     use_snapuserd_ = sm->IsSnapuserdRequired();
     if (use_snapuserd_) {
-        if (sm->UpdateUsesUserSnapshots()) {
-            LaunchFirstStageSnapuserd(SnapshotDriver::DM_USER);
-        } else {
-            LaunchFirstStageSnapuserd(SnapshotDriver::DM_SNAPSHOT);
-        }
+        LaunchFirstStageSnapuserd();
     }
 
     sm->SetUeventRegenCallback([this](const std::string& device) -> bool {
@@ -400,8 +437,8 @@ bool FirstStageMount::CreateSnapshotPartitions(SnapshotManager* sm) {
     return true;
 }
 
-bool FirstStageMount::MountPartition(const Fstab::iterator& begin, bool erase_same_mounts,
-                                     Fstab::iterator* end) {
+bool FirstStageMountVBootV2::MountPartition(const Fstab::iterator& begin, bool erase_same_mounts,
+                                            Fstab::iterator* end) {
     // Sets end to begin + 1, so we can just return on failure below.
     if (end) {
         *end = begin + 1;
@@ -445,7 +482,7 @@ bool FirstStageMount::MountPartition(const Fstab::iterator& begin, bool erase_sa
     return mounted;
 }
 
-void FirstStageMount::PreloadAvbKeys() {
+void FirstStageMountVBootV2::PreloadAvbKeys() {
     for (const auto& entry : fstab_) {
         // No need to cache the key content if it's empty, or is already cached.
         if (entry.avb_keys.empty() || preload_avb_key_blobs_.count(entry.avb_keys)) {
@@ -492,7 +529,7 @@ void FirstStageMount::PreloadAvbKeys() {
 // If system is in the fstab then we're not a system-as-root device, and in
 // this case, we mount system first then pivot to it.  From that point on,
 // we are effectively identical to a system-as-root device.
-bool FirstStageMount::TrySwitchSystemAsRoot() {
+bool FirstStageMountVBootV2::TrySwitchSystemAsRoot() {
     UseDsuIfPresent();
     // Preloading all AVB keys from the ramdisk before switching root to /system.
     PreloadAvbKeys();
@@ -521,9 +558,48 @@ bool FirstStageMount::TrySwitchSystemAsRoot() {
     return true;
 }
 
-bool FirstStageMount::MountPartitions() {
+static bool MaybeDeriveMicrodroidVendorDiceNode(Fstab* fstab) {
+    std::optional<std::string> microdroid_vendor_block_dev;
+    for (auto entry = fstab->begin(); entry != fstab->end(); entry++) {
+        if (entry->mount_point == "/vendor") {
+            microdroid_vendor_block_dev.emplace(entry->blk_device);
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+    if (!microdroid_vendor_block_dev.has_value()) {
+        LOG(VERBOSE) << "No microdroid vendor partition to mount";
+        return true;
+    }
+    // clang-format off
+    const std::array<const char*, 8> args = {
+        "/system/bin/derive_microdroid_vendor_dice_node",
+                "--dice-driver", "/dev/open-dice0",
+                "--microdroid-vendor-disk-image", microdroid_vendor_block_dev->data(),
+                "--output", "/microdroid_resources/dice_chain.raw", nullptr,
+    };
+    // clang-format-on
+    // ForkExecveAndWaitForCompletion calls waitpid to wait for the fork-ed process to finish.
+    // The first_stage_console adds SA_NOCLDWAIT flag to the SIGCHLD handler, which means that
+    // waitpid will always return -ECHLD. Here we re-register a default handler, so that waitpid
+    // works.
+    LOG(INFO) << "Deriving dice node for microdroid vendor partition";
+    signal(SIGCHLD, SIG_DFL);
+    if (!ForkExecveAndWaitForCompletion(args[0], (char**)args.data())) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to derive microdroid vendor dice node";
+        return false;
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
+bool FirstStageMountVBootV2::MountPartitions() {
     if (!TrySwitchSystemAsRoot()) return false;
 
+    if (IsMicrodroid() && android::virtualization::IsOpenDiceChangesFlagEnabled()) {
+        if (!MaybeDeriveMicrodroidVendorDiceNode(&fstab_)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+
     if (!SkipMountingPartitions(&fstab_, true /* verbose */)) return false;
 
     for (auto current = fstab_.begin(); current != fstab_.end();) {
@@ -604,7 +680,7 @@ bool FirstStageMount::MountPartitions() {
 // copy files to /metadata is NOT fatal, because it is auxiliary to perform
 // public key matching before booting into DSU images on next boot. The actual
 // public key matching will still be done on next boot to DSU.
-void FirstStageMount::CopyDsuAvbKeys() {
+void FirstStageMountVBootV2::CopyDsuAvbKeys() {
     std::error_code ec;
     // Removing existing keys in gsi::kDsuAvbKeyDir as they might be stale.
     std::filesystem::remove_all(gsi::kDsuAvbKeyDir, ec);
@@ -620,7 +696,7 @@ void FirstStageMount::CopyDsuAvbKeys() {
     }
 }
 
-void FirstStageMount::UseDsuIfPresent() {
+void FirstStageMountVBootV2::UseDsuIfPresent() {
     std::string error;
 
     if (!android::gsi::CanBootIntoGsi(&error)) {
@@ -657,10 +733,10 @@ void FirstStageMount::UseDsuIfPresent() {
     TransformFstabForDsu(&fstab_, active_dsu, dsu_partitions);
 }
 
-// First retrieve any vbmeta partitions from device tree (legacy) then read through the fstab
-// for any further vbmeta partitions.
 FirstStageMountVBootV2::FirstStageMountVBootV2(Fstab fstab)
-    : FirstStageMount(std::move(fstab)), avb_handle_(nullptr) {
+    : need_dm_verity_(false), fstab_(std::move(fstab)), avb_handle_(nullptr) {
+    super_partition_name_ = fs_mgr_get_super_partition_name();
+
     std::string device_tree_vbmeta_parts;
     read_android_dt_file("vbmeta/parts", &device_tree_vbmeta_parts);
 
@@ -726,6 +802,15 @@ bool FirstStageMountVBootV2::GetDmVerityDevices(std::set<std::string>* devices)
     return true;
 }
 
+bool IsHashtreeDisabled(const AvbHandle& vbmeta, const std::string& mount_point) {
+    if (vbmeta.status() == AvbHandleStatus::kHashtreeDisabled ||
+        vbmeta.status() == AvbHandleStatus::kVerificationDisabled) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Top-level vbmeta is disabled, skip Hashtree setup for " << mount_point;
+        return true;  // Returns true to mount the partition directly.
+    }
+    return false;
+}
+
 bool FirstStageMountVBootV2::SetUpDmVerity(FstabEntry* fstab_entry) {
     AvbHashtreeResult hashtree_result;
 
@@ -734,34 +819,46 @@ bool FirstStageMountVBootV2::SetUpDmVerity(FstabEntry* fstab_entry) {
     if (!fstab_entry->avb_keys.empty()) {
         if (!InitAvbHandle()) return false;
         // Checks if hashtree should be disabled from the top-level /vbmeta.
-        if (avb_handle_->status() == AvbHandleStatus::kHashtreeDisabled ||
-            avb_handle_->status() == AvbHandleStatus::kVerificationDisabled) {
-            LOG(ERROR) << "Top-level vbmeta is disabled, skip Hashtree setup for "
-                       << fstab_entry->mount_point;
-            return true;  // Returns true to mount the partition directly.
+        if (IsHashtreeDisabled(*avb_handle_, fstab_entry->mount_point)) {
+            return true;
+        }
+        auto avb_standalone_handle = AvbHandle::LoadAndVerifyVbmeta(
+                *fstab_entry, preload_avb_key_blobs_[fstab_entry->avb_keys]);
+        if (!avb_standalone_handle) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to load offline vbmeta for " << fstab_entry->mount_point;
+            // Fallbacks to built-in hashtree if fs_mgr_flags.avb is set.
+            if (!fstab_entry->fs_mgr_flags.avb) return false;
+            LOG(INFO) << "Fallback to built-in hashtree for " << fstab_entry->mount_point;
+            hashtree_result =
+                    avb_handle_->SetUpAvbHashtree(fstab_entry, false /* wait_for_verity_dev */);
         } else {
-            auto avb_standalone_handle = AvbHandle::LoadAndVerifyVbmeta(
-                    *fstab_entry, preload_avb_key_blobs_[fstab_entry->avb_keys]);
-            if (!avb_standalone_handle) {
-                LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to load offline vbmeta for " << fstab_entry->mount_point;
-                // Fallbacks to built-in hashtree if fs_mgr_flags.avb is set.
-                if (!fstab_entry->fs_mgr_flags.avb) return false;
-                LOG(INFO) << "Fallback to built-in hashtree for " << fstab_entry->mount_point;
-                hashtree_result =
-                        avb_handle_->SetUpAvbHashtree(fstab_entry, false /* wait_for_verity_dev */);
-            } else {
-                // Sets up hashtree via the standalone handle.
-                if (IsStandaloneImageRollback(*avb_handle_, *avb_standalone_handle, *fstab_entry)) {
-                    return false;
-                }
-                hashtree_result = avb_standalone_handle->SetUpAvbHashtree(
-                        fstab_entry, false /* wait_for_verity_dev */);
+            // Sets up hashtree via the standalone handle.
+            if (IsStandaloneImageRollback(*avb_handle_, *avb_standalone_handle, *fstab_entry)) {
+                return false;
             }
+            hashtree_result = avb_standalone_handle->SetUpAvbHashtree(
+                    fstab_entry, false /* wait_for_verity_dev */);
         }
     } else if (fstab_entry->fs_mgr_flags.avb) {
         if (!InitAvbHandle()) return false;
         hashtree_result =
                 avb_handle_->SetUpAvbHashtree(fstab_entry, false /* wait_for_verity_dev */);
+    } else if (!fstab_entry->avb_hashtree_digest.empty()) {
+        // When fstab_entry has neither avb_keys nor avb flag, try using
+        // avb_hashtree_digest.
+        if (!InitAvbHandle()) return false;
+        // Checks if hashtree should be disabled from the top-level /vbmeta.
+        if (IsHashtreeDisabled(*avb_handle_, fstab_entry->mount_point)) {
+            return true;
+        }
+        auto avb_standalone_handle = AvbHandle::LoadAndVerifyVbmeta(*fstab_entry);
+        if (!avb_standalone_handle) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to load vbmeta based on hashtree descriptor root digest for "
+                       << fstab_entry->mount_point;
+            return false;
+        }
+        hashtree_result = avb_standalone_handle->SetUpAvbHashtree(fstab_entry,
+                                                                  false /* wait_for_verity_dev */);
     } else {
         return true;  // No need AVB, returns true to mount the partition directly.
     }
@@ -793,37 +890,53 @@ bool FirstStageMountVBootV2::InitAvbHandle() {
     return true;
 }
 
-// Public functions
-// ----------------
-// Creates devices and logical partitions from storage devices
-bool DoCreateDevices() {
-    auto fsm = FirstStageMount::Create();
-    if (!fsm.ok()) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to create FirstStageMount: " << fsm.error();
-        return false;
+void FirstStageMountVBootV2::RequestTradeInModeWipeIfNeeded() {
+    static constexpr const char* kWipeIndicator = "/metadata/tradeinmode/wipe";
+    static constexpr size_t kWipeAttempts = 3;
+
+    if (access(kWipeIndicator, R_OK) == -1) {
+        return;
     }
-    return (*fsm)->DoCreateDevices();
-}
 
-// Mounts partitions specified by fstab in device tree.
-bool DoFirstStageMount(bool create_devices) {
-    // Skips first stage mount if we're in recovery mode.
-    if (IsRecoveryMode()) {
-        LOG(INFO) << "First stage mount skipped (recovery mode)";
-        return true;
+    // Write a counter to the wipe indicator, to try and prevent boot loops if
+    // recovery fails to wipe data.
+    uint32_t counter = 0;
+    std::string contents;
+    if (ReadFileToString(kWipeIndicator, &contents)) {
+        android::base::ParseUint(contents, &counter);
+        contents = std::to_string(++counter);
+        if (android::base::WriteStringToFile(contents, kWipeIndicator)) {
+            sync();
+        } else {
+            PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to update " << kWipeIndicator;
+        }
+    } else {
+        PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to read " << kWipeIndicator;
     }
 
-    auto fsm = FirstStageMount::Create();
-    if (!fsm.ok()) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to create FirstStageMount " << fsm.error();
-        return false;
+    std::string err;
+    auto misc_device = get_misc_blk_device(&err);
+    if (misc_device.empty()) {
+        LOG(FATAL) << "Could not find misc device: " << err;
     }
 
-    if (create_devices) {
-        if (!(*fsm)->DoCreateDevices()) return false;
+    auto misc_name = android::base::Basename(misc_device);
+    if (!block_dev_init_.InitDevices({misc_name})) {
+        LOG(FATAL) << "Could not find misc device: " << misc_device;
     }
 
-    return (*fsm)->DoFirstStageMount();
+    // If we've failed to wipe three times, don't include the wipe command. This
+    // will force us to boot into the recovery menu instead where a manual wipe
+    // can be attempted.
+    std::vector<std::string> options;
+    if (counter <= kWipeAttempts) {
+        options.emplace_back("--wipe_data");
+        options.emplace_back("--reason=tradeinmode");
+    }
+    if (!write_bootloader_message(options, &err)) {
+        LOG(FATAL) << "Could not issue wipe: " << err;
+    }
+    RebootSystem(ANDROID_RB_RESTART2, "recovery", "reboot,tradeinmode,wipe");
 }
 
 void SetInitAvbVersionInRecovery() {
@@ -832,7 +945,7 @@ void SetInitAvbVersionInRecovery() {
         return;
     }
 
-    auto fstab = ReadFirstStageFstab();
+    auto fstab = ReadFirstStageFstabAndroid();
     if (!fstab.ok()) {
         LOG(ERROR) << fstab.error();
         return;
diff --git a/init/first_stage_mount.h b/init/first_stage_mount.h
index 2f4e663825bf..54501d8df6f5 100644
--- a/init/first_stage_mount.h
+++ b/init/first_stage_mount.h
@@ -16,11 +16,28 @@
 
 #pragma once
 
+#include <memory>
+
+#include "result.h"
+
 namespace android {
 namespace init {
 
-bool DoCreateDevices();
-bool DoFirstStageMount(bool create_devices);
+class FirstStageMount {
+  public:
+    virtual ~FirstStageMount() = default;
+
+    // The factory method to create a FirstStageMount instance.
+    static Result<std::unique_ptr<FirstStageMount>> Create(const std::string& cmdline);
+    // Creates devices and logical partitions from storage devices
+    virtual bool DoCreateDevices() = 0;
+    // Mounts fstab entries read from device tree.
+    virtual bool DoFirstStageMount() = 0;
+
+  protected:
+    FirstStageMount() = default;
+};
+
 void SetInitAvbVersionInRecovery();
 
 }  // namespace init
diff --git a/init/fscrypt_init_extensions.cpp b/init/fscrypt_init_extensions.cpp
index fbd818957a22..6a561e54cc69 100644
--- a/init/fscrypt_init_extensions.cpp
+++ b/init/fscrypt_init_extensions.cpp
@@ -34,28 +34,12 @@
 #include <cutils/properties.h>
 #include <cutils/sockets.h>
 #include <fscrypt/fscrypt.h>
-#include <keyutils.h>
 #include <logwrap/logwrap.h>
 
 #define TAG "fscrypt"
 
 using namespace android::fscrypt;
 
-bool FscryptInstallKeyring() {
-    if (keyctl_search(KEY_SPEC_SESSION_KEYRING, "keyring", "fscrypt", 0) != -1) {
-        LOG(INFO) << "Keyring is already created";
-        return true;
-    }
-    key_serial_t device_keyring = add_key("keyring", "fscrypt", 0, 0, KEY_SPEC_SESSION_KEYRING);
-
-    if (device_keyring == -1) {
-        PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to create keyring";
-        return false;
-    }
-    LOG(INFO) << "Keyring created with id " << device_keyring << " in process " << getpid();
-    return true;
-}
-
 // TODO(b/139378601): use a single central implementation of this.
 static void delete_dir_contents(const std::string& dir) {
     char* const paths[2] = {const_cast<char*>(dir.c_str()), nullptr};
diff --git a/init/fscrypt_init_extensions.h b/init/fscrypt_init_extensions.h
index d357bb2fd82b..5e0269a3b096 100644
--- a/init/fscrypt_init_extensions.h
+++ b/init/fscrypt_init_extensions.h
@@ -25,6 +25,5 @@ enum class FscryptAction {
     kDeleteIfNecessary,
 };
 
-bool FscryptInstallKeyring();
 bool FscryptSetDirectoryPolicy(const std::string& ref_basename, FscryptAction action,
                                const std::string& dir);
diff --git a/init/fuzzer/Android.bp b/init/fuzzer/Android.bp
index c21a196a97f8..8cfd597d9738 100644
--- a/init/fuzzer/Android.bp
+++ b/init/fuzzer/Android.bp
@@ -18,9 +18,8 @@ package {
 }
 
 cc_defaults {
-    name: "libinit_defaults",
+    name: "libinit_fuzzer_defaults",
     static_libs: [
-        "libc++fs",
         "liblmkd_utils",
         "libmodprobe",
         "libprotobuf-cpp-lite",
@@ -31,8 +30,6 @@ cc_defaults {
     shared_libs: [
         "libbase",
         "libfs_mgr",
-        "libhidl-gen-utils",
-        "libkeyutils",
         "liblog",
         "libprocessgroup",
         "libselinux",
@@ -51,9 +48,8 @@ cc_fuzz {
     srcs: [
         "init_parser_fuzzer.cpp",
     ],
-    shared_libs: ["libhidlmetadata",],
     defaults: [
-        "libinit_defaults",
+        "libinit_fuzzer_defaults",
     ],
 }
 
@@ -62,7 +58,7 @@ cc_fuzz {
     srcs: [
         "init_property_fuzzer.cpp",
     ],
-    defaults: ["libinit_defaults"],
+    defaults: ["libinit_fuzzer_defaults"],
 }
 
 cc_fuzz {
@@ -71,6 +67,6 @@ cc_fuzz {
         "init_ueventHandler_fuzzer.cpp",
     ],
     defaults: [
-        "libinit_defaults",
+        "libinit_fuzzer_defaults",
     ],
 }
diff --git a/init/fuzzer/init_parser_fuzzer.cpp b/init/fuzzer/init_parser_fuzzer.cpp
index dc764650a752..21b04f4b391c 100644
--- a/init/fuzzer/init_parser_fuzzer.cpp
+++ b/init/fuzzer/init_parser_fuzzer.cpp
@@ -15,9 +15,7 @@
  */
 
 #include <fuzzer/FuzzedDataProvider.h>
-#include <hidl/metadata.h>
 #include <import_parser.h>
-#include <interface_utils.h>
 #include <rlimit_parser.h>
 
 using namespace android;
@@ -34,7 +32,6 @@ const std::string kValidPaths[] = {
 };
 
 const int32_t kMaxBytes = 256;
-const std::string kValidInterfaces = "android.frameworks.vr.composer@2.0::IVrComposerClient";
 
 class InitParserFuzzer {
   public:
@@ -44,9 +41,6 @@ class InitParserFuzzer {
   private:
     void InvokeParser();
     void InvokeLimitParser();
-    void InvokeInterfaceUtils();
-    InterfaceInheritanceHierarchyMap GenerateHierarchyMap();
-    std::vector<HidlInterfaceMetadata> GenerateInterfaceMetadata();
 
     FuzzedDataProvider fdp_;
 };
@@ -64,60 +58,6 @@ void InitParserFuzzer::InvokeLimitParser() {
     }
 }
 
-std::vector<HidlInterfaceMetadata> InitParserFuzzer::GenerateInterfaceMetadata() {
-    std::vector<HidlInterfaceMetadata> random_interface;
-    for (size_t idx = 0; idx < fdp_.ConsumeIntegral<size_t>(); ++idx) {
-        HidlInterfaceMetadata metadata;
-        metadata.name = fdp_.ConsumeRandomLengthString(kMaxBytes);
-        for (size_t idx1 = 0; idx1 < fdp_.ConsumeIntegral<size_t>(); ++idx1) {
-            metadata.inherited.push_back(fdp_.ConsumeRandomLengthString(kMaxBytes));
-        }
-        random_interface.push_back(metadata);
-    }
-    return random_interface;
-}
-
-InterfaceInheritanceHierarchyMap InitParserFuzzer::GenerateHierarchyMap() {
-    InterfaceInheritanceHierarchyMap result;
-    std::vector<HidlInterfaceMetadata> random_interface;
-    if (fdp_.ConsumeBool()) {
-        random_interface = GenerateInterfaceMetadata();
-    } else {
-        random_interface = HidlInterfaceMetadata::all();
-    }
-
-    for (const HidlInterfaceMetadata& iface : random_interface) {
-        std::set<FQName> inherited_interfaces;
-        for (const std::string& intf : iface.inherited) {
-            FQName fqname;
-            (void)fqname.setTo(intf);
-            inherited_interfaces.insert(fqname);
-        }
-        FQName fqname;
-        (void)fqname.setTo(iface.name);
-        result[fqname] = inherited_interfaces;
-    }
-    return result;
-}
-
-void InitParserFuzzer::InvokeInterfaceUtils() {
-    InterfaceInheritanceHierarchyMap hierarchy_map = GenerateHierarchyMap();
-    SetKnownInterfaces(hierarchy_map);
-    IsKnownInterface(fdp_.ConsumeRandomLengthString(kMaxBytes));
-    std::set<std::string> interface_set;
-    for (size_t idx = 0; idx < fdp_.ConsumeIntegral<size_t>(); ++idx) {
-        auto set_interface_values = fdp_.PickValueInArray<const std::function<void()>>({
-                [&]() {
-                    interface_set.insert(("aidl/" + fdp_.ConsumeRandomLengthString(kMaxBytes)));
-                },
-                [&]() { interface_set.insert(fdp_.ConsumeRandomLengthString(kMaxBytes)); },
-                [&]() { interface_set.insert(kValidInterfaces); },
-        });
-        set_interface_values();
-    }
-    CheckInterfaceInheritanceHierarchy(interface_set, hierarchy_map);
-}
-
 void InitParserFuzzer::InvokeParser() {
     Parser parser;
     std::string name = fdp_.ConsumeBool() ? fdp_.ConsumeRandomLengthString(kMaxBytes) : "import";
@@ -132,7 +72,6 @@ void InitParserFuzzer::Process() {
     while (fdp_.remaining_bytes()) {
         auto invoke_parser_fuzzer = fdp_.PickValueInArray<const std::function<void()>>({
                 [&]() { InvokeParser(); },
-                [&]() { InvokeInterfaceUtils(); },
                 [&]() { InvokeLimitParser(); },
         });
         invoke_parser_fuzzer();
diff --git a/init/host_init_stubs.h b/init/host_init_stubs.h
index 753ed6bb294d..2fef9d3498c9 100644
--- a/init/host_init_stubs.h
+++ b/init/host_init_stubs.h
@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@
 #define __ANDROID_API_S__ 31
 #define __ANDROID_API_T__ 33
 #define __ANDROID_API_U__ 34
+#define __ANDROID_API_V__ 35
 
 // sys/system_properties.h
 #define PROP_VALUE_MAX 92
diff --git a/init/host_init_verifier.cpp b/init/host_init_verifier.cpp
index f070776ecfd5..287857a5cd5a 100644
--- a/init/host_init_verifier.cpp
+++ b/init/host_init_verifier.cpp
@@ -14,8 +14,6 @@
 // limitations under the License.
 //
 
-#include "host_init_verifier.h"
-
 #include <errno.h>
 #include <getopt.h>
 #include <pwd.h>
@@ -36,6 +34,7 @@
 #include <android-base/strings.h>
 #include <generated_android_ids.h>
 #include <hidl/metadata.h>
+#include <property_info_parser/property_info_parser.h>
 #include <property_info_serializer/property_info_serializer.h>
 
 #include "action.h"
@@ -57,9 +56,7 @@ using android::base::EndsWith;
 using android::base::ParseInt;
 using android::base::ReadFileToString;
 using android::base::Split;
-using android::properties::BuildTrie;
 using android::properties::ParsePropertyInfoFile;
-using android::properties::PropertyInfoArea;
 using android::properties::PropertyInfoEntry;
 
 static std::vector<std::string> passwd_files;
@@ -108,9 +105,9 @@ passwd* getpwnam(const char* login) {  // NOLINT: implementing bad function.
     static passwd static_passwd = {
         .pw_name = static_name,
         .pw_dir = static_dir,
-        .pw_shell = static_shell,
         .pw_uid = 0,
         .pw_gid = 0,
+        .pw_shell = static_shell,
     };
 
     for (size_t n = 0; n < android_id_count; ++n) {
@@ -148,12 +145,6 @@ passwd* getpwnam(const char* login) {  // NOLINT: implementing bad function.
 namespace android {
 namespace init {
 
-static Result<void> check_stub(const BuiltinArguments& args) {
-    return {};
-}
-
-#include "generated_stub_builtin_function_map.h"
-
 void PrintUsage() {
     fprintf(stdout, R"(usage: host_init_verifier [options]
 
@@ -196,8 +187,6 @@ Result<InterfaceInheritanceHierarchyMap> ReadInterfaceInheritanceHierarchy() {
     return result;
 }
 
-const PropertyInfoArea* property_info_area;
-
 void HandlePropertyContexts(const std::string& filename,
                             std::vector<PropertyInfoEntry>* property_infos) {
     auto file_contents = std::string();
@@ -288,16 +277,11 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv) {
     }
     SetKnownInterfaces(*interface_inheritance_hierarchy_map);
 
-    std::string serialized_contexts;
-    std::string trie_error;
-    if (!BuildTrie(property_infos, "u:object_r:default_prop:s0", "string", &serialized_contexts,
-                   &trie_error)) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "Unable to serialize property contexts: " << trie_error;
+    if (auto result = InitializeHostPropertyInfoArea(property_infos); !result.ok()) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << result.error();
         return EXIT_FAILURE;
     }
 
-    property_info_area = reinterpret_cast<const PropertyInfoArea*>(serialized_contexts.c_str());
-
     if (!partition_map.empty()) {
         std::vector<std::string> vendor_prefixes;
         for (const auto& partition : {"vendor", "odm"}) {
@@ -313,9 +297,7 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv) {
     ActionManager& am = ActionManager::GetInstance();
     ServiceList& sl = ServiceList::GetInstance();
     Parser parser;
-    parser.AddSectionParser("service",
-                            std::make_unique<ServiceParser>(&sl, GetSubcontext(),
-                                                            *interface_inheritance_hierarchy_map));
+    parser.AddSectionParser("service", std::make_unique<ServiceParser>(&sl, GetSubcontext()));
     parser.AddSectionParser("on", std::make_unique<ActionParser>(&am, GetSubcontext()));
     parser.AddSectionParser("import", std::make_unique<HostImportParser>());
 
@@ -333,11 +315,23 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv) {
             return EXIT_FAILURE;
         }
     }
+
     size_t failures = parser.parse_error_count() + am.CheckAllCommands() + sl.CheckAllCommands();
     if (failures > 0) {
         LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to parse init scripts with " << failures << " error(s).";
         return EXIT_FAILURE;
     }
+
+    for (const auto& service : sl) {
+        if (const auto& result = CheckInterfaceInheritanceHierarchy(
+                    service->interfaces(), *interface_inheritance_hierarchy_map);
+            !result.ok()) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << service->filename() << ": invalid interface in service '"
+                       << service->name() << "': " << result.error();
+            return EXIT_FAILURE;
+        }
+    }
+
     return EXIT_SUCCESS;
 }
 
diff --git a/init/init.cpp b/init/init.cpp
index be1ebeed7cc0..920b926dcd26 100644
--- a/init/init.cpp
+++ b/init/init.cpp
@@ -26,13 +26,11 @@
 #include <sys/eventfd.h>
 #include <sys/mount.h>
 #include <sys/signalfd.h>
+#include <sys/system_properties.h>
 #include <sys/types.h>
 #include <sys/utsname.h>
 #include <unistd.h>
 
-#define _REALLY_INCLUDE_SYS__SYSTEM_PROPERTIES_H_
-#include <sys/_system_properties.h>
-
 #include <filesystem>
 #include <fstream>
 #include <functional>
@@ -54,7 +52,6 @@
 #include <android-base/thread_annotations.h>
 #include <fs_avb/fs_avb.h>
 #include <fs_mgr_vendor_overlay.h>
-#include <keyutils.h>
 #include <libavb/libavb.h>
 #include <libgsi/libgsi.h>
 #include <libsnapshot/snapshot.h>
@@ -103,20 +100,25 @@ using namespace std::string_literals;
 using android::base::boot_clock;
 using android::base::ConsumePrefix;
 using android::base::GetProperty;
+using android::base::GetIntProperty;
+using android::base::GetBoolProperty;
 using android::base::ReadFileToString;
 using android::base::SetProperty;
 using android::base::StringPrintf;
 using android::base::Timer;
 using android::base::Trim;
+using android::base::unique_fd;
 using android::fs_mgr::AvbHandle;
 using android::snapshot::SnapshotManager;
+using android::base::WaitForProperty;
+using android::base::WriteStringToFile;
 
 namespace android {
 namespace init {
 
 static int property_triggers_enabled = 0;
 
-static int signal_fd = -1;
+static int sigterm_fd = -1;
 static int property_fd = -1;
 
 struct PendingControlMessage {
@@ -270,8 +272,8 @@ void DumpState() {
 Parser CreateParser(ActionManager& action_manager, ServiceList& service_list) {
     Parser parser;
 
-    parser.AddSectionParser("service", std::make_unique<ServiceParser>(
-                                               &service_list, GetSubcontext(), std::nullopt));
+    parser.AddSectionParser("service",
+                            std::make_unique<ServiceParser>(&service_list, GetSubcontext()));
     parser.AddSectionParser("on", std::make_unique<ActionParser>(&action_manager, GetSubcontext()));
     parser.AddSectionParser("import", std::make_unique<ImportParser>(&parser));
 
@@ -317,8 +319,7 @@ Parser CreateApexConfigParser(ActionManager& action_manager, ServiceList& servic
         if (apex_info_list.has_value()) {
             std::vector<std::string> subcontext_apexes;
             for (const auto& info : apex_info_list->getApexInfo()) {
-                if (info.hasPreinstalledModulePath() &&
-                    subcontext->PathMatchesSubcontext(info.getPreinstalledModulePath())) {
+                if (subcontext->PartitionMatchesSubcontext(info.getPartition())) {
                     subcontext_apexes.push_back(info.getModuleName());
                 }
             }
@@ -326,9 +327,7 @@ Parser CreateApexConfigParser(ActionManager& action_manager, ServiceList& servic
         }
     }
 #endif  // RECOVERY
-    parser.AddSectionParser("service",
-                            std::make_unique<ServiceParser>(&service_list, subcontext,
-                            std::nullopt));
+    parser.AddSectionParser("service", std::make_unique<ServiceParser>(&service_list, subcontext));
     parser.AddSectionParser("on", std::make_unique<ActionParser>(&action_manager, subcontext));
 
     return parser;
@@ -487,7 +486,7 @@ static Result<void> UpdateApexLinkerConfig(const std::string& apex_name) {
 }
 
 static Result<void> DoLoadApex(const std::string& apex_name) {
-    if (auto result = ParseApexConfigs(apex_name); !result.ok()) {
+    if (auto result = ParseRcScriptsFromApex(apex_name); !result.ok()) {
         return result.error();
     }
 
@@ -640,9 +639,6 @@ static Result<void> SetupCgroupsAction(const BuiltinArguments&) {
         LOG(INFO) << "Cgroups support in kernel is not enabled";
         return {};
     }
-    // Have to create <CGROUPS_RC_DIR> using make_dir function
-    // for appropriate sepolicy to be set for it
-    make_dir(android::base::Dirname(CGROUPS_RC_PATH), 0711);
     if (!CgroupSetup()) {
         return ErrnoError() << "Failed to setup cgroups";
     }
@@ -713,8 +709,9 @@ static void HandleSigtermSignal(const signalfd_siginfo& siginfo) {
     HandlePowerctlMessage("shutdown,container");
 }
 
-static void HandleSignalFd() {
+static void HandleSignalFd(int signal) {
     signalfd_siginfo siginfo;
+    const int signal_fd = signal == SIGCHLD ? Service::GetSigchldFd() : sigterm_fd;
     ssize_t bytes_read = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(read(signal_fd, &siginfo, sizeof(siginfo)));
     if (bytes_read != sizeof(siginfo)) {
         PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to read siginfo from signal_fd";
@@ -748,25 +745,33 @@ static void UnblockSignals() {
     }
 }
 
-static void InstallSignalFdHandler(Epoll* epoll) {
-    // Applying SA_NOCLDSTOP to a defaulted SIGCHLD handler prevents the signalfd from receiving
-    // SIGCHLD when a child process stops or continues (b/77867680#comment9).
-    const struct sigaction act { .sa_handler = SIG_DFL, .sa_flags = SA_NOCLDSTOP };
-    sigaction(SIGCHLD, &act, nullptr);
+static Result<void> RegisterSignalFd(Epoll* epoll, int signal, int fd) {
+    return epoll->RegisterHandler(
+            fd, [signal]() { HandleSignalFd(signal); }, EPOLLIN | EPOLLPRI);
+}
 
+static Result<int> CreateAndRegisterSignalFd(Epoll* epoll, int signal) {
     sigset_t mask;
     sigemptyset(&mask);
-    sigaddset(&mask, SIGCHLD);
-
-    if (!IsRebootCapable()) {
-        // If init does not have the CAP_SYS_BOOT capability, it is running in a container.
-        // In that case, receiving SIGTERM will cause the system to shut down.
-        sigaddset(&mask, SIGTERM);
+    sigaddset(&mask, signal);
+    if (sigprocmask(SIG_BLOCK, &mask, nullptr) == -1) {
+        return ErrnoError() << "failed to block signal " << signal;
     }
 
-    if (sigprocmask(SIG_BLOCK, &mask, nullptr) == -1) {
-        PLOG(FATAL) << "failed to block signals";
+    unique_fd signal_fd(signalfd(-1, &mask, SFD_CLOEXEC));
+    if (signal_fd.get() < 0) {
+        return ErrnoError() << "failed to create signalfd for signal " << signal;
     }
+    OR_RETURN(RegisterSignalFd(epoll, signal, signal_fd.get()));
+
+    return signal_fd.release();
+}
+
+static void InstallSignalFdHandler(Epoll* epoll) {
+    // Applying SA_NOCLDSTOP to a defaulted SIGCHLD handler prevents the signalfd from receiving
+    // SIGCHLD when a child process stops or continues (b/77867680#comment9).
+    const struct sigaction act { .sa_flags = SA_NOCLDSTOP, .sa_handler = SIG_DFL };
+    sigaction(SIGCHLD, &act, nullptr);
 
     // Register a handler to unblock signals in the child processes.
     const int result = pthread_atfork(nullptr, nullptr, &UnblockSignals);
@@ -774,14 +779,17 @@ static void InstallSignalFdHandler(Epoll* epoll) {
         LOG(FATAL) << "Failed to register a fork handler: " << strerror(result);
     }
 
-    signal_fd = signalfd(-1, &mask, SFD_CLOEXEC);
-    if (signal_fd == -1) {
-        PLOG(FATAL) << "failed to create signalfd";
+    Result<void> cs_result = RegisterSignalFd(epoll, SIGCHLD, Service::GetSigchldFd());
+    if (!cs_result.ok()) {
+        PLOG(FATAL) << cs_result.error();
     }
 
-    constexpr int flags = EPOLLIN | EPOLLPRI;
-    if (auto result = epoll->RegisterHandler(signal_fd, HandleSignalFd, flags); !result.ok()) {
-        LOG(FATAL) << result.error();
+    if (!IsRebootCapable()) {
+        Result<int> cs_result = CreateAndRegisterSignalFd(epoll, SIGTERM);
+        if (!cs_result.ok()) {
+            PLOG(FATAL) << cs_result.error();
+        }
+        sigterm_fd = cs_result.value();
     }
 }
 
@@ -832,6 +840,12 @@ static void MountExtraFilesystems() {
     CHECKCALL(mount("tmpfs", "/apex", "tmpfs", MS_NOEXEC | MS_NOSUID | MS_NODEV,
                     "mode=0755,uid=0,gid=0"));
 
+    if (NeedsTwoMountNamespaces()) {
+        // /bootstrap-apex is used to mount "bootstrap" APEXes.
+        CHECKCALL(mount("tmpfs", "/bootstrap-apex", "tmpfs", MS_NOEXEC | MS_NOSUID | MS_NODEV,
+                        "mode=0755,uid=0,gid=0"));
+    }
+
     // /linkerconfig is used to keep generated linker configuration
     CHECKCALL(mount("tmpfs", "/linkerconfig", "tmpfs", MS_NOEXEC | MS_NOSUID | MS_NODEV,
                     "mode=0755,uid=0,gid=0"));
@@ -909,6 +923,34 @@ static Result<void> ConnectEarlyStageSnapuserdAction(const BuiltinArguments& arg
     return {};
 }
 
+static void SecondStageBootMonitor(int timeout_sec) {
+    auto cur_time = boot_clock::now().time_since_epoch();
+    int cur_sec = std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::seconds>(cur_time).count();
+    int extra_sec = timeout_sec <= cur_sec? 0 : timeout_sec - cur_sec;
+    auto boot_timeout = std::chrono::seconds(extra_sec);
+
+    LOG(INFO) << "Started BootMonitorThread, expiring in "
+              << timeout_sec
+              << " seconds from boot-up";
+
+    if (!WaitForProperty("sys.boot_completed", "1", boot_timeout)) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "BootMonitorThread: boot didn't complete in "
+                   << timeout_sec
+                   << " seconds. Trigger a panic!";
+
+        // add a short delay for logs to be flushed out.
+        std::this_thread::sleep_for(200ms);
+
+        // trigger a kernel panic
+        WriteStringToFile("c", PROC_SYSRQ);
+    }
+}
+
+static void StartSecondStageBootMonitor(int timeout_sec) {
+    std::thread monitor_thread(&SecondStageBootMonitor, timeout_sec);
+    monitor_thread.detach();
+}
+
 int SecondStageMain(int argc, char** argv) {
     if (REBOOT_BOOTLOADER_ON_PANIC) {
         InstallRebootSignalHandlers();
@@ -952,11 +994,6 @@ int SecondStageMain(int argc, char** argv) {
                    << " to /proc/1/oom_score_adj: " << result.error();
     }
 
-    // Set up a session keyring that all processes will have access to. It
-    // will hold things like FBE encryption keys. No process should override
-    // its session keyring.
-    keyctl_get_keyring_ID(KEY_SPEC_SESSION_KEYRING, 1);
-
     // Indicate that booting is in progress to background fw loaders, etc.
     close(open("/dev/.booting", O_WRONLY | O_CREAT | O_CLOEXEC, 0000));
 
@@ -1005,6 +1042,14 @@ int SecondStageMain(int argc, char** argv) {
     InstallInitNotifier(&epoll);
     StartPropertyService(&property_fd);
 
+    // If boot_timeout property has been set in a debug build, start the boot monitor
+    if (GetBoolProperty("ro.debuggable", false)) {
+        int timeout = GetIntProperty("ro.boot.boot_timeout", 0);
+        if (timeout > 0) {
+            StartSecondStageBootMonitor(timeout);
+        }
+    }
+
     // Make the time that init stages started available for bootstat to log.
     RecordStageBoottimes(start_time);
 
@@ -1043,12 +1088,26 @@ int SecondStageMain(int argc, char** argv) {
     SetProperty(gsi::kGsiBootedProp, is_running);
     auto is_installed = android::gsi::IsGsiInstalled() ? "1" : "0";
     SetProperty(gsi::kGsiInstalledProp, is_installed);
+    if (android::gsi::IsGsiRunning()) {
+        std::string dsu_slot;
+        if (android::gsi::GetActiveDsu(&dsu_slot)) {
+            SetProperty(gsi::kDsuSlotProp, dsu_slot);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // This needs to happen before SetKptrRestrictAction, as we are trying to
+    // open /proc/kallsyms while still being allowed to see the full addresses
+    // (since init holds CAP_SYSLOG, and Linux boots with kptr_restrict=0). The
+    // address visibility through the saved fd (more specifically, the backing
+    // open file description) will then be remembered by the kernel for the rest
+    // of its lifetime, even after we raise the kptr_restrict.
+    Service::OpenAndSaveStaticKallsymsFd();
 
     am.QueueBuiltinAction(SetupCgroupsAction, "SetupCgroups");
     am.QueueBuiltinAction(SetKptrRestrictAction, "SetKptrRestrict");
     am.QueueBuiltinAction(TestPerfEventSelinuxAction, "TestPerfEventSelinux");
-    am.QueueBuiltinAction(ConnectEarlyStageSnapuserdAction, "ConnectEarlyStageSnapuserd");
     am.QueueEventTrigger("early-init");
+    am.QueueBuiltinAction(ConnectEarlyStageSnapuserdAction, "ConnectEarlyStageSnapuserd");
 
     // Queue an action that waits for coldboot done so we know ueventd has set up all of /dev...
     am.QueueBuiltinAction(wait_for_coldboot_done_action, "wait_for_coldboot_done");
diff --git a/init/init_test.cpp b/init/init_test.cpp
index 7e8513bfc921..f280de96d1f6 100644
--- a/init/init_test.cpp
+++ b/init/init_test.cpp
@@ -62,8 +62,7 @@ void TestInit(const std::string& init_script_file, const BuiltinFunctionMap& tes
     Action::set_function_map(&test_function_map);
 
     Parser parser;
-    parser.AddSectionParser("service",
-                            std::make_unique<ServiceParser>(service_list, nullptr, std::nullopt));
+    parser.AddSectionParser("service", std::make_unique<ServiceParser>(service_list, nullptr));
     parser.AddSectionParser("on", std::make_unique<ActionParser>(action_manager, nullptr));
     parser.AddSectionParser("import", std::make_unique<ImportParser>(&parser));
 
@@ -625,12 +624,11 @@ service A something
 
     ServiceList service_list;
     Parser parser;
-    parser.AddSectionParser("service",
-                            std::make_unique<ServiceParser>(&service_list, nullptr, std::nullopt));
+    parser.AddSectionParser("service", std::make_unique<ServiceParser>(&service_list, nullptr));
 
     ASSERT_TRUE(parser.ParseConfig(tf.path));
 
-    if (GetIntProperty("ro.vendor.api_level", 0) > __ANDROID_API_U__) {
+    if (GetIntProperty("ro.vendor.api_level", 0) > 202404) {
         ASSERT_EQ(1u, parser.parse_error_count());
     } else {
         ASSERT_EQ(0u, parser.parse_error_count());
@@ -657,8 +655,7 @@ service A something
 
     ServiceList service_list;
     Parser parser;
-    parser.AddSectionParser("service",
-                            std::make_unique<ServiceParser>(&service_list, nullptr, std::nullopt));
+    parser.AddSectionParser("service", std::make_unique<ServiceParser>(&service_list, nullptr));
 
     ASSERT_TRUE(parser.ParseConfig(tf.path));
     ASSERT_EQ(1u, parser.parse_error_count());
diff --git a/init/interface_utils.cpp b/init/interface_utils.cpp
index 1b76bba5f80f..84407aa7030f 100644
--- a/init/interface_utils.cpp
+++ b/init/interface_utils.cpp
@@ -39,27 +39,6 @@ std::string FQNamesToString(const std::set<FQName>& fqnames) {
     return android::base::Join(fqname_strings, " ");
 }
 
-}  // namespace
-
-Result<void> CheckInterfaceInheritanceHierarchy(const std::set<std::string>& instances,
-                                                const InterfaceInheritanceHierarchyMap& hierarchy) {
-    std::set<FQName> interface_fqnames;
-    for (const std::string& instance : instances) {
-        // There is insufficient build-time information on AIDL interfaces to check them here
-        // TODO(b/139307527): Rework how services store interfaces to avoid excess string parsing
-        if (base::Split(instance, "/")[0] == "aidl") {
-            continue;
-        }
-
-        FqInstance fqinstance;
-        if (!fqinstance.setTo(instance)) {
-            return Error() << "Unable to parse interface instance '" << instance << "'";
-        }
-        interface_fqnames.insert(fqinstance.getFqName());
-    }
-    return CheckInterfaceInheritanceHierarchy(interface_fqnames, hierarchy);
-}
-
 Result<void> CheckInterfaceInheritanceHierarchy(const std::set<FQName>& interfaces,
                                                 const InterfaceInheritanceHierarchyMap& hierarchy) {
     std::ostringstream error_stream;
@@ -90,6 +69,27 @@ Result<void> CheckInterfaceInheritanceHierarchy(const std::set<FQName>& interfac
     return {};
 }
 
+}  // namespace
+
+Result<void> CheckInterfaceInheritanceHierarchy(const std::set<std::string>& instances,
+                                                const InterfaceInheritanceHierarchyMap& hierarchy) {
+    std::set<FQName> interface_fqnames;
+    for (const std::string& instance : instances) {
+        // There is insufficient build-time information on AIDL interfaces to check them here
+        // TODO(b/139307527): Rework how services store interfaces to avoid excess string parsing
+        if (base::Split(instance, "/")[0] == "aidl") {
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        FqInstance fqinstance;
+        if (!fqinstance.setTo(instance)) {
+            return Error() << "Unable to parse interface instance '" << instance << "'";
+        }
+        interface_fqnames.insert(fqinstance.getFqName());
+    }
+    return CheckInterfaceInheritanceHierarchy(interface_fqnames, hierarchy);
+}
+
 std::optional<std::set<FQName>> known_interfaces;
 
 void SetKnownInterfaces(const InterfaceInheritanceHierarchyMap& hierarchy) {
diff --git a/init/interface_utils.h b/init/interface_utils.h
index 4ca377f64468..214fedae184f 100644
--- a/init/interface_utils.h
+++ b/init/interface_utils.h
@@ -34,8 +34,6 @@ using InterfaceInheritanceHierarchyMap = std::map<android::FQName, std::set<andr
 // interface set. Uses the provided hierarchy data.
 Result<void> CheckInterfaceInheritanceHierarchy(const std::set<std::string>& instances,
                                                 const InterfaceInheritanceHierarchyMap& hierarchy);
-Result<void> CheckInterfaceInheritanceHierarchy(const std::set<android::FQName>& interfaces,
-                                                const InterfaceInheritanceHierarchyMap& hierarchy);
 
 // Saves the set of known interfaces using the provided HIDL interface
 // inheritance hierarchy.
diff --git a/init/keychords_test.cpp b/init/keychords_test.cpp
index 5789bf58b924..2b1d42831a7f 100644
--- a/init/keychords_test.cpp
+++ b/init/keychords_test.cpp
@@ -168,16 +168,16 @@ const std::vector<int> escape_chord = {KEY_ESC};
 const std::vector<int> triple1_chord = {KEY_BACKSPACE, KEY_VOLUMEDOWN, KEY_VOLUMEUP};
 const std::vector<int> triple2_chord = {KEY_VOLUMEDOWN, KEY_VOLUMEUP, KEY_BACK};
 
-const std::vector<const std::vector<int>> empty_chords;
-const std::vector<const std::vector<int>> chords = {
-    escape_chord,
-    triple1_chord,
-    triple2_chord,
+const std::vector<std::vector<int>> empty_chords;
+const std::vector<std::vector<int>> chords = {
+        escape_chord,
+        triple1_chord,
+        triple2_chord,
 };
 
 class TestFrame {
   public:
-    TestFrame(const std::vector<const std::vector<int>>& chords, EventHandler* ev = nullptr);
+    TestFrame(const std::vector<std::vector<int>>& chords, EventHandler* ev = nullptr);
 
     void RelaxForMs(std::chrono::milliseconds wait = 1ms);
 
@@ -194,16 +194,15 @@ class TestFrame {
     std::string Format() const;
 
   private:
-    static std::string Format(const std::vector<const std::vector<int>>& chords);
+    static std::string Format(const std::vector<std::vector<int>>& chords);
 
     Epoll epoll_;
     Keychords keychords_;
-    std::vector<const std::vector<int>> keycodes_;
+    std::vector<std::vector<int>> keycodes_;
     EventHandler* ev_;
 };
 
-TestFrame::TestFrame(const std::vector<const std::vector<int>>& chords, EventHandler* ev)
-    : ev_(ev) {
+TestFrame::TestFrame(const std::vector<std::vector<int>>& chords, EventHandler* ev) : ev_(ev) {
     if (!epoll_.Open().ok()) return;
     for (const auto& keycodes : chords) keychords_.Register(keycodes);
     keychords_.Start(&epoll_, [this](const std::vector<int>& keycodes) {
@@ -262,7 +261,7 @@ void TestFrame::WaitForChord(const std::vector<int>& chord) {
     for (int retry = 1000; retry && !IsChord(chord); --retry) RelaxForMs();
 }
 
-std::string TestFrame::Format(const std::vector<const std::vector<int>>& chords) {
+std::string TestFrame::Format(const std::vector<std::vector<int>>& chords) {
     std::string ret("{");
     if (!chords.empty()) {
         ret += android::base::Join(chords.front(), ' ');
diff --git a/init/libprefetch/prefetch/Android.bp b/init/libprefetch/prefetch/Android.bp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..778ea8a8c4ce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/init/libprefetch/prefetch/Android.bp
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+//
+// Copyright (C) 2024 The Android Open Source Project
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package {
+    default_team: "trendy_team_android_kernel",
+    default_applicable_licenses: ["Android-Apache-2.0"],
+}
+
+rust_library_rlib {
+    name: "libprefetch_rs",
+    crate_name: "prefetch_rs",
+    srcs: ["src/lib.rs"],
+    rustlibs: [
+        "libandroid_logger",
+        "libargh",
+        "libchrono",
+        "libcrc32fast",
+        "libcsv",
+        "liblibc",
+        "liblog_rust",
+        "liblru_cache",
+        "libnix",
+        "librand",
+        "librayon",
+        "libregex",
+        "libserde_cbor",
+        "libserde_json",
+        "libserde",
+        "libthiserror",
+        "libwalkdir",
+        "librustutils",
+    ],
+    prefer_rlib: true,
+    features: [
+        "derive",
+        "error-context",
+        "help",
+        "std",
+        "usage",
+        "use_argh",
+    ],
+}
+
+rust_binary {
+    name: "prefetch",
+    crate_name: "prefetch",
+    srcs: ["src/main.rs"],
+    rustlibs: [
+        "libprefetch_rs",
+        "liblog_rust",
+        "libandroid_logger",
+    ],
+    prefer_rlib: true,
+    features: [
+        "default",
+        "derive",
+        "error-context",
+        "help",
+        "std",
+        "usage",
+        "use_argh",
+    ],
+    init_rc: [
+        "prefetch.rc",
+    ],
+}
+
+// TODO: Add rust_test to enable unit testing - b/378554334
diff --git a/init/libprefetch/prefetch/Cargo.lock b/init/libprefetch/prefetch/Cargo.lock
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..d6b214d26554
--- /dev/null
+++ b/init/libprefetch/prefetch/Cargo.lock
@@ -0,0 +1,743 @@
+# This file is automatically @generated by Cargo.
+# It is not intended for manual editing.
+version = 3
+
+[[package]]
+name = "aho-corasick"
+version = "0.7.15"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "7404febffaa47dac81aa44dba71523c9d069b1bdc50a77db41195149e17f68e5"
+dependencies = [
+ "memchr",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "android_log-sys"
+version = "0.2.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "85965b6739a430150bdd138e2374a98af0c3ee0d030b3bb7fc3bddff58d0102e"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "android_logger"
+version = "0.10.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "d9ed09b18365ed295d722d0b5ed59c01b79a826ff2d2a8f73d5ecca8e6fb2f66"
+dependencies = [
+ "android_log-sys",
+ "env_logger",
+ "lazy_static",
+ "log",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "argh"
+version = "0.1.10"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "ab257697eb9496bf75526f0217b5ed64636a9cfafa78b8365c71bd283fcef93e"
+dependencies = [
+ "argh_derive",
+ "argh_shared",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "argh_derive"
+version = "0.1.10"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "b382dbd3288e053331f03399e1db106c9fb0d8562ad62cb04859ae926f324fa6"
+dependencies = [
+ "argh_shared",
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "syn",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "argh_shared"
+version = "0.1.12"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "5693f39141bda5760ecc4111ab08da40565d1771038c4a0250f03457ec707531"
+dependencies = [
+ "serde",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "atty"
+version = "0.2.14"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "d9b39be18770d11421cdb1b9947a45dd3f37e93092cbf377614828a319d5fee8"
+dependencies = [
+ "hermit-abi 0.1.19",
+ "libc",
+ "winapi 0.3.9",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "autocfg"
+version = "1.1.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "d468802bab17cbc0cc575e9b053f41e72aa36bfa6b7f55e3529ffa43161b97fa"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "bincode"
+version = "0.9.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "b92615d57e4048e480bd7e3c2d7f6ec252819fffec95efbc30ec7c68744aa66c"
+dependencies = [
+ "byteorder",
+ "serde",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "bitflags"
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+name = "wasi"
+version = "0.11.0+wasi-snapshot-preview1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "9c8d87e72b64a3b4db28d11ce29237c246188f4f51057d65a7eab63b7987e423"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "winapi"
+version = "0.2.8"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "167dc9d6949a9b857f3451275e911c3f44255842c1f7a76f33c55103a909087a"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "winapi"
+version = "0.3.9"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "5c839a674fcd7a98952e593242ea400abe93992746761e38641405d28b00f419"
+dependencies = [
+ "winapi-i686-pc-windows-gnu",
+ "winapi-x86_64-pc-windows-gnu",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "winapi-build"
+version = "0.1.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "2d315eee3b34aca4797b2da6b13ed88266e6d612562a0c46390af8299fc699bc"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "winapi-i686-pc-windows-gnu"
+version = "0.4.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "ac3b87c63620426dd9b991e5ce0329eff545bccbbb34f3be09ff6fb6ab51b7b6"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "winapi-util"
+version = "0.1.6"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "f29e6f9198ba0d26b4c9f07dbe6f9ed633e1f3d5b8b414090084349e46a52596"
+dependencies = [
+ "winapi 0.3.9",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "winapi-x86_64-pc-windows-gnu"
+version = "0.4.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "712e227841d057c1ee1cd2fb22fa7e5a5461ae8e48fa2ca79ec42cfc1931183f"
diff --git a/init/libprefetch/prefetch/Cargo.toml b/init/libprefetch/prefetch/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..7da4fc68ba44
--- /dev/null
+++ b/init/libprefetch/prefetch/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+[package]
+name = "prefetch"
+version = "0.1.0"
+edition = "2018"
+default-run = "prefetch"
+
+[lib]
+name = "prefetch_rs"
+path = "src/lib.rs"
+
+[[bin]]
+name = "prefetch"
+path = "src/main.rs"
+
+[features]
+default = ["use_argh"]
+use_argh = ["argh"]
+
+[dependencies]
+argh = { version = "0.1.10", optional = true }
+chrono = { version = "=0.4.19", features = ["serde"] }
+crc32fast = "1.2.1"
+csv = "=1.1.6"
+libc = "0.2.82"
+log = "=0.4.14"
+lru-cache = "0.1.2"
+memchr = "=2.3.4"
+nix = {version = "0.28", features = ["fs", "time", "feature", "mman", "uio"]}
+proc-macro2 = "=1.0.26"
+quote = "=1.0.9"
+rand = "0.8.3"
+rayon = "=1.5.0"
+rayon-core = "=1.9.0"
+regex = "1.4.5"
+serde = { version = "*", features = ["derive"] }
+serde_cbor = "0.11.2"
+serde_derive = "=1.0.123"
+serde_json = "=1.0.62"
+thiserror = "=1.0.24"
+thiserror-impl = "1.0.24"
+walkdir = "2.3.2"
+
+# crates required for android builds
+[target.'cfg(target_os = "android")'.dependencies]
+android_logger = "0.10.1"
+
+# crates not present in android builds
+[target.'cfg(not(target_os = "android"))'.dependencies]
+bincode = "=0.9.0"
+env_logger = "=0.8.4"
+tempfile = "2.2.0"
diff --git a/init/libprefetch/prefetch/OWNERS b/init/libprefetch/prefetch/OWNERS
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..a1b54bf5cc8d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/init/libprefetch/prefetch/OWNERS
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+akailash@google.com
+auradkar@google.com
+takayas@google.com
diff --git a/init/libprefetch/prefetch/prefetch.rc b/init/libprefetch/prefetch/prefetch.rc
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..56fb82744972
--- /dev/null
+++ b/init/libprefetch/prefetch/prefetch.rc
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+# Reads data from disk in advance and populates page cache
+# to speed up subsequent disk access.
+#
+# Record:
+#   start by `start prefetch_record` at appropriate timing.
+#   stop by setting `prefetch_boot.record_stop` to 1.
+#   set --duration to only capture for a certain duration instead.
+#
+# Replay:
+#   start by `start prefetch_replay` at appropriate timing.
+#   it will depend on several files generated from record.
+#
+#   replay is I/O intensive. make sure you pick appropriate
+#   timing to run each, so that you can maximize the page cache
+#   hit for subsequent disk access.
+#
+# Example:
+#   on early-init && property:ro.prefetch_boot.enabled=true
+#     start prefetch_replay
+#
+#   on init && property:ro.prefetch_boot.enabled=true
+#     start prefetch_record
+#
+#   on property:sys.boot_completed=1 && property:ro.prefetch_boot.enabled=true
+#     setprop prefetch_boot.record_stop 1
+
+service prefetch_record /system/bin/prefetch record --duration ${ro.prefetch_boot.duration_s:-0}
+    user root
+    group root system
+    disabled
+    oneshot
+
+service prefetch_replay /system/bin/prefetch replay --io-depth ${ro.prefetch_boot.io_depth:-2} --max-fds ${ro.prefetch_boot.max_fds:-1024}
+    user root
+    group root system
+    disabled
+    oneshot
diff --git a/init/libprefetch/prefetch/src/arch/android.rs b/init/libprefetch/prefetch/src/arch/android.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..7d446ba5dfdd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/init/libprefetch/prefetch/src/arch/android.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+use crate::Error;
+use crate::RecordArgs;
+use log::warn;
+use std::fs::File;
+use std::fs::OpenOptions;
+use std::io::Write;
+use std::path::Path;
+use std::time::Duration;
+
+use rustutils::system_properties::error::PropertyWatcherError;
+use rustutils::system_properties::PropertyWatcher;
+
+const PREFETCH_RECORD_PROPERTY_STOP: &str = "prefetch_boot.record_stop";
+
+fn is_prefetch_enabled() -> Result<bool, Error> {
+    rustutils::system_properties::read_bool("ro.prefetch_boot.enabled", false).map_err(|e| {
+        Error::Custom { error: format!("Failed to read ro.prefetch_boot.enabled: {}", e) }
+    })
+}
+
+fn wait_for_property_true(
+    property_name: &str,
+    timeout: Option<Duration>,
+) -> Result<(), PropertyWatcherError> {
+    let mut prop = PropertyWatcher::new(property_name)?;
+    prop.wait_for_value("1", timeout)?;
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// Wait for record to stop
+pub fn wait_for_record_stop() {
+    wait_for_property_true(PREFETCH_RECORD_PROPERTY_STOP, None).unwrap_or_else(|e| {
+        warn!("failed to wait for {} with error: {}", PREFETCH_RECORD_PROPERTY_STOP, e)
+    });
+}
+
+/// Checks if we can perform replay phase.
+/// Ensure that the pack file exists and is up-to-date, returns false otherwise.
+pub fn can_perform_replay(pack_path: &Path, fingerprint_path: &Path) -> Result<bool, Error> {
+    if !is_prefetch_enabled()? {
+        return Ok(false);
+    }
+
+    if !pack_path.exists() || !fingerprint_path.exists() {
+        return Ok(false);
+    }
+
+    let saved_fingerprint = std::fs::read_to_string(fingerprint_path)?;
+
+    let current_device_fingerprint = rustutils::system_properties::read("ro.build.fingerprint")
+        .map_err(|e| Error::Custom {
+            error: format!("Failed to read ro.build.fingerprint: {}", e),
+        })?;
+
+    Ok(current_device_fingerprint.is_some_and(|fp| fp == saved_fingerprint.trim()))
+}
+
+/// Checks if we can perform record phase.
+/// Ensure that following conditions hold:
+///   - File specified in ready_path exists. otherwise, create a new file and return false.
+///   - can_perform_replay is false.
+pub fn ensure_record_is_ready(
+    ready_path: &Path,
+    pack_path: &Path,
+    fingerprint_path: &Path,
+) -> Result<bool, Error> {
+    if !is_prefetch_enabled()? {
+        return Ok(false);
+    }
+
+    if !ready_path.exists() {
+        File::create(ready_path)
+            .map_err(|_| Error::Custom { error: "File Creation failed".to_string() })?;
+
+        return Ok(false);
+    }
+
+    let can_replay = can_perform_replay(pack_path, fingerprint_path)?;
+    Ok(!can_replay)
+}
+
+/// Write build finger print to associate prefetch pack file
+pub fn write_build_fingerprint(args: &RecordArgs) -> Result<(), Error> {
+    let mut build_fingerprint_file = OpenOptions::new()
+        .write(true)
+        .create(true)
+        .truncate(true)
+        .open(&args.build_fingerprint_path)
+        .map_err(|source| Error::Create {
+            source,
+            path: args.build_fingerprint_path.to_str().unwrap().to_owned(),
+        })?;
+
+    let device_build_fingerprint =
+        rustutils::system_properties::read("ro.build.fingerprint").unwrap_or_default();
+    let device_build_fingerprint = device_build_fingerprint.unwrap_or_default();
+
+    build_fingerprint_file.write_all(device_build_fingerprint.as_bytes())?;
+    build_fingerprint_file.sync_all()?;
+
+    Ok(())
+}
diff --git a/init/libprefetch/prefetch/src/args.rs b/init/libprefetch/prefetch/src/args.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..4c1e689193fd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/init/libprefetch/prefetch/src/args.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2024 The Android Open Source Project
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+pub(crate) static DEFAULT_IO_DEPTH: u16 = 2;
+pub(crate) static DEFAULT_MAX_FDS: u16 = 128;
+pub(crate) static DEFAULT_EXIT_ON_ERROR: bool = false;
+
+mod args_argh;
+use args_argh as args_internal;
+
+use std::path::Path;
+use std::path::PathBuf;
+use std::process::exit;
+
+pub use args_internal::OutputFormat;
+pub use args_internal::ReplayArgs;
+pub use args_internal::TracerType;
+pub use args_internal::{DumpArgs, MainArgs, RecordArgs, SubCommands};
+use serde::Deserialize;
+use serde::Serialize;
+
+use crate::Error;
+use log::error;
+
+// Deserialized form of the config file
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, Default, Deserialize, Serialize, Eq, PartialEq)]
+pub struct ConfigFile {
+    // Files to be excluded in prefetch. These files might have been
+    // added in the record file while recording,but we do not want to
+    // replay these files. These can be two types of files:
+    // 1) installation-specific files (e.g. files in /data) and
+    // 2) large files which we do not want to load in replay (e.g. APK files).
+    pub files_to_exclude_regex: Vec<String>,
+    // Files that are not in the record file, but need to be loaded during replay
+    pub additional_replay_files: Vec<String>,
+}
+
+fn verify_and_fix(args: &mut MainArgs) -> Result<(), Error> {
+    match &mut args.nested {
+        SubCommands::Record(arg) => {
+            if arg.debug && arg.int_path.is_none() {
+                arg.int_path = Some(PathBuf::from(format!("{}.int", arg.path.to_str().unwrap())));
+            }
+
+            if let Some(p) = &arg.int_path {
+                ensure_path_doesnt_exist(p)?;
+            }
+        }
+        SubCommands::Replay(arg) => {
+            ensure_path_exists(&arg.path)?;
+            if !arg.config_path.as_os_str().is_empty() {
+                ensure_path_exists(&arg.config_path)?;
+            }
+        }
+        SubCommands::Dump(arg) => {
+            ensure_path_exists(&arg.path)?;
+        }
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// Returns error if the given path at `p` exist.
+pub(crate) fn ensure_path_doesnt_exist(p: &Path) -> Result<(), Error> {
+    if p.exists() {
+        Err(Error::InvalidArgs {
+            arg_name: "path".to_string(),
+            arg_value: p.display().to_string(),
+            error: "Path already exists".to_string(),
+        })
+    } else {
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+/// Returns error if the given path at `p` doesn't exist.
+pub(crate) fn ensure_path_exists(p: &Path) -> Result<(), Error> {
+    if p.is_file() {
+        Ok(())
+    } else {
+        Err(Error::InvalidArgs {
+            arg_name: "path".to_string(),
+            arg_value: p.display().to_string(),
+            error: "Path does not exist".to_string(),
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+/// Builds `MainArgs` from command line arguments. On error prints error/help message
+/// and exits.
+pub fn args_from_env() -> MainArgs {
+    let mut args = args_internal::args_from_env();
+    if let Err(e) = verify_and_fix(&mut args) {
+        error!("failed to verify args: {}", e);
+        exit(1);
+    }
+    args
+}
diff --git a/init/libprefetch/prefetch/src/args/args_argh.rs b/init/libprefetch/prefetch/src/args/args_argh.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..d2251e6a5dde
--- /dev/null
+++ b/init/libprefetch/prefetch/src/args/args_argh.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,244 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2024 The Android Open Source Project
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+use std::{option::Option, path::PathBuf, result::Result::Ok, str::FromStr};
+
+use argh::FromArgs;
+use serde::Deserialize;
+
+use crate::args::DEFAULT_EXIT_ON_ERROR;
+use crate::args::DEFAULT_IO_DEPTH;
+use crate::args::DEFAULT_MAX_FDS;
+use crate::Error;
+
+/// prefetch-rs
+#[derive(Eq, PartialEq, Debug, Default, FromArgs)]
+pub struct MainArgs {
+    /// subcommands
+    #[argh(subcommand)]
+    pub nested: SubCommands,
+}
+
+/// Sub commands for prefetch functions
+#[derive(Eq, PartialEq, Debug, FromArgs)]
+#[argh(subcommand)]
+pub enum SubCommands {
+    /// Records prefetch data.
+    Record(RecordArgs),
+    /// Replays from prefetch data
+    Replay(ReplayArgs),
+    /// Dump prefetch data in human readable format
+    Dump(DumpArgs),
+}
+
+#[cfg(target_os = "android")]
+fn default_ready_path() -> PathBuf {
+    PathBuf::from("/metadata/prefetch/prefetch_ready")
+}
+
+#[cfg(target_os = "android")]
+fn default_build_finger_print_path() -> PathBuf {
+    PathBuf::from("/metadata/prefetch/build_finger_print")
+}
+
+impl Default for SubCommands {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self::Dump(DumpArgs::default())
+    }
+}
+
+fn default_path() -> PathBuf {
+    PathBuf::from("/metadata/prefetch/prefetch.pack")
+}
+
+fn parse_tracing_instance(value: &str) -> Result<Option<String>, String> {
+    Ok(Some(value.to_string()))
+}
+
+#[derive(Eq, PartialEq, Debug, Default, FromArgs)]
+/// Records prefect data.
+#[argh(subcommand, name = "record")]
+pub struct RecordArgs {
+    /// duration in seconds to record the data
+    ///
+    /// On Android, if duration count is set to zero, recording
+    /// will continue until the property sys.boot_completed = 1.
+    #[argh(option)]
+    pub duration: u16,
+
+    /// file path where the records will be written to
+    ///
+    /// A new file is created at the given path. If the path exists, it
+    /// will be overwritten
+    #[argh(option, default = "default_path()")]
+    pub path: PathBuf,
+
+    /// when set an intermediate file will be created that provides more information
+    /// about collected data.
+    #[argh(option, default = "false")]
+    pub debug: bool,
+
+    /// file path where the intermediate file will be written to
+    ///
+    /// A new file is created at the given path. Errors out if the file
+    /// already exists.
+    #[argh(option)]
+    pub int_path: Option<PathBuf>,
+
+    /// size of the trace buffer which holds trace events. We need larger
+    /// buffer on a system that has faster disks or has large number of events
+    /// enabled. Defaults to TRACE_BUFFER_SIZE_KIB KiB.
+    #[argh(option, long = "trace-buffer-size")]
+    pub trace_buffer_size_kib: Option<u64>,
+
+    /// trace subsystem to use. "mem" subsystem is set by default.
+    #[argh(option, default = "Default::default()")]
+    pub tracing_subsystem: TracerType,
+
+    /// if true enables all the needed trace events. And at the end it restores
+    /// the values of those events.
+    /// If false, assumes that user has setup the needed trace events.
+    #[argh(option, default = "true")]
+    pub setup_tracing: bool,
+
+    /// if specified, works on a tracing instance (like /sys/kernel/tracing/instance/my_instance)
+    /// rather than using on shared global instance (i.e. /sys/kernel/tracing)."
+    #[argh(
+        option,
+        default = "Some(\"prefetch\".to_string())",
+        from_str_fn(parse_tracing_instance)
+    )]
+    pub tracing_instance: Option<String>,
+
+    #[cfg(target_os = "android")]
+    /// store build_finger_print to tie the pack format
+    #[argh(option, default = "default_build_finger_print_path()")]
+    pub build_fingerprint_path: PathBuf,
+
+    #[cfg(target_os = "android")]
+    /// file path to check if prefetch_ready is present.
+    ///
+    /// A new file is created at the given path if it's not present.
+    #[argh(option, default = "default_ready_path()")]
+    pub ready_path: PathBuf,
+}
+
+/// Type of tracing subsystem to use.
+#[derive(Deserialize, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Debug)]
+pub enum TracerType {
+    /// mem tracing subsystem relies on when a file's in-memory page gets added to the fs cache.
+    Mem,
+}
+
+impl FromStr for TracerType {
+    type Err = Error;
+    fn from_str(s: &str) -> std::result::Result<Self, Self::Err> {
+        Ok(match s.to_lowercase().as_str() {
+            "mem" => Self::Mem,
+            _ => {
+                return Err(Error::InvalidArgs {
+                    arg_name: "tracing_subsystem".to_owned(),
+                    arg_value: s.to_owned(),
+                    error: "unknown value".to_owned(),
+                })
+            }
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl Default for TracerType {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self::Mem
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Eq, PartialEq, Debug, Default, FromArgs)]
+/// Prefetch data from the recorded file.
+#[argh(subcommand, name = "replay")]
+pub struct ReplayArgs {
+    /// file path from where the records will be read
+    #[argh(option, default = "default_path()")]
+    pub path: PathBuf,
+
+    /// IO depth. Number of IO that can go in parallel.
+    #[argh(option, long = "io-depth", default = "DEFAULT_IO_DEPTH")]
+    pub io_depth: u16,
+
+    /// max number of open fds to cache
+    #[argh(option, arg_name = "max-fds", default = "DEFAULT_MAX_FDS")]
+    pub max_fds: u16,
+
+    /// if true, command exits on encountering any error.
+    ///
+    /// This defaults to false as there is not harm prefetching if we encounter
+    /// non-fatal errors.
+    #[argh(option, default = "DEFAULT_EXIT_ON_ERROR")]
+    pub exit_on_error: bool,
+
+    /// file path from where the prefetch config file will be read
+    #[argh(option, default = "PathBuf::new()")]
+    pub config_path: PathBuf,
+
+    #[cfg(target_os = "android")]
+    /// store build_finger_print to tie the pack format
+    #[argh(option, default = "default_build_finger_print_path()")]
+    pub build_fingerprint_path: PathBuf,
+}
+
+/// dump records file in given format
+#[derive(Eq, PartialEq, Debug, Default, FromArgs)]
+#[argh(subcommand, name = "dump")]
+pub struct DumpArgs {
+    /// file path from where the records will be read
+    #[argh(option)]
+    pub path: PathBuf,
+    /// output format. One of json or csv.
+    /// Note: In csv format, few fields are excluded from the output.
+    #[argh(option)]
+    pub format: OutputFormat,
+}
+
+#[derive(Deserialize, Eq, PartialEq, Debug)]
+pub enum OutputFormat {
+    Json,
+    Csv,
+}
+
+impl FromStr for OutputFormat {
+    type Err = Error;
+    fn from_str(s: &str) -> std::result::Result<Self, Self::Err> {
+        Ok(match s.to_lowercase().as_str() {
+            "csv" => Self::Csv,
+            "json" => Self::Json,
+            _ => {
+                return Err(Error::InvalidArgs {
+                    arg_name: "format".to_owned(),
+                    arg_value: s.to_owned(),
+                    error: "unknown value".to_owned(),
+                })
+            }
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl Default for OutputFormat {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self::Json
+    }
+}
+
+/// Build args struct from command line arguments
+pub fn args_from_env() -> MainArgs {
+    argh::from_env()
+}
diff --git a/init/libprefetch/prefetch/src/error.rs b/init/libprefetch/prefetch/src/error.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..8dd938a7e1ac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/init/libprefetch/prefetch/src/error.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,187 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2024 The Android Open Source Project
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+use thiserror::Error;
+
+use crate::{format::FileId, InodeInfo};
+
+/// Enumerates all possible errors returned by this library.
+#[derive(Debug, Error)]
+pub enum Error {
+    /// Represents a failure to open a file.
+    #[error("Open error: {path}: {source}")]
+    Open {
+        /// The IO error
+        source: std::io::Error,
+        /// Path on which the operation failed.
+        path: String,
+    },
+
+    /// Represents a failure to create a file.
+    #[error("Create error. {path} {source}")]
+    Create {
+        /// The IO error
+        source: std::io::Error,
+        /// Path on which the operation failed.
+        path: String,
+    },
+
+    /// Represents a failure to read trace file.
+    #[error("Read error. {error}")]
+    Read {
+        /// Detailed error message.
+        error: String,
+    },
+
+    /// Represents a failure to write to a file.
+    #[error("Write error. {source}")]
+    Write {
+        /// The IO error
+        source: std::io::Error,
+
+        /// file path
+        path: String,
+    },
+
+    /// Represents a failure to delete a file.
+    #[error("Delete error. {path} {source}")]
+    Delete {
+        /// The IO error
+        source: std::io::Error,
+        /// Path on which the operation failed.
+        path: String,
+    },
+
+    /// Represents a failure to stat a file.
+    #[error("Stat error. {path} {source}")]
+    Stat {
+        /// The IO error
+        source: std::io::Error,
+        /// Path on which the operation failed.
+        path: String,
+    },
+
+    /// Represents a failure to stat a file.
+    #[error("clone failed. {id} {source}")]
+    FileClone {
+        /// The IO error
+        source: std::io::Error,
+        /// File id for which we could not clone the file.
+        id: FileId,
+    },
+
+    /// Represents a failure to mmap a file.
+    #[error("mmap failed. {path} {error}")]
+    Mmap {
+        /// Detailed error message.
+        error: String,
+        /// Path on which the operation failed.
+        path: String,
+    },
+
+    /// Represents a failure to munmap a file.
+    #[error("munmap failed. {length} {error}")]
+    Munmap {
+        /// Detailed error message.
+        error: String,
+        /// Size of file which this munmap failed
+        length: usize,
+    },
+
+    /// Represents all other cases of `std::io::Error`.
+    ///
+    #[error(transparent)]
+    IoError(
+        /// The IO error
+        #[from]
+        std::io::Error,
+    ),
+
+    /// Represents a failure to map FileId to path
+    ///
+    #[error("Failed to map id to path: {id}")]
+    IdNoFound {
+        /// File id for which path lookup failed.
+        id: FileId,
+    },
+
+    /// Indicates that the file is skipped for prefetching
+    /// because it is in the exclude files list.
+    ///
+    #[error("Skipped prefetching file from path: {path}")]
+    SkipPrefetch {
+        /// Path to file for which prefetching is skipped.
+        path: String,
+    },
+
+    /// Represents spurious InodeInfo or missing Record.
+    ///
+    #[error(
+        "Stale inode(s) info found.\n\
+            missing_file_ids: {missing_file_ids:#?}\n\
+            stale_inodes: {stale_inodes:#?} \n\
+            missing_paths:{missing_paths:#?}"
+    )]
+    StaleInode {
+        /// FileIds for which InodeInfo is missing.
+        missing_file_ids: Vec<FileId>,
+
+        /// InodeInfos for which no records exist.
+        stale_inodes: Vec<InodeInfo>,
+
+        /// InodeInfos in which no paths were found.
+        missing_paths: Vec<InodeInfo>,
+    },
+
+    /// Represents a failure to serialize records file.
+    #[error("Serialize error: {error}")]
+    Serialize {
+        /// Detailed error message.
+        error: String,
+    },
+
+    /// Represents a failure to deserialize records file.
+    #[error("Deserialize error: {error}")]
+    Deserialize {
+        /// Detailed error message.
+        error: String,
+    },
+
+    /// Represents a failure from thread pool.
+    #[error("Thread pool error: {error}")]
+    ThreadPool {
+        /// Detailed error message.
+        error: String,
+    },
+
+    /// Represents a failure to setup file.
+    #[error("Failed to setup prefetch: {error}")]
+    Custom {
+        /// Detailed error message.
+        error: String,
+    },
+
+    /// Represents a failure to parse args.
+    #[error("Failed to parse arg:{arg_name} value:{arg_value} error:{error}")]
+    InvalidArgs {
+        /// Arg name.
+        arg_name: String,
+
+        /// Arg value.
+        arg_value: String,
+
+        /// Detailed error message.
+        error: String,
+    },
+}
diff --git a/init/libprefetch/prefetch/src/format.rs b/init/libprefetch/prefetch/src/format.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..ac89a74ebcd7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/init/libprefetch/prefetch/src/format.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,823 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2024 The Android Open Source Project
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+use std::cmp::{max, min};
+use std::collections::{BTreeMap, HashMap, HashSet};
+use std::fmt;
+use std::fmt::Display;
+use std::fs::{File, Metadata, OpenOptions};
+use std::hash::Hash;
+use std::io::Write;
+use std::ops::{Deref, DerefMut};
+use std::os::unix::fs::MetadataExt;
+use std::time::SystemTime;
+
+use crc32fast::Hasher;
+use log::debug;
+use regex::Regex;
+use serde::Deserializer;
+use serde::Serialize;
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serializer};
+
+use crate::error::Error;
+
+static MAGIC_UUID: [u8; 16] = [
+    0x10, 0x54, 0x3c, 0xb8, 0x60, 0xdb, 0x49, 0x45, 0xa1, 0xd5, 0xde, 0xa7, 0xd2, 0x3b, 0x05, 0x49,
+];
+static MAJOR_VERSION: u16 = 0;
+static MINOR_VERSION: u16 = 1;
+
+/// Represents inode number which is unique within a filesystem.
+pub(crate) type InodeNumber = u64;
+
+/// Represents device number which is unique for given block device.
+pub(crate) type DeviceNumber = u64;
+
+/// Convenience name for string that represents a path.
+pub(crate) type PathString = String;
+
+/// Represents unique file id across filesystems.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, Deserialize, Eq, Hash, Default, PartialEq, PartialOrd, Ord, Serialize)]
+pub struct FileId(pub u64);
+
+impl Display for FileId {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        self.0.fmt(f)
+    }
+}
+
+fn serialize_hashmap<S, K: Ord + Serialize + Clone, V: Serialize + Clone>(
+    value: &HashMap<K, V>,
+    serializer: S,
+) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error>
+where
+    S: Serializer,
+{
+    let mut btree = BTreeMap::new();
+    for (k, v) in value {
+        btree.insert(k.clone(), v.clone());
+    }
+    btree.serialize(serializer)
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, Default, Deserialize, Eq, PartialEq, Serialize)]
+pub(crate) struct SerializableHashMap<
+    K: Ord + Serialize + Clone + Hash + PartialEq,
+    V: Serialize + Clone,
+> {
+    #[serde(serialize_with = "serialize_hashmap")]
+    pub map: HashMap<K, V>,
+}
+
+impl<K, V> Deref for SerializableHashMap<K, V>
+where
+    K: Ord + Serialize + Clone + Hash + PartialEq,
+    V: Serialize + Clone,
+{
+    type Target = HashMap<K, V>;
+    fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
+        &self.map
+    }
+}
+
+impl<K, V> DerefMut for SerializableHashMap<K, V>
+where
+    K: Ord + Serialize + Clone + Hash + PartialEq,
+    V: Serialize + Clone,
+{
+    fn deref_mut(&mut self) -> &mut Self::Target {
+        &mut self.map
+    }
+}
+
+/// The InodeInfo is unique per (device, inode) combination. It is
+/// used to verify that we are prefetching a file for which we generated
+/// the records for.
+/// `Record` refers to this information with a unique `FileId`.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, Default, Deserialize, Eq, PartialEq, Serialize)]
+pub struct InodeInfo {
+    // Inode number of the file.
+    pub(crate) inode_number: InodeNumber,
+
+    // File size in bytes.
+    pub(crate) file_size: u64,
+
+    // Helps to get to a file from a Record. The field is used to get to the file
+    // that needs to be prefetched.
+    //
+    // This struct is built by getting data from trace lines and querying filesystem
+    // for other fields about the file/inode.
+    //
+    // One instance per file to be prefetched. A file/inode can have multiple paths.
+    // We store multiple paths so that we can still get to it if some of the
+    // paths get deleted.
+    //
+    // See comments for `Record`.
+    #[serde(deserialize_with = "check_inode_info_paths")]
+    pub(crate) paths: Vec<PathString>,
+
+    // Block device number on which the file is located.
+    pub(crate) device_number: DeviceNumber,
+}
+
+impl InodeInfo {
+    /// Returns InodeInfo.
+    pub fn new(
+        inode_number: InodeNumber,
+        file_size: u64,
+        paths: Vec<String>,
+        device_number: DeviceNumber,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self { inode_number, file_size, paths, device_number }
+    }
+}
+
+// Helps us check block alignment.
+//
+// A records file can have multiple FsInfos.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, Default, Deserialize, Eq, PartialEq, Serialize)]
+pub struct FsInfo {
+    // This is filesystem block size and is not underlying device's block size
+    pub(crate) block_size: u64,
+}
+
+/// Prefetch record.
+/// Each record translates to one filesystem `read()` request.
+///
+/// Tracer builds `Record` by parsing trace lines or by querying filesystem.
+///
+/// Multiple `Record`s can belong to a single InodeInfo. For example if there were two
+/// reads for file `/data/my.apk` which is assigned FileId 10 at offsets 0 and 8k of length
+/// 1 byte each then we will have two `Records` in `RecordsFile` that look like
+/// `Record {file_id: 10, offset: 0, length: 1, timestamp: t1}`
+/// `Record {file_id: 10, offset: 8192, length: 1, timestamp: t2}`
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, Default, Deserialize, Eq, PartialEq, Serialize)]
+pub struct Record {
+    /// Points to the file that should be fetched./ file_id is unique per `InodeInfo`
+    /// in a `RecordsFile`
+    pub file_id: FileId,
+
+    /// start offset to fetch data from. This is FsInfo.block_size aligned.
+    pub offset: u64,
+
+    /// length of the read. This is generally rounded up to Fs.Info.block_size
+    /// except when the rounding up crosses `InodeInfo.file_size`
+    pub length: u64,
+
+    /// Timestamp in nanoseconds since the start when the data was loaded.
+    pub timestamp: u64,
+}
+
+impl Record {
+    /// Returns a new record if two records belong to same file and overlap.
+    fn overlaps(&self, other: &Self) -> Option<Self> {
+        if self.file_id == other.file_id {
+            let self_start = self.offset;
+            let self_end = self.offset + self.length;
+            let other_start = other.offset;
+            let other_end = other.offset + other.length;
+
+            if (self_start <= other_end) && (self_end >= other_start) {
+                let offset = min(self_start, other_start);
+                let length = max(self_end, other_end) - offset;
+                return Some(Self {
+                    file_id: self.file_id.clone(),
+                    offset,
+                    length,
+                    timestamp: min(self.timestamp, other.timestamp),
+                });
+            }
+        }
+        None
+    }
+}
+
+fn group_record_by_file_id(records: Vec<Record>) -> Vec<Record> {
+    let mut map: HashMap<FileId, BTreeMap<u64, Record>> = HashMap::new();
+
+    for record in &records {
+        let recs = map.entry(record.file_id.clone()).or_default();
+        recs.entry(record.offset).or_insert_with(|| record.clone());
+    }
+
+    let mut grouped = vec![];
+    for record in &records {
+        if let Some(inode) = map.get(&record.file_id) {
+            for rec in inode.values() {
+                grouped.push(rec.clone());
+            }
+        }
+        let _ = map.remove(&record.file_id);
+    }
+
+    grouped
+}
+
+/// When records are coalesced, because their file ids match and IO offsets overlap, the least
+/// timestamp of the coalesced records is retained.
+pub(crate) fn coalesce_records(records: Vec<Record>, group_by_file_id: bool) -> Vec<Record> {
+    let records = if group_by_file_id { group_record_by_file_id(records) } else { records };
+
+    let mut coalesced = vec![];
+    let mut current: Option<Record> = None;
+    for r in records {
+        current = match current {
+            None => Some(r),
+            Some(c) => {
+                let merged = c.overlaps(&r);
+                match merged {
+                    None => {
+                        coalesced.push(c);
+                        Some(r)
+                    }
+                    Some(m) => Some(m),
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    if let Some(r) = current {
+        coalesced.push(r);
+    }
+    coalesced
+}
+
+// Records file header.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, Deserialize, Eq, PartialEq, Serialize)]
+pub struct Header {
+    /// magic number as uuid to identify the header/format.
+    #[serde(deserialize_with = "check_magic")]
+    magic: [u8; 16],
+
+    // major version number.
+    #[serde(deserialize_with = "check_major_number")]
+    major_number: u16,
+
+    // minor version number.
+    #[serde(deserialize_with = "check_minor_number")]
+    minor_number: u16,
+
+    /// timestamp when the records file was generated.
+    date: SystemTime,
+
+    /// Checksum of the `RecordsFile` with `digest` being empty vector.
+    digest: u32,
+}
+
+fn check_version_number<'de, D>(
+    deserializer: D,
+    expected: u16,
+    version_type: &str,
+) -> Result<u16, D::Error>
+where
+    D: Deserializer<'de>,
+{
+    let found = u16::deserialize(deserializer)?;
+    if expected != found {
+        return Err(serde::de::Error::custom(format!(
+            "Failed to parse {} version. Expected: {} Found: {}",
+            version_type, expected, found
+        )));
+    }
+    Ok(found)
+}
+
+fn check_major_number<'de, D>(deserializer: D) -> Result<u16, D::Error>
+where
+    D: Deserializer<'de>,
+{
+    check_version_number(deserializer, MAJOR_VERSION, "major")
+}
+
+fn check_minor_number<'de, D>(deserializer: D) -> Result<u16, D::Error>
+where
+    D: Deserializer<'de>,
+{
+    check_version_number(deserializer, MINOR_VERSION, "minor")
+}
+
+fn check_magic<'de, D>(deserializer: D) -> Result<[u8; 16], D::Error>
+where
+    D: Deserializer<'de>,
+{
+    let found: [u8; 16] = <[u8; 16]>::deserialize(deserializer)?;
+    if found != MAGIC_UUID {
+        return Err(serde::de::Error::custom(format!(
+            "Failed to parse magic number. Expected: {:?} Found: {:?}",
+            MAGIC_UUID, found
+        )));
+    }
+    Ok(found)
+}
+
+fn check_inode_info_paths<'de, D>(deserializer: D) -> Result<Vec<PathString>, D::Error>
+where
+    D: Deserializer<'de>,
+{
+    let parsed: Vec<PathString> = Vec::deserialize(deserializer)?;
+    if parsed.is_empty() {
+        return Err(serde::de::Error::custom("No paths found for in InodeInfo"));
+    }
+    Ok(parsed)
+}
+
+// Helper inner struct of RecordsFile meant to verify checksum.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, Default, Deserialize, Serialize, Eq, PartialEq)]
+pub(crate) struct RecordsFileInner {
+    // One instance per mounted block device.
+    pub(crate) filesystems: SerializableHashMap<DeviceNumber, FsInfo>,
+
+    /// Helps to get to a file path from a given `FileId`.
+    /// One instance per file to be prefetched.
+    pub(crate) inode_map: SerializableHashMap<FileId, InodeInfo>,
+
+    /// Helps to get to a file and offset to be replayed..
+    ///
+    // The records are chronologically arranged meaning the data that
+    // needs first is at the beginning of the vector and the data that
+    // needs last is at the end.
+    //
+    // One instance per part of the file that needs to be prefetched.
+    pub records: Vec<Record>,
+}
+
+/// Deserialized form of records file.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, Default, Deserialize, Serialize, Eq, PartialEq)]
+#[serde(remote = "Self")]
+pub struct RecordsFile {
+    /// Helps the prefetch tool to parse rest of the file
+    pub header: Header,
+
+    /// Helps the prefetch tool to verify checksum.
+    pub(crate) inner: RecordsFileInner,
+}
+
+impl RecordsFile {
+    /// Given file id, looks up path of the file and returns open File handle.
+    pub fn open_file(&self, id: FileId, exclude_files_regex: &[Regex]) -> Result<File, Error> {
+        if let Some(inode) = self.inner.inode_map.get(&id) {
+            let path = inode.paths.first().unwrap();
+
+            for regex in exclude_files_regex {
+                if regex.is_match(path) {
+                    return Err(Error::SkipPrefetch { path: path.to_owned() });
+                }
+            }
+            debug!("Opening {} file {}", id.0, path);
+            OpenOptions::new()
+                .read(true)
+                .write(false)
+                .open(path)
+                .map_err(|source| Error::Open { source, path: path.to_owned() })
+        } else {
+            Err(Error::IdNoFound { id })
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Inserts given record in RecordsFile
+    pub fn insert_record(&mut self, records: Record) {
+        self.inner.records.push(records);
+    }
+
+    /// Inserts given InodeInfo into in RecordsFile.
+    pub fn insert_or_update_inode_info(&mut self, id: FileId, info: InodeInfo) {
+        if let Some(inode) = self.inner.inode_map.get_mut(&id) {
+            if let Some(first_path) = info.paths.first() {
+                inode.paths.push(first_path.clone());
+            }
+        } else {
+            self.inner.inode_map.insert(id, info);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Verifies the integrity of records file.
+    ///
+    /// check saves us from serializing a improperly built record file or replaying an inconsistent
+    /// `RecordFile`.
+    ///
+    /// Note: check only works on the `RecordsFile` and doesn't access filesystem. We limit the
+    /// scope so that we avoid issuing filesystem operations(directory lookup, stats) twice - once
+    /// during check and once during replaying.
+    pub fn check(&self) -> Result<(), Error> {
+        let mut unique_files = HashSet::new();
+        let mut missing_file_ids = vec![];
+
+        for record in &self.inner.records {
+            if !self.inner.inode_map.contains_key(&record.file_id) {
+                missing_file_ids.push(record.file_id.clone());
+            }
+            unique_files.insert(record.file_id.clone());
+        }
+
+        let mut stale_inodes = vec![];
+        let mut missing_paths = vec![];
+        for (file_id, inode_info) in &self.inner.inode_map.map {
+            if inode_info.paths.is_empty() {
+                missing_paths.push(inode_info.clone());
+            }
+            if !unique_files.contains(file_id) {
+                stale_inodes.push(inode_info.clone());
+            }
+        }
+
+        if !stale_inodes.is_empty() || !missing_paths.is_empty() || !missing_file_ids.is_empty() {
+            return Err(Error::StaleInode { stale_inodes, missing_paths, missing_file_ids });
+        }
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Builds InodeInfo from args and inserts inode info in RecordsFile.
+    pub fn insert_or_update_inode(&mut self, id: FileId, stat: &Metadata, path: PathString) {
+        self.insert_or_update_inode_info(
+            id,
+            InodeInfo {
+                inode_number: stat.ino(),
+                file_size: stat.len(),
+                paths: vec![path],
+                device_number: stat.dev(),
+            },
+        )
+    }
+
+    /// Serialize records in the form of csv.
+    pub fn serialize_records_to_csv(&self, writer: &mut dyn Write) -> Result<(), Error> {
+        let mut wtr = csv::Writer::from_writer(writer);
+
+        #[derive(Serialize)]
+        struct TempRecord<'a> {
+            timestamp: u64,
+            file: &'a PathString,
+            offset: u64,
+            length: u64,
+            file_size: u64,
+        }
+
+        for record in &self.inner.records {
+            if let Some(inode_info) = self.inner.inode_map.get(&record.file_id) {
+                let mut inode_info = inode_info.clone();
+                inode_info.paths.sort();
+
+                if let Some(first_path) = inode_info.paths.first().cloned() {
+                    // Clone the &String inside Option
+                    let record = TempRecord {
+                        timestamp: record.timestamp,
+                        file: &first_path, // Now you have &String
+                        offset: record.offset,
+                        length: record.length,
+                        file_size: inode_info.file_size,
+                    };
+                    wtr.serialize(&record)
+                        .map_err(|e| Error::Serialize { error: e.to_string() })?;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        wtr.flush()?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn compute_digest(&mut self) -> Result<u32, Error> {
+        self.header.digest = Default::default();
+        let serialized = serde_cbor::to_vec(self)
+            .map_err(|source| Error::Serialize { error: source.to_string() })?;
+
+        let mut hasher = Hasher::new();
+        hasher.update(&serialized);
+
+        Ok(hasher.finalize())
+    }
+
+    /// Convenience wrapper around serialize that adds checksum/digest to the file
+    /// to verify file consistency during replay/deserialize.
+    pub fn add_checksum_and_serialize(&mut self) -> Result<Vec<u8>, Error> {
+        self.header.digest = self.compute_digest()?;
+
+        serde_cbor::to_vec(self).map_err(|source| Error::Serialize { error: source.to_string() })
+    }
+}
+
+impl Default for Header {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            major_number: MAJOR_VERSION,
+            minor_number: MINOR_VERSION,
+            date: SystemTime::now(),
+            digest: 0,
+            magic: MAGIC_UUID,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+// Wrapper around deserialize to check any inconsistencies in the file format.
+impl<'de> Deserialize<'de> for RecordsFile {
+    fn deserialize<D>(deserializer: D) -> std::result::Result<Self, D::Error>
+    where
+        D: Deserializer<'de>,
+    {
+        let rf = Self::deserialize(deserializer)?;
+
+        rf.check().map_err(|e| {
+            serde::de::Error::custom(format!("failed to validate records file: {}", e))
+        })?;
+
+        let mut zero_digest = rf.clone();
+        zero_digest.header.digest = 0;
+        let digest =
+            zero_digest.compute_digest().map_err(|e| serde::de::Error::custom(format!("{}", e)))?;
+
+        if digest != rf.header.digest {
+            return Err(serde::de::Error::custom(format!(
+                "file consistency check failed. Expected: {}. Found: {}",
+                digest, rf.header.digest
+            )));
+        }
+
+        Ok(rf)
+    }
+}
+
+// Wrapper around serialize to check any inconsistencies in the file format before serializing
+impl Serialize for RecordsFile {
+    fn serialize<S>(&self, serializer: S) -> std::result::Result<S::Ok, S::Error>
+    where
+        S: Serializer,
+    {
+        self.check().map(|_| self).map_err(|e| {
+            serde::ser::Error::custom(format!("failed to validate records file: {}", e))
+        })?;
+        Self::serialize(self, serializer)
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+pub mod tests {
+
+    use std::assert_eq;
+
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_major_version_mismatch() {
+        let mut rf = RecordsFile::default();
+
+        rf.header.major_number += 1;
+
+        let serialized: Result<RecordsFile, serde_cbor::Error> =
+            serde_cbor::from_slice(&serde_cbor::to_vec(&rf).unwrap());
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            serialized.unwrap_err().to_string(),
+            format!(
+                "Failed to parse major version. Expected: {} Found: {}",
+                MAJOR_VERSION,
+                MAJOR_VERSION + 1
+            )
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_minor_version_mismatch() {
+        let mut rf = RecordsFile::default();
+
+        rf.header.minor_number += 1;
+
+        let serialized: Result<RecordsFile, serde_cbor::Error> =
+            serde_cbor::from_slice(&serde_cbor::to_vec(&rf).unwrap());
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            serialized.unwrap_err().to_string(),
+            format!(
+                "Failed to parse minor version. Expected: {} Found: {}",
+                MINOR_VERSION,
+                MINOR_VERSION + 1
+            )
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn deserialize_inode_info_without_path() {
+        let inode = InodeInfo { inode_number: 1, file_size: 10, paths: vec![], device_number: 1 };
+        let serialized = serde_cbor::to_vec(&inode).unwrap();
+        let deserialized: Result<InodeInfo, serde_cbor::Error> =
+            serde_cbor::from_slice(&serialized);
+        assert_eq!(
+            deserialized.unwrap_err().to_string(),
+            "No paths found for in InodeInfo".to_owned()
+        );
+    }
+    #[test]
+    fn test_serialize_records_to_csv() {
+        let mut rf = RecordsFile::default();
+        let file_count = 4;
+        for i in 0..file_count {
+            rf.insert_or_update_inode_info(
+                FileId(i),
+                InodeInfo {
+                    inode_number: i,
+                    file_size: i * 10,
+                    paths: vec![format!("/hello/{}", i)],
+                    device_number: i + 10,
+                },
+            )
+        }
+        for i in 0..10 {
+            rf.insert_record(Record {
+                file_id: FileId(i % file_count),
+                offset: i * 3,
+                length: i + 4,
+                timestamp: i * file_count,
+            });
+        }
+
+        let mut buf = vec![];
+        rf.serialize_records_to_csv(&mut buf).unwrap();
+
+        let data = String::from_utf8(buf).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(
+            data,
+            "timestamp,file,offset,length,file_size\n\
+            0,/hello/0,0,4,0\n\
+            4,/hello/1,3,5,10\n\
+            8,/hello/2,6,6,20\n\
+            12,/hello/3,9,7,30\n\
+            16,/hello/0,12,8,0\n\
+            20,/hello/1,15,9,10\n\
+            24,/hello/2,18,10,20\n\
+            28,/hello/3,21,11,30\n\
+            32,/hello/0,24,12,0\n\
+            36,/hello/1,27,13,10\n"
+        );
+    }
+
+    fn new_record(file: u64, offset: u64, length: u64, timestamp: u64) -> Record {
+        Record { file_id: FileId(file), offset, length, timestamp }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_coalesced_without_group() {
+        let non_coalescable_same_inode =
+            vec![new_record(1, 2, 3, 4), new_record(1, 6, 3, 5), new_record(1, 10, 3, 6)];
+        assert_eq!(
+            coalesce_records(non_coalescable_same_inode.clone(), false),
+            non_coalescable_same_inode
+        );
+
+        let non_coalescable_different_inode =
+            vec![new_record(1, 2, 3, 4), new_record(2, 5, 3, 5), new_record(3, 8, 3, 6)];
+        assert_eq!(
+            coalesce_records(non_coalescable_different_inode.clone(), false),
+            non_coalescable_different_inode
+        );
+
+        let some_coalesced =
+            vec![new_record(1, 2, 3, 4), new_record(1, 5, 3, 5), new_record(3, 8, 3, 6)];
+        assert_eq!(
+            coalesce_records(some_coalesced, false),
+            vec![new_record(1, 2, 6, 4), new_record(3, 8, 3, 6),]
+        );
+
+        let coalesced_into_one =
+            vec![new_record(1, 2, 3, 4), new_record(1, 5, 3, 5), new_record(1, 8, 3, 6)];
+        assert_eq!(coalesce_records(coalesced_into_one, false), vec![new_record(1, 2, 9, 4)]);
+
+        let no_grouping_or_coalescing =
+            vec![new_record(1, 2, 3, 4), new_record(3, 8, 3, 5), new_record(1, 5, 3, 6)];
+        assert_eq!(
+            coalesce_records(no_grouping_or_coalescing, false),
+            vec![new_record(1, 2, 3, 4), new_record(3, 8, 3, 5), new_record(1, 5, 3, 6),]
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_coalesced_with_grouping() {
+        let non_coalescable_same_inode =
+            vec![new_record(1, 2, 3, 4), new_record(1, 6, 3, 5), new_record(1, 10, 3, 6)];
+        assert_eq!(
+            coalesce_records(non_coalescable_same_inode.clone(), true),
+            non_coalescable_same_inode
+        );
+
+        let non_coalescable_different_inode =
+            vec![new_record(1, 2, 3, 4), new_record(2, 5, 3, 5), new_record(3, 8, 3, 6)];
+        assert_eq!(
+            coalesce_records(non_coalescable_different_inode.clone(), true),
+            non_coalescable_different_inode
+        );
+
+        let some_coalesced =
+            vec![new_record(1, 2, 3, 4), new_record(1, 5, 3, 5), new_record(3, 8, 3, 6)];
+        assert_eq!(
+            coalesce_records(some_coalesced, true),
+            vec![new_record(1, 2, 6, 4), new_record(3, 8, 3, 6),]
+        );
+
+        let coalesced_into_one =
+            vec![new_record(1, 2, 3, 4), new_record(1, 5, 3, 5), new_record(1, 8, 3, 6)];
+        assert_eq!(coalesce_records(coalesced_into_one, true), vec![new_record(1, 2, 9, 4)]);
+
+        let some_grouped_coalesced =
+            vec![new_record(1, 2, 3, 4), new_record(3, 8, 3, 5), new_record(1, 5, 3, 6)];
+        assert_eq!(
+            coalesce_records(some_grouped_coalesced, true),
+            vec![new_record(1, 2, 6, 4), new_record(3, 8, 3, 5),]
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn check_missing_records() {
+        let mut rf = RecordsFile::default();
+        rf.inner.inode_map.insert(
+            FileId(0),
+            InodeInfo {
+                inode_number: 0,
+                file_size: 1,
+                paths: vec!["hello".to_owned()],
+                device_number: 2,
+            },
+        );
+        rf.insert_record(Record { file_id: FileId(0), offset: 10, length: 20, timestamp: 30 });
+
+        rf.inner.inode_map.insert(
+            FileId(1),
+            InodeInfo {
+                inode_number: 1,
+                file_size: 2,
+                paths: vec!["world".to_owned()],
+                device_number: 3,
+            },
+        );
+        let e = rf.check().unwrap_err();
+        assert_eq!(
+            e.to_string(),
+            "Stale inode(s) info found.\n\
+                missing_file_ids: []\n\
+                stale_inodes: [\n    \
+                    InodeInfo {\n        \
+                        inode_number: 1,\n        \
+                        file_size: 2,\n        \
+                        paths: [\n            \"world\",\n        ],\n        \
+                        device_number: 3,\n    },\n] \n\
+                missing_paths:[]"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn check_missing_file() {
+        let mut rf = RecordsFile::default();
+        rf.inner.inode_map.insert(
+            FileId(0),
+            InodeInfo {
+                inode_number: 0,
+                file_size: 1,
+                paths: vec!["hello".to_owned()],
+                device_number: 2,
+            },
+        );
+        rf.insert_record(Record { file_id: FileId(0), offset: 10, length: 20, timestamp: 30 });
+        rf.insert_record(Record { file_id: FileId(1), offset: 10, length: 20, timestamp: 30 });
+
+        let e = rf.check().unwrap_err();
+        assert_eq!(
+            e.to_string(),
+            "Stale inode(s) info found.\n\
+                missing_file_ids: [\n    \
+                    FileId(\n        1,\n    ),\n]\n\
+                stale_inodes: [] \n\
+                missing_paths:[]"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn check_missing_paths() {
+        let mut rf = RecordsFile::default();
+        rf.inner.inode_map.insert(
+            FileId(0),
+            InodeInfo { inode_number: 0, file_size: 1, paths: vec![], device_number: 2 },
+        );
+        rf.insert_record(Record { file_id: FileId(0), offset: 10, length: 20, timestamp: 30 });
+
+        let e = rf.check().unwrap_err();
+        assert_eq!(
+            e.to_string(),
+            "Stale inode(s) info found.\n\
+                missing_file_ids: []\n\
+                stale_inodes: [] \n\
+                missing_paths:[\n    \
+                    InodeInfo {\n        \
+                        inode_number: 0,\n        \
+                        file_size: 1,\n        \
+                        paths: [],\n        \
+                        device_number: 2,\n    },\n]"
+        );
+    }
+}
diff --git a/init/libprefetch/prefetch/src/lib.rs b/init/libprefetch/prefetch/src/lib.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..ea84c595b2b6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/init/libprefetch/prefetch/src/lib.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,192 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2024 The Android Open Source Project
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+//! A library to prefetch files on the file system to optimize startup times
+//!
+
+mod args;
+mod error;
+mod format;
+mod replay;
+mod tracer;
+#[cfg(target_os = "android")]
+mod arch {
+    pub mod android;
+}
+
+use std::fs::File;
+use std::fs::OpenOptions;
+use std::io;
+use std::io::Write;
+use std::os::unix::fs::PermissionsExt;
+use std::string::ToString;
+use std::thread;
+use std::time::Duration;
+
+#[cfg(target_os = "android")]
+use log::Level;
+#[cfg(target_os = "linux")]
+use log::LevelFilter;
+
+pub use args::args_from_env;
+use args::OutputFormat;
+pub use args::ReplayArgs;
+pub use args::{DumpArgs, MainArgs, RecordArgs, SubCommands};
+pub use error::Error;
+pub use format::FileId;
+pub use format::InodeInfo;
+pub use format::Record;
+pub use format::RecordsFile;
+use log::info;
+pub use replay::Replay;
+pub use tracer::nanoseconds_since_boot;
+
+#[cfg(target_os = "android")]
+pub use arch::android::*;
+
+/// Records prefetch data for the given configuration
+pub fn record(args: &RecordArgs) -> Result<(), Error> {
+    #[cfg(target_os = "android")]
+    if !ensure_record_is_ready(&args.ready_path, &args.path, &args.build_fingerprint_path)? {
+        info!("Cannot perform record -- skipping");
+        return Ok(());
+    }
+
+    info!("Starting record.");
+    let (mut tracer, exit_tx) = tracer::Tracer::create(
+        args.trace_buffer_size_kib,
+        args.tracing_subsystem.clone(),
+        args.tracing_instance.clone(),
+        args.setup_tracing,
+    )?;
+    let duration = Duration::from_secs(args.duration as u64);
+
+    let thd = thread::spawn(move || {
+        if !duration.is_zero() {
+            info!("Record start - waiting for duration: {:?}", duration);
+            thread::sleep(duration);
+        } else {
+            #[cfg(target_os = "android")]
+            wait_for_record_stop();
+        }
+
+        info!("Prefetch record exiting");
+        // We want to unwrap here on failure to send this signal. Otherwise
+        // tracer will continue generating huge records data.
+        exit_tx.send(()).unwrap();
+    });
+
+    let mut rf = tracer.trace(args.int_path.as_ref())?;
+    thd.join()
+        .map_err(|_| Error::ThreadPool { error: "Failed to join timeout thread".to_string() })?;
+
+    let mut out_file =
+        OpenOptions::new().write(true).create(true).truncate(true).open(&args.path).map_err(
+            |source| Error::Create { source, path: args.path.to_str().unwrap().to_owned() },
+        )?;
+
+    std::fs::set_permissions(&args.path, std::fs::Permissions::from_mode(0o644))
+        .map_err(|source| Error::Create { source, path: args.path.to_str().unwrap().to_owned() })?;
+
+    // Write the record file
+    out_file
+        .write_all(&rf.add_checksum_and_serialize()?)
+        .map_err(|source| Error::Write { path: args.path.to_str().unwrap().to_owned(), source })?;
+    out_file.sync_all()?;
+
+    // Write build-finger-print file
+    #[cfg(target_os = "android")]
+    write_build_fingerprint(args)?;
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// Replays prefetch data for the given configuration
+pub fn replay(args: &ReplayArgs) -> Result<(), Error> {
+    #[cfg(target_os = "android")]
+    if !can_perform_replay(&args.path, &args.build_fingerprint_path)? {
+        info!("Cannot perform replay -- exiting.");
+        return Ok(());
+    }
+
+    info!("Starting replay.");
+    let replay = Replay::new(args)?;
+    replay.replay()
+}
+
+/// Dumps prefetch data in the human readable form
+pub fn dump(args: &DumpArgs) -> Result<(), Error> {
+    let reader = File::open(&args.path)
+        .map_err(|source| Error::Open { source, path: args.path.to_str().unwrap().to_string() })?;
+    let rf: RecordsFile =
+        serde_cbor::from_reader(reader).map_err(|e| Error::Deserialize { error: e.to_string() })?;
+    match args.format {
+        OutputFormat::Json => println!(
+            "{:#}",
+            serde_json::to_string_pretty(&rf)
+                .map_err(|e| Error::Serialize { error: e.to_string() })?
+        ),
+        OutputFormat::Csv => rf.serialize_records_to_csv(&mut io::stdout())?,
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// An alias of android_logger::Level to use log level across android and linux.
+#[cfg(target_os = "android")]
+pub type LogLevel = Level;
+
+/// An alias of log::LevelFilter to use log level across android and linux.
+#[cfg(not(target_os = "android"))]
+pub type LogLevel = LevelFilter;
+
+/// Convenience logging initializer that is shared between the prefetch tool and c wrapper library
+#[cfg(target_os = "android")]
+pub fn init_logging(_level: LogLevel) {
+    android_logger::init_once(
+        android_logger::Config::default().with_max_level(log::LevelFilter::Info).format(
+            |f, record| {
+                write!(
+                    f,
+                    "{} prefetch_rs: {}:{} {}: {}",
+                    nanoseconds_since_boot(),
+                    record.file().unwrap_or("unknown_file"),
+                    record.line().unwrap_or(0),
+                    record.level(),
+                    record.args()
+                )
+            },
+        ),
+    )
+}
+
+/// Convenience logging initializer that is shared between the prefetch tool and c wrapper library
+#[cfg(target_os = "linux")]
+pub fn init_logging(level: LogLevel) {
+    let mut builder = env_logger::Builder::from_default_env();
+
+    builder
+        .filter(None, level)
+        .format(|buf, record| {
+            writeln!(
+                buf,
+                "{} prefetch_rs: {}:{} {}: {}",
+                nanoseconds_since_boot(),
+                record.file().unwrap_or("unknown_file"),
+                record.line().unwrap_or(0),
+                record.level(),
+                record.args()
+            )
+        })
+        .init();
+}
diff --git a/init/libprefetch/prefetch/src/main.rs b/init/libprefetch/prefetch/src/main.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..046e07edab89
--- /dev/null
+++ b/init/libprefetch/prefetch/src/main.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2024 The Android Open Source Project
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+//! A utility wrapper around libprefetch that allows to record, replay and dump
+//! prefetch data.
+
+use log::error;
+
+use prefetch_rs::args_from_env;
+use prefetch_rs::dump;
+use prefetch_rs::init_logging;
+use prefetch_rs::record;
+use prefetch_rs::replay;
+use prefetch_rs::LogLevel;
+use prefetch_rs::MainArgs;
+use prefetch_rs::SubCommands;
+
+fn main() {
+    init_logging(LogLevel::Debug);
+    let args: MainArgs = args_from_env();
+    let ret = match &args.nested {
+        SubCommands::Record(args) => record(args),
+        SubCommands::Replay(args) => replay(args),
+        SubCommands::Dump(args) => dump(args),
+    };
+
+    if let Err(err) = ret {
+        error!("{:?} command failed: {:?}", args, err);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/init/libprefetch/prefetch/src/replay.rs b/init/libprefetch/prefetch/src/replay.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..b68d74762c9e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/init/libprefetch/prefetch/src/replay.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,762 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2024 The Android Open Source Project
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+use std::clone::Clone;
+use std::convert::TryInto;
+use std::fmt::Display;
+use std::mem::replace;
+use std::os::unix::io::AsRawFd;
+use std::sync::Arc;
+use std::sync::Mutex;
+use std::sync::RwLock;
+use std::thread;
+
+use log::debug;
+use log::error;
+use log::warn;
+use lru_cache::LruCache;
+use nix::errno::Errno;
+use nix::fcntl::posix_fadvise;
+use regex::Regex;
+
+use crate::args::ConfigFile;
+use crate::format::Record;
+use crate::format::{FileId, RecordsFile};
+use crate::Error;
+use crate::ReplayArgs;
+use libc::{c_void, off64_t, pread64};
+use std::fs::File;
+
+const READ_SZ: usize = 1024 * 1024;
+
+struct ScopedLog<T: Display + Sized> {
+    msg: T,
+    thd_id: usize,
+}
+
+fn scoped_log<T: Display + Sized>(ctx: usize, msg: T) -> ScopedLog<T> {
+    let thd_id = ctx;
+    debug!("{} {} start", thd_id, msg);
+    ScopedLog { msg, thd_id }
+}
+
+impl<T: Display> Drop for ScopedLog<T> {
+    fn drop(&mut self) {
+        debug!("{} {} end", self.thd_id, self.msg);
+    }
+}
+
+fn readahead(
+    id: usize,
+    file: Arc<File>,
+    record: &Record,
+    buffer: &mut [u8; READ_SZ],
+) -> Result<(), Error> {
+    debug!("readahead {:?}", record);
+    let _dbg = scoped_log(id, "readahead");
+
+    let mut current_offset: off64_t = record
+        .offset
+        .try_into()
+        .map_err(|_| Error::Read { error: "Failed to convert offset".to_string() })?;
+    let mut remaining_data: usize = record
+        .length
+        .try_into()
+        .map_err(|_| Error::Read { error: "Failed to convert length".to_string() })?;
+
+    while remaining_data > 0 {
+        let read_size = std::cmp::min(READ_SZ, remaining_data);
+
+        // SAFETY: This is safe because
+        // - the file is known to exist and opened
+        // - buffer is allocated upfront and is guaranteed by the fact it comes from a mutable slice reference.
+        // - read_size is guaranteed not to exceed length of the buffer.
+        let bytes_read = unsafe {
+            pread64(file.as_raw_fd(), buffer.as_mut_ptr() as *mut c_void, read_size, current_offset)
+        };
+
+        if bytes_read == -1 {
+            return Err(Error::Read { error: format!("readahead failed: {}", Errno::last_raw()) });
+        }
+
+        if bytes_read == 0 {
+            break; // End of file reached
+        }
+
+        current_offset += bytes_read as off64_t;
+        remaining_data -= bytes_read as usize;
+    }
+
+    // TODO: Try readahead() syscall or async I/O
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn worker_internal(
+    id: usize,
+    state: Arc<Mutex<SharedState>>,
+    records_file: Arc<RwLock<RecordsFile>>,
+    exit_on_error: bool,
+    exclude_files_regex: Vec<Regex>,
+    buffer: &mut [u8],
+) -> Result<(), Error> {
+    loop {
+        let index = {
+            let mut state = state.lock().unwrap();
+            if state.result.is_err() {
+                return Ok(());
+            }
+            state.next_record()
+        };
+
+        let record = {
+            let rf = records_file.read().unwrap();
+            if index >= rf.inner.records.len() {
+                return Ok(());
+            }
+            rf.inner.records.get(index).unwrap().clone()
+        };
+
+        let _dbg = scoped_log(id, "record_replay");
+
+        let file = state.lock().unwrap().fds.get_mut(&record.file_id).map(|f| f.clone());
+
+        let file = match file {
+            Some(file) => file,
+            None => {
+                let file = Arc::new({
+                    let file = records_file
+                        .read()
+                        .unwrap()
+                        .open_file(record.file_id.clone(), &exclude_files_regex);
+                    if let Err(e) = file {
+                        if exit_on_error {
+                            return Err(e);
+                        } else {
+                            match e {
+                                Error::SkipPrefetch { path } => {
+                                    debug!("Skipping file during replay: {}", path);
+                                }
+                                _ => error!(
+                                    "Failed to open file id: {} with {}",
+                                    record.file_id.clone(),
+                                    e.to_string()
+                                ),
+                            }
+                            continue;
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    let file = file.unwrap();
+                    // We do not want the filesystem be intelligent and prefetch more than what this
+                    // code is reading. So turn off prefetch.
+
+                    if let Err(e) = posix_fadvise(
+                        file.as_raw_fd(),
+                        0,
+                        0,
+                        nix::fcntl::PosixFadviseAdvice::POSIX_FADV_RANDOM,
+                    ) {
+                        warn!(
+                            "Failed to turn off filesystem read ahead for file id: {} with {}",
+                            record.file_id.clone(),
+                            e.to_string()
+                        );
+                    }
+                    file
+                });
+                let cache_file = file.clone();
+                state.lock().unwrap().fds.insert(record.file_id.clone(), cache_file);
+                file
+            }
+        };
+        if let Err(e) = readahead(id, file, &record, buffer.try_into().unwrap()) {
+            if exit_on_error {
+                return Err(e);
+            } else {
+                error!(
+                    "readahead failed on file id: {} with: {}",
+                    record.file_id.clone(),
+                    e.to_string()
+                );
+                continue;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn worker(
+    id: usize,
+    state: Arc<Mutex<SharedState>>,
+    records_file: Arc<RwLock<RecordsFile>>,
+    exit_on_error: bool,
+    exclude_files_regex: Vec<Regex>,
+    buffer: &mut [u8],
+) {
+    let _dbg = scoped_log(id, "read_loop");
+    let result = worker_internal(
+        id,
+        state.clone(),
+        records_file,
+        exit_on_error,
+        exclude_files_regex,
+        buffer,
+    );
+    if result.is_err() {
+        error!("worker failed with {:?}", result);
+        let mut state = state.lock().unwrap();
+        if state.result.is_ok() {
+            state.result = result;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct SharedState {
+    fds: LruCache<FileId, Arc<File>>,
+    records_index: usize,
+    result: Result<(), Error>,
+}
+
+impl SharedState {
+    fn next_record(&mut self) -> usize {
+        let ret = self.records_index;
+        self.records_index += 1;
+        ret
+    }
+}
+
+/// Runtime, in-memory, representation of records file structure.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct Replay {
+    records_file: Arc<RwLock<RecordsFile>>,
+    io_depth: u16,
+    exit_on_error: bool,
+    state: Arc<Mutex<SharedState>>,
+    exclude_files_regex: Vec<Regex>,
+}
+
+impl Replay {
+    /// Creates Replay from input `args`.
+    pub fn new(args: &ReplayArgs) -> Result<Self, Error> {
+        let _dbg = scoped_log(1, "new");
+        let reader: File = File::open(&args.path).map_err(|source| Error::Open {
+            source,
+            path: args.path.to_str().unwrap().to_owned(),
+        })?;
+        let rf: RecordsFile = serde_cbor::from_reader(reader)
+            .map_err(|error| Error::Deserialize { error: error.to_string() })?;
+
+        let mut exclude_files_regex: Vec<Regex> = Vec::new();
+        // The path to the configuration file is optional in the command.
+        // If the path is provided, the configuration file will be read.
+        if !&args.config_path.as_os_str().is_empty() {
+            let config_reader = File::open(&args.config_path).map_err(|source| Error::Open {
+                source,
+                path: args.path.to_str().unwrap().to_owned(),
+            })?;
+            let cf: ConfigFile = serde_json::from_reader(config_reader)
+                .map_err(|error| Error::Deserialize { error: error.to_string() })?;
+
+            for file_to_exclude in &cf.files_to_exclude_regex {
+                exclude_files_regex.push(Regex::new(file_to_exclude).unwrap());
+            }
+        }
+
+        Ok(Self {
+            records_file: Arc::new(RwLock::new(rf)),
+            io_depth: args.io_depth,
+            exit_on_error: args.exit_on_error,
+            state: Arc::new(Mutex::new(SharedState {
+                fds: LruCache::new(args.max_fds.into()),
+                records_index: 0,
+                result: Ok(()),
+            })),
+            exclude_files_regex,
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Replay records.
+    pub fn replay(self) -> Result<(), Error> {
+        let _dbg = scoped_log(1, "replay");
+        let mut threads = vec![];
+        for i in 0..self.io_depth {
+            let i_clone = i as usize;
+            let state = self.state.clone();
+            let records_file = self.records_file.clone();
+            let exit_on_error = self.exit_on_error;
+            let exclude_files_regex = self.exclude_files_regex.clone();
+
+            let mut buffer = Box::new([0u8; READ_SZ]);
+
+            threads.push(thread::Builder::new().spawn(move || {
+                worker(
+                    i_clone,
+                    state,
+                    records_file,
+                    exit_on_error,
+                    exclude_files_regex,
+                    buffer.as_mut_slice(),
+                )
+            }));
+        }
+        for thread in threads {
+            thread.unwrap().join().unwrap();
+        }
+        replace(&mut self.state.lock().unwrap().result, Ok(()))
+    }
+}
+
+// WARNING: flaky tests.
+// In these tests we create files, invalidate their caches and then replay.
+// Verify that after reply the same portions of data is in memory.
+//
+// Since these tests to rely on presence or absence of data in cache, the
+// files used by the tests should not be in tmp filesystem. So we use relative
+// path as target directory. There is no guarantee that this target directory
+// is not on temp filesystem but chances are better than using target directory
+// in tempfs.
+//
+// Tests can be flaky if the system under tests is running low on memory. The
+// tests create file using O_DIRECT so that no data is left in file cache.
+// Though this is sufficient to avoid caching, but other processes reading these
+// files(like anti-virus) or some other system processes might change the state
+// of the cache. Or it may happen that the filesystem evicts the file before
+// we verify that read ahead worked as intended.
+#[cfg(test)]
+pub mod tests {
+    use std::{
+        assert,
+        io::Write,
+        ops::Range,
+        path::{Path, PathBuf},
+        time::Duration,
+    };
+
+    use crate::format::DeviceNumber;
+    use crate::format::FsInfo;
+    use crate::format::InodeNumber;
+    use crate::nanoseconds_since_boot;
+    use nix::sys::mman::MapFlags;
+    use nix::sys::mman::ProtFlags;
+    use serde::Deserialize;
+    use serde::Serialize;
+    use std::collections::HashMap;
+    use std::fs::OpenOptions;
+    use std::num::NonZeroUsize;
+    use std::os::fd::AsFd;
+    use std::os::unix::fs::symlink;
+    use std::os::unix::fs::MetadataExt;
+    use std::ptr::NonNull;
+    use tempfile::NamedTempFile;
+
+    use super::*;
+    use crate::tracer::{
+        page_size,
+        tests::{copy_uncached_files_and_record_from, setup_test_dir},
+    };
+
+    static MB: u64 = 1024 * 1024;
+    static KB: u64 = 1024;
+
+    fn random_write(file: &mut NamedTempFile, base: u64) -> Range<u64> {
+        let start: u64 = base + (rand::random::<u64>() % (base / 2)) as u64;
+        let len: u64 = rand::random::<u64>() % (32 * KB);
+        let buf = vec![5; len as usize];
+        nix::sys::uio::pwrite(file.as_fd(), &buf, start as i64).unwrap();
+        start..(start + len)
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn create_file(
+        path: Option<&Path>,
+        align: Option<u64>,
+    ) -> (NamedTempFile, Vec<Range<u64>>) {
+        let mut file = if let Some(path) = path {
+            NamedTempFile::new_in(path).unwrap()
+        } else {
+            NamedTempFile::new().unwrap()
+        };
+        let range1 = random_write(&mut file, 32 * KB);
+        let range2 = random_write(&mut file, 128 * KB);
+        let range3 = random_write(&mut file, 4 * MB);
+        if let Some(align) = align {
+            let orig_size = file.metadata().unwrap().len();
+            let aligned_size = orig_size + (align - (orig_size % align));
+            file.set_len(aligned_size).unwrap();
+        }
+        (file, vec![range1, range2, range3])
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn generate_cached_files_and_record(
+        path: Option<&Path>,
+        create_symlink: bool,
+        align: Option<u64>,
+    ) -> (RecordsFile, Vec<(NamedTempFile, Vec<Range<u64>>)>) {
+        let file1 = create_file(path, align);
+        let file2 = create_file(path, align);
+        let file3 = create_file(path, align);
+
+        let mut f: RecordsFileBuilder = Default::default();
+        f.add_file(file1.0.path().to_str().unwrap());
+        f.add_file(file2.0.path().to_str().unwrap());
+        f.add_file(file3.0.path().to_str().unwrap());
+        if create_symlink {
+            let symlink_path = format!("{}-symlink", file1.0.path().to_str().unwrap());
+            symlink(file1.0.path().file_name().unwrap(), &symlink_path).unwrap();
+
+            f.add_file(&symlink_path);
+        }
+        let rf = f.build().unwrap();
+        (rf, vec![file1, file2, file3])
+    }
+
+    /// RecordsFileBuilder is primarily used for testing purpose. This
+    /// is a thin wrapper around "Record". This gives the ability
+    /// to test Records functionality. The flow of this test is as follows:
+    ///
+    /// 1: generate_cached_files_and_record -> This will create temporary files of different length
+    /// and builds the "RecordFile" format.
+    /// 2: For each of the file path create, a "RecordsFile" is generated.
+    ///    a: mmap the file based on the length.
+    ///    b: call mincore() to get the residency of pages in memory for the given
+    ///    length.
+    ///    c: Iterate over the buffer of pages returned by mincore(). If a page
+    ///    is not resident in RAM, construct the "Record" structure.
+    /// 3: build() function will finally return a constructed Prefetch Record which
+    /// contains all the "Record" structure required for "Replay".
+    #[derive(Debug, Default, Deserialize, Serialize)]
+    pub struct RecordsFileBuilder {
+        // Temporarily holds paths of all files opened by other processes.
+        pub(crate) paths: HashMap<String, FileId>,
+
+        // Read inode numbers
+        inode_numbers: HashMap<(DeviceNumber, InodeNumber), FileId>,
+    }
+
+    impl RecordsFileBuilder {
+        pub fn add_file(&mut self, path: &str) {
+            if self.paths.contains_key(path) {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            self.paths.insert(path.to_owned(), FileId(self.paths.len() as u64));
+        }
+
+        pub fn build(&mut self) -> Result<RecordsFile, Error> {
+            let mut rf = RecordsFile::default();
+            for (path, mut id) in self.paths.drain() {
+                let stat = Path::new(&path)
+                    .metadata()
+                    .map_err(|source| Error::Stat { source, path: path.clone() })?;
+
+                rf.inner
+                    .filesystems
+                    .entry(stat.dev())
+                    .or_insert(FsInfo { block_size: stat.blksize() });
+
+                if let Some(orig_id) = self.inode_numbers.get(&(stat.dev(), stat.ino())) {
+                    let inode = rf.inner.inode_map.get_mut(orig_id).unwrap();
+                    inode.paths.push(path.clone());
+
+                    // There may be multiple paths for the file so from those path we may have multiple
+                    // ids. Override the id.
+                    id = orig_id.clone();
+                } else {
+                    self.inode_numbers.insert((stat.dev(), stat.ino()), id.clone());
+                    rf.insert_or_update_inode(id.clone(), &stat, path.clone());
+                }
+                if let Some(mmap) = Mmap::create(&path, id)? {
+                    mmap.get_records(&mut rf.inner.records)?;
+                }
+            }
+            Ok(rf)
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Debug)]
+    pub(crate) struct Mmap {
+        map_addr: *mut c_void,
+        length: usize,
+        #[allow(dead_code)]
+        file: File,
+        file_id: FileId,
+    }
+
+    impl Mmap {
+        pub fn create(path: &str, file_id: FileId) -> Result<Option<Self>, Error> {
+            let file = OpenOptions::new()
+                .read(true)
+                .write(false)
+                .open(path)
+                .map_err(|source| Error::Open { source, path: path.to_owned() })?;
+
+            let length = file
+                .metadata()
+                .map_err(|source| Error::Stat { source, path: path.to_owned() })?
+                .len() as usize;
+
+            if length == 0 {
+                return Ok(None);
+            }
+
+            // SAFETY: This is safe because
+            // - the length is checked for zero
+            // - offset is set to 0
+            let map_addr = unsafe {
+                nix::sys::mman::mmap(
+                    None,
+                    NonZeroUsize::new(length).unwrap(),
+                    ProtFlags::PROT_READ,
+                    MapFlags::MAP_SHARED,
+                    file.as_fd(),
+                    0,
+                )
+                .map_err(|source| Error::Mmap {
+                    error: source.to_string(),
+                    path: path.to_owned(),
+                })?
+            };
+
+            Ok(Some(Self { map_addr: map_addr.as_ptr(), length, file, file_id }))
+        }
+
+        /// Construct the "Record" file based on pages resident in RAM.
+        pub(crate) fn get_records(&self, records: &mut Vec<Record>) -> Result<(), Error> {
+            let page_size = page_size()?;
+            let page_count = (self.length + page_size - 1) / page_size;
+            let mut buf: Vec<u8> = vec![0_u8; page_count];
+            // SAFETY: This is safe because
+            // - the file is mapped
+            // - buf points to a valid and sufficiently large memory region with the
+            //   requirement of (length+PAGE_SIZE-1) / PAGE_SIZE bytes
+            let ret = unsafe { libc::mincore(self.map_addr, self.length, buf.as_mut_ptr()) };
+            if ret < 0 {
+                return Err(Error::Custom {
+                    error: format!("failed to query resident pages: {}", Errno::last_raw()),
+                });
+            }
+            let mut i = 0;
+
+            let mut offset_length: Option<(u64, u64)> = None;
+            for (index, resident) in buf.iter().enumerate() {
+                if *resident != 0 {
+                    if let Some((_, length)) = &mut offset_length {
+                        *length += page_size as u64;
+                    } else {
+                        offset_length = Some((index as u64 * page_size as u64, page_size as u64));
+                    }
+                } else if let Some((offset, length)) = offset_length {
+                    i += 1;
+                    records.push(Record {
+                        file_id: self.file_id.clone(),
+                        offset,
+                        length,
+                        timestamp: nanoseconds_since_boot(),
+                    });
+
+                    offset_length = None;
+                }
+            }
+
+            if let Some((offset, length)) = offset_length {
+                i += 1;
+                records.push(Record {
+                    file_id: self.file_id.clone(),
+                    offset,
+                    length,
+                    timestamp: nanoseconds_since_boot(),
+                });
+            }
+            debug!("records found: {} for {:?}", i, self);
+
+            Ok(())
+        }
+    }
+
+    impl Drop for Mmap {
+        fn drop(&mut self) {
+            // SAFETY: This is safe because
+            // - addr is mapped and is multiple of page_size
+            let ret = unsafe {
+                nix::sys::mman::munmap(NonNull::new(self.map_addr).unwrap(), self.length)
+            };
+            if let Err(e) = ret {
+                error!(
+                    "failed to munmap {:p} {} with {}",
+                    self.map_addr,
+                    self.length,
+                    e.to_string()
+                );
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Please see comment above RecordsFileBuilder.
+    fn rebuild_records_file(files: &[(PathBuf, Vec<Range<u64>>)]) -> RecordsFile {
+        // Validate that caches are dropped
+        let mut f: RecordsFileBuilder = Default::default();
+        for (path, _) in files {
+            f.add_file(path.to_str().unwrap());
+        }
+        f.build().unwrap()
+    }
+
+    fn ensure_files_not_cached(files: &mut [(PathBuf, Vec<Range<u64>>)]) {
+        assert!(rebuild_records_file(files).inner.records.is_empty());
+    }
+
+    fn has_record(records: &[Record], key: &Record) -> bool {
+        for r in records {
+            if r.offset == key.offset && r.length == key.length {
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+        false
+    }
+
+    fn compare_records(old: &[Record], new: &[Record]) {
+        for key in new {
+            if !has_record(old, key) {
+                panic!("Failed to file {:?} in {:?}", key, old);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn create_test_config_file(files_to_exclude_regex: Vec<String>) -> String {
+        let cfg = ConfigFile { files_to_exclude_regex, ..Default::default() };
+        serde_json::to_string(&cfg).unwrap()
+    }
+
+    // TODO: Split this into individual tests for better readability.
+    // b/378554334
+    fn test_replay_internal(
+        create_symlink: bool,
+        exit_on_error: bool,
+        inject_error: bool,
+        exclude_all_files: bool,
+        empty_exclude_file_list: bool,
+    ) {
+        let page_size = page_size().unwrap() as u64;
+        let test_base_dir = setup_test_dir();
+        let (rf, mut files) =
+            generate_cached_files_and_record(None, create_symlink, Some(page_size));
+
+        // Here "uncached_files" emulate the files after reboot when none of those files data is in cache.
+        let (mut uncached_rf, mut uncached_files) =
+            copy_uncached_files_and_record_from(Path::new(&test_base_dir), &mut files, &rf);
+
+        // Injects error(s) in the form of invalid filename
+        if inject_error {
+            if let Some(v) = uncached_rf.inner.inode_map.values_mut().next() {
+                for path in &mut v.paths {
+                    path.push('-');
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        let mut file = NamedTempFile::new().unwrap();
+        file.write_all(&uncached_rf.add_checksum_and_serialize().unwrap()).unwrap();
+        let mut config_file = NamedTempFile::new().unwrap();
+
+        let mut files_to_exclude: Vec<String> = Vec::new();
+        if exclude_all_files {
+            // Exclude files from replay by adding them in config
+            for v in uncached_rf.inner.inode_map.values_mut() {
+                for path in &mut v.paths {
+                    files_to_exclude.push(path.to_string())
+                }
+            }
+        } else if empty_exclude_file_list {
+            files_to_exclude.extend(vec![]);
+        } else {
+            // Exclude file1 and file2 during replay
+            files_to_exclude.extend(vec!["file1".to_owned(), "file2".to_owned()]);
+        }
+
+        // Create a config json to exclude files during replay
+        let config_file_contents = create_test_config_file(files_to_exclude);
+        config_file.write_all(config_file_contents.as_bytes()).unwrap();
+
+        ensure_files_not_cached(&mut uncached_files);
+
+        let replay = Replay::new(&ReplayArgs {
+            path: file.path().to_owned(),
+            io_depth: 32,
+            max_fds: 128,
+            exit_on_error,
+            config_path: config_file.path().to_owned(),
+        })
+        .unwrap();
+
+        let result = replay.replay();
+        // Sleep a bit so that readaheads are complete.
+        thread::sleep(Duration::from_secs(1));
+
+        if exit_on_error && inject_error {
+            result.expect_err("Failure was expected");
+        } else if exclude_all_files {
+            let new_rf = rebuild_records_file(&uncached_files);
+            assert!(new_rf.inner.records.is_empty());
+        } else {
+            result.unwrap();
+
+            // At this point, we have prefetched data for uncached file bringing same set of
+            // data in memory as the original cached files.
+            // If we record prefetch data for new files, we should get same records files
+            // (offset and lengths) except that the file names should be different.
+            // This block verifies it.
+            // Note: `new_rf` is for uncached_files. But, [un]fortunately, those "uncached_files"
+            // are now cached after we replayed the records.
+            let new_rf = rebuild_records_file(&uncached_files);
+            assert!(!new_rf.inner.records.is_empty());
+            assert_eq!(rf.inner.inode_map.len(), new_rf.inner.inode_map.len());
+            assert_eq!(rf.inner.records.len(), new_rf.inner.records.len());
+            compare_records(&rf.inner.records, &new_rf.inner.records);
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_replay() {
+        test_replay_internal(true, false, false, false, false);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_replay_strict() {
+        test_replay_internal(true, true, false, false, false);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_replay_no_symlink() {
+        test_replay_internal(false, false, false, false, false);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_replay_no_symlink_strict() {
+        test_replay_internal(false, true, false, false, false);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_replay_fails_on_error() {
+        test_replay_internal(true, true, true, false, false);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_replay_exclude_all_files() {
+        test_replay_internal(true, false, false, true, false);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_replay_empty_exclude_files_list() {
+        test_replay_internal(true, false, false, false, true);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/init/libprefetch/prefetch/src/tracer/mem.rs b/init/libprefetch/prefetch/src/tracer/mem.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..42120da1bc5e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/init/libprefetch/prefetch/src/tracer/mem.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,911 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2024 The Android Open Source Project
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+//! See top level documentation for `crate::tracer`.
+
+use std::collections::hash_map::Iter;
+use std::fs::symlink_metadata;
+use std::io::{ErrorKind, Write};
+use std::iter::Iterator;
+use std::mem::take;
+use std::os::unix::fs::MetadataExt;
+use std::{
+    collections::{HashMap, HashSet},
+    fs::read_to_string,
+    option::Option,
+    path::{Path, PathBuf},
+};
+
+use log::{debug, error, info, warn};
+use regex::Regex;
+use serde::Deserialize;
+use serde::Serialize;
+use walkdir::{DirEntry, WalkDir};
+
+use crate::format::{coalesce_records, FsInfo};
+use crate::tracer::{page_size, TracerConfigs};
+use crate::{
+    format::{DeviceNumber, InodeNumber},
+    tracer::{TraceSubsystem, EXCLUDE_PATHS},
+    Error, FileId, Record, RecordsFile,
+};
+
+static MOUNTINFO_PATH: &str = "/proc/self/mountinfo";
+
+// Trace events to enable
+// Paths are relative to trace mount point
+static TRACE_EVENTS: &[&str] =
+    &["events/filemap/mm_filemap_add_to_page_cache/enable", "tracing_on"];
+
+// Filesystem types to ignore
+static EXCLUDED_FILESYSTEM_TYPES: &[&str] = &[
+    "binder",
+    "bpf",
+    "cgroup",
+    "cgroup2",
+    "configfs",
+    "devpts",
+    "fuse", // No emulated storage
+    "fusectl",
+    "proc",
+    "pstore",
+    "selinuxfs",
+    "sysfs",
+    "tmpfs", // Check for apex mount points
+    "tracefs",
+    "functionfs", // adb, fastboot
+    "f2fs",       // Skip /data mounts
+];
+
+#[cfg(target_os = "linux")]
+type MajorMinorType = u32;
+#[cfg(target_os = "android")]
+type MajorMinorType = i32;
+
+// TODO(b/302056482): Once we uprev nix crate, we can use the function exported by the crate.
+fn major(dev: DeviceNumber) -> MajorMinorType {
+    (((dev >> 32) & 0xffff_f000) | ((dev >> 8) & 0x0000_0fff)) as MajorMinorType
+}
+
+// TODO(b/302056482): Once we uprev nix crate, we can use the function exported by the crate.
+fn minor(dev: DeviceNumber) -> MajorMinorType {
+    (((dev >> 12) & 0xffff_ff00) | ((dev) & 0x0000_00ff)) as MajorMinorType
+}
+
+// TODO(b/302056482): Once we uprev nix crate, we can use the function exported by the crate.
+fn makedev(major: MajorMinorType, minor: MajorMinorType) -> DeviceNumber {
+    let major = major as DeviceNumber;
+    let minor = minor as DeviceNumber;
+    ((major & 0xffff_f000) << 32)
+        | ((major & 0x0000_0fff) << 8)
+        | ((minor & 0xffff_ff00) << 12)
+        | (minor & 0x0000_00ff)
+}
+
+fn build_device_number(major: &str, minor: &str) -> Result<DeviceNumber, Error> {
+    Ok(makedev(
+        major.parse::<MajorMinorType>().map_err(|e| Error::Custom {
+            error: format!("Failed to parse major number from {} with {}", major, e),
+        })?,
+        minor.parse::<MajorMinorType>().map_err(|e| Error::Custom {
+            error: format!("Failed to parse major number from {} with {}", major, e),
+        })?,
+    ))
+}
+
+// Returns timestamp in nanoseconds
+fn build_timestamp(seconds: &str, microseconds: &str) -> Result<u64, Error> {
+    let seconds = seconds.parse::<u64>().map_err(|e| Error::Custom {
+        error: format!("Failed to parse seconds from {} with {}", seconds, e),
+    })?;
+    let microseconds = microseconds.parse::<u64>().map_err(|e| Error::Custom {
+        error: format!("Failed to parse microseconds from {} with {}", seconds, e),
+    })?;
+    Ok((seconds * 1_000_000_000) + (microseconds * 1_000))
+}
+
+#[cfg(not(target_os = "android"))]
+fn is_highly_privileged_path(_path: &Path) -> bool {
+    false
+}
+
+#[cfg(target_os = "android")]
+fn is_highly_privileged_path(path: &Path) -> bool {
+    // Following directories contain a mix of files with and without access to stat/read.
+    // We do not completely exclude these directories as there is still a lot of
+    // file we can issue readahead on. Some of the files on which readahead fails include
+    // - /system/bin/run-as
+    // - /data/data/com.android.storagemanager
+    // - /system/apex/com.android.art/bin/dex2oat32
+    // - /data/user/0/com.android.systemui
+    //
+    // - TODO: /system/apex: Apex files in read-only partition may be read during boot.
+    // However, some files may not have access. Double check the record files
+    // to filter out the exact path.
+    let privileged_paths = [
+        "/data/data",
+        "/data/user/0",
+        "/data/user_de/0",
+        "/system/bin/",
+        "/system/etc/selinux/",
+        "/system/system_ext/etc/selinux/",
+        "/system/product/etc/selinux/",
+        "/system/vendor/etc/selinux/",
+        "/system_ext/etc/selinux/",
+        "/product/etc/selinux/",
+        "/vendor/etc/selinux/",
+        "/system/xbin",
+        "/system/etc/",
+        "/data/",
+        "/postinstall/",
+        "/mnt/",
+        "/metadata/",
+    ];
+    for privileged in privileged_paths {
+        if path.to_str().unwrap().starts_with(privileged) {
+            return true;
+        }
+    }
+    false
+}
+
+enum DeviceState {
+    Include((DeviceNumber, PathBuf)),
+    Exclude(DeviceNumber),
+}
+
+/// Utility struct that helps to include and exclude devices and mount points that need and don't
+/// need prefetching.
+#[derive(Debug, Deserialize, Serialize)]
+struct MountInfo {
+    // Map of device number to mount points
+    included_devices: HashMap<DeviceNumber, PathBuf>,
+
+    // Devices that we don't want to prefetch - like devices backing tempfs and sysfs
+    excluded_devices: HashSet<DeviceNumber>,
+}
+
+impl MountInfo {
+    // Parses file at `path` to build `Self`.`
+    fn create(path: &str) -> Result<Self, Error> {
+        let buf = read_to_string(path)
+            .map_err(|e| Error::Read { error: format!("Reading {} failed with: {}", path, e) })?;
+        Self::with_buf(&buf)
+    }
+
+    // Parses string in `buf` to build `Self`.
+    fn with_buf(buf: &str) -> Result<Self, Error> {
+        let regex = Self::get_regex()?;
+        let mut included_devices: HashMap<DeviceNumber, PathBuf> = HashMap::new();
+        let mut excluded_devices = HashSet::new();
+        let excluded_filesystem_types: HashSet<String> =
+            EXCLUDED_FILESYSTEM_TYPES.iter().map(|s| String::from(*s)).collect();
+        for line in buf.lines() {
+            if let Some(state) = Self::parse_line(&regex, &excluded_filesystem_types, line)? {
+                match state {
+                    DeviceState::Include((device, path)) => {
+                        included_devices.insert(device, path);
+                    }
+                    DeviceState::Exclude(device) => {
+                        excluded_devices.insert(device);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        Ok(Self { included_devices, excluded_devices })
+    }
+
+    fn parse_line(
+        re: &Regex,
+        excluded_filesystem_types: &HashSet<String>,
+        line: &str,
+    ) -> Result<Option<DeviceState>, Error> {
+        let caps = match re.captures(line) {
+            Some(caps) => caps,
+            None => {
+                return Ok(None);
+            }
+        };
+        if &caps["relative_path"] != "/" {
+            return Ok(None);
+        }
+
+        let mount_point = &caps["mount_point"];
+        let mnt_pnt_with_slash = format!("{}/", mount_point);
+        let device_number = build_device_number(&caps["major"], &caps["minor"])?;
+        let fs_type = &caps["fs_type"];
+
+        if excluded_filesystem_types.contains(fs_type) {
+            info!(
+                "excluding fs type: {} for {} mount-point {} slash {}",
+                fs_type, line, mount_point, mnt_pnt_with_slash
+            );
+            return Ok(Some(DeviceState::Exclude(device_number)));
+        }
+
+        for excluded in EXCLUDE_PATHS {
+            if mnt_pnt_with_slash.starts_with(excluded) {
+                info!(
+                    "exclude-paths fs type: {} for {} mount-point {} slash {}",
+                    fs_type, line, mount_point, mnt_pnt_with_slash
+                );
+                return Ok(Some(DeviceState::Exclude(device_number)));
+            }
+        }
+
+        Ok(Some(DeviceState::Include((device_number, PathBuf::from(mount_point)))))
+    }
+
+    fn get_regex() -> Result<Regex, Error> {
+        Regex::new(concat!(
+            r"^\s*(?P<id_unknown1>\S+)",
+            r"\s+(?P<id_unknown2>\S+)",
+            r"\s+(?P<major>[0-9]+):(?P<minor>[0-9]+)",
+            r"\s+(?P<relative_path>\S+)",
+            r"\s+(?P<mount_point>\S+)",
+            r"\s+(?P<mount_opt>\S+)",
+            r"\s+(?P<shared>\S+)",
+            r"\s+\S+",
+            r"\s+(?P<fs_type>\S+)",
+            r"\s+(?P<device_path>\S+)"
+        ))
+        .map_err(|e| Error::Custom {
+            error: format!("create regex for parsing mountinfo failed with: {}", e),
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn is_excluded(&self, device: &DeviceNumber) -> bool {
+        self.excluded_devices.contains(device)
+    }
+
+    fn get_included(&self) -> Iter<DeviceNumber, PathBuf> {
+        self.included_devices.iter()
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Default, PartialEq, Debug, Eq, Hash)]
+struct TraceLineInfo {
+    device: DeviceNumber,
+    inode: InodeNumber,
+    offset: u64,
+    timestamp: u64,
+}
+
+impl TraceLineInfo {
+    pub fn from_trace_line(re: &Regex, line: &str) -> Result<Option<Self>, Error> {
+        let caps = match re.captures(line) {
+            Some(caps) => caps,
+            None => return Ok(None),
+        };
+        let major = &caps["major"];
+        let minor = &caps["minor"];
+        let ino = &caps["ino"];
+        let offset = &caps["offset"];
+        let timestamp = build_timestamp(&caps["seconds"], &caps["microseconds"])?;
+        Ok(Some(TraceLineInfo {
+            device: build_device_number(major, minor)?,
+            inode: u64::from_str_radix(ino, 16).map_err(|e| Error::Custom {
+                error: format!("failed parsing inode: {} : {}", ino, e),
+            })?,
+            offset: offset.parse::<u64>().map_err(|e| Error::Custom {
+                error: format!("failed parsing offset: {} : {}", offset, e),
+            })?,
+            timestamp,
+        }))
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(test)]
+    pub fn from_fields(
+        major: MajorMinorType,
+        minor: MajorMinorType,
+        inode: u64,
+        offset: u64,
+        timestamp: u64,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self { device: makedev(major, minor), inode, offset, timestamp }
+    }
+
+    // Convenience function to create regex. Used once per life of `record` but multiple times in
+    // case of tests.
+    pub fn get_trace_line_regex() -> Result<Regex, Error> {
+        // `page=[hex]` entry exists in 5.x kernel format but not in 6.x.
+        // Conversely, `order=[digit]` entry exists in 6.x kernel format but not in 5.x.
+        Regex::new(concat!(
+            r"^\s+(?P<cmd_pid>\S+)",
+            r"\s+(?P<cpu>\S+)",
+            r"\s+(?P<irq_stuff>\S+)",
+            r"\s+(?P<seconds>[0-9]+)\.(?P<microseconds>[0-9]+):",
+            r"\s+mm_filemap_add_to_page_cache:",
+            r"\s+dev\s+(?P<major>[0-9]+):(?P<minor>[0-9]+)",
+            r"\s+ino\s+(?P<ino>\S+)",
+            r"(?:\s+(?P<page>page=\S+))?",
+            r"\s+(?P<pfn>\S+)",
+            r"\s+ofs=(?P<offset>[0-9]+)",
+            r"(?:\s+(?P<order>\S+))?"
+        ))
+        .map_err(|e| Error::Custom {
+            error: format!("create regex for tracing failed with: {}", e),
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+struct MissingFile {
+    major_no: MajorMinorType,
+    minor_no: MajorMinorType,
+    inode: InodeNumber,
+    records: Vec<Record>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Default, Deserialize, Serialize)]
+struct DebugInfo {
+    // Check all inodes for which paths don't exists. These are the files which
+    // * got deleted before we got to them
+    // * are filesystem internal files that fs access only via inode numbers.
+    missing_files: HashMap<FileId, MissingFile>,
+
+    // Number of bytes read that belongs to directory type inodes.
+    directory_read_bytes: u64,
+
+    // Number of bytes read from files for which we could not find a path in
+    // the filesystems.
+    missing_path_bytes: u64,
+
+    // Paths for which the current process doesn't have read permission.
+    privileged_paths: Vec<PathBuf>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize)]
+pub(crate) struct MemTraceSubsystem {
+    device_inode_map: HashMap<DeviceNumber, HashMap<InodeNumber, FileId>>,
+    // Count of all InodeNumber held by `device_inode_map`. This is handy to assign unique
+    // FileId.
+    inode_count: u64,
+
+    // `Record`s built from parsing read trace lines.
+    records: Vec<Record>,
+
+    // Regex to parse lines from trace_pipe.
+    #[serde(skip_serializing)]
+    regex: Regex,
+
+    // Mounted devices/filesystems either at the time of parsing trace file or at the time
+    // of building RecordsFile from parsed lines.
+    mount_info: MountInfo,
+
+    // A copy of TracerConfigs
+    tracer_configs: Option<TracerConfigs>,
+
+    // system page size stored to avoid frequent syscall to get the page size.
+    page_size: u64,
+
+    // The fields of the debug_info are populated when build_records_file is called (after lines
+    // are parsed from the trace file/pipe).
+    debug_info: DebugInfo,
+}
+
+impl MemTraceSubsystem {
+    pub fn update_configs(configs: &mut TracerConfigs) {
+        for path in EXCLUDE_PATHS {
+            configs.excluded_paths.push(path.to_owned().to_string());
+        }
+
+        for event in TRACE_EVENTS {
+            configs.trace_events.push(event.to_owned().to_string());
+        }
+        configs.mountinfo_path = Some(MOUNTINFO_PATH.to_string());
+    }
+
+    pub fn create_with_configs(tracer_configs: TracerConfigs) -> Result<Self, Error> {
+        static INITIAL_RECORDS_CAPACITY: usize = 100_000;
+        debug!("TracerConfig: {:#?}", tracer_configs);
+
+        let regex = TraceLineInfo::get_trace_line_regex()?;
+        let mount_info = MountInfo::create(tracer_configs.mountinfo_path.as_ref().unwrap())?;
+        debug!("mountinfo: {:#?}", mount_info);
+
+        Ok(Self {
+            device_inode_map: HashMap::new(),
+            inode_count: 0,
+            // For one product of android, we see around 50k records. To avoid a lot allocations
+            // and copying of records, we create a vec of this size.
+            //
+            // We do this to reduces chances of losing data, however unlikely, coming over
+            // `trace_pipe`.
+            //
+            // Note: Once we are done reading trace lines, we are less pedantic about allocations
+            // and mem copies.
+            records: Vec::with_capacity(INITIAL_RECORDS_CAPACITY),
+            regex,
+            mount_info,
+            tracer_configs: Some(tracer_configs),
+            page_size: page_size()? as u64,
+            debug_info: DebugInfo {
+                missing_files: HashMap::new(),
+                directory_read_bytes: 0,
+                missing_path_bytes: 0,
+                privileged_paths: vec![],
+            },
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn new_file_id(&mut self) -> FileId {
+        let id = self.inode_count;
+        self.inode_count += 1;
+        FileId(id)
+    }
+
+    fn get_trace_info(&self, line: &str) -> Result<Option<TraceLineInfo>, Error> {
+        TraceLineInfo::from_trace_line(&self.regex, line)
+    }
+
+    // Returns true if the file or directory is on a device which is excluded from walking.
+    // If the path was excluded because the current process doesn't have privileged to read it,
+    // the path gets added to `privileged` list.
+    fn is_excluded(&self, entry: &DirEntry, device: u64, privileged: &mut Vec<PathBuf>) -> bool {
+        // We skip paths that are reside on excluded devices here. This is ok because a
+        // non-excluded mount point will have a separate entry in MountInfo. For example
+        // - `/` has ext4
+        // - `/tmp` has tempfs
+        // - `/tmp/mnt` has ext4 that we are interested in.
+        // MountInfo will have three entries - `/`, `/tmp/` and `/tmp/mnt`. Skipping walking
+        // `/tmp` while walking `/` is ok as next `mount_info.get_included()` will return
+        // `/tmp/mnt` path.
+        //
+        //
+        // We skip links here as they can refer to mount points across
+        // filesystems. If that path is valid and access are valid, then
+        // we should have entry by the file's <device, inode> pair.
+        //
+        //
+        // We skip devices that don't match current walking device because we eventually
+        // walk other devices.
+        match symlink_metadata(entry.path()) {
+            Ok(lstat) => {
+                if self.mount_info.is_excluded(&lstat.dev())
+                    || lstat.dev() != device
+                    || lstat.file_type().is_symlink()
+                {
+                    return true;
+                }
+            }
+            Err(e) => {
+                error!("stat on {} failed with {}", entry.path().to_str().unwrap(), e);
+
+                // We treat EACCES special because on some platforms, like android, process needs to
+                // have very special set of permissions to access some inodes.
+                // We ignore errors in such cases *after* making an effort to get to them.
+                if e.kind() == ErrorKind::PermissionDenied
+                    && is_highly_privileged_path(entry.path())
+                {
+                    privileged.push(entry.path().to_owned());
+                    return true;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        // On error, we return false because if lstat has failed, it will fail following operations
+        // including stat.
+        false
+    }
+}
+
+impl TraceSubsystem for MemTraceSubsystem {
+    fn add_line(&mut self, line: &str) -> Result<(), Error> {
+        if let Some(info) = self.get_trace_info(line)? {
+            if self.mount_info.is_excluded(&info.device) {
+                return Ok(());
+            }
+
+            self.device_inode_map.entry(info.device).or_default();
+
+            let file_id = if let Some(id) =
+                self.device_inode_map.get_mut(&info.device).unwrap().get(&info.inode)
+            {
+                id.clone()
+            } else {
+                self.new_file_id()
+            };
+            self.device_inode_map
+                .get_mut(&info.device)
+                .unwrap()
+                .insert(info.inode, file_id.clone());
+
+            self.records.push(Record {
+                file_id,
+                offset: info.offset,
+                length: self.page_size,
+                timestamp: info.timestamp,
+            });
+        }
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn build_records_file(&mut self) -> Result<RecordsFile, Error> {
+        // reset debug_info in case build_records_file was called twice.
+        self.debug_info = DebugInfo::default();
+        let mut rf = RecordsFile::default();
+        let mut directories = HashSet::new();
+
+        // TODO(b/302194377): We are holding all privileged_paths in this variable and then
+        // transferring it to `self.debug_info.privileged_paths` later. We can avoid this step
+        // if we directly update `self.debug_info.privileged_paths`. To do so, we need to refactor
+        // code to make borrow not complain at several places - ex. immutably borrowing
+        // `self.mount_info` in outer loop and then mutably borrowing
+        // `self.debug_info.privileged_paths`.
+        let mut privileged_paths = vec![];
+
+        // Reload mount_info. When we created mount_info for the first time, maybe
+        // the system was in early boot phase. Reload the mount_info so as to get
+        // current/new mount points.
+        if let Some(tracer_config) = &self.tracer_configs {
+            self.mount_info = MountInfo::create(tracer_config.mountinfo_path.as_ref().unwrap())?;
+            debug!("reloaded mountinfo: {:#?}", self.mount_info);
+        }
+
+        for (device, root_path) in self.mount_info.get_included() {
+            let inode_map = if let Some(map) = self.device_inode_map.get(device) {
+                map
+            } else {
+                continue;
+            };
+
+            if inode_map.is_empty() {
+                return Err(Error::Custom {
+                    error: format!("Unexpected empty records for {:?}", root_path),
+                });
+            }
+
+            let mut block_size = 0;
+            let walker = WalkDir::new(root_path).into_iter();
+
+            for entry in
+                walker.filter_entry(|e| !self.is_excluded(e, *device, &mut privileged_paths))
+            {
+                let path = match entry {
+                    Ok(entry) => entry.path().to_owned(),
+                    Err(e) => {
+                        error!("walking directory failed: {} {}", root_path.to_str().unwrap(), e);
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                };
+
+                let stat = match path.metadata() {
+                    Ok(stat) => stat,
+                    Err(e) => {
+                        error!("stat on {} failed with {}", path.to_str().unwrap(), e);
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                };
+
+                block_size = stat.blksize();
+
+                let file_id = if let Some(id) = inode_map.get(&stat.ino()) {
+                    id.clone()
+                } else {
+                    continue;
+                };
+
+                // We cannot issue a normal readahead on directories. So we skip those records that
+                // belong to directories.
+                if stat.file_type().is_dir() {
+                    info!(
+                        "skipping directory readahead record for file_id:{file_id} ino:{} path:{} ",
+                        stat.ino(),
+                        path.to_str().unwrap()
+                    );
+                    directories.insert(file_id.clone());
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                rf.insert_or_update_inode(file_id, &stat, path.to_str().unwrap().to_owned());
+            }
+
+            rf.inner.filesystems.insert(*device, FsInfo { block_size });
+        }
+
+        self.debug_info.privileged_paths.append(&mut privileged_paths);
+
+        for (device, inode_map) in &self.device_inode_map {
+            for (inode, file_id) in inode_map {
+                if !rf.inner.inode_map.contains_key(file_id) {
+                    let major_no: MajorMinorType = major(*device);
+                    let minor_no: MajorMinorType = minor(*device);
+                    self.debug_info.missing_files.insert(
+                        file_id.clone(),
+                        MissingFile { major_no, minor_no, inode: *inode, records: vec![] },
+                    );
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Remove all records that belong to directories or for which we did not find paths.
+        let mut records = vec![];
+        for record in take(&mut self.records) {
+            if directories.contains(&record.file_id) {
+                self.debug_info.directory_read_bytes += record.length;
+            } else if let Some(missing_file) =
+                self.debug_info.missing_files.get_mut(&record.file_id)
+            {
+                self.debug_info.missing_path_bytes += record.length;
+                missing_file.records.push(record);
+            } else {
+                records.push(record);
+            }
+        }
+
+        warn!(
+            "Recorded {} bytes worth of data read from directories",
+            self.debug_info.directory_read_bytes
+        );
+        warn!(
+            "Recorded {} bytes worth of data read from files that don't have paths",
+            self.debug_info.missing_path_bytes
+        );
+
+        rf.inner.records = coalesce_records(records, true);
+
+        Ok(rf)
+    }
+
+    fn serialize(&self, write: &mut dyn Write) -> Result<(), Error> {
+        write
+            .write_all(
+                &serde_json::to_vec(&self)
+                    .map_err(|e| Error::Serialize { error: e.to_string() })?,
+            )
+            .map_err(|source| Error::Write { path: "intermediate file".to_owned(), source })
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use nix::sys::stat::{major, minor};
+    use std::assert_eq;
+    use std::path::Path;
+
+    use crate::tracer::tests::{copy_uncached_files_and_record_from, setup_test_dir};
+
+    use crate::replay::tests::generate_cached_files_and_record;
+
+    use super::*;
+
+    static TRACE_BUFFER: &str = concat!(
+        // kernel 5.x
+        " Settingide-502  [001] ....   484.360292: mm_filemap_add_to_page_CACHE: dev 254:6 ino cf1 page=68d477 pfn=59833 ofs=32768\n",
+        " Settingide-502  [001] ....   484.360311: mm_filemap_add_to_page_cache: dev 254:6 ino cf1 page=759458 pfn=59827 ofs=57344\n",
+        " BOX_ENTDED-3071 [001] ....   485.276715: mm_filemap_add_to_pag_ecache: dev 254:6 ino 1 page=00cc1c pfn=81748 ofs=13574144\n",
+        " BOX_ENTDED-3071 [001] ....   485.276990: mm_filemap_add_to_page_cache: dev 254:6 ino cf2 page=36540b pfn=60952 ofs=0\n",
+        " .gms.peent-843  [001] ....   485.545516: mm_filemap_add_to_page_cache: dev 254:6 ino 1 page=002e8b pfn=58928 ofs=13578240\n",
+        " .gms.peent-843  [001] ....   485.545820: mm_filemap_add_to_page_cache: dev 254:6 ino cf3 page=6233ce pfn=58108 ofs=0\n",
+        "      an.bg-459  [001] ....   494.029396: mm_filemap_add_to_page_cache: dev 254:3 ino 7cf page=c5b5c7 pfn=373933 ofs=1310720\n",
+        "      an.bg-459  [001] ....   494.029398: mm_filemap_add_to_page_cache: dev 254:3 ino 7cf page=b8b9ec pfn=410074 ofs=1314816\n",
+
+        // kernel 6.x
+        " logcat-686     [006] ..... 148216.040320: mm_filemap_add_to_page_CACHE: dev 254:85 ino 3f15 pfn=0x213bc2 ofs=528384 order=0\n",
+        " logcat-686     [001] ..... 148217.776227: mm_filemap_add_to_page_cache: dev 254:85 ino 3f15 pfn=0x21d306 ofs=532480 order=0\n",
+        " logcat-686     [003] ..... 148219.044389: mm_filemap_add_to_pag_ecache: dev 254:85 ino 3f15 pfn=0x224b8d ofs=536576 order=0\n",
+        " logcat-686     [001] ..... 148220.780964: mm_filemap_add_to_page_cache: dev 254:85 ino 3f15 pfn=0x1bfe0a ofs=540672 order=0\n",
+        " logcat-686     [001] ..... 148223.046560: mm_filemap_add_to_page_cache: dev 254:85 ino 3f15 pfn=0x1f3d29 ofs=544768 order=0",
+    );
+
+    fn sample_mem_traces() -> (String, Vec<Option<TraceLineInfo>>) {
+        (
+            TRACE_BUFFER.to_owned(),
+            vec![
+                // 5.x
+                None,
+                Some(TraceLineInfo::from_fields(254, 6, 0xcf1, 57344, 484360311000)),
+                None,
+                Some(TraceLineInfo::from_fields(254, 6, 0xcf2, 0, 485276990000)),
+                Some(TraceLineInfo::from_fields(254, 6, 0x1, 13578240, 485545516000)),
+                Some(TraceLineInfo::from_fields(254, 6, 0xcf3, 0, 485545820000)),
+                Some(TraceLineInfo::from_fields(254, 3, 0x7cf, 1310720, 494029396000)),
+                Some(TraceLineInfo::from_fields(254, 3, 0x7cf, 1314816, 494029398000)),
+                // 6.x
+                None,
+                Some(TraceLineInfo::from_fields(254, 85, 0x3f15, 532480, 148217776227000)),
+                None,
+                Some(TraceLineInfo::from_fields(254, 85, 0x3f15, 540672, 148220780964000)),
+                Some(TraceLineInfo::from_fields(254, 85, 0x3f15, 544768, 148223046560000)),
+            ],
+        )
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_parse_trace_line() {
+        let (buf, res) = sample_mem_traces();
+        let re = TraceLineInfo::get_trace_line_regex().unwrap();
+        for (index, line) in buf.lines().enumerate() {
+            let found = TraceLineInfo::from_trace_line(&re, line).unwrap();
+            let expected = res.get(index).unwrap();
+            assert_eq!(found.is_some(), expected.is_some());
+            if found.is_some() {
+                assert_eq!(found.unwrap(), *expected.as_ref().unwrap());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_add_line() {
+        let test_base_dir = setup_test_dir();
+        let (rf, mut files) =
+            generate_cached_files_and_record(None, true, Some(page_size().unwrap() as u64));
+        let (_uncached_rf, uncached_files) =
+            copy_uncached_files_and_record_from(Path::new(&test_base_dir), &mut files, &rf);
+        let mut mount_include = HashMap::new();
+
+        let included_dev = uncached_files.get(0).unwrap().0.metadata().unwrap().dev();
+        let included_inode1 = uncached_files.get(0).unwrap().0.metadata().unwrap().ino();
+        let included_inode2 = uncached_files.get(1).unwrap().0.metadata().unwrap().ino();
+        let included_major = major(included_dev);
+        let included_minor = minor(included_dev);
+        mount_include.insert(included_dev, std::fs::canonicalize(test_base_dir).unwrap());
+        let mut mount_exclude = HashSet::new();
+        mount_exclude.insert(0);
+
+        let mut mem_tracer = MemTraceSubsystem {
+            device_inode_map: HashMap::new(),
+            inode_count: 0,
+            records: vec![],
+            regex: TraceLineInfo::get_trace_line_regex().unwrap(),
+            mount_info: MountInfo {
+                included_devices: mount_include,
+                excluded_devices: mount_exclude,
+            },
+            tracer_configs: None,
+            page_size: page_size().unwrap() as u64,
+            debug_info: DebugInfo {
+                missing_files: HashMap::new(),
+                directory_read_bytes: 0,
+                missing_path_bytes: 0,
+                privileged_paths: vec![],
+            },
+        };
+
+        let pg_size = page_size().unwrap();
+        // Format is major, minor, inode, offset
+        let inputs = vec![
+            (0, 0, 2, 10), // to be excluded. bad device.
+            (included_major, included_minor, included_inode1, 0),
+            (included_major, included_minor, included_inode1, 3 * pg_size),
+            // duplicate read
+            (included_major, included_minor, included_inode1, 3 * pg_size),
+            (0, 0, included_inode1, 10), // to be excluded. bad device.
+            (included_major, included_minor, included_inode1, 2 * pg_size), // contiguous
+            // non-contiguous
+            (included_major, included_minor, included_inode1, 12 * pg_size),
+            // same offset different inode
+            (included_major, included_minor, included_inode2, 3 * pg_size),
+            // Contiguous offset different inode
+            (included_major, included_minor, included_inode2, pg_size),
+        ];
+
+        for (i, (major, minor, inode, offset)) in inputs.iter().enumerate() {
+            // used to timestamp the log line.
+            let seconds = i;
+            // used to timestamp the log line.
+            let microseconds = i;
+            for operation in &["mm_filemap_add_to_page_cache", "some_other_operation"] {
+                let line = format!(
+                    " BOX_ENTRY_ADDED-3071    [001] ....   {}.{}: {}: \
+                    dev {}:{} ino {:x} page=00000000f936540b pfn=60952 ofs={}",
+                    seconds, microseconds, operation, major, minor, inode, offset
+                );
+                mem_tracer.add_line(&line).unwrap();
+            }
+        }
+        assert_eq!(mem_tracer.records.len(), 7);
+        assert_eq!(mem_tracer.device_inode_map.len(), 1);
+        assert_eq!(mem_tracer.device_inode_map.get(&included_dev).unwrap().len(), 2);
+        assert!(mem_tracer
+            .device_inode_map
+            .get(&included_dev)
+            .unwrap()
+            .contains_key(&included_inode1));
+        assert!(mem_tracer
+            .device_inode_map
+            .get(&included_dev)
+            .unwrap()
+            .contains_key(&included_inode2));
+    }
+
+    fn new_record(file: u64, offset: u64, length: u64, timestamp: u64) -> Record {
+        Record { file_id: FileId(file), offset, length, timestamp }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_get_records_file() {
+        let test_base_dir = setup_test_dir();
+        let (rf, mut files) =
+            generate_cached_files_and_record(None, true, Some(page_size().unwrap() as u64));
+        let (_uncached_rf, uncached_files) =
+            copy_uncached_files_and_record_from(Path::new(&test_base_dir), &mut files, &rf);
+        let mut mount_include = HashMap::new();
+
+        let included_dev = uncached_files.get(0).unwrap().0.metadata().unwrap().dev();
+        let included_inode1 = uncached_files.get(0).unwrap().0.metadata().unwrap().ino();
+        let included_inode2 = uncached_files.get(1).unwrap().0.metadata().unwrap().ino();
+        let included_major = major(included_dev);
+        let included_minor = minor(included_dev);
+        mount_include.insert(included_dev, std::fs::canonicalize(test_base_dir).unwrap());
+        let mut mount_exclude = HashSet::new();
+        mount_exclude.insert(0);
+
+        let mut mem_tracer = MemTraceSubsystem {
+            device_inode_map: HashMap::new(),
+            inode_count: 0,
+            records: vec![],
+            regex: TraceLineInfo::get_trace_line_regex().unwrap(),
+            mount_info: MountInfo {
+                included_devices: mount_include,
+                excluded_devices: mount_exclude,
+            },
+            tracer_configs: None,
+            page_size: page_size().unwrap() as u64,
+            debug_info: DebugInfo {
+                missing_files: HashMap::new(),
+                directory_read_bytes: 0,
+                missing_path_bytes: 0,
+                privileged_paths: vec![],
+            },
+        };
+
+        let pg_size = page_size().unwrap() as u64;
+        // Format is major, minor, inode, offset
+        let inputs = vec![
+            (0, 0, 2, 10), // to be excluded. bad device.
+            (included_major, included_minor, included_inode1, 0),
+            (included_major, included_minor, included_inode1, 3 * pg_size),
+            // duplicate read
+            (included_major, included_minor, included_inode1, 3 * pg_size),
+            (0, 0, included_inode1, 10), // to be excluded. bad device.
+            (included_major, included_minor, included_inode1, 2 * pg_size), // contiguous
+            // non-contiguous
+            (included_major, included_minor, included_inode1, 12 * pg_size),
+            // same offset different inode
+            (included_major, included_minor, included_inode2, 3 * pg_size),
+            // Contiguous offset different inode
+            (included_major, included_minor, included_inode2, pg_size),
+        ];
+
+        for (i, (major, minor, inode, offset)) in inputs.iter().enumerate() {
+            // used to timestamp the log line.
+            let seconds = i;
+            // used to timestamp the log line.
+            let microseconds = i;
+            for operation in &["mm_filemap_add_to_page_cache", "some_other_operation"] {
+                let line = format!(
+                    " BOX_ENTRY_ADDED-3071    [001] ....   {}.{}: {}: \
+                    dev {}:{} ino {:x} page=00000000f936540b pfn=60952 ofs={}",
+                    seconds, microseconds, operation, major, minor, inode, offset
+                );
+                mem_tracer.add_line(&line).unwrap();
+            }
+        }
+        let rf = mem_tracer.build_records_file().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(
+            rf.inner.records,
+            vec![
+                new_record(0, 0, pg_size, 1000001000),
+                new_record(0, 2 * pg_size, 2 * pg_size, 2000002000),
+                new_record(0, 12 * pg_size, pg_size, 6000006000),
+                new_record(1, pg_size, pg_size, 8000008000),
+                new_record(1, 3 * pg_size, pg_size, 7000007000),
+            ]
+        );
+    }
+}
diff --git a/init/libprefetch/prefetch/src/tracer/mod.rs b/init/libprefetch/prefetch/src/tracer/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..0f16116750f0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/init/libprefetch/prefetch/src/tracer/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,965 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2024 The Android Open Source Project
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+//! Tracer supports collecting information based off of two different tracing
+//! subsystems within `/sys/kernel/tracing`.
+//!
+//! ## Mem
+//! Mem is preferred tracer.
+//! ### Phase 1:
+//! This phase relies on a trace event at
+//! "events/filemap/mm_filemap_add_to_page_cache". When enabled, the event logs
+//! a message that contains device id, inode number, offset of the page that is
+//! being read. The tracer makes a note of this.
+//!
+//! ### Phase 2:
+//! When the recording of events is done, tracer all get mount points for which
+//! device id is recorded. Once it knows the mount points, it looks up file
+//! paths for the inode numbers that it records. The paths, offset and lengths
+//! are then stored in records file.
+//!
+//! Phase 2 is very IO intensive as entire filesystem is walked to find paths
+//! for different inodes.
+//!
+pub(crate) mod mem;
+
+use std::{
+    boxed::Box,
+    collections::HashSet,
+    fs::{create_dir, read_to_string, rename, File, OpenOptions},
+    io::{BufRead, BufReader, Read, Write},
+    path::{Path, PathBuf},
+    string::ToString,
+    sync::mpsc::{self, Receiver, Sender},
+};
+
+use log::{error, info};
+use nix::time::ClockId;
+use serde::Deserialize;
+use serde::Serialize;
+
+use crate::error::Error;
+use crate::{args::TracerType, format::RecordsFile};
+use mem::MemTraceSubsystem;
+
+pub(crate) static EXCLUDE_PATHS: &[&str] =
+    &["/dev/", "/proc/", "/sys/", "/tmp/", "/run/", "/config/", "/mnt/", "/storage/"];
+
+/// During record phase, prefetch may modify files under `/sys/kernel/tracing/` to
+/// - change trace buffer size so that we don't lose trace events
+/// - enable a few trace events
+/// - enable tracing
+///
+///  The old values are restored at the end of record.
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub(crate) struct TraceEventFile {
+    path: PathBuf,
+    restore_value: Option<String>,
+}
+
+impl TraceEventFile {
+    fn open_and_write(path: &Path, value: &str) -> Result<(), Error> {
+        let mut f = OpenOptions::new()
+            .write(true)
+            .read(true)
+            .open(path)
+            .map_err(|e| Error::Open { source: e, path: path.to_str().unwrap().to_string() })?;
+        f.write_all(value.as_bytes())
+            .map_err(|e| Error::Write { path: path.to_str().unwrap().to_owned(), source: e })
+    }
+
+    pub fn write(path: PathBuf, value: &str) -> Result<Self, Error> {
+        let restore_value = read_to_string(&path).map_err(|s| Error::Read {
+            error: format!("Reading {} failed:{}", path.to_str().unwrap(), s),
+        })?;
+
+        Self::open_and_write(&path, value)?;
+
+        info!(
+            "Changed contents of {} from {:?} to {}",
+            path.to_str().unwrap(),
+            restore_value,
+            value
+        );
+        Ok(Self { path, restore_value: Some(restore_value) })
+    }
+
+    pub fn enable(path: PathBuf) -> Result<Self, Error> {
+        Self::write(path, "1")
+    }
+
+    pub fn restore(&self) -> Result<(), Error> {
+        if let Some(restore_value) = &self.restore_value {
+            Self::open_and_write(&self.path, restore_value)
+        } else {
+            Ok(())
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Drop for TraceEventFile {
+    fn drop(&mut self) {
+        if let Err(ret) = self.restore() {
+            error!(
+                "Failed to restore state of file {:?} with value: {:?}. Error: {}",
+                self.path,
+                self.restore_value,
+                ret.to_string()
+            );
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Deserialize, Serialize)]
+pub(crate) struct TracerConfigs {
+    pub excluded_paths: Vec<String>,
+    pub buffer_size_file_path: String,
+    pub trace_base_path: PathBuf,
+    pub trace_events: Vec<String>,
+    pub mountinfo_path: Option<String>,
+    pub trace_operations: HashSet<String>,
+    // We never read back these fields. The only use for holding these around is to restore state at
+    // the end of run.
+    #[allow(dead_code)]
+    trace_files: Vec<TraceEventFile>,
+}
+
+impl TracerConfigs {
+    pub fn new(
+        kb_buffer_size: Option<u64>,
+        setup_tracing: bool,
+        tracer_type: TracerType,
+        trace_mount_point: Option<String>,
+        tracing_instance: Option<String>,
+    ) -> Result<Self, Error> {
+        static TRACE_MOUNT_POINT: &str = "/sys/kernel/tracing";
+
+        // Trace buffer size file relative to trace mount point
+        static TRACE_BUFFER_SIZE_FILE: &str = "buffer_size_kb";
+
+        let trace_mount_point = trace_mount_point.unwrap_or_else(|| TRACE_MOUNT_POINT.to_owned());
+        let trace_base_path = if let Some(instance) = tracing_instance {
+            Path::new(&trace_mount_point).join("instances").join(instance)
+        } else {
+            Path::new(&trace_mount_point).to_owned()
+        };
+
+        if setup_tracing && !trace_base_path.exists() {
+            create_dir(&trace_base_path).map_err(|e| Error::Create {
+                source: e,
+                path: trace_base_path.to_str().unwrap().to_owned(),
+            })?;
+        }
+
+        if !trace_base_path.exists() {
+            return Err(Error::Custom {
+                error: format!(
+                    "trace mount point doesn't exist: {}",
+                    trace_base_path.to_str().unwrap().to_owned()
+                ),
+            });
+        }
+
+        let mut configs = TracerConfigs {
+            excluded_paths: vec![],
+            buffer_size_file_path: TRACE_BUFFER_SIZE_FILE.to_owned(),
+            trace_base_path,
+            trace_events: vec![],
+            mountinfo_path: None,
+            trace_operations: HashSet::new(),
+            trace_files: vec![],
+        };
+
+        match tracer_type {
+            TracerType::Mem => MemTraceSubsystem::update_configs(&mut configs),
+        }
+
+        if setup_tracing {
+            let trace_base_dir = Path::new(&configs.trace_base_path);
+            if let Some(kb_buffer_size) = kb_buffer_size {
+                configs.trace_files.push(TraceEventFile::write(
+                    trace_base_dir.join(&configs.buffer_size_file_path),
+                    &kb_buffer_size.to_string(),
+                )?);
+            }
+            for path in &configs.trace_events {
+                configs.trace_files.push(TraceEventFile::enable(trace_base_dir.join(path))?);
+            }
+        }
+
+        Ok(configs)
+    }
+}
+
+/// Returns time, in nanoseconds, since boot
+pub fn nanoseconds_since_boot() -> u64 {
+    if let Ok(t) = nix::time::clock_gettime(ClockId::CLOCK_MONOTONIC) {
+        //((t.tv_sec() * 1_000_000_000) + t.tv_nsec()) as u64
+        (1 + t.tv_nsec()) as u64
+    } else {
+        0
+    }
+}
+
+pub(crate) trait TraceSubsystem {
+    /// This routine is called whenever there is a new line available to be parsed.
+    /// The impl potentially want to parse the line and retain the data in memory.
+    /// Implementors are not expected to do heavy lifting tasks, like IO, in this context.
+    fn add_line(&mut self, line: &str) -> Result<(), Error>;
+
+    /// Generates a records file from all the collected data.
+    /// From this context, the implementors might process data by issuing queries to filesystems.
+    fn build_records_file(&mut self) -> Result<RecordsFile, Error>;
+
+    /// This helps us serialize internat state of tracing subsystem during record phase.
+    /// This allows us to get raw data for analysis of read pattern and debugging in situations
+    /// when we might not have access to system yet(ex. early boot phase) .
+    fn serialize(&self, writer: &mut dyn Write) -> Result<(), Error>;
+}
+
+/// Returns page size in bytes
+pub(crate) fn page_size() -> Result<usize, Error> {
+    Ok(nix::unistd::sysconf(nix::unistd::SysconfVar::PAGE_SIZE)
+        .map_err(|e| Error::Custom { error: format!("failed to query page size: {}", e) })?
+        .ok_or(Error::Custom { error: "failed to query page size: None returned".to_string() })?
+        as usize)
+}
+
+pub struct Tracer {
+    // Open handle to static trace buffer file which is usually located at
+    // `/sys/kernel/tracing/trace`.
+    // See comment on top of `trace` function.
+    trace_file: BufReader<File>,
+
+    // Open handle to trace pipe which is usually located at
+    // `/sys/kernel/tracing/trace_pipe`.
+    // See comment on top of `trace` function.
+    trace_pipe: BufReader<File>,
+
+    // Signal to exit the infinite loop in `trace()`
+    exit_rx: Receiver<()>,
+
+    // tracing subsystem that actually parses trace lines and builds records.
+    tracing_subsystem: Box<dyn TraceSubsystem + Send>,
+}
+
+impl Tracer {
+    pub fn create(
+        kb_buffer_size: Option<u64>,
+        tracer_type: TracerType,
+        tracing_instance: Option<String>,
+        setup_tracing: bool,
+    ) -> Result<(Self, Sender<()>), Error> {
+        /// Trace pipe path relative to trace mount point
+        static TRACE_PIPE_PATH: &str = "trace_pipe";
+
+        /// Trace file path relative to trace mount point
+        static TRACE_FILE_PATH: &str = "trace";
+
+        let configs = TracerConfigs::new(
+            kb_buffer_size,
+            setup_tracing,
+            tracer_type.clone(),
+            None,
+            tracing_instance,
+        )?;
+
+        let pipe_path = Path::new(&configs.trace_base_path).join(TRACE_PIPE_PATH);
+        let trace_pipe = File::open(&pipe_path)
+            .map_err(|e| Error::Open { source: e, path: pipe_path.to_str().unwrap().to_owned() })?;
+
+        let file_path = Path::new(&configs.trace_base_path).join(TRACE_FILE_PATH);
+        let trace_file = File::open(&file_path)
+            .map_err(|e| Error::Open { source: e, path: file_path.to_str().unwrap().to_owned() })?;
+        let tracer: Box<dyn TraceSubsystem + Send> = match tracer_type {
+            TracerType::Mem => Box::new(MemTraceSubsystem::create_with_configs(configs)?),
+        };
+
+        Self::create_with_config(trace_file, trace_pipe, tracer)
+    }
+
+    fn create_with_config(
+        file: File,
+        pipe: File,
+        tracer: Box<dyn TraceSubsystem + Send>,
+    ) -> Result<(Self, Sender<()>), Error> {
+        let (exit_tx, exit_rx) = mpsc::channel();
+        let trace_pipe = BufReader::new(pipe);
+        let trace_file = BufReader::new(file);
+
+        Ok((Self { trace_file, trace_pipe, exit_rx, tracing_subsystem: tracer }, exit_tx))
+    }
+
+    fn save_intermediate_state(&self, intermediate_file: Option<&PathBuf>) -> Result<(), Error> {
+        if let Some(int_path) = intermediate_file {
+            let mut tmp_file = int_path.clone();
+            tmp_file.set_extension("int.tmp");
+            let mut out_file = File::create(&tmp_file).map_err(|source| Error::Create {
+                source,
+                path: int_path.to_str().unwrap().to_owned(),
+            })?;
+            self.tracing_subsystem.serialize(&mut out_file)?;
+            rename(&tmp_file, int_path).map_err(|e| Error::Custom {
+                error: format!(
+                    "rename file from{} to:{} failed with {}",
+                    tmp_file.to_str().unwrap(),
+                    int_path.to_str().unwrap(),
+                    e
+                ),
+            })?;
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// This routine parses all the events since last reset of trace buffer.
+    ///
+    /// The linux tracing subsystem exposes two interfaces to get trace events from
+    /// 1. a file - usually at `/sys/kernel/tracing/trace`
+    /// 2. a pipe - usually at `/sys/kernel/tracing/trace_pipe`
+    ///
+    /// The file is *sort of* ring buffer which works off of `buffer_size_kb` sized buffer.
+    /// Relying on it is not very efficient as we end up getting a lot of duplicates.
+    ///
+    /// The pipe only contains line traces. Any trace events that occurred before opening
+    /// of this file are lost.
+    ///
+    /// IMPORTANT: The moment we start reading from the pipe, the events in the file
+    /// disappear/reset. So we should read file entirely before we start reading the pipe.
+    pub fn trace(&mut self, intermediate_file: Option<&PathBuf>) -> Result<RecordsFile, Error> {
+        let mut buf = String::new();
+        self.trace_file
+            .read_to_string(&mut buf)
+            .map_err(|e| Error::Read { error: format!("failed to read trace file: {}", e) })?;
+
+        for line in buf.lines() {
+            let trimmed = line.trim_end();
+            self.tracing_subsystem.add_line(trimmed)?;
+        }
+
+        // The logic here is to block on trace_pipe forever. We break out of loop only when we read
+        // a line from the pipe *and* we have received an event on exit_rx.
+        // This logic works because the system will have one or more read syscalls and also we,
+        // at the moment, use prefetch on build systems and not in production to generate records
+        // file.
+        //
+        // TODO(b/302045304): async read trace_pipe.
+        while self.exit_rx.try_recv().is_err() {
+            let mut line = String::new();
+            let len = self
+                .trace_pipe
+                .read_line(&mut line)
+                .map_err(|e| Error::Read { error: e.to_string() })?;
+            let trimmed = line.trim_end();
+            if len == 0 {
+                // We should never read zero length line or reach EOF of the pipe.
+                return Err(Error::Read {
+                    error: "read zero length line from trace_pipe".to_string(),
+                });
+            }
+            self.tracing_subsystem.add_line(trimmed)?;
+        }
+
+        // We are here because the above loop exited normally. Traced lines are stored in `Self`.
+        // Build `RecordsFile` from processing data from read lines above.
+        self.save_intermediate_state(intermediate_file)?;
+        let rf = self.tracing_subsystem.build_records_file()?;
+        self.save_intermediate_state(intermediate_file)?;
+        Ok(rf)
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+pub(crate) mod tests {
+    use crate::RecordsFile;
+
+    use std::alloc::Layout;
+    use std::borrow::ToOwned;
+    use std::convert::TryInto;
+    use std::fs::{create_dir_all, OpenOptions};
+    use std::io::Read;
+    use std::io::Seek;
+    use std::io::Write;
+    use std::ops::Range;
+    use std::os::linux::fs::MetadataExt;
+    use std::os::unix::fs::symlink;
+    use std::os::unix::prelude::OpenOptionsExt;
+    use std::path::Path;
+    use std::thread;
+    use std::time::Duration;
+    use std::{assert_eq, env};
+
+    use libc::O_DIRECT;
+    use nix::sys::stat::{major, minor};
+    use nix::unistd::pipe;
+    use rand::distributions::Alphanumeric;
+    use rand::Rng;
+    use tempfile::NamedTempFile;
+
+    use super::*;
+    use crate::replay::tests::generate_cached_files_and_record;
+    use std::ops::{Deref, DerefMut};
+
+    #[test]
+    fn trace_event_file_enable_and_restore() {
+        let mut file = NamedTempFile::new().unwrap();
+        let _ = file.write("0".as_bytes()).unwrap();
+        {
+            let _e = TraceEventFile::enable(file.path().to_owned()).unwrap();
+            assert_eq!(read_to_string(file.path()).unwrap(), "1");
+        }
+        assert_eq!(read_to_string(file.path()).unwrap(), "0");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn trace_event_file_write_and_restore() {
+        let mut file = NamedTempFile::new().unwrap();
+        let _ = file.write("hello".as_bytes()).unwrap();
+        {
+            let _e = TraceEventFile::write(file.path().to_owned(), "world").unwrap();
+            assert_eq!(read_to_string(file.path()).unwrap(), "world");
+        }
+        assert_eq!(read_to_string(file.path()).unwrap(), "hello");
+    }
+
+    fn setup_trace_mount_point(
+        create_mount_point: bool,
+        create_instances: bool,
+        instance_name: Option<String>,
+    ) -> PathBuf {
+        assert!(
+            create_mount_point || !create_instances,
+            "cannot create instances without creating mount point"
+        );
+
+        let mount_point = env::temp_dir().join(
+            rand::thread_rng()
+                .sample_iter(&Alphanumeric)
+                .take(10)
+                .map(char::from)
+                .collect::<String>(),
+        );
+
+        let mut base_path = Path::new(&mount_point).to_owned();
+        if create_mount_point {
+            create_dir(&mount_point).unwrap();
+        }
+
+        if create_instances {
+            base_path = base_path.join("instances");
+            if let Some(instance_name) = &instance_name {
+                base_path = base_path.join(instance_name)
+            }
+            create_dir_all(&base_path).unwrap();
+        }
+
+        if create_mount_point || create_instances {
+            std::fs::write(&base_path.join("buffer_size_kb"), "100").unwrap();
+            std::fs::write(&base_path.join("tracing_on"), "0").unwrap();
+            std::fs::write(&base_path.join("trace"), "0").unwrap();
+            std::fs::write(&base_path.join("trace_pipe"), "0").unwrap();
+
+            for event in [
+                "events/fs/do_sys_open",
+                "events/fs/open_exec",
+                "events/fs/uselib",
+                "events/filemap/mm_filemap_add_to_page_cache",
+            ] {
+                let event_path = base_path.join(event);
+                std::fs::create_dir_all(&event_path).unwrap();
+                std::fs::write(&event_path.join("enable"), "0").unwrap();
+            }
+        }
+        mount_point
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_configs_no_setup() {
+        let mount_point = setup_trace_mount_point(true, true, None);
+        let _configs = TracerConfigs::new(
+            Some(10),
+            false,
+            TracerType::Mem,
+            Some(mount_point.to_str().unwrap().to_owned()),
+            None,
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_configs_no_setup_no_mount_point() {
+        let mount_point = setup_trace_mount_point(false, false, None);
+        assert_eq!(
+            TracerConfigs::new(
+                Some(10),
+                false,
+                TracerType::Mem,
+                Some(mount_point.to_str().unwrap().to_owned()),
+                None,
+            )
+            .unwrap_err()
+            .to_string(),
+            format!(
+                "Failed to setup prefetch: trace mount point doesn't exist: {}",
+                mount_point.to_str().unwrap()
+            )
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_configs_no_setup_no_instances() {
+        let mount_point = setup_trace_mount_point(true, false, None);
+        assert_eq!(
+            TracerConfigs::new(
+                Some(10),
+                false,
+                TracerType::Mem,
+                Some(mount_point.to_str().unwrap().to_owned()),
+                Some("my_instance".to_owned()),
+            )
+            .unwrap_err()
+            .to_string(),
+            format!(
+                "Failed to setup prefetch: trace mount point doesn't exist: {}/instances/my_instance",
+                mount_point.to_str().unwrap()
+            )
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_configs_setup_without_instances() {
+        let mount_point = setup_trace_mount_point(true, false, None);
+        assert!(TracerConfigs::new(
+            Some(10),
+            true,
+            TracerType::Mem,
+            Some(mount_point.to_str().unwrap().to_owned()),
+            None
+        )
+        .is_ok());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_configs_setup_with_instances() {
+        let mount_point = setup_trace_mount_point(true, true, Some("my_instance".to_owned()));
+        assert!(TracerConfigs::new(
+            Some(10),
+            true,
+            TracerType::Mem,
+            Some(mount_point.to_str().unwrap().to_owned()),
+            Some("my_instance".to_owned())
+        )
+        .is_ok())
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn setup_test_dir() -> PathBuf {
+        let test_base_dir: String = rand::thread_rng()
+            .sample_iter(&rand::distributions::Alphanumeric)
+            .take(7)
+            .map(char::from)
+            .collect();
+        let test_base_dir = format!(
+            "{}/test/{}",
+            std::fs::read_link("/proc/self/exe").unwrap().parent().unwrap().to_str().unwrap(),
+            test_base_dir
+        );
+        std::fs::create_dir_all(&test_base_dir).unwrap();
+        PathBuf::from(test_base_dir)
+    }
+
+    fn modify_records_file(rf: &RecordsFile, target: &str) -> RecordsFile {
+        let mut modified_rf = rf.clone();
+
+        for inode in modified_rf.inner.inode_map.values_mut() {
+            let new_paths: Vec<String> = inode
+                .paths
+                .iter()
+                .map(|s| {
+                    let parent = Path::new(s).parent().unwrap().to_str().unwrap();
+                    s.replace(parent, target)
+                })
+                .collect();
+
+            inode.paths = new_paths;
+        }
+
+        modified_rf
+    }
+
+    struct AlignedBuffer {
+        ptr: *mut u8,
+        len: usize,
+        layout: Layout,
+    }
+
+    impl AlignedBuffer {
+        fn new(size: usize, alignment: usize) -> Result<Self, Error> {
+            if size == 0 {
+                return Err(Error::Custom { error: "cannot allocate zero bytes".to_string() });
+            }
+
+            let layout = Layout::from_size_align(size, alignment).unwrap();
+            // SAFETY:
+            // - `size` is a valid non-zero positive integer representing the desired buffer size.
+            // - The layout is checked for validity using `.unwrap()`.
+            let ptr = unsafe { std::alloc::alloc(layout) };
+            if ptr.is_null() {
+                return Err(Error::Custom { error: format!("alloc failed: size: {}", size) });
+            }
+            Ok(AlignedBuffer { ptr, len: size, layout })
+        }
+    }
+
+    impl Deref for AlignedBuffer {
+        type Target = [u8];
+        // SAFETY:
+        // - self.ptr is a valid pointer obtained from a successful allocation in the new() method.
+        // - self.len is a valid length used for allocation in the new() method.
+        fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
+            unsafe { std::slice::from_raw_parts(self.ptr, self.len) }
+        }
+    }
+
+    impl DerefMut for AlignedBuffer {
+        // SAFETY:
+        // - self.ptr is a valid pointer obtained from a successful allocation in the new() method.
+        // - self.len is a valid length used for allocation in the new() method.
+        fn deref_mut(&mut self) -> &mut Self::Target {
+            unsafe { std::slice::from_raw_parts_mut(self.ptr, self.len) }
+        }
+    }
+
+    impl Drop for AlignedBuffer {
+        fn drop(&mut self) {
+            // SAFETY:
+            //  - self.ptr is a valid pointer obtained from a successful allocation in the new() method.
+            //  - self.layout is the Layout used to allocate the memory.
+            unsafe {
+                std::alloc::dealloc(self.ptr, self.layout);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Copies `files` into directory pointed by `base`.
+    //
+    // The newly created file's data is potentially uncached - i.e. the new
+    // files are opened in O_DIRECT.
+    //
+    // WARNING: Though this function makes an attempt to copy into uncached files
+    // but it cannot guarantee as other processes in the system may access the
+    // files. This may lead to flaky tests or unexpected results.
+    pub(crate) fn copy_uncached_files_and_record_from(
+        base: &Path,
+        files: &mut [(NamedTempFile, Vec<Range<u64>>)],
+        rf: &RecordsFile,
+    ) -> (RecordsFile, Vec<(PathBuf, Vec<Range<u64>>)>) {
+        let mut new_files = vec![];
+        for (in_file, ranges) in files {
+            let out_path = base.join(in_file.path().file_name().unwrap());
+            let mut out_file = OpenOptions::new()
+                .read(true)
+                .write(true)
+                .custom_flags(O_DIRECT)
+                .create_new(true)
+                .open(&out_path)
+                .expect("Can't open");
+            let page_size = page_size().unwrap() as u64;
+            let in_file_size = in_file.metadata().unwrap().len();
+            assert_eq!(
+                in_file_size % page_size,
+                0,
+                "we create files that are aligned to page size"
+            );
+            let out_file_size = in_file_size;
+            let mut buf =
+                AlignedBuffer::new(out_file_size.try_into().unwrap(), page_size as usize).unwrap();
+            let _ = in_file.read(&mut *buf).unwrap();
+            out_file.write_all(&*buf).unwrap();
+
+            new_files.push((out_path, ranges.clone()));
+        }
+
+        for inode in rf.inner.inode_map.values() {
+            for path in &inode.paths {
+                let in_path = Path::new(&path);
+                let out_path = base.join(in_path.file_name().unwrap());
+                if !out_path.exists() {
+                    let orig_file =
+                        out_path.file_name().unwrap().to_str().unwrap().replace("-symlink", "");
+                    symlink(orig_file, out_path.to_str().unwrap()).unwrap();
+                    new_files.push((out_path.to_owned(), vec![]));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        let modified_rf = modify_records_file(rf, base.to_str().unwrap());
+        (modified_rf, new_files)
+    }
+
+    // Generates mem trace string from given args. Sometimes injects lines that are of no importance
+    fn mem_generate_trace_line_for_open(path: &Path, time: u16, _op: Option<&str>) -> Vec<String> {
+        let op = "mm_filemap_add_to_page_cache";
+        let stat = path.metadata().unwrap();
+        let major_no = major(stat.st_dev());
+        let minor_no = minor(stat.st_dev());
+        let inode_number = stat.st_ino();
+
+        vec![
+            // unknown operation
+            format!(
+                " SettingsProvide-502     [001] ....   {}.{}: {}: dev {}:{} ino {:x} \
+                    page=000000008b759458 pfn=59827 ofs=0",
+                time,
+                (time * 100) + time,
+                "unknown_operation",
+                major_no,
+                minor_no,
+                inode_number,
+            ),
+            // invalid/relative inode
+            format!(
+                " SettingsProvide-502     [001] ....   {}.{}: {}: dev {}:{} ino {:x} \
+                    page=000000008b759458 pfn=59827 ofs=0",
+                time,
+                (time * 100) + time,
+                "unknown_operation",
+                major_no,
+                minor_no,
+                inode_number + 100,
+            ),
+            // good one
+            format!(
+                " BOX_ENTRY_ADDED-3071    [001] ....   {}.{}: {}: dev {}:{} ino {:x} \
+                    page=00000000f936540b pfn=60952 ofs={}",
+                time,
+                (time * 100) + time,
+                op,
+                major_no,
+                minor_no,
+                inode_number,
+                0
+            ),
+            // good one
+            format!(
+                " BOX_ENTRY_ADDED-3071    [001] ....   {}.{}: {}: dev {}:{} ino {:x} \
+                    page=00000000f936540b pfn=60952 ofs={}",
+                time,
+                (time * 100) + time,
+                op,
+                major_no,
+                minor_no,
+                inode_number,
+                10_000,
+            ),
+            // good one
+            format!(
+                " BOX_ENTRY_ADDED-3071    [001] ....   {}.{}: {}: dev {}:{} ino {:x} \
+                    page=00000000f936540b pfn=60952 ofs={}",
+                time,
+                (time * 100) + time,
+                op,
+                major_no,
+                minor_no,
+                inode_number,
+                100_000,
+            ),
+            // good one
+            format!(
+                " BOX_ENTRY_ADDED-3071    [001] ....   {}.{}: {}: dev {}:{} ino {:x} \
+                    page=00000000f936540b pfn=60952 ofs={}",
+                time,
+                (time * 100) + time,
+                op,
+                major_no,
+                minor_no,
+                inode_number,
+                1_000_000,
+            ),
+            // invalid operation case
+            format!(
+                " SettingsProvide-502     [001] ....   {}.{}: {}: dev {}:{} ino {:x} \
+                    page=000000008b759458 pfn=59827 ofs=0",
+                time,
+                (time * 100) + time,
+                op.to_uppercase(),
+                major_no,
+                minor_no,
+                inode_number,
+            ),
+        ]
+    }
+
+    fn generate_trace_line_for_open(
+        tracing_type: TracerType,
+        path: &Path,
+        time: u16,
+        op: Option<&str>,
+    ) -> Vec<String> {
+        match tracing_type {
+            TracerType::Mem => mem_generate_trace_line_for_open(path, time, op),
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Generates a fake mountinfo file with bunch of fake mount point and
+    // fakes given path as a mount point.
+    fn create_fake_mountinfo_for(path: &Path) -> NamedTempFile {
+        let stat = path.metadata().unwrap();
+        let major_no = major(stat.st_dev());
+        let minor_no = minor(stat.st_dev());
+        let mut mountinfo_path = NamedTempFile::new().unwrap();
+        mountinfo_path
+            .write_all(
+                "16 15 0:17 / /dev/pts rw,relatime shared:3 - devpts devpts \
+                     rw,seclabel,mode=600,ptmxmode=000\n"
+                    .as_bytes(),
+            )
+            .unwrap();
+        mountinfo_path
+            .write_all(
+                "17 26 0:18 / /proc rw,relatime shared:4 - proc proc rw,gid=3009,hidepid=\
+                    invisible\n"
+                    .as_bytes(),
+            )
+            .unwrap();
+        mountinfo_path
+            .write_all(
+                format!(
+                    "26 24 {}:{} / {} ro,nodev,noatime shared:1 - ext4 /dev/block/dm-3 ro,\
+                    seclabel,errors=panic\n",
+                    major_no,
+                    minor_no,
+                    path.to_str().unwrap(),
+                )
+                .as_bytes(),
+            )
+            .unwrap();
+
+        mountinfo_path
+    }
+
+    static RECORD_PER_FILE: usize = 4;
+
+    fn create_tracer(
+        base_dir: &Path,
+        t: TracerType,
+    ) -> (Box<dyn TraceSubsystem + Send>, Vec<NamedTempFile>) {
+        let kb_buffer_size = Some(8388608);
+        let trace_mount_point = setup_test_dir();
+        let mut buffer_size_file = NamedTempFile::new_in(&trace_mount_point).unwrap();
+        buffer_size_file
+            .write_all(format!("{}", kb_buffer_size.as_ref().unwrap()).as_bytes())
+            .unwrap();
+
+        let buffer_size_file_path = buffer_size_file.path().to_str().unwrap().to_string();
+        let mut config = TracerConfigs::new(
+            kb_buffer_size,
+            false,
+            t.clone(),
+            Some(trace_mount_point.to_str().unwrap().to_string()),
+            None,
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        let mut tempfiles = vec![buffer_size_file];
+        (
+            match t {
+                TracerType::Mem => {
+                    let mountinfo_path =
+                        create_fake_mountinfo_for(&base_dir.canonicalize().unwrap());
+                    config.trace_events = vec![];
+                    config.buffer_size_file_path = buffer_size_file_path;
+                    config.mountinfo_path =
+                        Some(mountinfo_path.path().to_str().unwrap().to_string());
+                    tempfiles.push(mountinfo_path);
+                    Box::new(MemTraceSubsystem::create_with_configs(config).unwrap())
+                }
+            },
+            tempfiles,
+        )
+    }
+
+    fn test_trace_of_type(tracing_type: TracerType) {
+        let test_base_dir = setup_test_dir();
+        let (_rf, files) = generate_cached_files_and_record(
+            Some(&test_base_dir),
+            true,
+            Some(page_size().unwrap() as u64),
+        );
+
+        let mut file = NamedTempFile::new().unwrap();
+        let (reader_fd, writer_fd) = pipe().unwrap();
+        let reader = File::from(reader_fd);
+        let mut writer = File::from(writer_fd);
+
+        let (tracer, _temp_files) = create_tracer(&test_base_dir, tracing_type.clone());
+
+        let mut files_iter = files.iter();
+
+        for line in generate_trace_line_for_open(
+            tracing_type.clone(),
+            files_iter.next().unwrap().0.path(),
+            5,
+            None,
+        ) {
+            writeln!(file, "{}", line).unwrap();
+        }
+        file.sync_all().unwrap();
+        file.seek(std::io::SeekFrom::Start(0)).unwrap();
+
+        let (mut tracer, exit_evt) =
+            Tracer::create_with_config(file.reopen().unwrap(), reader, tracer).unwrap();
+
+        let thd = thread::spawn(move || tracer.trace(None));
+
+        for (index, file) in files_iter.enumerate() {
+            for line in generate_trace_line_for_open(tracing_type.clone(), file.0.path(), 10, None)
+            {
+                writeln!(&mut writer, "{}", line).unwrap();
+            }
+            if index == 0 {
+                // This sleep emulates delay in data arriving over a pipe. This shouldn't cause
+                // flakes in virtualized environment.
+                thread::sleep(Duration::from_secs(1));
+            }
+        }
+
+        thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(100));
+        exit_evt.send(()).unwrap();
+        writeln!(&mut writer, "line").unwrap();
+
+        let tracer_rf = thd.join().unwrap().unwrap();
+
+        let mut found_count = 0;
+        for file in &files {
+            let mut found = false;
+            'inner: for inode in tracer_rf.inner.inode_map.values() {
+                for found_path in &inode.paths {
+                    if found_path == file.0.path().canonicalize().unwrap().to_str().unwrap() {
+                        found = true;
+                        break 'inner;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            if found {
+                found_count += 1;
+            } else {
+                println!("missing {:?}", file.0.path());
+            }
+        }
+        assert_eq!(found_count, files.len());
+        assert_eq!(tracer_rf.inner.records.len(), files.len() * RECORD_PER_FILE);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_trace_mem() {
+        test_trace_of_type(TracerType::Mem)
+    }
+}
diff --git a/init/mount_namespace.cpp b/init/mount_namespace.cpp
index fead371d1e94..7918f23e9e82 100644
--- a/init/mount_namespace.cpp
+++ b/init/mount_namespace.cpp
@@ -21,7 +21,6 @@
 #include <string>
 #include <vector>
 
-#include <ApexProperties.sysprop.h>
 #include <android-base/file.h>
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
 #include <android-base/properties.h>
@@ -30,16 +29,6 @@
 
 #include "util.h"
 
-#ifndef RECOVERY
-#define ACTIVATE_FLATTENED_APEX 1
-#endif
-
-#ifdef ACTIVATE_FLATTENED_APEX
-#include <apex_manifest.pb.h>
-#include <com_android_apex.h>
-#include <selinux/android.h>
-#endif  // ACTIVATE_FLATTENED_APEX
-
 namespace android {
 namespace init {
 namespace {
@@ -77,29 +66,23 @@ static std::string GetMountNamespaceId() {
     return ret;
 }
 
-static bool IsApexUpdatable() {
-    static bool updatable = android::sysprop::ApexProperties::updatable().value_or(false);
-    return updatable;
-}
+static android::base::unique_fd bootstrap_ns_fd;
+static android::base::unique_fd default_ns_fd;
+
+static std::string bootstrap_ns_id;
+static std::string default_ns_id;
+
+}  // namespace
 
 // In case we have two sets of APEXes (non-updatable, updatable), we need two separate mount
 // namespaces.
-static bool NeedsTwoMountNamespaces() {
-    if (!IsApexUpdatable()) return false;
+bool NeedsTwoMountNamespaces() {
     if (IsRecoveryMode()) return false;
     // In microdroid, there's only one set of APEXes in built-in directories include block devices.
     if (IsMicrodroid()) return false;
     return true;
 }
 
-static android::base::unique_fd bootstrap_ns_fd;
-static android::base::unique_fd default_ns_fd;
-
-static std::string bootstrap_ns_id;
-static std::string default_ns_id;
-
-}  // namespace
-
 bool SetupMountNamespaces() {
     // Set the propagation type of / as shared so that any mounting event (e.g.
     // /data) is by default visible to all processes. When private mounting is
@@ -180,6 +163,23 @@ bool SetupMountNamespaces() {
             PLOG(ERROR) << "Cannot switch back to bootstrap mount namespace";
             return false;
         }
+
+        // Some components (e.g. servicemanager) need to access bootstrap
+        // APEXes from the default mount namespace. To achieve that, we bind-mount
+        // /apex to /bootstrap-apex in the bootstrap mount namespace. Since /bootstrap-apex
+        // is "shared", the mounts are visible in the default mount namespace as well.
+        //
+        // The end result will look like:
+        //   in the bootstrap mount namespace:
+        //     /apex  (== /bootstrap-apex)
+        //       {bootstrap APEXes from the read-only partition}
+        //
+        //   in the default mount namespace:
+        //     /bootstrap-apex
+        //       {bootstrap APEXes from the read-only partition}
+        //     /apex
+        //       {APEXes, can be from /data partition}
+        if (!(BindMount("/bootstrap-apex", "/apex"))) return false;
     } else {
         // Otherwise, default == bootstrap
         default_ns_fd.reset(OpenMountNamespace());
@@ -193,7 +193,7 @@ bool SetupMountNamespaces() {
 // Switch the mount namespace of the current process from bootstrap to default OR from default to
 // bootstrap. If the current mount namespace is neither bootstrap nor default, keep it that way.
 Result<void> SwitchToMountNamespaceIfNeeded(MountNamespace target_mount_namespace) {
-    if (IsRecoveryMode() || !IsApexUpdatable()) {
+    if (IsRecoveryMode()) {
         // we don't have multiple namespaces in recovery mode or if apex is not updatable
         return {};
     }
diff --git a/init/mount_namespace.h b/init/mount_namespace.h
index 5e3dab241290..43c5476a6ab8 100644
--- a/init/mount_namespace.h
+++ b/init/mount_namespace.h
@@ -24,9 +24,12 @@ namespace init {
 enum MountNamespace { NS_BOOTSTRAP, NS_DEFAULT };
 
 bool SetupMountNamespaces();
+
 base::Result<void> SwitchToMountNamespaceIfNeeded(MountNamespace target_mount_namespace);
 
 base::Result<MountNamespace> GetCurrentMountNamespace();
 
+bool NeedsTwoMountNamespaces();
+
 }  // namespace init
 }  // namespace android
diff --git a/libbinderwrapper/binder_test_base.cc b/init/noop_builtins.cpp
similarity index 56%
rename from libbinderwrapper/binder_test_base.cc
rename to init/noop_builtins.cpp
index af93a04d9520..c4e140be3aa3 100644
--- a/libbinderwrapper/binder_test_base.cc
+++ b/init/noop_builtins.cpp
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (C) 2015 The Android Open Source Project
+ * Copyright (C) 2024 The Android Open Source Project
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -14,20 +14,19 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
-#include <binderwrapper/binder_test_base.h>
+// Note that parser will perform arity checks only.
 
-#include <binderwrapper/binder_wrapper.h>
-#include <binderwrapper/stub_binder_wrapper.h>
+#include <android-base/result.h>
 
-namespace android {
+#include "builtin_arguments.h"
+#include "builtins.h"
 
-BinderTestBase::BinderTestBase() : binder_wrapper_(new StubBinderWrapper()) {
-  // Pass ownership.
-  BinderWrapper::InitForTesting(binder_wrapper_);
-}
+namespace android::init {
 
-BinderTestBase::~BinderTestBase() {
-  BinderWrapper::Destroy();
+static base::Result<void> check_stub(const BuiltinArguments&) {
+    return {};
 }
 
-}  // namespace android
+#include "noop_builtin_function_map.h"
+
+}  // namespace android::init
diff --git a/init/oneshot_on_test.cpp b/init/oneshot_on_test.cpp
index 650f0650b249..b039ac233740 100644
--- a/init/oneshot_on_test.cpp
+++ b/init/oneshot_on_test.cpp
@@ -39,11 +39,13 @@ TEST(init, oneshot_on) {
 
     // Bootanim exits quickly when the device is fully booted, so check that it goes back to the
     // 'restarting' state that non-oneshot services enter once they've restarted.
-    EXPECT_TRUE(WaitForProperty("init.svc.bootanim", "restarting", 10s));
+    EXPECT_TRUE(WaitForProperty("init.svc.bootanim", "restarting", 10s))
+            << "Value is: " << GetProperty("init.svc.bootanim", "");
 
     SetProperty("ctl.oneshot_on", "bootanim");
     SetProperty("ctl.start", "bootanim");
 
     // Now that oneshot is enabled again, bootanim should transition into the 'stopped' state.
-    EXPECT_TRUE(WaitForProperty("init.svc.bootanim", "stopped", 10s));
+    EXPECT_TRUE(WaitForProperty("init.svc.bootanim", "stopped", 10s))
+            << "Value is: " << GetProperty("init.svc.bootanim", "");
 }
diff --git a/init/persistent_properties.cpp b/init/persistent_properties.cpp
index 8db72679ee75..1d17e3c106d2 100644
--- a/init/persistent_properties.cpp
+++ b/init/persistent_properties.cpp
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@
 #include <sys/types.h>
 
 #include <memory>
+#include <unordered_map>
 
 #include <android-base/file.h>
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
@@ -122,24 +123,6 @@ void RemoveLegacyPersistentPropertyFiles() {
     }
 }
 
-PersistentProperties LoadPersistentPropertiesFromMemory() {
-    PersistentProperties persistent_properties;
-    __system_property_foreach(
-        [](const prop_info* pi, void* cookie) {
-            __system_property_read_callback(
-                pi,
-                [](void* cookie, const char* name, const char* value, unsigned serial) {
-                    if (StartsWith(name, "persist.")) {
-                        auto properties = reinterpret_cast<PersistentProperties*>(cookie);
-                        AddPersistentProperty(name, value, properties);
-                    }
-                },
-                cookie);
-        },
-        &persistent_properties);
-    return persistent_properties;
-}
-
 Result<std::string> ReadPersistentPropertyFile() {
     const std::string temp_filename = persistent_property_filename + ".tmp";
     if (access(temp_filename.c_str(), F_OK) == 0) {
@@ -161,9 +144,9 @@ Result<PersistentProperties> ParsePersistentPropertyFile(const std::string& file
         return Error() << "Unable to parse persistent property file: Could not parse protobuf";
     }
     for (auto& prop : persistent_properties.properties()) {
-        if (!StartsWith(prop.name(), "persist.")) {
+        if (!StartsWith(prop.name(), "persist.") && !StartsWith(prop.name(), "next_boot.")) {
             return Error() << "Unable to load persistent property file: property '" << prop.name()
-                           << "' doesn't start with 'persist.'";
+                           << "' doesn't start with 'persist.' or 'next_boot.'";
         }
     }
     return persistent_properties;
@@ -221,6 +204,24 @@ Result<void> WritePersistentPropertyFile(const PersistentProperties& persistent_
     return {};
 }
 
+PersistentProperties LoadPersistentPropertiesFromMemory() {
+    PersistentProperties persistent_properties;
+    __system_property_foreach(
+            [](const prop_info* pi, void* cookie) {
+                __system_property_read_callback(
+                        pi,
+                        [](void* cookie, const char* name, const char* value, unsigned serial) {
+                            if (StartsWith(name, "persist.")) {
+                                auto properties = reinterpret_cast<PersistentProperties*>(cookie);
+                                AddPersistentProperty(name, value, properties);
+                            }
+                        },
+                        cookie);
+            },
+            &persistent_properties);
+    return persistent_properties;
+}
+
 // Persistent properties are not written often, so we rather not keep any data in memory and read
 // then rewrite the persistent property file for each update.
 void WritePersistentProperty(const std::string& name, const std::string& value) {
@@ -235,6 +236,9 @@ void WritePersistentProperty(const std::string& name, const std::string& value)
                            persistent_properties->mutable_properties()->end(),
                            [&name](const auto& record) { return record.name() == name; });
     if (it != persistent_properties->mutable_properties()->end()) {
+        if (it->value() == value) {
+            return;
+        }
         it->set_name(name);
         it->set_value(value);
     } else {
@@ -266,8 +270,57 @@ PersistentProperties LoadPersistentProperties() {
         }
     }
 
-    return *persistent_properties;
+    // loop over to find all staged props
+    auto const staged_prefix = std::string_view("next_boot.");
+    auto staged_props = std::unordered_map<std::string, std::string>();
+    for (const auto& property_record : persistent_properties->properties()) {
+        auto const& prop_name = property_record.name();
+        auto const& prop_value = property_record.value();
+        if (StartsWith(prop_name, staged_prefix)) {
+            auto actual_prop_name = prop_name.substr(staged_prefix.size());
+            staged_props[actual_prop_name] = prop_value;
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (staged_props.empty()) {
+        return *persistent_properties;
+    }
+
+    // if has staging, apply staging and perserve the original prop order
+    PersistentProperties updated_persistent_properties;
+    for (const auto& property_record : persistent_properties->properties()) {
+        auto const& prop_name = property_record.name();
+        auto const& prop_value = property_record.value();
+
+        // don't include staged props anymore
+        if (StartsWith(prop_name, staged_prefix)) {
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        auto iter = staged_props.find(prop_name);
+        if (iter != staged_props.end()) {
+            AddPersistentProperty(prop_name, iter->second, &updated_persistent_properties);
+            staged_props.erase(iter);
+        } else {
+            AddPersistentProperty(prop_name, prop_value, &updated_persistent_properties);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // add any additional staged props
+    for (auto const& [prop_name, prop_value] : staged_props) {
+        AddPersistentProperty(prop_name, prop_value, &updated_persistent_properties);
+    }
+
+    // write current updated persist prop file
+    auto result = WritePersistentPropertyFile(updated_persistent_properties);
+    if (!result.ok()) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Could not store persistent property: " << result.error();
+    }
+
+    return updated_persistent_properties;
 }
 
+
+
 }  // namespace init
 }  // namespace android
diff --git a/init/persistent_properties.h b/init/persistent_properties.h
index 3845a0d86714..11083da9e183 100644
--- a/init/persistent_properties.h
+++ b/init/persistent_properties.h
@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@ namespace init {
 
 PersistentProperties LoadPersistentProperties();
 void WritePersistentProperty(const std::string& name, const std::string& value);
+PersistentProperties LoadPersistentPropertiesFromMemory();
 
 // Exposed only for testing
 Result<PersistentProperties> LoadPersistentPropertyFile();
diff --git a/init/persistent_properties_test.cpp b/init/persistent_properties_test.cpp
index e5d26dbefc52..97865d7b4d93 100644
--- a/init/persistent_properties_test.cpp
+++ b/init/persistent_properties_test.cpp
@@ -17,6 +17,9 @@
 #include "persistent_properties.h"
 
 #include <errno.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
 
 #include <vector>
 
@@ -155,6 +158,31 @@ TEST(persistent_properties, UpdatePropertyBadParse) {
     EXPECT_FALSE(it == read_back_properties.properties().end());
 }
 
+TEST(persistent_properties, NopUpdateDoesntWriteFile) {
+    TemporaryFile tf;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(tf.fd != -1);
+    persistent_property_filename = tf.path;
+
+    auto last_modified = [&tf]() -> time_t {
+        struct stat buf;
+        EXPECT_EQ(fstat(tf.fd, &buf), 0);
+        return buf.st_mtime;
+    };
+
+    std::vector<std::pair<std::string, std::string>> persistent_properties = {
+            {"persist.sys.locale", "en-US"},
+            {"persist.sys.timezone", "America/Los_Angeles"},
+    };
+    ASSERT_RESULT_OK(
+            WritePersistentPropertyFile(VectorToPersistentProperties(persistent_properties)));
+
+    time_t t = last_modified();
+    sleep(2);
+    WritePersistentProperty("persist.sys.locale", "en-US");
+    // Ensure that the file was not modified
+    ASSERT_EQ(last_modified(), t);
+}
+
 TEST(persistent_properties, RejectNonPersistProperty) {
     TemporaryFile tf;
     ASSERT_TRUE(tf.fd != -1);
@@ -178,5 +206,37 @@ TEST(persistent_properties, RejectNonPersistProperty) {
     EXPECT_FALSE(it == read_back_properties.properties().end());
 }
 
+TEST(persistent_properties, StagedPersistProperty) {
+    TemporaryFile tf;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(tf.fd != -1);
+    persistent_property_filename = tf.path;
+
+    std::vector<std::pair<std::string, std::string>> persistent_properties = {
+        {"persist.sys.locale", "en-US"},
+        {"next_boot.persist.test.numbers", "54321"},
+        {"persist.sys.timezone", "America/Los_Angeles"},
+        {"persist.test.numbers", "12345"},
+        {"next_boot.persist.test.extra", "abc"},
+    };
+
+    ASSERT_RESULT_OK(
+            WritePersistentPropertyFile(VectorToPersistentProperties(persistent_properties)));
+
+    std::vector<std::pair<std::string, std::string>> expected_persistent_properties = {
+        {"persist.sys.locale", "en-US"},
+        {"persist.sys.timezone", "America/Los_Angeles"},
+        {"persist.test.numbers", "54321"},
+        {"persist.test.extra", "abc"},
+    };
+
+    // lock down that staged props are applied
+    auto first_read_back_properties = LoadPersistentProperties();
+    CheckPropertiesEqual(expected_persistent_properties, first_read_back_properties);
+
+    // lock down that other props are not overwritten
+    auto second_read_back_properties = LoadPersistentProperties();
+    CheckPropertiesEqual(expected_persistent_properties, second_read_back_properties);
+}
+
 }  // namespace init
 }  // namespace android
diff --git a/init/property_service.cpp b/init/property_service.cpp
index 8da69822ccb9..83e9a0da35c3 100644
--- a/init/property_service.cpp
+++ b/init/property_service.cpp
@@ -31,14 +31,12 @@
 #include <sys/mman.h>
 #include <sys/poll.h>
 #include <sys/select.h>
+#include <sys/system_properties.h>
 #include <sys/types.h>
 #include <sys/un.h>
 #include <unistd.h>
 #include <wchar.h>
 
-#define _REALLY_INCLUDE_SYS__SYSTEM_PROPERTIES_H_
-#include <sys/_system_properties.h>
-
 #include <map>
 #include <memory>
 #include <mutex>
@@ -48,7 +46,6 @@
 #include <thread>
 #include <vector>
 
-#include <InitProperties.sysprop.h>
 #include <android-base/chrono_utils.h>
 #include <android-base/file.h>
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
@@ -57,11 +54,14 @@
 #include <android-base/result.h>
 #include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
 #include <android-base/strings.h>
+#include <fs_mgr.h>
+#include <private/android_filesystem_config.h>
 #include <property_info_parser/property_info_parser.h>
 #include <property_info_serializer/property_info_serializer.h>
 #include <selinux/android.h>
 #include <selinux/label.h>
 #include <selinux/selinux.h>
+#include <vendorsupport/api_level.h>
 
 #include "debug_ramdisk.h"
 #include "epoll.h"
@@ -75,10 +75,15 @@
 #include "system/core/init/property_service.pb.h"
 #include "util.h"
 
+static constexpr char APPCOMPAT_OVERRIDE_PROP_FOLDERNAME[] =
+        "/dev/__properties__/appcompat_override";
+static constexpr char APPCOMPAT_OVERRIDE_PROP_TREE_FILE[] =
+        "/dev/__properties__/appcompat_override/property_info";
 using namespace std::literals;
 
 using android::base::ErrnoError;
 using android::base::Error;
+using android::base::GetIntProperty;
 using android::base::GetProperty;
 using android::base::ParseInt;
 using android::base::ReadFileToString;
@@ -94,31 +99,26 @@ using android::properties::BuildTrie;
 using android::properties::ParsePropertyInfoFile;
 using android::properties::PropertyInfoAreaFile;
 using android::properties::PropertyInfoEntry;
-using android::sysprop::InitProperties::is_userspace_reboot_supported;
 
 namespace android {
 namespace init {
 
-class PersistWriteThread;
-
 constexpr auto FINGERPRINT_PROP = "ro.build.fingerprint";
 constexpr auto LEGACY_FINGERPRINT_PROP = "ro.build.legacy.fingerprint";
 constexpr auto ID_PROP = "ro.build.id";
 constexpr auto LEGACY_ID_PROP = "ro.build.legacy.id";
 constexpr auto VBMETA_DIGEST_PROP = "ro.boot.vbmeta.digest";
 constexpr auto DIGEST_SIZE_USED = 8;
-constexpr auto API_LEVEL_CURRENT = 10000;
 
 static bool persistent_properties_loaded = false;
 
-static int property_set_fd = -1;
 static int from_init_socket = -1;
 static int init_socket = -1;
 static bool accept_messages = false;
 static std::mutex accept_messages_lock;
+static std::mutex selinux_check_access_lock;
 static std::thread property_service_thread;
-
-static std::unique_ptr<PersistWriteThread> persist_write_thread;
+static std::thread property_service_for_system_thread;
 
 static PropertyInfoAreaFile property_info_area;
 
@@ -161,6 +161,7 @@ bool CanReadProperty(const std::string& source_context, const std::string& name)
     ucred cr = {.pid = 0, .uid = 0, .gid = 0};
     audit_data.cr = &cr;
 
+    auto lock = std::lock_guard{selinux_check_access_lock};
     return selinux_check_access(source_context.c_str(), target_context, "file", "read",
                                 &audit_data) == 0;
 }
@@ -176,10 +177,9 @@ static bool CheckMacPerms(const std::string& name, const char* target_context,
     audit_data.name = name.c_str();
     audit_data.cr = &cr;
 
-    bool has_access = (selinux_check_access(source_context, target_context, "property_service",
-                                            "set", &audit_data) == 0);
-
-    return has_access;
+    auto lock = std::lock_guard{selinux_check_access_lock};
+    return selinux_check_access(source_context, target_context, "property_service", "set",
+                                &audit_data) == 0;
 }
 
 void NotifyPropertyChange(const std::string& name, const std::string& value) {
@@ -380,6 +380,8 @@ class PersistWriteThread {
     std::deque<std::tuple<std::string, std::string, SocketConnection>> work_;
 };
 
+static std::unique_ptr<PersistWriteThread> persist_write_thread;
+
 static std::optional<uint32_t> PropertySet(const std::string& name, const std::string& value,
                                            SocketConnection* socket, std::string* error) {
     size_t valuelen = value.size();
@@ -394,31 +396,38 @@ static std::optional<uint32_t> PropertySet(const std::string& name, const std::s
         return {PROP_ERROR_INVALID_VALUE};
     }
 
-    prop_info* pi = (prop_info*)__system_property_find(name.c_str());
-    if (pi != nullptr) {
-        // ro.* properties are actually "write-once".
-        if (StartsWith(name, "ro.")) {
-            *error = "Read-only property was already set";
-            return {PROP_ERROR_READ_ONLY_PROPERTY};
-        }
-
-        __system_property_update(pi, value.c_str(), valuelen);
+    if (name == "sys.powerctl") {
+        // No action here - NotifyPropertyChange will trigger the appropriate action, and since this
+        // can come to the second thread, we mustn't call out to the __system_property_* functions
+        // which support multiple readers but only one mutator.
     } else {
-        int rc = __system_property_add(name.c_str(), name.size(), value.c_str(), valuelen);
-        if (rc < 0) {
-            *error = "__system_property_add failed";
-            return {PROP_ERROR_SET_FAILED};
+        prop_info* pi = (prop_info*)__system_property_find(name.c_str());
+        if (pi != nullptr) {
+            // ro.* properties are actually "write-once".
+            if (StartsWith(name, "ro.")) {
+                *error = "Read-only property was already set";
+                return {PROP_ERROR_READ_ONLY_PROPERTY};
+            }
+
+            __system_property_update(pi, value.c_str(), valuelen);
+        } else {
+            int rc = __system_property_add(name.c_str(), name.size(), value.c_str(), valuelen);
+            if (rc < 0) {
+                *error = "__system_property_add failed";
+                return {PROP_ERROR_SET_FAILED};
+            }
         }
-    }
 
-    // Don't write properties to disk until after we have read all default
-    // properties to prevent them from being overwritten by default values.
-    if (socket && persistent_properties_loaded && StartsWith(name, "persist.")) {
-        if (persist_write_thread) {
-            persist_write_thread->Write(name, value, std::move(*socket));
-            return {};
+        // Don't write properties to disk until after we have read all default
+        // properties to prevent them from being overwritten by default values.
+        bool need_persist = StartsWith(name, "persist.") || StartsWith(name, "next_boot.");
+        if (socket && persistent_properties_loaded && need_persist) {
+            if (persist_write_thread) {
+                persist_write_thread->Write(name, value, std::move(*socket));
+                return {};
+            }
+            WritePersistentProperty(name, value);
         }
-        WritePersistentProperty(name, value);
     }
 
     NotifyPropertyChange(name, value);
@@ -438,6 +447,10 @@ static uint32_t SendControlMessage(const std::string& msg, const std::string& na
                                    SocketConnection* socket, std::string* error) {
     auto lock = std::lock_guard{accept_messages_lock};
     if (!accept_messages) {
+        // If we're already shutting down and you're asking us to stop something,
+        // just say we did (https://issuetracker.google.com/336223505).
+        if (msg == "stop") return PROP_SUCCESS;
+
         *error = "Received control message after shutdown, ignoring";
         return PROP_ERROR_HANDLE_CONTROL_MESSAGE;
     }
@@ -550,8 +563,8 @@ std::optional<uint32_t> HandlePropertySet(const std::string& name, const std::st
         }
         LOG(INFO) << "Received sys.powerctl='" << value << "' from pid: " << cr.pid
                   << process_log_string;
-        if (value == "reboot,userspace" && !is_userspace_reboot_supported().value_or(false)) {
-            *error = "Userspace reboot is not supported by this device";
+        if (value == "reboot,userspace") {
+            *error = "Userspace reboot is deprecated.";
             return {PROP_ERROR_INVALID_VALUE};
         }
     }
@@ -579,10 +592,10 @@ uint32_t HandlePropertySetNoSocket(const std::string& name, const std::string& v
     return *ret;
 }
 
-static void handle_property_set_fd() {
-    static constexpr uint32_t kDefaultSocketTimeout = 2000; /* ms */
+static void handle_property_set_fd(int fd) {
+    static constexpr uint32_t kDefaultSocketTimeout = 5000; /* ms */
 
-    int s = accept4(property_set_fd, nullptr, nullptr, SOCK_CLOEXEC);
+    int s = accept4(fd, nullptr, nullptr, SOCK_CLOEXEC);
     if (s == -1) {
         return;
     }
@@ -955,6 +968,17 @@ static std::string ConstructBuildFingerprint(bool legacy) {
     std::string build_fingerprint = GetProperty("ro.product.brand", UNKNOWN);
     build_fingerprint += '/';
     build_fingerprint += GetProperty("ro.product.name", UNKNOWN);
+
+    // should be set in /product/etc/build.prop
+    // when we have a dev option device, and we've switched the kernel to 16kb mode
+    // we use the same system image, but we've switched out the kernel, so make it
+    // visible at a high level
+    bool has16KbDevOption =
+            android::base::GetBoolProperty("ro.product.build.16k_page.enabled", false);
+    if (has16KbDevOption && getpagesize() == 16384) {
+        build_fingerprint += "_16kb";
+    }
+
     build_fingerprint += '/';
     build_fingerprint += GetProperty("ro.product.device", UNKNOWN);
     build_fingerprint += ':';
@@ -1080,36 +1104,45 @@ static void property_initialize_ro_cpu_abilist() {
     }
 }
 
-static int read_api_level_props(const std::vector<std::string>& api_level_props) {
-    int api_level = API_LEVEL_CURRENT;
-    for (const auto& api_level_prop : api_level_props) {
-        api_level = android::base::GetIntProperty(api_level_prop, API_LEVEL_CURRENT);
-        if (api_level != API_LEVEL_CURRENT) {
-            break;
-        }
-    }
-    return api_level;
-}
-
 static void property_initialize_ro_vendor_api_level() {
     // ro.vendor.api_level shows the api_level that the vendor images (vendor, odm, ...) are
     // required to support.
     constexpr auto VENDOR_API_LEVEL_PROP = "ro.vendor.api_level";
 
-    // Api level properties of the board. The order of the properties must be kept.
-    std::vector<std::string> BOARD_API_LEVEL_PROPS = {"ro.board.api_level",
-                                                      "ro.board.first_api_level"};
-    // Api level properties of the device. The order of the properties must be kept.
-    std::vector<std::string> DEVICE_API_LEVEL_PROPS = {"ro.product.first_api_level",
-                                                       "ro.build.version.sdk"};
+    if (__system_property_find(VENDOR_API_LEVEL_PROP) != nullptr) {
+        // The device already have ro.vendor.api_level in its vendor/build.prop.
+        // Skip initializing the ro.vendor.api_level property.
+        return;
+    }
+
+    auto vendor_api_level = GetIntProperty("ro.board.first_api_level", __ANDROID_VENDOR_API_MAX__);
+    if (vendor_api_level != __ANDROID_VENDOR_API_MAX__) {
+        // Update the vendor_api_level with "ro.board.api_level" only if both "ro.board.api_level"
+        // and "ro.board.first_api_level" are defined.
+        vendor_api_level = GetIntProperty("ro.board.api_level", vendor_api_level);
+    }
+
+    auto product_first_api_level =
+            GetIntProperty("ro.product.first_api_level", __ANDROID_API_FUTURE__);
+    if (product_first_api_level == __ANDROID_API_FUTURE__) {
+        // Fallback to "ro.build.version.sdk" if the "ro.product.first_api_level" is not defined.
+        product_first_api_level = GetIntProperty("ro.build.version.sdk", __ANDROID_API_FUTURE__);
+    }
+
+    vendor_api_level =
+            std::min(AVendorSupport_getVendorApiLevelOf(product_first_api_level), vendor_api_level);
+
+    if (vendor_api_level < 0) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Unexpected vendor api level for " << VENDOR_API_LEVEL_PROP << ". Check "
+                   << "ro.product.first_api_level and ro.build.version.sdk.";
+        vendor_api_level = __ANDROID_VENDOR_API_MAX__;
+    }
 
-    int api_level = std::min(read_api_level_props(BOARD_API_LEVEL_PROPS),
-                             read_api_level_props(DEVICE_API_LEVEL_PROPS));
     std::string error;
-    auto res = PropertySetNoSocket(VENDOR_API_LEVEL_PROP, std::to_string(api_level), &error);
+    auto res = PropertySetNoSocket(VENDOR_API_LEVEL_PROP, std::to_string(vendor_api_level), &error);
     if (res != PROP_SUCCESS) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to set " << VENDOR_API_LEVEL_PROP << " with " << api_level << ": "
-                   << error << "(" << res << ")";
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to set " << VENDOR_API_LEVEL_PROP << " with " << vendor_api_level
+                   << ": " << error << "(" << res << ")";
     }
 }
 
@@ -1216,6 +1249,16 @@ void PropertyLoadBootDefaults() {
     update_sys_usb_config();
 }
 
+void PropertyLoadDerivedDefaults() {
+    const char* PAGE_PROP = "ro.boot.hardware.cpu.pagesize";
+    if (GetProperty(PAGE_PROP, "").empty()) {
+        std::string error;
+        if (PropertySetNoSocket(PAGE_PROP, std::to_string(getpagesize()), &error) != PROP_SUCCESS) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "Could not set '" << PAGE_PROP << "' because: " << error;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 bool LoadPropertyInfoFromFile(const std::string& filename,
                               std::vector<PropertyInfoEntry>* property_infos) {
     auto file_contents = std::string();
@@ -1246,9 +1289,6 @@ void CreateSerializedPropertyInfo() {
         // Don't check for failure here, since we don't always have all of these partitions.
         // E.g. In case of recovery, the vendor partition will not have mounted and we
         // still need the system / platform properties to function.
-        if (access("/dev/selinux/apex_property_contexts", R_OK) != -1) {
-            LoadPropertyInfoFromFile("/dev/selinux/apex_property_contexts", &property_infos);
-        }
         if (access("/system_ext/etc/selinux/system_ext_property_contexts", R_OK) != -1) {
             LoadPropertyInfoFromFile("/system_ext/etc/selinux/system_ext_property_contexts",
                                      &property_infos);
@@ -1272,7 +1312,6 @@ void CreateSerializedPropertyInfo() {
         LoadPropertyInfoFromFile("/vendor_property_contexts", &property_infos);
         LoadPropertyInfoFromFile("/product_property_contexts", &property_infos);
         LoadPropertyInfoFromFile("/odm_property_contexts", &property_infos);
-        LoadPropertyInfoFromFile("/dev/selinux/apex_property_contexts", &property_infos);
     }
 
     auto serialized_contexts = std::string();
@@ -1283,11 +1322,19 @@ void CreateSerializedPropertyInfo() {
         return;
     }
 
-    constexpr static const char kPropertyInfosPath[] = "/dev/__properties__/property_info";
-    if (!WriteStringToFile(serialized_contexts, kPropertyInfosPath, 0444, 0, 0, false)) {
+    if (!WriteStringToFile(serialized_contexts, PROP_TREE_FILE, 0444, 0, 0, false)) {
         PLOG(ERROR) << "Unable to write serialized property infos to file";
     }
-    selinux_android_restorecon(kPropertyInfosPath, 0);
+    selinux_android_restorecon(PROP_TREE_FILE, 0);
+
+#ifdef WRITE_APPCOMPAT_OVERRIDE_SYSTEM_PROPERTIES
+    mkdir(APPCOMPAT_OVERRIDE_PROP_FOLDERNAME, S_IRWXU | S_IXGRP | S_IXOTH);
+    if (!WriteStringToFile(serialized_contexts, APPCOMPAT_OVERRIDE_PROP_TREE_FILE, 0444, 0, 0,
+                           false)) {
+        PLOG(ERROR) << "Unable to write appcompat override property infos to file";
+    }
+    selinux_android_restorecon(APPCOMPAT_OVERRIDE_PROP_TREE_FILE, 0);
+#endif
 }
 
 static void ExportKernelBootProps() {
@@ -1317,7 +1364,8 @@ static void ProcessKernelDt() {
         return;
     }
 
-    std::unique_ptr<DIR, int (*)(DIR*)> dir(opendir(get_android_dt_dir().c_str()), closedir);
+    std::unique_ptr<DIR, int (*)(DIR*)> dir(opendir(android::fs_mgr::GetAndroidDtDir().c_str()),
+                                            closedir);
     if (!dir) return;
 
     std::string dt_file;
@@ -1328,7 +1376,7 @@ static void ProcessKernelDt() {
             continue;
         }
 
-        std::string file_name = get_android_dt_dir() + dp->d_name;
+        std::string file_name = android::fs_mgr::GetAndroidDtDir() + dp->d_name;
 
         android::base::ReadFileToString(file_name, &dt_file);
         std::replace(dt_file.begin(), dt_file.end(), ',', '.');
@@ -1340,7 +1388,7 @@ static void ProcessKernelDt() {
 constexpr auto ANDROIDBOOT_PREFIX = "androidboot."sv;
 
 static void ProcessKernelCmdline() {
-    ImportKernelCmdline([&](const std::string& key, const std::string& value) {
+    android::fs_mgr::ImportKernelCmdline([&](const std::string& key, const std::string& value) {
         if (StartsWith(key, ANDROIDBOOT_PREFIX)) {
             InitPropertySet("ro.boot." + key.substr(ANDROIDBOOT_PREFIX.size()), value);
         }
@@ -1349,7 +1397,7 @@ static void ProcessKernelCmdline() {
 
 
 static void ProcessBootconfig() {
-    ImportBootconfig([&](const std::string& key, const std::string& value) {
+    android::fs_mgr::ImportBootconfig([&](const std::string& key, const std::string& value) {
         if (StartsWith(key, ANDROIDBOOT_PREFIX)) {
             InitPropertySet("ro.boot." + key.substr(ANDROIDBOOT_PREFIX.size()), value);
         }
@@ -1381,6 +1429,7 @@ void PropertyInit() {
     ExportKernelBootProps();
 
     PropertyLoadBootDefaults();
+    PropertyLoadDerivedDefaults();
 }
 
 static void HandleInitSocket() {
@@ -1399,12 +1448,14 @@ static void HandleInitSocket() {
     switch (init_message.msg_case()) {
         case InitMessage::kLoadPersistentProperties: {
             load_override_properties();
-            // Read persistent properties after all default values have been loaded.
+
             auto persistent_properties = LoadPersistentProperties();
-            for (const auto& persistent_property_record : persistent_properties.properties()) {
-                InitPropertySet(persistent_property_record.name(),
-                                persistent_property_record.value());
+            for (const auto& property_record : persistent_properties.properties()) {
+                auto const& prop_name = property_record.name();
+                auto const& prop_value = property_record.value();
+                InitPropertySet(prop_name, prop_value);
             }
+
             // Apply debug ramdisk special settings after persistent properties are loaded.
             if (android::base::GetBoolProperty("ro.force.debuggable", false)) {
                 // Always enable usb adb if device is booted with debug ramdisk.
@@ -1419,19 +1470,21 @@ static void HandleInitSocket() {
     }
 }
 
-static void PropertyServiceThread() {
+static void PropertyServiceThread(int fd, bool listen_init) {
     Epoll epoll;
     if (auto result = epoll.Open(); !result.ok()) {
         LOG(FATAL) << result.error();
     }
 
-    if (auto result = epoll.RegisterHandler(property_set_fd, handle_property_set_fd);
+    if (auto result = epoll.RegisterHandler(fd, std::bind(handle_property_set_fd, fd));
         !result.ok()) {
         LOG(FATAL) << result.error();
     }
 
-    if (auto result = epoll.RegisterHandler(init_socket, HandleInitSocket); !result.ok()) {
-        LOG(FATAL) << result.error();
+    if (listen_init) {
+        if (auto result = epoll.RegisterHandler(init_socket, HandleInitSocket); !result.ok()) {
+            LOG(FATAL) << result.error();
+        }
     }
 
     while (true) {
@@ -1463,8 +1516,6 @@ void PersistWriteThread::Work() {
             work_.pop_front();
         }
 
-        std::this_thread::sleep_for(1s);
-
         // Perform write/fsync outside the lock.
         WritePersistentProperty(std::get<0>(item), std::get<1>(item));
         NotifyPropertyChange(std::get<0>(item), std::get<1>(item));
@@ -1482,6 +1533,23 @@ void PersistWriteThread::Write(std::string name, std::string value, SocketConnec
     cv_.notify_all();
 }
 
+void StartThread(const char* name, int mode, int gid, std::thread& t, bool listen_init) {
+    int fd = -1;
+    if (auto result = CreateSocket(name, SOCK_STREAM | SOCK_CLOEXEC | SOCK_NONBLOCK,
+                                   /*passcred=*/false, /*should_listen=*/false, mode, /*uid=*/0,
+                                   /*gid=*/gid, /*socketcon=*/{});
+        result.ok()) {
+        fd = *result;
+    } else {
+        LOG(FATAL) << "start_property_service socket creation failed: " << result.error();
+    }
+
+    listen(fd, 8);
+
+    auto new_thread = std::thread(PropertyServiceThread, fd, listen_init);
+    t.swap(new_thread);
+}
+
 void StartPropertyService(int* epoll_socket) {
     InitPropertySet("ro.property_service.version", "2");
 
@@ -1493,19 +1561,9 @@ void StartPropertyService(int* epoll_socket) {
     init_socket = sockets[1];
     StartSendingMessages();
 
-    if (auto result = CreateSocket(PROP_SERVICE_NAME, SOCK_STREAM | SOCK_CLOEXEC | SOCK_NONBLOCK,
-                                   /*passcred=*/false, /*should_listen=*/false, 0666, /*uid=*/0,
-                                   /*gid=*/0, /*socketcon=*/{});
-        result.ok()) {
-        property_set_fd = *result;
-    } else {
-        LOG(FATAL) << "start_property_service socket creation failed: " << result.error();
-    }
-
-    listen(property_set_fd, 8);
-
-    auto new_thread = std::thread{PropertyServiceThread};
-    property_service_thread.swap(new_thread);
+    StartThread(PROP_SERVICE_FOR_SYSTEM_NAME, 0660, AID_SYSTEM, property_service_for_system_thread,
+                true);
+    StartThread(PROP_SERVICE_NAME, 0666, 0, property_service_thread, false);
 
     auto async_persist_writes =
             android::base::GetBoolProperty("ro.property_service.async_persist_writes", false);
diff --git a/init/property_service_test.cpp b/init/property_service_test.cpp
index 5f34cc4da308..c12ff72e9705 100644
--- a/init/property_service_test.cpp
+++ b/init/property_service_test.cpp
@@ -16,11 +16,9 @@
 
 #include <errno.h>
 #include <sys/socket.h>
+#include <sys/system_properties.h>
 #include <sys/un.h>
 
-#define _REALLY_INCLUDE_SYS__SYSTEM_PROPERTIES_H_
-#include <sys/_system_properties.h>
-
 #include <android-base/properties.h>
 #include <android-base/scopeguard.h>
 #include <android-base/strings.h>
@@ -82,12 +80,6 @@ TEST(property_service, userspace_reboot_not_supported) {
         GTEST_SKIP() << "Skipping test, must be run as root.";
         return;
     }
-    const std::string original_value = GetProperty("init.userspace_reboot.is_supported", "");
-    auto guard = android::base::make_scope_guard([&original_value]() {
-        SetProperty("init.userspace_reboot.is_supported", original_value);
-    });
-
-    ASSERT_TRUE(SetProperty("init.userspace_reboot.is_supported", "false"));
     EXPECT_FALSE(SetProperty("sys.powerctl", "reboot,userspace"));
 }
 
diff --git a/init/reboot.cpp b/init/reboot.cpp
index 27a7876db881..3b81cb5f7d6a 100644
--- a/init/reboot.cpp
+++ b/init/reboot.cpp
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
 
 #include <dirent.h>
 #include <fcntl.h>
+#include <linux/ext4.h>
 #include <linux/f2fs.h>
 #include <linux/fs.h>
 #include <linux/loop.h>
@@ -39,7 +40,6 @@
 #include <thread>
 #include <vector>
 
-#include <InitProperties.sysprop.h>
 #include <android-base/chrono_utils.h>
 #include <android-base/file.h>
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
@@ -87,16 +87,6 @@ static bool shutting_down = false;
 
 static const std::set<std::string> kDebuggingServices{"tombstoned", "logd", "adbd", "console"};
 
-static std::set<std::string> GetPostDataDebuggingServices() {
-    std::set<std::string> ret;
-    for (const auto& s : ServiceList::GetInstance()) {
-        if (kDebuggingServices.count(s->name()) && s->is_post_data()) {
-            ret.insert(s->name());
-        }
-    }
-    return ret;
-}
-
 static void PersistRebootReason(const char* reason, bool write_to_property) {
     if (write_to_property) {
         SetProperty(LAST_REBOOT_REASON_PROPERTY, reason);
@@ -279,6 +269,19 @@ static void DumpUmountDebuggingInfo() {
 }
 
 static UmountStat UmountPartitions(std::chrono::milliseconds timeout) {
+    // Terminate (SIGTERM) the services before unmounting partitions.
+    // If the processes block the signal, then partitions will eventually fail
+    // to unmount and then we fallback to SIGKILL the services.
+    //
+    // Hence, give the services a chance for a graceful shutdown before sending SIGKILL.
+    for (const auto& s : ServiceList::GetInstance()) {
+        if (s->IsShutdownCritical()) {
+            LOG(INFO) << "Shutdown service: " << s->name();
+            s->Terminate();
+        }
+    }
+    ReapAnyOutstandingChildren();
+
     Timer t;
     /* data partition needs all pending writes to be completed and all emulated partitions
      * umounted.If the current waiting is not good enough, give
@@ -405,6 +408,24 @@ void RebootMonitorThread(unsigned int cmd, const std::string& reboot_target,
     }
 }
 
+static bool UmountDynamicPartitions(const std::vector<std::string>& dynamic_partitions) {
+    bool ret = true;
+    for (auto device : dynamic_partitions) {
+        // Cannot unmount /system
+        if (device == "/system") {
+            continue;
+        }
+        int r = umount2(device.c_str(), MNT_FORCE);
+        if (r == 0) {
+            LOG(INFO) << "Umounted success: " << device;
+        } else {
+            PLOG(WARNING) << "Cannot umount: " << device;
+            ret = false;
+        }
+    }
+    return ret;
+}
+
 /* Try umounting all emulated file systems R/W block device cfile systems.
  * This will just try umount and give it up if it fails.
  * For fs like ext4, this is ok as file system will be marked as unclean shutdown
@@ -419,14 +440,18 @@ static UmountStat TryUmountAndFsck(unsigned int cmd, bool run_fsck,
     Timer t;
     std::vector<MountEntry> block_devices;
     std::vector<MountEntry> emulated_devices;
+    std::vector<std::string> dynamic_partitions;
 
     if (run_fsck && !FindPartitionsToUmount(&block_devices, &emulated_devices, false)) {
         return UMOUNT_STAT_ERROR;
     }
     auto sm = snapshot::SnapshotManager::New();
     bool ota_update_in_progress = false;
-    if (sm->IsUserspaceSnapshotUpdateInProgress()) {
-        LOG(INFO) << "OTA update in progress";
+    if (sm->IsUserspaceSnapshotUpdateInProgress(dynamic_partitions)) {
+        LOG(INFO) << "OTA update in progress. Pause snapshot merge";
+        if (!sm->PauseSnapshotMerge()) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "Snapshot-merge pause failed";
+        }
         ota_update_in_progress = true;
     }
     UmountStat stat = UmountPartitions(timeout - t.duration());
@@ -446,6 +471,17 @@ static UmountStat TryUmountAndFsck(unsigned int cmd, bool run_fsck,
         // still not doing fsck when all processes are killed.
         //
         if (ota_update_in_progress) {
+            bool umount_dynamic_partitions = UmountDynamicPartitions(dynamic_partitions);
+            LOG(INFO) << "Sending SIGTERM to all process";
+            // Send SIGTERM to all processes except init
+            WriteStringToFile("e", PROC_SYSRQ);
+            // Wait for processes to terminate
+            std::this_thread::sleep_for(1s);
+            // Try one more attempt to umount other partitions which failed
+            // earlier
+            if (!umount_dynamic_partitions) {
+                UmountDynamicPartitions(dynamic_partitions);
+            }
             return stat;
         }
         KillAllProcesses();
@@ -497,8 +533,7 @@ static Result<void> KillZramBackingDevice() {
         return ErrnoError() << "Failed to read " << ZRAM_BACK_DEV;
     }
 
-    // cut the last "\n"
-    backing_dev.erase(backing_dev.length() - 1);
+    android::base::Trim(backing_dev);
 
     if (android::base::StartsWith(backing_dev, "none")) {
         LOG(INFO) << "No zram backing device configured";
@@ -519,6 +554,12 @@ static Result<void> KillZramBackingDevice() {
                        << " failed";
     }
 
+    if (!android::base::ReadFileToString(ZRAM_BACK_DEV, &backing_dev)) {
+        return ErrnoError() << "Failed to read " << ZRAM_BACK_DEV;
+    }
+
+    android::base::Trim(backing_dev);
+
     if (!android::base::StartsWith(backing_dev, "/dev/block/loop")) {
         LOG(INFO) << backing_dev << " is not a loop device. Exiting early";
         return {};
@@ -563,7 +604,7 @@ static void StopServices(const std::set<std::string>& services, std::chrono::mil
         }
     }
     if (timeout > 0ms) {
-        WaitToBeReaped(pids, timeout);
+        WaitToBeReaped(Service::GetSigchldFd(), pids, timeout);
     } else {
         // Even if we don't to wait for services to stop, we still optimistically reap zombies.
         ReapAnyOutstandingChildren();
@@ -680,8 +721,8 @@ static void DoReboot(unsigned int cmd, const std::string& reason, const std::str
                            << "': " << result.error();
             }
             s->SetShutdownCritical();
-        } else if (do_shutdown_animation) {
-            continue;
+        } else if (do_shutdown_animation && s->classnames().count("animation") > 0) {
+            // Need these for shutdown animations.
         } else if (s->IsShutdownCritical()) {
             // Start shutdown critical service if not started.
             if (auto result = s->Start(); !result.ok()) {
@@ -788,12 +829,22 @@ static void DoReboot(unsigned int cmd, const std::string& reason, const std::str
     if (IsDataMounted("f2fs")) {
         uint32_t flag = F2FS_GOING_DOWN_FULLSYNC;
         unique_fd fd(TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(open("/data", O_RDONLY)));
+        LOG(INFO) << "Invoking F2FS_IOC_SHUTDOWN during shutdown";
         int ret = ioctl(fd.get(), F2FS_IOC_SHUTDOWN, &flag);
         if (ret) {
             PLOG(ERROR) << "Shutdown /data: ";
         } else {
             LOG(INFO) << "Shutdown /data";
         }
+    } else if (IsDataMounted("ext4")) {
+        uint32_t flag = EXT4_GOING_FLAGS_DEFAULT;
+        unique_fd fd(TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(open("/data", O_RDONLY)));
+        int ret = ioctl(fd.get(), EXT4_IOC_SHUTDOWN, &flag);
+        if (ret) {
+            PLOG(ERROR) << "Shutdown /data: ";
+        } else {
+            LOG(INFO) << "Shutdown /data";
+        }
     }
     RebootSystem(cmd, reboot_target, reason);
     abort();
@@ -810,196 +861,6 @@ static void EnterShutdown() {
     }
 }
 
-static void LeaveShutdown() {
-    LOG(INFO) << "Leaving shutdown mode";
-    shutting_down = false;
-    StartSendingMessages();
-}
-
-static std::chrono::milliseconds GetMillisProperty(const std::string& name,
-                                                   std::chrono::milliseconds default_value) {
-    auto value = GetUintProperty(name, static_cast<uint64_t>(default_value.count()));
-    return std::chrono::milliseconds(std::move(value));
-}
-
-static Result<void> DoUserspaceReboot() {
-    LOG(INFO) << "Userspace reboot initiated";
-    // An ugly way to pass a more precise reason on why fallback to hard reboot was triggered.
-    std::string sub_reason = "";
-    auto guard = android::base::make_scope_guard([&sub_reason] {
-        // Leave shutdown so that we can handle a full reboot.
-        LeaveShutdown();
-        trigger_shutdown("reboot,userspace_failed,shutdown_aborted," + sub_reason);
-    });
-    // Triggering userspace-reboot-requested will result in a bunch of setprop
-    // actions. We should make sure, that all of them are propagated before
-    // proceeding with userspace reboot. Synchronously setting sys.init.userspace_reboot.in_progress
-    // property is not perfect, but it should do the trick.
-    if (!android::sysprop::InitProperties::userspace_reboot_in_progress(true)) {
-        sub_reason = "setprop";
-        return Error() << "Failed to set sys.init.userspace_reboot.in_progress property";
-    }
-    EnterShutdown();
-    if (!SetProperty("sys.powerctl", "")) {
-        sub_reason = "resetprop";
-        return Error() << "Failed to reset sys.powerctl property";
-    }
-    std::set<std::string> stop_first;
-    // Remember the services that were enabled. We will need to manually enable them again otherwise
-    // triggers like class_start won't restart them.
-    std::set<std::string> were_enabled;
-    for (const auto& s : ServiceList::GetInstance().services_in_shutdown_order()) {
-        if (s->is_post_data() && !kDebuggingServices.count(s->name())) {
-            stop_first.insert(s->name());
-        }
-        // TODO(ioffe): we should also filter out temporary services here.
-        if (s->is_post_data() && s->IsEnabled()) {
-            were_enabled.insert(s->name());
-        }
-    }
-    {
-        Timer sync_timer;
-        LOG(INFO) << "sync() before terminating services...";
-        sync();
-        LOG(INFO) << "sync() took " << sync_timer;
-    }
-    auto sigterm_timeout = GetMillisProperty("init.userspace_reboot.sigterm.timeoutmillis", 5s);
-    auto sigkill_timeout = GetMillisProperty("init.userspace_reboot.sigkill.timeoutmillis", 10s);
-    LOG(INFO) << "Timeout to terminate services: " << sigterm_timeout.count() << "ms "
-              << "Timeout to kill services: " << sigkill_timeout.count() << "ms";
-    std::string services_file_name = "/metadata/userspacereboot/services.txt";
-    const int flags = O_RDWR | O_CREAT | O_SYNC | O_APPEND | O_CLOEXEC;
-    StopServicesAndLogViolations(stop_first, sigterm_timeout, true /* SIGTERM */);
-    if (int r = StopServicesAndLogViolations(stop_first, sigkill_timeout, false /* SIGKILL */);
-        r > 0) {
-        auto fd = unique_fd(TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(open(services_file_name.c_str(), flags, 0666)));
-        android::base::WriteStringToFd("Post-data services still running: \n", fd);
-        for (const auto& s : ServiceList::GetInstance()) {
-            if (s->IsRunning() && stop_first.count(s->name())) {
-                android::base::WriteStringToFd(s->name() + "\n", fd);
-            }
-        }
-        sub_reason = "sigkill";
-        return Error() << r << " post-data services are still running";
-    }
-    if (auto result = KillZramBackingDevice(); !result.ok()) {
-        sub_reason = "zram";
-        return result;
-    }
-    if (auto result = CallVdc("volume", "reset"); !result.ok()) {
-        sub_reason = "vold_reset";
-        return result;
-    }
-    const auto& debugging_services = GetPostDataDebuggingServices();
-    if (int r = StopServicesAndLogViolations(debugging_services, sigkill_timeout,
-                                             false /* SIGKILL */);
-        r > 0) {
-        auto fd = unique_fd(TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(open(services_file_name.c_str(), flags, 0666)));
-        android::base::WriteStringToFd("Debugging services still running: \n", fd);
-        for (const auto& s : ServiceList::GetInstance()) {
-            if (s->IsRunning() && debugging_services.count(s->name())) {
-                android::base::WriteStringToFd(s->name() + "\n", fd);
-            }
-        }
-        sub_reason = "sigkill_debug";
-        return Error() << r << " debugging services are still running";
-    }
-    {
-        Timer sync_timer;
-        LOG(INFO) << "sync() after stopping services...";
-        sync();
-        LOG(INFO) << "sync() took " << sync_timer;
-    }
-    if (auto result = UnmountAllApexes(); !result.ok()) {
-        sub_reason = "apex";
-        return result;
-    }
-    if (!SwitchToMountNamespaceIfNeeded(NS_BOOTSTRAP).ok()) {
-        sub_reason = "ns_switch";
-        return Error() << "Failed to switch to bootstrap namespace";
-    }
-    ActionManager::GetInstance().RemoveActionIf([](const auto& action) -> bool {
-        if (action->IsFromApex()) {
-            std::string trigger_name = action->BuildTriggersString();
-            LOG(INFO) << "Removing action (" << trigger_name << ") from (" << action->filename()
-                      << ":" << action->line() << ")";
-            return true;
-        }
-        return false;
-    });
-    // Remove services that were defined in an APEX
-    ServiceList::GetInstance().RemoveServiceIf([](const std::unique_ptr<Service>& s) -> bool {
-        if (s->is_from_apex()) {
-            LOG(INFO) << "Removing service '" << s->name() << "' because it's defined in an APEX";
-            return true;
-        }
-        return false;
-    });
-    // Re-enable services
-    for (const auto& s : ServiceList::GetInstance()) {
-        if (were_enabled.count(s->name())) {
-            LOG(INFO) << "Re-enabling service '" << s->name() << "'";
-            s->Enable();
-        }
-    }
-    ServiceList::GetInstance().ResetState();
-    LeaveShutdown();
-    ActionManager::GetInstance().QueueEventTrigger("userspace-reboot-resume");
-    guard.Disable();  // Go on with userspace reboot.
-    return {};
-}
-
-static void UserspaceRebootWatchdogThread() {
-    auto started_timeout = GetMillisProperty("init.userspace_reboot.started.timeoutmillis", 10s);
-    if (!WaitForProperty("sys.init.userspace_reboot.in_progress", "1", started_timeout)) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "Userspace reboot didn't start in " << started_timeout.count()
-                   << "ms. Switching to full reboot";
-        // Init might be wedged, don't try to write reboot reason into a persistent property and do
-        // a dirty reboot.
-        PersistRebootReason("userspace_failed,watchdog_triggered,failed_to_start", false);
-        RebootSystem(ANDROID_RB_RESTART2, "userspace_failed,watchdog_triggered,failed_to_start");
-    }
-    LOG(INFO) << "Starting userspace reboot watchdog";
-    auto watchdog_timeout = GetMillisProperty("init.userspace_reboot.watchdog.timeoutmillis", 5min);
-    LOG(INFO) << "UserspaceRebootWatchdog timeout: " << watchdog_timeout.count() << "ms";
-    if (!WaitForProperty("sys.boot_completed", "1", watchdog_timeout)) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to boot in " << watchdog_timeout.count()
-                   << "ms. Switching to full reboot";
-        // In this case device is in a boot loop. Only way to recover is to do dirty reboot.
-        // Since init might be wedged, don't try to write reboot reason into a persistent property.
-        PersistRebootReason("userspace_failed,watchdog_triggered,failed_to_boot", false);
-        RebootSystem(ANDROID_RB_RESTART2, "userspace_failed,watchdog_triggered,failed_to_boot");
-    }
-    LOG(INFO) << "Device booted, stopping userspace reboot watchdog";
-}
-
-static void HandleUserspaceReboot() {
-    if (!android::sysprop::InitProperties::is_userspace_reboot_supported().value_or(false)) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "Attempted a userspace reboot on a device that doesn't support it";
-        return;
-    }
-    // Spinnig up a separate thread will fail the setns call later in the boot sequence.
-    // Fork a new process to monitor userspace reboot while we are investigating a better solution.
-    pid_t pid = fork();
-    if (pid < 0) {
-        PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to fork process for userspace reboot watchdog. Switching to full "
-                    << "reboot";
-        trigger_shutdown("reboot,userspace_failed,watchdog_fork");
-        return;
-    }
-    if (pid == 0) {
-        // Child
-        UserspaceRebootWatchdogThread();
-        _exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
-    }
-    LOG(INFO) << "Clearing queue and starting userspace-reboot-requested trigger";
-    auto& am = ActionManager::GetInstance();
-    am.ClearQueue();
-    am.QueueEventTrigger("userspace-reboot-requested");
-    auto handler = [](const BuiltinArguments&) { return DoUserspaceReboot(); };
-    am.QueueBuiltinAction(handler, "userspace-reboot");
-}
-
 /**
  * Check if "command" field is set in bootloader message.
  *
@@ -1030,7 +891,6 @@ void HandlePowerctlMessage(const std::string& command) {
     std::string reboot_target = "";
     bool run_fsck = false;
     bool command_invalid = false;
-    bool userspace_reboot = false;
 
     if (cmd_params[0] == "shutdown") {
         cmd = ANDROID_RB_POWEROFF;
@@ -1051,8 +911,8 @@ void HandlePowerctlMessage(const std::string& command) {
         if (cmd_params.size() >= 2) {
             reboot_target = cmd_params[1];
             if (reboot_target == "userspace") {
-                LOG(INFO) << "Userspace reboot requested";
-                userspace_reboot = true;
+                LOG(ERROR) << "Userspace reboot is deprecated.";
+                return;
             }
             // adb reboot fastboot should boot into bootloader for devices not
             // supporting logical partitions.
@@ -1083,7 +943,8 @@ void HandlePowerctlMessage(const std::string& command) {
                         return;
                     }
                 }
-            } else if (reboot_target == "quiescent") {
+            } else if (std::find(cmd_params.begin(), cmd_params.end(), "quiescent")
+                    != cmd_params.end()) { // Quiescent can be either subreason or details.
                 bootloader_message boot = {};
                 if (std::string err; !read_bootloader_message(&boot, &err)) {
                     LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to read bootloader message: " << err;
@@ -1129,11 +990,6 @@ void HandlePowerctlMessage(const std::string& command) {
     // messages, etc) from properties during reboot.
     StopSendingMessages();
 
-    if (userspace_reboot) {
-        HandleUserspaceReboot();
-        return;
-    }
-
     LOG(INFO) << "Clear action queue and start shutdown trigger";
     ActionManager::GetInstance().ClearQueue();
     // Queue shutdown trigger first
diff --git a/init/reboot_test.cpp b/init/reboot_test.cpp
index b3d038d14f74..b7a1cfdb591e 100644
--- a/init/reboot_test.cpp
+++ b/init/reboot_test.cpp
@@ -103,8 +103,7 @@ service $name /system/bin/yes
                                        "$selabel", GetSecurityContext(), false);
     ServiceList& service_list = ServiceList::GetInstance();
     Parser parser;
-    parser.AddSectionParser("service",
-                            std::make_unique<ServiceParser>(&service_list, nullptr, std::nullopt));
+    parser.AddSectionParser("service", std::make_unique<ServiceParser>(&service_list, nullptr));
 
     TemporaryFile tf;
     ASSERT_TRUE(tf.fd != -1);
diff --git a/init/reboot_utils.cpp b/init/reboot_utils.cpp
index e6b868e797ae..547b1869f3c4 100644
--- a/init/reboot_utils.cpp
+++ b/init/reboot_utils.cpp
@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@
 #include <android-base/properties.h>
 #include <android-base/strings.h>
 #include <cutils/android_reboot.h>
+#include <fs_mgr.h>
 #include <unwindstack/AndroidUnwinder.h>
 
 #include "capabilities.h"
@@ -48,13 +49,9 @@ void SetFatalRebootTarget(const std::optional<std::string>& reboot_target) {
 
     const std::string kInitFatalPanicParamString = "androidboot.init_fatal_panic";
     if (cmdline.find(kInitFatalPanicParamString) == std::string::npos) {
-        init_fatal_panic = false;
-        ImportBootconfig(
-                [kInitFatalPanicParamString](const std::string& key, const std::string& value) {
-                    if (key == kInitFatalPanicParamString && value == "true") {
-                        init_fatal_panic = true;
-                    }
-                });
+        std::string value;
+        init_fatal_panic = (android::fs_mgr::GetBootconfig(kInitFatalPanicParamString, &value) &&
+                            value == "true");
     } else {
         const std::string kInitFatalPanicString = kInitFatalPanicParamString + "=true";
         init_fatal_panic = cmdline.find(kInitFatalPanicString) != std::string::npos;
@@ -68,11 +65,7 @@ void SetFatalRebootTarget(const std::optional<std::string>& reboot_target) {
     const std::string kRebootTargetString = "androidboot.init_fatal_reboot_target";
     auto start_pos = cmdline.find(kRebootTargetString);
     if (start_pos == std::string::npos) {
-        ImportBootconfig([kRebootTargetString](const std::string& key, const std::string& value) {
-            if (key == kRebootTargetString) {
-                init_fatal_reboot_target = value;
-            }
-        });
+        android::fs_mgr::GetBootconfig(kRebootTargetString, &init_fatal_reboot_target);
         // We already default to bootloader if no setting is provided.
     } else {
         const std::string kRebootTargetStringPattern = kRebootTargetString + "=";
diff --git a/init/rlimit_parser.cpp b/init/rlimit_parser.cpp
index 476a46ab8ff6..c2a3fa1298a1 100644
--- a/init/rlimit_parser.cpp
+++ b/init/rlimit_parser.cpp
@@ -30,10 +30,14 @@ namespace init {
 // Builtins and service definitions both have their arguments start at 1 and finish at 3.
 Result<std::pair<int, rlimit>> ParseRlimit(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
     static const std::vector<std::pair<const char*, int>> text_to_resources = {
-        {"cpu", 0},       {"fsize", 1}, {"data", 2},    {"stack", 3},
-        {"core", 4},      {"rss", 5},   {"nproc", 6},   {"nofile", 7},
-        {"memlock", 8},   {"as", 9},    {"locks", 10},  {"sigpending", 11},
-        {"msgqueue", 12}, {"nice", 13}, {"rtprio", 14}, {"rttime", 15},
+            {"cpu", RLIMIT_CPU},           {"fsize", RLIMIT_FSIZE},
+            {"data", RLIMIT_DATA},         {"stack", RLIMIT_STACK},
+            {"core", RLIMIT_CORE},         {"rss", RLIMIT_RSS},
+            {"nproc", RLIMIT_NPROC},       {"nofile", RLIMIT_NOFILE},
+            {"memlock", RLIMIT_MEMLOCK},   {"as", RLIMIT_AS},
+            {"locks", RLIMIT_LOCKS},       {"sigpending", RLIMIT_SIGPENDING},
+            {"msgqueue", RLIMIT_MSGQUEUE}, {"nice", RLIMIT_NICE},
+            {"rtprio", RLIMIT_RTPRIO},     {"rttime", RLIMIT_RTTIME},
     };
 
     int resource;
@@ -49,6 +53,8 @@ Result<std::pair<int, rlimit>> ParseRlimit(const std::vector<std::string>& args)
         std::string resource_string;
         if (StartsWith(args[1], "RLIM_")) {
             resource_string = args[1].substr(5);
+        } else if (StartsWith(args[1], "RLIMIT_")) {
+            resource_string = args[1].substr(7);
         } else {
             resource_string = args[1];
         }
diff --git a/init/rlimit_parser_test.cpp b/init/rlimit_parser_test.cpp
index 3c3f848b5e4e..a6955f6b4745 100644
--- a/init/rlimit_parser_test.cpp
+++ b/init/rlimit_parser_test.cpp
@@ -67,6 +67,7 @@ TEST(rlimit, RlimitSuccess) {
                     {{"rtprio", "10", "10"}, {14, {10, 10}}},
                     {{"rttime", "10", "10"}, {15, {10, 10}}},
 
+                    // For some reason, we spelled these wrong.
                     {{"RLIM_CPU", "10", "10"}, {0, {10, 10}}},
                     {{"RLIM_FSIZE", "10", "10"}, {1, {10, 10}}},
                     {{"RLIM_DATA", "10", "10"}, {2, {10, 10}}},
@@ -84,6 +85,24 @@ TEST(rlimit, RlimitSuccess) {
                     {{"RLIM_RTPRIO", "10", "10"}, {14, {10, 10}}},
                     {{"RLIM_RTTIME", "10", "10"}, {15, {10, 10}}},
 
+                    // These are the correct spellings.
+                    {{"RLIMIT_CPU", "10", "10"}, {0, {10, 10}}},
+                    {{"RLIMIT_FSIZE", "10", "10"}, {1, {10, 10}}},
+                    {{"RLIMIT_DATA", "10", "10"}, {2, {10, 10}}},
+                    {{"RLIMIT_STACK", "10", "10"}, {3, {10, 10}}},
+                    {{"RLIMIT_CORE", "10", "10"}, {4, {10, 10}}},
+                    {{"RLIMIT_RSS", "10", "10"}, {5, {10, 10}}},
+                    {{"RLIMIT_NPROC", "10", "10"}, {6, {10, 10}}},
+                    {{"RLIMIT_NOFILE", "10", "10"}, {7, {10, 10}}},
+                    {{"RLIMIT_MEMLOCK", "10", "10"}, {8, {10, 10}}},
+                    {{"RLIMIT_AS", "10", "10"}, {9, {10, 10}}},
+                    {{"RLIMIT_LOCKS", "10", "10"}, {10, {10, 10}}},
+                    {{"RLIMIT_SIGPENDING", "10", "10"}, {11, {10, 10}}},
+                    {{"RLIMIT_MSGQUEUE", "10", "10"}, {12, {10, 10}}},
+                    {{"RLIMIT_NICE", "10", "10"}, {13, {10, 10}}},
+                    {{"RLIMIT_RTPRIO", "10", "10"}, {14, {10, 10}}},
+                    {{"RLIMIT_RTTIME", "10", "10"}, {15, {10, 10}}},
+
                     {{"0", "10", "10"}, {0, {10, 10}}},
                     {{"1", "10", "10"}, {1, {10, 10}}},
                     {{"2", "10", "10"}, {2, {10, 10}}},
@@ -113,6 +132,7 @@ TEST(rlimit, RlimitFailure) {
             {{"100", "10", "10"}, "Resource '100' over the maximum resource value '16'"},
             {{"bad_string", "10", "10"}, "Could not parse resource 'bad_string'"},
             {{"RLIM_", "10", "10"}, "Could not parse resource 'RLIM_'"},
+            {{"RLIMIT_", "10", "10"}, "Could not parse resource 'RLIMIT_'"},
             {{"cpu", "abc", "10"}, "Could not parse soft limit 'abc'"},
             {{"cpu", "10", "abc"}, "Could not parse hard limit 'abc'"},
             {{"cpu", "unlimit", "10"}, "Could not parse soft limit 'unlimit'"},
diff --git a/init/security.cpp b/init/security.cpp
index 6e616be93c5f..a0d63bca83ff 100644
--- a/init/security.cpp
+++ b/init/security.cpp
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@
 #include <errno.h>
 #include <fcntl.h>
 #include <linux/perf_event.h>
+#include <math.h>
 #include <selinux/selinux.h>
 #include <sys/ioctl.h>
 #include <sys/syscall.h>
@@ -106,27 +107,26 @@ Result<void> SetMmapRndBitsAction(const BuiltinArguments&) {
     // uml does not support mmap_rnd_bits
     return {};
 #elif defined(__aarch64__)
-    // arm64 architecture supports 18 - 33 rnd bits depending on pagesize and
-    // VA_SIZE. However the kernel might have been compiled with a narrower
-    // range using CONFIG_ARCH_MMAP_RND_BITS_MIN/MAX. To use the maximum
-    // supported number of bits, we start from the theoretical maximum of 33
-    // bits and try smaller values until we reach 24 bits which is the
-    // Android-specific minimum. Don't go lower even if the configured maximum
-    // is smaller than 24.
+    // arm64 supports 14 - 33 rnd bits depending on page size and ARM64_VA_BITS.
+    // The kernel (6.5) still defaults to 39 va bits for 4KiB pages, so shipping
+    // devices are only getting 24 bits of randomness in practice.
     if (SetMmapRndBitsMin(33, 24, false) && (!Has32BitAbi() || SetMmapRndBitsMin(16, 16, true))) {
         return {};
     }
 #elif defined(__riscv)
-    // TODO: sv48 and sv57 were both added to the kernel this year, so we
-    // probably just need some kernel fixes to enable higher ASLR randomization,
-    // but for now 24 is the maximum that the kernel supports.
-    if (SetMmapRndBitsMin(24, 18, false)) {
+    // riscv64 supports 24 rnd bits with Sv39, and starting with the 6.9 kernel,
+    // 33 bits with Sv48 and Sv57.
+    if (SetMmapRndBitsMin(33, 24, false)) {
         return {};
     }
 #elif defined(__x86_64__)
     // x86_64 supports 28 - 32 rnd bits, but Android wants to ensure that the
-    // theoretical maximum of 32 bits is always supported and used.
-    if (SetMmapRndBitsMin(32, 32, false) && (!Has32BitAbi() || SetMmapRndBitsMin(16, 16, true))) {
+    // theoretical maximum of 32 bits is always supported and used; except in
+    // the case of the x86 page size emulator which supports a maximum
+    // of 30 bits for 16k page size, or 28 bits for 64k page size.
+    int max_bits = 32 - (static_cast<int>(log2(getpagesize())) - 12);
+    if (SetMmapRndBitsMin(max_bits, max_bits, false) &&
+        (!Has32BitAbi() || SetMmapRndBitsMin(16, 16, true))) {
         return {};
     }
 #elif defined(__arm__) || defined(__i386__)
diff --git a/init/selinux.cpp b/init/selinux.cpp
index 907eb80e31c0..2a27c1d58832 100644
--- a/init/selinux.cpp
+++ b/init/selinux.cpp
@@ -26,29 +26,26 @@
 // The monolithic policy variant is for legacy non-treble devices that contain a single SEPolicy
 // file located at /sepolicy and is directly loaded into the kernel SELinux subsystem.
 
-// The split policy is for supporting treble devices and updateable apexes.  It splits the SEPolicy
-// across files on /system/etc/selinux (the 'plat' portion of the policy), /vendor/etc/selinux
-// (the 'vendor' portion of the policy), /system_ext/etc/selinux, /product/etc/selinux,
-// /odm/etc/selinux, and /dev/selinux (the apex portion of policy).  This is necessary to allow
-// images to be updated independently of the vendor image, while maintaining contributions from
-// multiple partitions in the SEPolicy.  This is especially important for VTS testing, where the
-// SEPolicy on the Google System Image may not be identical to the system image shipped on a
-// vendor's device.
+// The split policy is for supporting treble devices.  It splits the SEPolicy across files on
+// /system/etc/selinux (the 'plat' portion of the policy) and /vendor/etc/selinux (the 'vendor'
+// portion of the policy).  This is necessary to allow the system image to be updated independently
+// of the vendor image, while maintaining contributions from both partitions in the SEPolicy.  This
+// is especially important for VTS testing, where the SEPolicy on the Google System Image may not be
+// identical to the system image shipped on a vendor's device.
 
 // The split SEPolicy is loaded as described below:
 // 1) There is a precompiled SEPolicy located at either /vendor/etc/selinux/precompiled_sepolicy or
 //    /odm/etc/selinux/precompiled_sepolicy if odm parition is present.  Stored along with this file
-//    are the sha256 hashes of the parts of the SEPolicy on /system, /system_ext, /product, and apex
-//    that were used to compile this precompiled policy.  The system partition contains a similar
-//    sha256 of the parts of the SEPolicy that it currently contains. Symmetrically, system_ext,
-//    product, and apex contain sha256 hashes of their SEPolicy. Init loads this
+//    are the sha256 hashes of the parts of the SEPolicy on /system, /system_ext and /product that
+//    were used to compile this precompiled policy.  The system partition contains a similar sha256
+//    of the parts of the SEPolicy that it currently contains.  Symmetrically, system_ext and
+//    product paritition contain sha256 hashes of their SEPolicy.  The init loads this
 //    precompiled_sepolicy directly if and only if the hashes along with the precompiled SEPolicy on
-//    /vendor or /odm match the hashes for system, system_ext, product, and apex SEPolicy,
-//    respectively.
-// 2) If these hashes do not match, then either /system or /system_ext /product, or apex (or some of
-//    them) have been updated out of sync with /vendor (or /odm if it is present) and the init needs
-//    to compile the SEPolicy.  /system contains the SEPolicy compiler, secilc, and it is used by
-//    the OpenSplitPolicy() function below to compile the SEPolicy to a temp directory and load it.
+//    /vendor or /odm match the hashes for system, system_ext and product SEPolicy, respectively.
+// 2) If these hashes do not match, then either /system or /system_ext or /product (or some of them)
+//    have been updated out of sync with /vendor (or /odm if it is present) and the init needs to
+//    compile the SEPolicy.  /system contains the SEPolicy compiler, secilc, and it is used by the
+//    OpenSplitPolicy() function below to compile the SEPolicy to a temp directory and load it.
 //    That function contains even more documentation with the specific implementation details of how
 //    the SEPolicy is compiled if needed.
 
@@ -61,29 +58,27 @@
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #include <sys/wait.h>
 #include <unistd.h>
-#include <fstream>
 
-#include <CertUtils.h>
 #include <android-base/chrono_utils.h>
 #include <android-base/file.h>
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
 #include <android-base/parseint.h>
 #include <android-base/result.h>
-#include <android-base/scopeguard.h>
 #include <android-base/strings.h>
 #include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
+#include <android/avf_cc_flags.h>
 #include <fs_avb/fs_avb.h>
 #include <fs_mgr.h>
-#include <fsverity_init.h>
+#include <fs_mgr_overlayfs.h>
+#include <genfslabelsversion.h>
 #include <libgsi/libgsi.h>
 #include <libsnapshot/snapshot.h>
-#include <mini_keyctl_utils.h>
 #include <selinux/android.h>
-#include <ziparchive/zip_archive.h>
 
 #include "block_dev_initializer.h"
 #include "debug_ramdisk.h"
 #include "reboot_utils.h"
+#include "second_stage_resources.h"
 #include "snapuserd_transition.h"
 #include "util.h"
 
@@ -103,23 +98,14 @@ namespace {
 enum EnforcingStatus { SELINUX_PERMISSIVE, SELINUX_ENFORCING };
 
 EnforcingStatus StatusFromProperty() {
-    EnforcingStatus status = SELINUX_ENFORCING;
-
-    ImportKernelCmdline([&](const std::string& key, const std::string& value) {
-        if (key == "androidboot.selinux" && value == "permissive") {
-            status = SELINUX_PERMISSIVE;
-        }
-    });
-
-    if (status == SELINUX_ENFORCING) {
-        ImportBootconfig([&](const std::string& key, const std::string& value) {
-            if (key == "androidboot.selinux" && value == "permissive") {
-                status = SELINUX_PERMISSIVE;
-            }
-        });
+    std::string value;
+    if (android::fs_mgr::GetKernelCmdline("androidboot.selinux", &value) && value == "permissive") {
+        return SELINUX_PERMISSIVE;
     }
-
-    return status;
+    if (android::fs_mgr::GetBootconfig("androidboot.selinux", &value) && value == "permissive") {
+        return SELINUX_PERMISSIVE;
+    }
+    return SELINUX_ENFORCING;
 }
 
 bool IsEnforcing() {
@@ -129,97 +115,6 @@ bool IsEnforcing() {
     return true;
 }
 
-// Forks, executes the provided program in the child, and waits for the completion in the parent.
-// Child's stderr is captured and logged using LOG(ERROR).
-bool ForkExecveAndWaitForCompletion(const char* filename, char* const argv[]) {
-    // Create a pipe used for redirecting child process's output.
-    // * pipe_fds[0] is the FD the parent will use for reading.
-    // * pipe_fds[1] is the FD the child will use for writing.
-    int pipe_fds[2];
-    if (pipe(pipe_fds) == -1) {
-        PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to create pipe";
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    pid_t child_pid = fork();
-    if (child_pid == -1) {
-        PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to fork for " << filename;
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    if (child_pid == 0) {
-        // fork succeeded -- this is executing in the child process
-
-        // Close the pipe FD not used by this process
-        close(pipe_fds[0]);
-
-        // Redirect stderr to the pipe FD provided by the parent
-        if (TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(dup2(pipe_fds[1], STDERR_FILENO)) == -1) {
-            PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to redirect stderr of " << filename;
-            _exit(127);
-            return false;
-        }
-        close(pipe_fds[1]);
-
-        if (execv(filename, argv) == -1) {
-            PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to execve " << filename;
-            return false;
-        }
-        // Unreachable because execve will have succeeded and replaced this code
-        // with child process's code.
-        _exit(127);
-        return false;
-    } else {
-        // fork succeeded -- this is executing in the original/parent process
-
-        // Close the pipe FD not used by this process
-        close(pipe_fds[1]);
-
-        // Log the redirected output of the child process.
-        // It's unfortunate that there's no standard way to obtain an istream for a file descriptor.
-        // As a result, we're buffering all output and logging it in one go at the end of the
-        // invocation, instead of logging it as it comes in.
-        const int child_out_fd = pipe_fds[0];
-        std::string child_output;
-        if (!android::base::ReadFdToString(child_out_fd, &child_output)) {
-            PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to capture full output of " << filename;
-        }
-        close(child_out_fd);
-        if (!child_output.empty()) {
-            // Log captured output, line by line, because LOG expects to be invoked for each line
-            std::istringstream in(child_output);
-            std::string line;
-            while (std::getline(in, line)) {
-                LOG(ERROR) << filename << ": " << line;
-            }
-        }
-
-        // Wait for child to terminate
-        int status;
-        if (TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(waitpid(child_pid, &status, 0)) != child_pid) {
-            PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to wait for " << filename;
-            return false;
-        }
-
-        if (WIFEXITED(status)) {
-            int status_code = WEXITSTATUS(status);
-            if (status_code == 0) {
-                return true;
-            } else {
-                LOG(ERROR) << filename << " exited with status " << status_code;
-            }
-        } else if (WIFSIGNALED(status)) {
-            LOG(ERROR) << filename << " killed by signal " << WTERMSIG(status);
-        } else if (WIFSTOPPED(status)) {
-            LOG(ERROR) << filename << " stopped by signal " << WSTOPSIG(status);
-        } else {
-            LOG(ERROR) << "waitpid for " << filename << " returned unexpected status: " << status;
-        }
-
-        return false;
-    }
-}
-
 bool ReadFirstLine(const char* file, std::string* line) {
     line->clear();
 
@@ -256,7 +151,6 @@ Result<std::string> FindPrecompiledSplitPolicy() {
              precompiled_sepolicy + ".system_ext_sepolicy_and_mapping.sha256"},
             {"/product/etc/selinux/product_sepolicy_and_mapping.sha256",
              precompiled_sepolicy + ".product_sepolicy_and_mapping.sha256"},
-            {"/dev/selinux/apex_sepolicy.sha256", precompiled_sepolicy + ".apex_sepolicy.sha256"},
     };
 
     for (const auto& [actual_id_path, precompiled_id_path] : sepolicy_hashes) {
@@ -335,7 +229,7 @@ bool OpenSplitPolicy(PolicyFile* policy_file) {
     // * vendor -- policy needed due to logic contained in the vendor image,
     // * mapping -- mapping policy which helps preserve forward-compatibility of non-platform policy
     //   with newer versions of platform policy.
-    // * (optional) policy needed due to logic on product, system_ext, odm, or apex.
+    // * (optional) policy needed due to logic on product, system_ext, or odm images.
     // secilc is invoked to compile the above three policy files into a single monolithic policy
     // file. This file is then loaded into the kernel.
 
@@ -431,13 +325,19 @@ bool OpenSplitPolicy(PolicyFile* policy_file) {
     if (access(odm_policy_cil_file.c_str(), F_OK) == -1) {
         odm_policy_cil_file.clear();
     }
+    const std::string version_as_string = std::to_string(SEPOLICY_VERSION);
+
+    std::vector<std::string> genfs_cil_files;
 
-    // apex_sepolicy.cil is default but optional.
-    std::string apex_policy_cil_file("/dev/selinux/apex_sepolicy.cil");
-    if (access(apex_policy_cil_file.c_str(), F_OK) == -1) {
-        apex_policy_cil_file.clear();
+    int vendor_genfs_version = get_genfs_labels_version();
+    std::string genfs_cil_file =
+            std::format("/system/etc/selinux/plat_sepolicy_genfs_{}.cil", vendor_genfs_version);
+    if (access(genfs_cil_file.c_str(), F_OK) != 0) {
+        LOG(INFO) << "Missing " << genfs_cil_file << "; skipping";
+        genfs_cil_file.clear();
+    } else {
+        LOG(INFO) << "Using " << genfs_cil_file << " for genfs labels";
     }
-    const std::string version_as_string = std::to_string(SEPOLICY_VERSION);
 
     // clang-format off
     std::vector<const char*> compile_args {
@@ -479,8 +379,8 @@ bool OpenSplitPolicy(PolicyFile* policy_file) {
     if (!odm_policy_cil_file.empty()) {
         compile_args.push_back(odm_policy_cil_file.c_str());
     }
-    if (!apex_policy_cil_file.empty()) {
-        compile_args.push_back(apex_policy_cil_file.c_str());
+    if (!genfs_cil_file.empty()) {
+        compile_args.push_back(genfs_cil_file.c_str());
     }
     compile_args.push_back(nullptr);
 
@@ -498,7 +398,7 @@ bool OpenSplitPolicy(PolicyFile* policy_file) {
 bool OpenMonolithicPolicy(PolicyFile* policy_file) {
     static constexpr char kSepolicyFile[] = "/sepolicy";
 
-    LOG(VERBOSE) << "Opening SELinux policy from monolithic file";
+    LOG(INFO) << "Opening SELinux policy from monolithic file " << kSepolicyFile;
     policy_file->fd.reset(open(kSepolicyFile, O_RDONLY | O_CLOEXEC | O_NOFOLLOW));
     if (policy_file->fd < 0) {
         PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to open monolithic SELinux policy";
@@ -508,228 +408,6 @@ bool OpenMonolithicPolicy(PolicyFile* policy_file) {
     return true;
 }
 
-constexpr const char* kSigningCertRelease =
-        "/system/etc/selinux/com.android.sepolicy.cert-release.der";
-constexpr const char* kFsVerityProcPath = "/proc/sys/fs/verity";
-const std::string kSepolicyApexMetadataDir = "/metadata/sepolicy/";
-const std::string kSepolicyApexSystemDir = "/system/etc/selinux/apex/";
-const std::string kSepolicyZip = "SEPolicy.zip";
-const std::string kSepolicySignature = "SEPolicy.zip.sig";
-
-const std::string kTmpfsDir = "/dev/selinux/";
-
-// Files that are deleted after policy is compiled/loaded.
-const std::vector<std::string> kApexSepolicyTmp{"apex_sepolicy.cil", "apex_sepolicy.sha256"};
-// Files that need to persist because they are used by userspace processes.
-const std::vector<std::string> kApexSepolicy{"apex_file_contexts", "apex_property_contexts",
-                                             "apex_service_contexts", "apex_seapp_contexts",
-                                             "apex_test"};
-
-Result<void> CreateTmpfsDir() {
-    mode_t mode = 0744;
-    struct stat stat_data;
-    if (stat(kTmpfsDir.c_str(), &stat_data) != 0) {
-        if (errno != ENOENT) {
-            return ErrnoError() << "Could not stat " << kTmpfsDir;
-        }
-        if (mkdir(kTmpfsDir.c_str(), mode) != 0) {
-            return ErrnoError() << "Could not mkdir " << kTmpfsDir;
-        }
-    } else {
-        if (!S_ISDIR(stat_data.st_mode)) {
-            return Error() << kTmpfsDir << " exists and is not a directory.";
-        }
-        LOG(WARNING) << "Directory " << kTmpfsDir << " already exists";
-    }
-
-    // Need to manually call chmod because mkdir will create a folder with
-    // permissions mode & ~umask.
-    if (chmod(kTmpfsDir.c_str(), mode) != 0) {
-        return ErrnoError() << "Could not chmod " << kTmpfsDir;
-    }
-
-    return {};
-}
-
-Result<void> PutFileInTmpfs(ZipArchiveHandle archive, const std::string& fileName) {
-    ZipEntry entry;
-    std::string dstPath = kTmpfsDir + fileName;
-
-    int ret = FindEntry(archive, fileName, &entry);
-    if (ret != 0) {
-        // All files are optional. If a file doesn't exist, return without error.
-        return {};
-    }
-
-    unique_fd fd(TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(
-            open(dstPath.c_str(), O_WRONLY | O_CREAT | O_TRUNC | O_CLOEXEC, S_IRUSR | S_IWUSR)));
-    if (fd == -1) {
-        return ErrnoError() << "Failed to open " << dstPath;
-    }
-
-    ret = ExtractEntryToFile(archive, &entry, fd.get());
-    if (ret != 0) {
-        return Error() << "Failed to extract entry \"" << fileName << "\" ("
-                       << entry.uncompressed_length << " bytes) to \"" << dstPath
-                       << "\": " << ErrorCodeString(ret);
-    }
-
-    return {};
-}
-
-Result<void> GetPolicyFromApex(const std::string& dir) {
-    LOG(INFO) << "Loading APEX Sepolicy from " << dir + kSepolicyZip;
-    unique_fd fd(open((dir + kSepolicyZip).c_str(), O_RDONLY | O_BINARY | O_CLOEXEC));
-    if (fd < 0) {
-        return ErrnoError() << "Failed to open package " << dir + kSepolicyZip;
-    }
-
-    ZipArchiveHandle handle;
-    int ret = OpenArchiveFd(fd.get(), (dir + kSepolicyZip).c_str(), &handle,
-                            /*assume_ownership=*/false);
-    if (ret < 0) {
-        return Error() << "Failed to open package " << dir + kSepolicyZip << ": "
-                       << ErrorCodeString(ret);
-    }
-
-    auto handle_guard = android::base::make_scope_guard([&handle] { CloseArchive(handle); });
-
-    auto create = CreateTmpfsDir();
-    if (!create.ok()) {
-        return create.error();
-    }
-
-    for (const auto& file : kApexSepolicy) {
-        auto extract = PutFileInTmpfs(handle, file);
-        if (!extract.ok()) {
-            return extract.error();
-        }
-    }
-    for (const auto& file : kApexSepolicyTmp) {
-        auto extract = PutFileInTmpfs(handle, file);
-        if (!extract.ok()) {
-            return extract.error();
-        }
-    }
-    return {};
-}
-
-Result<void> LoadSepolicyApexCerts() {
-    key_serial_t keyring_id = android::GetKeyringId(".fs-verity");
-    if (keyring_id < 0) {
-        return Error() << "Failed to find .fs-verity keyring id";
-    }
-
-    // TODO(b/199914227) the release key should always exist. Once it's checked in, start
-    // throwing an error here if it doesn't exist.
-    if (access(kSigningCertRelease, F_OK) == 0) {
-        LoadKeyFromFile(keyring_id, "fsv_sepolicy_apex_release", kSigningCertRelease);
-    }
-    return {};
-}
-
-Result<void> SepolicyFsVerityCheck() {
-    return Error() << "TODO implement support for fsverity SEPolicy.";
-}
-
-Result<void> SepolicyCheckSignature(const std::string& dir) {
-    std::string signature;
-    if (!android::base::ReadFileToString(dir + kSepolicySignature, &signature)) {
-        return ErrnoError() << "Failed to read " << kSepolicySignature;
-    }
-
-    std::fstream sepolicyZip(dir + kSepolicyZip, std::ios::in | std::ios::binary);
-    if (!sepolicyZip) {
-        return Error() << "Failed to open " << kSepolicyZip;
-    }
-    sepolicyZip.seekg(0);
-    std::string sepolicyStr((std::istreambuf_iterator<char>(sepolicyZip)),
-                            std::istreambuf_iterator<char>());
-
-    auto releaseKey = extractPublicKeyFromX509(kSigningCertRelease);
-    if (!releaseKey.ok()) {
-        return releaseKey.error();
-    }
-
-    return verifySignature(sepolicyStr, signature, *releaseKey);
-}
-
-Result<void> SepolicyVerify(const std::string& dir, bool supportsFsVerity) {
-    if (supportsFsVerity) {
-        auto fsVerityCheck = SepolicyFsVerityCheck();
-        if (fsVerityCheck.ok()) {
-            return fsVerityCheck;
-        }
-        // TODO(b/199914227) If the device supports fsverity, but we fail here, we should fail to
-        // boot and not carry on. For now, fallback to a signature checkuntil the fsverity
-        // logic is implemented.
-        LOG(INFO) << "Falling back to standard signature check. " << fsVerityCheck.error();
-    }
-
-    auto sepolicySignature = SepolicyCheckSignature(dir);
-    if (!sepolicySignature.ok()) {
-        return Error() << "Apex SEPolicy failed signature check";
-    }
-    return {};
-}
-
-void CleanupApexSepolicy() {
-    for (const auto& file : kApexSepolicyTmp) {
-        std::string path = kTmpfsDir + file;
-        unlink(path.c_str());
-    }
-}
-
-// Updatable sepolicy is shipped within an zip within an APEX. Because
-// it needs to be available before Apexes are mounted, apexd copies
-// the zip from the APEX and stores it in /metadata/sepolicy. If there is
-// no updatable sepolicy in /metadata/sepolicy, then the updatable policy is
-// loaded from /system/etc/selinux/apex. Init performs the following
-// steps on boot:
-//
-// 1. Validates the zip by checking its signature against a public key that is
-// stored in /system/etc/selinux.
-// 2. Extracts files from zip and stores them in /dev/selinux.
-// 3. Checks if the apex_sepolicy.sha256 matches the sha256 of precompiled_sepolicy.
-// if so, the precompiled sepolicy is used. Otherwise, an on-device compile of the policy
-// is used. This is the same flow as on-device compilation of policy for Treble.
-// 4. Cleans up files in /dev/selinux which are no longer needed.
-// 5. Restorecons the remaining files in /dev/selinux.
-// 6. Sets selinux into enforcing mode and continues normal booting.
-//
-void PrepareApexSepolicy() {
-    bool supportsFsVerity = access(kFsVerityProcPath, F_OK) == 0;
-    if (supportsFsVerity) {
-        auto loadSepolicyApexCerts = LoadSepolicyApexCerts();
-        if (!loadSepolicyApexCerts.ok()) {
-            // TODO(b/199914227) If the device supports fsverity, but we fail here, we should fail
-            // to boot and not carry on. For now, fallback to a signature checkuntil the fsverity
-            // logic is implemented.
-            LOG(INFO) << loadSepolicyApexCerts.error();
-        }
-    }
-    // If apex sepolicy zip exists in /metadata/sepolicy, use that, otherwise use version on
-    // /system.
-    auto dir = (access((kSepolicyApexMetadataDir + kSepolicyZip).c_str(), F_OK) == 0)
-                       ? kSepolicyApexMetadataDir
-                       : kSepolicyApexSystemDir;
-
-    auto sepolicyVerify = SepolicyVerify(dir, supportsFsVerity);
-    if (!sepolicyVerify.ok()) {
-        LOG(INFO) << "Error: " << sepolicyVerify.error();
-        // If signature verification fails, fall back to version on /system.
-        // This file doesn't need to be verified because it lives on the system partition which
-        // is signed and protected by verified boot.
-        dir = kSepolicyApexSystemDir;
-    }
-
-    auto apex = GetPolicyFromApex(dir);
-    if (!apex.ok()) {
-        // TODO(b/199914227) Make failure fatal. For now continue booting with non-apex sepolicy.
-        LOG(ERROR) << apex.error();
-    }
-}
-
 void ReadPolicy(std::string* policy) {
     PolicyFile policy_file;
 
@@ -753,10 +431,6 @@ void SelinuxSetEnforcement() {
                         << ") failed";
         }
     }
-
-    if (auto result = WriteFile("/sys/fs/selinux/checkreqprot", "0"); !result.ok()) {
-        LOG(FATAL) << "Unable to write to /sys/fs/selinux/checkreqprot: " << result.error();
-    }
 }
 
 constexpr size_t kKlogMessageSize = 1024;
@@ -780,6 +454,14 @@ void SelinuxAvcLog(char* buf) {
     TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(send(fd.get(), &request, sizeof(request), 0));
 }
 
+int RestoreconIfExists(const char* path, unsigned int flags) {
+    if (access(path, F_OK) != 0 && errno == ENOENT) {
+        // Avoid error message for path that is expected to not always exist.
+        return 0;
+    }
+    return selinux_android_restorecon(path, flags);
+}
+
 }  // namespace
 
 void SelinuxRestoreContext() {
@@ -802,14 +484,14 @@ void SelinuxRestoreContext() {
     selinux_android_restorecon("/dev/device-mapper", 0);
 
     selinux_android_restorecon("/apex", 0);
-
+    selinux_android_restorecon("/bootstrap-apex", 0);
     selinux_android_restorecon("/linkerconfig", 0);
 
     // adb remount, snapshot-based updates, and DSUs all create files during
     // first-stage init.
-    selinux_android_restorecon(SnapshotManager::GetGlobalRollbackIndicatorPath().c_str(), 0);
-    selinux_android_restorecon("/metadata/gsi", SELINUX_ANDROID_RESTORECON_RECURSE |
-                                                        SELINUX_ANDROID_RESTORECON_SKIP_SEHASH);
+    RestoreconIfExists(SnapshotManager::GetGlobalRollbackIndicatorPath().c_str(), 0);
+    RestoreconIfExists("/metadata/gsi",
+                       SELINUX_ANDROID_RESTORECON_RECURSE | SELINUX_ANDROID_RESTORECON_SKIP_SEHASH);
 }
 
 int SelinuxKlogCallback(int type, const char* fmt, ...) {
@@ -851,6 +533,10 @@ void SelinuxSetupKernelLogging() {
 }
 
 int SelinuxGetVendorAndroidVersion() {
+    if (IsMicrodroid()) {
+        // As of now Microdroid doesn't have any vendor code.
+        return __ANDROID_API_FUTURE__;
+    }
     static int vendor_android_version = [] {
         if (!IsSplitPolicyDevice()) {
             // If this device does not split sepolicy files, it's not a Treble device and therefore,
@@ -954,6 +640,26 @@ static void LoadSelinuxPolicy(std::string& policy) {
     }
 }
 
+// Encapsulates steps to load SELinux policy in Microdroid.
+// So far the process is very straightforward - just load the precompiled policy from /system.
+void LoadSelinuxPolicyMicrodroid() {
+    constexpr const char kMicrodroidPrecompiledSepolicy[] =
+            "/system/etc/selinux/microdroid_precompiled_sepolicy";
+
+    LOG(INFO) << "Opening SELinux policy from " << kMicrodroidPrecompiledSepolicy;
+    unique_fd policy_fd(open(kMicrodroidPrecompiledSepolicy, O_RDONLY | O_CLOEXEC | O_NOFOLLOW));
+    if (policy_fd < 0) {
+        PLOG(FATAL) << "Failed to open " << kMicrodroidPrecompiledSepolicy;
+    }
+
+    std::string policy;
+    if (!android::base::ReadFdToString(policy_fd, &policy)) {
+        PLOG(FATAL) << "Failed to read policy file: " << kMicrodroidPrecompiledSepolicy;
+    }
+
+    LoadSelinuxPolicy(policy);
+}
+
 // The SELinux setup process is carefully orchestrated around snapuserd. Policy
 // must be loaded off dynamic partitions, and during an OTA, those partitions
 // cannot be read without snapuserd. But, with kernel-privileged snapuserd
@@ -969,34 +675,19 @@ static void LoadSelinuxPolicy(std::string& policy) {
 //  (5) Re-launch snapuserd and attach it to the dm-user devices from step (2).
 //
 // After this sequence, it is safe to enable enforcing mode and continue booting.
-int SetupSelinux(char** argv) {
-    SetStdioToDevNull(argv);
-    InitKernelLogging(argv);
-
-    if (REBOOT_BOOTLOADER_ON_PANIC) {
-        InstallRebootSignalHandlers();
-    }
-
-    boot_clock::time_point start_time = boot_clock::now();
-
+void LoadSelinuxPolicyAndroid() {
     MountMissingSystemPartitions();
 
-    SelinuxSetupKernelLogging();
-
     LOG(INFO) << "Opening SELinux policy";
 
-    PrepareApexSepolicy();
-
     // Read the policy before potentially killing snapuserd.
     std::string policy;
     ReadPolicy(&policy);
-    CleanupApexSepolicy();
 
     auto snapuserd_helper = SnapuserdSelinuxHelper::CreateIfNeeded();
     if (snapuserd_helper) {
-        // Kill the old snapused to avoid audit messages. After this we cannot
-        // read from /system (or other dynamic partitions) until we call
-        // FinishTransition().
+        // Kill the old snapused to avoid audit messages. After this we cannot read from /system
+        // (or other dynamic partitions) until we call FinishTransition().
         snapuserd_helper->StartTransition();
     }
 
@@ -1007,16 +698,97 @@ int SetupSelinux(char** argv) {
         snapuserd_helper->FinishTransition();
         snapuserd_helper = nullptr;
     }
+}
+
+#ifdef ALLOW_REMOUNT_OVERLAYS
+void SetupOverlays() {
+    if (android::fs_mgr::use_override_creds) return;
+
+    bool has_overlays = false;
+    std::string contents;
+    auto result = android::base::ReadFileToString("/proc/mounts", &contents, true);
+
+    auto lines = android::base::Split(contents, "\n");
+    for (auto const& line : lines)
+        if (android::base::StartsWith(line, "overlay")) {
+            has_overlays = true;
+            break;
+        }
+
+    if (!has_overlays) return;
+
+    // After adb remount, we mount all r/o volumes with overlayfs to allow writing.
+    // However, since overlayfs performs its file operations in the context of the
+    // mounting process, this will not work as is - init is in the kernel domain in
+    // first stage, which has very limited permissions.
+
+    // In order to fix this, we need to unmount remount all these volumes from a process
+    // with sufficient privileges to be able to perform these operations. The
+    // overlay_remounter domain has those privileges on debuggable devices.
+    // We will call overlay_remounter which will do the unmounts/mounts.
+    // But for that to work, the volumes must not be busy, so we need to copy
+    // overlay_remounter from system to a ramdisk and run it from there.
+
+    const char* kOverlayRemounter = "overlay_remounter";
+    auto or_src = std::filesystem::path("/system/xbin/") / kOverlayRemounter;
+    auto or_dest = std::filesystem::path(kSecondStageRes) / kOverlayRemounter;
+    std::error_code ec;
+    std::filesystem::copy(or_src, or_dest, ec);
+    if (ec) {
+        LOG(FATAL) << "Failed to copy " << or_src << " to " << or_dest << " " << ec.message();
+    }
+
+    if (selinux_android_restorecon(or_dest.c_str(), 0) == -1) {
+        PLOG(FATAL) << "restorecon of " << or_dest << " failed";
+    }
+    auto dest = unique_fd(open(or_dest.c_str(), O_RDONLY | O_CLOEXEC));
+    if (dest.get() == -1) {
+        PLOG(FATAL) << "Failed to reopen " << or_dest;
+    }
+    if (unlink(or_dest.c_str()) == -1) {
+        PLOG(FATAL) << "Failed to unlink " << or_dest;
+    }
+    const char* args[] = {or_dest.c_str(), nullptr};
+    fexecve(dest.get(), const_cast<char**>(args), environ);
+
+    // execv() only returns if an error happened, in which case we
+    // panic and never return from this function.
+    PLOG(FATAL) << "execv(\"" << or_dest << "\") failed";
+}
+#else
+void SetupOverlays() {}
+#endif
+
+int SetupSelinux(char** argv) {
+    SetStdioToDevNull(argv);
+    InitKernelLogging(argv);
+
+    if (REBOOT_BOOTLOADER_ON_PANIC) {
+        InstallRebootSignalHandlers();
+    }
+
+    boot_clock::time_point start_time = boot_clock::now();
+
+    SelinuxSetupKernelLogging();
 
-    // This restorecon is intentionally done before SelinuxSetEnforcement because the permissions
-    // needed to transition files from tmpfs to *_contexts_file context should not be granted to
-    // any process after selinux is set into enforcing mode.
-    if (selinux_android_restorecon("/dev/selinux/", SELINUX_ANDROID_RESTORECON_RECURSE) == -1) {
-        PLOG(FATAL) << "restorecon failed of /dev/selinux failed";
+    // TODO(b/287206497): refactor into different headers to only include what we need.
+    if (IsMicrodroid()) {
+        LoadSelinuxPolicyMicrodroid();
+    } else {
+        LoadSelinuxPolicyAndroid();
     }
 
     SelinuxSetEnforcement();
 
+    if (IsMicrodroid() && android::virtualization::IsOpenDiceChangesFlagEnabled()) {
+        // We run restorecon of /microdroid_resources while we are still in kernel context to avoid
+        // granting init `tmpfs:file relabelfrom` capability.
+        const int flags = SELINUX_ANDROID_RESTORECON_RECURSE;
+        if (selinux_android_restorecon("/microdroid_resources", flags) == -1) {
+            PLOG(FATAL) << "restorecon of /microdroid_resources failed";
+        }
+    }
+
     // We're in the kernel domain and want to transition to the init domain.  File systems that
     // store SELabels in their xattrs, such as ext4 do not need an explicit restorecon here,
     // but other file systems do.  In particular, this is needed for ramdisks such as the
@@ -1027,6 +799,10 @@ int SetupSelinux(char** argv) {
 
     setenv(kEnvSelinuxStartedAt, std::to_string(start_time.time_since_epoch().count()).c_str(), 1);
 
+    // SetupOverlays does not return if overlays exist, instead it execs overlay_remounter
+    // which then execs second stage init
+    SetupOverlays();
+
     const char* path = "/system/bin/init";
     const char* args[] = {path, "second_stage", nullptr};
     execv(path, const_cast<char**>(args));
diff --git a/init/service.cpp b/init/service.cpp
index c1520818a807..56300205d293 100644
--- a/init/service.cpp
+++ b/init/service.cpp
@@ -34,9 +34,11 @@
 #include <android-base/scopeguard.h>
 #include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
 #include <android-base/strings.h>
+#include <cutils/android_get_control_file.h>
 #include <cutils/sockets.h>
 #include <processgroup/processgroup.h>
 #include <selinux/selinux.h>
+#include <sys/signalfd.h>
 
 #include <string>
 
@@ -50,7 +52,6 @@
 #endif
 
 #ifdef INIT_FULL_SOURCES
-#include <ApexProperties.sysprop.h>
 #include <android/api-level.h>
 
 #include "mount_namespace.h"
@@ -69,6 +70,7 @@ using android::base::make_scope_guard;
 using android::base::SetProperty;
 using android::base::StartsWith;
 using android::base::StringPrintf;
+using android::base::unique_fd;
 using android::base::WriteStringToFile;
 
 namespace android {
@@ -195,28 +197,20 @@ void Service::NotifyStateChange(const std::string& new_state) const {
     }
 }
 
-void Service::KillProcessGroup(int signal, bool report_oneshot) {
-    // If we've already seen a successful result from killProcessGroup*(), then we have removed
-    // the cgroup already and calling these functions a second time will simply result in an error.
-    // This is true regardless of which signal was sent.
-    // These functions handle their own logging, so no additional logging is needed.
-    if (!process_cgroup_empty_) {
+void Service::KillProcessGroup(int signal) {
+    // Always attempt the process kill if process is still running.
+    // Cgroup clean up routines are idempotent. It's safe to call
+    // killProcessGroup repeatedly. During shutdown, `init` will
+    // call this function to send SIGTERM/SIGKILL to all processes.
+    // These signals must be sent for a successful shutdown.
+    if (!process_cgroup_empty_ || IsRunning()) {
         LOG(INFO) << "Sending signal " << signal << " to service '" << name_ << "' (pid " << pid_
                   << ") process group...";
-        int max_processes = 0;
         int r;
         if (signal == SIGTERM) {
-            r = killProcessGroupOnce(uid(), pid_, signal, &max_processes);
+            r = killProcessGroupOnce(uid(), pid_, signal);
         } else {
-            r = killProcessGroup(uid(), pid_, signal, &max_processes);
-        }
-
-        if (report_oneshot && max_processes > 0) {
-            LOG(WARNING)
-                    << "Killed " << max_processes
-                    << " additional processes from a oneshot process group for service '" << name_
-                    << "'. This is new behavior, previously child processes would not be killed in "
-                       "this case.";
+            r = killProcessGroup(uid(), pid_, signal);
         }
 
         if (r == 0) process_cgroup_empty_ = true;
@@ -266,7 +260,7 @@ void Service::SetProcessAttributesAndCaps(InterprocessFifo setsid_finished) {
 
 void Service::Reap(const siginfo_t& siginfo) {
     if (!(flags_ & SVC_ONESHOT) || (flags_ & SVC_RESTART)) {
-        KillProcessGroup(SIGKILL, false);
+        KillProcessGroup(SIGKILL);
     } else {
         // Legacy behavior from ~2007 until Android R: this else branch did not exist and we did not
         // kill the process group in this case.
@@ -274,7 +268,7 @@ void Service::Reap(const siginfo_t& siginfo) {
             // The new behavior in Android R is to kill these process groups in all cases.  The
             // 'true' parameter instructions KillProcessGroup() to report a warning message where it
             // detects a difference in behavior has occurred.
-            KillProcessGroup(SIGKILL, true);
+            KillProcessGroup(SIGKILL);
         }
     }
 
@@ -308,6 +302,7 @@ void Service::Reap(const siginfo_t& siginfo) {
     pid_ = 0;
     flags_ &= (~SVC_RUNNING);
     start_order_ = 0;
+    was_last_exit_ok_ = siginfo.si_code == CLD_EXITED && siginfo.si_status == 0;
 
     // Oneshot processes go into the disabled state on exit,
     // except when manually restarted.
@@ -322,7 +317,7 @@ void Service::Reap(const siginfo_t& siginfo) {
     }
 
 #if INIT_FULL_SOURCES
-    static bool is_apex_updatable = android::sysprop::ApexProperties::updatable().value_or(false);
+    static bool is_apex_updatable = true;
 #else
     static bool is_apex_updatable = false;
 #endif
@@ -361,19 +356,35 @@ void Service::Reap(const siginfo_t& siginfo) {
     // If we crash > 4 times in 'fatal_crash_window_' minutes or before boot_completed,
     // reboot into bootloader or set crashing property
     boot_clock::time_point now = boot_clock::now();
-    if (((flags_ & SVC_CRITICAL) || is_process_updatable) && !(flags_ & SVC_RESTART)) {
+    constexpr const char native_watchdog_reboot_time[] = "persist.init.svc.last_fatal_reboot_epoch";
+    uint64_t throttle_window =
+            std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::seconds>(std::chrono::hours(24)).count();
+    if (((flags_ & SVC_CRITICAL) || is_process_updatable) && !(flags_ & SVC_RESTART) &&
+        !was_last_exit_ok_) {
         bool boot_completed = GetBoolProperty("sys.boot_completed", false);
         if (now < time_crashed_ + fatal_crash_window_ || !boot_completed) {
             if (++crash_count_ > 4) {
-                auto exit_reason = boot_completed ?
-                    "in " + std::to_string(fatal_crash_window_.count()) + " minutes" :
-                    "before boot completed";
+                auto exit_reason =
+                        boot_completed
+                                ? "in " + std::to_string(fatal_crash_window_.count()) + " minutes"
+                                : "before boot completed";
                 if (flags_ & SVC_CRITICAL) {
                     if (!GetBoolProperty("init.svc_debug.no_fatal." + name_, false)) {
-                        // Aborts into `fatal_reboot_target_'.
-                        SetFatalRebootTarget(fatal_reboot_target_);
-                        LOG(FATAL) << "critical process '" << name_ << "' exited 4 times "
-                                   << exit_reason;
+                        uint64_t epoch_time =
+                                std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::seconds>(
+                                        std::chrono::system_clock::now().time_since_epoch())
+                                        .count();
+                        // Do not reboot again If it was already initiated in the last 24hrs
+                        if (epoch_time - GetIntProperty(native_watchdog_reboot_time, 0) >
+                            throttle_window) {
+                            SetProperty(native_watchdog_reboot_time, std::to_string(epoch_time));
+                            // Aborts into `fatal_reboot_target_'.
+                            SetFatalRebootTarget(fatal_reboot_target_);
+                            LOG(FATAL) << "critical process '" << name_ << "' exited 4 times "
+                                       << exit_reason;
+                        } else {
+                            LOG(INFO) << "Reboot already performed in last 24hrs because of crash.";
+                        }
                     }
                 } else {
                     LOG(ERROR) << "process with updatable components '" << name_
@@ -419,7 +430,7 @@ Result<void> Service::ExecStart() {
         }
     });
 
-    if (is_updatable() && !ServiceList::GetInstance().IsServicesUpdated()) {
+    if (is_updatable() && !IsDefaultMountNamespaceReady()) {
         // Don't delay the service for ExecStart() as the semantic is that
         // the caller might depend on the side effect of the execution.
         return Error() << "Cannot start an updatable service '" << name_
@@ -580,7 +591,7 @@ Result<void> Service::Start() {
         }
     });
 
-    if (is_updatable() && !ServiceList::GetInstance().IsServicesUpdated()) {
+    if (is_updatable() && !IsDefaultMountNamespaceReady()) {
         ServiceList::GetInstance().DelayService(*this);
         return Error() << "Cannot start an updatable service '" << name_
                        << "' before configs from APEXes are all loaded. "
@@ -643,8 +654,6 @@ Result<void> Service::Start() {
         SetMountNamespace();
     }
 
-    post_data_ = ServiceList::GetInstance().IsPostData();
-
     LOG(INFO) << "starting service '" << name_ << "'...";
 
     std::vector<Descriptor> descriptors;
@@ -664,6 +673,14 @@ Result<void> Service::Start() {
         }
     }
 
+    if (shared_kallsyms_file_) {
+        if (auto result = CreateSharedKallsymsFd(); result.ok()) {
+            descriptors.emplace_back(std::move(*result));
+        } else {
+            LOG(INFO) << "Could not obtain a copy of /proc/kallsyms: " << result.error();
+        }
+    }
+
     pid_t pid = -1;
     if (namespaces_.flags) {
         pid = clone(nullptr, nullptr, namespaces_.flags | SIGCHLD, nullptr);
@@ -798,6 +815,64 @@ void Service::SetMountNamespace() {
     mount_namespace_ = IsDefaultMountNamespaceReady() ? NS_DEFAULT : NS_BOOTSTRAP;
 }
 
+static int ThreadCount() {
+    std::unique_ptr<DIR, decltype(&closedir)> dir(opendir("/proc/self/task"), closedir);
+    if (!dir) {
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    int count = 0;
+    dirent* entry;
+    while ((entry = readdir(dir.get())) != nullptr) {
+        if (entry->d_name[0] != '.') {
+            count++;
+        }
+    }
+    return count;
+}
+
+// Must be called BEFORE any threads are created. See also the sigprocmask() man page.
+unique_fd Service::CreateSigchldFd() {
+    CHECK_EQ(ThreadCount(), 1);
+    sigset_t mask;
+    sigemptyset(&mask);
+    sigaddset(&mask, SIGCHLD);
+    if (sigprocmask(SIG_BLOCK, &mask, nullptr) < 0) {
+        PLOG(FATAL) << "Failed to block SIGCHLD";
+    }
+
+    return unique_fd(signalfd(-1, &mask, SFD_CLOEXEC));
+}
+
+void Service::OpenAndSaveStaticKallsymsFd() {
+    Result<Descriptor> result = CreateSharedKallsymsFd();
+    if (!result.ok()) {
+      LOG(ERROR) << result.error();
+    }
+}
+
+// This function is designed to be called in two situations:
+// 1) early during second_stage init, to open and save the shared fd as a
+//    static (see OpenAndSaveStaticKallsymsFd).
+// 2) whenever a service requesting a copy of the fd is being started, at which
+//    point it will get a duplicated copy of the static fd.
+Result<Descriptor> Service::CreateSharedKallsymsFd() {
+    static constexpr char kallsyms_path[] = "/proc/kallsyms";
+    static int static_fd = open(kallsyms_path, O_RDONLY | O_NONBLOCK | O_CLOEXEC);
+    if (static_fd < 0) {
+        return ErrnoError() << "failed to open " << kallsyms_path;
+    }
+
+    unique_fd fd{fcntl(static_fd, F_DUPFD_CLOEXEC, /*min_fd=*/3)};
+    if (fd < 0) {
+        return ErrnoError() << "failed fcntl(F_DUPFD_CLOEXEC)";
+    }
+
+    // Use the same environment variable as if the service specified
+    // "file /proc/kallsyms r".
+    return Descriptor(std::string(ANDROID_FILE_ENV_PREFIX) + kallsyms_path, std::move(fd));
+}
+
 void Service::SetStartedInFirstStage(pid_t pid) {
     LOG(INFO) << "adding first-stage service '" << name_ << "'...";
 
diff --git a/init/service.h b/init/service.h
index ce7c0daf2a98..7193d7eb1b33 100644
--- a/init/service.h
+++ b/init/service.h
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 #include <signal.h>
 #include <sys/types.h>
 
+#include <algorithm>
 #include <chrono>
 #include <memory>
 #include <optional>
@@ -59,7 +60,7 @@
 #define SVC_GENTLE_KILL 0x2000  // This service should be stopped with SIGTERM instead of SIGKILL
                                 // Will still be SIGKILLed after timeout period of 200 ms
 
-#define NR_SVC_SUPP_GIDS 12    // twelve supplementary groups
+#define NR_SVC_SUPP_GIDS 32    // thirty two supplementary groups
 
 namespace android {
 namespace init {
@@ -115,6 +116,7 @@ class Service {
     pid_t pid() const { return pid_; }
     android::base::boot_clock::time_point time_started() const { return time_started_; }
     int crash_count() const { return crash_count_; }
+    int was_last_exit_ok() const { return was_last_exit_ok_; }
     uid_t uid() const { return proc_attr_.uid(); }
     gid_t gid() const { return proc_attr_.gid; }
     int namespace_flags() const { return namespaces_.flags; }
@@ -130,12 +132,18 @@ class Service {
     bool process_cgroup_empty() const { return process_cgroup_empty_; }
     unsigned long start_order() const { return start_order_; }
     void set_sigstop(bool value) { sigstop_ = value; }
-    std::chrono::seconds restart_period() const { return restart_period_; }
+    std::chrono::seconds restart_period() const {
+        // If the service exited abnormally or due to timeout, late limit the restart even if
+        // restart_period is set to a very short value.
+        // If not, i.e. restart after a deliberate and successful exit, respect the period.
+        if (!was_last_exit_ok_) {
+            return std::max(restart_period_, default_restart_period_);
+        }
+        return restart_period_;
+    }
     std::optional<std::chrono::seconds> timeout_period() const { return timeout_period_; }
     const std::vector<std::string>& args() const { return args_; }
     bool is_updatable() const { return updatable_; }
-    bool is_post_data() const { return post_data_; }
-    bool is_from_apex() const { return base::StartsWith(filename_, "/apex/"); }
     void set_oneshot(bool value) {
         if (value) {
             flags_ |= SVC_ONESHOT;
@@ -146,11 +154,16 @@ class Service {
     const Subcontext* subcontext() const { return subcontext_; }
     const std::string& filename() const { return filename_; }
     void set_filename(const std::string& name) { filename_ = name; }
+    static int GetSigchldFd() {
+        static int sigchld_fd = CreateSigchldFd().release();
+        return sigchld_fd;
+    }
+    static void OpenAndSaveStaticKallsymsFd();
 
   private:
     void NotifyStateChange(const std::string& new_state) const;
     void StopOrReset(int how);
-    void KillProcessGroup(int signal, bool report_oneshot = false);
+    void KillProcessGroup(int signal);
     void SetProcessAttributesAndCaps(InterprocessFifo setsid_finished);
     void ResetFlagsForStart();
     Result<void> CheckConsole();
@@ -158,6 +171,9 @@ class Service {
     void RunService(const std::vector<Descriptor>& descriptors, InterprocessFifo cgroups_activated,
                     InterprocessFifo setsid_finished);
     void SetMountNamespace();
+    static ::android::base::unique_fd CreateSigchldFd();
+    static Result<Descriptor> CreateSharedKallsymsFd();
+
     static unsigned long next_start_order_;
     static bool is_exec_service_running_;
 
@@ -172,6 +188,9 @@ class Service {
     bool upgraded_mte_ = false;           // whether we upgraded async MTE -> sync MTE before
     std::chrono::minutes fatal_crash_window_ = 4min;  // fatal() when more than 4 crashes in it
     std::optional<std::string> fatal_reboot_target_;  // reboot target of fatal handler
+    bool was_last_exit_ok_ =
+            true;  // true if the service never exited, or exited with status code 0
+    bool shared_kallsyms_file_ = false; // pass the service a pre-opened fd to /proc/kallsyms
 
     std::optional<CapSet> capabilities_;
     ProcessAttributes proc_attr_;
@@ -214,7 +233,8 @@ class Service {
 
     bool sigstop_ = false;
 
-    std::chrono::seconds restart_period_ = 5s;
+    const std::chrono::seconds default_restart_period_ = 5s;
+    std::chrono::seconds restart_period_ = default_restart_period_;
     std::optional<std::chrono::seconds> timeout_period_;
 
     bool updatable_ = false;
@@ -225,8 +245,6 @@ class Service {
 
     std::optional<MountNamespace> mount_namespace_;
 
-    bool post_data_ = false;
-
     std::optional<std::string> on_failure_reboot_target_;
 
     std::string filename_;
diff --git a/init/service_list.cpp b/init/service_list.cpp
index 937d82e20c6b..e6cc2c98f546 100644
--- a/init/service_list.cpp
+++ b/init/service_list.cpp
@@ -68,18 +68,7 @@ void ServiceList::DumpState() const {
     }
 }
 
-void ServiceList::MarkPostData() {
-    post_data_ = true;
-}
-
-bool ServiceList::IsPostData() {
-    return post_data_;
-}
-
-void ServiceList::MarkServicesUpdate() {
-    services_update_finished_ = true;
-
-    // start the delayed services
+void ServiceList::StartDelayedServices() {
     for (const auto& name : delayed_service_names_) {
         Service* service = FindService(name);
         if (service == nullptr) {
@@ -94,7 +83,7 @@ void ServiceList::MarkServicesUpdate() {
 }
 
 void ServiceList::DelayService(const Service& service) {
-    if (services_update_finished_) {
+    if (IsDefaultMountNamespaceReady()) {
         LOG(ERROR) << "Cannot delay the start of service '" << service.name()
                    << "' because all services are already updated. Ignoring.";
         return;
diff --git a/init/service_list.h b/init/service_list.h
index f858bc37086f..fd7fc05cdeba 100644
--- a/init/service_list.h
+++ b/init/service_list.h
@@ -83,24 +83,14 @@ class ServiceList {
     auto end() const { return services_.end(); }
     const std::vector<Service*> services_in_shutdown_order() const;
 
-    void MarkPostData();
-    bool IsPostData();
-    void MarkServicesUpdate();
-    bool IsServicesUpdated() const { return services_update_finished_; }
     void DelayService(const Service& service);
-
-    void ResetState() {
-        post_data_ = false;
-        services_update_finished_ = false;
-    }
+    void StartDelayedServices();
 
     auto size() const { return services_.size(); }
 
   private:
     std::vector<std::unique_ptr<Service>> services_;
 
-    bool post_data_ = false;
-    bool services_update_finished_ = false;
     std::vector<std::string> delayed_service_names_;
 };
 
diff --git a/init/service_parser.cpp b/init/service_parser.cpp
index d46e1f7544bd..bd6930065e81 100644
--- a/init/service_parser.cpp
+++ b/init/service_parser.cpp
@@ -27,7 +27,6 @@
 #include <android-base/parseint.h>
 #include <android-base/properties.h>
 #include <android-base/strings.h>
-#include <hidl-util/FQName.h>
 #include <processgroup/processgroup.h>
 #include <system/thread_defs.h>
 
@@ -52,6 +51,18 @@ using android::base::StartsWith;
 namespace android {
 namespace init {
 
+#ifdef INIT_FULL_SOURCES
+// on full sources, we have better information on device to
+// make this decision
+constexpr bool kAlwaysErrorUserRoot = false;
+#else
+constexpr uint64_t kBuildShippingApiLevel = BUILD_SHIPPING_API_LEVEL + 0 /* +0 if empty */;
+// on partial sources, the host build, we don't have the specific
+// vendor API level, but we can enforce things based on the
+// shipping API level.
+constexpr bool kAlwaysErrorUserRoot = kBuildShippingApiLevel > __ANDROID_API_V__;
+#endif
+
 Result<void> ServiceParser::ParseCapabilities(std::vector<std::string>&& args) {
     service_->capabilities_ = 0;
 
@@ -179,8 +190,9 @@ Result<void> ServiceParser::ParsePriority(std::vector<std::string>&& args) {
     if (!ParseInt(args[1], &service_->proc_attr_.priority,
                   static_cast<int>(ANDROID_PRIORITY_HIGHEST),  // highest is negative
                   static_cast<int>(ANDROID_PRIORITY_LOWEST))) {
-        return Errorf("process priority value must be range {} - {}", ANDROID_PRIORITY_HIGHEST,
-                      ANDROID_PRIORITY_LOWEST);
+        return Errorf("process priority value must be range {} - {}",
+                      static_cast<int>(ANDROID_PRIORITY_HIGHEST),
+                      static_cast<int>(ANDROID_PRIORITY_LOWEST));
     }
     return {};
 }
@@ -188,24 +200,6 @@ Result<void> ServiceParser::ParsePriority(std::vector<std::string>&& args) {
 Result<void> ServiceParser::ParseInterface(std::vector<std::string>&& args) {
     const std::string& interface_name = args[1];
     const std::string& instance_name = args[2];
-
-    // AIDL services don't use fully qualified names and instead just use "interface aidl <name>"
-    if (interface_name != "aidl") {
-        FQName fq_name;
-        if (!FQName::parse(interface_name, &fq_name)) {
-            return Error() << "Invalid fully-qualified name for interface '" << interface_name
-                           << "'";
-        }
-
-        if (!fq_name.isFullyQualified()) {
-            return Error() << "Interface name not fully-qualified '" << interface_name << "'";
-        }
-
-        if (fq_name.isValidValueName()) {
-            return Error() << "Interface name must not be a value name '" << interface_name << "'";
-        }
-    }
-
     const std::string fullname = interface_name + "/" + instance_name;
 
     for (const auto& svc : *service_list_) {
@@ -315,7 +309,13 @@ Result<void> ServiceParser::ParseOverride(std::vector<std::string>&& args) {
     return {};
 }
 
+Result<void> ServiceParser::ParseSharedKallsyms(std::vector<std::string>&& args) {
+    service_->shared_kallsyms_file_ = true;
+    return {};
+}
+
 Result<void> ServiceParser::ParseMemcgSwappiness(std::vector<std::string>&& args) {
+    LOG(WARNING) << "memcg.swappiness is unsupported with memcg v2 and will be deprecated";
     if (!ParseInt(args[1], &service_->swappiness_, 0)) {
         return Error() << "swappiness value must be equal or greater than 0";
     }
@@ -370,8 +370,8 @@ Result<void> ServiceParser::ParseRebootOnFailure(std::vector<std::string>&& args
 
 Result<void> ServiceParser::ParseRestartPeriod(std::vector<std::string>&& args) {
     int period;
-    if (!ParseInt(args[1], &period, 5)) {
-        return Error() << "restart_period value must be an integer >= 5";
+    if (!ParseInt(args[1], &period, 0)) {
+        return Error() << "restart_period value must be an integer >= 0";
     }
     service_->restart_period_ = std::chrono::seconds(period);
     return {};
@@ -544,12 +544,9 @@ Result<void> ServiceParser::ParseUser(std::vector<std::string>&& args) {
 // when we migrate to cgroups v2 while these hardcoded paths stay the same.
 static std::optional<const std::string> ConvertTaskFileToProfile(const std::string& file) {
     static const std::map<const std::string, const std::string> map = {
-            {"/dev/stune/top-app/tasks", "MaxPerformance"},
-            {"/dev/stune/foreground/tasks", "HighPerformance"},
             {"/dev/cpuset/camera-daemon/tasks", "CameraServiceCapacity"},
             {"/dev/cpuset/foreground/tasks", "ProcessCapacityHigh"},
             {"/dev/cpuset/system-background/tasks", "ServiceCapacityLow"},
-            {"/dev/stune/nnapi-hal/tasks", "NNApiHALPerformance"},
             {"/dev/blkio/background/tasks", "LowIoPriority"},
     };
     auto iter = map.find(file);
@@ -612,6 +609,7 @@ const KeywordMap<ServiceParser::OptionParser>& ServiceParser::GetParserMap() con
         {"rlimit",                  {3,     3,    &ServiceParser::ParseProcessRlimit}},
         {"seclabel",                {1,     1,    &ServiceParser::ParseSeclabel}},
         {"setenv",                  {2,     2,    &ServiceParser::ParseSetenv}},
+        {"shared_kallsyms",         {0,     0,    &ServiceParser::ParseSharedKallsyms}},
         {"shutdown",                {1,     1,    &ServiceParser::ParseShutdown}},
         {"sigstop",                 {0,     0,    &ServiceParser::ParseSigstop}},
         {"socket",                  {3,     6,    &ServiceParser::ParseSocket}},
@@ -679,20 +677,13 @@ Result<void> ServiceParser::EndSection() {
     }
 
     if (service_->proc_attr_.parsed_uid == std::nullopt) {
-        if (android::base::GetIntProperty("ro.vendor.api_level", 0) > __ANDROID_API_U__) {
+        if (kAlwaysErrorUserRoot ||
+            android::base::GetIntProperty("ro.vendor.api_level", 0) > 202404) {
             return Error() << "No user specified for service '" << service_->name()
-                           << "'. Defaults to root.";
+                           << "', so it would have been root.";
         } else {
             LOG(WARNING) << "No user specified for service '" << service_->name()
-                         << "'. Defaults to root.";
-        }
-    }
-
-    if (interface_inheritance_hierarchy_) {
-        if (const auto& check_hierarchy_result = CheckInterfaceInheritanceHierarchy(
-                    service_->interfaces(), *interface_inheritance_hierarchy_);
-            !check_hierarchy_result.ok()) {
-            return Error() << check_hierarchy_result.error();
+                         << "', so it is root.";
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/init/service_parser.h b/init/service_parser.h
index 670a5c6cd494..e42b62b5cc6e 100644
--- a/init/service_parser.h
+++ b/init/service_parser.h
@@ -18,7 +18,6 @@
 
 #include <vector>
 
-#include "interface_utils.h"
 #include "parser.h"
 #include "service.h"
 #include "service_list.h"
@@ -29,13 +28,8 @@ namespace init {
 
 class ServiceParser : public SectionParser {
   public:
-    ServiceParser(
-            ServiceList* service_list, Subcontext* subcontext,
-            const std::optional<InterfaceInheritanceHierarchyMap>& interface_inheritance_hierarchy)
-        : service_list_(service_list),
-          subcontext_(subcontext),
-          interface_inheritance_hierarchy_(interface_inheritance_hierarchy),
-          service_(nullptr) {}
+    ServiceParser(ServiceList* service_list, Subcontext* subcontext)
+        : service_list_(service_list), subcontext_(subcontext), service_(nullptr) {}
     Result<void> ParseSection(std::vector<std::string>&& args, const std::string& filename,
                               int line) override;
     Result<void> ParseLineSection(std::vector<std::string>&& args, int line) override;
@@ -73,6 +67,7 @@ class ServiceParser : public SectionParser {
     Result<void> ParseRestartPeriod(std::vector<std::string>&& args);
     Result<void> ParseSeclabel(std::vector<std::string>&& args);
     Result<void> ParseSetenv(std::vector<std::string>&& args);
+    Result<void> ParseSharedKallsyms(std::vector<std::string>&& args);
     Result<void> ParseShutdown(std::vector<std::string>&& args);
     Result<void> ParseSigstop(std::vector<std::string>&& args);
     Result<void> ParseSocket(std::vector<std::string>&& args);
@@ -88,7 +83,6 @@ class ServiceParser : public SectionParser {
 
     ServiceList* service_list_;
     Subcontext* subcontext_;
-    std::optional<InterfaceInheritanceHierarchyMap> interface_inheritance_hierarchy_;
     std::unique_ptr<Service> service_;
     std::string filename_;
 };
diff --git a/init/service_test.cpp b/init/service_test.cpp
index 87a2ce524d7d..d75d4f1ecb91 100644
--- a/init/service_test.cpp
+++ b/init/service_test.cpp
@@ -17,18 +17,46 @@
 #include "service.h"
 
 #include <algorithm>
+#include <fstream>
 #include <memory>
 #include <type_traits>
 #include <vector>
 
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
 
+#include <android-base/file.h>
+#include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
+#include <android-base/strings.h>
+#include <fstab/fstab.h>
+#include <selinux/selinux.h>
+#include <sys/signalfd.h>
 #include "lmkd_service.h"
+#include "reboot.h"
+#include "service.h"
+#include "service_list.h"
+#include "service_parser.h"
 #include "util.h"
 
+using ::android::base::ReadFileToString;
+using ::android::base::StringPrintf;
+using ::android::base::StringReplace;
+using ::android::base::unique_fd;
+using ::android::base::WriteStringToFd;
+using ::android::base::WriteStringToFile;
+
 namespace android {
 namespace init {
 
+static std::string GetSecurityContext() {
+    char* ctx;
+    if (getcon(&ctx) == -1) {
+        ADD_FAILURE() << "Failed to call getcon : " << strerror(errno);
+    }
+    std::string result{ctx};
+    freecon(ctx);
+    return result;
+}
+
 TEST(service, pod_initialized) {
     constexpr auto memory_size = sizeof(Service);
     alignas(alignof(Service)) unsigned char old_memory[memory_size];
@@ -190,5 +218,137 @@ TEST(service, make_temporary_oneshot_service_with_just_command_no_dash) {
     Test_make_temporary_oneshot_service(false, false, false, false, false);
 }
 
+// Returns the path in the v2 cgroup hierarchy for a given process in the format /uid_%d/pid_%d.
+static std::string CgroupPath(pid_t pid) {
+    std::string cgroup_path = StringPrintf("/proc/%d/cgroup", pid);
+    std::ifstream is(cgroup_path, std::ios::in);
+    std::string line;
+    while (std::getline(is, line)) {
+        if (line.substr(0, 3) == "0::") {
+            return line.substr(3);
+        }
+    }
+    return {};
+}
+
+class ServiceStopTest : public testing::TestWithParam<bool> {};
+
+// Before November 2023, processes that were migrated to another v2 cgroup were ignored by
+// Service::Stop() if their uid_%d/pid_%d cgroup directory got removed. This test, if run with the
+// parameter set to 'true', verifies that such services are stopped.
+TEST_P(ServiceStopTest, stop) {
+    if (getuid() != 0) {
+        GTEST_SKIP() << "Must be run as root.";
+        return;
+    }
+
+    static constexpr std::string_view kServiceName = "ServiceA";
+    static constexpr std::string_view kScriptTemplate = R"init(
+service $name /system/bin/yes
+    user shell
+    group shell
+    seclabel $selabel
+)init";
+
+    std::string script = StringReplace(StringReplace(kScriptTemplate, "$name", kServiceName, false),
+                                       "$selabel", GetSecurityContext(), false);
+    ServiceList& service_list = ServiceList::GetInstance();
+    Parser parser;
+    parser.AddSectionParser("service", std::make_unique<ServiceParser>(&service_list, nullptr));
+
+    TemporaryFile tf;
+    ASSERT_GE(tf.fd, 0);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(WriteStringToFd(script, tf.fd));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(parser.ParseConfig(tf.path));
+
+    Service* const service = ServiceList::GetInstance().FindService(kServiceName);
+    ASSERT_NE(service, nullptr);
+    ASSERT_RESULT_OK(service->Start());
+    ASSERT_TRUE(service->IsRunning());
+    if (GetParam()) {
+        const pid_t pid = service->pid();
+        const std::string cgroup_path = CgroupPath(pid);
+        EXPECT_NE(cgroup_path, "");
+        EXPECT_NE(cgroup_path, "/");
+        const std::string pid_str = std::to_string(pid);
+        EXPECT_TRUE(WriteStringToFile(pid_str, "/sys/fs/cgroup/cgroup.procs"));
+        EXPECT_EQ(CgroupPath(pid), "/");
+        EXPECT_EQ(rmdir(("/sys/fs/cgroup" + cgroup_path).c_str()), 0);
+    }
+    EXPECT_EQ(0, StopServicesAndLogViolations({service->name()}, 10s, /*terminate=*/true));
+    ServiceList::GetInstance().RemoveService(*service);
+}
+
+INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(service, ServiceStopTest, testing::Values(false, true));
+
+// Entering a network namespace requires remounting sysfs to update contents of
+// /sys/class/net whose contents depend on the network namespace of the process
+// that mounted it rather than the effective network namespace of the reading
+// process.
+//
+// A side effect of the remounting is unmounting all filesystems mounted under
+// /sys, like tracefs. Verify that init doesn't leave them unmounted by
+// accident.
+TEST(service, enter_namespace_net_preserves_mounts) {
+    if (getuid() != 0) {
+        GTEST_SKIP() << "Must be run as root.";
+        return;
+    }
+
+    struct ScopedNetNs {
+        std::string name;
+        ScopedNetNs(std::string n) : name(n) {
+            EXPECT_EQ(system(("/system/bin/ip netns add " + name).c_str()), 0);
+        }
+        ~ScopedNetNs() { EXPECT_EQ(system(("/system/bin/ip netns delete " + name).c_str()), 0); }
+    };
+    const ScopedNetNs netns("test_ns");
+
+    static constexpr std::string_view kServiceName = "ServiceA";
+    static constexpr std::string_view kScriptTemplate = R"init(
+service $name /system/bin/yes
+    user shell
+    group shell
+    seclabel $selabel
+    enter_namespace net /mnt/run/$ns_name
+)init";
+
+    std::string script = StringReplace(kScriptTemplate, "$name", kServiceName, false);
+    script = StringReplace(script, "$selabel", GetSecurityContext(), false);
+    script = StringReplace(script, "$ns_name", netns.name, false);
+
+    ServiceList& service_list = ServiceList::GetInstance();
+    Parser parser;
+    parser.AddSectionParser("service", std::make_unique<ServiceParser>(&service_list, nullptr));
+
+    TemporaryFile tf;
+    ASSERT_GE(tf.fd, 0);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(WriteStringToFd(script, tf.fd));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(parser.ParseConfig(tf.path));
+
+    Service* const service = ServiceList::GetInstance().FindService(kServiceName);
+    ASSERT_NE(service, nullptr);
+    ASSERT_RESULT_OK(service->Start());
+    ASSERT_TRUE(service->IsRunning());
+
+    android::fs_mgr::Fstab root_mounts;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(ReadFstabFromFile("/proc/mounts", &root_mounts));
+
+    android::fs_mgr::Fstab ns_mounts;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(ReadFstabFromFile(StringReplace("/proc/$pid/mounts", "$pid",
+                                                std::to_string(service->pid()), /*all=*/false),
+                                  &ns_mounts));
+
+    for (const auto& expected_mount : root_mounts) {
+        auto it = std::find_if(ns_mounts.begin(), ns_mounts.end(), [&](const auto& ns_mount) {
+            return ns_mount.mount_point == expected_mount.mount_point;
+        });
+        EXPECT_TRUE(it != ns_mounts.end()) << StringPrintf(
+                "entering network namespace unmounted %s", expected_mount.mount_point.c_str());
+    }
+
+    ServiceList::GetInstance().RemoveService(*service);
+}
+
 }  // namespace init
 }  // namespace android
diff --git a/init/service_utils.cpp b/init/service_utils.cpp
index 0e19bcc58c25..8d9a046a3043 100644
--- a/init/service_utils.cpp
+++ b/init/service_utils.cpp
@@ -18,11 +18,11 @@
 
 #include <fcntl.h>
 #include <grp.h>
-#include <map>
 #include <sys/mount.h>
 #include <sys/prctl.h>
 #include <sys/wait.h>
 #include <unistd.h>
+#include <map>
 
 #include <android-base/file.h>
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@
 #include <android-base/strings.h>
 #include <cutils/android_get_control_file.h>
 #include <cutils/sockets.h>
+#include <fstab/fstab.h>
 #include <processgroup/processgroup.h>
 
 #include "mount_namespace.h"
@@ -82,12 +83,39 @@ Result<void> SetUpMountNamespace(bool remount_proc, bool remount_sys) {
         }
     }
     if (remount_sys) {
+        android::fs_mgr::Fstab mounts;
+        if (!ReadFstabFromFile("/proc/mounts", &mounts)) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "Could not read /proc/mounts";
+        }
         if (umount2("/sys", MNT_DETACH) == -1) {
             return ErrnoError() << "Could not umount(/sys)";
         }
-        if (mount("", "/sys", "sysfs", kSafeFlags, "") == -1) {
+        if (mount("sysfs", "/sys", "sysfs", kSafeFlags, "") == -1) {
             return ErrnoError() << "Could not mount(/sys)";
         }
+        // Unmounting /sys also unmounts all nested mounts like tracefs.
+        //
+        // Look up the filesystems that were mounted under /sys before we wiped
+        // it and attempt to restore them.
+        for (const auto& entry : mounts) {
+            // Never mount /sys/kernel/debug/tracing. This is the *one* mount
+            // that is special within Linux kernel: for backward compatibility
+            // tracefs gets auto-mounted there whenever one mounts debugfs [1].
+            //
+            // Attempting to mount the filesystem here will cause SELinux
+            // denials, because unlike *all other* filesystems in Android, it's
+            // not init who mounted it so there's no policy that would allow it.
+            //
+            // [1] https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/20150204143755.694479564@goodmis.org/
+            if (entry.mount_point.starts_with("/sys/") &&
+                entry.mount_point != "/sys/kernel/debug/tracing") {
+                if (mount(entry.blk_device.c_str(), entry.mount_point.c_str(),
+                          entry.fs_type.c_str(), entry.flags, "")) {
+                    LOG(WARNING) << "Could not mount(" << entry.mount_point
+                                 << ") after switching netns: " << ErrnoError().str();
+                }
+            }
+        }
     }
     return {};
 }
diff --git a/init/sigchld_handler.cpp b/init/sigchld_handler.cpp
index f8c501f8a832..8e9e713c4840 100644
--- a/init/sigchld_handler.cpp
+++ b/init/sigchld_handler.cpp
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
 
 #include <signal.h>
 #include <string.h>
+#include <sys/signalfd.h>
 #include <sys/socket.h>
 #include <sys/types.h>
 #include <sys/wait.h>
@@ -31,6 +32,7 @@
 
 #include <thread>
 
+#include "epoll.h"
 #include "init.h"
 #include "service.h"
 #include "service_list.h"
@@ -116,33 +118,76 @@ static pid_t ReapOneProcess() {
     return pid;
 }
 
-void ReapAnyOutstandingChildren() {
-    while (ReapOneProcess() != 0) {
+std::set<pid_t> ReapAnyOutstandingChildren() {
+    std::set<pid_t> reaped_pids;
+    for (;;) {
+        const pid_t pid = ReapOneProcess();
+        if (pid <= 0) {
+            return reaped_pids;
+        }
+        reaped_pids.emplace(pid);
     }
 }
 
-void WaitToBeReaped(const std::vector<pid_t>& pids, std::chrono::milliseconds timeout) {
+static void ReapAndRemove(std::vector<pid_t>& alive_pids) {
+    for (auto pid : ReapAnyOutstandingChildren()) {
+        const auto it = std::find(alive_pids.begin(), alive_pids.end(), pid);
+        if (it != alive_pids.end()) {
+            alive_pids.erase(it);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+static void HandleSignal(int signal_fd) {
+    signalfd_siginfo siginfo;
+    ssize_t bytes_read = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(read(signal_fd, &siginfo, sizeof(siginfo)));
+    if (bytes_read != sizeof(siginfo)) {
+        LOG(WARNING) << "Unexpected: " << __func__ << " read " << bytes_read << " bytes instead of "
+                     << sizeof(siginfo);
+    }
+}
+
+void WaitToBeReaped(int sigchld_fd, const std::vector<pid_t>& pids,
+                    std::chrono::milliseconds timeout) {
     Timer t;
-    std::vector<pid_t> alive_pids(pids.begin(), pids.end());
-    while (!alive_pids.empty() && t.duration() < timeout) {
-        pid_t pid;
-        while ((pid = ReapOneProcess()) != 0) {
-            auto it = std::find(alive_pids.begin(), alive_pids.end(), pid);
-            if (it != alive_pids.end()) {
-                alive_pids.erase(it);
+    Epoll epoll;
+    if (sigchld_fd >= 0) {
+        if (auto result = epoll.Open(); result.ok()) {
+            result =
+                    epoll.RegisterHandler(sigchld_fd, [sigchld_fd]() { HandleSignal(sigchld_fd); });
+            if (!result.ok()) {
+                LOG(WARNING) << __func__
+                             << " RegisterHandler() failed. Falling back to sleep_for(): "
+                             << result.error();
+                sigchld_fd = -1;
             }
+        } else {
+            LOG(WARNING) << __func__ << " Epoll::Open() failed. Falling back to sleep_for(): "
+                         << result.error();
+            sigchld_fd = -1;
         }
-        if (alive_pids.empty()) {
-            break;
+    }
+    std::vector<pid_t> alive_pids(pids);
+    ReapAndRemove(alive_pids);
+    while (!alive_pids.empty() && t.duration() < timeout) {
+        if (sigchld_fd >= 0) {
+            auto result = epoll.Wait(std::max(timeout - t.duration(), 0ms));
+            if (result.ok()) {
+                ReapAndRemove(alive_pids);
+                continue;
+            } else {
+                LOG(WARNING) << "Epoll::Wait() failed " << result.error();
+            }
         }
         std::this_thread::sleep_for(50ms);
+        ReapAndRemove(alive_pids);
     }
     LOG(INFO) << "Waiting for " << pids.size() << " pids to be reaped took " << t << " with "
               << alive_pids.size() << " of them still running";
-    for (pid_t pid : pids) {
+    for (pid_t pid : alive_pids) {
         std::string status = "(no-such-pid)";
         ReadFileToString(StringPrintf("/proc/%d/status", pid), &status);
-        LOG(INFO) << "Still running: " << pid << ' ' << status;
+        LOG(INFO) << "Still running: " << pid << '\n' << status;
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/init/sigchld_handler.h b/init/sigchld_handler.h
index fac10201e5ff..535130296504 100644
--- a/init/sigchld_handler.h
+++ b/init/sigchld_handler.h
@@ -18,14 +18,16 @@
 #define _INIT_SIGCHLD_HANDLER_H_
 
 #include <chrono>
+#include <set>
 #include <vector>
 
 namespace android {
 namespace init {
 
-void ReapAnyOutstandingChildren();
+std::set<pid_t> ReapAnyOutstandingChildren();
 
-void WaitToBeReaped(const std::vector<pid_t>& pids, std::chrono::milliseconds timeout);
+void WaitToBeReaped(int sigchld_fd, const std::vector<pid_t>& pids,
+                    std::chrono::milliseconds timeout);
 
 }  // namespace init
 }  // namespace android
diff --git a/init/snapuserd_transition.cpp b/init/snapuserd_transition.cpp
index 3a9ff5bd713d..2370bc2050ef 100644
--- a/init/snapuserd_transition.cpp
+++ b/init/snapuserd_transition.cpp
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@
 #include <filesystem>
 #include <string>
 #include <string_view>
+#include <thread>
 
 #include <android-base/file.h>
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
@@ -61,7 +62,7 @@ static constexpr char kSnapuserdFirstStageInfoVar[] = "FIRST_STAGE_SNAPUSERD_INF
 static constexpr char kSnapuserdLabel[] = "u:object_r:snapuserd_exec:s0";
 static constexpr char kSnapuserdSocketLabel[] = "u:object_r:snapuserd_socket:s0";
 
-void LaunchFirstStageSnapuserd(SnapshotDriver driver) {
+void LaunchFirstStageSnapuserd() {
     SocketDescriptor socket_desc;
     socket_desc.name = android::snapshot::kSnapuserdSocket;
     socket_desc.type = SOCK_STREAM;
@@ -84,22 +85,13 @@ void LaunchFirstStageSnapuserd(SnapshotDriver driver) {
     if (pid == 0) {
         socket->Publish();
 
-        if (driver == SnapshotDriver::DM_USER) {
-            char arg0[] = "/system/bin/snapuserd";
-            char arg1[] = "-user_snapshot";
-            char* const argv[] = {arg0, arg1, nullptr};
-            if (execv(arg0, argv) < 0) {
-                PLOG(FATAL) << "Cannot launch snapuserd; execv failed";
-            }
-            _exit(127);
-        } else {
-            char arg0[] = "/system/bin/snapuserd";
-            char* const argv[] = {arg0, nullptr};
-            if (execv(arg0, argv) < 0) {
-                PLOG(FATAL) << "Cannot launch snapuserd; execv failed";
-            }
-            _exit(127);
+        char arg0[] = "/system/bin/snapuserd";
+        char arg1[] = "-user_snapshot";
+        char* const argv[] = {arg0, arg1, nullptr};
+        if (execv(arg0, argv) < 0) {
+            PLOG(FATAL) << "Cannot launch snapuserd; execv failed";
         }
+        _exit(127);
     }
 
     auto client = SnapuserdClient::Connect(android::snapshot::kSnapuserdSocket, 10s);
@@ -108,6 +100,10 @@ void LaunchFirstStageSnapuserd(SnapshotDriver driver) {
     }
     if (client->SupportsSecondStageSocketHandoff()) {
         setenv(kSnapuserdFirstStageInfoVar, "socket", 1);
+        auto sm = SnapshotManager::NewForFirstStageMount();
+        if (!sm->MarkSnapuserdFromSystem()) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to update MarkSnapuserdFromSystem";
+        }
     }
 
     setenv(kSnapuserdFirstStagePidVar, std::to_string(pid).c_str(), 1);
@@ -194,22 +190,20 @@ static void LockAllSystemPages() {
             return;
         }
         auto start = reinterpret_cast<const void*>(map.start);
-        auto len = map.end - map.start;
+        uint64_t len = android::procinfo::MappedFileSize(map);
         if (!len) {
             return;
         }
+
         if (mlock(start, len) < 0) {
-            LOG(ERROR) << "mlock failed, " << start << " for " << len << " bytes.";
+            PLOG(ERROR) << "\"" << map.name << "\": mlock(" << start << ", " << len
+                        << ") failed: pgoff = " << map.pgoff;
             ok = false;
         }
     };
 
     if (!android::procinfo::ReadProcessMaps(getpid(), callback) || !ok) {
-        LOG(FATAL) << "Could not process /proc/" << getpid() << "/maps file for init, "
-                   << "falling back to mlockall().";
-        if (mlockall(MCL_CURRENT) < 0) {
-            LOG(FATAL) << "mlockall failed";
-        }
+        LOG(FATAL) << "Could not process /proc/" << getpid() << "/maps file for init";
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/init/snapuserd_transition.h b/init/snapuserd_transition.h
index 557d10587aaa..e86e8daa18fb 100644
--- a/init/snapuserd_transition.h
+++ b/init/snapuserd_transition.h
@@ -29,13 +29,8 @@
 namespace android {
 namespace init {
 
-enum class SnapshotDriver {
-    DM_SNAPSHOT,
-    DM_USER,
-};
-
 // Fork and exec a new copy of snapuserd.
-void LaunchFirstStageSnapuserd(SnapshotDriver driver);
+void LaunchFirstStageSnapuserd();
 
 class SnapuserdSelinuxHelper final {
     using SnapshotManager = android::snapshot::SnapshotManager;
diff --git a/init/subcontext.cpp b/init/subcontext.cpp
index 6a095fb7ba88..3fe448fe342e 100644
--- a/init/subcontext.cpp
+++ b/init/subcontext.cpp
@@ -263,6 +263,10 @@ bool Subcontext::PathMatchesSubcontext(const std::string& path) const {
     return false;
 }
 
+bool Subcontext::PartitionMatchesSubcontext(const std::string& partition) const {
+    return std::find(partitions_.begin(), partitions_.end(), partition) != partitions_.end();
+}
+
 void Subcontext::SetApexList(std::vector<std::string>&& apex_list) {
     apex_list_ = std::move(apex_list);
 }
@@ -352,12 +356,13 @@ void InitializeSubcontext() {
     }
 
     if (SelinuxGetVendorAndroidVersion() >= __ANDROID_API_P__) {
-        subcontext.reset(
-                new Subcontext(std::vector<std::string>{"/vendor", "/odm"}, kVendorContext));
+        subcontext.reset(new Subcontext(std::vector<std::string>{"/vendor", "/odm"},
+                                        std::vector<std::string>{"VENDOR", "ODM"}, kVendorContext));
     }
 }
+
 void InitializeHostSubcontext(std::vector<std::string> vendor_prefixes) {
-    subcontext.reset(new Subcontext(vendor_prefixes, kVendorContext, /*host=*/true));
+    subcontext.reset(new Subcontext(vendor_prefixes, {}, kVendorContext, /*host=*/true));
 }
 
 Subcontext* GetSubcontext() {
diff --git a/init/subcontext.h b/init/subcontext.h
index 93ebacea27c0..23c4a241c98f 100644
--- a/init/subcontext.h
+++ b/init/subcontext.h
@@ -36,8 +36,10 @@ static constexpr const char kTestContext[] = "test-test-test";
 
 class Subcontext {
   public:
-    Subcontext(std::vector<std::string> path_prefixes, std::string_view context, bool host = false)
+    Subcontext(std::vector<std::string> path_prefixes, std::vector<std::string> partitions,
+               std::string_view context, bool host = false)
         : path_prefixes_(std::move(path_prefixes)),
+          partitions_(std::move(partitions)),
           context_(context.begin(), context.end()),
           pid_(0) {
         if (!host) {
@@ -49,6 +51,7 @@ class Subcontext {
     Result<std::vector<std::string>> ExpandArgs(const std::vector<std::string>& args);
     void Restart();
     bool PathMatchesSubcontext(const std::string& path) const;
+    bool PartitionMatchesSubcontext(const std::string& partition) const;
     void SetApexList(std::vector<std::string>&& apex_list);
 
     const std::string& context() const { return context_; }
@@ -59,6 +62,7 @@ class Subcontext {
     Result<SubcontextReply> TransmitMessage(const SubcontextCommand& subcontext_command);
 
     std::vector<std::string> path_prefixes_;
+    std::vector<std::string> partitions_;
     std::vector<std::string> apex_list_;
     std::string context_;
     pid_t pid_;
diff --git a/init/subcontext_benchmark.cpp b/init/subcontext_benchmark.cpp
index ccef2f36ac3c..172ee3173484 100644
--- a/init/subcontext_benchmark.cpp
+++ b/init/subcontext_benchmark.cpp
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ static void BenchmarkSuccess(benchmark::State& state) {
         return;
     }
 
-    auto subcontext = Subcontext({"path"}, context);
+    auto subcontext = Subcontext({"path"}, {"partition"}, context);
     free(context);
 
     while (state.KeepRunning()) {
diff --git a/init/subcontext_test.cpp b/init/subcontext_test.cpp
index da1f4555036b..85a2f2a944a4 100644
--- a/init/subcontext_test.cpp
+++ b/init/subcontext_test.cpp
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ namespace init {
 
 template <typename F>
 void RunTest(F&& test_function) {
-    auto subcontext = Subcontext({"dummy_path"}, kTestContext);
+    auto subcontext = Subcontext({"dummy_path"}, {"dummy_partition"}, kTestContext);
     ASSERT_NE(0, subcontext.pid());
 
     test_function(subcontext);
@@ -177,6 +177,19 @@ TEST(subcontext, ExpandArgsFailure) {
     });
 }
 
+TEST(subcontext, PartitionMatchesSubcontext) {
+    RunTest([](auto& subcontext) {
+        static auto& existent_partition = "dummy_partition";
+        static auto& non_existent_partition = "not_dummy_partition";
+
+        auto existent_result = subcontext.PartitionMatchesSubcontext(existent_partition);
+        auto non_existent_result = subcontext.PartitionMatchesSubcontext(non_existent_partition);
+
+        ASSERT_TRUE(existent_result);
+        ASSERT_FALSE(non_existent_result);
+    });
+}
+
 BuiltinFunctionMap BuildTestFunctionMap() {
     // For CheckDifferentPid
     auto do_return_pids_as_error = [](const BuiltinArguments& args) -> Result<void> {
diff --git a/init/sysprop/Android.bp b/init/sysprop/Android.bp
deleted file mode 100644
index 296cdc16dbf1..000000000000
--- a/init/sysprop/Android.bp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,16 +0,0 @@
-package {
-    // See: http://go/android-license-faq
-    // A large-scale-change added 'default_applicable_licenses' to import
-    // all of the 'license_kinds' from "system_core_init_license"
-    // to get the below license kinds:
-    //   SPDX-license-identifier-Apache-2.0
-    default_applicable_licenses: ["system_core_init_license"],
-}
-
-sysprop_library {
-  name: "com.android.sysprop.init",
-  srcs: ["InitProperties.sysprop"],
-  property_owner: "Platform",
-  api_packages: ["android.sysprop"],
-  recovery_available: true,
-}
diff --git a/init/sysprop/InitProperties.sysprop b/init/sysprop/InitProperties.sysprop
deleted file mode 100644
index 24c2434d0d33..000000000000
--- a/init/sysprop/InitProperties.sysprop
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,36 +0,0 @@
-# Copyright (C) 2019 The Android Open Source Project
-#
-# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-# You may obtain a copy of the License at
-#
-#      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-#
-# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-# limitations under the License.
-
-owner: Platform
-module: "android.sysprop.InitProperties"
-
-# Serves as a signal to all processes that userspace reboot is happening.
-prop {
-    api_name: "userspace_reboot_in_progress"
-    type: Boolean
-    scope: Public
-    access: ReadWrite
-    prop_name: "sys.init.userspace_reboot.in_progress"
-    integer_as_bool: true
-}
-
-# Shows whenever the device supports userspace reboot or not.
-prop {
-    api_name: "is_userspace_reboot_supported"
-    type: Boolean
-    scope: Public
-    access: Readonly
-    prop_name: "init.userspace_reboot.is_supported"
-    integer_as_bool: true
-}
diff --git a/init/sysprop/api/com.android.sysprop.init-current.txt b/init/sysprop/api/com.android.sysprop.init-current.txt
deleted file mode 100644
index 01f4e9a91367..000000000000
--- a/init/sysprop/api/com.android.sysprop.init-current.txt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,14 +0,0 @@
-props {
-  module: "android.sysprop.InitProperties"
-  prop {
-    api_name: "is_userspace_reboot_supported"
-    prop_name: "init.userspace_reboot.is_supported"
-    integer_as_bool: true
-  }
-  prop {
-    api_name: "userspace_reboot_in_progress"
-    access: ReadWrite
-    prop_name: "sys.init.userspace_reboot.in_progress"
-    integer_as_bool: true
-  }
-}
diff --git a/init/sysprop/api/com.android.sysprop.init-latest.txt b/init/sysprop/api/com.android.sysprop.init-latest.txt
deleted file mode 100644
index 01f4e9a91367..000000000000
--- a/init/sysprop/api/com.android.sysprop.init-latest.txt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,14 +0,0 @@
-props {
-  module: "android.sysprop.InitProperties"
-  prop {
-    api_name: "is_userspace_reboot_supported"
-    prop_name: "init.userspace_reboot.is_supported"
-    integer_as_bool: true
-  }
-  prop {
-    api_name: "userspace_reboot_in_progress"
-    access: ReadWrite
-    prop_name: "sys.init.userspace_reboot.in_progress"
-    integer_as_bool: true
-  }
-}
diff --git a/init/test_kill_services/Android.bp b/init/test_kill_services/Android.bp
index 37361a813c57..ada87d804941 100644
--- a/init/test_kill_services/Android.bp
+++ b/init/test_kill_services/Android.bp
@@ -10,7 +10,10 @@ package {
 cc_test {
     name: "init_kill_services_test",
     srcs: ["init_kill_services_test.cpp"],
-    shared_libs: ["libbase"],
+    shared_libs: [
+        "libbase",
+        "libhidlbase",
+    ],
     test_suites: ["general-tests"],
 
     // TODO(b/153565474): switch back to auto-generation
diff --git a/init/test_kill_services/OWNERS b/init/test_kill_services/OWNERS
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..40164aae0c50
--- /dev/null
+++ b/init/test_kill_services/OWNERS
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+smoreland@google.com
diff --git a/init/test_kill_services/init_kill_services_test.cpp b/init/test_kill_services/init_kill_services_test.cpp
index 53557032153f..efba9f677700 100644
--- a/init/test_kill_services/init_kill_services_test.cpp
+++ b/init/test_kill_services/init_kill_services_test.cpp
@@ -16,14 +16,31 @@
 
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
 
+#include <android-base/logging.h>
 #include <android-base/properties.h>
+#include <hidl/ServiceManagement.h>
 
 #include <iostream>
 
 using ::android::base::GetProperty;
 using ::android::base::SetProperty;
+using ::android::base::WaitForProperty;
+using ::android::hardware::isHidlSupported;
+using std::literals::chrono_literals::operator""s;
 
 void ExpectKillingServiceRecovers(const std::string& service_name) {
+    if (!isHidlSupported() && service_name == "hwservicemanager") {
+        GTEST_SKIP() << "No HIDL support on device so hwservicemanager will not be running";
+    }
+    LOG(INFO) << "before we say hi to " << service_name << ", I can't have apexd around!";
+
+    // b/280514080 - servicemanager will restart apexd, and apexd will restart the
+    // system when crashed. This is fine as the device recovers, but it causes
+    // flakes in this test.
+    ASSERT_TRUE(WaitForProperty("init.svc.apexd", "stopped", 120s))
+            << (system("cat /dev/binderfs/binder_logs/state"), "apexd won't stop");
+
+    LOG(INFO) << "hello " << service_name << "!";
     const std::string status_prop = "init.svc." + service_name;
     const std::string pid_prop = "init.svc_debug_pid." + service_name;
 
@@ -32,6 +49,7 @@ void ExpectKillingServiceRecovers(const std::string& service_name) {
     ASSERT_EQ("running", GetProperty(status_prop, "")) << status_prop;
     ASSERT_NE("", initial_pid) << pid_prop;
 
+    LOG(INFO) << "okay, now goodbye " << service_name;
     EXPECT_EQ(0, system(("kill -9 " + initial_pid).c_str()));
 
     constexpr size_t kMaxWaitMilliseconds = 10000;
@@ -42,11 +60,16 @@ void ExpectKillingServiceRecovers(const std::string& service_name) {
     for (size_t retry = 0; retry < kRetryTimes; retry++) {
         const std::string& pid = GetProperty(pid_prop, "");
         if (pid != initial_pid && pid != "") break;
+        LOG(INFO) << "I said goodbye " << service_name << "!";
         usleep(kRetryWaitMilliseconds * 1000);
     }
 
+    LOG(INFO) << "are you still there " << service_name << "?";
+
     // svc_debug_pid is set after svc property
     EXPECT_EQ("running", GetProperty(status_prop, ""));
+
+    LOG(INFO) << "I'm done with " << service_name;
 }
 
 class InitKillServicesTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<std::string> {};
@@ -64,6 +87,25 @@ static inline std::string PrintName(const testing::TestParamInfo<std::string>& i
     return info.param;
 }
 
-INSTANTIATE_TEST_CASE_P(DeathTest, InitKillServicesTest,
-                        ::testing::Values("lmkd", "ueventd", "hwservicemanager", "servicemanager"),
-                        PrintName);
+INSTANTIATE_TEST_CASE_P(
+        DeathTest, InitKillServicesTest,
+        ::testing::Values(
+                // clang-format off
+
+// TODO: we may want a more automatic way of testing this for services based on some
+// criteria (e.g. not disabled), but for now adding core services one at a time
+
+// BEGIN INTERNAL ONLY MERGE GUARD (add things here if internal only, move down later)
+// END INTERNAL ONLY MERGE GUARD
+
+// BEGIN AOSP ONLY (add things here if adding to AOSP)
+    "lmkd",
+    "ueventd",
+    "hwservicemanager",
+    "servicemanager",
+    "system_suspend"
+// END AOSP ONLY
+
+                // clang-format on
+                ),
+        PrintName);
diff --git a/init/test_upgrade_mte/Android.bp b/init/test_upgrade_mte/Android.bp
index 1bfc76c69e7e..dfea325a2633 100644
--- a/init/test_upgrade_mte/Android.bp
+++ b/init/test_upgrade_mte/Android.bp
@@ -17,25 +17,34 @@ package {
 }
 
 cc_binary {
-  name: "mte_upgrade_test_helper",
-  srcs: ["mte_upgrade_test_helper.cpp"],
-  sanitize: {
-    memtag_heap: true,
-    diag: {
-      memtag_heap: false,
+    name: "mte_upgrade_test_helper",
+    srcs: ["mte_upgrade_test_helper.cpp"],
+    sanitize: {
+        memtag_heap: true,
+        diag: {
+            memtag_heap: false,
+        },
     },
-  },
-  init_rc: [
-    "mte_upgrade_test.rc",
-  ],
+    init_rc: [
+        "mte_upgrade_test.rc",
+    ],
 }
 
 java_test_host {
     name: "mte_upgrade_test",
     libs: ["tradefed"],
-    static_libs: ["frameworks-base-hostutils", "cts-install-lib-host"],
-    srcs:  ["src/**/MteUpgradeTest.java", ":libtombstone_proto-src"],
-    data: [":mte_upgrade_test_helper", "mte_upgrade_test.rc" ],
+    static_libs: [
+        "frameworks-base-hostutils",
+        "cts-install-lib-host",
+    ],
+    srcs: [
+        "src/**/MteUpgradeTest.java",
+        ":libtombstone_proto-src",
+    ],
+    device_first_data: [
+        ":mte_upgrade_test_helper",
+        "mte_upgrade_test.rc",
+    ],
     test_config: "AndroidTest.xml",
     test_suites: ["general-tests"],
 }
diff --git a/init/test_upgrade_mte/AndroidTest.xml b/init/test_upgrade_mte/AndroidTest.xml
index b89cde8dfa99..e08afc0879b8 100644
--- a/init/test_upgrade_mte/AndroidTest.xml
+++ b/init/test_upgrade_mte/AndroidTest.xml
@@ -20,11 +20,13 @@
     <target_preparer class="com.android.tradefed.targetprep.PushFilePreparer">
       <option name="cleanup" value="true" />
       <option name="remount-system" value="true" />
-      <option name="push" value="mte_upgrade_test.rc->/system/etc/init/mte_upgrade_test.rc" />
-      <option name="push" value="mte_upgrade_test_helper->/system/bin/mte_upgrade_test_helper" />
-      <option name="push" value="mte_upgrade_test_helper->/data/local/tmp/app_process64" />
+
+      <option name="push-file" key="mte_upgrade_test.rc" value="/system/etc/init/mte_upgrade_test.rc" />
+      <option name="push-file" key="mte_upgrade_test_helper" value="/system/bin/mte_upgrade_test_helper" />
+      <option name="push-file" key="mte_upgrade_test_helper" value="/data/local/tmp/app_process64" />
+      <option name="post-push" value="chmod 644 /system/etc/init/mte_upgrade_test.rc" />
     </target_preparer>
     <test class="com.android.tradefed.testtype.HostTest" >
         <option name="jar" value="mte_upgrade_test.jar" />
     </test>
-</configuration>
\ No newline at end of file
+</configuration>
diff --git a/init/test_upgrade_mte/OWNERS b/init/test_upgrade_mte/OWNERS
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..a49d9cedf04f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/init/test_upgrade_mte/OWNERS
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+fmayer@google.com
+
+pcc@google.com
diff --git a/init/test_upgrade_mte/mte_upgrade_test_helper.cpp b/init/test_upgrade_mte/mte_upgrade_test_helper.cpp
index 6728cc6d099c..c4b175adc4c2 100644
--- a/init/test_upgrade_mte/mte_upgrade_test_helper.cpp
+++ b/init/test_upgrade_mte/mte_upgrade_test_helper.cpp
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@
 #include <sys/prctl.h>
 #include <time.h>
 #include <unistd.h>
+
 #include <memory>
 
 int MaybeDowngrade() {
@@ -65,7 +66,5 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv) {
     // This binary gets run by src/com/android/tests/init/MteUpgradeTest.java, which
     // asserts that it crashes as expected.
     f[17] = 'x';
-    char buf[1];
-    read(1, buf, 1);
     return 0;
 }
diff --git a/init/test_utils/service_utils.cpp b/init/test_utils/service_utils.cpp
index 6426ed9fd800..7002a67d5276 100644
--- a/init/test_utils/service_utils.cpp
+++ b/init/test_utils/service_utils.cpp
@@ -30,8 +30,7 @@ namespace init {
 android::base::Result<ServiceInterfacesMap> GetOnDeviceServiceInterfacesMap() {
     ServiceList& service_list = ServiceList::GetInstance();
     Parser parser;
-    parser.AddSectionParser("service",
-                            std::make_unique<ServiceParser>(&service_list, nullptr, std::nullopt));
+    parser.AddSectionParser("service", std::make_unique<ServiceParser>(&service_list, nullptr));
     for (const auto& location : {
                  "/init.rc",
                  "/system/etc/init",
diff --git a/init/uevent.h b/init/uevent.h
index dc35fd968d3e..e7ed2266e5ec 100644
--- a/init/uevent.h
+++ b/init/uevent.h
@@ -26,8 +26,10 @@ struct Uevent {
     std::string action;
     std::string path;
     std::string subsystem;
+    std::string driver;
     std::string firmware;
     std::string partition_name;
+    std::string partition_uuid;
     std::string device_name;
     std::string modalias;
     int partition_num;
diff --git a/init/uevent_listener.cpp b/init/uevent_listener.cpp
index 5da67777d1f8..d329c174fa91 100644
--- a/init/uevent_listener.cpp
+++ b/init/uevent_listener.cpp
@@ -36,6 +36,7 @@ static void ParseEvent(const char* msg, Uevent* uevent) {
     uevent->action.clear();
     uevent->path.clear();
     uevent->subsystem.clear();
+    uevent->driver.clear();
     uevent->firmware.clear();
     uevent->partition_name.clear();
     uevent->device_name.clear();
@@ -51,6 +52,9 @@ static void ParseEvent(const char* msg, Uevent* uevent) {
         } else if (!strncmp(msg, "SUBSYSTEM=", 10)) {
             msg += 10;
             uevent->subsystem = msg;
+        } else if (!strncmp(msg, "DRIVER=", 7)) {
+            msg += 7;
+            uevent->driver = msg;
         } else if (!strncmp(msg, "FIRMWARE=", 9)) {
             msg += 9;
             uevent->firmware = msg;
@@ -66,6 +70,9 @@ static void ParseEvent(const char* msg, Uevent* uevent) {
         } else if (!strncmp(msg, "PARTNAME=", 9)) {
             msg += 9;
             uevent->partition_name = msg;
+        } else if (!strncmp(msg, "PARTUUID=", 9)) {
+            msg += 9;
+            uevent->partition_uuid = msg;
         } else if (!strncmp(msg, "DEVNAME=", 8)) {
             msg += 8;
             uevent->device_name = msg;
@@ -82,7 +89,7 @@ static void ParseEvent(const char* msg, Uevent* uevent) {
     if (LOG_UEVENTS) {
         LOG(INFO) << "event { '" << uevent->action << "', '" << uevent->path << "', '"
                   << uevent->subsystem << "', '" << uevent->firmware << "', " << uevent->major
-                  << ", " << uevent->minor << " }";
+                  << ", " << uevent->minor << ", " << uevent->partition_uuid << " }";
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/init/ueventd.cpp b/init/ueventd.cpp
index 586e2cf31e27..cb6b851d6850 100644
--- a/init/ueventd.cpp
+++ b/init/ueventd.cpp
@@ -297,6 +297,10 @@ void ColdBoot::Run() {
 }
 
 static UeventdConfiguration GetConfiguration() {
+    if (IsMicrodroid()) {
+        return ParseConfig({"/system/etc/ueventd.rc", "/vendor/etc/ueventd.rc"});
+    }
+
     auto hardware = android::base::GetProperty("ro.hardware", "");
 
     struct LegacyPathInfo {
@@ -349,10 +353,25 @@ int ueventd_main(int argc, char** argv) {
 
     auto ueventd_configuration = GetConfiguration();
 
-    uevent_handlers.emplace_back(std::make_unique<DeviceHandler>(
+    UeventListener uevent_listener(ueventd_configuration.uevent_socket_rcvbuf_size);
+
+    // Right after making DeviceHandler, replay all events looking for which
+    // block device has the boot partition. This lets us make symlinks
+    // for all of the other partitions on the same disk. Note that by the time
+    // we get here we know that the boot partition has already shown up (if
+    // we're looking for it) so just regenerating events is enough to know
+    // we'll see it.
+    std::unique_ptr<DeviceHandler> device_handler = std::make_unique<DeviceHandler>(
             std::move(ueventd_configuration.dev_permissions),
             std::move(ueventd_configuration.sysfs_permissions),
-            std::move(ueventd_configuration.subsystems), android::fs_mgr::GetBootDevices(), true));
+            std::move(ueventd_configuration.drivers), std::move(ueventd_configuration.subsystems),
+            android::fs_mgr::GetBootDevices(), android::fs_mgr::GetBootPartUuid(), true);
+    uevent_listener.RegenerateUevents([&](const Uevent& uevent) -> ListenerAction {
+        bool uuid_check_done = device_handler->CheckUeventForBootPartUuid(uevent);
+        return uuid_check_done ? ListenerAction::kStop : ListenerAction::kContinue;
+    });
+
+    uevent_handlers.emplace_back(std::move(device_handler));
     uevent_handlers.emplace_back(std::make_unique<FirmwareHandler>(
             std::move(ueventd_configuration.firmware_directories),
             std::move(ueventd_configuration.external_firmware_handlers)));
@@ -361,8 +380,6 @@ int ueventd_main(int argc, char** argv) {
         std::vector<std::string> base_paths = {"/odm/lib/modules", "/vendor/lib/modules"};
         uevent_handlers.emplace_back(std::make_unique<ModaliasHandler>(base_paths));
     }
-    UeventListener uevent_listener(ueventd_configuration.uevent_socket_rcvbuf_size);
-
     if (!android::base::GetBoolProperty(kColdBootDoneProp, false)) {
         ColdBoot cold_boot(uevent_listener, uevent_handlers,
                            ueventd_configuration.enable_parallel_restorecon,
diff --git a/init/ueventd_parser.cpp b/init/ueventd_parser.cpp
index d34672e245c1..097ef09d7ba7 100644
--- a/init/ueventd_parser.cpp
+++ b/init/ueventd_parser.cpp
@@ -218,6 +218,10 @@ Result<void> SubsystemParser::ParseDevName(std::vector<std::string>&& args) {
         subsystem_.devname_source_ = Subsystem::DEVNAME_UEVENT_DEVPATH;
         return {};
     }
+    if (args[1] == "sys_name") {
+        subsystem_.devname_source_ = Subsystem::DEVNAME_SYS_NAME;
+        return {};
+    }
 
     return Error() << "invalid devname '" << args[1] << "'";
 }
@@ -260,6 +264,8 @@ UeventdConfiguration ParseConfig(const std::vector<std::string>& configs) {
     parser.AddSectionParser("import", std::make_unique<ImportParser>(&parser));
     parser.AddSectionParser("subsystem",
                             std::make_unique<SubsystemParser>(&ueventd_configuration.subsystems));
+    parser.AddSectionParser("driver",
+                            std::make_unique<SubsystemParser>(&ueventd_configuration.drivers));
 
     using namespace std::placeholders;
     parser.AddSingleLineParser(
diff --git a/init/ueventd_parser.h b/init/ueventd_parser.h
index 81f4e9d545e6..ffe6072dfe7d 100644
--- a/init/ueventd_parser.h
+++ b/init/ueventd_parser.h
@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@ namespace init {
 
 struct UeventdConfiguration {
     std::vector<Subsystem> subsystems;
+    std::vector<Subsystem> drivers;
     std::vector<SysfsPermissions> sysfs_permissions;
     std::vector<Permissions> dev_permissions;
     std::vector<std::string> firmware_directories;
diff --git a/init/ueventd_parser_test.cpp b/init/ueventd_parser_test.cpp
index 41924e2359e5..6d910398a635 100644
--- a/init/ueventd_parser_test.cpp
+++ b/init/ueventd_parser_test.cpp
@@ -106,7 +106,32 @@ subsystem test_devpath_dirname
             {"test_devname2", Subsystem::DEVNAME_UEVENT_DEVNAME, "/dev"},
             {"test_devpath_dirname", Subsystem::DEVNAME_UEVENT_DEVPATH, "/dev/graphics"}};
 
-    TestUeventdFile(ueventd_file, {subsystems, {}, {}, {}, {}, {}});
+    TestUeventdFile(ueventd_file, {subsystems, {}, {}, {}, {}, {}, {}});
+}
+
+TEST(ueventd_parser, Drivers) {
+    auto ueventd_file = R"(
+driver test_devname
+    devname uevent_devname
+
+driver test_devpath_no_dirname
+    devname uevent_devpath
+
+driver test_devname2
+    devname uevent_devname
+
+driver test_devpath_dirname
+    devname uevent_devpath
+    dirname /dev/graphics
+)";
+
+    auto drivers = std::vector<Subsystem>{
+            {"test_devname", Subsystem::DEVNAME_UEVENT_DEVNAME, "/dev"},
+            {"test_devpath_no_dirname", Subsystem::DEVNAME_UEVENT_DEVPATH, "/dev"},
+            {"test_devname2", Subsystem::DEVNAME_UEVENT_DEVNAME, "/dev"},
+            {"test_devpath_dirname", Subsystem::DEVNAME_UEVENT_DEVPATH, "/dev/graphics"}};
+
+    TestUeventdFile(ueventd_file, {{}, drivers, {}, {}, {}, {}, {}, {}});
 }
 
 TEST(ueventd_parser, Permissions) {
@@ -132,7 +157,7 @@ TEST(ueventd_parser, Permissions) {
             {"/sys/devices/virtual/*/input", "poll_delay", 0660, AID_ROOT, AID_INPUT, true},
     };
 
-    TestUeventdFile(ueventd_file, {{}, sysfs_permissions, permissions, {}, {}, {}});
+    TestUeventdFile(ueventd_file, {{}, {}, sysfs_permissions, permissions, {}, {}, {}});
 }
 
 TEST(ueventd_parser, FirmwareDirectories) {
@@ -148,7 +173,7 @@ firmware_directories /more
             "/more",
     };
 
-    TestUeventdFile(ueventd_file, {{}, {}, {}, firmware_directories, {}, {}});
+    TestUeventdFile(ueventd_file, {{}, {}, {}, {}, firmware_directories, {}, {}});
 }
 
 TEST(ueventd_parser, ExternalFirmwareHandlers) {
@@ -214,7 +239,7 @@ external_firmware_handler /devices/path/firmware/something004.bin radio radio "/
             },
     };
 
-    TestUeventdFile(ueventd_file, {{}, {}, {}, {}, external_firmware_handlers, {}});
+    TestUeventdFile(ueventd_file, {{}, {}, {}, {}, {}, external_firmware_handlers, {}});
 }
 
 TEST(ueventd_parser, ExternalFirmwareHandlersDuplicate) {
@@ -232,7 +257,7 @@ external_firmware_handler devpath root handler_path2
             },
     };
 
-    TestUeventdFile(ueventd_file, {{}, {}, {}, {}, external_firmware_handlers, {}});
+    TestUeventdFile(ueventd_file, {{}, {}, {}, {}, {}, external_firmware_handlers, {}});
 }
 
 TEST(ueventd_parser, ParallelRestoreconDirs) {
@@ -246,7 +271,7 @@ parallel_restorecon_dir /sys/devices
             "/sys/devices",
     };
 
-    TestUeventdFile(ueventd_file, {{}, {}, {}, {}, {}, parallel_restorecon_dirs});
+    TestUeventdFile(ueventd_file, {{}, {}, {}, {}, {}, {}, parallel_restorecon_dirs});
 }
 
 TEST(ueventd_parser, UeventSocketRcvbufSize) {
@@ -255,7 +280,7 @@ uevent_socket_rcvbuf_size 8k
 uevent_socket_rcvbuf_size 8M
 )";
 
-    TestUeventdFile(ueventd_file, {{}, {}, {}, {}, {}, {}, false, 8 * 1024 * 1024});
+    TestUeventdFile(ueventd_file, {{}, {}, {}, {}, {}, {}, {}, false, 8 * 1024 * 1024});
 }
 
 TEST(ueventd_parser, EnabledDisabledLines) {
@@ -265,7 +290,7 @@ parallel_restorecon enabled
 modalias_handling disabled
 )";
 
-    TestUeventdFile(ueventd_file, {{}, {}, {}, {}, {}, {}, false, 0, true});
+    TestUeventdFile(ueventd_file, {{}, {}, {}, {}, {}, {}, {}, false, 0, true});
 
     auto ueventd_file2 = R"(
 parallel_restorecon enabled
@@ -273,7 +298,7 @@ modalias_handling enabled
 parallel_restorecon disabled
 )";
 
-    TestUeventdFile(ueventd_file2, {{}, {}, {}, {}, {}, {}, true, 0, false});
+    TestUeventdFile(ueventd_file2, {{}, {}, {}, {}, {}, {}, {}, true, 0, false});
 }
 
 TEST(ueventd_parser, AllTogether) {
@@ -286,6 +311,9 @@ firmware_directories /first/ /second /third
 subsystem test_devname
     devname uevent_devname
 
+driver d_test_devpath
+    devname uevent_devpath
+
 /dev/graphics/*           0660   root       graphics
 
 subsystem test_devpath_no_dirname
@@ -303,6 +331,10 @@ subsystem test_devpath_dirname
     devname uevent_devpath
     dirname /dev/graphics
 
+driver d_test_devname_dirname
+    devname uevent_devname
+    dirname /dev/sound
+
 /dev/*/test               0660   root       system
 /sys/devices/virtual/*/input   poll_delay  0660  root   input    no_fnm_pathname
 firmware_directories /more
@@ -325,6 +357,10 @@ parallel_restorecon_dir /sys/devices
             {"test_devname2", Subsystem::DEVNAME_UEVENT_DEVNAME, "/dev"},
             {"test_devpath_dirname", Subsystem::DEVNAME_UEVENT_DEVPATH, "/dev/graphics"}};
 
+    auto drivers = std::vector<Subsystem>{
+            {"d_test_devpath", Subsystem::DEVNAME_UEVENT_DEVPATH, "/dev"},
+            {"d_test_devname_dirname", Subsystem::DEVNAME_UEVENT_DEVNAME, "/dev/graphics"}};
+
     auto permissions = std::vector<Permissions>{
             {"/dev/rtc0", 0640, AID_SYSTEM, AID_SYSTEM, false},
             {"/dev/graphics/*", 0660, AID_ROOT, AID_GRAPHICS, false},
@@ -356,7 +392,7 @@ parallel_restorecon_dir /sys/devices
     size_t uevent_socket_rcvbuf_size = 6 * 1024 * 1024;
 
     TestUeventdFile(ueventd_file,
-                    {subsystems, sysfs_permissions, permissions, firmware_directories,
+                    {subsystems, drivers, sysfs_permissions, permissions, firmware_directories,
                      external_firmware_handlers, parallel_restorecon_dirs, true,
                      uevent_socket_rcvbuf_size, true});
 }
diff --git a/init/ueventd_test.cpp b/init/ueventd_test.cpp
index 1ac6d8ee0764..5921ece8389d 100644
--- a/init/ueventd_test.cpp
+++ b/init/ueventd_test.cpp
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 #include <sys/stat.h>
 #include <unistd.h>
 
+#include <algorithm>
 #include <atomic>
 #include <chrono>
 #include <string>
diff --git a/init/util.cpp b/init/util.cpp
index bc8ea6eafe3f..375e905d50ed 100644
--- a/init/util.cpp
+++ b/init/util.cpp
@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@
 #include <string.h>
 #include <sys/socket.h>
 #include <sys/un.h>
+#include <sys/wait.h>
 #include <time.h>
 #include <unistd.h>
 
@@ -42,6 +43,10 @@
 #include <cutils/sockets.h>
 #include <selinux/android.h>
 
+#if defined(__ANDROID__)
+#include <fs_mgr.h>
+#endif
+
 #ifdef INIT_FULL_SOURCES
 #include <android/api-level.h>
 #include <sys/system_properties.h>
@@ -60,8 +65,6 @@ using namespace std::literals::string_literals;
 namespace android {
 namespace init {
 
-const std::string kDefaultAndroidDtDir("/proc/device-tree/firmware/android/");
-
 const std::string kDataDirPrefix("/data/");
 
 void (*trigger_shutdown)(const std::string& command) = nullptr;
@@ -240,33 +243,6 @@ int wait_for_file(const char* filename, std::chrono::nanoseconds timeout) {
     return -1;
 }
 
-void ImportKernelCmdline(const std::function<void(const std::string&, const std::string&)>& fn) {
-    std::string cmdline;
-    android::base::ReadFileToString("/proc/cmdline", &cmdline);
-
-    for (const auto& entry : android::base::Split(android::base::Trim(cmdline), " ")) {
-        std::vector<std::string> pieces = android::base::Split(entry, "=");
-        if (pieces.size() == 2) {
-            fn(pieces[0], pieces[1]);
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-void ImportBootconfig(const std::function<void(const std::string&, const std::string&)>& fn) {
-    std::string bootconfig;
-    android::base::ReadFileToString("/proc/bootconfig", &bootconfig);
-
-    for (const auto& entry : android::base::Split(bootconfig, "\n")) {
-        std::vector<std::string> pieces = android::base::Split(entry, "=");
-        if (pieces.size() == 2) {
-            // get rid of the extra space between a list of values and remove the quotes.
-            std::string value = android::base::StringReplace(pieces[1], "\", \"", ",", true);
-            value.erase(std::remove(value.begin(), value.end(), '"'), value.end());
-            fn(android::base::Trim(pieces[0]), android::base::Trim(value));
-        }
-    }
-}
-
 bool make_dir(const std::string& path, mode_t mode) {
     std::string secontext;
     if (SelabelLookupFileContext(path, mode, &secontext) && !secontext.empty()) {
@@ -375,45 +351,18 @@ Result<std::string> ExpandProps(const std::string& src) {
     return dst;
 }
 
-static std::string init_android_dt_dir() {
-    // Use the standard procfs-based path by default
-    std::string android_dt_dir = kDefaultAndroidDtDir;
-    // The platform may specify a custom Android DT path in kernel cmdline
-    ImportKernelCmdline([&](const std::string& key, const std::string& value) {
-        if (key == "androidboot.android_dt_dir") {
-            android_dt_dir = value;
-        }
-    });
-    // ..Or bootconfig
-    if (android_dt_dir == kDefaultAndroidDtDir) {
-        ImportBootconfig([&](const std::string& key, const std::string& value) {
-            if (key == "androidboot.android_dt_dir") {
-                android_dt_dir = value;
-            }
-        });
-    }
-
-    LOG(INFO) << "Using Android DT directory " << android_dt_dir;
-    return android_dt_dir;
-}
-
-// FIXME: The same logic is duplicated in system/core/fs_mgr/
-const std::string& get_android_dt_dir() {
-    // Set once and saves time for subsequent calls to this function
-    static const std::string kAndroidDtDir = init_android_dt_dir();
-    return kAndroidDtDir;
-}
-
 // Reads the content of device tree file under the platform's Android DT directory.
 // Returns true if the read is success, false otherwise.
 bool read_android_dt_file(const std::string& sub_path, std::string* dt_content) {
-    const std::string file_name = get_android_dt_dir() + sub_path;
+#if defined(__ANDROID__)
+    const std::string file_name = android::fs_mgr::GetAndroidDtDir() + sub_path;
     if (android::base::ReadFileToString(file_name, dt_content)) {
         if (!dt_content->empty()) {
             dt_content->pop_back();  // Trims the trailing '\0' out.
             return true;
         }
     }
+#endif
     return false;
 }
 
@@ -621,6 +570,8 @@ Result<std::pair<int, std::vector<std::string>>> ParseRestorecon(
             {"--recursive", SELINUX_ANDROID_RESTORECON_RECURSE},
             {"--skip-ce", SELINUX_ANDROID_RESTORECON_SKIPCE},
             {"--cross-filesystems", SELINUX_ANDROID_RESTORECON_CROSS_FILESYSTEMS},
+            {"--force", SELINUX_ANDROID_RESTORECON_FORCE},
+            {"--data-data", SELINUX_ANDROID_RESTORECON_DATADATA},
             {0, 0}};
 
     int flag = 0;
@@ -732,11 +683,6 @@ void SetDefaultMountNamespaceReady() {
     is_default_mount_namespace_ready = true;
 }
 
-bool IsMicrodroid() {
-    static bool is_microdroid = android::base::GetProperty("ro.hardware", "") == "microdroid";
-    return is_microdroid;
-}
-
 bool Has32BitAbi() {
     static bool has = !android::base::GetProperty("ro.product.cpu.abilist32", "").empty();
     return has;
@@ -804,5 +750,96 @@ std::vector<std::string> FilterVersionedConfigs(const std::vector<std::string>&
     return filtered_configs;
 }
 
+// Forks, executes the provided program in the child, and waits for the completion in the parent.
+// Child's stderr is captured and logged using LOG(ERROR).
+bool ForkExecveAndWaitForCompletion(const char* filename, char* const argv[]) {
+    // Create a pipe used for redirecting child process's output.
+    // * pipe_fds[0] is the FD the parent will use for reading.
+    // * pipe_fds[1] is the FD the child will use for writing.
+    int pipe_fds[2];
+    if (pipe(pipe_fds) == -1) {
+        PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to create pipe";
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    pid_t child_pid = fork();
+    if (child_pid == -1) {
+        PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to fork for " << filename;
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    if (child_pid == 0) {
+        // fork succeeded -- this is executing in the child process
+
+        // Close the pipe FD not used by this process
+        close(pipe_fds[0]);
+
+        // Redirect stderr to the pipe FD provided by the parent
+        if (TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(dup2(pipe_fds[1], STDERR_FILENO)) == -1) {
+            PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to redirect stderr of " << filename;
+            _exit(127);
+            return false;
+        }
+        close(pipe_fds[1]);
+
+        if (execv(filename, argv) == -1) {
+            PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to execve " << filename;
+            return false;
+        }
+        // Unreachable because execve will have succeeded and replaced this code
+        // with child process's code.
+        _exit(127);
+        return false;
+    } else {
+        // fork succeeded -- this is executing in the original/parent process
+
+        // Close the pipe FD not used by this process
+        close(pipe_fds[1]);
+
+        // Log the redirected output of the child process.
+        // It's unfortunate that there's no standard way to obtain an istream for a file descriptor.
+        // As a result, we're buffering all output and logging it in one go at the end of the
+        // invocation, instead of logging it as it comes in.
+        const int child_out_fd = pipe_fds[0];
+        std::string child_output;
+        if (!android::base::ReadFdToString(child_out_fd, &child_output)) {
+            PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to capture full output of " << filename;
+        }
+        close(child_out_fd);
+        if (!child_output.empty()) {
+            // Log captured output, line by line, because LOG expects to be invoked for each line
+            std::istringstream in(child_output);
+            std::string line;
+            while (std::getline(in, line)) {
+                LOG(ERROR) << filename << ": " << line;
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Wait for child to terminate
+        int status;
+        if (TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(waitpid(child_pid, &status, 0)) != child_pid) {
+            PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to wait for " << filename;
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        if (WIFEXITED(status)) {
+            int status_code = WEXITSTATUS(status);
+            if (status_code == 0) {
+                return true;
+            } else {
+                LOG(ERROR) << filename << " exited with status " << status_code;
+            }
+        } else if (WIFSIGNALED(status)) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << filename << " killed by signal " << WTERMSIG(status);
+        } else if (WIFSTOPPED(status)) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << filename << " stopped by signal " << WSTOPSIG(status);
+        } else {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "waitpid for " << filename << " returned unexpected status: " << status;
+        }
+
+        return false;
+    }
+}
+
 }  // namespace init
 }  // namespace android
diff --git a/init/util.h b/init/util.h
index e58e70e61788..aa24123dfc9f 100644
--- a/init/util.h
+++ b/init/util.h
@@ -53,16 +53,11 @@ Result<void> WriteFile(const std::string& path, const std::string& content);
 Result<uid_t> DecodeUid(const std::string& name);
 
 bool mkdir_recursive(const std::string& pathname, mode_t mode);
-int wait_for_file(const char *filename, std::chrono::nanoseconds timeout);
-void ImportKernelCmdline(const std::function<void(const std::string&, const std::string&)>&);
-void ImportBootconfig(const std::function<void(const std::string&, const std::string&)>&);
+int wait_for_file(const char* filename, std::chrono::nanoseconds timeout);
 bool make_dir(const std::string& path, mode_t mode);
 bool is_dir(const char* pathname);
 Result<std::string> ExpandProps(const std::string& src);
 
-// Returns the platform's Android DT directory as specified in the kernel cmdline.
-// If the platform does not configure a custom DT path, returns the standard one (based in procfs).
-const std::string& get_android_dt_dir();
 // Reads or compares the content of device tree file under the platform's Android DT directory.
 bool read_android_dt_file(const std::string& sub_path, std::string* dt_content);
 bool is_android_dt_value_expected(const std::string& sub_path, const std::string& expected_content);
@@ -105,7 +100,14 @@ bool IsRecoveryMode();
 bool IsDefaultMountNamespaceReady();
 void SetDefaultMountNamespaceReady();
 
-bool IsMicrodroid();
+inline constexpr bool IsMicrodroid() {
+#ifdef MICRODROID
+    return MICRODROID;
+#else
+    return false;
+#endif
+}
+
 bool Has32BitAbi();
 
 std::string GetApexNameFromFileName(const std::string& path);
@@ -115,5 +117,10 @@ std::string GetApexNameFromFileName(const std::string& path);
 // (.rc == .0rc for ranking purposes)
 std::vector<std::string> FilterVersionedConfigs(const std::vector<std::string>& configs,
                                                   int active_sdk);
+
+// Forks, executes the provided program in the child, and waits for the completion in the parent.
+// Child's stderr is captured and logged using LOG(ERROR).
+bool ForkExecveAndWaitForCompletion(const char* filename, char* const argv[]);
+
 }  // namespace init
 }  // namespace android
diff --git a/janitors/OWNERS b/janitors/OWNERS
index d8712019f6ce..b3171515155a 100644
--- a/janitors/OWNERS
+++ b/janitors/OWNERS
@@ -1,7 +1,19 @@
-# OWNERS file for projects that don't really have owners so much as volunteer janitors.
+# go/android-3p requires that all external projects have the "janitors" in
+# their OWNERS files.
+
+# These are also the "owners" for projects that don't really have owners
+# so much as volunteer janitors.
+
+# General maintenance.
+sadafebrahimi@google.com
+
+# C/C++.
 ccross@google.com
 cferris@google.com
-dwillemsen@google.com
 enh@google.com
-narayan@google.com
-sadafebrahimi@google.com
+
+# Java.
+maco@google.com
+
+# Python.
+dwillemsen@google.com
diff --git a/libappfuse/FuseBuffer.cc b/libappfuse/FuseBuffer.cc
index 1915f22ba2cd..269f300b9ba6 100644
--- a/libappfuse/FuseBuffer.cc
+++ b/libappfuse/FuseBuffer.cc
@@ -35,6 +35,8 @@ namespace fuse {
 namespace {
 
 constexpr useconds_t kRetrySleepForWriting = 1000;  // 1 ms
+// This makes the total wait time to allocate a buffer 5 seconds
+const int kNumberOfRetriesForWriting = 5000;
 
 template <typename T>
 bool CheckHeaderLength(const FuseMessage<T>* self, const char* name, size_t max_size) {
@@ -92,6 +94,7 @@ ResultOrAgain WriteInternal(const FuseMessage<T>* self, int fd, int sockflag, co
 
     const char* const buf = reinterpret_cast<const char*>(self);
     const auto& header = static_cast<const T*>(self)->header;
+    int retry = kNumberOfRetriesForWriting;
 
     while (true) {
         int result;
@@ -110,8 +113,14 @@ ResultOrAgain WriteInternal(const FuseMessage<T>* self, int fd, int sockflag, co
                 case ENOBUFS:
                     // When returning ENOBUFS, epoll still reports the FD is writable. Just usleep
                     // and retry again.
-                    usleep(kRetrySleepForWriting);
-                    continue;
+                    if (retry > 0) {
+                        usleep(kRetrySleepForWriting);
+                        retry--;
+                        continue;
+                    } else {
+                        LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to write a FUSE message: ENOBUFS retries are failed";
+                        return ResultOrAgain::kFailure;
+                    }
                 case EAGAIN:
                     return ResultOrAgain::kAgain;
                 default:
diff --git a/libbinderwrapper/Android.bp b/libbinderwrapper/Android.bp
deleted file mode 100644
index 75f43eeaabf7..000000000000
--- a/libbinderwrapper/Android.bp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,66 +0,0 @@
-//
-// Copyright (C) 2015 The Android Open Source Project
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-// You may obtain a copy of the License at
-//
-//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-//
-// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-// limitations under the License.
-//
-
-package {
-    default_applicable_licenses: ["Android-Apache-2.0"],
-}
-
-cc_defaults {
-    name: "libbinderwrapper_defaults",
-
-    cflags: [
-        "-Wall",
-        "-Werror",
-        "-Wno-unused-parameter",
-
-        // for libchrome
-        "-Wno-sign-promo",
-    ],
-    export_include_dirs: ["include"],
-    shared_libs: [
-        "libbinder",
-        "libchrome",
-        "libutils",
-    ],
-}
-
-// libbinderwrapper shared library
-// ========================================================
-cc_library_shared {
-    name: "libbinderwrapper",
-    defaults: ["libbinderwrapper_defaults"],
-    vendor_available: true,
-
-    srcs: [
-        "binder_wrapper.cc",
-        "real_binder_wrapper.cc",
-    ],
-}
-
-// libbinderwrapper_test_support static library
-// ========================================================
-cc_library_static {
-    name: "libbinderwrapper_test_support",
-    defaults: ["libbinderwrapper_defaults"],
-
-    static_libs: ["libgtest"],
-    shared_libs: ["libbinderwrapper"],
-
-    srcs: [
-        "binder_test_base.cc",
-        "stub_binder_wrapper.cc",
-    ],
-}
diff --git a/libbinderwrapper/binder_wrapper.cc b/libbinderwrapper/binder_wrapper.cc
deleted file mode 100644
index ca9c1dfd93cc..000000000000
--- a/libbinderwrapper/binder_wrapper.cc
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,60 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2015 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#include <binderwrapper/binder_wrapper.h>
-
-#include <base/logging.h>
-
-#include "real_binder_wrapper.h"
-
-namespace android {
-
-// Singleton instance.
-BinderWrapper* BinderWrapper::instance_ = nullptr;
-
-// static
-void BinderWrapper::Create() {
-  CHECK(!instance_) << "Already initialized; missing call to Destroy()?";
-  instance_ = new RealBinderWrapper();
-}
-
-// static
-void BinderWrapper::InitForTesting(BinderWrapper* wrapper) {
-  CHECK(!instance_) << "Already initialized; missing call to Destroy()?";
-  instance_ = wrapper;
-}
-
-// static
-void BinderWrapper::Destroy() {
-  CHECK(instance_) << "Not initialized; missing call to Create()?";
-  delete instance_;
-  instance_ = nullptr;
-}
-
-// static
-BinderWrapper* BinderWrapper::Get() {
-  CHECK(instance_) << "Not initialized; missing call to Create()?";
-  return instance_;
-}
-
-// static
-BinderWrapper* BinderWrapper::GetOrCreateInstance() {
-  if (!instance_)
-    instance_ = new RealBinderWrapper();
-  return instance_;
-}
-
-}  // namespace android
diff --git a/libbinderwrapper/include/binderwrapper/binder_test_base.h b/libbinderwrapper/include/binderwrapper/binder_test_base.h
deleted file mode 100644
index 06543de6fba5..000000000000
--- a/libbinderwrapper/include/binderwrapper/binder_test_base.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,45 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2015 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#ifndef SYSTEM_CORE_INCLUDE_BINDERWRAPPER_BINDER_TEST_BASE_H_
-#define SYSTEM_CORE_INCLUDE_BINDERWRAPPER_BINDER_TEST_BASE_H_
-
-#include <base/macros.h>
-#include <gtest/gtest.h>
-
-namespace android {
-
-class StubBinderWrapper;
-
-// Class that can be inherited from (or aliased via typedef/using) when writing
-// tests that use StubBinderManager.
-class BinderTestBase : public ::testing::Test {
- public:
-  BinderTestBase();
-  ~BinderTestBase() override;
-
-  StubBinderWrapper* binder_wrapper() { return binder_wrapper_; }
-
- protected:
-  StubBinderWrapper* binder_wrapper_;  // Not owned.
-
- private:
-  DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(BinderTestBase);
-};
-
-}  // namespace android
-
-#endif  // SYSTEM_CORE_INCLUDE_BINDERWRAPPER_BINDER_TEST_BASE_H_
diff --git a/libbinderwrapper/include/binderwrapper/binder_wrapper.h b/libbinderwrapper/include/binderwrapper/binder_wrapper.h
deleted file mode 100644
index a104bff32306..000000000000
--- a/libbinderwrapper/include/binderwrapper/binder_wrapper.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,88 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2015 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#ifndef SYSTEM_CORE_INCLUDE_BINDERWRAPPER_BINDER_WRAPPER_H_
-#define SYSTEM_CORE_INCLUDE_BINDERWRAPPER_BINDER_WRAPPER_H_
-
-#include <sys/types.h>
-
-#include <string>
-
-#include <base/callback.h>
-#include <utils/StrongPointer.h>
-
-namespace android {
-
-class BBinder;
-class IBinder;
-
-// Wraps libbinder to make it testable.
-// NOTE: Static methods of this class are not thread-safe.
-class BinderWrapper {
- public:
-  virtual ~BinderWrapper() {}
-
-  // Creates and initializes the singleton (using a wrapper that communicates
-  // with the real binder system).
-  static void Create();
-
-  // Initializes |wrapper| as the singleton, taking ownership of it. Tests that
-  // want to inject their own wrappers should call this instead of Create().
-  static void InitForTesting(BinderWrapper* wrapper);
-
-  // Destroys the singleton. Must be called before calling Create() or
-  // InitForTesting() a second time.
-  static void Destroy();
-
-  // Returns the singleton instance previously created by Create() or set by
-  // InitForTesting().
-  static BinderWrapper* Get();
-
-  // Returns the singleton instance if it was previously created by Create() or
-  // set by InitForTesting(), or creates a new one by calling Create().
-  static BinderWrapper* GetOrCreateInstance();
-
-  // Gets the binder for communicating with the service identified by
-  // |service_name|, returning null immediately if it doesn't exist.
-  virtual sp<IBinder> GetService(const std::string& service_name) = 0;
-
-  // Registers |binder| as |service_name| with the service manager.
-  virtual bool RegisterService(const std::string& service_name,
-                               const sp<IBinder>& binder) = 0;
-
-  // Creates a local binder object.
-  virtual sp<BBinder> CreateLocalBinder() = 0;
-
-  // Registers |callback| to be invoked when |binder| dies. If another callback
-  // is currently registered for |binder|, it will be replaced.
-  virtual bool RegisterForDeathNotifications(
-      const sp<IBinder>& binder,
-      const ::base::Closure& callback) = 0;
-
-  // Unregisters the callback, if any, for |binder|.
-  virtual bool UnregisterForDeathNotifications(const sp<IBinder>& binder) = 0;
-
-  // When called while in a transaction, returns the caller's UID or PID.
-  virtual uid_t GetCallingUid() = 0;
-  virtual pid_t GetCallingPid() = 0;
-
- private:
-  static BinderWrapper* instance_;
-};
-
-}  // namespace android
-
-#endif  // SYSTEM_CORE_INCLUDE_BINDERWRAPPER_BINDER_WRAPPER_H_
diff --git a/libbinderwrapper/include/binderwrapper/stub_binder_wrapper.h b/libbinderwrapper/include/binderwrapper/stub_binder_wrapper.h
deleted file mode 100644
index 9d4578eb39d4..000000000000
--- a/libbinderwrapper/include/binderwrapper/stub_binder_wrapper.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,133 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2015 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#ifndef SYSTEM_CORE_INCLUDE_BINDERWRAPPER_STUB_BINDER_WRAPPER_H_
-#define SYSTEM_CORE_INCLUDE_BINDERWRAPPER_STUB_BINDER_WRAPPER_H_
-
-#include <map>
-#include <string>
-#include <vector>
-
-#include <base/macros.h>
-#include <binder/Binder.h>
-#include <binder/IBinder.h>
-#include <binderwrapper/binder_wrapper.h>
-
-namespace android {
-
-// Stub implementation of BinderWrapper for testing.
-//
-// Example usage:
-//
-// First, assuming a base IFoo binder interface, create a stub class that
-// derives from BnFoo to implement the receiver side of the communication:
-//
-//   class StubFoo : public BnFoo {
-//    public:
-//     ...
-//     status_t doSomething(int arg) override {
-//       // e.g. save passed-in value for later inspection by tests.
-//       return OK;
-//     }
-//   };
-//
-// Next, from your test code, inject a StubBinderManager either directly or by
-// inheriting from the BinderTestBase class:
-//
-//   StubBinderWrapper* wrapper = new StubBinderWrapper();
-//   BinderWrapper::InitForTesting(wrapper);  // Takes ownership.
-//
-// Also from your test, create a StubFoo and register it with the wrapper:
-//
-//   StubFoo* foo = new StubFoo();
-//   sp<IBinder> binder(foo);
-//   wrapper->SetBinderForService("foo", binder);
-//
-// The code being tested can now use the wrapper to get the stub and call it:
-//
-//   sp<IBinder> binder = BinderWrapper::Get()->GetService("foo");
-//   CHECK(binder.get());
-//   sp<IFoo> foo = interface_cast<IFoo>(binder);
-//   CHECK_EQ(foo->doSomething(3), OK);
-//
-// To create a local BBinder object, production code can call
-// CreateLocalBinder(). Then, a test can get the BBinder's address via
-// local_binders() to check that they're passed as expected in binder calls.
-//
-class StubBinderWrapper : public BinderWrapper {
- public:
-  StubBinderWrapper();
-  ~StubBinderWrapper() override;
-
-  const std::vector<sp<BBinder>>& local_binders() const {
-    return local_binders_;
-  }
-  void clear_local_binders() { local_binders_.clear(); }
-
-  void set_calling_uid(uid_t uid) { calling_uid_ = uid; }
-  void set_calling_pid(pid_t pid) { calling_pid_ = pid; }
-
-  // Sets the binder to return when |service_name| is passed to GetService() or
-  // WaitForService().
-  void SetBinderForService(const std::string& service_name,
-                           const sp<IBinder>& binder);
-
-  // Returns the binder previously registered for |service_name| via
-  // RegisterService(), or null if the service hasn't been registered.
-  sp<IBinder> GetRegisteredService(const std::string& service_name) const;
-
-  // Run the calback in |death_callbacks_| corresponding to |binder|.
-  void NotifyAboutBinderDeath(const sp<IBinder>& binder);
-
-  // BinderWrapper:
-  sp<IBinder> GetService(const std::string& service_name) override;
-  bool RegisterService(const std::string& service_name,
-                       const sp<IBinder>& binder) override;
-  sp<BBinder> CreateLocalBinder() override;
-  bool RegisterForDeathNotifications(const sp<IBinder>& binder,
-                                     const ::base::Closure& callback) override;
-  bool UnregisterForDeathNotifications(const sp<IBinder>& binder) override;
-  uid_t GetCallingUid() override;
-  pid_t GetCallingPid() override;
-
- private:
-  using ServiceMap = std::map<std::string, sp<IBinder>>;
-
-  // Map from service name to associated binder handle. Used by GetService() and
-  // WaitForService().
-  ServiceMap services_to_return_;
-
-  // Map from service name to associated binder handle. Updated by
-  // RegisterService().
-  ServiceMap registered_services_;
-
-  // Local binders returned by CreateLocalBinder().
-  std::vector<sp<BBinder>> local_binders_;
-
-  // Map from binder handle to the callback that should be invoked on binder
-  // death.
-  std::map<sp<IBinder>, ::base::Closure> death_callbacks_;
-
-  // Values to return from GetCallingUid() and GetCallingPid();
-  uid_t calling_uid_;
-  pid_t calling_pid_;
-
-  DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(StubBinderWrapper);
-};
-
-}  // namespace android
-
-#endif  // SYSTEM_CORE_INCLUDE_BINDERWRAPPER_STUB_BINDER_WRAPPER_H_
diff --git a/libbinderwrapper/real_binder_wrapper.cc b/libbinderwrapper/real_binder_wrapper.cc
deleted file mode 100644
index f93f1837dca8..000000000000
--- a/libbinderwrapper/real_binder_wrapper.cc
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,123 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2015 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#include "real_binder_wrapper.h"
-
-#include <base/logging.h>
-#include <binder/Binder.h>
-#include <binder/IBinder.h>
-#include <binder/IPCThreadState.h>
-#include <binder/IServiceManager.h>
-
-namespace android {
-
-// Class that handles binder death notifications. libbinder wants the recipient
-// to be wrapped in sp<>, so registering RealBinderWrapper as a recipient would
-// be awkward.
-class RealBinderWrapper::DeathRecipient : public IBinder::DeathRecipient {
- public:
-  explicit DeathRecipient(const ::base::Closure& callback)
-      : callback_(callback) {}
-  ~DeathRecipient() = default;
-
-  // IBinder::DeathRecipient:
-  void binderDied(const wp<IBinder>& who) override {
-    callback_.Run();
-  }
-
- private:
-  // Callback to run in response to binder death.
-  ::base::Closure callback_;
-
-  DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(DeathRecipient);
-};
-
-RealBinderWrapper::RealBinderWrapper() = default;
-
-RealBinderWrapper::~RealBinderWrapper() = default;
-
-sp<IBinder> RealBinderWrapper::GetService(const std::string& service_name) {
-  sp<IServiceManager> service_manager = defaultServiceManager();
-  if (!service_manager.get()) {
-    LOG(ERROR) << "Unable to get service manager";
-    return sp<IBinder>();
-  }
-  sp<IBinder> binder =
-      service_manager->checkService(String16(service_name.c_str()));
-  if (!binder.get())
-    LOG(ERROR) << "Unable to get \"" << service_name << "\" service";
-  return binder;
-}
-
-bool RealBinderWrapper::RegisterService(const std::string& service_name,
-                                        const sp<IBinder>& binder) {
-  sp<IServiceManager> service_manager = defaultServiceManager();
-  if (!service_manager.get()) {
-    LOG(ERROR) << "Unable to get service manager";
-    return false;
-  }
-  status_t status = defaultServiceManager()->addService(
-      String16(service_name.c_str()), binder);
-  if (status != OK) {
-    LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to register \"" << service_name << "\" with service "
-               << "manager";
-    return false;
-  }
-  return true;
-}
-
-sp<BBinder> RealBinderWrapper::CreateLocalBinder() {
-  return sp<BBinder>(new BBinder());
-}
-
-bool RealBinderWrapper::RegisterForDeathNotifications(
-    const sp<IBinder>& binder,
-    const ::base::Closure& callback) {
-  sp<DeathRecipient> recipient(new DeathRecipient(callback));
-  if (binder->linkToDeath(recipient) != OK) {
-    LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to register for death notifications on "
-               << binder.get();
-    return false;
-  }
-  death_recipients_[binder] = recipient;
-  return true;
-}
-
-bool RealBinderWrapper::UnregisterForDeathNotifications(
-    const sp<IBinder>& binder) {
-  auto it = death_recipients_.find(binder);
-  if (it == death_recipients_.end()) {
-    LOG(ERROR) << "Not registered for death notifications on " << binder.get();
-    return false;
-  }
-  if (binder->unlinkToDeath(it->second) != OK) {
-    LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to unregister for death notifications on "
-               << binder.get();
-    return false;
-  }
-  death_recipients_.erase(it);
-  return true;
-}
-
-uid_t RealBinderWrapper::GetCallingUid() {
-  return IPCThreadState::self()->getCallingUid();
-}
-
-pid_t RealBinderWrapper::GetCallingPid() {
-  return IPCThreadState::self()->getCallingPid();
-}
-
-}  // namespace android
diff --git a/libbinderwrapper/real_binder_wrapper.h b/libbinderwrapper/real_binder_wrapper.h
deleted file mode 100644
index fa05383fbfcf..000000000000
--- a/libbinderwrapper/real_binder_wrapper.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,58 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2015 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#ifndef SYSTEM_CORE_LIBBINDERWRAPPER_REAL_BINDER_WRAPPER_H_
-#define SYSTEM_CORE_LIBBINDERWRAPPER_REAL_BINDER_WRAPPER_H_
-
-#include <map>
-
-#include <base/macros.h>
-#include <binderwrapper/binder_wrapper.h>
-
-namespace android {
-
-class IBinder;
-
-// Real implementation of BinderWrapper.
-class RealBinderWrapper : public BinderWrapper {
- public:
-  RealBinderWrapper();
-  ~RealBinderWrapper() override;
-
-  // BinderWrapper:
-  sp<IBinder> GetService(const std::string& service_name) override;
-  bool RegisterService(const std::string& service_name,
-                       const sp<IBinder>& binder) override;
-  sp<BBinder> CreateLocalBinder() override;
-  bool RegisterForDeathNotifications(const sp<IBinder>& binder,
-                                     const ::base::Closure& callback) override;
-  bool UnregisterForDeathNotifications(const sp<IBinder>& binder) override;
-  uid_t GetCallingUid() override;
-  pid_t GetCallingPid() override;
-
- private:
-  class DeathRecipient;
-
-  // Map from binder handle to object that should be notified of the binder's
-  // death.
-  std::map<sp<IBinder>, sp<DeathRecipient>> death_recipients_;
-
-  DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(RealBinderWrapper);
-};
-
-}  // namespace android
-
-#endif  // SYSTEM_CORE_LIBBINDER_WRAPPER_REAL_BINDER_WRAPPER_H_
diff --git a/libbinderwrapper/stub_binder_wrapper.cc b/libbinderwrapper/stub_binder_wrapper.cc
deleted file mode 100644
index 8e75f6239e97..000000000000
--- a/libbinderwrapper/stub_binder_wrapper.cc
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,86 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2015 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#include <binderwrapper/stub_binder_wrapper.h>
-
-#include <base/logging.h>
-#include <binder/Binder.h>
-#include <binder/IBinder.h>
-
-namespace android {
-
-StubBinderWrapper::StubBinderWrapper()
-    : calling_uid_(-1),
-      calling_pid_(-1) {}
-
-StubBinderWrapper::~StubBinderWrapper() = default;
-
-void StubBinderWrapper::SetBinderForService(const std::string& service_name,
-                                            const sp<IBinder>& binder) {
-  services_to_return_[service_name] = binder;
-}
-
-sp<IBinder> StubBinderWrapper::GetRegisteredService(
-    const std::string& service_name) const {
-  const auto it = registered_services_.find(service_name);
-  return it != registered_services_.end() ? it->second : sp<IBinder>();
-}
-
-void StubBinderWrapper::NotifyAboutBinderDeath(const sp<IBinder>& binder) {
-  const auto it = death_callbacks_.find(binder);
-  if (it != death_callbacks_.end())
-    it->second.Run();
-}
-
-sp<IBinder> StubBinderWrapper::GetService(const std::string& service_name) {
-  const auto it = services_to_return_.find(service_name);
-  return it != services_to_return_.end() ? it->second : sp<IBinder>();
-}
-
-bool StubBinderWrapper::RegisterService(const std::string& service_name,
-                                        const sp<IBinder>& binder) {
-  registered_services_[service_name] = binder;
-  return true;
-}
-
-sp<BBinder> StubBinderWrapper::CreateLocalBinder() {
-  sp<BBinder> binder(new BBinder());
-  local_binders_.push_back(binder);
-  return binder;
-}
-
-bool StubBinderWrapper::RegisterForDeathNotifications(
-    const sp<IBinder>& binder,
-    const ::base::Closure& callback) {
-  death_callbacks_[binder] = callback;
-  return true;
-}
-
-bool StubBinderWrapper::UnregisterForDeathNotifications(
-    const sp<IBinder>& binder) {
-  death_callbacks_.erase(binder);
-  return true;
-}
-
-uid_t StubBinderWrapper::GetCallingUid() {
-  return calling_uid_;
-}
-
-pid_t StubBinderWrapper::GetCallingPid() {
-  return calling_pid_;
-}
-
-}  // namespace android
diff --git a/libcrypto_utils/Android.bp b/libcrypto_utils/Android.bp
index 2559137d9b19..b2af06c97df6 100644
--- a/libcrypto_utils/Android.bp
+++ b/libcrypto_utils/Android.bp
@@ -24,9 +24,6 @@ cc_library {
     ramdisk_available: true,
     vendor_ramdisk_available: true,
     recovery_available: true,
-    vndk: {
-        enabled: true,
-    },
     host_supported: true,
     srcs: [
         "android_pubkey.cpp",
diff --git a/libcutils/Android.bp b/libcutils/Android.bp
index b135e57bc378..ec9b754931ee 100644
--- a/libcutils/Android.bp
+++ b/libcutils/Android.bp
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 package {
+    default_team: "trendy_team_native_tools_libraries",
     default_applicable_licenses: ["system_core_libcutils_license"],
 }
 
@@ -20,6 +21,17 @@ filegroup {
     srcs: ["include/private/android_filesystem_config.h"],
 }
 
+rust_bindgen {
+    name: "libandroid_ids",
+    crate_name: "android_ids",
+    source_stem: "bindings",
+    wrapper_src: "rust/aid_bindings.h",
+    header_libs: ["libcutils_headers"],
+    visibility: [
+        "//system/bpf/loader",
+    ],
+}
+
 cc_defaults {
     name: "libcutils_defaults",
     cflags: [
@@ -47,6 +59,8 @@ cc_library_headers {
     defaults: ["libcutils_defaults"],
 
     export_include_dirs: ["include"],
+    header_libs: ["libprocessgroup_headers"],
+    export_header_lib_headers: ["libprocessgroup_headers"],
     target: {
         vendor: {
             override_export_include_dirs: ["include_outside_system"],
@@ -116,27 +130,6 @@ cc_library {
     },
 }
 
-cc_test {
-    name: "libcutils_sockets_test",
-    test_suites: ["device-tests"],
-    static_libs: ["libbase", "libcutils_sockets"],
-    cflags: [
-        "-Wall",
-        "-Wextra",
-        "-Werror",
-    ],
-
-    srcs: ["sockets_test.cpp"],
-    target: {
-        android: {
-            srcs: [
-                "android_get_control_file_test.cpp",
-                "android_get_control_socket_test.cpp",
-            ],
-        },
-    },
-}
-
 // some files must not be compiled when building against Mingw
 // they correspond to features not used by our host development tools
 // which are also hard or even impossible to port to native Win32
@@ -150,10 +143,7 @@ libcutils_nonwindows_sources = [
 cc_library {
     name: "libcutils",
     defaults: ["libcutils_defaults"],
-    vndk: {
-        enabled: true,
-        support_system_process: true,
-    },
+    double_loadable: true,
     srcs: [
         "config_utils.cpp",
         "iosched_policy.cpp",
@@ -162,7 +152,6 @@ cc_library {
         "properties.cpp",
         "record_stream.cpp",
         "strlcpy.c",
-        "threads.cpp",
     ],
 
     target: {
@@ -172,25 +161,24 @@ cc_library {
                 "libasync_safe",
             ],
         },
-        not_windows: {
-            srcs: libcutils_nonwindows_sources + [
-                "ashmem-host.cpp",
+        linux: {
+            srcs: [
                 "canned_fs_config.cpp",
                 "fs_config.cpp",
-                "trace-host.cpp",
             ],
         },
-        windows: {
-            host_ldlibs: ["-lws2_32"],
-
+        host: {
             srcs: [
                 "trace-host.cpp",
+                "ashmem-host.cpp",
             ],
-
+        },
+        not_windows: {
+            srcs: libcutils_nonwindows_sources,
+        },
+        windows: {
             enabled: true,
-            cflags: [
-                "-D_GNU_SOURCE",
-            ],
+            host_ldlibs: ["-lws2_32"],
         },
         android: {
             sanitize: {
@@ -202,8 +190,6 @@ cc_library {
             srcs: libcutils_nonwindows_sources + [
                 "android_reboot.cpp",
                 "ashmem-dev.cpp",
-                "canned_fs_config.cpp",
-                "fs_config.cpp",
                 "klog.cpp",
                 "partition_utils.cpp",
                 "qtaguid.cpp",
@@ -219,11 +205,19 @@ cc_library {
             exclude_srcs: [
                 "qtaguid.cpp",
             ],
+            header_abi_checker: {
+                enabled: true,
+                ref_dump_dirs: ["abi-dumps"],
+            },
         },
         product: {
             exclude_srcs: [
                 "qtaguid.cpp",
             ],
+            header_abi_checker: {
+                enabled: true,
+                ref_dump_dirs: ["abi-dumps"],
+            },
         },
     },
 
@@ -253,6 +247,7 @@ cc_library {
 cc_defaults {
     name: "libcutils_test_default",
     srcs: [
+        "ashmem_base_test.cpp",
         "native_handle_test.cpp",
         "properties_test.cpp",
         "sockets_test.cpp",
@@ -286,13 +281,15 @@ cc_defaults {
     ],
 }
 
+always_static_test_libraries = [
+    "libjsoncpp",
+]
+
 test_libraries = [
     "libcutils",
     "liblog",
     "libbase",
-    "libjsoncpp",
     "libprocessgroup",
-    "libcgrouprc",
 ]
 
 cc_test {
@@ -301,26 +298,33 @@ cc_test {
     defaults: ["libcutils_test_default"],
     host_supported: true,
     shared_libs: test_libraries,
+    static_libs: always_static_test_libraries,
     require_root: true,
 }
 
 cc_defaults {
     name: "libcutils_test_static_defaults",
     defaults: ["libcutils_test_default"],
-    static_libs: [
-        "libc",
-        "libcgrouprc_format",
-    ] + test_libraries,
     stl: "libc++_static",
     require_root: true,
 
     target: {
         android: {
             static_executable: true,
+            static_libs: [
+                "libprocessgroup_util",
+            ] + test_libraries + always_static_test_libraries,
+        },
+        not_windows: {
+            static_libs: test_libraries + always_static_test_libraries,
         },
         windows: {
+            static_libs: [
+                "libbase",
+                "libcutils",
+                "libcutils_sockets",
+            ],
             host_ldlibs: ["-lws2_32"],
-
             enabled: true,
         },
     },
@@ -328,13 +332,17 @@ cc_defaults {
 
 cc_test {
     name: "libcutils_test_static",
+    host_supported: true,
     test_suites: ["device-tests"],
     defaults: ["libcutils_test_static_defaults"],
 }
 
 cc_test {
     name: "KernelLibcutilsTest",
-    test_suites: ["general-tests", "vts"],
+    test_suites: [
+        "general-tests",
+        "vts",
+    ],
     defaults: ["libcutils_test_static_defaults"],
     test_config: "KernelLibcutilsTest.xml",
 }
diff --git a/libcutils/KernelLibcutilsTest.xml b/libcutils/KernelLibcutilsTest.xml
index 40e4ef414be8..9750cbfa28b0 100644
--- a/libcutils/KernelLibcutilsTest.xml
+++ b/libcutils/KernelLibcutilsTest.xml
@@ -22,11 +22,11 @@
 
     <target_preparer class="com.android.tradefed.targetprep.PushFilePreparer">
         <option name="cleanup" value="true" />
-        <option name="push" value="KernelLibcutilsTest->/data/local/tmp/KernelLibcutilsTest" />
+        <option name="push" value="KernelLibcutilsTest->/data/local/tests/unrestricted/KernelLibcutilsTest" />
     </target_preparer>
 
     <test class="com.android.tradefed.testtype.GTest" >
-        <option name="native-test-device-path" value="/data/local/tmp" />
+        <option name="native-test-device-path" value="/data/local/tests/unrestricted" />
         <option name="module-name" value="KernelLibcutilsTest" />
         <option name="include-filter" value="*AshmemTest*" />
     </test>
diff --git a/libcutils/OWNERS b/libcutils/OWNERS
index 7529cb920940..e1cbe4aaf975 100644
--- a/libcutils/OWNERS
+++ b/libcutils/OWNERS
@@ -1 +1,2 @@
+# Bug component: 128577
 include platform/system/core:/janitors/OWNERS
diff --git a/libcutils/TEST_MAPPING b/libcutils/TEST_MAPPING
index eb63aa5e7ce9..78b3e44e276d 100644
--- a/libcutils/TEST_MAPPING
+++ b/libcutils/TEST_MAPPING
@@ -12,6 +12,9 @@
   "kernel-presubmit": [
     {
       "name": "libcutils_test"
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "KernelLibcutilsTest"
     }
   ]
 }
diff --git a/libcutils/abi-dumps/arm64/source-based/libcutils.so.lsdump b/libcutils/abi-dumps/arm64/source-based/libcutils.so.lsdump
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..7ed131cf48f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcutils/abi-dumps/arm64/source-based/libcutils.so.lsdump
@@ -0,0 +1,2688 @@
+{
+ "array_types" :
+ [
+  {
+   "alignment" : 4,
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIA0_i",
+   "name" : "int[0]",
+   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIi",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/native_handle.h"
+  }
+ ],
+ "builtin_types" :
+ [
+  {
+   "alignment" : 1,
+   "is_integral" : true,
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIa",
+   "name" : "signed char",
+   "size" : 1
+  },
+  {
+   "alignment" : 1,
+   "is_integral" : true,
+   "is_unsigned" : true,
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIb",
+   "name" : "bool",
+   "size" : 1
+  },
+  {
+   "alignment" : 1,
+   "is_integral" : true,
+   "is_unsigned" : true,
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIc",
+   "name" : "char",
+   "size" : 1
+  },
+  {
+   "alignment" : 4,
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIf",
+   "name" : "float",
+   "size" : 4
+  },
+  {
+   "alignment" : 1,
+   "is_integral" : true,
+   "is_unsigned" : true,
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIh",
+   "name" : "unsigned char",
+   "size" : 1
+  },
+  {
+   "alignment" : 4,
+   "is_integral" : true,
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIi",
+   "name" : "int",
+   "size" : 4
+  },
+  {
+   "alignment" : 4,
+   "is_integral" : true,
+   "is_unsigned" : true,
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIj",
+   "name" : "unsigned int",
+   "size" : 4
+  },
+  {
+   "alignment" : 8,
+   "is_integral" : true,
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIl",
+   "name" : "long",
+   "size" : 8
+  },
+  {
+   "alignment" : 8,
+   "is_integral" : true,
+   "is_unsigned" : true,
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIm",
+   "name" : "unsigned long",
+   "size" : 8
+  },
+  {
+   "alignment" : 16,
+   "is_integral" : true,
+   "is_unsigned" : true,
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIo",
+   "name" : "unsigned __int128",
+   "size" : 16
+  },
+  {
+   "alignment" : 2,
+   "is_integral" : true,
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIs",
+   "name" : "short",
+   "size" : 2
+  },
+  {
+   "alignment" : 2,
+   "is_integral" : true,
+   "is_unsigned" : true,
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIt",
+   "name" : "unsigned short",
+   "size" : 2
+  },
+  {
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIv",
+   "name" : "void"
+  },
+  {
+   "alignment" : 8,
+   "is_integral" : true,
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIx",
+   "name" : "long long",
+   "size" : 8
+  },
+  {
+   "alignment" : 8,
+   "is_integral" : true,
+   "is_unsigned" : true,
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIy",
+   "name" : "unsigned long long",
+   "size" : 8
+  }
+ ],
+ "elf_functions" :
+ [
+  {
+   "name" : "_Z23socket_make_sockaddr_unPKciP11sockaddr_unPj"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "android_get_control_file"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "android_get_control_socket"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "android_get_ioprio"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "android_reboot"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "android_set_ioprio"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "ashmem_create_region"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "ashmem_get_size_region"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "ashmem_pin_region"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "ashmem_set_prot_region"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "ashmem_unpin_region"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "ashmem_valid"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "atrace_async_begin_body"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "atrace_async_end_body"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "atrace_async_for_track_begin_body"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "atrace_async_for_track_end_body"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "atrace_begin_body"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "atrace_end_body"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "atrace_get_enabled_tags"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "atrace_init"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "atrace_instant_body"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "atrace_instant_for_track_body"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "atrace_int64_body"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "atrace_int_body"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "atrace_set_tracing_enabled"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "atrace_setup"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "atrace_update_tags"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "canned_fs_config"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "config_bool"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "config_find"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "config_free"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "config_load"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "config_load_file"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "config_node"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "config_set"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "config_str"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "fs_config"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "fs_mkdirs"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "fs_prepare_dir"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "fs_prepare_dir_strict"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "fs_prepare_file_strict"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "fs_read_atomic_int"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "fs_write_atomic_int"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "get_fs_config"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "hashmapCreate"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "hashmapForEach"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "hashmapFree"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "hashmapGet"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "hashmapHash"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "hashmapLock"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "hashmapPut"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "hashmapRemove"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "hashmapUnlock"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "klog_set_level"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "klog_write"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "klog_writev"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "load_canned_fs_config"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "load_file"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "multiuser_convert_sdk_sandbox_to_app_uid"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "multiuser_get_app_id"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "multiuser_get_cache_gid"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "multiuser_get_ext_cache_gid"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "multiuser_get_ext_gid"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "multiuser_get_sdk_sandbox_uid"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "multiuser_get_shared_app_gid"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "multiuser_get_shared_gid"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "multiuser_get_uid"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "multiuser_get_user_id"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "native_handle_clone"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "native_handle_close"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "native_handle_close_with_tag"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "native_handle_create"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "native_handle_delete"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "native_handle_init"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "native_handle_set_fdsan_tag"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "native_handle_unset_fdsan_tag"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "partition_wiped"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "property_get"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "property_get_bool"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "property_get_int32"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "property_get_int64"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "property_list"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "property_set"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "record_stream_free"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "record_stream_get_next"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "record_stream_new"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "socket_close"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "socket_get_local_port"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "socket_inaddr_any_server"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "socket_local_client"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "socket_local_client_connect"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "socket_local_server"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "socket_local_server_bind"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "socket_network_client"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "socket_network_client_timeout"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "socket_send_buffers"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "str_parms_add_float"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "str_parms_add_int"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "str_parms_add_str"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "str_parms_create"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "str_parms_create_str"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "str_parms_del"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "str_parms_destroy"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "str_parms_dump"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "str_parms_get_float"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "str_parms_get_int"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "str_parms_get_str"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "str_parms_has_key"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "str_parms_to_str"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "uevent_bind"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "uevent_create_socket"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "uevent_kernel_multicast_recv"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "uevent_kernel_multicast_uid_recv"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "uevent_kernel_recv"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "uevent_open_socket"
+  }
+ ],
+ "elf_objects" :
+ [
+  {
+   "name" : "atrace_enabled_tags"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "atrace_is_ready"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "atrace_marker_fd"
+  }
+ ],
+ "enum_types" :
+ [
+  {
+   "alignment" : 4,
+   "enum_fields" :
+   [
+    {
+     "enum_field_value" : 0,
+     "name" : "IoSchedClass_NONE"
+    },
+    {
+     "enum_field_value" : 1,
+     "name" : "IoSchedClass_RT"
+    },
+    {
+     "enum_field_value" : 2,
+     "name" : "IoSchedClass_BE"
+    },
+    {
+     "enum_field_value" : 3,
+     "name" : "IoSchedClass_IDLE"
+    }
+   ],
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTI12IoSchedClass",
+   "name" : "IoSchedClass",
+   "size" : 4,
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/iosched_policy.h",
+   "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
+  }
+ ],
+ "function_types" :
+ [
+  {
+   "alignment" : 4,
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIFbPvS_E",
+   "name" : "bool (void *, void *)",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPv"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPv"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIb",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/hashmap.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "alignment" : 4,
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIFbPvS_S_E",
+   "name" : "bool (void *, void *, void *)",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPv"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPv"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPv"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIb",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/hashmap.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "alignment" : 4,
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIFiPvE",
+   "name" : "int (void *)",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPv"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIi",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/hashmap.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "alignment" : 4,
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIFvPKcS0_PvE",
+   "name" : "void (const char *, const char *, void *)",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPKc"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPKc"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPv"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIv",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/properties.h"
+  }
+ ],
+ "functions" :
+ [
+  {
+   "function_name" : "android_get_control_file",
+   "linker_set_key" : "android_get_control_file",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPKc"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIi",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/android_get_control_file.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "android_get_control_socket",
+   "linker_set_key" : "android_get_control_socket",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPKc"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIi",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/sockets.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "android_get_ioprio",
+   "linker_set_key" : "android_get_ioprio",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIi"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIP12IoSchedClass"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPi"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIi",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/iosched_policy.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "android_reboot",
+   "linker_set_key" : "android_reboot",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIj"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIi"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPKc"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIi",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/android_reboot.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "android_set_ioprio",
+   "linker_set_key" : "android_set_ioprio",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIi"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTI12IoSchedClass"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIi"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIi",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/iosched_policy.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "ashmem_create_region",
+   "linker_set_key" : "ashmem_create_region",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPKc"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIm"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIi",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/ashmem.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "ashmem_get_size_region",
+   "linker_set_key" : "ashmem_get_size_region",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIi"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIi",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/ashmem.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "ashmem_pin_region",
+   "linker_set_key" : "ashmem_pin_region",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIi"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIm"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIm"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIi",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/ashmem.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "ashmem_set_prot_region",
+   "linker_set_key" : "ashmem_set_prot_region",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIi"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIi"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIi",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/ashmem.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "ashmem_unpin_region",
+   "linker_set_key" : "ashmem_unpin_region",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIi"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIm"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIm"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIi",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/ashmem.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "ashmem_valid",
+   "linker_set_key" : "ashmem_valid",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIi"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIi",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/ashmem.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "atrace_async_begin_body",
+   "linker_set_key" : "atrace_async_begin_body",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPKc"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIi"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIv",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/trace.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "atrace_async_end_body",
+   "linker_set_key" : "atrace_async_end_body",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPKc"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIi"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIv",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/trace.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "atrace_async_for_track_begin_body",
+   "linker_set_key" : "atrace_async_for_track_begin_body",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPKc"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPKc"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIi"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIv",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/trace.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "atrace_async_for_track_end_body",
+   "linker_set_key" : "atrace_async_for_track_end_body",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPKc"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIi"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIv",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/trace.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "atrace_begin_body",
+   "linker_set_key" : "atrace_begin_body",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPKc"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIv",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/trace.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "atrace_end_body",
+   "linker_set_key" : "atrace_end_body",
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIv",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/trace.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "atrace_get_enabled_tags",
+   "linker_set_key" : "atrace_get_enabled_tags",
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIm",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/trace.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "atrace_init",
+   "linker_set_key" : "atrace_init",
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIv",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/trace.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "atrace_instant_body",
+   "linker_set_key" : "atrace_instant_body",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPKc"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIv",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/trace.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "atrace_instant_for_track_body",
+   "linker_set_key" : "atrace_instant_for_track_body",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPKc"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPKc"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIv",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/trace.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "atrace_int64_body",
+   "linker_set_key" : "atrace_int64_body",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPKc"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIl"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIv",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/trace.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "atrace_int_body",
+   "linker_set_key" : "atrace_int_body",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPKc"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIi"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIv",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/trace.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "atrace_set_tracing_enabled",
+   "linker_set_key" : "atrace_set_tracing_enabled",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIb"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIv",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/trace.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "atrace_setup",
+   "linker_set_key" : "atrace_setup",
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIv",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/trace.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "atrace_update_tags",
+   "linker_set_key" : "atrace_update_tags",
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIv",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/trace.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "canned_fs_config",
+   "linker_set_key" : "canned_fs_config",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPKc"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIi"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPKc"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPj"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPj"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPj"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPm"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIv",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/private/canned_fs_config.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "config_bool",
+   "linker_set_key" : "config_bool",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIP5cnode"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPKc"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIi"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIi",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/config_utils.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "config_find",
+   "linker_set_key" : "config_find",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIP5cnode"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPKc"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIP5cnode",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/config_utils.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "config_free",
+   "linker_set_key" : "config_free",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIP5cnode"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIv",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/config_utils.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "config_load",
+   "linker_set_key" : "config_load",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIP5cnode"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPc"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIv",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/config_utils.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "config_load_file",
+   "linker_set_key" : "config_load_file",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIP5cnode"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPKc"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIv",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/config_utils.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "config_node",
+   "linker_set_key" : "config_node",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPKc"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPKc"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIP5cnode",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/config_utils.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "config_set",
+   "linker_set_key" : "config_set",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIP5cnode"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPKc"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPKc"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIv",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/config_utils.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "config_str",
+   "linker_set_key" : "config_str",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIP5cnode"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPKc"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPKc"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIPKc",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/config_utils.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "fs_config",
+   "linker_set_key" : "fs_config",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPKc"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIi"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPKc"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPj"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPj"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPj"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPm"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIv",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/private/fs_config.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "fs_mkdirs",
+   "linker_set_key" : "fs_mkdirs",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPKc"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIj"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIi",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/fs.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "fs_prepare_dir",
+   "linker_set_key" : "fs_prepare_dir",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPKc"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIj"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIj"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIj"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIi",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/fs.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "fs_prepare_dir_strict",
+   "linker_set_key" : "fs_prepare_dir_strict",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPKc"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIj"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIj"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIj"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIi",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/fs.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "fs_prepare_file_strict",
+   "linker_set_key" : "fs_prepare_file_strict",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPKc"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIj"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIj"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIj"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIi",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/fs.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "fs_read_atomic_int",
+   "linker_set_key" : "fs_read_atomic_int",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPKc"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPi"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIi",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/fs.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "fs_write_atomic_int",
+   "linker_set_key" : "fs_write_atomic_int",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPKc"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIi"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIi",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/fs.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "get_fs_config",
+   "linker_set_key" : "get_fs_config",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPKc"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIb"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPKc"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIP9fs_config"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIb",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/private/fs_config.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "hashmapCreate",
+   "linker_set_key" : "hashmapCreate",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIm"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPFiPvE"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPFbPvS_E"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIP7Hashmap",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/hashmap.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "hashmapForEach",
+   "linker_set_key" : "hashmapForEach",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIP7Hashmap"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPFbPvS_S_E"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPv"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIv",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/hashmap.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "hashmapFree",
+   "linker_set_key" : "hashmapFree",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIP7Hashmap"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIv",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/hashmap.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "hashmapGet",
+   "linker_set_key" : "hashmapGet",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIP7Hashmap"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPv"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIPv",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/hashmap.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "hashmapHash",
+   "linker_set_key" : "hashmapHash",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPv"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIm"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIi",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/hashmap.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "hashmapLock",
+   "linker_set_key" : "hashmapLock",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIP7Hashmap"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIv",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/hashmap.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "hashmapPut",
+   "linker_set_key" : "hashmapPut",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIP7Hashmap"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPv"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPv"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIPv",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/hashmap.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "hashmapRemove",
+   "linker_set_key" : "hashmapRemove",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIP7Hashmap"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPv"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIPv",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/hashmap.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "hashmapUnlock",
+   "linker_set_key" : "hashmapUnlock",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIP7Hashmap"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIv",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/hashmap.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "klog_set_level",
+   "linker_set_key" : "klog_set_level",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIi"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIv",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/klog.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "klog_write",
+   "linker_set_key" : "klog_write",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIi"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPKc"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIv",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/klog.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "klog_writev",
+   "linker_set_key" : "klog_writev",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIi"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPK5iovec"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIi"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIv",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/klog.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "load_canned_fs_config",
+   "linker_set_key" : "load_canned_fs_config",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPKc"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIi",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/private/canned_fs_config.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "load_file",
+   "linker_set_key" : "load_file",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPKc"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPj"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIPv",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/misc.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "multiuser_convert_sdk_sandbox_to_app_uid",
+   "linker_set_key" : "multiuser_convert_sdk_sandbox_to_app_uid",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIj"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIj",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/multiuser.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "multiuser_get_app_id",
+   "linker_set_key" : "multiuser_get_app_id",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIj"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIj",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/multiuser.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "multiuser_get_cache_gid",
+   "linker_set_key" : "multiuser_get_cache_gid",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIj"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIj"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIj",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/multiuser.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "multiuser_get_ext_cache_gid",
+   "linker_set_key" : "multiuser_get_ext_cache_gid",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIj"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIj"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIj",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/multiuser.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "multiuser_get_ext_gid",
+   "linker_set_key" : "multiuser_get_ext_gid",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIj"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIj"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIj",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/multiuser.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "multiuser_get_sdk_sandbox_uid",
+   "linker_set_key" : "multiuser_get_sdk_sandbox_uid",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIj"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIj"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIj",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/multiuser.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "multiuser_get_shared_app_gid",
+   "linker_set_key" : "multiuser_get_shared_app_gid",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIj"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIj",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/multiuser.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "multiuser_get_shared_gid",
+   "linker_set_key" : "multiuser_get_shared_gid",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIj"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIj"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIj",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/multiuser.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "multiuser_get_uid",
+   "linker_set_key" : "multiuser_get_uid",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIj"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIj"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIj",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/multiuser.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "multiuser_get_user_id",
+   "linker_set_key" : "multiuser_get_user_id",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIj"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIj",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/multiuser.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "native_handle_clone",
+   "linker_set_key" : "native_handle_clone",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPK13native_handle"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIP13native_handle",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/native_handle.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "native_handle_close",
+   "linker_set_key" : "native_handle_close",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPK13native_handle"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIi",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/native_handle.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "native_handle_close_with_tag",
+   "linker_set_key" : "native_handle_close_with_tag",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPK13native_handle"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIi",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/native_handle.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "native_handle_create",
+   "linker_set_key" : "native_handle_create",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIi"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIi"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIP13native_handle",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/native_handle.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "native_handle_delete",
+   "linker_set_key" : "native_handle_delete",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIP13native_handle"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIi",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/native_handle.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "native_handle_init",
+   "linker_set_key" : "native_handle_init",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPc"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIi"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIi"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIP13native_handle",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/native_handle.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "native_handle_set_fdsan_tag",
+   "linker_set_key" : "native_handle_set_fdsan_tag",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPK13native_handle"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIv",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/native_handle.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "native_handle_unset_fdsan_tag",
+   "linker_set_key" : "native_handle_unset_fdsan_tag",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPK13native_handle"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIv",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/native_handle.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "partition_wiped",
+   "linker_set_key" : "partition_wiped",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPKc"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIi",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/partition_utils.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "property_get",
+   "linker_set_key" : "property_get",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPKc"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPc"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPKc"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIi",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/properties.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "property_get_bool",
+   "linker_set_key" : "property_get_bool",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPKc"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIa"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIa",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/properties.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "property_get_int32",
+   "linker_set_key" : "property_get_int32",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPKc"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIi"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIi",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/properties.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "property_get_int64",
+   "linker_set_key" : "property_get_int64",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPKc"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIl"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIl",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/properties.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "property_list",
+   "linker_set_key" : "property_list",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPFvPKcS0_PvE"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPv"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIi",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/properties.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "property_set",
+   "linker_set_key" : "property_set",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPKc"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPKc"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIi",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/properties.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "record_stream_free",
+   "linker_set_key" : "record_stream_free",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIP12RecordStream"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIv",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/record_stream.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "record_stream_get_next",
+   "linker_set_key" : "record_stream_get_next",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIP12RecordStream"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPPv"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPm"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIi",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/record_stream.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "record_stream_new",
+   "linker_set_key" : "record_stream_new",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIi"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIm"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIP12RecordStream",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/record_stream.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "socket_close",
+   "linker_set_key" : "socket_close",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIi"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIi",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/sockets.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "socket_get_local_port",
+   "linker_set_key" : "socket_get_local_port",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIi"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIi",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/sockets.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "socket_inaddr_any_server",
+   "linker_set_key" : "socket_inaddr_any_server",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIi"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIi"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIi",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/sockets.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "socket_local_client",
+   "linker_set_key" : "socket_local_client",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPKc"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIi"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIi"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIi",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/sockets.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "socket_local_client_connect",
+   "linker_set_key" : "socket_local_client_connect",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIi"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPKc"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIi"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIi"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIi",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/sockets.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "socket_local_server",
+   "linker_set_key" : "socket_local_server",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPKc"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIi"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIi"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIi",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/sockets.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "socket_local_server_bind",
+   "linker_set_key" : "socket_local_server_bind",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIi"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPKc"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIi"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIi",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/sockets.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "socket_network_client",
+   "linker_set_key" : "socket_network_client",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPKc"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIi"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIi"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIi",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/sockets.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "socket_network_client_timeout",
+   "linker_set_key" : "socket_network_client_timeout",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPKc"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIi"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIi"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIi"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPi"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIi",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/sockets.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "socket_send_buffers",
+   "linker_set_key" : "socket_send_buffers",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIi"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPK22cutils_socket_buffer_t"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIm"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIl",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/sockets.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "str_parms_add_float",
+   "linker_set_key" : "str_parms_add_float",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIP9str_parms"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPKc"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIf"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIi",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/str_parms.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "str_parms_add_int",
+   "linker_set_key" : "str_parms_add_int",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIP9str_parms"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPKc"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIi"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIi",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/str_parms.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "str_parms_add_str",
+   "linker_set_key" : "str_parms_add_str",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIP9str_parms"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPKc"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPKc"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIi",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/str_parms.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "str_parms_create",
+   "linker_set_key" : "str_parms_create",
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIP9str_parms",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/str_parms.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "str_parms_create_str",
+   "linker_set_key" : "str_parms_create_str",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPKc"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIP9str_parms",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/str_parms.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "str_parms_del",
+   "linker_set_key" : "str_parms_del",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIP9str_parms"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPKc"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIv",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/str_parms.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "str_parms_destroy",
+   "linker_set_key" : "str_parms_destroy",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIP9str_parms"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIv",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/str_parms.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "str_parms_dump",
+   "linker_set_key" : "str_parms_dump",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIP9str_parms"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIv",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/str_parms.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "str_parms_get_float",
+   "linker_set_key" : "str_parms_get_float",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIP9str_parms"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPKc"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPf"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIi",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/str_parms.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "str_parms_get_int",
+   "linker_set_key" : "str_parms_get_int",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIP9str_parms"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPKc"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPi"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIi",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/str_parms.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "str_parms_get_str",
+   "linker_set_key" : "str_parms_get_str",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIP9str_parms"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPKc"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPc"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIi"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIi",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/str_parms.h"
+  },
+  {
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diff --git a/libcutils/abi-dumps/arm_arm64/source-based/libcutils.so.lsdump b/libcutils/abi-dumps/arm_arm64/source-based/libcutils.so.lsdump
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..fe4361a39e2a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcutils/abi-dumps/arm_arm64/source-based/libcutils.so.lsdump
@@ -0,0 +1,2684 @@
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+  },
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+   "name" : "atrace_get_enabled_tags"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "atrace_init"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "atrace_instant_body"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "atrace_instant_for_track_body"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "atrace_int64_body"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "atrace_int_body"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "atrace_set_tracing_enabled"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "atrace_setup"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "atrace_update_tags"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "canned_fs_config"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "config_bool"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "config_find"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "config_free"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "config_load"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "config_load_file"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "config_node"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "config_set"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "config_str"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "fs_config"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "fs_mkdirs"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "fs_prepare_dir"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "fs_prepare_dir_strict"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "fs_prepare_file_strict"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "fs_read_atomic_int"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "fs_write_atomic_int"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "get_fs_config"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "hashmapCreate"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "hashmapForEach"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "hashmapFree"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "hashmapGet"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "hashmapHash"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "hashmapLock"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "hashmapPut"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "hashmapRemove"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "hashmapUnlock"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "klog_set_level"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "klog_write"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "klog_writev"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "load_canned_fs_config"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "load_file"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "multiuser_convert_sdk_sandbox_to_app_uid"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "multiuser_get_app_id"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "multiuser_get_cache_gid"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "multiuser_get_ext_cache_gid"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "multiuser_get_ext_gid"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "multiuser_get_sdk_sandbox_uid"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "multiuser_get_shared_app_gid"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "multiuser_get_shared_gid"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "multiuser_get_uid"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "multiuser_get_user_id"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "native_handle_clone"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "native_handle_close"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "native_handle_close_with_tag"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "native_handle_create"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "native_handle_delete"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "native_handle_init"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "native_handle_set_fdsan_tag"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "native_handle_unset_fdsan_tag"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "partition_wiped"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "property_get"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "property_get_bool"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "property_get_int32"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "property_get_int64"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "property_list"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "property_set"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "record_stream_free"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "record_stream_get_next"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "record_stream_new"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "socket_close"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "socket_get_local_port"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "socket_inaddr_any_server"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "socket_local_client"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "socket_local_client_connect"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "socket_local_server"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "socket_local_server_bind"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "socket_network_client"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "socket_network_client_timeout"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "socket_send_buffers"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "str_parms_add_float"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "str_parms_add_int"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "str_parms_add_str"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "str_parms_create"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "str_parms_create_str"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "str_parms_del"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "str_parms_destroy"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "str_parms_dump"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "str_parms_get_float"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "str_parms_get_int"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "str_parms_get_str"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "str_parms_has_key"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "str_parms_to_str"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "uevent_bind"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "uevent_create_socket"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "uevent_kernel_multicast_recv"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "uevent_kernel_multicast_uid_recv"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "uevent_kernel_recv"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "uevent_open_socket"
+  }
+ ],
+ "elf_objects" :
+ [
+  {
+   "name" : "atrace_enabled_tags"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "atrace_is_ready"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "atrace_marker_fd"
+  }
+ ],
+ "enum_types" :
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+   "enum_fields" :
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+     "name" : "IoSchedClass_RT"
+    },
+    {
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+     "name" : "IoSchedClass_BE"
+    },
+    {
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+     "name" : "IoSchedClass_IDLE"
+    }
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+   "name" : "IoSchedClass",
+   "size" : 4,
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/iosched_policy.h",
+   "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
+  }
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+   "name" : "bool (void *, void *)",
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+    {
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+   "name" : "int (void *)",
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+   "name" : "void (const char *, const char *, void *)",
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+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIv",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/properties.h"
+  }
+ ],
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+ [
+  {
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+   "linker_set_key" : "android_get_control_file",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPKc"
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+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIi",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/android_get_control_file.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "android_get_control_socket",
+   "linker_set_key" : "android_get_control_socket",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPKc"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIi",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/sockets.h"
+  },
+  {
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+   "linker_set_key" : "android_get_ioprio",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIi"
+    },
+    {
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+    },
+    {
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+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIi",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/iosched_policy.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "android_reboot",
+   "linker_set_key" : "android_reboot",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIj"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIi"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPKc"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIi",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/android_reboot.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "android_set_ioprio",
+   "linker_set_key" : "android_set_ioprio",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIi"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTI12IoSchedClass"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIi"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIi",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/iosched_policy.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "ashmem_create_region",
+   "linker_set_key" : "ashmem_create_region",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPKc"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIj"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIi",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/ashmem.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "ashmem_get_size_region",
+   "linker_set_key" : "ashmem_get_size_region",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIi"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIi",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/ashmem.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "ashmem_pin_region",
+   "linker_set_key" : "ashmem_pin_region",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIi"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIj"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIj"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIi",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/ashmem.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "ashmem_set_prot_region",
+   "linker_set_key" : "ashmem_set_prot_region",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIi"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIi"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIi",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/ashmem.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "ashmem_unpin_region",
+   "linker_set_key" : "ashmem_unpin_region",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIi"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIj"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIj"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIi",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/ashmem.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "ashmem_valid",
+   "linker_set_key" : "ashmem_valid",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIi"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIi",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/ashmem.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "atrace_async_begin_body",
+   "linker_set_key" : "atrace_async_begin_body",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPKc"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIi"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIv",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/trace.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "atrace_async_end_body",
+   "linker_set_key" : "atrace_async_end_body",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPKc"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIi"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIv",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/trace.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "atrace_async_for_track_begin_body",
+   "linker_set_key" : "atrace_async_for_track_begin_body",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPKc"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPKc"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIi"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIv",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/trace.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "atrace_async_for_track_end_body",
+   "linker_set_key" : "atrace_async_for_track_end_body",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPKc"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIi"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIv",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/trace.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "atrace_begin_body",
+   "linker_set_key" : "atrace_begin_body",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPKc"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIv",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/trace.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "atrace_end_body",
+   "linker_set_key" : "atrace_end_body",
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIv",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/trace.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "atrace_get_enabled_tags",
+   "linker_set_key" : "atrace_get_enabled_tags",
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIy",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/trace.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "atrace_init",
+   "linker_set_key" : "atrace_init",
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIv",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/trace.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "atrace_instant_body",
+   "linker_set_key" : "atrace_instant_body",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPKc"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIv",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/trace.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "atrace_instant_for_track_body",
+   "linker_set_key" : "atrace_instant_for_track_body",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPKc"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPKc"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIv",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/trace.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "atrace_int64_body",
+   "linker_set_key" : "atrace_int64_body",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPKc"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIx"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIv",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/trace.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "atrace_int_body",
+   "linker_set_key" : "atrace_int_body",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPKc"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIi"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIv",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/trace.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "atrace_set_tracing_enabled",
+   "linker_set_key" : "atrace_set_tracing_enabled",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIb"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIv",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/trace.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "atrace_setup",
+   "linker_set_key" : "atrace_setup",
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIv",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/trace.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "atrace_update_tags",
+   "linker_set_key" : "atrace_update_tags",
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIv",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/trace.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "canned_fs_config",
+   "linker_set_key" : "canned_fs_config",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPKc"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIi"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPKc"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPj"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPj"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPj"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPy"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIv",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/private/canned_fs_config.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "config_bool",
+   "linker_set_key" : "config_bool",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIP5cnode"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPKc"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIi"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIi",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/config_utils.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "config_find",
+   "linker_set_key" : "config_find",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIP5cnode"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPKc"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIP5cnode",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/config_utils.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "config_free",
+   "linker_set_key" : "config_free",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIP5cnode"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIv",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/config_utils.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "config_load",
+   "linker_set_key" : "config_load",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIP5cnode"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPc"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIv",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/config_utils.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "config_load_file",
+   "linker_set_key" : "config_load_file",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIP5cnode"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPKc"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIv",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/config_utils.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "config_node",
+   "linker_set_key" : "config_node",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPKc"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPKc"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIP5cnode",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/config_utils.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "config_set",
+   "linker_set_key" : "config_set",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIP5cnode"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPKc"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPKc"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIv",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/config_utils.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "config_str",
+   "linker_set_key" : "config_str",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIP5cnode"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPKc"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPKc"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIPKc",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/config_utils.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "fs_config",
+   "linker_set_key" : "fs_config",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPKc"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIi"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPKc"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPj"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPj"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPj"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPy"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIv",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/private/fs_config.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "fs_mkdirs",
+   "linker_set_key" : "fs_mkdirs",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPKc"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIt"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIi",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/fs.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "fs_prepare_dir",
+   "linker_set_key" : "fs_prepare_dir",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPKc"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIt"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIj"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIj"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIi",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/fs.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "fs_prepare_dir_strict",
+   "linker_set_key" : "fs_prepare_dir_strict",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPKc"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIt"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIj"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIj"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIi",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/fs.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "fs_prepare_file_strict",
+   "linker_set_key" : "fs_prepare_file_strict",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPKc"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIt"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIj"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIj"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIi",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/fs.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "fs_read_atomic_int",
+   "linker_set_key" : "fs_read_atomic_int",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPKc"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPi"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIi",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/fs.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "fs_write_atomic_int",
+   "linker_set_key" : "fs_write_atomic_int",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPKc"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIi"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIi",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/fs.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "get_fs_config",
+   "linker_set_key" : "get_fs_config",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPKc"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIb"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPKc"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIP9fs_config"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIb",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/private/fs_config.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "hashmapCreate",
+   "linker_set_key" : "hashmapCreate",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIj"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPFiPvE"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPFbPvS_E"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIP7Hashmap",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/hashmap.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "hashmapForEach",
+   "linker_set_key" : "hashmapForEach",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIP7Hashmap"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPFbPvS_S_E"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPv"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIv",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/hashmap.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "hashmapFree",
+   "linker_set_key" : "hashmapFree",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIP7Hashmap"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIv",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/hashmap.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "hashmapGet",
+   "linker_set_key" : "hashmapGet",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIP7Hashmap"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPv"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIPv",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/hashmap.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "hashmapHash",
+   "linker_set_key" : "hashmapHash",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPv"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIj"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIi",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/hashmap.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "hashmapLock",
+   "linker_set_key" : "hashmapLock",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIP7Hashmap"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIv",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/hashmap.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "hashmapPut",
+   "linker_set_key" : "hashmapPut",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIP7Hashmap"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPv"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPv"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIPv",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/hashmap.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "hashmapRemove",
+   "linker_set_key" : "hashmapRemove",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIP7Hashmap"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPv"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIPv",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/hashmap.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "hashmapUnlock",
+   "linker_set_key" : "hashmapUnlock",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIP7Hashmap"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIv",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/hashmap.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "klog_set_level",
+   "linker_set_key" : "klog_set_level",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIi"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIv",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/klog.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "klog_write",
+   "linker_set_key" : "klog_write",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIi"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPKc"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIv",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/klog.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "klog_writev",
+   "linker_set_key" : "klog_writev",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIi"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPK5iovec"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIi"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIv",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/klog.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "load_canned_fs_config",
+   "linker_set_key" : "load_canned_fs_config",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPKc"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIi",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/private/canned_fs_config.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "load_file",
+   "linker_set_key" : "load_file",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPKc"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPj"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIPv",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/misc.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "multiuser_convert_sdk_sandbox_to_app_uid",
+   "linker_set_key" : "multiuser_convert_sdk_sandbox_to_app_uid",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIj"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIj",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/multiuser.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "multiuser_get_app_id",
+   "linker_set_key" : "multiuser_get_app_id",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIj"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIj",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/multiuser.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "multiuser_get_cache_gid",
+   "linker_set_key" : "multiuser_get_cache_gid",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIj"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIj"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIj",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/multiuser.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "multiuser_get_ext_cache_gid",
+   "linker_set_key" : "multiuser_get_ext_cache_gid",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIj"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIj"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIj",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/multiuser.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "multiuser_get_ext_gid",
+   "linker_set_key" : "multiuser_get_ext_gid",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIj"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIj"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIj",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/multiuser.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "multiuser_get_sdk_sandbox_uid",
+   "linker_set_key" : "multiuser_get_sdk_sandbox_uid",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIj"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIj"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIj",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/multiuser.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "multiuser_get_shared_app_gid",
+   "linker_set_key" : "multiuser_get_shared_app_gid",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIj"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIj",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/multiuser.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "multiuser_get_shared_gid",
+   "linker_set_key" : "multiuser_get_shared_gid",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIj"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIj"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIj",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/multiuser.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "multiuser_get_uid",
+   "linker_set_key" : "multiuser_get_uid",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIj"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIj"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIj",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/multiuser.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "multiuser_get_user_id",
+   "linker_set_key" : "multiuser_get_user_id",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIj"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIj",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/multiuser.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "native_handle_clone",
+   "linker_set_key" : "native_handle_clone",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPK13native_handle"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIP13native_handle",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/native_handle.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "native_handle_close",
+   "linker_set_key" : "native_handle_close",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPK13native_handle"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIi",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/native_handle.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "native_handle_close_with_tag",
+   "linker_set_key" : "native_handle_close_with_tag",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPK13native_handle"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIi",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/native_handle.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "native_handle_create",
+   "linker_set_key" : "native_handle_create",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIi"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIi"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIP13native_handle",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/native_handle.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "native_handle_delete",
+   "linker_set_key" : "native_handle_delete",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIP13native_handle"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIi",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/native_handle.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "native_handle_init",
+   "linker_set_key" : "native_handle_init",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPc"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIi"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIi"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIP13native_handle",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/native_handle.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "native_handle_set_fdsan_tag",
+   "linker_set_key" : "native_handle_set_fdsan_tag",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPK13native_handle"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIv",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/native_handle.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "native_handle_unset_fdsan_tag",
+   "linker_set_key" : "native_handle_unset_fdsan_tag",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPK13native_handle"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIv",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/native_handle.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "partition_wiped",
+   "linker_set_key" : "partition_wiped",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPKc"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIi",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/partition_utils.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "property_get",
+   "linker_set_key" : "property_get",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPKc"
+    },
+    {
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+    {
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+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIi",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/properties.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "property_get_bool",
+   "linker_set_key" : "property_get_bool",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPKc"
+    },
+    {
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+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIa",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/properties.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "property_get_int32",
+   "linker_set_key" : "property_get_int32",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPKc"
+    },
+    {
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+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIi",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/properties.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "property_get_int64",
+   "linker_set_key" : "property_get_int64",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
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+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPKc"
+    },
+    {
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+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIx",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/properties.h"
+  },
+  {
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+   "linker_set_key" : "property_list",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPFvPKcS0_PvE"
+    },
+    {
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+    }
+   ],
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+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/properties.h"
+  },
+  {
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+   "linker_set_key" : "property_set",
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+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPKc"
+    },
+    {
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+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIi",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/properties.h"
+  },
+  {
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+   "linker_set_key" : "record_stream_free",
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+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIP12RecordStream"
+    }
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+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/record_stream.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "record_stream_get_next",
+   "linker_set_key" : "record_stream_get_next",
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+   [
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+   ],
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+  },
+  {
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+   "linker_set_key" : "record_stream_new",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
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+    },
+    {
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+    }
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+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/record_stream.h"
+  },
+  {
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+   "linker_set_key" : "socket_close",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIi"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIi",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/sockets.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "socket_get_local_port",
+   "linker_set_key" : "socket_get_local_port",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
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+    }
+   ],
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+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/sockets.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "socket_inaddr_any_server",
+   "linker_set_key" : "socket_inaddr_any_server",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
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+    },
+    {
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+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIi",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/sockets.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "socket_local_client",
+   "linker_set_key" : "socket_local_client",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
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+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPKc"
+    },
+    {
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+    },
+    {
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+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIi",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/sockets.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "socket_local_client_connect",
+   "linker_set_key" : "socket_local_client_connect",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
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+    },
+    {
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+    {
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+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIi",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/sockets.h"
+  },
+  {
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+   "linker_set_key" : "socket_local_server",
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+   [
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+    {
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+   "return_type" : "_ZTIi",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/sockets.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "socket_local_server_bind",
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+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/sockets.h"
+  },
+  {
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+  },
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+  },
+  {
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+   "parameters" :
+   [
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+    },
+    {
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+    },
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+    }
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+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/sockets.h"
+  },
+  {
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+   "linker_set_key" : "str_parms_add_float",
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+  },
+  {
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+   "linker_set_key" : "str_parms_add_int",
+   "parameters" :
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+    {
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+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "str_parms_add_str",
+   "linker_set_key" : "str_parms_add_str",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
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+    {
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+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/str_parms.h"
+  },
+  {
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+   "linker_set_key" : "str_parms_create",
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIP9str_parms",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/str_parms.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "str_parms_create_str",
+   "linker_set_key" : "str_parms_create_str",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
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+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPKc"
+    }
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+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/str_parms.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "str_parms_del",
+   "linker_set_key" : "str_parms_del",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIP9str_parms"
+    },
+    {
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+    }
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+   "return_type" : "_ZTIv",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/str_parms.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "str_parms_destroy",
+   "linker_set_key" : "str_parms_destroy",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIP9str_parms"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIv",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/str_parms.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "str_parms_dump",
+   "linker_set_key" : "str_parms_dump",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIP9str_parms"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIv",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/str_parms.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "str_parms_get_float",
+   "linker_set_key" : "str_parms_get_float",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIP9str_parms"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPKc"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPf"
+    }
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+   "return_type" : "_ZTIi",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/str_parms.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "str_parms_get_int",
+   "linker_set_key" : "str_parms_get_int",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIP9str_parms"
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+    {
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+    {
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+    }
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+   "return_type" : "_ZTIi",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/str_parms.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "str_parms_get_str",
+   "linker_set_key" : "str_parms_get_str",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIP9str_parms"
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+    {
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+    {
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+    {
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+   "return_type" : "_ZTIi",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/str_parms.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "str_parms_has_key",
+   "linker_set_key" : "str_parms_has_key",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIP9str_parms"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPKc"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIi",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/str_parms.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "str_parms_to_str",
+   "linker_set_key" : "str_parms_to_str",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIP9str_parms"
+    }
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+   "return_type" : "_ZTIPc",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/str_parms.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "uevent_bind",
+   "linker_set_key" : "uevent_bind",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIi"
+    }
+   ],
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIi",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/uevent.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "uevent_create_socket",
+   "linker_set_key" : "uevent_create_socket",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
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+    },
+    {
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+    }
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+   "return_type" : "_ZTIi",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/uevent.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "uevent_kernel_multicast_recv",
+   "linker_set_key" : "uevent_kernel_multicast_recv",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
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+    {
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+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/uevent.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "uevent_kernel_multicast_uid_recv",
+   "linker_set_key" : "uevent_kernel_multicast_uid_recv",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
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+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/uevent.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "uevent_kernel_recv",
+   "linker_set_key" : "uevent_kernel_recv",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
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+    },
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+   "return_type" : "_ZTIi",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/uevent.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "uevent_open_socket",
+   "linker_set_key" : "uevent_open_socket",
+   "parameters" :
+   [
+    {
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+    },
+    {
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+    }
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+   "return_type" : "_ZTIi",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/uevent.h"
+  }
+ ],
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+   "name" : "atrace_enabled_tags",
+   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIy",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/trace.h"
+  },
+  {
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+   "name" : "atrace_is_ready",
+   "referenced_type" : "_ZTINSt3__16atomicIbEE",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/trace.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "linker_set_key" : "atrace_marker_fd",
+   "name" : "atrace_marker_fd",
+   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIi",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/trace.h"
+  }
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+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/iosched_policy.h"
+  },
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+  },
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+  },
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+  },
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+   "referenced_type" : "_ZTI7Hashmap",
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+  },
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+  },
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+   "size" : 4,
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/hashmap.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "alignment" : 4,
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIPFvPKcS0_PvE",
+   "name" : "void (*)(const char *, const char *, void *)",
+   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIFvPKcS0_PvE",
+   "size" : 4,
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/properties.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "alignment" : 4,
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIPK13native_handle",
+   "name" : "const native_handle *",
+   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIK13native_handle",
+   "size" : 4,
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/native_handle.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "alignment" : 4,
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIPK22cutils_socket_buffer_t",
+   "name" : "const cutils_socket_buffer_t *",
+   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIK22cutils_socket_buffer_t",
+   "size" : 4,
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/sockets.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "alignment" : 4,
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIPK5iovec",
+   "name" : "const iovec *",
+   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIK5iovec",
+   "size" : 4,
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/klog.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "alignment" : 4,
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIPKc",
+   "name" : "const char *",
+   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIKc",
+   "size" : 4,
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/config_utils.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "alignment" : 4,
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIPKv",
+   "name" : "const void *",
+   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIKv",
+   "size" : 4,
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/sockets.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "alignment" : 4,
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIPPv",
+   "name" : "void **",
+   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPv",
+   "size" : 4,
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/record_stream.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "alignment" : 4,
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIPc",
+   "name" : "char *",
+   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIc",
+   "size" : 4,
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/config_utils.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "alignment" : 4,
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIPf",
+   "name" : "float *",
+   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIf",
+   "size" : 4,
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/str_parms.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "alignment" : 4,
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIPi",
+   "name" : "int *",
+   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIi",
+   "size" : 4,
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/iosched_policy.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "alignment" : 4,
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIPj",
+   "name" : "unsigned int *",
+   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIj",
+   "size" : 4,
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/misc.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "alignment" : 4,
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIPv",
+   "name" : "void *",
+   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIv",
+   "size" : 4,
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/misc.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "alignment" : 4,
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIPy",
+   "name" : "unsigned long long *",
+   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIy",
+   "size" : 4,
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/private/canned_fs_config.h"
+  }
+ ],
+ "qualified_types" :
+ [
+  {
+   "alignment" : 4,
+   "is_const" : true,
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIK13native_handle",
+   "name" : "const native_handle",
+   "referenced_type" : "_ZTI13native_handle",
+   "size" : 12,
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/native_handle.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "alignment" : 4,
+   "is_const" : true,
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIK22cutils_socket_buffer_t",
+   "name" : "const cutils_socket_buffer_t",
+   "referenced_type" : "_ZTI22cutils_socket_buffer_t",
+   "size" : 8,
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/sockets.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "alignment" : 4,
+   "is_const" : true,
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIK5iovec",
+   "name" : "const iovec",
+   "referenced_type" : "_ZTI5iovec",
+   "size" : 8,
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/klog.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "alignment" : 1,
+   "is_const" : true,
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIKc",
+   "name" : "const char",
+   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIc",
+   "size" : 1,
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/config_utils.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "is_const" : true,
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIKv",
+   "name" : "const void",
+   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIv",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/sockets.h"
+  }
+ ],
+ "record_types" :
+ [
+  {
+   "alignment" : 4,
+   "fields" :
+   [
+    {
+     "field_name" : "version",
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIi"
+    },
+    {
+     "field_name" : "numFds",
+     "field_offset" : 32,
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIi"
+    },
+    {
+     "field_name" : "numInts",
+     "field_offset" : 64,
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIi"
+    },
+    {
+     "field_name" : "data",
+     "field_offset" : 96,
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIA0_i"
+    }
+   ],
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTI13native_handle",
+   "name" : "native_handle",
+   "size" : 12,
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/native_handle.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "alignment" : 4,
+   "fields" :
+   [
+    {
+     "field_name" : "data",
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPKv"
+    },
+    {
+     "field_name" : "length",
+     "field_offset" : 32,
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIj"
+    }
+   ],
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTI22cutils_socket_buffer_t",
+   "name" : "cutils_socket_buffer_t",
+   "size" : 8,
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/sockets.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "alignment" : 4,
+   "fields" :
+   [
+    {
+     "field_name" : "next",
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIP5cnode"
+    },
+    {
+     "field_name" : "first_child",
+     "field_offset" : 32,
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIP5cnode"
+    },
+    {
+     "field_name" : "last_child",
+     "field_offset" : 64,
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIP5cnode"
+    },
+    {
+     "field_name" : "name",
+     "field_offset" : 96,
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPKc"
+    },
+    {
+     "field_name" : "value",
+     "field_offset" : 128,
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPKc"
+    }
+   ],
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTI5cnode",
+   "name" : "cnode",
+   "size" : 20,
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/cutils/config_utils.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "alignment" : 8,
+   "fields" :
+   [
+    {
+     "field_name" : "uid",
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIj"
+    },
+    {
+     "field_name" : "gid",
+     "field_offset" : 32,
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIj"
+    },
+    {
+     "field_name" : "mode",
+     "field_offset" : 64,
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIt"
+    },
+    {
+     "field_name" : "capabilities",
+     "field_offset" : 128,
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIy"
+    }
+   ],
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTI9fs_config",
+   "name" : "fs_config",
+   "size" : 24,
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include/private/fs_config.h"
+  }
+ ],
+ "rvalue_reference_types" : []
+}
diff --git a/libcutils/android_get_control_file_test.cpp b/libcutils/android_get_control_file_test.cpp
index 8de85307deee..e57af5ee4c8a 100644
--- a/libcutils/android_get_control_file_test.cpp
+++ b/libcutils/android_get_control_file_test.cpp
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@
 #include <sys/types.h>
 #include <time.h>
 
+#include <algorithm>
 #include <string>
 
 #include <android-base/file.h>
diff --git a/libcutils/arch-x86/cache.h b/libcutils/arch-x86/cache.h
deleted file mode 100644
index 1c22feaa7ae8..000000000000
--- a/libcutils/arch-x86/cache.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,28 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2010 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#if defined(__slm__)
-/* Values are optimized for Silvermont */
-#define SHARED_CACHE_SIZE   (1024*1024)         /* Silvermont L2 Cache */
-#define DATA_CACHE_SIZE     (24*1024)           /* Silvermont L1 Data Cache */
-#else
-/* Values are optimized for Atom */
-#define SHARED_CACHE_SIZE   (512*1024)          /* Atom L2 Cache */
-#define DATA_CACHE_SIZE     (24*1024)           /* Atom L1 Data Cache */
-#endif
-
-#define SHARED_CACHE_SIZE_HALF  (SHARED_CACHE_SIZE / 2)
-#define DATA_CACHE_SIZE_HALF    (DATA_CACHE_SIZE / 2)
diff --git a/libcutils/ashmem-dev.cpp b/libcutils/ashmem-dev.cpp
index 6a27f9a2004b..80c4f4c1ea55 100644
--- a/libcutils/ashmem-dev.cpp
+++ b/libcutils/ashmem-dev.cpp
@@ -44,15 +44,7 @@
 #include <android-base/strings.h>
 #include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
 
-/* Will be added to UAPI once upstream change is merged */
-#define F_SEAL_FUTURE_WRITE 0x0010
-
-/*
- * The minimum vendor API level at and after which it is safe to use memfd.
- * This is to facilitate deprecation of ashmem.
- */
-#define MIN_MEMFD_VENDOR_API_LEVEL 29
-#define MIN_MEMFD_VENDOR_API_LEVEL_CHAR 'Q'
+#include "ashmem-internal.h"
 
 /* ashmem identity */
 static dev_t __ashmem_rdev;
@@ -86,60 +78,22 @@ static pthread_mutex_t __ashmem_lock = PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER;
  * debugging.
  */
 
-static bool debug_log = false;            /* set to true for verbose logging and other debug  */
-static bool pin_deprecation_warn = true; /* Log the pin deprecation warning only once */
+/* set to true for verbose logging and other debug  */
+static bool debug_log = false;
 
 /* Determine if vendor processes would be ok with memfd in the system:
  *
- * If VNDK is using older libcutils, don't use memfd. This is so that the
- * same shared memory mechanism is used across binder transactions between
- * vendor partition processes and system partition processes.
+ * Previously this function checked if memfd is supported by checking if
+ * vendor VNDK version is greater than Q. As we can assume all treblelized
+ * device using this code is up to date enough to use memfd, memfd is allowed
+ * if the device is treblelized.
  */
 static bool check_vendor_memfd_allowed() {
-    std::string vndk_version = android::base::GetProperty("ro.vndk.version", "");
-
-    if (vndk_version == "") {
-        ALOGE("memfd: ro.vndk.version not defined or invalid (%s), this is mandated since P.\n",
-              vndk_version.c_str());
-        return false;
-    }
+    static bool is_treblelized = android::base::GetBoolProperty("ro.treble.enabled", false);
 
-    /* No issues if vendor is targetting current Dessert */
-    if (vndk_version == "current") {
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    /* Check if VNDK version is a number and act on it */
-    char* p;
-    long int vers = strtol(vndk_version.c_str(), &p, 10);
-    if (*p == 0) {
-        if (vers < MIN_MEMFD_VENDOR_API_LEVEL) {
-            ALOGI("memfd: device VNDK version (%s) is < Q so using ashmem.\n",
-                  vndk_version.c_str());
-            return false;
-        }
-
-        return true;
-    }
-
-    // Non-numeric should be a single ASCII character. Characters after the
-    // first are ignored.
-    if (tolower(vndk_version[0]) < 'a' || tolower(vndk_version[0]) > 'z') {
-        ALOGE("memfd: ro.vndk.version not defined or invalid (%s), this is mandated since P.\n",
-              vndk_version.c_str());
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    if (tolower(vndk_version[0]) < tolower(MIN_MEMFD_VENDOR_API_LEVEL_CHAR)) {
-        ALOGI("memfd: device is using VNDK version (%s) which is less than Q. Use ashmem only.\n",
-              vndk_version.c_str());
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    return true;
+    return is_treblelized;
 }
 
-
 /* Determine if memfd can be supported. This is just one-time hardwork
  * which will be cached by the caller.
  */
@@ -154,7 +108,7 @@ static bool __has_memfd_support() {
      */
     if (!android::base::GetBoolProperty("sys.use_memfd", false)) {
         if (debug_log) {
-            ALOGD("sys.use_memfd=false so memfd disabled\n");
+            ALOGD("sys.use_memfd=false so memfd disabled");
         }
         return false;
     }
@@ -165,27 +119,40 @@ static bool __has_memfd_support() {
     android::base::unique_fd fd(
             syscall(__NR_memfd_create, "test_android_memfd", MFD_CLOEXEC | MFD_ALLOW_SEALING));
     if (fd == -1) {
-        ALOGE("memfd_create failed: %s, no memfd support.\n", strerror(errno));
+        ALOGE("memfd_create failed: %m, no memfd support");
         return false;
     }
 
     if (fcntl(fd, F_ADD_SEALS, F_SEAL_FUTURE_WRITE) == -1) {
-        ALOGE("fcntl(F_ADD_SEALS) failed: %s, no memfd support.\n", strerror(errno));
+        ALOGE("fcntl(F_ADD_SEALS) failed: %m, no memfd support");
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    size_t buf_size = getpagesize();
+    if (ftruncate(fd, buf_size) == -1) {
+        ALOGE("ftruncate(%zd) failed to set memfd buffer size: %m, no memfd support", buf_size);
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * Ensure that the kernel supports ashmem ioctl commands on memfds. If not,
+     * fall back to using ashmem.
+     */
+    int ashmem_size = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(ioctl(fd, ASHMEM_GET_SIZE, 0));
+    if (ashmem_size != static_cast<int>(buf_size)) {
+        ALOGE("ioctl(ASHMEM_GET_SIZE): %d != buf_size: %zd , no ashmem-memfd compat support",
+              ashmem_size, buf_size);
         return false;
     }
 
     if (debug_log) {
-        ALOGD("memfd: device has memfd support, using it\n");
+        ALOGD("memfd: device has memfd support, using it");
     }
     return true;
 }
 
-static bool has_memfd_support() {
-    /* memfd_supported is the initial global per-process state of what is known
-     * about memfd.
-     */
+bool has_memfd_support() {
     static bool memfd_supported = __has_memfd_support();
-
     return memfd_supported;
 }
 
@@ -193,77 +160,56 @@ static std::string get_ashmem_device_path() {
     static const std::string boot_id_path = "/proc/sys/kernel/random/boot_id";
     std::string boot_id;
     if (!android::base::ReadFileToString(boot_id_path, &boot_id)) {
-        ALOGE("Failed to read %s: %s.\n", boot_id_path.c_str(), strerror(errno));
+        ALOGE("Failed to read %s: %m", boot_id_path.c_str());
         return "";
-    };
+    }
     boot_id = android::base::Trim(boot_id);
 
     return "/dev/ashmem" + boot_id;
 }
 
 /* logistics of getting file descriptor for ashmem */
-static int __ashmem_open_locked()
-{
+static int __ashmem_open_locked() {
     static const std::string ashmem_device_path = get_ashmem_device_path();
 
     if (ashmem_device_path.empty()) {
         return -1;
     }
 
-    int fd = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(open(ashmem_device_path.c_str(), O_RDWR | O_CLOEXEC));
-
-    // fallback for APEX w/ use_vendor on Q, which would have still used /dev/ashmem
-    if (fd < 0) {
-        int saved_errno = errno;
-        fd = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(open("/dev/ashmem", O_RDWR | O_CLOEXEC));
-        if (fd < 0) {
-            /* Q launching devices and newer must not reach here since they should have been
-             * able to open ashmem_device_path */
-            ALOGE("Unable to open ashmem device %s (error = %s) and /dev/ashmem(error = %s)",
-                  ashmem_device_path.c_str(), strerror(saved_errno), strerror(errno));
-            return fd;
-        }
+    android::base::unique_fd fd(TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(open(ashmem_device_path.c_str(), O_RDWR | O_CLOEXEC)));
+    if (!fd.ok()) {
+        ALOGE("Unable to open ashmem device: %m");
+        return -1;
     }
+
     struct stat st;
-    int ret = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(fstat(fd, &st));
-    if (ret < 0) {
-        int save_errno = errno;
-        close(fd);
-        errno = save_errno;
-        return ret;
+    if (TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(fstat(fd, &st)) == -1) {
+        return -1;
     }
     if (!S_ISCHR(st.st_mode) || !st.st_rdev) {
-        close(fd);
         errno = ENOTTY;
         return -1;
     }
 
     __ashmem_rdev = st.st_rdev;
-    return fd;
+    return fd.release();
 }
 
-static int __ashmem_open()
-{
-    int fd;
-
+static int __ashmem_open() {
     pthread_mutex_lock(&__ashmem_lock);
-    fd = __ashmem_open_locked();
+    int fd = __ashmem_open_locked();
     pthread_mutex_unlock(&__ashmem_lock);
-
     return fd;
 }
 
 /* Make sure file descriptor references ashmem, negative number means false */
-static int __ashmem_is_ashmem(int fd, int fatal)
-{
-    dev_t rdev;
+static int __ashmem_is_ashmem(int fd, bool fatal) {
     struct stat st;
-
     if (fstat(fd, &st) < 0) {
         return -1;
     }
 
-    rdev = 0; /* Too much complexity to sniff __ashmem_rdev */
+    dev_t rdev = 0; /* Too much complexity to sniff __ashmem_rdev */
     if (S_ISCHR(st.st_mode) && st.st_rdev) {
         pthread_mutex_lock(&__ashmem_lock);
         rdev = __ashmem_rdev;
@@ -304,18 +250,17 @@ static int __ashmem_is_ashmem(int fd, int fatal)
     return -1;
 }
 
-static int __ashmem_check_failure(int fd, int result)
-{
-    if (result == -1 && errno == ENOTTY) __ashmem_is_ashmem(fd, 1);
+static int __ashmem_check_failure(int fd, int result) {
+    if (result == -1 && errno == ENOTTY) __ashmem_is_ashmem(fd, true);
     return result;
 }
 
-static bool memfd_is_ashmem(int fd) {
+static bool is_ashmem_fd(int fd) {
     static bool fd_check_error_once = false;
 
-    if (__ashmem_is_ashmem(fd, 0) == 0) {
+    if (__ashmem_is_ashmem(fd, false) == 0) {
         if (!fd_check_error_once) {
-            ALOGE("memfd: memfd expected but ashmem fd used - please use libcutils.\n");
+            ALOGE("memfd: memfd expected but ashmem fd used - please use libcutils");
             fd_check_error_once = true;
         }
 
@@ -325,13 +270,16 @@ static bool memfd_is_ashmem(int fd) {
     return false;
 }
 
-int ashmem_valid(int fd)
-{
-    if (has_memfd_support() && !memfd_is_ashmem(fd)) {
+static bool is_memfd_fd(int fd) {
+    return has_memfd_support() && !is_ashmem_fd(fd);
+}
+
+int ashmem_valid(int fd) {
+    if (is_memfd_fd(fd)) {
         return 1;
     }
 
-    return __ashmem_is_ashmem(fd, 0) >= 0;
+    return __ashmem_is_ashmem(fd, false) >= 0;
 }
 
 static int memfd_create_region(const char* name, size_t size) {
@@ -340,17 +288,23 @@ static int memfd_create_region(const char* name, size_t size) {
     android::base::unique_fd fd(syscall(__NR_memfd_create, name, MFD_CLOEXEC | MFD_ALLOW_SEALING));
 
     if (fd == -1) {
-        ALOGE("memfd_create(%s, %zd) failed: %s\n", name, size, strerror(errno));
+        ALOGE("memfd_create(%s, %zd) failed: %m", name, size);
         return -1;
     }
 
     if (ftruncate(fd, size) == -1) {
-        ALOGE("ftruncate(%s, %zd) failed for memfd creation: %s\n", name, size, strerror(errno));
+        ALOGE("ftruncate(%s, %zd) failed for memfd creation: %m", name, size);
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    // forbid size changes to match ashmem behaviour
+    if (fcntl(fd, F_ADD_SEALS, F_SEAL_GROW | F_SEAL_SHRINK) == -1) {
+        ALOGE("memfd_create(%s, %zd) F_ADD_SEALS failed: %m", name, size);
         return -1;
     }
 
     if (debug_log) {
-        ALOGE("memfd_create(%s, %zd) success. fd=%d\n", name, size, fd.get());
+        ALOGE("memfd_create(%s, %zd) success. fd=%d", name, size, fd.get());
     }
     return fd.release();
 }
@@ -362,113 +316,90 @@ static int memfd_create_region(const char* name, size_t size) {
  * `name' is an optional label to give the region (visible in /proc/pid/maps)
  * `size' is the size of the region, in page-aligned bytes
  */
-int ashmem_create_region(const char *name, size_t size)
-{
-    int ret, save_errno;
+int ashmem_create_region(const char* name, size_t size) {
+    if (name == NULL) name = "none";
 
     if (has_memfd_support()) {
-        return memfd_create_region(name ? name : "none", size);
+        return memfd_create_region(name, size);
     }
 
-    int fd = __ashmem_open();
-    if (fd < 0) {
-        return fd;
-    }
-
-    if (name) {
-        char buf[ASHMEM_NAME_LEN] = {0};
-
-        strlcpy(buf, name, sizeof(buf));
-        ret = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(ioctl(fd, ASHMEM_SET_NAME, buf));
-        if (ret < 0) {
-            goto error;
-        }
-    }
-
-    ret = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(ioctl(fd, ASHMEM_SET_SIZE, size));
-    if (ret < 0) {
-        goto error;
+    android::base::unique_fd fd(__ashmem_open());
+    if (!fd.ok() ||
+        TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(ioctl(fd, ASHMEM_SET_NAME, name) < 0) ||
+        TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(ioctl(fd, ASHMEM_SET_SIZE, size) < 0)) {
+        return -1;
     }
-
-    return fd;
-
-error:
-    save_errno = errno;
-    close(fd);
-    errno = save_errno;
-    return ret;
+    return fd.release();
 }
 
 static int memfd_set_prot_region(int fd, int prot) {
-    /* Only proceed if an fd needs to be write-protected */
+    int seals = fcntl(fd, F_GET_SEALS);
+    if (seals == -1) {
+        ALOGE("memfd_set_prot_region(%d, %d): F_GET_SEALS failed: %m", fd, prot);
+        return -1;
+    }
+
     if (prot & PROT_WRITE) {
+        /* Now we want the buffer to be read-write, let's check if the buffer
+         * has been previously marked as read-only before, if so return error
+         */
+        if (seals & F_SEAL_FUTURE_WRITE) {
+            ALOGE("memfd_set_prot_region(%d, %d): region is write protected", fd, prot);
+            errno = EINVAL;  // inline with ashmem error code, if already in
+                             // read-only mode
+            return -1;
+        }
         return 0;
     }
 
+    /* We would only allow read-only for any future file operations */
     if (fcntl(fd, F_ADD_SEALS, F_SEAL_FUTURE_WRITE) == -1) {
-        ALOGE("memfd_set_prot_region(%d, %d): F_SEAL_FUTURE_WRITE seal failed: %s\n", fd, prot,
-              strerror(errno));
+        ALOGE("memfd_set_prot_region(%d, %d): F_SEAL_FUTURE_WRITE seal failed: %m", fd, prot);
         return -1;
     }
 
     return 0;
 }
 
-int ashmem_set_prot_region(int fd, int prot)
-{
-    if (has_memfd_support() && !memfd_is_ashmem(fd)) {
+int ashmem_set_prot_region(int fd, int prot) {
+    if (is_memfd_fd(fd)) {
         return memfd_set_prot_region(fd, prot);
     }
 
     return __ashmem_check_failure(fd, TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(ioctl(fd, ASHMEM_SET_PROT_MASK, prot)));
 }
 
-int ashmem_pin_region(int fd, size_t offset, size_t len)
-{
-    if (!pin_deprecation_warn || debug_log) {
-        ALOGE("Pinning is deprecated since Android Q. Please use trim or other methods.\n");
-        pin_deprecation_warn = true;
+static int do_pin(int op, int fd, size_t offset, size_t length) {
+    static bool already_warned_about_pin_deprecation = false;
+    if (!already_warned_about_pin_deprecation || debug_log) {
+        ALOGE("Pinning is deprecated since Android Q. Please use trim or other methods.");
+        already_warned_about_pin_deprecation = true;
     }
 
-    if (has_memfd_support() && !memfd_is_ashmem(fd)) {
+    if (is_memfd_fd(fd)) {
         return 0;
     }
 
     // TODO: should LP64 reject too-large offset/len?
-    ashmem_pin pin = { static_cast<uint32_t>(offset), static_cast<uint32_t>(len) };
-    return __ashmem_check_failure(fd, TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(ioctl(fd, ASHMEM_PIN, &pin)));
+    ashmem_pin pin = { static_cast<uint32_t>(offset), static_cast<uint32_t>(length) };
+    return __ashmem_check_failure(fd, TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(ioctl(fd, op, &pin)));
 }
 
-int ashmem_unpin_region(int fd, size_t offset, size_t len)
-{
-    if (!pin_deprecation_warn || debug_log) {
-        ALOGE("Pinning is deprecated since Android Q. Please use trim or other methods.\n");
-        pin_deprecation_warn = true;
-    }
-
-    if (has_memfd_support() && !memfd_is_ashmem(fd)) {
-        return 0;
-    }
+int ashmem_pin_region(int fd, size_t offset, size_t length) {
+    return do_pin(ASHMEM_PIN, fd, offset, length);
+}
 
-    // TODO: should LP64 reject too-large offset/len?
-    ashmem_pin pin = { static_cast<uint32_t>(offset), static_cast<uint32_t>(len) };
-    return __ashmem_check_failure(fd, TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(ioctl(fd, ASHMEM_UNPIN, &pin)));
+int ashmem_unpin_region(int fd, size_t offset, size_t length) {
+    return do_pin(ASHMEM_UNPIN, fd, offset, length);
 }
 
-int ashmem_get_size_region(int fd)
-{
-    if (has_memfd_support() && !memfd_is_ashmem(fd)) {
+int ashmem_get_size_region(int fd) {
+    if (is_memfd_fd(fd)) {
         struct stat sb;
-
         if (fstat(fd, &sb) == -1) {
-            ALOGE("ashmem_get_size_region(%d): fstat failed: %s\n", fd, strerror(errno));
+            ALOGE("ashmem_get_size_region(%d): fstat failed: %m", fd);
             return -1;
         }
-
-        if (debug_log) {
-            ALOGD("ashmem_get_size_region(%d): %d\n", fd, static_cast<int>(sb.st_size));
-        }
-
         return sb.st_size;
     }
 
diff --git a/libcutils/ashmem-host.cpp b/libcutils/ashmem-host.cpp
index 2ba1eb0c37ba..9003b76c9acf 100644
--- a/libcutils/ashmem-host.cpp
+++ b/libcutils/ashmem-host.cpp
@@ -17,10 +17,13 @@
 #include <cutils/ashmem.h>
 
 /*
- * Implementation of the user-space ashmem API for the simulator, which lacks
- * an ashmem-enabled kernel. See ashmem-dev.c for the real ashmem-based version.
+ * Implementation of the user-space ashmem API for the simulator, which lacks an
+ * ashmem-enabled kernel. See ashmem-dev.c for the real ashmem-based version.  A
+ * disk-backed temp file is the best option that is consistently supported
+ * across all host platforms.
  */
 
+#include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
 #include <errno.h>
 #include <fcntl.h>
 #include <limits.h>
@@ -31,8 +34,10 @@
 #include <sys/types.h>
 #include <time.h>
 #include <unistd.h>
-
 #include <utils/Compat.h>
+#include <memory>
+
+using android::base::unique_fd;
 
 static bool ashmem_validate_stat(int fd, struct stat* buf) {
     int result = fstat(fd, buf);
@@ -40,15 +45,20 @@ static bool ashmem_validate_stat(int fd, struct stat* buf) {
         return false;
     }
 
-    /*
-     * Check if this is an "ashmem" region.
-     * TODO: This is very hacky, and can easily break.
-     * We need some reliable indicator.
-     */
-    if (!(buf->st_nlink == 0 && S_ISREG(buf->st_mode))) {
+    // Check if this is an ashmem region. Since there's no such thing on the host,
+    // we can't actually implement that. Check that it's at least a regular file.
+    if (!S_ISREG(buf->st_mode)) {
         errno = ENOTTY;
         return false;
     }
+    // In Win32, unlike Unix, the temp file is not unlinked immediately after
+    // creation.
+#if !defined(_WIN32)
+    if (buf->st_nlink != 0) {
+        errno = ENOTTY;
+        return false;
+    }
+#endif
     return true;
 }
 
@@ -58,19 +68,24 @@ int ashmem_valid(int fd) {
 }
 
 int ashmem_create_region(const char* /*ignored*/, size_t size) {
-    char pattern[PATH_MAX];
-    snprintf(pattern, sizeof(pattern), "/tmp/android-ashmem-%d-XXXXXXXXX", getpid());
-    int fd = mkstemp(pattern);
-    if (fd == -1) return -1;
-
-    unlink(pattern);
+    // Files returned by tmpfile are automatically removed.
+    std::unique_ptr<FILE, decltype(&fclose)> tmp(tmpfile(), &fclose);
 
-    if (TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(ftruncate(fd, size)) == -1) {
-      close(fd);
-      return -1;
+    if (!tmp) {
+        return -1;
     }
-
-    return fd;
+    int fd = fileno(tmp.get());
+    if (fd == -1) {
+        return -1;
+    }
+    unique_fd dupfd = unique_fd(dup(fd));
+    if (dupfd == -1) {
+        return -1;
+    }
+    if (TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(ftruncate(dupfd, size)) == -1) {
+        return -1;
+    }
+    return dupfd.release();
 }
 
 int ashmem_set_prot_region(int /*fd*/, int /*prot*/) {
diff --git a/libcutils/arch-x86_64/cache.h b/libcutils/ashmem-internal.h
similarity index 62%
rename from libcutils/arch-x86_64/cache.h
rename to libcutils/ashmem-internal.h
index f1443093909e..7bd037b71619 100644
--- a/libcutils/arch-x86_64/cache.h
+++ b/libcutils/ashmem-internal.h
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (C) 2014 The Android Open Source Project
+ * Copyright (C) 2025 The Android Open Source Project
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -14,9 +14,6 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
-/* Values are optimized for Silvermont */
-#define SHARED_CACHE_SIZE	(1024*1024)			/* Silvermont L2 Cache */
-#define DATA_CACHE_SIZE		(24*1024)			/* Silvermont L1 Data Cache */
+#pragma once
 
-#define SHARED_CACHE_SIZE_HALF	(SHARED_CACHE_SIZE / 2)
-#define DATA_CACHE_SIZE_HALF	(DATA_CACHE_SIZE / 2)
+bool has_memfd_support();
diff --git a/libcutils/ashmem_base_test.cpp b/libcutils/ashmem_base_test.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..d60a97334b22
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcutils/ashmem_base_test.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2024 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+
+#include <algorithm>
+
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#include <android-base/mapped_file.h>
+#include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
+#include <cutils/ashmem.h>
+
+/*
+ * Tests in AshmemBaseTest are designed to run on Android as well as host
+ * platforms (Linux, Mac, Windows).
+ */
+
+#if defined(_WIN32)
+static inline size_t getpagesize() {
+    return 4096;
+}
+#endif
+
+using android::base::unique_fd;
+
+TEST(AshmemBaseTest, BasicTest) {
+    const size_t size = getpagesize();
+    std::vector<uint8_t> data(size);
+    std::generate(data.begin(), data.end(), [n = 0]() mutable { return n++ & 0xFF; });
+
+    unique_fd fd = unique_fd(ashmem_create_region(nullptr, size));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(fd >= 0);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(ashmem_valid(fd));
+    ASSERT_EQ(size, static_cast<size_t>(ashmem_get_size_region(fd)));
+
+    std::unique_ptr<android::base::MappedFile> mapped =
+            android::base::MappedFile::FromFd(fd, 0, size, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(mapped.get() != nullptr);
+    void* region1 = mapped->data();
+    EXPECT_TRUE(region1 != nullptr);
+
+    memcpy(region1, data.data(), size);
+    ASSERT_EQ(0, memcmp(region1, data.data(), size));
+
+    std::unique_ptr<android::base::MappedFile> mapped2 =
+            android::base::MappedFile::FromFd(fd, 0, size, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(mapped2.get() != nullptr);
+    void* region2 = mapped2->data();
+    EXPECT_TRUE(region2 != nullptr);
+    ASSERT_EQ(0, memcmp(region2, data.data(), size));
+}
diff --git a/libcutils/ashmem_test.cpp b/libcutils/ashmem_test.cpp
index d158427dcbcc..2bf274c95cf2 100644
--- a/libcutils/ashmem_test.cpp
+++ b/libcutils/ashmem_test.cpp
@@ -22,14 +22,18 @@
 #include <sys/types.h>
 #include <unistd.h>
 
+#include <vector>
+
 #include <android-base/macros.h>
 #include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
 #include <cutils/ashmem.h>
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
 
+#include "ashmem-internal.h"
+
 using android::base::unique_fd;
 
-void TestCreateRegion(size_t size, unique_fd &fd, int prot) {
+static void TestCreateRegion(size_t size, unique_fd &fd, int prot) {
     fd = unique_fd(ashmem_create_region(nullptr, size));
     ASSERT_TRUE(fd >= 0);
     ASSERT_TRUE(ashmem_valid(fd));
@@ -42,110 +46,97 @@ void TestCreateRegion(size_t size, unique_fd &fd, int prot) {
     ASSERT_EQ(FD_CLOEXEC, (fcntl(fd, F_GETFD) & FD_CLOEXEC));
 }
 
-void TestMmap(const unique_fd& fd, size_t size, int prot, void** region, off_t off = 0) {
+static void TestMmap(const unique_fd& fd, size_t size, int prot, void** region, off_t off = 0) {
     ASSERT_TRUE(fd >= 0);
     ASSERT_TRUE(ashmem_valid(fd));
     *region = mmap(nullptr, size, prot, MAP_SHARED, fd, off);
     ASSERT_NE(MAP_FAILED, *region);
 }
 
-void TestProtDenied(const unique_fd &fd, size_t size, int prot) {
+static void TestProtDenied(const unique_fd &fd, size_t size, int prot) {
     ASSERT_TRUE(fd >= 0);
     ASSERT_TRUE(ashmem_valid(fd));
     EXPECT_EQ(MAP_FAILED, mmap(nullptr, size, prot, MAP_SHARED, fd, 0));
 }
 
-void TestProtIs(const unique_fd& fd, int prot) {
+static void TestProtIs(const unique_fd& fd, int prot) {
     ASSERT_TRUE(fd >= 0);
     ASSERT_TRUE(ashmem_valid(fd));
     EXPECT_EQ(prot, ioctl(fd, ASHMEM_GET_PROT_MASK));
 }
 
-void FillData(uint8_t* data, size_t dataLen) {
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < dataLen; i++) {
+static void FillData(std::vector<uint8_t>& data) {
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < data.size(); i++) {
         data[i] = i & 0xFF;
     }
 }
 
-TEST(AshmemTest, BasicTest) {
-    constexpr size_t size = PAGE_SIZE;
-    uint8_t data[size];
-    FillData(data, size);
+static void waitForChildProcessExit(pid_t pid) {
+    int exitStatus;
+    pid_t childPid = waitpid(pid, &exitStatus, 0);
 
-    unique_fd fd;
-    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(TestCreateRegion(size, fd, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE));
+    ASSERT_GT(childPid, 0);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(WIFEXITED(exitStatus));
+    ASSERT_EQ(0, WEXITSTATUS(exitStatus));
+}
 
+static void ForkTest(const unique_fd &fd, size_t size) {
     void* region1 = nullptr;
-    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(TestMmap(fd, size, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, &region1));
+    std::vector<uint8_t> data(size);
+    FillData(data);
 
-    memcpy(region1, &data, size);
-    ASSERT_EQ(0, memcmp(region1, &data, size));
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(TestMmap(fd, size, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, &region1));
 
+    memcpy(region1, data.data(), size);
+    ASSERT_EQ(0, memcmp(region1, data.data(), size));
     EXPECT_EQ(0, munmap(region1, size));
 
-    void *region2;
-    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(TestMmap(fd, size, PROT_READ, &region2));
-    ASSERT_EQ(0, memcmp(region2, &data, size));
-    EXPECT_EQ(0, munmap(region2, size));
-}
 
-TEST(AshmemTest, ForkTest) {
-    constexpr size_t size = PAGE_SIZE;
-    uint8_t data[size];
-    FillData(data, size);
-
-    unique_fd fd;
-    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(TestCreateRegion(size, fd, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE));
-
-    void* region1 = nullptr;
-    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(TestMmap(fd, size, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, &region1));
+    pid_t pid = fork();
+    if (!pid) {
+        if (!ashmem_valid(fd)) {
+            _exit(3);
+        }
 
-    memcpy(region1, &data, size);
-    ASSERT_EQ(0, memcmp(region1, &data, size));
-    EXPECT_EQ(0, munmap(region1, size));
+        void *region2 = mmap(nullptr, size, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, MAP_SHARED, fd, 0);
+        if (region2 == MAP_FAILED) {
+            _exit(1);
+        } else if (memcmp(region2, data.data(), size) != 0){
+            _exit(2);
+        }
 
-    ASSERT_EXIT(
-        {
-            if (!ashmem_valid(fd)) {
-                _exit(3);
-            }
-            void* region2 = mmap(nullptr, size, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, MAP_SHARED, fd, 0);
-            if (region2 == MAP_FAILED) {
-                _exit(1);
-            }
-            if (memcmp(region2, &data, size) != 0) {
-                _exit(2);
-            }
-            memset(region2, 0, size);
-            munmap(region2, size);
-            _exit(0);
-        },
-        ::testing::ExitedWithCode(0), "");
+        // Clear the ashmem buffer here to ensure that updates to the contents
+        // of the buffer are visible across processes with a reference to the
+        // buffer.
+        memset(region2, 0, size);
+        munmap(region2, size);
+        _exit(0);
+    } else {
+        ASSERT_GT(pid, 0);
+        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(waitForChildProcessExit(pid));
+    }
 
-    memset(&data, 0, size);
+    memset(data.data(), 0, size);
     void *region2;
     ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(TestMmap(fd, size, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, &region2));
-    ASSERT_EQ(0, memcmp(region2, &data, size));
+    ASSERT_EQ(0, memcmp(region2, data.data(), size));
     EXPECT_EQ(0, munmap(region2, size));
 }
 
-TEST(AshmemTest, FileOperationsTest) {
-    unique_fd fd;
+static void FileOperationsTest(const unique_fd &fd, size_t size) {
     void* region = nullptr;
 
-    // Allocate a 4-page buffer, but leave page-sized holes on either side
-    constexpr size_t size = PAGE_SIZE * 4;
-    constexpr size_t dataSize = PAGE_SIZE * 2;
-    constexpr size_t holeSize = PAGE_SIZE;
-    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(TestCreateRegion(size, fd, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE));
+    const size_t pageSize = getpagesize();
+    const size_t dataSize = pageSize * 2;
+    const size_t holeSize = pageSize;
     ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(TestMmap(fd, dataSize, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, &region, holeSize));
 
-    uint8_t data[dataSize];
-    FillData(data, dataSize);
-    memcpy(region, data, dataSize);
+    std::vector<uint8_t> data(dataSize);
+    FillData(data);
+    memcpy(region, data.data(), dataSize);
 
-    constexpr off_t dataStart = holeSize;
-    constexpr off_t dataEnd = dataStart + dataSize;
+    const off_t dataStart = holeSize;
+    const off_t dataEnd = dataStart + dataSize;
 
     // The sequence of seeks below looks something like this:
     //
@@ -163,9 +154,12 @@ TEST(AshmemTest, FileOperationsTest) {
         // Expected lseek() return value
         off_t ret;
     } seeks[] = {
-        {99, SEEK_SET, 99},         {dataStart, SEEK_CUR, dataStart + 99},
-        {0, SEEK_DATA, dataStart},  {dataStart, SEEK_HOLE, dataEnd},
-        {-99, SEEK_END, size - 99}, {-dataStart, SEEK_CUR, dataEnd - 99},
+            {99, SEEK_SET, 99},
+            {dataStart, SEEK_CUR, dataStart + 99},
+            {0, SEEK_DATA, dataStart},
+            {dataStart, SEEK_HOLE, dataEnd},
+            {-99, SEEK_END, static_cast<off_t>(size) - 99},
+            {-dataStart, SEEK_CUR, dataEnd - 99},
     };
     for (const auto& cfg : seeks) {
         errno = 0;
@@ -180,89 +174,79 @@ TEST(AshmemTest, FileOperationsTest) {
             uint8_t buf[readSize];
 
             ASSERT_EQ(readSize, TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(read(fd, buf, readSize)));
-            EXPECT_EQ(0, memcmp(buf, data + dataOff, readSize));
+            EXPECT_EQ(0, memcmp(buf, &data[dataOff], readSize));
         }
     }
 
     EXPECT_EQ(0, munmap(region, dataSize));
 }
 
-TEST(AshmemTest, ProtTest) {
-    unique_fd fd;
-    constexpr size_t size = PAGE_SIZE;
+static void ProtTestROBuffer(const unique_fd &fd, size_t size) {
     void *region;
 
-    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(TestCreateRegion(size, fd, PROT_READ));
     TestProtDenied(fd, size, PROT_WRITE);
-    TestProtIs(fd, PROT_READ);
+    TestProtIs(fd, PROT_READ | PROT_EXEC);
     ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(TestMmap(fd, size, PROT_READ, &region));
     EXPECT_EQ(0, munmap(region, size));
+}
 
-    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(TestCreateRegion(size, fd, PROT_WRITE));
-    TestProtDenied(fd, size, PROT_READ);
-    TestProtIs(fd, PROT_WRITE);
-    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(TestMmap(fd, size, PROT_WRITE, &region));
-    EXPECT_EQ(0, munmap(region, size));
-
-    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(TestCreateRegion(size, fd, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE));
-    TestProtIs(fd, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE);
-    ASSERT_EQ(0, ashmem_set_prot_region(fd, PROT_READ));
+static void ProtTestRWBuffer(const unique_fd &fd, size_t size) {
+    TestProtIs(fd, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE | PROT_EXEC);
+    ASSERT_EQ(0, ashmem_set_prot_region(fd, PROT_READ | PROT_EXEC));
     errno = 0;
-    ASSERT_EQ(-1, ashmem_set_prot_region(fd, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE))
+    ASSERT_EQ(-1, ashmem_set_prot_region(fd, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE |
+                                         PROT_EXEC))
         << "kernel shouldn't allow adding protection bits";
     EXPECT_EQ(EINVAL, errno);
-    TestProtIs(fd, PROT_READ);
+    TestProtIs(fd, PROT_READ | PROT_EXEC);
     TestProtDenied(fd, size, PROT_WRITE);
 }
 
-TEST(AshmemTest, ForkProtTest) {
-    unique_fd fd;
-    constexpr size_t size = PAGE_SIZE;
-
-    int protFlags[] = { PROT_READ, PROT_WRITE };
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < arraysize(protFlags); i++) {
-        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(TestCreateRegion(size, fd, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE));
-        ASSERT_EXIT(
-            {
-                if (!ashmem_valid(fd)) {
-                    _exit(3);
-                } else if (ashmem_set_prot_region(fd, protFlags[i]) >= 0) {
-                    _exit(0);
-                } else {
-                    _exit(1);
-                }
-            },
-            ::testing::ExitedWithCode(0), "");
-        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(TestProtDenied(fd, size, protFlags[1-i]));
+static void ForkProtTest(const unique_fd &fd, size_t size) {
+    pid_t pid = fork();
+    if (!pid) {
+        // Change buffer mapping permissions to read-only to ensure that
+        // updates to the buffer's mapping permissions are visible across
+        // processes that reference the buffer.
+        if (!ashmem_valid(fd)) {
+            _exit(3);
+        } else if (ashmem_set_prot_region(fd, PROT_READ) == -1) {
+            _exit(1);
+        }
+        _exit(0);
+    } else {
+        ASSERT_GT(pid, 0);
+        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(waitForChildProcessExit(pid));
     }
+
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(TestProtDenied(fd, size, PROT_WRITE));
 }
 
-TEST(AshmemTest, ForkMultiRegionTest) {
-    constexpr size_t size = PAGE_SIZE;
-    uint8_t data[size];
-    FillData(data, size);
+static void ForkMultiRegionTest(unique_fd fds[], int nRegions, size_t size) {
+    std::vector<uint8_t> data(size);
+    FillData(data);
 
-    constexpr int nRegions = 16;
-    unique_fd fd[nRegions];
     for (int i = 0; i < nRegions; i++) {
-        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(TestCreateRegion(size, fd[i], PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE));
         void* region = nullptr;
-        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(TestMmap(fd[i], size, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, &region));
-        memcpy(region, &data, size);
-        ASSERT_EQ(0, memcmp(region, &data, size));
+        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(TestMmap(fds[i], size, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, &region));
+        memcpy(region, data.data(), size);
+        ASSERT_EQ(0, memcmp(region, data.data(), size));
         EXPECT_EQ(0, munmap(region, size));
     }
 
-    ASSERT_EXIT({
+    pid_t pid = fork();
+    if (!pid) {
+        // Clear each ashmem buffer in the context of the child process to
+        // ensure that the updates are visible to the parent process later.
         for (int i = 0; i < nRegions; i++) {
-            if (!ashmem_valid(fd[i])) {
+            if (!ashmem_valid(fds[i])) {
                 _exit(3);
             }
-            void *region = mmap(nullptr, size, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, MAP_SHARED, fd[i], 0);
+            void *region = mmap(nullptr, size, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, MAP_SHARED, fds[i], 0);
             if (region == MAP_FAILED) {
                 _exit(1);
             }
-            if (memcmp(region, &data, size) != 0) {
+            if (memcmp(region, data.data(), size) != 0) {
                 munmap(region, size);
                 _exit(2);
             }
@@ -270,13 +254,183 @@ TEST(AshmemTest, ForkMultiRegionTest) {
             munmap(region, size);
         }
         _exit(0);
-    }, ::testing::ExitedWithCode(0), "");
+    } else {
+        ASSERT_GT(pid, 0);
+        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(waitForChildProcessExit(pid));
+    }
 
-    memset(&data, 0, size);
+    memset(data.data(), 0, size);
     for (int i = 0; i < nRegions; i++) {
         void *region;
-        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(TestMmap(fd[i], size, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, &region));
-        ASSERT_EQ(0, memcmp(region, &data, size));
+        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(TestMmap(fds[i], size, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, &region));
+        ASSERT_EQ(0, memcmp(region, data.data(), size));
         EXPECT_EQ(0, munmap(region, size));
     }
+
+}
+
+TEST(AshmemTest, ForkTest) {
+    const size_t size = getpagesize();
+    unique_fd fd;
+
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(TestCreateRegion(size, fd, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE));
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(ForkTest(fd, size));
+}
+
+TEST(AshmemTest, FileOperationsTest) {
+    const size_t pageSize = getpagesize();
+    // Allocate a 4-page buffer, but leave page-sized holes on either side in
+    // the test.
+    const size_t size = pageSize * 4;
+    unique_fd fd;
+
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(TestCreateRegion(size, fd, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE));
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(FileOperationsTest(fd, size));
+}
+
+TEST(AshmemTest, ProtTest) {
+    unique_fd fd;
+    const size_t size = getpagesize();
+
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(TestCreateRegion(size, fd, PROT_READ | PROT_EXEC));
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(ProtTestROBuffer(fd, size));
+
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(TestCreateRegion(size, fd, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE | PROT_EXEC));
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(ProtTestRWBuffer(fd, size));
+}
+
+TEST(AshmemTest, ForkProtTest) {
+    unique_fd fd;
+    const size_t size = getpagesize();
+
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(TestCreateRegion(size, fd, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE));
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(ForkProtTest(fd, size));
+}
+
+TEST(AshmemTest, ForkMultiRegionTest) {
+    const size_t size = getpagesize();
+    constexpr int nRegions = 16;
+    unique_fd fds[nRegions];
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < nRegions; i++) {
+        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(TestCreateRegion(size, fds[i], PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE));
+    }
+
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(ForkMultiRegionTest(fds, nRegions, size));
+}
+
+class AshmemTestMemfdAshmemCompat : public ::testing::Test {
+ protected:
+  void SetUp() override {
+    if (!has_memfd_support()){
+        GTEST_SKIP() << "No memfd support; skipping memfd-ashmem compat tests";
+    }
+  }
+};
+
+TEST_F(AshmemTestMemfdAshmemCompat, SetNameTest) {
+    unique_fd fd;
+
+    // ioctl() should fail, since memfd names cannot be changed after the buffer has been created.
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(TestCreateRegion(getpagesize(), fd, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE |
+                                                                PROT_EXEC));
+    ASSERT_LT(ioctl(fd, ASHMEM_SET_NAME, "invalid-command"), 0);
+}
+
+TEST_F(AshmemTestMemfdAshmemCompat, GetNameTest) {
+    unique_fd fd;
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(TestCreateRegion(getpagesize(), fd, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE |
+                                                                PROT_EXEC));
+
+    char testBuf[ASHMEM_NAME_LEN];
+    ASSERT_EQ(0, ioctl(fd, ASHMEM_GET_NAME, &testBuf));
+    // ashmem_create_region(nullptr, ...) creates memfds with the name "none".
+    ASSERT_STREQ(testBuf, "none");
 }
+
+TEST_F(AshmemTestMemfdAshmemCompat, SetSizeTest) {
+    unique_fd fd;
+
+    // ioctl() should fail, since libcutils sets and seals the buffer size after creating it.
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(TestCreateRegion(getpagesize(), fd, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE |
+                                                                PROT_EXEC));
+    ASSERT_LT(ioctl(fd, ASHMEM_SET_SIZE, 2 * getpagesize()), 0);
+}
+
+TEST_F(AshmemTestMemfdAshmemCompat, GetSizeTest) {
+    unique_fd fd;
+    size_t bufSize = getpagesize();
+
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(TestCreateRegion(bufSize, fd, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE | PROT_EXEC));
+    ASSERT_EQ(static_cast<int>(bufSize), ioctl(fd, ASHMEM_GET_SIZE, 0));
+}
+
+TEST_F(AshmemTestMemfdAshmemCompat, ProtMaskTest) {
+    unique_fd fd;
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(TestCreateRegion(getpagesize(), fd, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE |
+                                                                PROT_EXEC));
+
+    // We can only change PROT_WRITE for memfds since memfd implements ashmem's prot_mask through
+    // file seals, and only write seals exist.
+    //
+    // All memfd files start off as being writable (i.e. PROT_WRITE is part of the prot_mask).
+    // Test to ensure that the implementation only clears the PROT_WRITE bit when requested.
+    ASSERT_EQ(0, ioctl(fd, ASHMEM_SET_PROT_MASK, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE | PROT_EXEC));
+    int prot = ioctl(fd, ASHMEM_GET_PROT_MASK, 0);
+    ASSERT_NE(prot, -1);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(prot & PROT_WRITE) << prot;
+
+    ASSERT_EQ(0, ioctl(fd, ASHMEM_SET_PROT_MASK, PROT_READ | PROT_EXEC));
+    prot = ioctl(fd, ASHMEM_GET_PROT_MASK, 0);
+    ASSERT_NE(prot, -1);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(!(prot & PROT_WRITE)) << prot;
+
+    // The shim layer should implement clearing PROT_WRITE via file seals, so check the file
+    // seals to ensure that F_SEAL_FUTURE_WRITE is set.
+    int seals = fcntl(fd, F_GET_SEALS, 0);
+    ASSERT_NE(seals, -1);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(seals & F_SEAL_FUTURE_WRITE) << seals;
+
+    // Similarly, ensure that file seals affect prot_mask
+    unique_fd fd2;
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(TestCreateRegion(getpagesize(), fd2, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE |
+                                                                PROT_EXEC));
+    ASSERT_EQ(0, fcntl(fd2, F_ADD_SEALS, F_SEAL_FUTURE_WRITE));
+    prot = ioctl(fd2, ASHMEM_GET_PROT_MASK, 0);
+    ASSERT_NE(prot, -1);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(!(prot & PROT_WRITE)) << prot;
+
+    // And finally, ensure that adding back permissions fails
+    ASSERT_LT(ioctl(fd2, ASHMEM_SET_PROT_MASK, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE | PROT_EXEC), 0);
+}
+
+TEST_F(AshmemTestMemfdAshmemCompat, FileIDTest) {
+    unique_fd fd;
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(TestCreateRegion(getpagesize(), fd, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE |
+                                                                PROT_EXEC));
+
+    unsigned long ino;
+    ASSERT_EQ(0, ioctl(fd, ASHMEM_GET_FILE_ID, &ino));
+    struct stat st;
+    ASSERT_EQ(0, fstat(fd, &st));
+    ASSERT_EQ(ino, st.st_ino);
+}
+
+TEST_F(AshmemTestMemfdAshmemCompat, UnpinningTest) {
+    unique_fd fd;
+    size_t bufSize = getpagesize();
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(TestCreateRegion(getpagesize(), fd, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE |
+                                                                PROT_EXEC));
+
+    struct ashmem_pin pin = {
+        .offset = 0,
+        .len = static_cast<uint32_t>(bufSize),
+    };
+    ASSERT_EQ(0, ioctl(fd, ASHMEM_UNPIN, &pin));
+    // ASHMEM_UNPIN should just be a nop
+    ASSERT_EQ(ASHMEM_IS_PINNED, ioctl(fd, ASHMEM_GET_PIN_STATUS, 0));
+
+    // This shouldn't do anything; when we pin the page, it shouldn't have been purged.
+    ASSERT_EQ(0, ioctl(fd, ASHMEM_PURGE_ALL_CACHES, 0));
+    ASSERT_EQ(ASHMEM_NOT_PURGED, ioctl(fd, ASHMEM_PIN, &pin));
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/libcutils/fs_config.cpp b/libcutils/fs_config.cpp
index f90a1bc3ca98..0d1b7fe1203f 100644
--- a/libcutils/fs_config.cpp
+++ b/libcutils/fs_config.cpp
@@ -41,10 +41,6 @@
 
 #include "fs_config.h"
 
-#ifndef O_BINARY
-#define O_BINARY 0
-#endif
-
 using android::base::EndsWith;
 using android::base::StartsWith;
 
@@ -72,30 +68,20 @@ static const struct fs_path_config android_dirs[] = {
     { 01771, AID_SYSTEM,       AID_MISC,         0, "data/misc" },
     { 00775, AID_MEDIA_RW,     AID_MEDIA_RW,     0, "data/media/Music" },
     { 00775, AID_MEDIA_RW,     AID_MEDIA_RW,     0, "data/media" },
-    { 00750, AID_ROOT,         AID_SHELL,        0, "data/nativetest" },
-    { 00750, AID_ROOT,         AID_SHELL,        0, "data/nativetest64" },
-    { 00750, AID_ROOT,         AID_SHELL,        0, "data/benchmarktest" },
-    { 00750, AID_ROOT,         AID_SHELL,        0, "data/benchmarktest64" },
     { 00775, AID_ROOT,         AID_ROOT,         0, "data/preloads" },
     { 00771, AID_SYSTEM,       AID_SYSTEM,       0, "data" },
     { 00755, AID_ROOT,         AID_SYSTEM,       0, "mnt" },
     { 00751, AID_ROOT,         AID_SHELL,        0, "product/bin" },
-    { 00751, AID_ROOT,         AID_SHELL,        0, "product/apex/*/bin" },
     { 00777, AID_ROOT,         AID_ROOT,         0, "sdcard" },
     { 00751, AID_ROOT,         AID_SDCARD_R,     0, "storage" },
-    { 00750, AID_ROOT,         AID_SYSTEM,       0, "system/apex/com.android.tethering/bin/for-system" },
     { 00751, AID_ROOT,         AID_SHELL,        0, "system/bin" },
     { 00755, AID_ROOT,         AID_ROOT,         0, "system/etc/ppp" },
     { 00755, AID_ROOT,         AID_SHELL,        0, "system/vendor" },
     { 00750, AID_ROOT,         AID_SHELL,        0, "system/xbin" },
-    { 00751, AID_ROOT,         AID_SHELL,        0, "system/apex/*/bin" },
-    { 00750, AID_ROOT,         AID_SYSTEM,       0, "system_ext/apex/com.android.tethering/bin/for-system" },
     { 00751, AID_ROOT,         AID_SHELL,        0, "system_ext/bin" },
-    { 00751, AID_ROOT,         AID_SHELL,        0, "system_ext/apex/*/bin" },
     { 00751, AID_ROOT,         AID_SHELL,        0, "vendor/bin" },
-    { 00751, AID_ROOT,         AID_SHELL,        0, "vendor/apex/*/bin" },
     { 00755, AID_ROOT,         AID_SHELL,        0, "vendor" },
-    { 00755, AID_ROOT,         AID_ROOT,         0, 0 },
+    {},
         // clang-format on
 };
 #ifndef __ANDROID_VNDK__
@@ -147,12 +133,6 @@ static const struct fs_path_config android_files[] = {
     { 00644, AID_SYSTEM,    AID_SYSTEM,    0, "data/app-private/*" },
     { 00644, AID_APP,       AID_APP,       0, "data/data/*" },
     { 00644, AID_MEDIA_RW,  AID_MEDIA_RW,  0, "data/media/*" },
-    { 00640, AID_ROOT,      AID_SHELL,     0, "data/nativetest/tests.txt" },
-    { 00640, AID_ROOT,      AID_SHELL,     0, "data/nativetest64/tests.txt" },
-    { 00750, AID_ROOT,      AID_SHELL,     0, "data/nativetest/*" },
-    { 00750, AID_ROOT,      AID_SHELL,     0, "data/nativetest64/*" },
-    { 00750, AID_ROOT,      AID_SHELL,     0, "data/benchmarktest/*" },
-    { 00750, AID_ROOT,      AID_SHELL,     0, "data/benchmarktest64/*" },
     { 00600, AID_ROOT,      AID_ROOT,      0, "default.prop" }, // legacy
     { 00600, AID_ROOT,      AID_ROOT,      0, "system/etc/prop.default" },
     { 00600, AID_ROOT,      AID_ROOT,      0, "odm/build.prop" }, // legacy; only for P release
@@ -196,8 +176,6 @@ static const struct fs_path_config android_files[] = {
 
     // the following files have enhanced capabilities and ARE included
     // in user builds.
-    { 06755, AID_CLAT,      AID_CLAT,      0, "system/apex/com.android.tethering/bin/for-system/clatd" },
-    { 06755, AID_CLAT,      AID_CLAT,      0, "system_ext/apex/com.android.tethering/bin/for-system/clatd" },
     { 00700, AID_SYSTEM,    AID_SHELL,     CAP_MASK_LONG(CAP_BLOCK_SUSPEND),
                                               "system/bin/inputflinger" },
     { 00750, AID_ROOT,      AID_SHELL,     CAP_MASK_LONG(CAP_SETUID) |
@@ -214,24 +192,38 @@ static const struct fs_path_config android_files[] = {
 #endif
     { 00755, AID_ROOT,      AID_ROOT,      0, "first_stage_ramdisk/system/bin/resize2fs" },
     { 00755, AID_ROOT,      AID_ROOT,      0, "first_stage_ramdisk/system/bin/snapuserd" },
+    { 00755, AID_ROOT,      AID_ROOT,      0, "first_stage_ramdisk/system/bin/snapuserd_ramdisk" },
     { 00755, AID_ROOT,      AID_ROOT,      0, "first_stage_ramdisk/system/bin/tune2fs" },
     { 00755, AID_ROOT,      AID_ROOT,      0, "first_stage_ramdisk/system/bin/fsck.f2fs" },
     // generic defaults
     { 00755, AID_ROOT,      AID_ROOT,      0, "bin/*" },
+    { 00755, AID_ROOT,      AID_ROOT,      0, "first_stage.sh"},
     { 00640, AID_ROOT,      AID_SHELL,     0, "fstab.*" },
     { 00750, AID_ROOT,      AID_SHELL,     0, "init*" },
+    { 00644, AID_ROOT,      AID_ROOT,      0, "*.rc" },
     { 00755, AID_ROOT,      AID_SHELL,     0, "odm/bin/*" },
+    { 00644, AID_ROOT,      AID_ROOT,      0, "odm/framework/*" },
+    { 00644, AID_ROOT,      AID_ROOT,      0, "odm/app/*" },
+    { 00644, AID_ROOT,      AID_ROOT,      0, "odm/priv-app/*" },
     { 00755, AID_ROOT,      AID_SHELL,     0, "product/bin/*" },
-    { 00755, AID_ROOT,      AID_SHELL,     0, "product/apex/*bin/*" },
+    { 00644, AID_ROOT,      AID_ROOT,      0, "product/framework/*" },
+    { 00644, AID_ROOT,      AID_ROOT,      0, "product/app/*" },
+    { 00644, AID_ROOT,      AID_ROOT,      0, "product/priv-app/*" },
     { 00755, AID_ROOT,      AID_SHELL,     0, "system/bin/*" },
     { 00755, AID_ROOT,      AID_SHELL,     0, "system/xbin/*" },
-    { 00755, AID_ROOT,      AID_SHELL,     0, "system/apex/*/bin/*" },
+    { 00644, AID_ROOT,      AID_ROOT,      0, "system/framework/*" },
+    { 00644, AID_ROOT,      AID_ROOT,      0, "system/app/*" },
+    { 00644, AID_ROOT,      AID_ROOT,      0, "system/priv-app/*" },
     { 00755, AID_ROOT,      AID_SHELL,     0, "system_ext/bin/*" },
-    { 00755, AID_ROOT,      AID_SHELL,     0, "system_ext/apex/*/bin/*" },
+    { 00644, AID_ROOT,      AID_ROOT,      0, "system_ext/framework/*" },
+    { 00644, AID_ROOT,      AID_ROOT,      0, "system_ext/app/*" },
+    { 00644, AID_ROOT,      AID_ROOT,      0, "system_ext/priv-app/*" },
     { 00755, AID_ROOT,      AID_SHELL,     0, "vendor/bin/*" },
-    { 00755, AID_ROOT,      AID_SHELL,     0, "vendor/apex/*bin/*" },
     { 00755, AID_ROOT,      AID_SHELL,     0, "vendor/xbin/*" },
-    { 00644, AID_ROOT,      AID_ROOT,      0, 0 },
+    { 00644, AID_ROOT,      AID_ROOT,      0, "vendor/framework/*" },
+    { 00644, AID_ROOT,      AID_ROOT,      0, "vendor/app/*" },
+    { 00644, AID_ROOT,      AID_ROOT,      0, "vendor/priv-app/*" },
+    {},
         // clang-format on
 };
 #ifndef __ANDROID_VNDK__
@@ -256,12 +248,12 @@ static int fs_config_open(int dir, int which, const char* target_out_path) {
         len = strip(target_out_path, len, "/");
         len = strip(target_out_path, len, "/system");
         if (asprintf(&name, "%.*s%s", (int)len, target_out_path, conf[which][dir]) != -1) {
-            fd = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(open(name, O_RDONLY | O_BINARY));
+            fd = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(open(name, O_RDONLY));
             free(name);
         }
     }
     if (fd < 0) {
-        fd = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(open(conf[which][dir], O_RDONLY | O_BINARY));
+        fd = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(open(conf[which][dir], O_RDONLY));
     }
     return fd;
 }
@@ -321,8 +313,8 @@ static bool fs_config_cmp(bool dir, const char* prefix, size_t len, const char*
 auto __for_testing_only__fs_config_cmp = fs_config_cmp;
 #endif
 
-void fs_config(const char* path, int dir, const char* target_out_path, unsigned* uid, unsigned* gid,
-               unsigned* mode, uint64_t* capabilities) {
+bool get_fs_config(const char* path, bool dir, const char* target_out_path,
+                   struct fs_config* fs_conf) {
     const struct fs_path_config* pc;
     size_t which, plen;
 
@@ -365,11 +357,11 @@ void fs_config(const char* path, int dir, const char* target_out_path, unsigned*
             if (fs_config_cmp(dir, prefix, len, path, plen)) {
                 free(prefix);
                 close(fd);
-                *uid = header.uid;
-                *gid = header.gid;
-                *mode = (*mode & (~07777)) | header.mode;
-                *capabilities = header.capabilities;
-                return;
+                fs_conf->uid = header.uid;
+                fs_conf->gid = header.gid;
+                fs_conf->mode = header.mode;
+                fs_conf->capabilities = header.capabilities;
+                return true;
             }
             free(prefix);
         }
@@ -378,11 +370,28 @@ void fs_config(const char* path, int dir, const char* target_out_path, unsigned*
 
     for (pc = dir ? android_dirs : android_files; pc->prefix; pc++) {
         if (fs_config_cmp(dir, pc->prefix, strlen(pc->prefix), path, plen)) {
-            break;
+            fs_conf->uid = pc->uid;
+            fs_conf->gid = pc->gid;
+            fs_conf->mode = pc->mode;
+            fs_conf->capabilities = pc->capabilities;
+            return true;
         }
     }
-    *uid = pc->uid;
-    *gid = pc->gid;
-    *mode = (*mode & (~07777)) | pc->mode;
-    *capabilities = pc->capabilities;
+    return false;
+}
+
+void fs_config(const char* path, int dir, const char* target_out_path, unsigned* uid, unsigned* gid,
+               unsigned* mode, uint64_t* capabilities) {
+    struct fs_config conf;
+    if (get_fs_config(path, dir, target_out_path, &conf)) {
+        *uid = conf.uid;
+        *gid = conf.gid;
+        *mode = (*mode & S_IFMT) | conf.mode;
+        *capabilities = conf.capabilities;
+    } else {
+        *uid = AID_ROOT;
+        *gid = AID_ROOT;
+        *mode = (*mode & S_IFMT) | (dir ? 0755 : 0644);
+        *capabilities = 0;
+    }
 }
diff --git a/libcutils/include/cutils/trace.h b/libcutils/include/cutils/trace.h
index 3867f346911d..7f57637ec116 100644
--- a/libcutils/include/cutils/trace.h
+++ b/libcutils/include/cutils/trace.h
@@ -89,6 +89,36 @@ __BEGIN_DECLS
 #error ATRACE_TAG must be defined to be one of the tags defined in cutils/trace.h
 #endif
 
+/** Internal implementation detail. Do not use. */
+void atrace_begin_body(const char*);
+
+/** Internal implementation detail. Do not use. */
+void atrace_end_body();
+
+/** Internal implementation detail. Do not use. */
+void atrace_async_begin_body(const char*, int32_t);
+
+/** Internal implementation detail. Do not use. */
+void atrace_async_end_body(const char*, int32_t);
+
+/** Internal implementation detail. Do not use. */
+void atrace_async_for_track_begin_body(const char*, const char*, int32_t);
+
+/** Internal implementation detail. Do not use. */
+void atrace_async_for_track_end_body(const char*, int32_t);
+
+/** Internal implementation detail. Do not use. */
+void atrace_instant_body(const char*);
+
+/** Internal implementation detail. Do not use. */
+void atrace_instant_for_track_body(const char*, const char*);
+
+/** Internal implementation detail. Do not use. */
+void atrace_int_body(const char*, int32_t);
+
+/** Internal implementation detail. Do not use. */
+void atrace_int64_body(const char*, int64_t);
+
 /**
  * Opens the trace file for writing and reads the property for initial tags.
  * The atrace.tags.enableflags property sets the tags to trace.
@@ -159,7 +189,6 @@ static inline uint64_t atrace_is_tag_enabled(uint64_t tag)
 static inline void atrace_begin(uint64_t tag, const char* name)
 {
     if (CC_UNLIKELY(atrace_is_tag_enabled(tag))) {
-        void atrace_begin_body(const char*);
         atrace_begin_body(name);
     }
 }
@@ -172,7 +201,6 @@ static inline void atrace_begin(uint64_t tag, const char* name)
 static inline void atrace_end(uint64_t tag)
 {
     if (CC_UNLIKELY(atrace_is_tag_enabled(tag))) {
-        void atrace_end_body();
         atrace_end_body();
     }
 }
@@ -190,7 +218,6 @@ static inline void atrace_async_begin(uint64_t tag, const char* name,
         int32_t cookie)
 {
     if (CC_UNLIKELY(atrace_is_tag_enabled(tag))) {
-        void atrace_async_begin_body(const char*, int32_t);
         atrace_async_begin_body(name, cookie);
     }
 }
@@ -203,7 +230,6 @@ static inline void atrace_async_begin(uint64_t tag, const char* name,
 static inline void atrace_async_end(uint64_t tag, const char* name, int32_t cookie)
 {
     if (CC_UNLIKELY(atrace_is_tag_enabled(tag))) {
-        void atrace_async_end_body(const char*, int32_t);
         atrace_async_end_body(name, cookie);
     }
 }
@@ -221,7 +247,6 @@ static inline void atrace_async_end(uint64_t tag, const char* name, int32_t cook
 static inline void atrace_async_for_track_begin(uint64_t tag, const char* track_name,
                                                 const char* name, int32_t cookie) {
     if (CC_UNLIKELY(atrace_is_tag_enabled(tag))) {
-        void atrace_async_for_track_begin_body(const char*, const char*, int32_t);
         atrace_async_for_track_begin_body(track_name, name, cookie);
     }
 }
@@ -235,7 +260,6 @@ static inline void atrace_async_for_track_begin(uint64_t tag, const char* track_
 static inline void atrace_async_for_track_end(uint64_t tag, const char* track_name,
                                               int32_t cookie) {
     if (CC_UNLIKELY(atrace_is_tag_enabled(tag))) {
-        void atrace_async_for_track_end_body(const char*, int32_t);
         atrace_async_for_track_end_body(track_name, cookie);
     }
 }
@@ -252,7 +276,6 @@ static inline void atrace_async_for_track_end(uint64_t tag, const char* track_na
 #define ATRACE_INSTANT(name) atrace_instant(ATRACE_TAG, name)
 static inline void atrace_instant(uint64_t tag, const char* name) {
     if (CC_UNLIKELY(atrace_is_tag_enabled(tag))) {
-        void atrace_instant_body(const char*);
         atrace_instant_body(name);
     }
 }
@@ -269,7 +292,6 @@ static inline void atrace_instant(uint64_t tag, const char* name) {
 static inline void atrace_instant_for_track(uint64_t tag, const char* track_name,
                                             const char* name) {
     if (CC_UNLIKELY(atrace_is_tag_enabled(tag))) {
-        void atrace_instant_for_track_body(const char*, const char*);
         atrace_instant_for_track_body(track_name, name);
     }
 }
@@ -282,7 +304,6 @@ static inline void atrace_instant_for_track(uint64_t tag, const char* track_name
 static inline void atrace_int(uint64_t tag, const char* name, int32_t value)
 {
     if (CC_UNLIKELY(atrace_is_tag_enabled(tag))) {
-        void atrace_int_body(const char*, int32_t);
         atrace_int_body(name, value);
     }
 }
@@ -295,7 +316,6 @@ static inline void atrace_int(uint64_t tag, const char* name, int32_t value)
 static inline void atrace_int64(uint64_t tag, const char* name, int64_t value)
 {
     if (CC_UNLIKELY(atrace_is_tag_enabled(tag))) {
-        void atrace_int64_body(const char*, int64_t);
         atrace_int64_body(name, value);
     }
 }
diff --git a/libcutils/include/cutils/uevent.h b/libcutils/include/cutils/uevent.h
index da1c2aae6b37..1be981bf0dfa 100644
--- a/libcutils/include/cutils/uevent.h
+++ b/libcutils/include/cutils/uevent.h
@@ -24,6 +24,8 @@
 extern "C" {
 #endif
 
+int uevent_create_socket(int buf_sz, bool passcred);
+int uevent_bind(int socket);
 int uevent_open_socket(int buf_sz, bool passcred);
 ssize_t uevent_kernel_multicast_recv(int socket, void *buffer, size_t length);
 ssize_t uevent_kernel_multicast_uid_recv(int socket, void *buffer, size_t length, uid_t *uid);
diff --git a/libcutils/include/private/android_filesystem_capability.h b/libcutils/include/private/android_filesystem_capability.h
deleted file mode 100644
index 0227b1de8702..000000000000
--- a/libcutils/include/private/android_filesystem_capability.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,119 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2013 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-/*
- * Taken from linux/capability.h, with minor modifications
- */
-
-#ifndef _SYSTEM_CORE_INCLUDE_PRIVATE_ANDROID_FILESYSTEM_CAPABILITY_H
-#define _SYSTEM_CORE_INCLUDE_PRIVATE_ANDROID_FILESYSTEM_CAPABILITY_H
-
-#include <stdint.h>
-
-#define __user
-#define __u32 uint32_t
-#define __le32 uint32_t
-
-#define _LINUX_CAPABILITY_VERSION_1 0x19980330
-#define _LINUX_CAPABILITY_U32S_1 1
-#define _LINUX_CAPABILITY_VERSION_2 0x20071026
-#define _LINUX_CAPABILITY_U32S_2 2
-#define _LINUX_CAPABILITY_VERSION_3 0x20080522
-#define _LINUX_CAPABILITY_U32S_3 2
-
-typedef struct __user_cap_header_struct {
-    __u32 version;
-    int pid;
-} __user* cap_user_header_t;
-
-typedef struct __user_cap_data_struct {
-    __u32 effective;
-    __u32 permitted;
-    __u32 inheritable;
-} __user* cap_user_data_t;
-
-#define VFS_CAP_REVISION_MASK 0xFF000000
-#define VFS_CAP_REVISION_SHIFT 24
-#define VFS_CAP_FLAGS_MASK ~VFS_CAP_REVISION_MASK
-#define VFS_CAP_FLAGS_EFFECTIVE 0x000001
-#define VFS_CAP_REVISION_1 0x01000000
-#define VFS_CAP_U32_1 1
-#define XATTR_CAPS_SZ_1 (sizeof(__le32) * (1 + 2 * VFS_CAP_U32_1))
-#define VFS_CAP_REVISION_2 0x02000000
-#define VFS_CAP_U32_2 2
-#define XATTR_CAPS_SZ_2 (sizeof(__le32) * (1 + 2 * VFS_CAP_U32_2))
-#define XATTR_CAPS_SZ XATTR_CAPS_SZ_2
-#define VFS_CAP_U32 VFS_CAP_U32_2
-#define VFS_CAP_REVISION VFS_CAP_REVISION_2
-
-struct vfs_cap_data {
-    __le32 magic_etc;
-    struct {
-        __le32 permitted;
-        __le32 inheritable;
-    } data[VFS_CAP_U32];
-};
-
-#define _LINUX_CAPABILITY_VERSION _LINUX_CAPABILITY_VERSION_1
-#define _LINUX_CAPABILITY_U32S _LINUX_CAPABILITY_U32S_1
-#define CAP_CHOWN 0
-#define CAP_DAC_OVERRIDE 1
-#define CAP_DAC_READ_SEARCH 2
-#define CAP_FOWNER 3
-#define CAP_FSETID 4
-#define CAP_KILL 5
-#define CAP_SETGID 6
-#define CAP_SETUID 7
-#define CAP_SETPCAP 8
-#define CAP_LINUX_IMMUTABLE 9
-#define CAP_NET_BIND_SERVICE 10
-#define CAP_NET_BROADCAST 11
-#define CAP_NET_ADMIN 12
-#define CAP_NET_RAW 13
-#define CAP_IPC_LOCK 14
-#define CAP_IPC_OWNER 15
-#define CAP_SYS_MODULE 16
-#define CAP_SYS_RAWIO 17
-#define CAP_SYS_CHROOT 18
-#define CAP_SYS_PTRACE 19
-#define CAP_SYS_PACCT 20
-#define CAP_SYS_ADMIN 21
-#define CAP_SYS_BOOT 22
-#define CAP_SYS_NICE 23
-#define CAP_SYS_RESOURCE 24
-#define CAP_SYS_TIME 25
-#define CAP_SYS_TTY_CONFIG 26
-#define CAP_MKNOD 27
-#define CAP_LEASE 28
-#define CAP_AUDIT_WRITE 29
-#define CAP_AUDIT_CONTROL 30
-#define CAP_SETFCAP 31
-#define CAP_MAC_OVERRIDE 32
-#define CAP_MAC_ADMIN 33
-#define CAP_SYSLOG 34
-#define CAP_WAKE_ALARM 35
-#define CAP_BLOCK_SUSPEND 36
-#define CAP_AUDIT_READ 37
-#define CAP_LAST_CAP CAP_AUDIT_READ
-#define cap_valid(x) ((x) >= 0 && (x) <= CAP_LAST_CAP)
-#define CAP_TO_INDEX(x) ((x) >> 5)
-#define CAP_TO_MASK(x) (1 << ((x)&31))
-
-#undef __user
-#undef __u32
-#undef __le32
-
-#endif
diff --git a/libcutils/include/private/android_filesystem_config.h b/libcutils/include/private/android_filesystem_config.h
index 1e035bbcac72..2aaafbe2410d 100644
--- a/libcutils/include/private/android_filesystem_config.h
+++ b/libcutils/include/private/android_filesystem_config.h
@@ -141,7 +141,11 @@
 #define AID_SDK_SANDBOX 1090      /* SDK sandbox virtual UID */
 #define AID_SECURITY_LOG_WRITER 1091 /* write to security log */
 #define AID_PRNG_SEEDER 1092         /* PRNG seeder daemon */
-/* Changes to this file must be made in AOSP, *not* in internal branches. */
+#define AID_UPROBESTATS 1093         /* uid for uprobestats */
+#define AID_CROS_EC 1094             /* uid for accessing ChromeOS EC (cros_ec) */
+#define AID_MMD 1095                 /* uid for memory management daemon */
+// Additions to this file must be made in AOSP, *not* in internal branches.
+// You will also need to update expect_ids() in bionic/tests/grp_pwd_test.cpp.
 
 #define AID_SHELL 2000 /* adb and debug shell user */
 #define AID_CACHE 2001 /* cache access */
@@ -156,7 +160,7 @@
 #define AID_OEM_RESERVED_START 2900
 #define AID_OEM_RESERVED_END 2999
 
-/* The 3000 series are intended for use as supplemental group id's only.
+/* The 3000 series are intended for use as supplemental group ids only.
  * They indicate special Android capabilities that the kernel is aware of. */
 #define AID_NET_BT_ADMIN 3001 /* bluetooth: create any socket */
 #define AID_NET_BT 3002       /* bluetooth: create sco, rfcomm or l2cap sockets */
@@ -169,6 +173,9 @@
 #define AID_WAKELOCK 3010     /* Allow system wakelock read/write access */
 #define AID_UHID 3011         /* Allow read/write to /dev/uhid node */
 #define AID_READTRACEFS 3012  /* Allow tracefs read */
+#define AID_VIRTUALMACHINE 3013 /* Allows VMs to tune for performance*/
+// Additions to this file must be made in AOSP, *not* in internal branches.
+// You will also need to update expect_ids() in bionic/tests/grp_pwd_test.cpp.
 
 /* The range 5000-5999 is also reserved for vendor partition. */
 #define AID_OEM_RESERVED_2_START 5000
diff --git a/libcutils/include/private/fs_config.h b/libcutils/include/private/fs_config.h
index 8a9a1ffd7700..9a727bc58179 100644
--- a/libcutils/include/private/fs_config.h
+++ b/libcutils/include/private/fs_config.h
@@ -21,30 +21,39 @@
 
 #pragma once
 
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <stdbool.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include <sys/cdefs.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
 
-#if defined(__BIONIC__)
 #include <linux/capability.h>
-#else  // defined(__BIONIC__)
-#include <private/android_filesystem_capability.h>
-#endif  // defined(__BIONIC__)
 
 /* Rules for directories and files has moved to system/code/libcutils/fs_config.c */
 
 __BEGIN_DECLS
 
-/*
- * Used in:
- *  build/tools/fs_config/fs_config.c
- *  build/tools/fs_get_stats/fs_get_stats.c
- *  system/extras/ext4_utils/make_ext4fs_main.c
- *  external/squashfs-tools/squashfs-tools/android.c
- *  system/core/cpio/mkbootfs.c
- *  system/core/adb/file_sync_service.cpp
- *  system/extras/ext4_utils/canned_fs_config.c
- */
+/* This API is deprecated. New users should call get_fs_config. */
 void fs_config(const char* path, int dir, const char* target_out_path, unsigned* uid, unsigned* gid,
                unsigned* mode, uint64_t* capabilities);
 
+struct fs_config {
+  uid_t uid;
+  gid_t gid;
+  mode_t mode;
+  uint64_t capabilities;
+};
+
+/*
+ * If a file system configuration was found for the specified path, store it to *conf.
+ * Returns whether a file system configuration was found.
+ *
+ * dir: Whether path refers to a directory.
+ * target_out_path: Path to the base directory to read the file system configuration from, or a null
+ * pointer to use the root directory as the base. Host code should pass $ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT or
+ * equivalent, and device code should pass a null pointer.
+ */
+bool get_fs_config(const char* path, bool dir, const char* target_out_path,
+                   struct fs_config* conf);
+
 __END_DECLS
diff --git a/libcutils/include_outside_system/cutils/threads.h b/libcutils/include_outside_system/cutils/threads.h
deleted file mode 120000
index 99330ffadfe3..000000000000
--- a/libcutils/include_outside_system/cutils/threads.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-../../include/cutils/threads.h
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/libcutils/iosched_policy.cpp b/libcutils/iosched_policy.cpp
index 012c537ac688..f7c724da900b 100644
--- a/libcutils/iosched_policy.cpp
+++ b/libcutils/iosched_policy.cpp
@@ -24,8 +24,7 @@
 #include <unistd.h>
 
 #if defined(__ANDROID__)
-#define IOPRIO_WHO_PROCESS (1)
-#define IOPRIO_CLASS_SHIFT (13)
+#include <linux/ioprio.h>
 #include <sys/syscall.h>
 #define __android_unused
 #else
diff --git a/libcutils/properties.cpp b/libcutils/properties.cpp
index 03f04961cd1c..d3a2b50abfb2 100644
--- a/libcutils/properties.cpp
+++ b/libcutils/properties.cpp
@@ -93,8 +93,7 @@ int property_get(const char* key, char* value, const char* default_value) {
 
 #if __has_include(<sys/system_properties.h>)
 
-#define _REALLY_INCLUDE_SYS__SYSTEM_PROPERTIES_H_
-#include <sys/_system_properties.h>
+#include <sys/system_properties.h>
 
 struct callback_data {
     void (*callback)(const char* name, const char* value, void* cookie);
diff --git a/libcutils/rust/aid_bindings.h b/libcutils/rust/aid_bindings.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..1b175a26f46e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcutils/rust/aid_bindings.h
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2024 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+#include <private/android_filesystem_config.h>
diff --git a/libcutils/sched_policy_test.cpp b/libcutils/sched_policy_test.cpp
index 50bd6d0b8794..264174309781 100644
--- a/libcutils/sched_policy_test.cpp
+++ b/libcutils/sched_policy_test.cpp
@@ -67,13 +67,6 @@ static void AssertPolicy(SchedPolicy expected_policy) {
 }
 
 TEST(SchedPolicy, set_sched_policy) {
-    if (!schedboost_enabled()) {
-        // schedboost_enabled() (i.e. CONFIG_CGROUP_SCHEDTUNE) is optional;
-        // it's only needed on devices using energy-aware scheduler.
-        GTEST_LOG_(INFO) << "skipping test that requires CONFIG_CGROUP_SCHEDTUNE";
-        return;
-    }
-
     ASSERT_EQ(0, set_sched_policy(0, SP_BACKGROUND));
     ASSERT_EQ(0, set_cpuset_policy(0, SP_BACKGROUND));
     AssertPolicy(SP_BACKGROUND);
diff --git a/libcutils/socket_local_unix.h b/libcutils/socket_local_unix.h
index 45b9856b6040..ea98c0815a5f 100644
--- a/libcutils/socket_local_unix.h
+++ b/libcutils/socket_local_unix.h
@@ -17,6 +17,8 @@
 #ifndef __SOCKET_LOCAL_H
 #define __SOCKET_LOCAL_H
 
+#include <sys/socket.h>
+
 #define FILESYSTEM_SOCKET_PREFIX "/tmp/" 
 #define ANDROID_RESERVED_SOCKET_PREFIX "/dev/socket/"
 
diff --git a/libcutils/sockets_test.cpp b/libcutils/sockets_test.cpp
index 1fa40bc6a8ee..f6f9c3628830 100644
--- a/libcutils/sockets_test.cpp
+++ b/libcutils/sockets_test.cpp
@@ -19,8 +19,6 @@
 // should be the case for loopback communication, but is not guaranteed.
 
 #include <string.h>
-#include <sys/socket.h>
-#include <sys/types.h>
 #include <time.h>
 
 #include <cutils/sockets.h>
diff --git a/libcutils/sockets_windows.cpp b/libcutils/sockets_windows.cpp
index 4adb79691d8d..99a2e2ddeeb5 100644
--- a/libcutils/sockets_windows.cpp
+++ b/libcutils/sockets_windows.cpp
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@
 // can be extremely tricky and cause deadlock when using threads or atexit().
 //
 // Both adb (1) and Chrome (2) purposefully avoid WSACleanup() with no issues.
-// (1) https://android.googlesource.com/platform/system/core.git/+/master/adb/sysdeps_win32.cpp
+// (1) https://android.googlesource.com/platform/packages/modules/adb.git/+/main/sysdeps_win32.cpp
 // (2) https://code.google.com/p/chromium/codesearch#chromium/src/net/base/winsock_init.cc
 bool initialize_windows_sockets() {
     // There's no harm in calling WSAStartup() multiple times but no benefit
diff --git a/libcutils/threads.cpp b/libcutils/threads.cpp
deleted file mode 100644
index 6ece7a3afc93..000000000000
--- a/libcutils/threads.cpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,43 +0,0 @@
-/*
-** Copyright (C) 2007, The Android Open Source Project
-**
-** Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-** you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-** You may obtain a copy of the License at
-**
-**     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-**
-** Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-** distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-** WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-** See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-** limitations under the License.
-*/
-
-#include <cutils/threads.h>
-
-#if defined(__APPLE__)
-#include <stdint.h>
-#elif defined(__linux__)
-#include <syscall.h>
-#include <unistd.h>
-#elif defined(_WIN32)
-#include <windows.h>
-#endif
-
-#if defined(__BIONIC__) || defined(__GLIBC__) && __GLIBC_MINOR__ >= 32
-// No definition needed for Android because we'll just pick up bionic's copy.
-// No definition needed for Glibc >= 2.32 because it exposes its own copy.
-#else
-pid_t gettid() {
-#if defined(__APPLE__)
-  uint64_t tid;
-  pthread_threadid_np(NULL, &tid);
-  return tid;
-#elif defined(__linux__)
-  return syscall(__NR_gettid);
-#elif defined(_WIN32)
-  return GetCurrentThreadId();
-#endif
-}
-#endif
diff --git a/libcutils/trace-dev.inc b/libcutils/trace-dev.inc
index 94945ec7d4f3..c911b4f82062 100644
--- a/libcutils/trace-dev.inc
+++ b/libcutils/trace-dev.inc
@@ -36,8 +36,7 @@
 #include <log/log_properties.h>
 
 #if defined(__BIONIC__)
-#define _REALLY_INCLUDE_SYS__SYSTEM_PROPERTIES_H_
-#include <sys/_system_properties.h>
+#include <sys/system_properties.h>
 #endif
 
 /**
@@ -49,17 +48,17 @@
 
 constexpr uint32_t kSeqNoNotInit = static_cast<uint32_t>(-1);
 
-atomic_bool              atrace_is_ready      = ATOMIC_VAR_INIT(false);
+atomic_bool              atrace_is_ready      = false;
 int                      atrace_marker_fd     = -1;
 uint64_t                 atrace_enabled_tags  = ATRACE_TAG_NOT_READY;
-static atomic_bool       atrace_is_enabled    = ATOMIC_VAR_INIT(true);
+static atomic_bool       atrace_is_enabled    = true;
 static pthread_mutex_t   atrace_tags_mutex    = PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER;
 
 /**
  * Sequence number of debug.atrace.tags.enableflags the last time the enabled
  * tags were reloaded.
  **/
-static _Atomic(uint32_t) last_sequence_number = ATOMIC_VAR_INIT(kSeqNoNotInit);
+static _Atomic(uint32_t) last_sequence_number = kSeqNoNotInit;
 
 #if defined(__BIONIC__)
 // All zero prop_info that has a sequence number of 0. This is easier than
diff --git a/libcutils/trace-host.cpp b/libcutils/trace-host.cpp
index e9f58c356d00..c45d0675c292 100644
--- a/libcutils/trace-host.cpp
+++ b/libcutils/trace-host.cpp
@@ -16,11 +16,10 @@
 
 #include <cutils/trace.h>
 
-atomic_bool             atrace_is_ready      = ATOMIC_VAR_INIT(true);
+atomic_bool             atrace_is_ready      = true;
 int                     atrace_marker_fd     = -1;
 uint64_t                atrace_enabled_tags  = 0;
 
-void atrace_set_debuggable(bool /*debuggable*/) {}
 void atrace_set_tracing_enabled(bool /*enabled*/) {}
 void atrace_update_tags() { }
 void atrace_setup() { }
diff --git a/libcutils/uevent.cpp b/libcutils/uevent.cpp
index 40bbd5c8fdbc..f01a479cd8f5 100644
--- a/libcutils/uevent.cpp
+++ b/libcutils/uevent.cpp
@@ -92,20 +92,22 @@ ssize_t uevent_kernel_recv(int socket, void* buffer, size_t length, bool require
     return -1;
 }
 
-int uevent_open_socket(int buf_sz, bool passcred) {
-    struct sockaddr_nl addr;
-    int on = passcred;
+/*
+ * Creates an unbound netlink socket for receiving uevent messages.
+ * @buf_sz: socket receive buffer size.
+ * @passcred: whether or not to enable receiving the SCM_CREDENTIALS control
+ *	message.
+ *
+ * Returns: a socket descriptor upon success or -1 upon failure.
+ */
+int uevent_create_socket(int buf_sz, bool passcred) {
+    int s = socket(PF_NETLINK, SOCK_DGRAM | SOCK_CLOEXEC, NETLINK_KOBJECT_UEVENT);
+    if (s < 0) {
+        return -1;
+    }
+
     int buf_sz_readback = 0;
     socklen_t optlen = sizeof(buf_sz_readback);
-    int s;
-
-    memset(&addr, 0, sizeof(addr));
-    addr.nl_family = AF_NETLINK;
-    addr.nl_pid = 0;
-    addr.nl_groups = 0xffffffff;
-
-    s = socket(PF_NETLINK, SOCK_DGRAM | SOCK_CLOEXEC, NETLINK_KOBJECT_UEVENT);
-    if (s < 0) return -1;
 
     if (setsockopt(s, SOL_SOCKET, SO_RCVBUF, &buf_sz, sizeof(buf_sz)) < 0 ||
           getsockopt(s, SOL_SOCKET, SO_RCVBUF, &buf_sz_readback, &optlen) < 0) {
@@ -123,9 +125,43 @@ int uevent_open_socket(int buf_sz, bool passcred) {
         }
     }
 
+    int on = passcred;
+
     setsockopt(s, SOL_SOCKET, SO_PASSCRED, &on, sizeof(on));
 
-    if (bind(s, (struct sockaddr*)&addr, sizeof(addr)) < 0) {
+    return s;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Binds a netlink socket. Binding a netlink socket makes the kernel start
+ * sending netlink messages to that netlink socket.
+ *
+ * Returns: 0 upon success; -1 upon error.
+ */
+int uevent_bind(int socket) {
+    struct sockaddr_nl addr = {
+            .nl_family = AF_NETLINK,
+            .nl_pid = 0,
+            .nl_groups = 0xffffffff,
+    };
+    return bind(socket, (struct sockaddr*)&addr, sizeof(addr));
+}
+
+/*
+ * Creates a bound netlink socket for receiving uevent messages.
+ * @buf_sz: socket receive buffer size.
+ * @passcred: whether or not to enable receiving the SCM_CREDENTIALS control
+ *	message.
+ *
+ * Returns: a socket descriptor upon success or -1 upon failure.
+ */
+int uevent_open_socket(int buf_sz, bool passcred) {
+    int s = uevent_create_socket(buf_sz, passcred);
+    if (s < 0) {
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    if (uevent_bind(s) < 0) {
         close(s);
         return -1;
     }
diff --git a/libdiskconfig/Android.bp b/libdiskconfig/Android.bp
deleted file mode 100644
index f523d4e70c28..000000000000
--- a/libdiskconfig/Android.bp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,36 +0,0 @@
-package {
-    default_applicable_licenses: ["Android-Apache-2.0"],
-}
-
-cc_library {
-    name: "libdiskconfig",
-    vendor_available: true,
-    vndk: {
-        enabled: true,
-    },
-    srcs: [
-        "diskconfig.c",
-        "diskutils.c",
-        "write_lst.c",
-        "config_mbr.c",
-    ],
-
-    shared_libs: [
-        "libcutils",
-        "liblog",
-    ],
-    cflags: ["-Werror"],
-    export_include_dirs: ["include"],
-    local_include_dirs: ["include"],
-
-    target: {
-        darwin: {
-            enabled: false,
-        },
-        host_linux: {
-            cflags: [
-                "-D_LARGEFILE64_SOURCE",
-            ],
-        },
-    },
-}
diff --git a/libdiskconfig/config_mbr.c b/libdiskconfig/config_mbr.c
deleted file mode 100644
index ace9bbfb1ea2..000000000000
--- a/libdiskconfig/config_mbr.c
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,351 +0,0 @@
-/* libs/diskconfig/diskconfig.c
- *
- * Copyright 2008, The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#define LOG_TAG "config_mbr"
-
-#include <stdint.h>
-#include <stdio.h>
-#include <stdlib.h>
-#include <string.h>
-
-#include <diskconfig/diskconfig.h>
-#include <log/log.h>
-
-/* start and len are in LBA units */
-static void
-cfg_pentry(struct pc_partition *pentry, uint8_t status, uint8_t type,
-           uint32_t start, uint32_t len)
-{
-    if (len > 0) {
-        /* seems that somes BIOSens can get wedged on boot while verifying
-         * the mbr if these are 0 */
-        memset(&pentry->start, 0xff, sizeof(struct chs));
-        memset(&pentry->end, 0xff, sizeof(struct chs));
-    } else {
-        /* zero out the c/h/s entries.. they are not used */
-        memset(&pentry->start, 0, sizeof(struct chs));
-        memset(&pentry->end, 0, sizeof(struct chs));
-    }
-
-    pentry->status = status;
-    pentry->type = type;
-    pentry->start_lba = start;
-    pentry->len_lba = len;
-
-    ALOGI("Configuring pentry. status=0x%x type=0x%x start_lba=%u len_lba=%u",
-         pentry->status, pentry->type, pentry->start_lba, pentry->len_lba);
-}
-
-
-static inline uint32_t
-kb_to_lba(uint32_t len_kb, uint32_t sect_size)
-{
-    uint64_t lba;
-
-    lba = (uint64_t)len_kb * 1024;
-    /* bump it up to the next LBA boundary just in case  */
-    lba = (lba + (uint64_t)sect_size - 1) & ~((uint64_t)sect_size - 1);
-    lba /= (uint64_t)sect_size;
-    if (lba >= 0xffffffffULL)
-        ALOGE("Error converting kb -> lba. 32bit overflow, expect weirdness");
-    return (uint32_t)(lba & 0xffffffffULL);
-}
-
-
-static struct write_list *
-mk_pri_pentry(struct disk_info *dinfo, struct part_info *pinfo, int pnum,
-              uint32_t *lba)
-{
-    struct write_list *item;
-    struct pc_partition *pentry;
-
-    if (pnum >= PC_NUM_BOOT_RECORD_PARTS) {
-        ALOGE("Maximum number of primary partition exceeded.");
-        return NULL;
-    }
-
-    if (!(item = alloc_wl(sizeof(struct pc_partition)))) {
-        ALOGE("Unable to allocate memory for partition entry.");
-        return NULL;
-    }
-
-    {
-        /* DO NOT DEREFERENCE */
-        struct pc_boot_record *mbr = (void *)PC_MBR_DISK_OFFSET; 
-        /* grab the offset in mbr where to write this partition entry. */
-        item->offset = (loff_t)((uintptr_t)((uint8_t *)(&mbr->ptable[pnum])));
-    }
-
-    pentry = (struct pc_partition *) &item->data;
-
-    /* need a standard primary partition entry */
-    if (pinfo) {
-        /* need this to be 64 bit in case len_kb is large */
-        uint64_t len_lba; 
-
-        if (pinfo->len_kb != (uint32_t)-1) {
-            /* bump it up to the next LBA boundary just in case */
-            len_lba = ((uint64_t)pinfo->len_kb * 1024);
-            len_lba += ((uint64_t)dinfo->sect_size - 1);
-            len_lba &= ~((uint64_t)dinfo->sect_size - 1);
-            len_lba /= (uint64_t)dinfo->sect_size;
-        } else {
-            /* make it fill the rest of disk */
-            len_lba = dinfo->num_lba - *lba;
-        }
-
-        cfg_pentry(pentry, ((pinfo->flags & PART_ACTIVE_FLAG) ?
-                            PC_PART_ACTIVE : PC_PART_NORMAL),
-                   pinfo->type, *lba, (uint32_t)len_lba);
-
-        pinfo->start_lba = *lba;
-        *lba += (uint32_t)len_lba;
-    } else {
-        /* this should be made an extended partition, and should take
-         * up the rest of the disk as a primary partition */
-        cfg_pentry(pentry, PC_PART_NORMAL, PC_PART_TYPE_EXTENDED,
-                   *lba, dinfo->num_lba - *lba);
-
-        /* note that we do not update the *lba because we now have to
-         * create a chain of extended partition tables, and first one is at
-         * *lba */
-    }
-
-    return item;
-}
-
-
-/* This function configures an extended boot record at the beginning of an
- * extended partition. This creates a logical partition and a pointer to
- * the next EBR.
- *
- * ext_lba == The start of the toplevel extended partition (pointed to by the
- * entry in the MBR).
- */
-static struct write_list *
-mk_ext_pentry(struct disk_info *dinfo, struct part_info *pinfo, uint32_t *lba,
-              uint32_t ext_lba, struct part_info *pnext)
-{
-    struct write_list *item;
-    struct pc_boot_record *ebr;
-    uint32_t len; /* in lba units */
-
-    if (!(item = alloc_wl(sizeof(struct pc_boot_record)))) {
-        ALOGE("Unable to allocate memory for EBR.");
-        return NULL;
-    }
-
-    /* we are going to write the ebr at the current LBA, and then bump the
-     * lba counter since that is where the logical data partition will start */
-    item->offset = ((loff_t)(*lba)) * dinfo->sect_size;
-    (*lba)++;
-
-    ebr = (struct pc_boot_record *) &item->data;
-    memset(ebr, 0, sizeof(struct pc_boot_record));
-    ebr->mbr_sig = PC_BIOS_BOOT_SIG;
-
-    if (pinfo->len_kb != (uint32_t)-1)
-        len = kb_to_lba(pinfo->len_kb, dinfo->sect_size);
-    else {
-        if (pnext) {
-            ALOGE("Only the last partition can be specified to fill the disk "
-                 "(name = '%s')", pinfo->name);
-            goto fail;
-        }
-        len = dinfo->num_lba - *lba;
-        /* update the pinfo structure to reflect the new size, for
-         * bookkeeping */
-        pinfo->len_kb =
-            (uint32_t)(((uint64_t)len * (uint64_t)dinfo->sect_size) /
-                       ((uint64_t)1024));
-    }
-
-    cfg_pentry(&ebr->ptable[PC_EBR_LOGICAL_PART], PC_PART_NORMAL,
-               pinfo->type, 1, len);
-
-    pinfo->start_lba = *lba;
-    *lba += len;
-
-    /* If this is not the last partition, we have to create a link to the
-     * next extended partition.
-     *
-     * Otherwise, there's nothing to do since the "pointer entry" is
-     * already zero-filled.
-     */
-    if (pnext) {
-        /* The start lba for next partition is an offset from the beginning
-         * of the top-level extended partition */
-        uint32_t next_start_lba = *lba - ext_lba;
-        uint32_t next_len_lba;
-        if (pnext->len_kb != (uint32_t)-1)
-            next_len_lba = 1 + kb_to_lba(pnext->len_kb, dinfo->sect_size);
-        else
-            next_len_lba = dinfo->num_lba - *lba;
-        cfg_pentry(&ebr->ptable[PC_EBR_NEXT_PTR_PART], PC_PART_NORMAL,
-                   PC_PART_TYPE_EXTENDED, next_start_lba, next_len_lba);
-    }
-
-    return item;
-
-fail:
-    free_wl(item);
-    return NULL;
-}
-
-
-static struct write_list *
-mk_mbr_sig()
-{
-    struct write_list *item;
-    if (!(item = alloc_wl(sizeof(uint16_t)))) {
-        ALOGE("Unable to allocate memory for MBR signature.");
-        return NULL;
-    }
-
-    {
-        /* DO NOT DEREFERENCE */
-        struct pc_boot_record *mbr = (void *)PC_MBR_DISK_OFFSET;
-        /* grab the offset in mbr where to write mbr signature. */
-        item->offset = (loff_t)((uintptr_t)((uint8_t *)(&mbr->mbr_sig)));
-    }
-
-    *((uint16_t*)item->data) = PC_BIOS_BOOT_SIG;
-    return item;
-}
-
-struct write_list *
-config_mbr(struct disk_info *dinfo)
-{
-    struct part_info *pinfo;
-    uint32_t cur_lba = dinfo->skip_lba;
-    uint32_t ext_lba = 0;
-    struct write_list *wr_list = NULL;
-    struct write_list *temp_wr = NULL;
-    int cnt = 0;
-    int extended = 0;
-
-    if (!dinfo->part_lst)
-        return NULL;
-
-    for (cnt = 0; cnt < dinfo->num_parts; ++cnt) {
-        pinfo = &dinfo->part_lst[cnt];
-
-        /* Should we create an extedned partition? */
-        if (cnt == (PC_NUM_BOOT_RECORD_PARTS - 1)) {
-            if (cnt + 1 < dinfo->num_parts) {
-                extended = 1;
-                ext_lba = cur_lba;
-                if ((temp_wr = mk_pri_pentry(dinfo, NULL, cnt, &cur_lba)))
-                    wlist_add(&wr_list, temp_wr);
-                else {
-                    ALOGE("Cannot create primary extended partition.");
-                    goto fail;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        /* if extended, need 1 lba for ebr */
-        if ((cur_lba + extended) >= dinfo->num_lba)
-            goto nospace;
-        else if (pinfo->len_kb != (uint32_t)-1) {
-            uint32_t sz_lba = (pinfo->len_kb / dinfo->sect_size) * 1024;
-            if ((cur_lba + sz_lba + extended) > dinfo->num_lba)
-                goto nospace;
-        }
-
-        if (!extended)
-            temp_wr = mk_pri_pentry(dinfo, pinfo, cnt, &cur_lba);
-        else {
-            struct part_info *pnext;
-            pnext = cnt + 1 < dinfo->num_parts ? &dinfo->part_lst[cnt+1] : NULL;
-            temp_wr = mk_ext_pentry(dinfo, pinfo, &cur_lba, ext_lba, pnext);
-        }
-
-        if (temp_wr)
-            wlist_add(&wr_list, temp_wr);
-        else {
-            ALOGE("Cannot create partition %d (%s).", cnt, pinfo->name);
-            goto fail;
-        }
-    }
-
-    /* fill in the rest of the MBR with empty parts (if needed). */
-    for (; cnt < PC_NUM_BOOT_RECORD_PARTS; ++cnt) {
-        struct part_info blank;
-        cur_lba = 0;
-        memset(&blank, 0, sizeof(struct part_info));
-        if (!(temp_wr = mk_pri_pentry(dinfo, &blank, cnt, &cur_lba))) {
-            ALOGE("Cannot create blank partition %d.", cnt);
-            goto fail;
-        }
-        wlist_add(&wr_list, temp_wr);
-    }
-
-    if ((temp_wr = mk_mbr_sig()))
-        wlist_add(&wr_list, temp_wr);
-    else {
-        ALOGE("Cannot set MBR signature");
-        goto fail;
-    }
-
-    return wr_list;
-
-nospace:
-    ALOGE("Not enough space to add parttion '%s'.", pinfo->name);
-
-fail:
-    wlist_free(wr_list);
-    return NULL;
-}
-
-
-/* Returns the device path of the partition referred to by 'name'
- * Must be freed by the caller.
- */
-char *
-find_mbr_part(struct disk_info *dinfo, const char *name)
-{
-    struct part_info *plist = dinfo->part_lst;
-    int num = 0;
-    char *dev_name = NULL;
-    int has_extended = (dinfo->num_parts > PC_NUM_BOOT_RECORD_PARTS);
-
-    for(num = 1; num <= dinfo->num_parts; ++num) {
-        if (!strcmp(plist[num-1].name, name))
-            break;
-    }
-
-    if (num > dinfo->num_parts)
-        return NULL;
-
-    if (has_extended && (num >= PC_NUM_BOOT_RECORD_PARTS))
-        num++;
-
-    if (!(dev_name = malloc(MAX_NAME_LEN))) {
-        ALOGE("Cannot allocate memory.");
-        return NULL;
-    }
-
-    num = snprintf(dev_name, MAX_NAME_LEN, "%s%d", dinfo->device, num);
-    if (num >= MAX_NAME_LEN) {
-        ALOGE("Device name is too long?!");
-        free(dev_name);
-        return NULL;
-    }
-
-    return dev_name;
-}
diff --git a/libdiskconfig/diskconfig.c b/libdiskconfig/diskconfig.c
deleted file mode 100644
index 5f34748b0989..000000000000
--- a/libdiskconfig/diskconfig.c
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,535 +0,0 @@
-/* libs/diskconfig/diskconfig.c
- *
- * Copyright 2008, The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#define LOG_TAG "diskconfig"
-
-#include <errno.h>
-#include <fcntl.h>
-#include <inttypes.h>
-#include <linux/fs.h>
-#include <stdio.h>
-#include <stdlib.h>
-#include <string.h>
-#include <sys/ioctl.h>
-#include <sys/stat.h>
-#include <unistd.h>
-
-#include <cutils/config_utils.h>
-#include <log/log.h>
-
-#include <diskconfig/diskconfig.h>
-
-static int
-parse_len(const char *str, uint64_t *plen)
-{
-    char tmp[64];
-    int len_str;
-    uint32_t multiple = 1;
-
-    strncpy(tmp, str, sizeof(tmp));
-    tmp[sizeof(tmp)-1] = '\0';
-    len_str = strlen(tmp);
-    if (!len_str) {
-        ALOGE("Invalid disk length specified.");
-        return 1;
-    }
-
-    switch(tmp[len_str - 1]) {
-        case 'M': case 'm':
-            /* megabyte */
-            multiple <<= 10;
-        case 'K': case 'k':
-            /* kilobytes */
-            multiple <<= 10;
-            tmp[len_str - 1] = '\0';
-            break;
-        default:
-            break;
-    }
-
-    *plen = strtoull(tmp, NULL, 0);
-    if (!*plen) {
-        ALOGE("Invalid length specified: %s", str);
-        return 1;
-    }
-
-    if (*plen == (uint64_t)-1) {
-        if (multiple > 1) {
-            ALOGE("Size modifier illegal when len is -1");
-            return 1;
-        }
-    } else {
-        /* convert len to kilobytes */
-        if (multiple > 1024)
-            multiple >>= 10;
-        *plen *= multiple;
-
-        if (*plen > 0xffffffffULL) {
-            ALOGE("Length specified is too large!: %"PRIu64" KB", *plen);
-            return 1;
-        }
-    }
-
-    return 0;
-}
-
-
-static int
-load_partitions(cnode *root, struct disk_info *dinfo)
-{
-    cnode *partnode;
-
-    dinfo->num_parts = 0;
-    for (partnode = root->first_child; partnode; partnode = partnode->next) {
-        struct part_info *pinfo = &dinfo->part_lst[dinfo->num_parts];
-        const char *tmp;
-
-        /* bleh, i will leak memory here, but i DONT CARE since
-         * the only right thing to do when this function fails
-         * is to quit */
-        pinfo->name = strdup(partnode->name);
-
-        if(config_bool(partnode, "active", 0))
-            pinfo->flags |= PART_ACTIVE_FLAG;
-
-        if (!(tmp = config_str(partnode, "type", NULL))) {
-            ALOGE("Partition type required: %s", pinfo->name);
-            return 1;
-        }
-
-        /* possible values are: linux, fat32 */
-        if (!strcmp(tmp, "linux")) {
-            pinfo->type = PC_PART_TYPE_LINUX;
-        } else if (!strcmp(tmp, "fat32")) {
-            pinfo->type = PC_PART_TYPE_FAT32;
-        } else {
-            ALOGE("Unsupported partition type found: %s", tmp);
-            return 1;
-        }
-
-        if ((tmp = config_str(partnode, "len", NULL)) != NULL) {
-            uint64_t len;
-            if (parse_len(tmp, &len))
-                return 1;
-            pinfo->len_kb = (uint32_t) len;
-        } else 
-            pinfo->len_kb = 0;
-
-        ++dinfo->num_parts;
-    }
-
-    return 0;
-}
-
-struct disk_info *
-load_diskconfig(const char *fn, char *path_override)
-{
-    struct disk_info *dinfo;
-    cnode *devroot;
-    cnode *partnode;
-    cnode *root = config_node("", "");
-    const char *tmp;
-
-    if (!(dinfo = malloc(sizeof(struct disk_info)))) {
-        ALOGE("Could not malloc disk_info");
-        return NULL;
-    }
-    memset(dinfo, 0, sizeof(struct disk_info));
-
-    if (!(dinfo->part_lst = malloc(MAX_NUM_PARTS * sizeof(struct part_info)))) {
-        ALOGE("Could not malloc part_lst");
-        goto fail;
-    }
-    memset(dinfo->part_lst, 0,
-           (MAX_NUM_PARTS * sizeof(struct part_info)));
-
-    config_load_file(root, fn);
-    if (root->first_child == NULL) {
-        ALOGE("Could not read config file %s", fn);
-        goto fail;
-    }
-
-    if (!(devroot = config_find(root, "device"))) {
-        ALOGE("Could not find device section in config file '%s'", fn);
-        goto fail;
-    }
-
-
-    if (!(tmp = config_str(devroot, "path", path_override))) {
-        ALOGE("device path is requried");
-        goto fail;
-    }
-    dinfo->device = strdup(tmp);
-
-    /* find the partition scheme */
-    if (!(tmp = config_str(devroot, "scheme", NULL))) {
-        ALOGE("partition scheme is required");
-        goto fail;
-    } else if (!strcmp(tmp, "mbr")) {
-        dinfo->scheme = PART_SCHEME_MBR;
-    } else if (!strcmp(tmp, "gpt")) {
-        ALOGE("'gpt' partition scheme not supported yet.");
-        goto fail;
-    } else {
-        ALOGE("Unknown partition scheme specified: %s", tmp);
-        goto fail;
-    }
-
-    /* grab the sector size (in bytes) */
-    tmp = config_str(devroot, "sector_size", "512");
-    dinfo->sect_size = strtol(tmp, NULL, 0);
-    if (!dinfo->sect_size) {
-        ALOGE("Invalid sector size: %s", tmp);
-        goto fail;
-    }
-
-    /* first lba where the partitions will start on disk */
-    if (!(tmp = config_str(devroot, "start_lba", NULL))) {
-        ALOGE("start_lba must be provided");
-        goto fail;
-    }
-
-    if (!(dinfo->skip_lba = strtol(tmp, NULL, 0))) {
-        ALOGE("Invalid starting LBA (or zero): %s", tmp);
-        goto fail;
-    }
-
-    /* Number of LBAs on disk */
-    if (!(tmp = config_str(devroot, "num_lba", NULL))) {
-        ALOGE("num_lba is required");
-        goto fail;
-    }
-    dinfo->num_lba = strtoul(tmp, NULL, 0);
-
-    if (!(partnode = config_find(devroot, "partitions"))) {
-        ALOGE("Device must specify partition list");
-        goto fail;
-    }
-
-    if (load_partitions(partnode, dinfo))
-        goto fail;
-
-    return dinfo;
-
-fail:
-    if (dinfo->part_lst)
-        free(dinfo->part_lst);
-    if (dinfo->device)
-        free(dinfo->device);
-    free(dinfo);
-    return NULL;
-}
-
-static int
-sync_ptable(int fd)
-{
-    struct stat stat;
-    int rv;
-
-    sync();
-
-    if (fstat(fd, &stat)) {
-       ALOGE("Cannot stat, errno=%d.", errno);
-       return -1;
-    }
-
-    if (S_ISBLK(stat.st_mode) && ((rv = ioctl(fd, BLKRRPART, NULL)) < 0)) {
-        ALOGE("Could not re-read partition table. REBOOT!. (errno=%d)", errno);
-        return -1;
-    }
-
-    return 0;
-}
-
-/* This function verifies that the disk info provided is valid, and if so,
- * returns an open file descriptor.
- *
- * This does not necessarily mean that it will later be successfully written
- * though. If we use the pc-bios partitioning scheme, we must use extended
- * partitions, which eat up some hd space. If the user manually provisioned
- * every single partition, but did not account for the extra needed space,
- * then we will later fail.
- *
- * TODO: Make validation more complete.
- */
-static int
-validate(struct disk_info *dinfo)
-{
-    int fd;
-    int sect_sz;
-    uint64_t disk_size;
-    uint64_t total_size;
-    int cnt;
-    struct stat stat;
-
-    if (!dinfo)
-        return -1;
-
-    if ((fd = open(dinfo->device, O_RDWR)) < 0) {
-        ALOGE("Cannot open device '%s' (errno=%d)", dinfo->device, errno);
-        return -1;
-    }
-
-    if (fstat(fd, &stat)) {
-        ALOGE("Cannot stat file '%s', errno=%d.", dinfo->device, errno);
-        goto fail;
-    }
-
-
-    /* XXX: Some of the code below is kind of redundant and should probably
-     * be refactored a little, but it will do for now. */
-
-    /* Verify that we can operate on the device that was requested.
-     * We presently only support block devices and regular file images. */
-    if (S_ISBLK(stat.st_mode)) {
-        /* get the sector size and make sure we agree */
-        if (ioctl(fd, BLKSSZGET, &sect_sz) < 0) {
-            ALOGE("Cannot get sector size (errno=%d)", errno);
-            goto fail;
-        }
-
-        if (!sect_sz || sect_sz != dinfo->sect_size) {
-            ALOGE("Device sector size is zero or sector sizes do not match!");
-            goto fail;
-        }
-
-        /* allow the user override the "disk size" if they provided num_lba */
-        if (!dinfo->num_lba) {
-            if (ioctl(fd, BLKGETSIZE64, &disk_size) < 0) {
-                ALOGE("Could not get block device size (errno=%d)", errno);
-                goto fail;
-            }
-            /* XXX: we assume that the disk has < 2^32 sectors :-) */
-            dinfo->num_lba = (uint32_t)(disk_size / (uint64_t)dinfo->sect_size);
-        } else
-            disk_size = (uint64_t)dinfo->num_lba * (uint64_t)dinfo->sect_size;
-    } else if (S_ISREG(stat.st_mode)) {
-        ALOGI("Requesting operation on a regular file, not block device.");
-        if (!dinfo->sect_size) {
-            ALOGE("Sector size for regular file images cannot be zero");
-            goto fail;
-        }
-        if (dinfo->num_lba)
-            disk_size = (uint64_t)dinfo->num_lba * (uint64_t)dinfo->sect_size;
-        else {
-            dinfo->num_lba = (uint32_t)(stat.st_size / dinfo->sect_size);
-            disk_size = (uint64_t)stat.st_size;
-        }
-    } else {
-        ALOGE("Device does not refer to a regular file or a block device!");
-        goto fail;
-    }
-
-#if 1
-    ALOGV("Device/file %s: size=%" PRIu64 " bytes, num_lba=%u, sect_size=%d",
-         dinfo->device, disk_size, dinfo->num_lba, dinfo->sect_size);
-#endif
-
-    /* since this is our offset into the disk, we start off with that as
-     * our size of needed partitions */
-    total_size = dinfo->skip_lba * dinfo->sect_size;
-
-    /* add up all the partition sizes and make sure it fits */
-    for (cnt = 0; cnt < dinfo->num_parts; ++cnt) {
-        struct part_info *part = &dinfo->part_lst[cnt];
-        if (part->len_kb != (uint32_t)-1) {
-            total_size += part->len_kb * 1024;
-        } else if (part->len_kb == 0) {
-            ALOGE("Zero-size partition '%s' is invalid.", part->name);
-            goto fail;
-        } else {
-            /* the partition requests the rest of the disk. */
-            if (cnt + 1 != dinfo->num_parts) {
-                ALOGE("Only the last partition in the list can request to fill "
-                     "the rest of disk.");
-                goto fail;
-            }
-        }
-
-        if ((part->type != PC_PART_TYPE_LINUX) &&
-            (part->type != PC_PART_TYPE_FAT32)) {
-            ALOGE("Unknown partition type (0x%x) encountered for partition "
-                 "'%s'\n", part->type, part->name);
-            goto fail;
-        }
-    }
-
-    /* only matters for disks, not files */
-    if (S_ISBLK(stat.st_mode) && total_size > disk_size) {
-        ALOGE("Total requested size of partitions (%"PRIu64") is greater than disk "
-             "size (%"PRIu64").", total_size, disk_size);
-        goto fail;
-    }
-
-    return fd;
-
-fail:
-    close(fd);
-    return -1;
-}
-
-static int
-validate_and_config(struct disk_info *dinfo, int *fd, struct write_list **lst)
-{
-    *lst = NULL;
-    *fd = -1;
-
-    if ((*fd = validate(dinfo)) < 0)
-        return 1;
-
-    switch (dinfo->scheme) {
-        case PART_SCHEME_MBR:
-            *lst = config_mbr(dinfo);
-            return *lst == NULL;
-        case PART_SCHEME_GPT:
-            /* not supported yet */
-        default:
-            ALOGE("Unknown partition scheme.");
-            break;
-    }
-
-    close(*fd);
-    *lst = NULL;
-    return 1;
-}
-
-/* validate and process the disk layout configuration.
- * This will cause an update to the partitions' start lba.
- *
- * Basically, this does the same thing as apply_disk_config in test mode,
- * except that wlist_commit is not called to print out the data to be
- * written.
- */
-int
-process_disk_config(struct disk_info *dinfo)
-{
-    struct write_list *lst;
-    int fd;
-
-    if (validate_and_config(dinfo, &fd, &lst) != 0)
-        return 1;
-
-    close(fd);
-    wlist_free(lst);
-    return 0;
-}
-
-
-int
-apply_disk_config(struct disk_info *dinfo, int test)
-{
-    int fd;
-    struct write_list *wr_lst = NULL;
-    int rv;
-
-    if (validate_and_config(dinfo, &fd, &wr_lst) != 0) {
-        ALOGE("Configuration is invalid.");
-        goto fail;
-    }
-
-    if ((rv = wlist_commit(fd, wr_lst, test)) >= 0)
-        rv = test ? 0 : sync_ptable(fd);
-
-    close(fd);
-    wlist_free(wr_lst);
-    return rv;
-
-fail:
-    close(fd);
-    if (wr_lst)
-        wlist_free(wr_lst);
-    return 1;
-}
-
-int
-dump_disk_config(struct disk_info *dinfo)
-{
-    int cnt;
-    struct part_info *part;
-
-    printf("Device: %s\n", dinfo->device);
-    printf("Scheme: ");
-    switch (dinfo->scheme) {
-        case PART_SCHEME_MBR:
-            printf("MBR");
-            break;
-        case PART_SCHEME_GPT:
-            printf("GPT (unsupported)");
-            break;
-        default:
-            printf("Unknown");
-            break;
-    }
-    printf ("\n");
-
-    printf("Sector size: %d\n", dinfo->sect_size);
-    printf("Skip leading LBAs: %u\n", dinfo->skip_lba);
-    printf("Number of LBAs: %u\n", dinfo->num_lba);
-    printf("Partitions:\n");
-
-    for (cnt = 0; cnt < dinfo->num_parts; ++cnt) {
-        part = &dinfo->part_lst[cnt];
-        printf("\tname = %s\n", part->name);
-        printf("\t\tflags = %s\n",
-               part->flags & PART_ACTIVE_FLAG ? "Active" : "None");
-        printf("\t\ttype = %s\n",
-               part->type == PC_PART_TYPE_LINUX ? "Linux" : "Unknown");
-        if (part->len_kb == (uint32_t)-1)
-            printf("\t\tlen = rest of disk\n");
-        else
-            printf("\t\tlen = %uKB\n", part->len_kb);
-    }
-    printf("Total number of partitions: %d\n", cnt);
-    printf("\n");
-
-    return 0;
-}
-
-struct part_info *
-find_part(struct disk_info *dinfo, const char *name)
-{
-    struct part_info *pinfo;
-    int cnt;
-
-    for (cnt = 0; cnt < dinfo->num_parts; ++cnt) {
-        pinfo = &dinfo->part_lst[cnt];
-        if (!strcmp(pinfo->name, name))
-            return pinfo;
-    }
-
-    return NULL;
-}
-
-/* NOTE: If the returned ptr is non-NULL, it must be freed by the caller. */
-char *
-find_part_device(struct disk_info *dinfo, const char *name)
-{
-    switch (dinfo->scheme) {
-        case PART_SCHEME_MBR:
-            return find_mbr_part(dinfo, name);
-        case PART_SCHEME_GPT:
-            ALOGE("GPT is presently not supported");
-            break;
-        default:
-            ALOGE("Unknown partition table scheme");
-            break;
-    }
-
-    return NULL;
-}
-
-
diff --git a/libdiskconfig/diskutils.c b/libdiskconfig/diskutils.c
deleted file mode 100644
index fe1b4c180a79..000000000000
--- a/libdiskconfig/diskutils.c
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,118 +0,0 @@
-/* libs/diskconfig/diskutils.c
- *
- * Copyright 2008, The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#define LOG_TAG "diskutils"
-
-#include <errno.h>
-#include <fcntl.h>
-#include <inttypes.h>
-#include <stdio.h>
-#include <stdlib.h>
-#include <string.h>
-#include <sys/stat.h>
-#include <unistd.h>
-
-#include <log/log.h>
-
-#include <diskconfig/diskconfig.h>
-
-int
-write_raw_image(const char *dst, const char *src, loff_t offset, int test)
-{
-    int dst_fd = -1;
-    int src_fd = -1;
-    uint8_t buffer[2048];
-    ssize_t nr_bytes;
-    ssize_t tmp;
-    int done = 0;
-    uint64_t total = 0;
-
-    ALOGI("Writing RAW image '%s' to '%s' (offset=%llu)", src, dst, (unsigned long long)offset);
-    if ((src_fd = open(src, O_RDONLY)) < 0) {
-        ALOGE("Could not open %s for reading (errno=%d).", src, errno);
-        goto fail;
-    }
-
-    if (!test) {
-        if ((dst_fd = open(dst, O_RDWR)) < 0) {
-            ALOGE("Could not open '%s' for read/write (errno=%d).", dst, errno);
-            goto fail;
-        }
-
-        if (lseek64(dst_fd, offset, SEEK_SET) != offset) {
-            ALOGE("Could not seek to offset %lld in %s.", (long long)offset, dst);
-            goto fail;
-        }
-    }
-
-    while (!done) {
-        if ((nr_bytes = read(src_fd, buffer, sizeof(buffer))) < 0) {
-            /* XXX: Should we not even bother with EINTR? */
-            if (errno == EINTR)
-                continue;
-            ALOGE("Error (%d) while reading from '%s'", errno, src);
-            goto fail;
-        }
-
-        if (!nr_bytes) {
-            /* we're done. */
-            done = 1;
-            break;
-        }
-
-        total += nr_bytes;
-
-        /* skip the write loop if we're testing */
-        if (test)
-            nr_bytes = 0;
-
-        while (nr_bytes > 0) {
-            if ((tmp = write(dst_fd, buffer, nr_bytes)) < 0) {
-                /* XXX: Should we not even bother with EINTR? */
-                if (errno == EINTR)
-                    continue;
-                ALOGE("Error (%d) while writing to '%s'", errno, dst);
-                goto fail;
-            }
-            if (!tmp)
-                continue;
-            nr_bytes -= tmp;
-        }
-    }
-
-    if (!done) {
-        ALOGE("Exited read/write loop without setting flag! WTF?!");
-        goto fail;
-    }
-
-    if (dst_fd >= 0)
-        fsync(dst_fd);
-
-    ALOGI("Wrote %" PRIu64 " bytes to %s @ %lld", total, dst, (long long)offset);
-
-    close(src_fd);
-    if (dst_fd >= 0)
-        close(dst_fd);
-    return 0;
-
-fail:
-    if (dst_fd >= 0)
-        close(dst_fd);
-    if (src_fd >= 0)
-        close(src_fd);
-    return 1;
-}
diff --git a/libdiskconfig/dump_diskconfig.c b/libdiskconfig/dump_diskconfig.c
deleted file mode 100644
index 3c4f620058e6..000000000000
--- a/libdiskconfig/dump_diskconfig.c
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,43 +0,0 @@
-/* libs/diskconfig/dump_diskconfig.c
- *
- * Copyright 2008, The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#define LOG_TAG "dump_diskconfig"
-
-#include <stdio.h>
-
-#include <log/log.h>
-
-#include "diskconfig.h"
-
-int
-main(int argc, char *argv[])
-{
-    struct disk_info *dinfo;
-
-    if (argc < 2) {
-        ALOGE("usage: %s <conf file>", argv[0]);
-        return 1;
-    }
-
-    if (!(dinfo = load_diskconfig(argv[1], NULL)))
-        return 1;
-
-    dump_disk_config(dinfo);
-
-    return 0;
-}
-
diff --git a/libdiskconfig/include/diskconfig/diskconfig.h b/libdiskconfig/include/diskconfig/diskconfig.h
deleted file mode 100644
index d45b99e24872..000000000000
--- a/libdiskconfig/include/diskconfig/diskconfig.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,130 +0,0 @@
-/* system/core/include/diskconfig/diskconfig.h
- *
- * Copyright 2008, The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#ifndef __LIBS_DISKCONFIG_H
-#define __LIBS_DISKCONFIG_H
-
-#include <stdint.h>
-#include <sys/types.h>
-
-#ifdef __cplusplus
-extern "C" {
-#endif
-
-#define MAX_NAME_LEN                 512
-#define MAX_NUM_PARTS                16
-
-/* known partition schemes */
-#define PART_SCHEME_MBR              0x1
-#define PART_SCHEME_GPT              0x2
-
-/* PC Bios partition status */
-#define PC_PART_ACTIVE               0x80
-#define PC_PART_NORMAL               0x0
-
-/* Known (rather, used by us) partition types */
-#define PC_PART_TYPE_LINUX           0x83
-#define PC_PART_TYPE_EXTENDED        0x05
-#define PC_PART_TYPE_FAT32           0x0c
-
-#define PC_NUM_BOOT_RECORD_PARTS     4
-
-#define PC_EBR_LOGICAL_PART          0
-#define PC_EBR_NEXT_PTR_PART         1
-
-#define PC_BIOS_BOOT_SIG             0xAA55
-
-#define PC_MBR_DISK_OFFSET           0
-#define PC_MBR_SIZE                  512
-
-#define PART_ACTIVE_FLAG             0x1
-
-struct chs {
-    uint8_t head;
-    uint8_t sector;
-    uint8_t cylinder;
-} __attribute__((__packed__));
-
-/* 16 byte pc partition descriptor that sits in MBR and EPBR.
- * Note: multi-byte entities have little-endian layout on disk */
-struct pc_partition {
-    uint8_t status;     /* byte  0     */
-    struct chs start;   /* bytes 1-3   */
-    uint8_t type;       /* byte  4     */
-    struct chs end;     /* bytes 5-7   */
-    uint32_t start_lba; /* bytes 8-11  */
-    uint32_t len_lba;   /* bytes 12-15 */
-} __attribute__((__packed__));
-
-struct pc_boot_record {
-    uint8_t code[440];                                      /* bytes 0-439   */
-    uint32_t disk_sig;                                      /* bytes 440-443 */
-    uint16_t pad;                                           /* bytes 444-445 */
-    struct pc_partition ptable[PC_NUM_BOOT_RECORD_PARTS];   /* bytes 446-509 */
-    uint16_t mbr_sig;                                       /* bytes 510-511 */
-} __attribute__((__packed__));
-
-struct part_info {
-    char *name;
-    uint8_t flags;
-    uint8_t type;
-    uint32_t len_kb;       /* in 1K-bytes */
-    uint32_t start_lba;    /* the LBA where this partition begins */
-};
-
-struct disk_info {
-    char *device;
-    uint8_t scheme;
-    int sect_size;       /* expected sector size in bytes. MUST BE POWER OF 2 */
-    uint32_t skip_lba;   /* in sectors (1 unit of LBA) */
-    uint32_t num_lba;    /* the size of the disk in LBA units */
-    struct part_info *part_lst;
-    int num_parts;
-};
-
-struct write_list {
-    struct write_list *next;
-    loff_t offset;
-    uint32_t len;
-    uint8_t data[0];
-};
-
-
-struct write_list *alloc_wl(uint32_t data_len);
-void free_wl(struct write_list *item);
-struct write_list *wlist_add(struct write_list **lst, struct write_list *item);
-void wlist_free(struct write_list *lst);
-int wlist_commit(int fd, struct write_list *lst, int test);
-
-struct disk_info *load_diskconfig(const char *fn, char *path_override);
-int dump_disk_config(struct disk_info *dinfo);
-int apply_disk_config(struct disk_info *dinfo, int test);
-char *find_part_device(struct disk_info *dinfo, const char *name);
-int process_disk_config(struct disk_info *dinfo);
-struct part_info *find_part(struct disk_info *dinfo, const char *name);
-
-int write_raw_image(const char *dst, const char *src, loff_t offset, int test);
-
-/* For MBR partition schemes */
-struct write_list *config_mbr(struct disk_info *dinfo);
-char *find_mbr_part(struct disk_info *dinfo, const char *name);
-
-#ifdef __cplusplus
-}
-#endif
-
-#endif /* __LIBS_DISKCONFIG_H */
diff --git a/libdiskconfig/write_lst.c b/libdiskconfig/write_lst.c
deleted file mode 100644
index c3d5c0ac1b9c..000000000000
--- a/libdiskconfig/write_lst.c
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,92 +0,0 @@
-/* libs/diskconfig/write_lst.c
- *
- * Copyright 2008, The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#define LOG_TAG "write_lst"
-
-#include <stdint.h>
-#include <stdio.h>
-#include <stdlib.h>
-#include <sys/types.h>
-#include <unistd.h>
-
-#include <diskconfig/diskconfig.h>
-#include <log/log.h>
-
-struct write_list *
-alloc_wl(uint32_t data_len)
-{
-    struct write_list *item;
-
-    if (!(item = malloc(sizeof(struct write_list) + data_len))) {
-        ALOGE("Unable to allocate memory.");
-        return NULL;
-    }
-
-    item->len = data_len;
-    return item;
-}
-
-void
-free_wl(struct write_list *item)
-{
-    if (item)
-        free(item);
-}
-
-struct write_list *
-wlist_add(struct write_list **lst, struct write_list *item)
-{
-    item->next = (*lst);
-    *lst = item;
-    return item;
-}
-
-void
-wlist_free(struct write_list *lst)
-{
-    struct write_list *temp_wr;
-    while (lst) {
-        temp_wr = lst->next;
-        free_wl(lst);
-        lst = temp_wr;
-    }
-}
-
-int
-wlist_commit(int fd, struct write_list *lst, int test)
-{
-    for(; lst; lst = lst->next) {
-        if (lseek64(fd, lst->offset, SEEK_SET) != (loff_t)lst->offset) {
-            ALOGE("Cannot seek to the specified position (%lld).", (long long)lst->offset);
-            goto fail;
-        }
-
-        if (!test) {
-            if (write(fd, lst->data, lst->len) != (int)lst->len) {
-                ALOGE("Failed writing %u bytes at position %lld.", lst->len,
-                     (long long)lst->offset);
-                goto fail;
-            }
-        } else
-            ALOGI("Would write %d bytes @ offset %lld.", lst->len, (long long)lst->offset);
-    }
-
-    return 0;
-
-fail:
-    return -1;
-}
diff --git a/libgrallocusage/OWNERS b/libgrallocusage/OWNERS
index de2bf16f4c73..249dcb000864 100644
--- a/libgrallocusage/OWNERS
+++ b/libgrallocusage/OWNERS
@@ -1,2 +1 @@
 jreck@google.com
-lpy@google.com
diff --git a/libmodprobe/Android.bp b/libmodprobe/Android.bp
index 1d94a96fb572..78b4c83e3cef 100644
--- a/libmodprobe/Android.bp
+++ b/libmodprobe/Android.bp
@@ -10,8 +10,10 @@ cc_library_static {
     vendor_available: true,
     ramdisk_available: true,
     recovery_available: true,
+    vendor_ramdisk_available: true,
     host_supported: true,
     srcs: [
+        "exthandler.cpp",
         "libmodprobe.cpp",
         "libmodprobe_ext.cpp",
     ],
@@ -29,6 +31,7 @@ cc_test {
     ],
     local_include_dirs: ["include/"],
     srcs: [
+        "exthandler.cpp",
         "libmodprobe_test.cpp",
         "libmodprobe.cpp",
         "libmodprobe_ext_test.cpp",
diff --git a/libmodprobe/exthandler.cpp b/libmodprobe/exthandler.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..f48c25976ade
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libmodprobe/exthandler.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,131 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2024 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include <exthandler/exthandler.h>
+
+#include <android-base/chrono_utils.h>
+#include <android-base/file.h>
+#include <android-base/logging.h>
+#include <android-base/parseint.h>
+#include <android-base/strings.h>
+#include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
+#include <fnmatch.h>
+#include <grp.h>
+#include <pwd.h>
+#include <sys/wait.h>
+
+using android::base::ErrnoError;
+using android::base::Error;
+using android::base::ReadFdToString;
+using android::base::Result;
+using android::base::Split;
+using android::base::Trim;
+using android::base::unique_fd;
+
+Result<std::string> RunExternalHandler(const std::string& handler, uid_t uid, gid_t gid,
+                                       std::unordered_map<std::string, std::string>& envs_map) {
+    unique_fd child_stdout;
+    unique_fd parent_stdout;
+    if (!Socketpair(AF_UNIX, SOCK_STREAM | SOCK_CLOEXEC, 0, &child_stdout, &parent_stdout)) {
+        return ErrnoError() << "Socketpair() for stdout failed";
+    }
+
+    unique_fd child_stderr;
+    unique_fd parent_stderr;
+    if (!Socketpair(AF_UNIX, SOCK_STREAM | SOCK_CLOEXEC, 0, &child_stderr, &parent_stderr)) {
+        return ErrnoError() << "Socketpair() for stderr failed";
+    }
+
+    signal(SIGCHLD, SIG_DFL);
+
+    auto pid = fork();
+    if (pid < 0) {
+        return ErrnoError() << "fork() failed";
+    }
+
+    if (pid == 0) {
+        for (auto it = envs_map.begin(); it != envs_map.end(); ++it) {
+            setenv(it->first.c_str(), it->second.c_str(), 1);
+        }
+        parent_stdout.reset();
+        parent_stderr.reset();
+        close(STDOUT_FILENO);
+        close(STDERR_FILENO);
+        dup2(child_stdout.get(), STDOUT_FILENO);
+        dup2(child_stderr.get(), STDERR_FILENO);
+
+        auto args = Split(handler, " ");
+        std::vector<char*> c_args;
+        for (auto& arg : args) {
+            c_args.emplace_back(arg.data());
+        }
+        c_args.emplace_back(nullptr);
+
+        if (gid != 0) {
+            if (setgid(gid) != 0) {
+                fprintf(stderr, "setgid() failed: %s", strerror(errno));
+                _exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (setuid(uid) != 0) {
+            fprintf(stderr, "setuid() failed: %s", strerror(errno));
+            _exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+        }
+
+        execv(c_args[0], c_args.data());
+        fprintf(stderr, "exec() failed: %s", strerror(errno));
+        _exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+    }
+
+    child_stdout.reset();
+    child_stderr.reset();
+
+    int status;
+    pid_t waited_pid = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(waitpid(pid, &status, 0));
+    if (waited_pid == -1) {
+        return ErrnoError() << "waitpid() failed";
+    }
+
+    std::string stdout_content;
+    if (!ReadFdToString(parent_stdout.get(), &stdout_content)) {
+        return ErrnoError() << "ReadFdToString() for stdout failed";
+    }
+
+    std::string stderr_content;
+    if (ReadFdToString(parent_stderr.get(), &stderr_content)) {
+        auto messages = Split(stderr_content, "\n");
+        for (const auto& message : messages) {
+            if (!message.empty()) {
+                LOG(ERROR) << "External Handler: " << message;
+            }
+        }
+    } else {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "ReadFdToString() for stderr failed";
+    }
+
+    if (WIFEXITED(status)) {
+        if (WEXITSTATUS(status) == EXIT_SUCCESS) {
+            return Trim(stdout_content);
+        } else {
+            return Error() << "exited with status " << WEXITSTATUS(status);
+        }
+    } else if (WIFSIGNALED(status)) {
+        return Error() << "killed by signal " << WTERMSIG(status);
+    }
+
+    return Error() << "unexpected exit status " << status;
+}
diff --git a/libmodprobe/include/exthandler/exthandler.h b/libmodprobe/include/exthandler/exthandler.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..a619f8104041
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libmodprobe/include/exthandler/exthandler.h
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2024 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#pragma once
+#include <android-base/result.h>
+#include <string>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+
+android::base::Result<std::string> RunExternalHandler(
+        const std::string& handler, uid_t uid, gid_t gid,
+        std::unordered_map<std::string, std::string>& envs_map);
diff --git a/libmodprobe/include/modprobe/modprobe.h b/libmodprobe/include/modprobe/modprobe.h
index 5d79d6ab6644..d33e17dddef0 100644
--- a/libmodprobe/include/modprobe/modprobe.h
+++ b/libmodprobe/include/modprobe/modprobe.h
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 
 #pragma once
 
+#include <functional>
 #include <mutex>
 #include <set>
 #include <string>
@@ -41,6 +42,7 @@ class Modprobe {
                             std::vector<std::string>* post_dependencies);
     void ResetModuleCount() { module_count_ = 0; }
     int GetModuleCount() { return module_count_; }
+    bool IsBlocklisted(const std::string& module_name);
 
   private:
     std::string MakeCanonical(const std::string& module_path);
@@ -52,13 +54,13 @@ class Modprobe {
     void AddOption(const std::string& module_name, const std::string& option_name,
                    const std::string& value);
     std::string GetKernelCmdline();
-    bool IsBlocklisted(const std::string& module_name);
 
     bool ParseDepCallback(const std::string& base_path, const std::vector<std::string>& args);
     bool ParseAliasCallback(const std::vector<std::string>& args);
     bool ParseSoftdepCallback(const std::vector<std::string>& args);
     bool ParseLoadCallback(const std::vector<std::string>& args);
     bool ParseOptionsCallback(const std::vector<std::string>& args);
+    bool ParseDynOptionsCallback(const std::vector<std::string>& args);
     bool ParseBlocklistCallback(const std::vector<std::string>& args);
     void ParseKernelCmdlineOptions();
     void ParseCfg(const std::string& cfg, std::function<bool(const std::vector<std::string>&)> f);
diff --git a/libmodprobe/libmodprobe.cpp b/libmodprobe/libmodprobe.cpp
index 1971f01d2a40..bdd114c4b798 100644
--- a/libmodprobe/libmodprobe.cpp
+++ b/libmodprobe/libmodprobe.cpp
@@ -17,8 +17,11 @@
 #include <modprobe/modprobe.h>
 
 #include <fnmatch.h>
+#include <grp.h>
+#include <pwd.h>
 #include <sys/stat.h>
 #include <sys/syscall.h>
+#include <sys/wait.h>
 
 #include <algorithm>
 #include <map>
@@ -30,9 +33,12 @@
 #include <android-base/chrono_utils.h>
 #include <android-base/file.h>
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
+#include <android-base/parseint.h>
 #include <android-base/strings.h>
 #include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
 
+#include "exthandler/exthandler.h"
+
 std::string Modprobe::MakeCanonical(const std::string& module_path) {
     auto start = module_path.find_last_of('/');
     if (start == std::string::npos) {
@@ -164,6 +170,10 @@ bool Modprobe::ParseOptionsCallback(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
     auto it = args.begin();
     const std::string& type = *it++;
 
+    if (type == "dyn_options") {
+        return ParseDynOptionsCallback(std::vector<std::string>(it, args.end()));
+    }
+
     if (type != "options") {
         LOG(ERROR) << "non-options line encountered in modules.options";
         return false;
@@ -197,6 +207,57 @@ bool Modprobe::ParseOptionsCallback(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
     return true;
 }
 
+bool Modprobe::ParseDynOptionsCallback(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
+    auto it = args.begin();
+    int arg_size = 3;
+
+    if (args.size() < arg_size) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "dyn_options lines in modules.options must have at least" << arg_size
+                   << " entries, not " << args.size();
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    const std::string& module = *it++;
+
+    const std::string& canonical_name = MakeCanonical(module);
+    if (canonical_name.empty()) {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    const std::string& pwnam = *it++;
+    passwd* pwd = getpwnam(pwnam.c_str());
+    if (!pwd) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "invalid handler uid'" << pwnam << "'";
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    std::string handler_with_args =
+            android::base::Join(std::vector<std::string>(it, args.end()), ' ');
+    handler_with_args.erase(std::remove(handler_with_args.begin(), handler_with_args.end(), '\"'),
+                            handler_with_args.end());
+
+    LOG(DEBUG) << "Launching external module options handler: '" << handler_with_args
+               << " for module: " << module;
+
+    // There is no need to set envs for external module options handler - pass
+    // empty map.
+    std::unordered_map<std::string, std::string> envs_map;
+    auto result = RunExternalHandler(handler_with_args, pwd->pw_uid, 0, envs_map);
+    if (!result.ok()) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "External module handler failed: " << result.error();
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    LOG(INFO) << "Dynamic options for module: " << module << " are '" << *result << "'";
+
+    auto [unused, inserted] = this->module_options_.emplace(canonical_name, *result);
+    if (!inserted) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "multiple options lines present for module " << module;
+        return false;
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
 bool Modprobe::ParseBlocklistCallback(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
     auto it = args.begin();
     const std::string& type = *it++;
@@ -230,7 +291,7 @@ void Modprobe::ParseCfg(const std::string& cfg,
     }
 
     std::vector<std::string> lines = android::base::Split(cfg_contents, "\n");
-    for (const std::string line : lines) {
+    for (const auto& line : lines) {
         if (line.empty() || line[0] == '#') {
             continue;
         }
@@ -421,7 +482,8 @@ bool Modprobe::LoadWithAliases(const std::string& module_name, bool strict,
     }
 
     if (strict && !module_loaded) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "LoadWithAliases was unable to load " << module_name;
+        LOG(ERROR) << "LoadWithAliases was unable to load " << module_name
+                   << ", tried: " << android::base::Join(modules_to_load, ", ");
         return false;
     }
     return true;
@@ -439,54 +501,62 @@ bool Modprobe::IsBlocklisted(const std::string& module_name) {
     return module_blocklist_.count(canonical_name) > 0;
 }
 
-// Another option to load kernel modules. load in independent modules in parallel
-// and then update dependency list of other remaining modules, repeat these steps
-// until all modules are loaded.
+// Another option to load kernel modules. load independent modules dependencies
+// in parallel and then update dependency list of other remaining modules,
+// repeat these steps until all modules are loaded.
+// Discard all blocklist.
+// Softdeps are taken care in InsmodWithDeps().
 bool Modprobe::LoadModulesParallel(int num_threads) {
     bool ret = true;
-    int count = -1;
-    std::map<std::string, std::set<std::string>> mod_with_deps;
+    std::map<std::string, std::vector<std::string>> mod_with_deps;
 
     // Get dependencies
     for (const auto& module : module_load_) {
-        auto dependencies = GetDependencies(MakeCanonical(module));
-
-        for (auto dep = dependencies.rbegin(); dep != dependencies.rend(); dep++) {
-            mod_with_deps[module].emplace(*dep);
-        }
-    }
-
-    // Get soft dependencies
-    for (const auto& [it_mod, it_softdep] : module_pre_softdep_) {
-        if (mod_with_deps.find(MakeCanonical(it_softdep)) != mod_with_deps.end()) {
-            mod_with_deps[MakeCanonical(it_mod)].emplace(
-                GetDependencies(MakeCanonical(it_softdep))[0]);
+        // Skip blocklist modules
+        if (IsBlocklisted(module)) {
+            LOG(VERBOSE) << "LMP: Blocklist: Module " << module << " skipping...";
+            continue;
         }
-    }
-
-    // Get soft post dependencies
-    for (const auto& [it_mod, it_softdep] : module_post_softdep_) {
-        if (mod_with_deps.find(MakeCanonical(it_softdep)) != mod_with_deps.end()) {
-            mod_with_deps[MakeCanonical(it_softdep)].emplace(
-                GetDependencies(MakeCanonical(it_mod))[0]);
+        auto dependencies = GetDependencies(MakeCanonical(module));
+        if (dependencies.empty()) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "LMP: Hard-dep: Module " << module
+                       << " not in .dep file";
+            return false;
         }
+        mod_with_deps[MakeCanonical(module)] = dependencies;
     }
 
-    while (!mod_with_deps.empty() &&  count != module_loaded_.size()) {
+    while (!mod_with_deps.empty()) {
         std::vector<std::thread> threads;
         std::vector<std::string> mods_path_to_load;
         std::mutex vector_lock;
-        count = module_loaded_.size();
 
         // Find independent modules
         for (const auto& [it_mod, it_dep] : mod_with_deps) {
-            if (it_dep.size() == 1) {
-                if (module_options_[it_mod].find("load_sequential=1") != std::string::npos) {
-                    if (!LoadWithAliases(it_mod, true) && !IsBlocklisted(it_mod)) {
-                      return false;
-                    }
-                } else {
-                    mods_path_to_load.emplace_back(it_mod);
+            auto itd_last = it_dep.rbegin();
+            if (itd_last == it_dep.rend())
+                continue;
+
+            auto cnd_last = MakeCanonical(*itd_last);
+            // Hard-dependencies cannot be blocklisted
+            if (IsBlocklisted(cnd_last)) {
+                LOG(ERROR) << "LMP: Blocklist: Module-dep " << cnd_last
+                           << " : failed to load module " << it_mod;
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            std::string str = "load_sequential=1";
+            auto it = module_options_[cnd_last].find(str);
+            if (it != std::string::npos) {
+                module_options_[cnd_last].erase(it, it + str.size());
+
+                if (!LoadWithAliases(cnd_last, true)) {
+                    return false;
+                }
+            } else {
+                if (std::find(mods_path_to_load.begin(), mods_path_to_load.end(),
+                            cnd_last) == mods_path_to_load.end()) {
+                    mods_path_to_load.emplace_back(cnd_last);
                 }
             }
         }
@@ -502,7 +572,7 @@ bool Modprobe::LoadModulesParallel(int num_threads) {
                 lk.unlock();
                 ret_load &= LoadWithAliases(mod_to_load, true);
                 lk.lock();
-                if (!ret_load && !IsBlocklisted(mod_to_load)) {
+                if (!ret_load) {
                     ret &= ret_load;
                 }
             }
@@ -520,14 +590,16 @@ bool Modprobe::LoadModulesParallel(int num_threads) {
 
         std::lock_guard guard(module_loaded_lock_);
         // Remove loaded module form mod_with_deps and soft dependencies of other modules
-        for (const auto& module_loaded : module_loaded_) {
+        for (const auto& module_loaded : module_loaded_)
             mod_with_deps.erase(module_loaded);
-        }
 
         // Remove loaded module form dependencies of other modules which are not loaded yet
         for (const auto& module_loaded_path : module_loaded_paths_) {
             for (auto& [mod, deps] : mod_with_deps) {
-                deps.erase(module_loaded_path);
+                auto it = std::find(deps.begin(), deps.end(), module_loaded_path);
+                if (it != deps.end()) {
+                    deps.erase(it);
+                }
             }
         }
     }
diff --git a/libmodprobe/libmodprobe_ext.cpp b/libmodprobe/libmodprobe_ext.cpp
index 94a1dc4e97cd..c4519e3929af 100644
--- a/libmodprobe/libmodprobe_ext.cpp
+++ b/libmodprobe/libmodprobe_ext.cpp
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ bool Modprobe::Rmmod(const std::string& module_name) {
 }
 
 bool Modprobe::ModuleExists(const std::string& module_name) {
-    struct stat fileStat;
+    struct stat fileStat {};
     if (blocklist_enabled && module_blocklist_.count(module_name)) {
         LOG(INFO) << "module " << module_name << " is blocklisted";
         return false;
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ bool Modprobe::ModuleExists(const std::string& module_name) {
         return false;
     }
     if (stat(deps.front().c_str(), &fileStat)) {
-        LOG(INFO) << "module " << module_name << " does not exist";
+        PLOG(INFO) << "module " << module_name << " can't be loaded; can't access " << deps.front();
         return false;
     }
     if (!S_ISREG(fileStat.st_mode)) {
diff --git a/libnetutils/Android.bp b/libnetutils/Android.bp
index 02bd2e3dcc5d..0bca6620948a 100644
--- a/libnetutils/Android.bp
+++ b/libnetutils/Android.bp
@@ -18,9 +18,6 @@ license {
 cc_library_shared {
     name: "libnetutils",
     vendor_available: true,
-    vndk: {
-        enabled: true,
-    },
 
     srcs: [
         "dhcpclient.c",
diff --git a/libnetutils/ifc_utils.c b/libnetutils/ifc_utils.c
index 5999e39ba0fa..7cca105c2817 100644
--- a/libnetutils/ifc_utils.c
+++ b/libnetutils/ifc_utils.c
@@ -362,14 +362,19 @@ int ifc_act_on_address(int action, const char* name, const char* address, int pr
     return err->error;
 }
 
+// Pass bitwise complement of prefix length to disable DAD, ie. use ~64 instead of 64.
 // Returns zero on success and negative errno on failure.
 int ifc_add_address(const char *name, const char *address, int prefixlen) {
-    return ifc_act_on_address(RTM_NEWADDR, name, address, prefixlen, /*nodad*/ false);
+    bool nodad = (prefixlen < 0);
+    if (nodad) prefixlen = ~prefixlen;
+    return ifc_act_on_address(RTM_NEWADDR, name, address, prefixlen, nodad);
 }
 
 // Returns zero on success and negative errno on failure.
 int ifc_del_address(const char *name, const char * address, int prefixlen) {
-    return ifc_act_on_address(RTM_DELADDR, name, address, prefixlen, /*nodad*/ false);
+    bool nodad = (prefixlen < 0);
+    if (nodad) prefixlen = ~prefixlen;
+    return ifc_act_on_address(RTM_DELADDR, name, address, prefixlen, nodad);
 }
 
 /*
diff --git a/libpackagelistparser/include/packagelistparser/packagelistparser.h b/libpackagelistparser/include/packagelistparser/packagelistparser.h
index e89cb5400db5..9bd212af3b08 100644
--- a/libpackagelistparser/include/packagelistparser/packagelistparser.h
+++ b/libpackagelistparser/include/packagelistparser/packagelistparser.h
@@ -33,7 +33,10 @@ typedef struct pkg_info {
   /** Package name like "com.android.blah". */
   char* name;
 
-  /** Package uid like 10014. */
+  /**
+   * Package uid like 10014.
+   * Note that apexes and SDK libraries may have a bogus 0xffffffff value.
+   */
   uid_t uid;
 
   /** Package's AndroidManifest.xml debuggable flag. */
diff --git a/libpackagelistparser/packagelistparser.cpp b/libpackagelistparser/packagelistparser.cpp
index 59c3a7491a45..5517b68c6600 100644
--- a/libpackagelistparser/packagelistparser.cpp
+++ b/libpackagelistparser/packagelistparser.cpp
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@
 #include <errno.h>
 #include <inttypes.h>
 #include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
 #include <string.h>
 #include <sys/limits.h>
 
@@ -63,14 +64,13 @@ static bool parse_gids(const char* path, size_t line_number, const char* gids, p
 }
 
 static bool parse_line(const char* path, size_t line_number, const char* line, pkg_info* info) {
-  unsigned long uid;
   int debuggable;
   char* gid_list;
   int profileable_from_shell = 0;
-
   int fields =
-      sscanf(line, "%ms %lu %d %ms %ms %ms %d %ld", &info->name, &uid, &debuggable, &info->data_dir,
-             &info->seinfo, &gid_list, &profileable_from_shell, &info->version_code);
+      sscanf(line, "%ms %u %d %ms %ms %ms %d %ld", &info->name, &info->uid,
+             &debuggable, &info->data_dir, &info->seinfo, &gid_list,
+             &profileable_from_shell, &info->version_code);
 
   // Handle the more complicated gids field and free the temporary string.
   bool gids_okay = parse_gids(path, line_number, gid_list, info);
@@ -84,14 +84,7 @@ static bool parse_line(const char* path, size_t line_number, const char* line, p
     return false;
   }
 
-  // Extra validation.
-  if (uid > UID_MAX) {
-    ALOGE("%s:%zu: uid %lu > UID_MAX", path, line_number, uid);
-    return false;
-  }
-  info->uid = uid;
-
-  // Integer to bool conversions.
+  // Convert integers to bools.
   info->debuggable = debuggable;
   info->profileable_from_shell = profileable_from_shell;
 
diff --git a/libprocessgroup/Android.bp b/libprocessgroup/Android.bp
index c6a073789ba8..6725acc8db55 100644
--- a/libprocessgroup/Android.bp
+++ b/libprocessgroup/Android.bp
@@ -2,15 +2,28 @@ package {
     default_applicable_licenses: ["Android-Apache-2.0"],
 }
 
-cc_defaults {
-    name: "libprocessgroup_defaults",
-    cpp_std: "gnu++20",
-    cflags: [
-        "-Wall",
-        "-Werror",
-        "-Wexit-time-destructors",
-        "-Wno-unused-parameter",
+soong_config_module_type {
+    name: "libprocessgroup_flag_aware_cc_defaults",
+    module_type: "cc_defaults",
+    config_namespace: "ANDROID",
+    bool_variables: [
+        "cgroup_v2_sys_app_isolation",
     ],
+    properties: [
+        "cflags",
+    ],
+}
+
+libprocessgroup_flag_aware_cc_defaults {
+    name: "libprocessgroup_build_flags_cc",
+    cpp_std: "gnu++23",
+    soong_config_variables: {
+        cgroup_v2_sys_app_isolation: {
+            cflags: [
+                "-DCGROUP_V2_SYS_APP_ISOLATION=true",
+            ],
+        },
+    },
 }
 
 cc_library_headers {
@@ -53,16 +66,13 @@ cc_library {
     recovery_available: true,
     vendor_available: true,
     product_available: true,
-    vndk: {
-        enabled: true,
-        support_system_process: true,
-    },
+    double_loadable: true,
     shared_libs: [
         "libbase",
-        "libcgrouprc",
     ],
     static_libs: [
         "libjsoncpp",
+        "libprocessgroup_util",
     ],
     // for cutils/android_filesystem_config.h
     header_libs: [
@@ -73,7 +83,7 @@ cc_library {
     export_header_lib_headers: [
         "libprocessgroup_headers",
     ],
-    defaults: ["libprocessgroup_defaults"],
+    defaults: ["libprocessgroup_build_flags_cc"],
     apex_available: [
         "//apex_available:platform",
         "//apex_available:anyapex",
@@ -84,7 +94,7 @@ cc_library {
 cc_test {
     name: "task_profiles_test",
     host_supported: true,
-    defaults: ["libprocessgroup_defaults"],
+    defaults: ["libprocessgroup_build_flags_cc"],
     srcs: [
         "task_profiles_test.cpp",
     ],
@@ -94,10 +104,10 @@ cc_test {
     ],
     shared_libs: [
         "libbase",
-        "libcgrouprc",
         "libprocessgroup",
     ],
     static_libs: [
         "libgmock",
+        "libprocessgroup_util",
     ],
 }
diff --git a/libprocessgroup/OWNERS b/libprocessgroup/OWNERS
index d5aa7211a162..accd7dfccb51 100644
--- a/libprocessgroup/OWNERS
+++ b/libprocessgroup/OWNERS
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
 # Bug component: 1293033
 surenb@google.com
-tjmercier@google.com
-carlosgalo@google.com
+tjmercier@google.com
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/libprocessgroup/TEST_MAPPING b/libprocessgroup/TEST_MAPPING
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..0f670ef413d4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libprocessgroup/TEST_MAPPING
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+{
+  "presubmit-large": [
+    {
+      "name": "StagedRollbackTest"
+    }
+  ]
+}
diff --git a/libcutils/include/cutils/threads.h b/libprocessgroup/build_flags.h
similarity index 59%
rename from libcutils/include/cutils/threads.h
rename to libprocessgroup/build_flags.h
index 0082c6c63445..d0948c35ecac 100644
--- a/libcutils/include/cutils/threads.h
+++ b/libprocessgroup/build_flags.h
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (C) 2007 The Android Open Source Project
+ * Copyright (C) 2024 The Android Open Source Project
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -16,25 +16,14 @@
 
 #pragma once
 
-#include  <sys/types.h>
-
-#if defined(_WIN32)
-#include <windows.h>
-#else
-#include <pthread.h>
-#endif
-
-#ifdef __cplusplus
-extern "C" {
+#ifndef CGROUP_V2_SYS_APP_ISOLATION
+#define CGROUP_V2_SYS_APP_ISOLATION false
 #endif
 
-//
-// Deprecated: use android::base::GetThreadId instead, which doesn't truncate on Mac/Windows.
-//
-#if !defined(__GLIBC__) || __GLIBC__ >= 2 && __GLIBC_MINOR__ < 32
-extern pid_t gettid();
-#endif
+namespace android::libprocessgroup_flags {
 
-#ifdef __cplusplus
+inline consteval bool cgroup_v2_sys_app_isolation() {
+    return CGROUP_V2_SYS_APP_ISOLATION;
 }
-#endif
+
+}  // namespace android::libprocessgroup_flags
diff --git a/libprocessgroup/cgroup_map.cpp b/libprocessgroup/cgroup_map.cpp
index ce7f10b0024f..32bef13a1abf 100644
--- a/libprocessgroup/cgroup_map.cpp
+++ b/libprocessgroup/cgroup_map.cpp
@@ -18,64 +18,49 @@
 #define LOG_TAG "libprocessgroup"
 
 #include <errno.h>
-#include <fcntl.h>
-#include <grp.h>
-#include <pwd.h>
-#include <sys/mman.h>
-#include <sys/mount.h>
-#include <sys/stat.h>
-#include <sys/types.h>
-#include <time.h>
 #include <unistd.h>
 
 #include <regex>
 
 #include <android-base/file.h>
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
-#include <android-base/properties.h>
 #include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
-#include <android-base/strings.h>
-#include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
 #include <cgroup_map.h>
-#include <json/reader.h>
-#include <json/value.h>
 #include <processgroup/processgroup.h>
+#include <processgroup/util.h>
 
-using android::base::GetBoolProperty;
-using android::base::StartsWith;
 using android::base::StringPrintf;
-using android::base::unique_fd;
 using android::base::WriteStringToFile;
 
 static constexpr const char* CGROUP_PROCS_FILE = "/cgroup.procs";
 static constexpr const char* CGROUP_TASKS_FILE = "/tasks";
 static constexpr const char* CGROUP_TASKS_FILE_V2 = "/cgroup.threads";
 
-uint32_t CgroupController::version() const {
+uint32_t CgroupControllerWrapper::version() const {
     CHECK(HasValue());
-    return ACgroupController_getVersion(controller_);
+    return controller_->version();
 }
 
-const char* CgroupController::name() const {
+const char* CgroupControllerWrapper::name() const {
     CHECK(HasValue());
-    return ACgroupController_getName(controller_);
+    return controller_->name();
 }
 
-const char* CgroupController::path() const {
+const char* CgroupControllerWrapper::path() const {
     CHECK(HasValue());
-    return ACgroupController_getPath(controller_);
+    return controller_->path();
 }
 
-bool CgroupController::HasValue() const {
+bool CgroupControllerWrapper::HasValue() const {
     return controller_ != nullptr;
 }
 
-bool CgroupController::IsUsable() {
+bool CgroupControllerWrapper::IsUsable() {
     if (!HasValue()) return false;
 
     if (state_ == UNKNOWN) {
         if (__builtin_available(android 30, *)) {
-            uint32_t flags = ACgroupController_getFlags(controller_);
+            uint32_t flags = controller_->flags();
             state_ = (flags & CGROUPRC_CONTROLLER_FLAG_MOUNTED) != 0 ? USABLE : MISSING;
         } else {
             state_ = access(GetProcsFilePath("", 0, 0).c_str(), F_OK) == 0 ? USABLE : MISSING;
@@ -85,7 +70,7 @@ bool CgroupController::IsUsable() {
     return state_ == USABLE;
 }
 
-std::string CgroupController::GetTasksFilePath(const std::string& rel_path) const {
+std::string CgroupControllerWrapper::GetTasksFilePath(const std::string& rel_path) const {
     std::string tasks_path = path();
 
     if (!rel_path.empty()) {
@@ -94,8 +79,8 @@ std::string CgroupController::GetTasksFilePath(const std::string& rel_path) cons
     return (version() == 1) ? tasks_path + CGROUP_TASKS_FILE : tasks_path + CGROUP_TASKS_FILE_V2;
 }
 
-std::string CgroupController::GetProcsFilePath(const std::string& rel_path, uid_t uid,
-                                               pid_t pid) const {
+std::string CgroupControllerWrapper::GetProcsFilePath(const std::string& rel_path, uid_t uid,
+                                                      pid_t pid) const {
     std::string proc_path(path());
     proc_path.append("/").append(rel_path);
     proc_path = regex_replace(proc_path, std::regex("<uid>"), std::to_string(uid));
@@ -104,7 +89,7 @@ std::string CgroupController::GetProcsFilePath(const std::string& rel_path, uid_
     return proc_path.append(CGROUP_PROCS_FILE);
 }
 
-bool CgroupController::GetTaskGroup(int tid, std::string* group) const {
+bool CgroupControllerWrapper::GetTaskGroup(pid_t tid, std::string* group) const {
     std::string file_name = StringPrintf("/proc/%d/cgroup", tid);
     std::string content;
     if (!android::base::ReadFileToString(file_name, &content)) {
@@ -142,8 +127,8 @@ bool CgroupController::GetTaskGroup(int tid, std::string* group) const {
 }
 
 CgroupMap::CgroupMap() {
-    if (!LoadRcFile()) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "CgroupMap::LoadRcFile called for [" << getpid() << "] failed";
+    if (!LoadDescriptors()) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "CgroupMap::LoadDescriptors called for [" << getpid() << "] failed";
     }
 }
 
@@ -154,9 +139,9 @@ CgroupMap& CgroupMap::GetInstance() {
     return *instance;
 }
 
-bool CgroupMap::LoadRcFile() {
+bool CgroupMap::LoadDescriptors() {
     if (!loaded_) {
-        loaded_ = (ACgroupFile_getVersion() != 0);
+        loaded_ = ReadDescriptors(&descriptors_);
     }
     return loaded_;
 }
@@ -164,86 +149,51 @@ bool CgroupMap::LoadRcFile() {
 void CgroupMap::Print() const {
     if (!loaded_) {
         LOG(ERROR) << "CgroupMap::Print called for [" << getpid()
-                   << "] failed, RC file was not initialized properly";
+                   << "] failed, cgroups were not initialized properly";
         return;
     }
-    LOG(INFO) << "File version = " << ACgroupFile_getVersion();
-    LOG(INFO) << "File controller count = " << ACgroupFile_getControllerCount();
+    LOG(INFO) << "Controller count = " << descriptors_.size();
 
     LOG(INFO) << "Mounted cgroups:";
 
-    auto controller_count = ACgroupFile_getControllerCount();
-    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < controller_count; ++i) {
-        const ACgroupController* controller = ACgroupFile_getController(i);
-        if (__builtin_available(android 30, *)) {
-            LOG(INFO) << "\t" << ACgroupController_getName(controller) << " ver "
-                      << ACgroupController_getVersion(controller) << " path "
-                      << ACgroupController_getPath(controller) << " flags "
-                      << ACgroupController_getFlags(controller);
-        } else {
-            LOG(INFO) << "\t" << ACgroupController_getName(controller) << " ver "
-                      << ACgroupController_getVersion(controller) << " path "
-                      << ACgroupController_getPath(controller);
-        }
+    for (const auto& [name, descriptor] : descriptors_) {
+        LOG(INFO) << "\t" << descriptor.controller()->name() << " ver "
+                  << descriptor.controller()->version() << " path "
+                  << descriptor.controller()->path() << " flags "
+                  << descriptor.controller()->flags();
     }
 }
 
-CgroupController CgroupMap::FindController(const std::string& name) const {
+CgroupControllerWrapper CgroupMap::FindController(const std::string& name) const {
     if (!loaded_) {
         LOG(ERROR) << "CgroupMap::FindController called for [" << getpid()
-                   << "] failed, RC file was not initialized properly";
-        return CgroupController(nullptr);
+                   << "] failed, cgroups were not initialized properly";
+        return CgroupControllerWrapper(nullptr);
     }
 
-    auto controller_count = ACgroupFile_getControllerCount();
-    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < controller_count; ++i) {
-        const ACgroupController* controller = ACgroupFile_getController(i);
-        if (name == ACgroupController_getName(controller)) {
-            return CgroupController(controller);
-        }
+    if (const auto it = descriptors_.find(name); it != descriptors_.end()) {
+        return CgroupControllerWrapper(it->second.controller());
     }
 
-    return CgroupController(nullptr);
+    return CgroupControllerWrapper(nullptr);
 }
 
-CgroupController CgroupMap::FindControllerByPath(const std::string& path) const {
+CgroupControllerWrapper CgroupMap::FindControllerByPath(const std::string& path) const {
     if (!loaded_) {
         LOG(ERROR) << "CgroupMap::FindControllerByPath called for [" << getpid()
-                   << "] failed, RC file was not initialized properly";
-        return CgroupController(nullptr);
+                   << "] failed, cgroups were not initialized properly";
+        return CgroupControllerWrapper(nullptr);
     }
 
-    auto controller_count = ACgroupFile_getControllerCount();
-    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < controller_count; ++i) {
-        const ACgroupController* controller = ACgroupFile_getController(i);
-        if (StartsWith(path, ACgroupController_getPath(controller))) {
-            return CgroupController(controller);
+    for (const auto& [name, descriptor] : descriptors_) {
+        if (path.starts_with(descriptor.controller()->path())) {
+            return CgroupControllerWrapper(descriptor.controller());
         }
     }
 
-    return CgroupController(nullptr);
+    return CgroupControllerWrapper(nullptr);
 }
 
-int CgroupMap::ActivateControllers(const std::string& path) const {
-    if (__builtin_available(android 30, *)) {
-        auto controller_count = ACgroupFile_getControllerCount();
-        for (uint32_t i = 0; i < controller_count; ++i) {
-            const ACgroupController* controller = ACgroupFile_getController(i);
-            const uint32_t flags = ACgroupController_getFlags(controller);
-            if (flags & CGROUPRC_CONTROLLER_FLAG_NEEDS_ACTIVATION) {
-                std::string str("+");
-                str.append(ACgroupController_getName(controller));
-                if (!WriteStringToFile(str, path + "/cgroup.subtree_control")) {
-                    if (flags & CGROUPRC_CONTROLLER_FLAG_OPTIONAL) {
-                        PLOG(WARNING) << "Activation of cgroup controller " << str
-                                      << " failed in path " << path;
-                    } else {
-                        return -errno;
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        return 0;
-    }
-    return -ENOSYS;
+bool CgroupMap::ActivateControllers(const std::string& path) const {
+    return ::ActivateControllers(path, descriptors_);
 }
diff --git a/libprocessgroup/cgroup_map.h b/libprocessgroup/cgroup_map.h
index 5cdf8b28c06c..fb99076452d6 100644
--- a/libprocessgroup/cgroup_map.h
+++ b/libprocessgroup/cgroup_map.h
@@ -16,23 +16,20 @@
 
 #pragma once
 
-#include <sys/cdefs.h>
 #include <sys/types.h>
 
-#include <map>
-#include <memory>
-#include <mutex>
+#include <cstdint>
 #include <string>
-#include <vector>
 
-#include <android/cgrouprc.h>
+#include <processgroup/cgroup_controller.h>
+#include <processgroup/util.h>
 
-// Convenient wrapper of an ACgroupController pointer.
-class CgroupController {
+// Convenient wrapper of a CgroupController pointer.
+class CgroupControllerWrapper {
   public:
     // Does not own controller
-    explicit CgroupController(const ACgroupController* controller)
-        : controller_(controller), state_(UNKNOWN) {}
+    explicit CgroupControllerWrapper(const CgroupController* controller)
+        : controller_(controller) {}
 
     uint32_t version() const;
     const char* name() const;
@@ -43,7 +40,8 @@ class CgroupController {
 
     std::string GetTasksFilePath(const std::string& path) const;
     std::string GetProcsFilePath(const std::string& path, uid_t uid, pid_t pid) const;
-    bool GetTaskGroup(int tid, std::string* group) const;
+    bool GetTaskGroup(pid_t tid, std::string* group) const;
+
   private:
     enum ControllerState {
         UNKNOWN = 0,
@@ -51,23 +49,21 @@ class CgroupController {
         MISSING = 2,
     };
 
-    const ACgroupController* controller_ = nullptr;
-    ControllerState state_;
+    const CgroupController* controller_ = nullptr; // CgroupMap owns the object behind this pointer
+    ControllerState state_ = ControllerState::UNKNOWN;
 };
 
 class CgroupMap {
   public:
-    // Selinux policy ensures only init process can successfully use this function
-    static bool SetupCgroups();
-
     static CgroupMap& GetInstance();
-    CgroupController FindController(const std::string& name) const;
-    CgroupController FindControllerByPath(const std::string& path) const;
-    int ActivateControllers(const std::string& path) const;
+    CgroupControllerWrapper FindController(const std::string& name) const;
+    CgroupControllerWrapper FindControllerByPath(const std::string& path) const;
+    bool ActivateControllers(const std::string& path) const;
 
   private:
     bool loaded_ = false;
+    CgroupDescriptorMap descriptors_;
     CgroupMap();
-    bool LoadRcFile();
+    bool LoadDescriptors();
     void Print() const;
 };
diff --git a/libprocessgroup/cgrouprc/Android.bp b/libprocessgroup/cgrouprc/Android.bp
index 7522cfe3900c..d5214c14ed86 100644
--- a/libprocessgroup/cgrouprc/Android.bp
+++ b/libprocessgroup/cgrouprc/Android.bp
@@ -18,10 +18,6 @@ package {
 
 cc_library {
     name: "libcgrouprc",
-    host_supported: true,
-    ramdisk_available: true,
-    vendor_ramdisk_available: true,
-    recovery_available: true,
     // Do not ever mark this as vendor_available; otherwise, vendor modules
     // that links to the static library will behave unexpectedly. All on-device
     // modules should use libprocessgroup which links to the LL-NDK library
@@ -32,8 +28,8 @@ cc_library {
         symbol_file: "libcgrouprc.map.txt",
     },
     srcs: [
-        "cgroup_controller.cpp",
-        "cgroup_file.cpp",
+        "a_cgroup_controller.cpp",
+        "a_cgroup_file.cpp",
     ],
     cflags: [
         "-Wall",
@@ -49,7 +45,8 @@ cc_library {
         "libbase",
     ],
     static_libs: [
-        "libcgrouprc_format",
+        "libjsoncpp",
+        "libprocessgroup_util",
     ],
     stubs: {
         symbol_file: "libcgrouprc.map.txt",
diff --git a/libprocessgroup/cgrouprc/cgroup_controller.cpp b/libprocessgroup/cgrouprc/a_cgroup_controller.cpp
similarity index 100%
rename from libprocessgroup/cgrouprc/cgroup_controller.cpp
rename to libprocessgroup/cgrouprc/a_cgroup_controller.cpp
diff --git a/libprocessgroup/cgrouprc/a_cgroup_file.cpp b/libprocessgroup/cgrouprc/a_cgroup_file.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..33c8376f4cb6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libprocessgroup/cgrouprc/a_cgroup_file.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2019 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include <iterator>
+
+#include <android-base/logging.h>
+#include <android/cgrouprc.h>
+#include <processgroup/util.h>
+
+#include "cgrouprc_internal.h"
+
+static CgroupDescriptorMap* LoadDescriptors() {
+    CgroupDescriptorMap* descriptors = new CgroupDescriptorMap;
+    if (!ReadDescriptors(descriptors)) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to load cgroup description file";
+        return nullptr;
+    }
+    return descriptors;
+}
+
+static const CgroupDescriptorMap* GetInstance() {
+    // Deliberately leak this object (not munmap) to avoid a race between destruction on
+    // process exit and concurrent access from another thread.
+    static const CgroupDescriptorMap* descriptors = LoadDescriptors();
+    return descriptors;
+}
+
+uint32_t ACgroupFile_getVersion() {
+    static constexpr uint32_t FILE_VERSION_1 = 1;
+    auto descriptors = GetInstance();
+    if (descriptors == nullptr) return 0;
+    // There has only ever been one version, and there will be no more since cgroup.rc is no more
+    return FILE_VERSION_1;
+}
+
+uint32_t ACgroupFile_getControllerCount() {
+    auto descriptors = GetInstance();
+    if (descriptors == nullptr) return 0;
+    return descriptors->size();
+}
+
+const ACgroupController* ACgroupFile_getController(uint32_t index) {
+    auto descriptors = GetInstance();
+    if (descriptors == nullptr) return nullptr;
+    CHECK(index < descriptors->size());
+    // Although the object is not actually an ACgroupController object, all ACgroupController_*
+    // functions implicitly convert ACgroupController* back to CgroupController* before invoking
+    // member functions.
+    const CgroupController* p = std::next(descriptors->begin(), index)->second.controller();
+    return static_cast<const ACgroupController*>(p);
+}
diff --git a/libprocessgroup/cgrouprc/cgroup_file.cpp b/libprocessgroup/cgrouprc/cgroup_file.cpp
deleted file mode 100644
index e26d84114378..000000000000
--- a/libprocessgroup/cgrouprc/cgroup_file.cpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,106 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2019 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#include <sys/mman.h>
-#include <sys/stat.h>
-
-#include <memory>
-
-#include <android-base/logging.h>
-#include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
-#include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
-#include <android/cgrouprc.h>
-#include <processgroup/processgroup.h>
-
-#include "cgrouprc_internal.h"
-
-using android::base::StringPrintf;
-using android::base::unique_fd;
-
-using android::cgrouprc::format::CgroupController;
-using android::cgrouprc::format::CgroupFile;
-
-static CgroupFile* LoadRcFile() {
-    struct stat sb;
-
-    unique_fd fd(TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(open(CGROUPS_RC_PATH, O_RDONLY | O_CLOEXEC)));
-    if (fd < 0) {
-        PLOG(ERROR) << "open() failed for " << CGROUPS_RC_PATH;
-        return nullptr;
-    }
-
-    if (fstat(fd, &sb) < 0) {
-        PLOG(ERROR) << "fstat() failed for " << CGROUPS_RC_PATH;
-        return nullptr;
-    }
-
-    size_t file_size = sb.st_size;
-    if (file_size < sizeof(CgroupFile)) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "Invalid file format " << CGROUPS_RC_PATH;
-        return nullptr;
-    }
-
-    CgroupFile* file_data = (CgroupFile*)mmap(nullptr, file_size, PROT_READ, MAP_SHARED, fd, 0);
-    if (file_data == MAP_FAILED) {
-        PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to mmap " << CGROUPS_RC_PATH;
-        return nullptr;
-    }
-
-    if (file_data->version_ != CgroupFile::FILE_CURR_VERSION) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << CGROUPS_RC_PATH << " file version mismatch";
-        munmap(file_data, file_size);
-        return nullptr;
-    }
-
-    auto expected = sizeof(CgroupFile) + file_data->controller_count_ * sizeof(CgroupController);
-    if (file_size != expected) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << CGROUPS_RC_PATH << " file has invalid size, expected " << expected
-                   << ", actual " << file_size;
-        munmap(file_data, file_size);
-        return nullptr;
-    }
-
-    return file_data;
-}
-
-static CgroupFile* GetInstance() {
-    // Deliberately leak this object (not munmap) to avoid a race between destruction on
-    // process exit and concurrent access from another thread.
-    static auto* file = LoadRcFile();
-    return file;
-}
-
-uint32_t ACgroupFile_getVersion() {
-    auto file = GetInstance();
-    if (file == nullptr) return 0;
-    return file->version_;
-}
-
-uint32_t ACgroupFile_getControllerCount() {
-    auto file = GetInstance();
-    if (file == nullptr) return 0;
-    return file->controller_count_;
-}
-
-const ACgroupController* ACgroupFile_getController(uint32_t index) {
-    auto file = GetInstance();
-    if (file == nullptr) return nullptr;
-    CHECK(index < file->controller_count_);
-    // Although the object is not actually an ACgroupController object, all ACgroupController_*
-    // functions implicitly convert ACgroupController* back to CgroupController* before invoking
-    // member functions.
-    return static_cast<ACgroupController*>(&file->controllers_[index]);
-}
diff --git a/libprocessgroup/cgrouprc/cgrouprc_internal.h b/libprocessgroup/cgrouprc/cgrouprc_internal.h
index cd02f0304f17..d517703467d3 100644
--- a/libprocessgroup/cgrouprc/cgrouprc_internal.h
+++ b/libprocessgroup/cgrouprc/cgrouprc_internal.h
@@ -16,9 +16,6 @@
 
 #pragma once
 
-#include <android/cgrouprc.h>
+#include <processgroup/cgroup_controller.h>
 
-#include <processgroup/format/cgroup_controller.h>
-#include <processgroup/format/cgroup_file.h>
-
-struct ACgroupController : android::cgrouprc::format::CgroupController {};
+struct ACgroupController : CgroupController {};
diff --git a/libprocessgroup/cgrouprc/include/android/cgrouprc.h b/libprocessgroup/cgrouprc/include/android/cgrouprc.h
index e704a36aac9d..6fc2659c15b0 100644
--- a/libprocessgroup/cgrouprc/include/android/cgrouprc.h
+++ b/libprocessgroup/cgrouprc/include/android/cgrouprc.h
@@ -21,11 +21,6 @@
 
 __BEGIN_DECLS
 
-// For host builds, __INTRODUCED_IN is not defined.
-#ifndef __INTRODUCED_IN
-#define __INTRODUCED_IN(x)
-#endif
-
 struct ACgroupController;
 typedef struct ACgroupController ACgroupController;
 
diff --git a/libprocessgroup/include/processgroup/processgroup.h b/libprocessgroup/include/processgroup/processgroup.h
index dbaeb93977bf..0aa14ba44163 100644
--- a/libprocessgroup/include/processgroup/processgroup.h
+++ b/libprocessgroup/include/processgroup/processgroup.h
@@ -16,7 +16,6 @@
 
 #pragma once
 
-#include <sys/cdefs.h>
 #include <sys/types.h>
 #include <initializer_list>
 #include <span>
@@ -24,39 +23,37 @@
 #include <string_view>
 #include <vector>
 
-__BEGIN_DECLS
-
-static constexpr const char* CGROUPV2_CONTROLLER_NAME = "cgroup2";
+static constexpr std::string CGROUPV2_HIERARCHY_NAME = "cgroup2";
 
 bool CgroupsAvailable();
 bool CgroupGetControllerPath(const std::string& cgroup_name, std::string* path);
 bool CgroupGetControllerFromPath(const std::string& path, std::string* cgroup_name);
 bool CgroupGetAttributePath(const std::string& attr_name, std::string* path);
-bool CgroupGetAttributePathForTask(const std::string& attr_name, int tid, std::string* path);
+// Provides the path for an attribute in a specific process group
+// Returns false in case of error, true in case of success
+bool CgroupGetAttributePathForTask(const std::string& attr_name, pid_t tid, std::string* path);
+bool CgroupGetAttributePathForProcess(std::string_view attr_name, uid_t uid, pid_t pid,
+                                      std::string &path);
 
-bool SetTaskProfiles(int tid, const std::vector<std::string>& profiles, bool use_fd_cache = false);
+bool SetTaskProfiles(pid_t tid, const std::vector<std::string>& profiles,
+                     bool use_fd_cache = false);
 bool SetProcessProfiles(uid_t uid, pid_t pid, const std::vector<std::string>& profiles);
 bool SetUserProfiles(uid_t uid, const std::vector<std::string>& profiles);
 
-__END_DECLS
-
-bool SetTaskProfiles(int tid, std::initializer_list<std::string_view> profiles,
+bool SetTaskProfiles(pid_t tid, std::initializer_list<std::string_view> profiles,
                      bool use_fd_cache = false);
 bool SetProcessProfiles(uid_t uid, pid_t pid, std::initializer_list<std::string_view> profiles);
 #if _LIBCPP_STD_VER > 17
-bool SetTaskProfiles(int tid, std::span<const std::string_view> profiles,
+bool SetTaskProfiles(pid_t tid, std::span<const std::string_view> profiles,
                      bool use_fd_cache = false);
 bool SetProcessProfiles(uid_t uid, pid_t pid, std::span<const std::string_view> profiles);
 #endif
 
-__BEGIN_DECLS
 
 #ifndef __ANDROID_VNDK__
 
 bool SetProcessProfilesCached(uid_t uid, pid_t pid, const std::vector<std::string>& profiles);
 
-static constexpr const char* CGROUPS_RC_PATH = "/dev/cgroup_info/cgroup.rc";
-
 bool UsePerAppMemcg();
 
 // Drop the fd cache of cgroup path. It is used for when resource caching is enabled and a process
@@ -64,42 +61,33 @@ bool UsePerAppMemcg();
 // should be active again. E.g. Zygote specialization for child process.
 void DropTaskProfilesResourceCaching();
 
-// Return 0 and removes the cgroup if there are no longer any processes in it.
-// Returns -1 in the case of an error occurring or if there are processes still running
-// even after retrying for up to 200ms.
-// If max_processes is not nullptr, it returns the maximum number of processes seen in the cgroup
-// during the killing process.  Note that this can be 0 if all processes from the process group have
-// already been terminated.
-int killProcessGroup(uid_t uid, int initialPid, int signal, int* max_processes = nullptr);
+// Return 0 if all processes were killed and the cgroup was successfully removed.
+// Returns -1 in the case of an error occurring or if there are processes still running.
+int killProcessGroup(uid_t uid, pid_t initialPid, int signal);
 
 // Returns the same as killProcessGroup(), however it does not retry, which means
 // that it only returns 0 in the case that the cgroup exists and it contains no processes.
-int killProcessGroupOnce(uid_t uid, int initialPid, int signal, int* max_processes = nullptr);
+int killProcessGroupOnce(uid_t uid, pid_t initialPid, int signal);
 
 // Sends the provided signal to all members of a process group, but does not wait for processes to
 // exit, or for the cgroup to be removed. Callers should also ensure that killProcessGroup is called
-// later to ensure the cgroup is fully removed, otherwise system resources may leak.
-int sendSignalToProcessGroup(uid_t uid, int initialPid, int signal);
+// later to ensure the cgroup is fully removed, otherwise system resources will leak.
+// Returns true if no errors are encountered sending signals, otherwise false.
+bool sendSignalToProcessGroup(uid_t uid, pid_t initialPid, int signal);
 
-int createProcessGroup(uid_t uid, int initialPid, bool memControl = false);
+int createProcessGroup(uid_t uid, pid_t initialPid, bool memControl = false);
 
 // Set various properties of a process group. For these functions to work, the process group must
 // have been created by passing memControl=true to createProcessGroup.
-bool setProcessGroupSwappiness(uid_t uid, int initialPid, int swappiness);
-bool setProcessGroupSoftLimit(uid_t uid, int initialPid, int64_t softLimitInBytes);
-bool setProcessGroupLimit(uid_t uid, int initialPid, int64_t limitInBytes);
+[[deprecated("Unsupported in memcg v2")]]
+bool setProcessGroupSwappiness(uid_t uid, pid_t initialPid, int swappiness);
+bool setProcessGroupSoftLimit(uid_t uid, pid_t initialPid, int64_t softLimitInBytes);
+bool setProcessGroupLimit(uid_t uid, pid_t initialPid, int64_t limitInBytes);
 
-void removeAllProcessGroups(void);
 void removeAllEmptyProcessGroups(void);
 
-// Provides the path for an attribute in a specific process group
-// Returns false in case of error, true in case of success
-bool getAttributePathForTask(const std::string& attr_name, int tid, std::string* path);
-
 // Check if a profile can be applied without failing.
 // Returns true if it can be applied without failing, false otherwise
-bool isProfileValidForProcess(const std::string& profile_name, int uid, int pid);
+bool isProfileValidForProcess(const std::string& profile_name, uid_t uid, pid_t pid);
 
 #endif // __ANDROID_VNDK__
-
-__END_DECLS
diff --git a/libprocessgroup/include/processgroup/sched_policy.h b/libprocessgroup/include/processgroup/sched_policy.h
index a18847ee7ddd..92cd367bfbe3 100644
--- a/libprocessgroup/include/processgroup/sched_policy.h
+++ b/libprocessgroup/include/processgroup/sched_policy.h
@@ -29,14 +29,6 @@ extern "C" {
  */
 extern bool cpusets_enabled();
 
-/*
- * Check if Linux kernel enables SCHEDTUNE feature (only available in Android
- * common kernel or Linaro LSK, not in mainline Linux as of v4.9)
- *
- * Return value: 1 if Linux kernel CONFIG_CGROUP_SCHEDTUNE=y; 0 otherwise.
- */
-extern bool schedboost_enabled();
-
 /* Keep in sync with THREAD_GROUP_* in frameworks/base/core/java/android/os/Process.java */
 typedef enum {
     SP_DEFAULT = -1,
@@ -48,6 +40,7 @@ typedef enum {
     SP_TOP_APP = 5,
     SP_RT_APP = 6,
     SP_RESTRICTED = 7,
+    SP_FOREGROUND_WINDOW = 8,
     SP_CNT,
     SP_MAX = SP_CNT - 1,
     SP_SYSTEM_DEFAULT = SP_FOREGROUND,
diff --git a/init/host_init_verifier.h b/libprocessgroup/internal.h
similarity index 68%
rename from init/host_init_verifier.h
rename to libprocessgroup/internal.h
index 5d24f2a9b201..ef855790d6df 100644
--- a/init/host_init_verifier.h
+++ b/libprocessgroup/internal.h
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (C) 2019 The Android Open Source Project
+ * Copyright (C) 2024 The Android Open Source Project
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -16,12 +16,6 @@
 
 #pragma once
 
-#include <property_info_parser/property_info_parser.h>
+#include <string>
 
-namespace android {
-namespace init {
-
-extern const android::properties::PropertyInfoArea* property_info_area;
-
-}  // namespace init
-}  // namespace android
+static const std::string CGROUP_V2_ROOT_DEFAULT = "/sys/fs/cgroup";
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/libprocessgroup/processgroup.cpp b/libprocessgroup/processgroup.cpp
index 1f2904000866..a8fa50a9fd5e 100644
--- a/libprocessgroup/processgroup.cpp
+++ b/libprocessgroup/processgroup.cpp
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@
 #include <errno.h>
 #include <fcntl.h>
 #include <inttypes.h>
+#include <poll.h>
 #include <signal.h>
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
@@ -30,30 +31,32 @@
 #include <unistd.h>
 
 #include <chrono>
+#include <cstring>
 #include <map>
 #include <memory>
 #include <mutex>
 #include <set>
 #include <string>
+#include <string_view>
 #include <thread>
 
 #include <android-base/file.h>
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
 #include <android-base/properties.h>
 #include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
-#include <android-base/strings.h>
 #include <cutils/android_filesystem_config.h>
 #include <processgroup/processgroup.h>
 #include <task_profiles.h>
 
 using android::base::GetBoolProperty;
-using android::base::StartsWith;
 using android::base::StringPrintf;
 using android::base::WriteStringToFile;
 
 using namespace std::chrono_literals;
 
-#define PROCESSGROUP_CGROUP_PROCS_FILE "/cgroup.procs"
+#define PROCESSGROUP_CGROUP_PROCS_FILE "cgroup.procs"
+#define PROCESSGROUP_CGROUP_KILL_FILE "cgroup.kill"
+#define PROCESSGROUP_CGROUP_EVENTS_FILE "cgroup.events"
 
 bool CgroupsAvailable() {
     static bool cgroups_available = access("/proc/cgroups", F_OK) == 0;
@@ -74,8 +77,24 @@ bool CgroupGetControllerPath(const std::string& cgroup_name, std::string* path)
     return true;
 }
 
+static bool CgroupKillAvailable() {
+    static std::once_flag f;
+    static bool cgroup_kill_available = false;
+    std::call_once(f, []() {
+        std::string cg_kill;
+        CgroupGetControllerPath(CGROUPV2_HIERARCHY_NAME, &cg_kill);
+        // cgroup.kill is not on the root cgroup, so check a non-root cgroup that should always
+        // exist
+        cg_kill = ConvertUidToPath(cg_kill.c_str(), AID_ROOT, true) + '/' +
+            PROCESSGROUP_CGROUP_KILL_FILE;
+        cgroup_kill_available = access(cg_kill.c_str(), F_OK) == 0;
+    });
+
+    return cgroup_kill_available;
+}
+
 static bool CgroupGetMemcgAppsPath(std::string* path) {
-    CgroupController controller = CgroupMap::GetInstance().FindController("memory");
+    CgroupControllerWrapper controller = CgroupMap::GetInstance().FindController("memory");
 
     if (!controller.HasValue()) {
         return false;
@@ -120,7 +139,7 @@ bool CgroupGetAttributePath(const std::string& attr_name, std::string* path) {
     return true;
 }
 
-bool CgroupGetAttributePathForTask(const std::string& attr_name, int tid, std::string* path) {
+bool CgroupGetAttributePathForTask(const std::string& attr_name, pid_t tid, std::string* path) {
     const TaskProfiles& tp = TaskProfiles::GetInstance();
     const IProfileAttribute* attr = tp.GetAttribute(attr_name);
 
@@ -129,7 +148,24 @@ bool CgroupGetAttributePathForTask(const std::string& attr_name, int tid, std::s
     }
 
     if (!attr->GetPathForTask(tid, path)) {
-        PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to find cgroup for tid " << tid;
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to find cgroup for tid " << tid;
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    return true;
+}
+
+bool CgroupGetAttributePathForProcess(std::string_view attr_name, uid_t uid, pid_t pid,
+                                      std::string &path) {
+    const TaskProfiles& tp = TaskProfiles::GetInstance();
+    const IProfileAttribute* attr = tp.GetAttribute(attr_name);
+
+    if (attr == nullptr) {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    if (!attr->GetPathForProcess(uid, pid, &path)) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to find cgroup for uid " << uid << " pid " << pid;
         return false;
     }
 
@@ -171,17 +207,18 @@ bool SetProcessProfilesCached(uid_t uid, pid_t pid, const std::vector<std::strin
             uid, pid, std::span<const std::string>(profiles), true);
 }
 
-bool SetTaskProfiles(int tid, const std::vector<std::string>& profiles, bool use_fd_cache) {
+bool SetTaskProfiles(pid_t tid, const std::vector<std::string>& profiles, bool use_fd_cache) {
     return TaskProfiles::GetInstance().SetTaskProfiles(tid, std::span<const std::string>(profiles),
                                                        use_fd_cache);
 }
 
-bool SetTaskProfiles(int tid, std::initializer_list<std::string_view> profiles, bool use_fd_cache) {
+bool SetTaskProfiles(pid_t tid, std::initializer_list<std::string_view> profiles,
+                     bool use_fd_cache) {
     return TaskProfiles::GetInstance().SetTaskProfiles(
             tid, std::span<const std::string_view>(profiles), use_fd_cache);
 }
 
-bool SetTaskProfiles(int tid, std::span<const std::string_view> profiles, bool use_fd_cache) {
+bool SetTaskProfiles(pid_t tid, std::span<const std::string_view> profiles, bool use_fd_cache) {
     return TaskProfiles::GetInstance().SetTaskProfiles(tid, profiles, use_fd_cache);
 }
 
@@ -205,28 +242,27 @@ bool SetUserProfiles(uid_t uid, const std::vector<std::string>& profiles) {
                                                        false);
 }
 
-static std::string ConvertUidToPath(const char* cgroup, uid_t uid) {
-    return StringPrintf("%s/uid_%d", cgroup, uid);
-}
+static int RemoveCgroup(const char* cgroup, uid_t uid, pid_t pid, bool v2_path) {
+    auto path = ConvertUidPidToPath(cgroup, uid, pid, v2_path);
+    int ret = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(rmdir(path.c_str()));
 
-static std::string ConvertUidPidToPath(const char* cgroup, uid_t uid, int pid) {
-    return StringPrintf("%s/uid_%d/pid_%d", cgroup, uid, pid);
-}
-
-static int RemoveProcessGroup(const char* cgroup, uid_t uid, int pid, unsigned int retries) {
-    int ret = 0;
-    auto uid_pid_path = ConvertUidPidToPath(cgroup, uid, pid);
+    if (!ret && uid >= AID_ISOLATED_START && uid <= AID_ISOLATED_END) {
+        // Isolated UIDs are unlikely to be reused soon after removal,
+        // so free up the kernel resources for the UID level cgroup.
+        path = ConvertUidToPath(cgroup, uid, v2_path);
+        ret = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(rmdir(path.c_str()));
+    }
 
-    while (retries--) {
-        ret = rmdir(uid_pid_path.c_str());
-        if (!ret || errno != EBUSY) break;
-        std::this_thread::sleep_for(5ms);
+    if (ret < 0 && errno == ENOENT) {
+        // This function is idempoetent, but still warn here.
+        LOG(WARNING) << "RemoveCgroup: " << path << " does not exist.";
+        ret = 0;
     }
 
     return ret;
 }
 
-static bool RemoveUidProcessGroups(const std::string& uid_path, bool empty_only) {
+static bool RemoveEmptyUidCgroups(const std::string& uid_path) {
     std::unique_ptr<DIR, decltype(&closedir)> uid(opendir(uid_path.c_str()), closedir);
     bool empty = true;
     if (uid != NULL) {
@@ -236,26 +272,11 @@ static bool RemoveUidProcessGroups(const std::string& uid_path, bool empty_only)
                 continue;
             }
 
-            if (!StartsWith(dir->d_name, "pid_")) {
+            if (!std::string_view(dir->d_name).starts_with("pid_")) {
                 continue;
             }
 
             auto path = StringPrintf("%s/%s", uid_path.c_str(), dir->d_name);
-            if (empty_only) {
-                struct stat st;
-                auto procs_file = StringPrintf("%s/%s", path.c_str(),
-                                               PROCESSGROUP_CGROUP_PROCS_FILE);
-                if (stat(procs_file.c_str(), &st) == -1) {
-                    PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to get stats for " << procs_file;
-                    continue;
-                }
-                if (st.st_size > 0) {
-                    // skip non-empty groups
-                    LOG(VERBOSE) << "Skipping non-empty group " << path;
-                    empty = false;
-                    continue;
-                }
-            }
             LOG(VERBOSE) << "Removing " << path;
             if (rmdir(path.c_str()) == -1) {
                 if (errno != EBUSY) {
@@ -268,11 +289,13 @@ static bool RemoveUidProcessGroups(const std::string& uid_path, bool empty_only)
     return empty;
 }
 
-void removeAllProcessGroupsInternal(bool empty_only) {
+void removeAllEmptyProcessGroups() {
+    LOG(VERBOSE) << "removeAllEmptyProcessGroups()";
+
     std::vector<std::string> cgroups;
     std::string path, memcg_apps_path;
 
-    if (CgroupGetControllerPath(CGROUPV2_CONTROLLER_NAME, &path)) {
+    if (CgroupGetControllerPath(CGROUPV2_HIERARCHY_NAME, &path)) {
         cgroups.push_back(path);
     }
     if (CgroupGetMemcgAppsPath(&memcg_apps_path) && memcg_apps_path != path) {
@@ -290,12 +313,12 @@ void removeAllProcessGroupsInternal(bool empty_only) {
                     continue;
                 }
 
-                if (!StartsWith(dir->d_name, "uid_")) {
+                if (!std::string_view(dir->d_name).starts_with("uid_")) {
                     continue;
                 }
 
                 auto path = StringPrintf("%s/%s", cgroup_root_path.c_str(), dir->d_name);
-                if (!RemoveUidProcessGroups(path, empty_only)) {
+                if (!RemoveEmptyUidCgroups(path)) {
                     LOG(VERBOSE) << "Skip removing " << path;
                     continue;
                 }
@@ -308,16 +331,6 @@ void removeAllProcessGroupsInternal(bool empty_only) {
     }
 }
 
-void removeAllProcessGroups() {
-    LOG(VERBOSE) << "removeAllProcessGroups()";
-    removeAllProcessGroupsInternal(false);
-}
-
-void removeAllEmptyProcessGroups() {
-    LOG(VERBOSE) << "removeAllEmptyProcessGroups()";
-    removeAllProcessGroupsInternal(true);
-}
-
 /**
  * Process groups are primarily created by the Zygote, meaning that uid/pid groups are created by
  * the user root. Ownership for the newly created cgroup and all of its files must thus be
@@ -367,35 +380,55 @@ static bool MkdirAndChown(const std::string& path, mode_t mode, uid_t uid, gid_t
     return false;
 }
 
-// Returns number of processes killed on success
-// Returns 0 if there are no processes in the process cgroup left to kill
-// Returns -1 on error
-static int DoKillProcessGroupOnce(const char* cgroup, uid_t uid, int initialPid, int signal) {
-    // We separate all of the pids in the cgroup into those pids that are also the leaders of
-    // process groups (stored in the pgids set) and those that are not (stored in the pids set).
-    std::set<pid_t> pgids;
-    pgids.emplace(initialPid);
-    std::set<pid_t> pids;
-    int processes = 0;
-
-    std::unique_ptr<FILE, decltype(&fclose)> fd(nullptr, fclose);
+bool sendSignalToProcessGroup(uid_t uid, pid_t initialPid, int signal) {
+    std::set<pid_t> pgids, pids;
 
     if (CgroupsAvailable()) {
-        auto path = ConvertUidPidToPath(cgroup, uid, initialPid) + PROCESSGROUP_CGROUP_PROCS_FILE;
-        fd.reset(fopen(path.c_str(), "re"));
-        if (!fd) {
-            if (errno == ENOENT) {
-                // This happens when process is already dead
-                return 0;
+        std::string hierarchy_root_path, cgroup_v2_path;
+        CgroupGetControllerPath(CGROUPV2_HIERARCHY_NAME, &hierarchy_root_path);
+        cgroup_v2_path = ConvertUidPidToPath(hierarchy_root_path.c_str(), uid, initialPid, true);
+
+        if (signal == SIGKILL && CgroupKillAvailable()) {
+            LOG(VERBOSE) << "Using " << PROCESSGROUP_CGROUP_KILL_FILE << " to SIGKILL "
+                         << cgroup_v2_path;
+
+            // We need to kill the process group in addition to the cgroup. For normal apps they
+            // should completely overlap, but system_server kills depend on process group kills to
+            // take down apps which are in their own cgroups and not individually targeted.
+            if (kill(-initialPid, signal) == -1 && errno != ESRCH) {
+                PLOG(WARNING) << "kill(" << -initialPid << ", " << signal << ") failed";
+            }
+
+            const std::string killfilepath = cgroup_v2_path + '/' + PROCESSGROUP_CGROUP_KILL_FILE;
+            if (WriteStringToFile("1", killfilepath)) {
+                return true;
+            } else {
+                PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to write 1 to " << killfilepath;
+                // Fallback to cgroup.procs below
             }
-            PLOG(WARNING) << __func__ << " failed to open process cgroup uid " << uid << " pid "
-                          << initialPid;
-            return -1;
         }
+
+        // Since cgroup.kill only sends SIGKILLs, we read cgroup.procs to find each process to
+        // signal individually. This is more costly than using cgroup.kill for SIGKILLs.
+        LOG(VERBOSE) << "Using " << PROCESSGROUP_CGROUP_PROCS_FILE << " to signal (" << signal
+                     << ") " << cgroup_v2_path;
+
+        // We separate all of the pids in the cgroup into those pids that are also the leaders of
+        // process groups (stored in the pgids set) and those that are not (stored in the pids set).
+        const auto procsfilepath = cgroup_v2_path + '/' + PROCESSGROUP_CGROUP_PROCS_FILE;
+        std::unique_ptr<FILE, decltype(&fclose)> fp(fopen(procsfilepath.c_str(), "re"), fclose);
+        if (!fp) {
+            // This should only happen if the cgroup has already been removed with a successful call
+            // to killProcessGroup. Callers should only retry sendSignalToProcessGroup or
+            // killProcessGroup calls if they fail without ENOENT.
+            PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to open " << procsfilepath;
+            kill(-initialPid, signal);
+            return false;
+        }
+
         pid_t pid;
         bool file_is_empty = true;
-        while (fscanf(fd.get(), "%d\n", &pid) == 1 && pid >= 0) {
-            processes++;
+        while (fscanf(fp.get(), "%d\n", &pid) == 1 && pid >= 0) {
             file_is_empty = false;
             if (pid == 0) {
                 // Should never happen...  but if it does, trying to kill this
@@ -425,6 +458,8 @@ static int DoKillProcessGroupOnce(const char* cgroup, uid_t uid, int initialPid,
         }
     }
 
+    pgids.emplace(initialPid);
+
     // Kill all process groups.
     for (const auto pgid : pgids) {
         LOG(VERBOSE) << "Killing process group " << -pgid << " in uid " << uid
@@ -445,114 +480,185 @@ static int DoKillProcessGroupOnce(const char* cgroup, uid_t uid, int initialPid,
         }
     }
 
-    return (!fd || feof(fd.get())) ? processes : -1;
+    return true;
 }
 
-static int KillProcessGroup(uid_t uid, int initialPid, int signal, int retries,
-                            int* max_processes) {
-    CHECK_GE(uid, 0);
-    CHECK_GT(initialPid, 0);
+template <typename T>
+static std::chrono::milliseconds toMillisec(T&& duration) {
+    return std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::milliseconds>(duration);
+}
 
-    std::string hierarchy_root_path;
-    if (CgroupsAvailable()) {
-        CgroupGetControllerPath(CGROUPV2_CONTROLLER_NAME, &hierarchy_root_path);
+enum class populated_status
+{
+    populated,
+    not_populated,
+    error
+};
+
+static populated_status cgroupIsPopulated(int events_fd) {
+    const std::string POPULATED_KEY("populated ");
+    const std::string::size_type MAX_EVENTS_FILE_SIZE = 32;
+
+    std::string buf;
+    buf.resize(MAX_EVENTS_FILE_SIZE);
+    ssize_t len = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(pread(events_fd, buf.data(), buf.size(), 0));
+    if (len == -1) {
+        PLOG(ERROR) << "Could not read cgroup.events: ";
+        // Potentially ENODEV if the cgroup has been removed since we opened this file, but that
+        // shouldn't have happened yet.
+        return populated_status::error;
+    }
+
+    if (len == 0) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "cgroup.events EOF";
+        return populated_status::error;
     }
-    const char* cgroup = hierarchy_root_path.c_str();
 
-    std::chrono::steady_clock::time_point start = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
+    buf.resize(len);
 
-    if (max_processes != nullptr) {
-        *max_processes = 0;
+    const std::string::size_type pos = buf.find(POPULATED_KEY);
+    if (pos == std::string::npos) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Could not find populated key in cgroup.events";
+        return populated_status::error;
     }
 
-    int retry = retries;
-    int processes;
-    while ((processes = DoKillProcessGroupOnce(cgroup, uid, initialPid, signal)) > 0) {
-        if (max_processes != nullptr && processes > *max_processes) {
-            *max_processes = processes;
-        }
-        LOG(VERBOSE) << "Killed " << processes << " processes for processgroup " << initialPid;
-        if (!CgroupsAvailable()) {
-            // makes no sense to retry, because there are no cgroup_procs file
-            processes = 0;  // no remaining processes
-            break;
-        }
-        if (retry > 0) {
-            std::this_thread::sleep_for(5ms);
-            --retry;
-        } else {
-            break;
-        }
+    if (pos + POPULATED_KEY.size() + 1 > len) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Partial read of cgroup.events";
+        return populated_status::error;
     }
 
-    if (processes < 0) {
-        PLOG(ERROR) << "Error encountered killing process cgroup uid " << uid << " pid "
-                    << initialPid;
+    return buf[pos + POPULATED_KEY.size()] == '1' ?
+        populated_status::populated : populated_status::not_populated;
+}
+
+// The default timeout of 2200ms comes from the default number of retries in a previous
+// implementation of this function. The default retry value was 40 for killing and 400 for cgroup
+// removal with 5ms sleeps between each retry.
+static int KillProcessGroup(
+        uid_t uid, pid_t initialPid, int signal, bool once = false,
+        std::chrono::steady_clock::time_point until = std::chrono::steady_clock::now() + 2200ms) {
+    if (uid < 0) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << __func__ << ": invalid UID " << uid;
+        return -1;
+    }
+    if (initialPid <= 0) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << __func__ << ": invalid PID " << initialPid;
         return -1;
     }
 
-    std::chrono::steady_clock::time_point end = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
-    auto ms = std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::milliseconds>(end - start).count();
+    // Always attempt to send a kill signal to at least the initialPid, at least once, regardless of
+    // whether its cgroup exists or not. This should only be necessary if a bug results in the
+    // migration of the targeted process out of its cgroup, which we will also attempt to kill.
+    const bool signal_ret = sendSignalToProcessGroup(uid, initialPid, signal);
+
+    if (!CgroupsAvailable() || !signal_ret) return signal_ret ? 0 : -1;
+
+    std::string hierarchy_root_path;
+    CgroupGetControllerPath(CGROUPV2_HIERARCHY_NAME, &hierarchy_root_path);
 
-    // We only calculate the number of 'processes' when killing the processes.
-    // In the retries == 0 case, we only kill the processes once and therefore
-    // will not have waited then recalculated how many processes are remaining
-    // after the first signals have been sent.
-    // Logging anything regarding the number of 'processes' here does not make sense.
+    const std::string cgroup_v2_path =
+            ConvertUidPidToPath(hierarchy_root_path.c_str(), uid, initialPid, true);
+
+    const std::string eventsfile = cgroup_v2_path + '/' + PROCESSGROUP_CGROUP_EVENTS_FILE;
+    android::base::unique_fd events_fd(open(eventsfile.c_str(), O_RDONLY));
+    if (events_fd.get() == -1) {
+        PLOG(WARNING) << "Error opening " << eventsfile << " for KillProcessGroup";
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    struct pollfd fds = {
+        .fd = events_fd,
+        .events = POLLPRI,
+    };
+
+    const std::chrono::steady_clock::time_point start = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
+
+    // The primary reason to loop here is to capture any new forks or migrations that could occur
+    // after we send signals to the original set of processes, but before all of those processes
+    // exit and the cgroup becomes unpopulated, or before we remove the cgroup. We try hard to
+    // ensure this completes successfully to avoid permanent memory leaks, but we still place a
+    // large default upper bound on the amount of time we spend in this loop. The amount of CPU
+    // contention, and the amount of work that needs to be done in do_exit for each process
+    // determines how long this will take.
+    int ret;
+    do {
+        populated_status populated;
+        while ((populated = cgroupIsPopulated(events_fd.get())) == populated_status::populated &&
+               std::chrono::steady_clock::now() < until) {
+
+            sendSignalToProcessGroup(uid, initialPid, signal);
+            if (once) {
+                populated = cgroupIsPopulated(events_fd.get());
+                break;
+            }
 
-    if (processes == 0) {
-        if (retries > 0) {
-            LOG(INFO) << "Successfully killed process cgroup uid " << uid << " pid " << initialPid
-                      << " in " << static_cast<int>(ms) << "ms";
+            const std::chrono::steady_clock::time_point poll_start =
+                    std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
+
+            if (poll_start < until)
+                ret = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(poll(&fds, 1, toMillisec(until - poll_start).count()));
+
+            if (ret == -1) {
+                // Fallback to 5ms sleeps if poll fails
+                PLOG(ERROR) << "Poll on " << eventsfile << "failed";
+                const std::chrono::steady_clock::time_point now = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
+                if (now < until)
+                    std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::min(5ms, toMillisec(until - now)));
+            }
+
+            LOG(VERBOSE) << "Waited "
+                         << toMillisec(std::chrono::steady_clock::now() - poll_start).count()
+                         << " ms for " << eventsfile << " poll";
         }
 
-        if (!CgroupsAvailable()) {
-            // nothing to do here, if cgroups isn't available
-            return 0;
+        const std::chrono::milliseconds kill_duration =
+                toMillisec(std::chrono::steady_clock::now() - start);
+
+        if (populated == populated_status::populated) {
+            LOG(WARNING) << "Still waiting on process(es) to exit for cgroup " << cgroup_v2_path
+                         << " after " << kill_duration.count() << " ms";
+            // We'll still try the cgroup removal below which we expect to log an error.
+        } else if (populated == populated_status::not_populated) {
+            LOG(VERBOSE) << "Killed all processes under cgroup " << cgroup_v2_path
+                         << " after " << kill_duration.count() << " ms";
         }
 
-        // 400 retries correspond to 2 secs max timeout
-        int err = RemoveProcessGroup(cgroup, uid, initialPid, 400);
+        ret = RemoveCgroup(hierarchy_root_path.c_str(), uid, initialPid, true);
+        if (ret)
+            PLOG(ERROR) << "Unable to remove cgroup " << cgroup_v2_path;
+        else
+            LOG(INFO) << "Removed cgroup " << cgroup_v2_path;
 
         if (isMemoryCgroupSupported() && UsePerAppMemcg()) {
+            // This per-application memcg v1 case should eventually be removed after migration to
+            // memcg v2.
             std::string memcg_apps_path;
             if (CgroupGetMemcgAppsPath(&memcg_apps_path) &&
-                RemoveProcessGroup(memcg_apps_path.c_str(), uid, initialPid, 400) < 0) {
-                return -1;
+                (ret = RemoveCgroup(memcg_apps_path.c_str(), uid, initialPid, false)) < 0) {
+                const auto memcg_v1_cgroup_path =
+                        ConvertUidPidToPath(memcg_apps_path.c_str(), uid, initialPid, false);
+                PLOG(ERROR) << "Unable to remove memcg v1 cgroup " << memcg_v1_cgroup_path;
             }
         }
 
-        return err;
-    } else {
-        if (retries > 0) {
-            LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to kill process cgroup uid " << uid << " pid " << initialPid
-                       << " in " << static_cast<int>(ms) << "ms, " << processes
-                       << " processes remain";
-        }
-        return -1;
-    }
-}
+        if (once) break;
+        if (std::chrono::steady_clock::now() >= until) break;
+    } while (ret && errno == EBUSY);
 
-int killProcessGroup(uid_t uid, int initialPid, int signal, int* max_processes) {
-    return KillProcessGroup(uid, initialPid, signal, 40 /*retries*/, max_processes);
+    return ret;
 }
 
-int killProcessGroupOnce(uid_t uid, int initialPid, int signal, int* max_processes) {
-    return KillProcessGroup(uid, initialPid, signal, 0 /*retries*/, max_processes);
+int killProcessGroup(uid_t uid, pid_t initialPid, int signal) {
+    return KillProcessGroup(uid, initialPid, signal);
 }
 
-int sendSignalToProcessGroup(uid_t uid, int initialPid, int signal) {
-    std::string hierarchy_root_path;
-    if (CgroupsAvailable()) {
-        CgroupGetControllerPath(CGROUPV2_CONTROLLER_NAME, &hierarchy_root_path);
-    }
-    const char* cgroup = hierarchy_root_path.c_str();
-    return DoKillProcessGroupOnce(cgroup, uid, initialPid, signal);
+int killProcessGroupOnce(uid_t uid, pid_t initialPid, int signal) {
+    return KillProcessGroup(uid, initialPid, signal, true);
 }
 
-static int createProcessGroupInternal(uid_t uid, int initialPid, std::string cgroup,
+static int createProcessGroupInternal(uid_t uid, pid_t initialPid, std::string cgroup,
                                       bool activate_controllers) {
-    auto uid_path = ConvertUidToPath(cgroup.c_str(), uid);
+    auto uid_path = ConvertUidToPath(cgroup.c_str(), uid, activate_controllers);
 
     struct stat cgroup_stat;
     mode_t cgroup_mode = 0750;
@@ -573,21 +679,20 @@ static int createProcessGroupInternal(uid_t uid, int initialPid, std::string cgr
         return -errno;
     }
     if (activate_controllers) {
-        ret = CgroupMap::GetInstance().ActivateControllers(uid_path);
-        if (ret) {
-            LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to activate controllers in " << uid_path;
-            return ret;
+        if (!CgroupMap::GetInstance().ActivateControllers(uid_path)) {
+            PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to activate controllers in " << uid_path;
+            return -errno;
         }
     }
 
-    auto uid_pid_path = ConvertUidPidToPath(cgroup.c_str(), uid, initialPid);
+    auto uid_pid_path = ConvertUidPidToPath(cgroup.c_str(), uid, initialPid, activate_controllers);
 
     if (!MkdirAndChown(uid_pid_path, cgroup_mode, cgroup_uid, cgroup_gid)) {
         PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to make and chown " << uid_pid_path;
         return -errno;
     }
 
-    auto uid_pid_procs_file = uid_pid_path + PROCESSGROUP_CGROUP_PROCS_FILE;
+    auto uid_pid_procs_file = uid_pid_path + '/' + PROCESSGROUP_CGROUP_PROCS_FILE;
 
     if (!WriteStringToFile(std::to_string(initialPid), uid_pid_procs_file)) {
         ret = -errno;
@@ -597,12 +702,18 @@ static int createProcessGroupInternal(uid_t uid, int initialPid, std::string cgr
     return ret;
 }
 
-int createProcessGroup(uid_t uid, int initialPid, bool memControl) {
-    CHECK_GE(uid, 0);
-    CHECK_GT(initialPid, 0);
+int createProcessGroup(uid_t uid, pid_t initialPid, bool memControl) {
+    if (uid < 0) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << __func__ << ": invalid UID " << uid;
+        return -1;
+    }
+    if (initialPid <= 0) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << __func__ << ": invalid PID " << initialPid;
+        return -1;
+    }
 
     if (memControl && !UsePerAppMemcg()) {
-        PLOG(ERROR) << "service memory controls are used without per-process memory cgroup support";
+        LOG(ERROR) << "service memory controls are used without per-process memory cgroup support";
         return -EINVAL;
     }
 
@@ -618,19 +729,19 @@ int createProcessGroup(uid_t uid, int initialPid, bool memControl) {
     }
 
     std::string cgroup;
-    CgroupGetControllerPath(CGROUPV2_CONTROLLER_NAME, &cgroup);
+    CgroupGetControllerPath(CGROUPV2_HIERARCHY_NAME, &cgroup);
     return createProcessGroupInternal(uid, initialPid, cgroup, true);
 }
 
-static bool SetProcessGroupValue(int tid, const std::string& attr_name, int64_t value) {
+static bool SetProcessGroupValue(pid_t tid, const std::string& attr_name, int64_t value) {
     if (!isMemoryCgroupSupported()) {
-        PLOG(ERROR) << "Memcg is not mounted.";
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Memcg is not mounted.";
         return false;
     }
 
     std::string path;
     if (!CgroupGetAttributePathForTask(attr_name, tid, &path)) {
-        PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to find attribute '" << attr_name << "'";
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to find attribute '" << attr_name << "'";
         return false;
     }
 
@@ -641,23 +752,19 @@ static bool SetProcessGroupValue(int tid, const std::string& attr_name, int64_t
     return true;
 }
 
-bool setProcessGroupSwappiness(uid_t, int pid, int swappiness) {
+bool setProcessGroupSwappiness(uid_t, pid_t pid, int swappiness) {
     return SetProcessGroupValue(pid, "MemSwappiness", swappiness);
 }
 
-bool setProcessGroupSoftLimit(uid_t, int pid, int64_t soft_limit_in_bytes) {
+bool setProcessGroupSoftLimit(uid_t, pid_t pid, int64_t soft_limit_in_bytes) {
     return SetProcessGroupValue(pid, "MemSoftLimit", soft_limit_in_bytes);
 }
 
-bool setProcessGroupLimit(uid_t, int pid, int64_t limit_in_bytes) {
+bool setProcessGroupLimit(uid_t, pid_t pid, int64_t limit_in_bytes) {
     return SetProcessGroupValue(pid, "MemLimit", limit_in_bytes);
 }
 
-bool getAttributePathForTask(const std::string& attr_name, int tid, std::string* path) {
-    return CgroupGetAttributePathForTask(attr_name, tid, path);
-}
-
-bool isProfileValidForProcess(const std::string& profile_name, int uid, int pid) {
+bool isProfileValidForProcess(const std::string& profile_name, uid_t uid, pid_t pid) {
     const TaskProfile* tp = TaskProfiles::GetInstance().GetProfile(profile_name);
 
     if (tp == nullptr) {
@@ -665,4 +772,4 @@ bool isProfileValidForProcess(const std::string& profile_name, int uid, int pid)
     }
 
     return tp->IsValidForProcess(uid, pid);
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+}
diff --git a/libprocessgroup/profiles/Android.bp b/libprocessgroup/profiles/Android.bp
index 885971a7a34f..baa4546464d4 100644
--- a/libprocessgroup/profiles/Android.bp
+++ b/libprocessgroup/profiles/Android.bp
@@ -13,17 +13,13 @@
 // limitations under the License.
 
 package {
+    default_team: "trendy_team_android_kernel",
     default_applicable_licenses: ["Android-Apache-2.0"],
 }
 
 prebuilt_etc {
     name: "cgroups.json",
     src: "cgroups.json",
-    required: [
-        "cgroups_28.json",
-        "cgroups_29.json",
-        "cgroups_30.json",
-    ],
 }
 
 prebuilt_etc {
@@ -33,50 +29,9 @@ prebuilt_etc {
     src: "cgroups.recovery.json",
 }
 
-prebuilt_etc {
-    name: "cgroups_28.json",
-    src: "cgroups_28.json",
-    sub_dir: "task_profiles",
-}
-
-prebuilt_etc {
-    name: "cgroups_29.json",
-    src: "cgroups_29.json",
-    sub_dir: "task_profiles",
-}
-
-prebuilt_etc {
-    name: "cgroups_30.json",
-    src: "cgroups_30.json",
-    sub_dir: "task_profiles",
-}
-
 prebuilt_etc {
     name: "task_profiles.json",
     src: "task_profiles.json",
-    required: [
-        "task_profiles_28.json",
-        "task_profiles_29.json",
-        "task_profiles_30.json",
-    ],
-}
-
-prebuilt_etc {
-    name: "task_profiles_28.json",
-    src: "task_profiles_28.json",
-    sub_dir: "task_profiles",
-}
-
-prebuilt_etc {
-    name: "task_profiles_29.json",
-    src: "task_profiles_29.json",
-    sub_dir: "task_profiles",
-}
-
-prebuilt_etc {
-    name: "task_profiles_30.json",
-    src: "task_profiles_30.json",
-    sub_dir: "task_profiles",
 }
 
 cc_defaults {
diff --git a/libprocessgroup/profiles/cgroups.json b/libprocessgroup/profiles/cgroups.json
index d013ec858c1b..e9345a531296 100644
--- a/libprocessgroup/profiles/cgroups.json
+++ b/libprocessgroup/profiles/cgroups.json
@@ -1,5 +1,12 @@
 {
   "Cgroups": [
+    {
+      "Controller": "blkio",
+      "Path": "/dev/blkio",
+      "Mode": "0775",
+      "UID": "system",
+      "GID": "system"
+    },
     {
       "Controller": "cpu",
       "Path": "/dev/cpuctl",
@@ -13,14 +20,6 @@
       "Mode": "0755",
       "UID": "system",
       "GID": "system"
-    },
-    {
-      "Controller": "memory",
-      "Path": "/dev/memcg",
-      "Mode": "0700",
-      "UID": "root",
-      "GID": "system",
-      "Optional": true
     }
   ],
   "Cgroups2": {
@@ -34,9 +33,10 @@
         "Path": "."
       },
       {
-        "Controller": "io",
+        "Controller": "memory",
         "Path": ".",
         "NeedsActivation": true,
+        "MaxActivationDepth": 3,
         "Optional": true
       }
     ]
diff --git a/libprocessgroup/profiles/cgroups.proto b/libprocessgroup/profiles/cgroups.proto
index f2de3452a2d9..1a78e9df246e 100644
--- a/libprocessgroup/profiles/cgroups.proto
+++ b/libprocessgroup/profiles/cgroups.proto
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ message Cgroups {
     Cgroups2 cgroups2 = 2 [json_name = "Cgroups2"];
 }
 
-// Next: 8
+// Next: 9
 message Cgroup {
     string controller = 1 [json_name = "Controller"];
     string path = 2 [json_name = "Path"];
@@ -36,6 +36,7 @@ message Cgroup {
 // https://developers.google.com/protocol-buffers/docs/proto3#default
     bool needs_activation = 6 [json_name = "NeedsActivation"];
     bool is_optional = 7 [json_name = "Optional"];
+    optional uint32 max_activation_depth = 8 [json_name = "MaxActivationDepth"];
 }
 
 // Next: 6
diff --git a/libprocessgroup/profiles/cgroups_28.json b/libprocessgroup/profiles/cgroups_28.json
deleted file mode 100644
index 17d4929497d5..000000000000
--- a/libprocessgroup/profiles/cgroups_28.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,11 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "Cgroups": [
-    {
-      "Controller": "schedtune",
-      "Path": "/dev/stune",
-      "Mode": "0755",
-      "UID": "system",
-      "GID": "system"
-    }
-  ]
-}
diff --git a/libprocessgroup/profiles/cgroups_29.json b/libprocessgroup/profiles/cgroups_29.json
deleted file mode 100644
index 17d4929497d5..000000000000
--- a/libprocessgroup/profiles/cgroups_29.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,11 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "Cgroups": [
-    {
-      "Controller": "schedtune",
-      "Path": "/dev/stune",
-      "Mode": "0755",
-      "UID": "system",
-      "GID": "system"
-    }
-  ]
-}
diff --git a/libprocessgroup/profiles/cgroups_30.json b/libprocessgroup/profiles/cgroups_30.json
deleted file mode 100644
index 80a074bf1c84..000000000000
--- a/libprocessgroup/profiles/cgroups_30.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,12 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "Cgroups": [
-    {
-      "Controller": "schedtune",
-      "Path": "/dev/stune",
-      "Mode": "0755",
-      "UID": "system",
-      "GID": "system",
-      "Optional": true
-    }
-  ]
-}
diff --git a/libprocessgroup/profiles/task_profiles.json b/libprocessgroup/profiles/task_profiles.json
index 12f7b44065d7..42cdb919508a 100644
--- a/libprocessgroup/profiles/task_profiles.json
+++ b/libprocessgroup/profiles/task_profiles.json
@@ -10,6 +10,11 @@
       "Controller": "cpuset",
       "File": "foreground/cpus"
     },
+    {
+      "Name": "HighCapacityWICPUs",
+      "Controller": "cpuset",
+      "File": "foreground_window/cpus"
+    },
     {
       "Name": "MaxCapacityCPUs",
       "Controller": "cpuset",
@@ -78,22 +83,9 @@
       "File": "cgroup.freeze"
     },
     {
-      "Name": "BfqWeight",
-      "Controller": "io",
-      "File": "blkio.bfq.weight",
-      "FileV2": "io.bfq.weight"
-    },
-    {
-      "Name": "CfqGroupIdle",
-      "Controller": "io",
-      "File": "blkio.group_idle",
-      "FileV2": "io.group_idle"
-    },
-    {
-      "Name": "CfqWeight",
-      "Controller": "io",
-      "File": "blkio.weight",
-      "FileV2": "io.weight"
+      "Name": "CgroupProcs",
+      "Controller": "cgroup2",
+      "File": "cgroup.procs"
     }
   ],
 
@@ -176,6 +168,19 @@
         }
       ]
     },
+    {
+      "Name": "HighPerformanceWI",
+      "Actions": [
+        {
+          "Name": "JoinCgroup",
+          "Params":
+          {
+            "Controller": "cpu",
+            "Path": "foreground_window"
+          }
+        }
+      ]
+    },
     {
       "Name": "MaxPerformance",
       "Actions": [
@@ -202,6 +207,19 @@
         }
       ]
     },
+    {
+      "Name": "RealTimeInputScheduling",
+      "Actions": [
+        {
+          "Name": "SetSchedulerPolicy",
+          "Params":
+          {
+            "Policy": "SCHED_FIFO",
+            "Priority": "2"
+          }
+        }
+      ]
+    },
     {
       "Name": "CameraServicePerformance",
       "Actions": [
@@ -399,6 +417,19 @@
         }
       ]
     },
+    {
+      "Name": "ProcessCapacityHighWI",
+      "Actions": [
+        {
+          "Name": "JoinCgroup",
+          "Params":
+          {
+            "Controller": "cpuset",
+            "Path": "foreground_window"
+          }
+        }
+      ]
+    },
     {
       "Name": "ProcessCapacityMax",
       "Actions": [
@@ -457,30 +488,11 @@
       "Name": "LowIoPriority",
       "Actions": [
         {
-          "Name": "SetAttribute",
-          "Params":
-          {
-            "Name": "BfqWeight",
-            "Value": "10",
-            "Optional": "true"
-          }
-        },
-        {
-          "Name": "SetAttribute",
-          "Params":
-          {
-            "Name": "CfqGroupIdle",
-            "Value": "0",
-            "Optional": "true"
-          }
-        },
-        {
-          "Name": "SetAttribute",
+          "Name": "JoinCgroup",
           "Params":
           {
-            "Name": "CfqWeight",
-            "Value": "200",
-            "Optional": "true"
+            "Controller": "blkio",
+            "Path": "background"
           }
         }
       ]
@@ -489,30 +501,11 @@
       "Name": "NormalIoPriority",
       "Actions": [
         {
-          "Name": "SetAttribute",
-          "Params":
-          {
-            "Name": "BfqWeight",
-            "Value": "100",
-            "Optional": "true"
-          }
-        },
-        {
-          "Name": "SetAttribute",
-          "Params":
-          {
-            "Name": "CfqGroupIdle",
-            "Value": "0",
-            "Optional": "true"
-          }
-        },
-        {
-          "Name": "SetAttribute",
+          "Name": "JoinCgroup",
           "Params":
           {
-            "Name": "CfqWeight",
-            "Value": "1000",
-            "Optional": "true"
+            "Controller": "blkio",
+            "Path": ""
           }
         }
       ]
@@ -521,30 +514,11 @@
       "Name": "HighIoPriority",
       "Actions": [
         {
-          "Name": "SetAttribute",
-          "Params":
-          {
-            "Name": "BfqWeight",
-            "Value": "100",
-            "Optional": "true"
-          }
-        },
-        {
-          "Name": "SetAttribute",
-          "Params":
-          {
-            "Name": "CfqGroupIdle",
-            "Value": "0",
-            "Optional": "true"
-          }
-        },
-        {
-          "Name": "SetAttribute",
+          "Name": "JoinCgroup",
           "Params":
           {
-            "Name": "CfqWeight",
-            "Value": "1000",
-            "Optional": "true"
+            "Controller": "blkio",
+            "Path": ""
           }
         }
       ]
@@ -553,30 +527,11 @@
       "Name": "MaxIoPriority",
       "Actions": [
         {
-          "Name": "SetAttribute",
-          "Params":
-          {
-            "Name": "BfqWeight",
-            "Value": "100",
-            "Optional": "true"
-          }
-        },
-        {
-          "Name": "SetAttribute",
-          "Params":
-          {
-            "Name": "CfqGroupIdle",
-            "Value": "0",
-            "Optional": "true"
-          }
-        },
-        {
-          "Name": "SetAttribute",
+          "Name": "JoinCgroup",
           "Params":
           {
-            "Name": "CfqWeight",
-            "Value": "1000",
-            "Optional": "true"
+            "Controller": "blkio",
+            "Path": ""
           }
         }
       ]
@@ -634,33 +589,6 @@
       ]
     },
 
-    {
-      "Name": "PerfBoost",
-      "Actions": [
-        {
-          "Name": "SetClamps",
-          "Params":
-          {
-            "Boost": "50%",
-            "Clamp": "0"
-          }
-        }
-      ]
-    },
-    {
-      "Name": "PerfClamp",
-      "Actions": [
-        {
-          "Name": "SetClamps",
-          "Params":
-          {
-            "Boost": "0",
-            "Clamp": "30%"
-          }
-        }
-      ]
-    },
-
     {
       "Name": "LowMemoryUsage",
       "Actions": [
@@ -669,7 +597,7 @@
           "Params":
           {
             "Name": "MemSoftLimit",
-            "Value": "16MB"
+            "Value": "16M"
           }
         },
         {
@@ -691,7 +619,7 @@
           "Params":
           {
             "Name": "MemSoftLimit",
-            "Value": "512MB"
+            "Value": "512M"
           }
         },
         {
@@ -732,6 +660,10 @@
       "Name": "SCHED_SP_FOREGROUND",
       "Profiles": [ "HighPerformance", "HighIoPriority", "TimerSlackNormal" ]
     },
+    {
+      "Name": "SCHED_SP_FOREGROUND_WINDOW",
+      "Profiles": [ "HighPerformanceWI", "HighIoPriority", "TimerSlackNormal" ]
+    },
     {
       "Name": "SCHED_SP_TOP_APP",
       "Profiles": [ "MaxPerformance", "MaxIoPriority", "TimerSlackNormal" ]
@@ -760,6 +692,10 @@
       "Name": "CPUSET_SP_FOREGROUND",
       "Profiles": [ "HighPerformance", "ProcessCapacityHigh", "HighIoPriority", "TimerSlackNormal" ]
     },
+    {
+      "Name": "CPUSET_SP_FOREGROUND_WINDOW",
+      "Profiles": [ "HighPerformanceWI", "ProcessCapacityHighWI", "HighIoPriority", "TimerSlackNormal" ]
+    },
     {
       "Name": "CPUSET_SP_TOP_APP",
       "Profiles": [ "MaxPerformance", "ProcessCapacityMax", "MaxIoPriority", "TimerSlackNormal" ]
@@ -783,6 +719,10 @@
     {
       "Name": "OtaProfiles",
       "Profiles": [ "ServiceCapacityLow", "LowIoPriority", "HighEnergySaving" ]
+    },
+    {
+      "Name": "InputPolicy",
+      "Profiles": [ "RealTimeInputScheduling", "MaxPerformance", "ProcessCapacityMax", "TimerSlackNormal" ]
     }
   ]
 }
diff --git a/libprocessgroup/profiles/task_profiles_28.json b/libprocessgroup/profiles/task_profiles_28.json
deleted file mode 100644
index e7be5487d148..000000000000
--- a/libprocessgroup/profiles/task_profiles_28.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,160 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "Attributes": [
-    {
-      "Name": "STuneBoost",
-      "Controller": "schedtune",
-      "File": "schedtune.boost"
-    },
-    {
-      "Name": "STunePreferIdle",
-      "Controller": "schedtune",
-      "File": "schedtune.prefer_idle"
-    }
-  ],
-
-  "Profiles": [
-    {
-      "Name": "HighEnergySaving",
-      "Actions": [
-        {
-          "Name": "JoinCgroup",
-          "Params":
-          {
-            "Controller": "schedtune",
-            "Path": "background"
-          }
-        }
-      ]
-    },
-    {
-      "Name": "NormalPerformance",
-      "Actions": [
-        {
-          "Name": "JoinCgroup",
-          "Params":
-          {
-            "Controller": "schedtune",
-            "Path": ""
-          }
-        }
-      ]
-    },
-    {
-      "Name": "ServicePerformance",
-      "Actions": [
-        {
-          "Name": "JoinCgroup",
-          "Params":
-          {
-            "Controller": "schedtune",
-            "Path": "background"
-          }
-        }
-      ]
-    },
-    {
-      "Name": "HighPerformance",
-      "Actions": [
-        {
-          "Name": "JoinCgroup",
-          "Params":
-          {
-            "Controller": "schedtune",
-            "Path": "foreground"
-          }
-        }
-      ]
-    },
-    {
-      "Name": "MaxPerformance",
-      "Actions": [
-        {
-          "Name": "JoinCgroup",
-          "Params":
-          {
-            "Controller": "schedtune",
-            "Path": "top-app"
-          }
-        }
-      ]
-    },
-    {
-      "Name": "RealtimePerformance",
-      "Actions": [
-        {
-          "Name": "JoinCgroup",
-          "Params":
-          {
-            "Controller": "schedtune",
-            "Path": "rt"
-          }
-        }
-      ]
-    },
-    {
-      "Name": "CameraServicePerformance",
-      "Actions": [
-        {
-          "Name": "JoinCgroup",
-          "Params":
-          {
-            "Controller": "schedtune",
-            "Path": "camera-daemon"
-          }
-        }
-      ]
-    },
-    {
-      "Name": "NNApiHALPerformance",
-      "Actions": [
-        {
-          "Name": "JoinCgroup",
-          "Params":
-          {
-            "Controller": "schedtune",
-            "Path": "nnapi-hal"
-          }
-        }
-      ]
-    },
-    {
-      "Name": "Dex2oatPerformance",
-      "Actions": [
-        {
-          "Name": "JoinCgroup",
-          "Params":
-          {
-            "Controller": "schedtune",
-            "Path": "background"
-          }
-        }
-      ]
-    },
-    {
-      "Name": "CpuPolicySpread",
-      "Actions": [
-        {
-          "Name": "SetAttribute",
-          "Params":
-          {
-            "Name": "STunePreferIdle",
-            "Value": "1"
-          }
-        }
-      ]
-    },
-    {
-      "Name": "CpuPolicyPack",
-      "Actions": [
-        {
-          "Name": "SetAttribute",
-          "Params":
-          {
-            "Name": "STunePreferIdle",
-            "Value": "0"
-          }
-        }
-      ]
-    }
-  ]
-}
diff --git a/libprocessgroup/profiles/task_profiles_29.json b/libprocessgroup/profiles/task_profiles_29.json
deleted file mode 100644
index 6174c8d0fa94..000000000000
--- a/libprocessgroup/profiles/task_profiles_29.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,160 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "Attributes": [
-    {
-      "Name": "STuneBoost",
-      "Controller": "schedtune",
-      "File": "schedtune.boost"
-    },
-    {
-      "Name": "STunePreferIdle",
-      "Controller": "schedtune",
-      "File": "schedtune.prefer_idle"
-    }
-  ],
-
-  "Profiles": [
-    {
-      "Name": "HighEnergySaving",
-      "Actions": [
-        {
-          "Name": "JoinCgroup",
-          "Params":
-          {
-            "Controller": "schedtune",
-            "Path": "background"
-          }
-        }
-      ]
-    },
-    {
-      "Name": "NormalPerformance",
-      "Actions": [
-        {
-          "Name": "JoinCgroup",
-          "Params":
-          {
-            "Controller": "schedtune",
-            "Path": ""
-          }
-        }
-      ]
-    },
-    {
-      "Name": "HighPerformance",
-      "Actions": [
-        {
-          "Name": "JoinCgroup",
-          "Params":
-          {
-            "Controller": "schedtune",
-            "Path": "foreground"
-          }
-        }
-      ]
-    },
-    {
-      "Name": "ServicePerformance",
-      "Actions": [
-        {
-          "Name": "JoinCgroup",
-          "Params":
-          {
-            "Controller": "schedtune",
-            "Path": "background"
-          }
-        }
-      ]
-    },
-    {
-      "Name": "MaxPerformance",
-      "Actions": [
-        {
-          "Name": "JoinCgroup",
-          "Params":
-          {
-            "Controller": "schedtune",
-            "Path": "top-app"
-          }
-        }
-      ]
-    },
-    {
-      "Name": "RealtimePerformance",
-      "Actions": [
-        {
-          "Name": "JoinCgroup",
-          "Params":
-          {
-            "Controller": "schedtune",
-            "Path": "rt"
-          }
-        }
-      ]
-    },
-    {
-      "Name": "CameraServicePerformance",
-      "Actions": [
-        {
-          "Name": "JoinCgroup",
-          "Params":
-          {
-            "Controller": "schedtune",
-            "Path": "camera-daemon"
-          }
-        }
-      ]
-    },
-    {
-      "Name": "NNApiHALPerformance",
-      "Actions": [
-        {
-          "Name": "JoinCgroup",
-          "Params":
-          {
-            "Controller": "schedtune",
-            "Path": "nnapi-hal"
-          }
-        }
-      ]
-    },
-    {
-      "Name": "Dex2oatPerformance",
-      "Actions": [
-        {
-          "Name": "JoinCgroup",
-          "Params":
-          {
-            "Controller": "schedtune",
-            "Path": "background"
-          }
-        }
-      ]
-    },
-    {
-      "Name": "CpuPolicySpread",
-      "Actions": [
-        {
-          "Name": "SetAttribute",
-          "Params":
-          {
-            "Name": "STunePreferIdle",
-            "Value": "1"
-          }
-        }
-      ]
-    },
-    {
-      "Name": "CpuPolicyPack",
-      "Actions": [
-        {
-          "Name": "SetAttribute",
-          "Params":
-          {
-            "Name": "STunePreferIdle",
-            "Value": "0"
-          }
-        }
-      ]
-    }
-  ]
-}
diff --git a/libprocessgroup/profiles/task_profiles_30.json b/libprocessgroup/profiles/task_profiles_30.json
deleted file mode 100644
index e7be5487d148..000000000000
--- a/libprocessgroup/profiles/task_profiles_30.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,160 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "Attributes": [
-    {
-      "Name": "STuneBoost",
-      "Controller": "schedtune",
-      "File": "schedtune.boost"
-    },
-    {
-      "Name": "STunePreferIdle",
-      "Controller": "schedtune",
-      "File": "schedtune.prefer_idle"
-    }
-  ],
-
-  "Profiles": [
-    {
-      "Name": "HighEnergySaving",
-      "Actions": [
-        {
-          "Name": "JoinCgroup",
-          "Params":
-          {
-            "Controller": "schedtune",
-            "Path": "background"
-          }
-        }
-      ]
-    },
-    {
-      "Name": "NormalPerformance",
-      "Actions": [
-        {
-          "Name": "JoinCgroup",
-          "Params":
-          {
-            "Controller": "schedtune",
-            "Path": ""
-          }
-        }
-      ]
-    },
-    {
-      "Name": "ServicePerformance",
-      "Actions": [
-        {
-          "Name": "JoinCgroup",
-          "Params":
-          {
-            "Controller": "schedtune",
-            "Path": "background"
-          }
-        }
-      ]
-    },
-    {
-      "Name": "HighPerformance",
-      "Actions": [
-        {
-          "Name": "JoinCgroup",
-          "Params":
-          {
-            "Controller": "schedtune",
-            "Path": "foreground"
-          }
-        }
-      ]
-    },
-    {
-      "Name": "MaxPerformance",
-      "Actions": [
-        {
-          "Name": "JoinCgroup",
-          "Params":
-          {
-            "Controller": "schedtune",
-            "Path": "top-app"
-          }
-        }
-      ]
-    },
-    {
-      "Name": "RealtimePerformance",
-      "Actions": [
-        {
-          "Name": "JoinCgroup",
-          "Params":
-          {
-            "Controller": "schedtune",
-            "Path": "rt"
-          }
-        }
-      ]
-    },
-    {
-      "Name": "CameraServicePerformance",
-      "Actions": [
-        {
-          "Name": "JoinCgroup",
-          "Params":
-          {
-            "Controller": "schedtune",
-            "Path": "camera-daemon"
-          }
-        }
-      ]
-    },
-    {
-      "Name": "NNApiHALPerformance",
-      "Actions": [
-        {
-          "Name": "JoinCgroup",
-          "Params":
-          {
-            "Controller": "schedtune",
-            "Path": "nnapi-hal"
-          }
-        }
-      ]
-    },
-    {
-      "Name": "Dex2oatPerformance",
-      "Actions": [
-        {
-          "Name": "JoinCgroup",
-          "Params":
-          {
-            "Controller": "schedtune",
-            "Path": "background"
-          }
-        }
-      ]
-    },
-    {
-      "Name": "CpuPolicySpread",
-      "Actions": [
-        {
-          "Name": "SetAttribute",
-          "Params":
-          {
-            "Name": "STunePreferIdle",
-            "Value": "1"
-          }
-        }
-      ]
-    },
-    {
-      "Name": "CpuPolicyPack",
-      "Actions": [
-        {
-          "Name": "SetAttribute",
-          "Params":
-          {
-            "Name": "STunePreferIdle",
-            "Value": "0"
-          }
-        }
-      ]
-    }
-  ]
-}
diff --git a/libprocessgroup/sched_policy.cpp b/libprocessgroup/sched_policy.cpp
index 169b1d3e0ac3..5a53c35de7f1 100644
--- a/libprocessgroup/sched_policy.cpp
+++ b/libprocessgroup/sched_policy.cpp
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 #define LOG_TAG "SchedPolicy"
 
 #include <errno.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
 #include <unistd.h>
 
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
@@ -38,7 +39,7 @@ static inline SchedPolicy _policy(SchedPolicy p) {
 
 #if defined(__ANDROID__)
 
-int set_cpuset_policy(int tid, SchedPolicy policy) {
+int set_cpuset_policy(pid_t tid, SchedPolicy policy) {
     if (tid == 0) {
         tid = GetThreadId();
     }
@@ -57,6 +58,8 @@ int set_cpuset_policy(int tid, SchedPolicy policy) {
             return SetTaskProfiles(tid, {"CPUSET_SP_SYSTEM"}, true) ? 0 : -1;
         case SP_RESTRICTED:
             return SetTaskProfiles(tid, {"CPUSET_SP_RESTRICTED"}, true) ? 0 : -1;
+        case SP_FOREGROUND_WINDOW:
+            return SetTaskProfiles(tid, {"CPUSET_SP_FOREGROUND_WINDOW"}, true) ? 0 : -1;
         default:
             break;
     }
@@ -64,7 +67,7 @@ int set_cpuset_policy(int tid, SchedPolicy policy) {
     return 0;
 }
 
-int set_sched_policy(int tid, SchedPolicy policy) {
+int set_sched_policy(pid_t tid, SchedPolicy policy) {
     if (tid == 0) {
         tid = GetThreadId();
     }
@@ -109,6 +112,9 @@ int set_sched_policy(int tid, SchedPolicy policy) {
         case SP_RT_APP:
             SLOGD("RT  tid %d (%s)", tid, thread_name);
             break;
+        case SP_FOREGROUND_WINDOW:
+            SLOGD("WI  tid %d (%s)", tid, thread_name);
+            break;
         default:
             SLOGD("??? tid %d (%s)", tid, thread_name);
             break;
@@ -128,6 +134,8 @@ int set_sched_policy(int tid, SchedPolicy policy) {
             return SetTaskProfiles(tid, {"SCHED_SP_SYSTEM"}, true) ? 0 : -1;
         case SP_RT_APP:
             return SetTaskProfiles(tid, {"SCHED_SP_RT_APP"}, true) ? 0 : -1;
+        case SP_FOREGROUND_WINDOW:
+            return SetTaskProfiles(tid, {"SCHED_SP_FOREGROUND_WINDOW"}, true) ? 0 : -1;
         default:
             return SetTaskProfiles(tid, {"SCHED_SP_DEFAULT"}, true) ? 0 : -1;
     }
@@ -140,21 +148,11 @@ bool cpusets_enabled() {
     return enabled;
 }
 
-static bool schedtune_enabled() {
-    return (CgroupMap::GetInstance().FindController("schedtune").IsUsable());
-}
-
 static bool cpuctl_enabled() {
     return (CgroupMap::GetInstance().FindController("cpu").IsUsable());
 }
 
-bool schedboost_enabled() {
-    static bool enabled = schedtune_enabled() || cpuctl_enabled();
-
-    return enabled;
-}
-
-static int getCGroupSubsys(int tid, const char* subsys, std::string& subgroup) {
+static int getCGroupSubsys(pid_t tid, const char* subsys, std::string& subgroup) {
     auto controller = CgroupMap::GetInstance().FindController(subsys);
 
     if (!controller.IsUsable()) return -1;
@@ -178,6 +176,8 @@ static int get_sched_policy_from_group(const std::string& group, SchedPolicy* po
         *policy = SP_TOP_APP;
     } else if (group == "restricted") {
         *policy = SP_RESTRICTED;
+    } else if (group == "foreground_window") {
+        *policy = SP_FOREGROUND_WINDOW;
     } else {
         errno = ERANGE;
         return -1;
@@ -185,15 +185,14 @@ static int get_sched_policy_from_group(const std::string& group, SchedPolicy* po
     return 0;
 }
 
-int get_sched_policy(int tid, SchedPolicy* policy) {
+int get_sched_policy(pid_t tid, SchedPolicy* policy) {
     if (tid == 0) {
         tid = GetThreadId();
     }
 
     std::string group;
-    if (schedboost_enabled()) {
-        if ((getCGroupSubsys(tid, "schedtune", group) < 0) &&
-            (getCGroupSubsys(tid, "cpu", group) < 0)) {
+    if (cpuctl_enabled()) {
+        if (getCGroupSubsys(tid, "cpu", group) < 0) {
             LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to find cpu cgroup for tid " << tid;
             return -1;
         }
@@ -234,7 +233,7 @@ const char* get_sched_policy_name(SchedPolicy policy) {
     static const char* const kSchedPolicyNames[] = {
             [SP_BACKGROUND] = "bg", [SP_FOREGROUND] = "fg", [SP_SYSTEM] = "  ",
             [SP_AUDIO_APP] = "aa",  [SP_AUDIO_SYS] = "as",  [SP_TOP_APP] = "ta",
-            [SP_RT_APP] = "rt",     [SP_RESTRICTED] = "rs",
+            [SP_RT_APP] = "rt",     [SP_RESTRICTED] = "rs", [SP_FOREGROUND_WINDOW] = "wi",
     };
     static_assert(arraysize(kSchedPolicyNames) == SP_CNT, "missing name");
     if (policy < SP_BACKGROUND || policy >= SP_CNT) {
@@ -248,14 +247,16 @@ const char* get_cpuset_policy_profile_name(SchedPolicy policy) {
      *  cpuset profile array for:
      *  SP_DEFAULT(-1), SP_BACKGROUND(0), SP_FOREGROUND(1),
      *  SP_SYSTEM(2), SP_AUDIO_APP(3), SP_AUDIO_SYS(4),
-     *  SP_TOP_APP(5), SP_RT_APP(6), SP_RESTRICTED(7)
+     *  SP_TOP_APP(5), SP_RT_APP(6), SP_RESTRICTED(7),
+     *  SP_FOREGROUND_WINDOW(8)
      *  index is policy + 1
      *  this need keep in sync with SchedPolicy enum
      */
     static constexpr const char* kCpusetProfiles[SP_CNT + 1] = {
-            "CPUSET_SP_DEFAULT", "CPUSET_SP_BACKGROUND", "CPUSET_SP_FOREGROUND",
-            "CPUSET_SP_SYSTEM",  "CPUSET_SP_FOREGROUND", "CPUSET_SP_FOREGROUND",
-            "CPUSET_SP_TOP_APP", "CPUSET_SP_DEFAULT",    "CPUSET_SP_RESTRICTED"};
+            "CPUSET_SP_DEFAULT",      "CPUSET_SP_BACKGROUND", "CPUSET_SP_FOREGROUND",
+            "CPUSET_SP_SYSTEM",       "CPUSET_SP_FOREGROUND", "CPUSET_SP_FOREGROUND",
+            "CPUSET_SP_TOP_APP",      "CPUSET_SP_DEFAULT",    "CPUSET_SP_RESTRICTED",
+            "CPUSET_SP_FOREGROUND_WINDOW"};
     if (policy < SP_DEFAULT || policy >= SP_CNT) {
         return nullptr;
     }
@@ -267,14 +268,16 @@ const char* get_sched_policy_profile_name(SchedPolicy policy) {
      *  sched profile array for:
      *  SP_DEFAULT(-1), SP_BACKGROUND(0), SP_FOREGROUND(1),
      *  SP_SYSTEM(2), SP_AUDIO_APP(3), SP_AUDIO_SYS(4),
-     *  SP_TOP_APP(5), SP_RT_APP(6), SP_RESTRICTED(7)
+     *  SP_TOP_APP(5), SP_RT_APP(6), SP_RESTRICTED(7),
+     *  SP_FOREGROUND_WINDOW(8)
      *  index is policy + 1
      *  this need keep in sync with SchedPolicy enum
      */
     static constexpr const char* kSchedProfiles[SP_CNT + 1] = {
-            "SCHED_SP_DEFAULT", "SCHED_SP_BACKGROUND", "SCHED_SP_FOREGROUND",
-            "SCHED_SP_SYSTEM",  "SCHED_SP_FOREGROUND", "SCHED_SP_FOREGROUND",
-            "SCHED_SP_TOP_APP", "SCHED_SP_RT_APP",     "SCHED_SP_DEFAULT"};
+            "SCHED_SP_DEFAULT",      "SCHED_SP_BACKGROUND", "SCHED_SP_FOREGROUND",
+            "SCHED_SP_SYSTEM",       "SCHED_SP_FOREGROUND", "SCHED_SP_FOREGROUND",
+            "SCHED_SP_TOP_APP",      "SCHED_SP_RT_APP",     "SCHED_SP_DEFAULT",
+            "SCHED_SP_FOREGROUND_WINDOW"};
     if (policy < SP_DEFAULT || policy >= SP_CNT) {
         return nullptr;
     }
diff --git a/libprocessgroup/setup/Android.bp b/libprocessgroup/setup/Android.bp
index ea6c2470616a..25737f5b2379 100644
--- a/libprocessgroup/setup/Android.bp
+++ b/libprocessgroup/setup/Android.bp
@@ -29,11 +29,10 @@ cc_library_shared {
     ],
     shared_libs: [
         "libbase",
-        "libcgrouprc",
         "libjsoncpp",
     ],
     static_libs: [
-        "libcgrouprc_format",
+        "libprocessgroup_util",
     ],
     header_libs: [
         "libprocessgroup_headers",
@@ -41,8 +40,5 @@ cc_library_shared {
     export_header_lib_headers: [
         "libprocessgroup_headers",
     ],
-    cflags: [
-        "-Wall",
-        "-Werror",
-    ],
+    defaults: ["libprocessgroup_build_flags_cc"],
 }
diff --git a/libprocessgroup/setup/cgroup_descriptor.h b/libprocessgroup/setup/cgroup_descriptor.h
index 699c03cecf83..1afd2ee9ceb4 100644
--- a/libprocessgroup/setup/cgroup_descriptor.h
+++ b/libprocessgroup/setup/cgroup_descriptor.h
@@ -16,18 +16,21 @@
 
 #pragma once
 
-#include <processgroup/format/cgroup_controller.h>
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <string>
 
-namespace android {
-namespace cgrouprc {
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+
+#include <processgroup/cgroup_controller.h>
 
 // Complete controller description for mounting cgroups
 class CgroupDescriptor {
   public:
     CgroupDescriptor(uint32_t version, const std::string& name, const std::string& path,
-                     mode_t mode, const std::string& uid, const std::string& gid, uint32_t flags);
+                     mode_t mode, const std::string& uid, const std::string& gid, uint32_t flags,
+                     uint32_t max_activation_depth);
 
-    const format::CgroupController* controller() const { return &controller_; }
+    const CgroupController* controller() const { return &controller_; }
     mode_t mode() const { return mode_; }
     std::string uid() const { return uid_; }
     std::string gid() const { return gid_; }
@@ -35,11 +38,8 @@ class CgroupDescriptor {
     void set_mounted(bool mounted);
 
   private:
-    format::CgroupController controller_;
+    CgroupController controller_;
     mode_t mode_ = 0;
     std::string uid_;
     std::string gid_;
 };
-
-}  // namespace cgrouprc
-}  // namespace android
diff --git a/libprocessgroup/setup/cgroup_map_write.cpp b/libprocessgroup/setup/cgroup_map_write.cpp
index fbeedf99c84b..0d1739e99437 100644
--- a/libprocessgroup/setup/cgroup_map_write.cpp
+++ b/libprocessgroup/setup/cgroup_map_write.cpp
@@ -22,35 +22,19 @@
 #include <fcntl.h>
 #include <grp.h>
 #include <pwd.h>
-#include <sys/mman.h>
 #include <sys/mount.h>
 #include <sys/stat.h>
 #include <sys/types.h>
-#include <time.h>
 #include <unistd.h>
 
-#include <regex>
-
-#include <android-base/file.h>
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
-#include <android-base/properties.h>
-#include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
-#include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
-#include <android/cgrouprc.h>
-#include <json/reader.h>
-#include <json/value.h>
-#include <processgroup/format/cgroup_file.h>
+#include <processgroup/cgroup_descriptor.h>
 #include <processgroup/processgroup.h>
 #include <processgroup/setup.h>
+#include <processgroup/util.h>
 
-#include "cgroup_descriptor.h"
-
-using android::base::GetUintProperty;
-using android::base::StringPrintf;
-using android::base::unique_fd;
-
-namespace android {
-namespace cgrouprc {
+#include "../build_flags.h"
+#include "../internal.h"
 
 static constexpr const char* CGROUPS_DESC_FILE = "/etc/cgroups.json";
 static constexpr const char* CGROUPS_DESC_VENDOR_FILE = "/vendor/etc/cgroups.json";
@@ -144,122 +128,15 @@ static bool Mkdir(const std::string& path, mode_t mode, const std::string& uid,
     return true;
 }
 
-static void MergeCgroupToDescriptors(std::map<std::string, CgroupDescriptor>* descriptors,
-                                     const Json::Value& cgroup, const std::string& name,
-                                     const std::string& root_path, int cgroups_version) {
-    const std::string cgroup_path = cgroup["Path"].asString();
-    std::string path;
-
-    if (!root_path.empty()) {
-        path = root_path;
-        if (cgroup_path != ".") {
-            path += "/";
-            path += cgroup_path;
-        }
-    } else {
-        path = cgroup_path;
-    }
-
-    uint32_t controller_flags = 0;
-
-    if (cgroup["NeedsActivation"].isBool() && cgroup["NeedsActivation"].asBool()) {
-        controller_flags |= CGROUPRC_CONTROLLER_FLAG_NEEDS_ACTIVATION;
-    }
-
-    if (cgroup["Optional"].isBool() && cgroup["Optional"].asBool()) {
-        controller_flags |= CGROUPRC_CONTROLLER_FLAG_OPTIONAL;
-    }
-
-    CgroupDescriptor descriptor(
-            cgroups_version, name, path, std::strtoul(cgroup["Mode"].asString().c_str(), 0, 8),
-            cgroup["UID"].asString(), cgroup["GID"].asString(), controller_flags);
-
-    auto iter = descriptors->find(name);
-    if (iter == descriptors->end()) {
-        descriptors->emplace(name, descriptor);
-    } else {
-        iter->second = descriptor;
-    }
-}
-
-static bool ReadDescriptorsFromFile(const std::string& file_name,
-                                    std::map<std::string, CgroupDescriptor>* descriptors) {
-    std::vector<CgroupDescriptor> result;
-    std::string json_doc;
-
-    if (!android::base::ReadFileToString(file_name, &json_doc)) {
-        PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to read task profiles from " << file_name;
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    Json::CharReaderBuilder builder;
-    std::unique_ptr<Json::CharReader> reader(builder.newCharReader());
-    Json::Value root;
-    std::string errorMessage;
-    if (!reader->parse(&*json_doc.begin(), &*json_doc.end(), &root, &errorMessage)) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to parse cgroups description: " << errorMessage;
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    if (root.isMember("Cgroups")) {
-        const Json::Value& cgroups = root["Cgroups"];
-        for (Json::Value::ArrayIndex i = 0; i < cgroups.size(); ++i) {
-            std::string name = cgroups[i]["Controller"].asString();
-            MergeCgroupToDescriptors(descriptors, cgroups[i], name, "", 1);
-        }
-    }
-
-    if (root.isMember("Cgroups2")) {
-        const Json::Value& cgroups2 = root["Cgroups2"];
-        std::string root_path = cgroups2["Path"].asString();
-        MergeCgroupToDescriptors(descriptors, cgroups2, CGROUPV2_CONTROLLER_NAME, "", 2);
-
-        const Json::Value& childGroups = cgroups2["Controllers"];
-        for (Json::Value::ArrayIndex i = 0; i < childGroups.size(); ++i) {
-            std::string name = childGroups[i]["Controller"].asString();
-            MergeCgroupToDescriptors(descriptors, childGroups[i], name, root_path, 2);
-        }
-    }
-
-    return true;
-}
-
-static bool ReadDescriptors(std::map<std::string, CgroupDescriptor>* descriptors) {
-    // load system cgroup descriptors
-    if (!ReadDescriptorsFromFile(CGROUPS_DESC_FILE, descriptors)) {
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    // load API-level specific system cgroups descriptors if available
-    unsigned int api_level = GetUintProperty<unsigned int>("ro.product.first_api_level", 0);
-    if (api_level > 0) {
-        std::string api_cgroups_path =
-                android::base::StringPrintf(TEMPLATE_CGROUPS_DESC_API_FILE, api_level);
-        if (!access(api_cgroups_path.c_str(), F_OK) || errno != ENOENT) {
-            if (!ReadDescriptorsFromFile(api_cgroups_path, descriptors)) {
-                return false;
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    // load vendor cgroup descriptors if the file exists
-    if (!access(CGROUPS_DESC_VENDOR_FILE, F_OK) &&
-        !ReadDescriptorsFromFile(CGROUPS_DESC_VENDOR_FILE, descriptors)) {
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    return true;
-}
-
 // To avoid issues in sdk_mac build
 #if defined(__ANDROID__)
 
-static bool IsOptionalController(const format::CgroupController* controller) {
+static bool IsOptionalController(const CgroupController* controller) {
     return controller->flags() & CGROUPRC_CONTROLLER_FLAG_OPTIONAL;
 }
 
 static bool MountV2CgroupController(const CgroupDescriptor& descriptor) {
-    const format::CgroupController* controller = descriptor.controller();
+    const CgroupController* controller = descriptor.controller();
 
     // /sys/fs/cgroup is created by cgroup2 with specific selinux permissions,
     // try to create again in case the mount point is changed
@@ -293,34 +170,18 @@ static bool MountV2CgroupController(const CgroupDescriptor& descriptor) {
 }
 
 static bool ActivateV2CgroupController(const CgroupDescriptor& descriptor) {
-    const format::CgroupController* controller = descriptor.controller();
+    const CgroupController* controller = descriptor.controller();
 
     if (!Mkdir(controller->path(), descriptor.mode(), descriptor.uid(), descriptor.gid())) {
         LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to create directory for " << controller->name() << " cgroup";
         return false;
     }
 
-    if (controller->flags() & CGROUPRC_CONTROLLER_FLAG_NEEDS_ACTIVATION) {
-        std::string str = "+";
-        str += controller->name();
-        std::string path = controller->path();
-        path += "/cgroup.subtree_control";
-
-        if (!base::WriteStringToFile(str, path)) {
-            if (IsOptionalController(controller)) {
-                PLOG(INFO) << "Failed to activate optional controller " << controller->name();
-                return true;
-            }
-            PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to activate controller " << controller->name();
-            return false;
-        }
-    }
-
-    return true;
+    return ::ActivateControllers(controller->path(), {{controller->name(), descriptor}});
 }
 
 static bool MountV1CgroupController(const CgroupDescriptor& descriptor) {
-    const format::CgroupController* controller = descriptor.controller();
+    const CgroupController* controller = descriptor.controller();
 
     // mkdir <path> [mode] [owner] [group]
     if (!Mkdir(controller->path(), descriptor.mode(), descriptor.uid(), descriptor.gid())) {
@@ -355,10 +216,10 @@ static bool MountV1CgroupController(const CgroupDescriptor& descriptor) {
 }
 
 static bool SetupCgroup(const CgroupDescriptor& descriptor) {
-    const format::CgroupController* controller = descriptor.controller();
+    const CgroupController* controller = descriptor.controller();
 
     if (controller->version() == 2) {
-        if (!strcmp(controller->name(), CGROUPV2_CONTROLLER_NAME)) {
+        if (controller->name() == CGROUPV2_HIERARCHY_NAME) {
             return MountV2CgroupController(descriptor);
         } else {
             return ActivateV2CgroupController(descriptor);
@@ -377,39 +238,14 @@ static bool SetupCgroup(const CgroupDescriptor&) {
 
 #endif
 
-static bool WriteRcFile(const std::map<std::string, CgroupDescriptor>& descriptors) {
-    unique_fd fd(TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(open(CGROUPS_RC_PATH, O_CREAT | O_WRONLY | O_TRUNC | O_CLOEXEC,
-                                         S_IRUSR | S_IRGRP | S_IROTH)));
-    if (fd < 0) {
-        PLOG(ERROR) << "open() failed for " << CGROUPS_RC_PATH;
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    format::CgroupFile fl;
-    fl.version_ = format::CgroupFile::FILE_CURR_VERSION;
-    fl.controller_count_ = descriptors.size();
-    int ret = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(write(fd, &fl, sizeof(fl)));
-    if (ret < 0) {
-        PLOG(ERROR) << "write() failed for " << CGROUPS_RC_PATH;
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    for (const auto& [name, descriptor] : descriptors) {
-        ret = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(
-                write(fd, descriptor.controller(), sizeof(format::CgroupController)));
-        if (ret < 0) {
-            PLOG(ERROR) << "write() failed for " << CGROUPS_RC_PATH;
-            return false;
-        }
-    }
-
-    return true;
-}
-
 CgroupDescriptor::CgroupDescriptor(uint32_t version, const std::string& name,
                                    const std::string& path, mode_t mode, const std::string& uid,
-                                   const std::string& gid, uint32_t flags = 0)
-    : controller_(version, flags, name, path), mode_(mode), uid_(uid), gid_(gid) {}
+                                   const std::string& gid, uint32_t flags,
+                                   uint32_t max_activation_depth)
+    : controller_(version, flags, name, path, max_activation_depth),
+      mode_(mode),
+      uid_(uid),
+      gid_(gid) {}
 
 void CgroupDescriptor::set_mounted(bool mounted) {
     uint32_t flags = controller_.flags();
@@ -421,26 +257,29 @@ void CgroupDescriptor::set_mounted(bool mounted) {
     controller_.set_flags(flags);
 }
 
-}  // namespace cgrouprc
-}  // namespace android
+static bool CreateV2SubHierarchy(const std::string& path, const CgroupDescriptorMap& descriptors) {
+    const auto cgv2_iter = descriptors.find(CGROUPV2_HIERARCHY_NAME);
+    if (cgv2_iter == descriptors.end()) return false;
+    const CgroupDescriptor cgv2_descriptor = cgv2_iter->second;
 
-bool CgroupSetup() {
-    using namespace android::cgrouprc;
+    if (!Mkdir(path, cgv2_descriptor.mode(), cgv2_descriptor.uid(), cgv2_descriptor.gid())) {
+        PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to create directory for " << path;
+        return false;
+    }
 
-    std::map<std::string, CgroupDescriptor> descriptors;
+    // Activate all v2 controllers in path so they can be activated in
+    // children as they are created.
+    return ::ActivateControllers(path, descriptors);
+}
+
+bool CgroupSetup() {
+    CgroupDescriptorMap descriptors;
 
     if (getpid() != 1) {
         LOG(ERROR) << "Cgroup setup can be done only by init process";
         return false;
     }
 
-    // Make sure we do this only one time. No need for std::call_once because
-    // init is a single-threaded process
-    if (access(CGROUPS_RC_PATH, F_OK) == 0) {
-        LOG(WARNING) << "Attempt to call CgroupSetup() more than once";
-        return true;
-    }
-
     // load cgroups.json file
     if (!ReadDescriptors(&descriptors)) {
         LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to load cgroup description file";
@@ -449,33 +288,30 @@ bool CgroupSetup() {
 
     // setup cgroups
     for (auto& [name, descriptor] : descriptors) {
-        if (SetupCgroup(descriptor)) {
-            descriptor.set_mounted(true);
-        } else {
+        if (descriptor.controller()->flags() & CGROUPRC_CONTROLLER_FLAG_MOUNTED) {
+            LOG(WARNING) << "Attempt to call CgroupSetup() more than once";
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        if (!SetupCgroup(descriptor)) {
             // issue a warning and proceed with the next cgroup
             LOG(WARNING) << "Failed to setup " << name << " cgroup";
         }
     }
 
-    // mkdir <CGROUPS_RC_DIR> 0711 system system
-    if (!Mkdir(android::base::Dirname(CGROUPS_RC_PATH), 0711, "system", "system")) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to create directory for " << CGROUPS_RC_PATH << " file";
-        return false;
-    }
+    // System / app isolation.
+    // This really belongs in early-init in init.rc, but we cannot use the flag there.
+    if (android::libprocessgroup_flags::cgroup_v2_sys_app_isolation()) {
+        const auto it = descriptors.find(CGROUPV2_HIERARCHY_NAME);
+        const std::string cgroup_v2_root = (it == descriptors.end())
+                                                   ? CGROUP_V2_ROOT_DEFAULT
+                                                   : it->second.controller()->path();
 
-    // Generate <CGROUPS_RC_FILE> file which can be directly mmapped into
-    // process memory. This optimizes performance, memory usage
-    // and limits infrormation shared with unprivileged processes
-    // to the minimum subset of information from cgroups.json
-    if (!WriteRcFile(descriptors)) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to write " << CGROUPS_RC_PATH << " file";
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    // chmod 0644 <CGROUPS_RC_PATH>
-    if (fchmodat(AT_FDCWD, CGROUPS_RC_PATH, 0644, AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW) < 0) {
-        PLOG(ERROR) << "fchmodat() failed";
-        return false;
+        LOG(INFO) << "Using system/app isolation under: " << cgroup_v2_root;
+        if (!CreateV2SubHierarchy(cgroup_v2_root + "/apps", descriptors) ||
+            !CreateV2SubHierarchy(cgroup_v2_root + "/system", descriptors)) {
+            return false;
+        }
     }
 
     return true;
diff --git a/libprocessgroup/task_profiles.cpp b/libprocessgroup/task_profiles.cpp
index 44dba2a16694..89ca7f1b4e94 100644
--- a/libprocessgroup/task_profiles.cpp
+++ b/libprocessgroup/task_profiles.cpp
@@ -17,27 +17,32 @@
 //#define LOG_NDEBUG 0
 #define LOG_TAG "libprocessgroup"
 
-#include <fcntl.h>
 #include <task_profiles.h>
+
+#include <map>
 #include <string>
 
+#include <dirent.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <sched.h>
+#include <sys/resource.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
 #include <android-base/file.h>
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
+#include <android-base/parseint.h>
 #include <android-base/properties.h>
 #include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
 #include <android-base/strings.h>
 #include <android-base/threads.h>
 
+#include <build_flags.h>
+
 #include <cutils/android_filesystem_config.h>
 
 #include <json/reader.h>
 #include <json/value.h>
 
-// To avoid issues in sdk_mac build
-#if defined(__ANDROID__)
-#include <sys/prctl.h>
-#endif
-
 using android::base::GetThreadId;
 using android::base::GetUintProperty;
 using android::base::StringPrintf;
@@ -50,6 +55,7 @@ static constexpr const char* TASK_PROFILE_DB_VENDOR_FILE = "/vendor/etc/task_pro
 
 static constexpr const char* TEMPLATE_TASK_PROFILE_API_FILE =
         "/etc/task_profiles/task_profiles_%u.json";
+namespace {
 
 class FdCacheHelper {
   public:
@@ -60,8 +66,11 @@ class FdCacheHelper {
     };
 
     static void Cache(const std::string& path, android::base::unique_fd& fd);
+
     static void Drop(android::base::unique_fd& fd);
+
     static void Init(const std::string& path, android::base::unique_fd& fd);
+
     static bool IsCached(const android::base::unique_fd& fd) { return fd > FDS_INACCESSIBLE; }
 
   private:
@@ -112,14 +121,51 @@ bool FdCacheHelper::IsAppDependentPath(const std::string& path) {
     return path.find("<uid>", 0) != std::string::npos || path.find("<pid>", 0) != std::string::npos;
 }
 
+}  // namespace
+
 IProfileAttribute::~IProfileAttribute() = default;
 
-void ProfileAttribute::Reset(const CgroupController& controller, const std::string& file_name) {
+const std::string& ProfileAttribute::file_name() const {
+    if (controller()->version() == 2 && !file_v2_name_.empty()) return file_v2_name_;
+    return file_name_;
+}
+
+void ProfileAttribute::Reset(const CgroupControllerWrapper& controller,
+                             const std::string& file_name, const std::string& file_v2_name) {
     controller_ = controller;
     file_name_ = file_name;
+    file_v2_name_ = file_v2_name;
 }
 
-bool ProfileAttribute::GetPathForTask(int tid, std::string* path) const {
+static bool isSystemApp(uid_t uid) {
+    return uid < AID_APP_START;
+}
+
+std::string ConvertUidToPath(const char* root_cgroup_path, uid_t uid, bool v2_path) {
+    if (android::libprocessgroup_flags::cgroup_v2_sys_app_isolation() && v2_path) {
+        if (isSystemApp(uid))
+            return StringPrintf("%s/system/uid_%u", root_cgroup_path, uid);
+        else
+            return StringPrintf("%s/apps/uid_%u", root_cgroup_path, uid);
+    }
+    return StringPrintf("%s/uid_%u", root_cgroup_path, uid);
+}
+
+std::string ConvertUidPidToPath(const char* root_cgroup_path, uid_t uid, pid_t pid, bool v2_path) {
+    const std::string uid_path = ConvertUidToPath(root_cgroup_path, uid, v2_path);
+    return StringPrintf("%s/pid_%d", uid_path.c_str(), pid);
+}
+
+bool ProfileAttribute::GetPathForProcess(uid_t uid, pid_t pid, std::string* path) const {
+    if (controller()->version() == 2) {
+        const std::string cgroup_path = ConvertUidPidToPath(controller()->path(), uid, pid, true);
+        *path = cgroup_path + "/" + file_name();
+        return true;
+    }
+    return GetPathForTask(pid, path);
+}
+
+bool ProfileAttribute::GetPathForTask(pid_t tid, std::string* path) const {
     std::string subgroup;
     if (!controller()->GetTaskGroup(tid, &subgroup)) {
         return false;
@@ -129,94 +175,41 @@ bool ProfileAttribute::GetPathForTask(int tid, std::string* path) const {
         return true;
     }
 
-    const std::string& file_name =
-            controller()->version() == 2 && !file_v2_name_.empty() ? file_v2_name_ : file_name_;
     if (subgroup.empty()) {
-        *path = StringPrintf("%s/%s", controller()->path(), file_name.c_str());
+        *path = StringPrintf("%s/%s", controller()->path(), file_name().c_str());
     } else {
-        *path = StringPrintf("%s/%s/%s", controller()->path(), subgroup.c_str(), file_name.c_str());
+        *path = StringPrintf("%s/%s/%s", controller()->path(), subgroup.c_str(),
+                             file_name().c_str());
     }
     return true;
 }
 
+// NOTE: This function is for cgroup v2 only
 bool ProfileAttribute::GetPathForUID(uid_t uid, std::string* path) const {
     if (path == nullptr) {
         return true;
     }
 
-    const std::string& file_name =
-            controller()->version() == 2 && !file_v2_name_.empty() ? file_v2_name_ : file_name_;
-    *path = StringPrintf("%s/uid_%d/%s", controller()->path(), uid, file_name.c_str());
+    const std::string cgroup_path = ConvertUidToPath(controller()->path(), uid, true);
+    *path = cgroup_path + "/" + file_name();
     return true;
 }
 
-bool SetClampsAction::ExecuteForProcess(uid_t, pid_t) const {
-    // TODO: add support when kernel supports util_clamp
-    LOG(WARNING) << "SetClampsAction::ExecuteForProcess is not supported";
-    return false;
-}
-
-bool SetClampsAction::ExecuteForTask(int) const {
-    // TODO: add support when kernel supports util_clamp
-    LOG(WARNING) << "SetClampsAction::ExecuteForTask is not supported";
-    return false;
-}
-
-// To avoid issues in sdk_mac build
-#if defined(__ANDROID__)
-
-bool SetTimerSlackAction::IsTimerSlackSupported(int tid) {
-    auto file = StringPrintf("/proc/%d/timerslack_ns", tid);
-
-    return (access(file.c_str(), W_OK) == 0);
-}
-
-bool SetTimerSlackAction::ExecuteForTask(int tid) const {
-    static bool sys_supports_timerslack = IsTimerSlackSupported(tid);
-
-    // v4.6+ kernels support the /proc/<tid>/timerslack_ns interface.
-    // TODO: once we've backported this, log if the open(2) fails.
-    if (sys_supports_timerslack) {
-        auto file = StringPrintf("/proc/%d/timerslack_ns", tid);
-        if (!WriteStringToFile(std::to_string(slack_), file)) {
-            if (errno == ENOENT) {
-                // This happens when process is already dead
-                return true;
-            }
-            PLOG(ERROR) << "set_timerslack_ns write failed";
-        }
-    }
-
-    // TODO: Remove when /proc/<tid>/timerslack_ns interface is backported.
-    if (tid == 0 || tid == GetThreadId()) {
-        if (prctl(PR_SET_TIMERSLACK, slack_) == -1) {
-            PLOG(ERROR) << "set_timerslack_ns prctl failed";
+bool SetTimerSlackAction::ExecuteForTask(pid_t tid) const {
+    const auto file = StringPrintf("/proc/%d/timerslack_ns", tid);
+    if (!WriteStringToFile(std::to_string(slack_), file)) {
+        if (errno == ENOENT) {
+            // This happens when process is already dead
+            return true;
         }
+        PLOG(ERROR) << "set_timerslack_ns write failed";
+        return false;
     }
 
     return true;
 }
 
-#else
-
-bool SetTimerSlackAction::ExecuteForTask(int) const {
-    return true;
-};
-
-#endif
-
-bool SetAttributeAction::ExecuteForProcess(uid_t, pid_t pid) const {
-    return ExecuteForTask(pid);
-}
-
-bool SetAttributeAction::ExecuteForTask(int tid) const {
-    std::string path;
-
-    if (!attribute_->GetPathForTask(tid, &path)) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to find cgroup for tid " << tid;
-        return false;
-    }
-
+bool SetAttributeAction::WriteValueToFile(const std::string& path) const {
     if (!WriteStringToFile(value_, path)) {
         if (access(path.c_str(), F_OK) < 0) {
             if (optional_) {
@@ -236,6 +229,28 @@ bool SetAttributeAction::ExecuteForTask(int tid) const {
     return true;
 }
 
+bool SetAttributeAction::ExecuteForProcess(uid_t uid, pid_t pid) const {
+    std::string path;
+
+    if (!attribute_->GetPathForProcess(uid, pid, &path)) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to find cgroup for uid " << uid << " pid " << pid;
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    return WriteValueToFile(path);
+}
+
+bool SetAttributeAction::ExecuteForTask(pid_t tid) const {
+    std::string path;
+
+    if (!attribute_->GetPathForTask(tid, &path)) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to find cgroup for tid " << tid;
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    return WriteValueToFile(path);
+}
+
 bool SetAttributeAction::ExecuteForUID(uid_t uid) const {
     std::string path;
 
@@ -263,7 +278,7 @@ bool SetAttributeAction::IsValidForProcess(uid_t, pid_t pid) const {
     return IsValidForTask(pid);
 }
 
-bool SetAttributeAction::IsValidForTask(int tid) const {
+bool SetAttributeAction::IsValidForTask(pid_t tid) const {
     std::string path;
 
     if (!attribute_->GetPathForTask(tid, &path)) {
@@ -284,14 +299,14 @@ bool SetAttributeAction::IsValidForTask(int tid) const {
     return optional_;
 }
 
-SetCgroupAction::SetCgroupAction(const CgroupController& c, const std::string& p)
+SetCgroupAction::SetCgroupAction(const CgroupControllerWrapper& c, const std::string& p)
     : controller_(c), path_(p) {
     FdCacheHelper::Init(controller_.GetTasksFilePath(path_), fd_[ProfileAction::RCT_TASK]);
     // uid and pid don't matter because IsAppDependentPath ensures the path doesn't use them
     FdCacheHelper::Init(controller_.GetProcsFilePath(path_, 0, 0), fd_[ProfileAction::RCT_PROCESS]);
 }
 
-bool SetCgroupAction::AddTidToCgroup(int tid, int fd, const char* controller_name) {
+bool SetCgroupAction::AddTidToCgroup(pid_t tid, int fd, ResourceCacheType cache_type) const {
     if (tid <= 0) {
         return true;
     }
@@ -307,6 +322,7 @@ bool SetCgroupAction::AddTidToCgroup(int tid, int fd, const char* controller_nam
         return true;
     }
 
+    const char* controller_name = controller()->name();
     // ENOSPC is returned when cpuset cgroup that we are joining has no online cpus
     if (errno == ENOSPC && !strcmp(controller_name, "cpuset")) {
         // This is an abnormal case happening only in testing, so report it only once
@@ -320,7 +336,8 @@ bool SetCgroupAction::AddTidToCgroup(int tid, int fd, const char* controller_nam
                    << "' into cpuset because all cpus in that cpuset are offline";
         empty_cpuset_reported = true;
     } else {
-        PLOG(ERROR) << "AddTidToCgroup failed to write '" << value << "'; fd=" << fd;
+        PLOG(ERROR) << "AddTidToCgroup failed to write '" << value << "'; path=" << path_ << "; "
+                    << (cache_type == RCT_TASK ? "task" : "process");
     }
 
     return false;
@@ -331,7 +348,7 @@ ProfileAction::CacheUseResult SetCgroupAction::UseCachedFd(ResourceCacheType cac
     std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(fd_mutex_);
     if (FdCacheHelper::IsCached(fd_[cache_type])) {
         // fd is cached, reuse it
-        if (!AddTidToCgroup(id, fd_[cache_type], controller()->name())) {
+        if (!AddTidToCgroup(id, fd_[cache_type], cache_type)) {
             LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to add task into cgroup";
             return ProfileAction::FAIL;
         }
@@ -366,7 +383,7 @@ bool SetCgroupAction::ExecuteForProcess(uid_t uid, pid_t pid) const {
         PLOG(WARNING) << Name() << "::" << __func__ << ": failed to open " << procs_path;
         return false;
     }
-    if (!AddTidToCgroup(pid, tmp_fd, controller()->name())) {
+    if (!AddTidToCgroup(pid, tmp_fd, RCT_PROCESS)) {
         LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to add task into cgroup";
         return false;
     }
@@ -374,7 +391,7 @@ bool SetCgroupAction::ExecuteForProcess(uid_t uid, pid_t pid) const {
     return true;
 }
 
-bool SetCgroupAction::ExecuteForTask(int tid) const {
+bool SetCgroupAction::ExecuteForTask(pid_t tid) const {
     CacheUseResult result = UseCachedFd(ProfileAction::RCT_TASK, tid);
     if (result != ProfileAction::UNUSED) {
         return result == ProfileAction::SUCCESS;
@@ -387,7 +404,7 @@ bool SetCgroupAction::ExecuteForTask(int tid) const {
         PLOG(WARNING) << Name() << "::" << __func__ << ": failed to open " << tasks_path;
         return false;
     }
-    if (!AddTidToCgroup(tid, tmp_fd, controller()->name())) {
+    if (!AddTidToCgroup(tid, tmp_fd, RCT_TASK)) {
         LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to add task into cgroup";
         return false;
     }
@@ -462,7 +479,7 @@ WriteFileAction::WriteFileAction(const std::string& task_path, const std::string
 }
 
 bool WriteFileAction::WriteValueToFile(const std::string& value_, ResourceCacheType cache_type,
-                                       int uid, int pid, bool logfailures) const {
+                                       uid_t uid, pid_t pid, bool logfailures) const {
     std::string value(value_);
 
     value = StringReplace(value, "<uid>", std::to_string(uid), true);
@@ -537,7 +554,7 @@ bool WriteFileAction::ExecuteForProcess(uid_t uid, pid_t pid) const {
     DIR* d;
     struct dirent* de;
     char proc_path[255];
-    int t_pid;
+    pid_t t_pid;
 
     sprintf(proc_path, "/proc/%d/task", pid);
     if (!(d = opendir(proc_path))) {
@@ -563,7 +580,7 @@ bool WriteFileAction::ExecuteForProcess(uid_t uid, pid_t pid) const {
     return true;
 }
 
-bool WriteFileAction::ExecuteForTask(int tid) const {
+bool WriteFileAction::ExecuteForTask(pid_t tid) const {
     return WriteValueToFile(value_, ProfileAction::RCT_TASK, getuid(), tid, logfailures_);
 }
 
@@ -621,6 +638,57 @@ bool WriteFileAction::IsValidForTask(int) const {
     return access(task_path_.c_str(), W_OK) == 0;
 }
 
+bool SetSchedulerPolicyAction::isNormalPolicy(int policy) {
+    return policy == SCHED_OTHER || policy == SCHED_BATCH || policy == SCHED_IDLE;
+}
+
+bool SetSchedulerPolicyAction::toPriority(int policy, int virtual_priority, int& priority_out) {
+    constexpr int VIRTUAL_PRIORITY_MIN = 1;
+    constexpr int VIRTUAL_PRIORITY_MAX = 99;
+
+    if (virtual_priority < VIRTUAL_PRIORITY_MIN || virtual_priority > VIRTUAL_PRIORITY_MAX) {
+        LOG(WARNING) << "SetSchedulerPolicy: invalid priority (" << virtual_priority
+                     << ") for policy (" << policy << ")";
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    const int min = sched_get_priority_min(policy);
+    if (min == -1) {
+        PLOG(ERROR) << "SetSchedulerPolicy: Cannot get min sched priority for policy " << policy;
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    const int max = sched_get_priority_max(policy);
+    if (max == -1) {
+        PLOG(ERROR) << "SetSchedulerPolicy: Cannot get max sched priority for policy " << policy;
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    priority_out = min + (virtual_priority - VIRTUAL_PRIORITY_MIN) * (max - min) /
+        (VIRTUAL_PRIORITY_MAX - VIRTUAL_PRIORITY_MIN);
+
+    return true;
+}
+
+bool SetSchedulerPolicyAction::ExecuteForTask(pid_t tid) const {
+    struct sched_param param = {};
+    param.sched_priority = isNormalPolicy(policy_) ? 0 : *priority_or_nice_;
+    if (sched_setscheduler(tid, policy_, &param) == -1) {
+        PLOG(WARNING) << "SetSchedulerPolicy: Failed to apply scheduler policy (" << policy_
+                      << ") with priority (" << *priority_or_nice_ << ") to tid " << tid;
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    if (isNormalPolicy(policy_) && priority_or_nice_ &&
+        setpriority(PRIO_PROCESS, tid, *priority_or_nice_) == -1) {
+        PLOG(WARNING) << "SetSchedulerPolicy: Failed to apply nice (" << *priority_or_nice_
+                      << ") to tid " << tid;
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    return true;
+}
+
 bool ApplyProfileAction::ExecuteForProcess(uid_t uid, pid_t pid) const {
     for (const auto& profile : profiles_) {
         profile->ExecuteForProcess(uid, pid);
@@ -628,7 +696,7 @@ bool ApplyProfileAction::ExecuteForProcess(uid_t uid, pid_t pid) const {
     return true;
 }
 
-bool ApplyProfileAction::ExecuteForTask(int tid) const {
+bool ApplyProfileAction::ExecuteForTask(pid_t tid) const {
     for (const auto& profile : profiles_) {
         profile->ExecuteForTask(tid);
     }
@@ -656,7 +724,7 @@ bool ApplyProfileAction::IsValidForProcess(uid_t uid, pid_t pid) const {
     return true;
 }
 
-bool ApplyProfileAction::IsValidForTask(int tid) const {
+bool ApplyProfileAction::IsValidForTask(pid_t tid) const {
     for (const auto& profile : profiles_) {
         if (!profile->IsValidForTask(tid)) {
             return false;
@@ -680,7 +748,7 @@ bool TaskProfile::ExecuteForProcess(uid_t uid, pid_t pid) const {
     return true;
 }
 
-bool TaskProfile::ExecuteForTask(int tid) const {
+bool TaskProfile::ExecuteForTask(pid_t tid) const {
     if (tid == 0) {
         tid = GetThreadId();
     }
@@ -734,7 +802,7 @@ bool TaskProfile::IsValidForProcess(uid_t uid, pid_t pid) const {
     return true;
 }
 
-bool TaskProfile::IsValidForTask(int tid) const {
+bool TaskProfile::IsValidForTask(pid_t tid) const {
     for (const auto& element : elements_) {
         if (!element->IsValidForTask(tid)) return false;
     }
@@ -816,7 +884,7 @@ bool TaskProfiles::Load(const CgroupMap& cg_map, const std::string& file_name) {
                 attributes_[name] =
                         std::make_unique<ProfileAttribute>(controller, file_attr, file_v2_attr);
             } else {
-                iter->second->Reset(controller, file_attr);
+                iter->second->Reset(controller, file_attr, file_v2_attr);
             }
         } else {
             LOG(WARNING) << "Controller " << controller_name << " is not found";
@@ -841,20 +909,22 @@ bool TaskProfiles::Load(const CgroupMap& cg_map, const std::string& file_name) {
 
                 auto controller = cg_map.FindController(controller_name);
                 if (controller.HasValue()) {
-                    profile->Add(std::make_unique<SetCgroupAction>(controller, path));
+                    if (controller.version() == 1) {
+                        profile->Add(std::make_unique<SetCgroupAction>(controller, path));
+                    } else {
+                        LOG(WARNING) << "A JoinCgroup action in the " << profile_name
+                                     << " profile is used for controller " << controller_name
+                                     << " in the cgroup v2 hierarchy and will be ignored";
+                    }
                 } else {
                     LOG(WARNING) << "JoinCgroup: controller " << controller_name << " is not found";
                 }
             } else if (action_name == "SetTimerSlack") {
-                std::string slack_value = params_val["Slack"].asString();
-                char* end;
-                unsigned long slack;
-
-                slack = strtoul(slack_value.c_str(), &end, 10);
-                if (end > slack_value.c_str()) {
+                const std::string slack_string = params_val["Slack"].asString();
+                if (long slack; android::base::ParseInt(slack_string, &slack) && slack >= 0) {
                     profile->Add(std::make_unique<SetTimerSlackAction>(slack));
                 } else {
-                    LOG(WARNING) << "SetTimerSlack: invalid parameter: " << slack_value;
+                    LOG(WARNING) << "SetTimerSlack: invalid parameter: " << slack_string;
                 }
             } else if (action_name == "SetAttribute") {
                 std::string attr_name = params_val["Name"].asString();
@@ -868,23 +938,6 @@ bool TaskProfiles::Load(const CgroupMap& cg_map, const std::string& file_name) {
                 } else {
                     LOG(WARNING) << "SetAttribute: unknown attribute: " << attr_name;
                 }
-            } else if (action_name == "SetClamps") {
-                std::string boost_value = params_val["Boost"].asString();
-                std::string clamp_value = params_val["Clamp"].asString();
-                char* end;
-                unsigned long boost;
-
-                boost = strtoul(boost_value.c_str(), &end, 10);
-                if (end > boost_value.c_str()) {
-                    unsigned long clamp = strtoul(clamp_value.c_str(), &end, 10);
-                    if (end > clamp_value.c_str()) {
-                        profile->Add(std::make_unique<SetClampsAction>(boost, clamp));
-                    } else {
-                        LOG(WARNING) << "SetClamps: invalid parameter " << clamp_value;
-                    }
-                } else {
-                    LOG(WARNING) << "SetClamps: invalid parameter: " << boost_value;
-                }
             } else if (action_name == "WriteFile") {
                 std::string attr_filepath = params_val["FilePath"].asString();
                 std::string attr_procfilepath = params_val["ProcFilePath"].asString();
@@ -902,6 +955,73 @@ bool TaskProfiles::Load(const CgroupMap& cg_map, const std::string& file_name) {
                     LOG(WARNING) << "WriteFile: invalid parameter: "
                                  << "empty value";
                 }
+            } else if (action_name == "SetSchedulerPolicy") {
+                const std::map<std::string, int> POLICY_MAP = {
+                    {"SCHED_OTHER", SCHED_OTHER},
+                    {"SCHED_BATCH", SCHED_BATCH},
+                    {"SCHED_IDLE", SCHED_IDLE},
+                    {"SCHED_FIFO", SCHED_FIFO},
+                    {"SCHED_RR", SCHED_RR},
+                };
+                const std::string policy_str = params_val["Policy"].asString();
+
+                const auto it = POLICY_MAP.find(policy_str);
+                if (it == POLICY_MAP.end()) {
+                    LOG(WARNING) << "SetSchedulerPolicy: invalid policy " << policy_str;
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                const int policy = it->second;
+
+                if (SetSchedulerPolicyAction::isNormalPolicy(policy)) {
+                    if (params_val.isMember("Priority")) {
+                        LOG(WARNING) << "SetSchedulerPolicy: Normal policies (" << policy_str
+                                     << ") use Nice values, not Priority values";
+                    }
+
+                    if (params_val.isMember("Nice")) {
+                        // If present, this optional value will be passed in an additional syscall
+                        // to setpriority(), since the sched_priority value must be 0 for calls to
+                        // sched_setscheduler() with "normal" policies.
+                        const std::string nice_string = params_val["Nice"].asString();
+                        int nice;
+                        if (!android::base::ParseInt(nice_string, &nice)) {
+                            LOG(FATAL) << "Invalid nice value specified: " << nice_string;
+                        }
+                        const int LINUX_MIN_NICE = -20;
+                        const int LINUX_MAX_NICE = 19;
+                        if (nice < LINUX_MIN_NICE || nice > LINUX_MAX_NICE) {
+                            LOG(WARNING) << "SetSchedulerPolicy: Provided nice (" << nice
+                                         << ") appears out of range.";
+                        }
+                        profile->Add(std::make_unique<SetSchedulerPolicyAction>(policy, nice));
+                    } else {
+                        profile->Add(std::make_unique<SetSchedulerPolicyAction>(policy));
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    if (params_val.isMember("Nice")) {
+                        LOG(WARNING) << "SetSchedulerPolicy: Real-time policies (" << policy_str
+                                     << ") use Priority values, not Nice values";
+                    }
+
+                    // This is a "virtual priority" as described by `man 2 sched_get_priority_min`
+                    // that will be mapped onto the following range for the provided policy:
+                    // [sched_get_priority_min(), sched_get_priority_max()]
+
+                    const std::string priority_string = params_val["Priority"].asString();
+                    if (long virtual_priority;
+                        android::base::ParseInt(priority_string, &virtual_priority) &&
+                        virtual_priority > 0) {
+                        int priority;
+                        if (SetSchedulerPolicyAction::toPriority(policy, virtual_priority,
+                                                                 priority)) {
+                            profile->Add(
+                                    std::make_unique<SetSchedulerPolicyAction>(policy, priority));
+                        }
+                    } else {
+                        LOG(WARNING) << "Invalid priority value: " << priority_string;
+                    }
+                }
             } else {
                 LOG(WARNING) << "Unknown profile action: " << action_name;
             }
@@ -1010,7 +1130,7 @@ bool TaskProfiles::SetProcessProfiles(uid_t uid, pid_t pid, std::span<const T> p
 }
 
 template <typename T>
-bool TaskProfiles::SetTaskProfiles(int tid, std::span<const T> profiles, bool use_fd_cache) {
+bool TaskProfiles::SetTaskProfiles(pid_t tid, std::span<const T> profiles, bool use_fd_cache) {
     bool success = true;
     for (const auto& name : profiles) {
         TaskProfile* profile = GetProfile(name);
@@ -1036,9 +1156,9 @@ template bool TaskProfiles::SetProcessProfiles(uid_t uid, pid_t pid,
 template bool TaskProfiles::SetProcessProfiles(uid_t uid, pid_t pid,
                                                std::span<const std::string_view> profiles,
                                                bool use_fd_cache);
-template bool TaskProfiles::SetTaskProfiles(int tid, std::span<const std::string> profiles,
+template bool TaskProfiles::SetTaskProfiles(pid_t tid, std::span<const std::string> profiles,
                                             bool use_fd_cache);
-template bool TaskProfiles::SetTaskProfiles(int tid, std::span<const std::string_view> profiles,
+template bool TaskProfiles::SetTaskProfiles(pid_t tid, std::span<const std::string_view> profiles,
                                             bool use_fd_cache);
 template bool TaskProfiles::SetUserProfiles(uid_t uid, std::span<const std::string> profiles,
                                             bool use_fd_cache);
diff --git a/libprocessgroup/task_profiles.h b/libprocessgroup/task_profiles.h
index a62c5b0a9e8c..b1d611514a4c 100644
--- a/libprocessgroup/task_profiles.h
+++ b/libprocessgroup/task_profiles.h
@@ -16,11 +16,12 @@
 
 #pragma once
 
-#include <sys/cdefs.h>
 #include <sys/types.h>
-#include <functional>
+
 #include <map>
+#include <memory>
 #include <mutex>
+#include <optional>
 #include <span>
 #include <string>
 #include <string_view>
@@ -32,10 +33,12 @@
 class IProfileAttribute {
   public:
     virtual ~IProfileAttribute() = 0;
-    virtual void Reset(const CgroupController& controller, const std::string& file_name) = 0;
-    virtual const CgroupController* controller() const = 0;
+    virtual void Reset(const CgroupControllerWrapper& controller, const std::string& file_name,
+                       const std::string& file_v2_name) = 0;
+    virtual const CgroupControllerWrapper* controller() const = 0;
     virtual const std::string& file_name() const = 0;
-    virtual bool GetPathForTask(int tid, std::string* path) const = 0;
+    virtual bool GetPathForProcess(uid_t uid, pid_t pid, std::string* path) const = 0;
+    virtual bool GetPathForTask(pid_t tid, std::string* path) const = 0;
     virtual bool GetPathForUID(uid_t uid, std::string* path) const = 0;
 };
 
@@ -44,20 +47,22 @@ class ProfileAttribute : public IProfileAttribute {
     // Cgroup attributes may have different names in the v1 and v2 hierarchies. If `file_v2_name` is
     // not empty, `file_name` is the name for the v1 hierarchy and `file_v2_name` is the name for
     // the v2 hierarchy. If `file_v2_name` is empty, `file_name` is used for both hierarchies.
-    ProfileAttribute(const CgroupController& controller, const std::string& file_name,
+    ProfileAttribute(const CgroupControllerWrapper& controller, const std::string& file_name,
                      const std::string& file_v2_name)
         : controller_(controller), file_name_(file_name), file_v2_name_(file_v2_name) {}
     ~ProfileAttribute() = default;
 
-    const CgroupController* controller() const override { return &controller_; }
-    const std::string& file_name() const override { return file_name_; }
-    void Reset(const CgroupController& controller, const std::string& file_name) override;
+    const CgroupControllerWrapper* controller() const override { return &controller_; }
+    const std::string& file_name() const override;
+    void Reset(const CgroupControllerWrapper& controller, const std::string& file_name,
+               const std::string& file_v2_name) override;
 
-    bool GetPathForTask(int tid, std::string* path) const override;
+    bool GetPathForProcess(uid_t uid, pid_t pid, std::string* path) const override;
+    bool GetPathForTask(pid_t tid, std::string* path) const override;
     bool GetPathForUID(uid_t uid, std::string* path) const override;
 
   private:
-    CgroupController controller_;
+    CgroupControllerWrapper controller_;
     std::string file_name_;
     std::string file_v2_name_;
 };
@@ -73,45 +78,30 @@ class ProfileAction {
 
     // Default implementations will fail
     virtual bool ExecuteForProcess(uid_t, pid_t) const { return false; }
-    virtual bool ExecuteForTask(int) const { return false; }
+    virtual bool ExecuteForTask(pid_t) const { return false; }
     virtual bool ExecuteForUID(uid_t) const { return false; }
 
     virtual void EnableResourceCaching(ResourceCacheType) {}
     virtual void DropResourceCaching(ResourceCacheType) {}
-    virtual bool IsValidForProcess(uid_t uid, pid_t pid) const { return false; }
-    virtual bool IsValidForTask(int tid) const { return false; }
+    virtual bool IsValidForProcess(uid_t, pid_t) const { return false; }
+    virtual bool IsValidForTask(pid_t) const { return false; }
 
   protected:
     enum CacheUseResult { SUCCESS, FAIL, UNUSED };
 };
 
 // Profile actions
-class SetClampsAction : public ProfileAction {
-  public:
-    SetClampsAction(int boost, int clamp) noexcept : boost_(boost), clamp_(clamp) {}
-
-    const char* Name() const override { return "SetClamps"; }
-    bool ExecuteForProcess(uid_t uid, pid_t pid) const override;
-    bool ExecuteForTask(int tid) const override;
-
-  protected:
-    int boost_;
-    int clamp_;
-};
-
 class SetTimerSlackAction : public ProfileAction {
   public:
     SetTimerSlackAction(unsigned long slack) noexcept : slack_(slack) {}
 
     const char* Name() const override { return "SetTimerSlack"; }
-    bool ExecuteForTask(int tid) const override;
-    bool IsValidForProcess(uid_t uid, pid_t pid) const override { return true; }
-    bool IsValidForTask(int tid) const override { return true; }
+    bool ExecuteForTask(pid_t tid) const override;
+    bool IsValidForProcess(uid_t, pid_t) const override { return true; }
+    bool IsValidForTask(pid_t) const override { return true; }
 
   private:
     unsigned long slack_;
-
-    static bool IsTimerSlackSupported(int tid);
 };
 
 // Set attribute profile element
@@ -122,39 +112,41 @@ class SetAttributeAction : public ProfileAction {
 
     const char* Name() const override { return "SetAttribute"; }
     bool ExecuteForProcess(uid_t uid, pid_t pid) const override;
-    bool ExecuteForTask(int tid) const override;
+    bool ExecuteForTask(pid_t tid) const override;
     bool ExecuteForUID(uid_t uid) const override;
     bool IsValidForProcess(uid_t uid, pid_t pid) const override;
-    bool IsValidForTask(int tid) const override;
+    bool IsValidForTask(pid_t tid) const override;
 
   private:
     const IProfileAttribute* attribute_;
     std::string value_;
     bool optional_;
+
+    bool WriteValueToFile(const std::string& path) const;
 };
 
 // Set cgroup profile element
 class SetCgroupAction : public ProfileAction {
   public:
-    SetCgroupAction(const CgroupController& c, const std::string& p);
+    SetCgroupAction(const CgroupControllerWrapper& c, const std::string& p);
 
     const char* Name() const override { return "SetCgroup"; }
     bool ExecuteForProcess(uid_t uid, pid_t pid) const override;
-    bool ExecuteForTask(int tid) const override;
+    bool ExecuteForTask(pid_t tid) const override;
     void EnableResourceCaching(ResourceCacheType cache_type) override;
     void DropResourceCaching(ResourceCacheType cache_type) override;
     bool IsValidForProcess(uid_t uid, pid_t pid) const override;
-    bool IsValidForTask(int tid) const override;
+    bool IsValidForTask(pid_t tid) const override;
 
-    const CgroupController* controller() const { return &controller_; }
+    const CgroupControllerWrapper* controller() const { return &controller_; }
 
   private:
-    CgroupController controller_;
+    CgroupControllerWrapper controller_;
     std::string path_;
     android::base::unique_fd fd_[ProfileAction::RCT_COUNT];
     mutable std::mutex fd_mutex_;
 
-    static bool AddTidToCgroup(int tid, int fd, const char* controller_name);
+    bool AddTidToCgroup(pid_t tid, int fd, ResourceCacheType cache_type) const;
     CacheUseResult UseCachedFd(ResourceCacheType cache_type, int id) const;
 };
 
@@ -166,11 +158,11 @@ class WriteFileAction : public ProfileAction {
 
     const char* Name() const override { return "WriteFile"; }
     bool ExecuteForProcess(uid_t uid, pid_t pid) const override;
-    bool ExecuteForTask(int tid) const override;
+    bool ExecuteForTask(pid_t tid) const override;
     void EnableResourceCaching(ResourceCacheType cache_type) override;
     void DropResourceCaching(ResourceCacheType cache_type) override;
     bool IsValidForProcess(uid_t uid, pid_t pid) const override;
-    bool IsValidForTask(int tid) const override;
+    bool IsValidForTask(pid_t tid) const override;
 
   private:
     std::string task_path_, proc_path_, value_;
@@ -178,11 +170,30 @@ class WriteFileAction : public ProfileAction {
     android::base::unique_fd fd_[ProfileAction::RCT_COUNT];
     mutable std::mutex fd_mutex_;
 
-    bool WriteValueToFile(const std::string& value, ResourceCacheType cache_type, int uid, int pid,
-                          bool logfailures) const;
+    bool WriteValueToFile(const std::string& value, ResourceCacheType cache_type, uid_t uid,
+                          pid_t pid, bool logfailures) const;
     CacheUseResult UseCachedFd(ResourceCacheType cache_type, const std::string& value) const;
 };
 
+// Set scheduler policy action
+class SetSchedulerPolicyAction : public ProfileAction {
+  public:
+    SetSchedulerPolicyAction(int policy)
+        : policy_(policy) {}
+    SetSchedulerPolicyAction(int policy, int priority_or_nice)
+        : policy_(policy), priority_or_nice_(priority_or_nice) {}
+
+    const char* Name() const override { return "SetSchedulerPolicy"; }
+    bool ExecuteForTask(pid_t tid) const override;
+
+    static bool isNormalPolicy(int policy);
+    static bool toPriority(int policy, int virtual_priority, int& priority_out);
+
+  private:
+    int policy_;
+    std::optional<int> priority_or_nice_;
+};
+
 class TaskProfile {
   public:
     TaskProfile(const std::string& name) : name_(name), res_cached_(false) {}
@@ -192,12 +203,12 @@ class TaskProfile {
     void MoveTo(TaskProfile* profile);
 
     bool ExecuteForProcess(uid_t uid, pid_t pid) const;
-    bool ExecuteForTask(int tid) const;
+    bool ExecuteForTask(pid_t tid) const;
     bool ExecuteForUID(uid_t uid) const;
     void EnableResourceCaching(ProfileAction::ResourceCacheType cache_type);
     void DropResourceCaching(ProfileAction::ResourceCacheType cache_type);
     bool IsValidForProcess(uid_t uid, pid_t pid) const;
-    bool IsValidForTask(int tid) const;
+    bool IsValidForTask(pid_t tid) const;
 
   private:
     const std::string name_;
@@ -213,11 +224,11 @@ class ApplyProfileAction : public ProfileAction {
 
     const char* Name() const override { return "ApplyProfileAction"; }
     bool ExecuteForProcess(uid_t uid, pid_t pid) const override;
-    bool ExecuteForTask(int tid) const override;
+    bool ExecuteForTask(pid_t tid) const override;
     void EnableResourceCaching(ProfileAction::ResourceCacheType cache_type) override;
     void DropResourceCaching(ProfileAction::ResourceCacheType cache_type) override;
     bool IsValidForProcess(uid_t uid, pid_t pid) const override;
-    bool IsValidForTask(int tid) const override;
+    bool IsValidForTask(pid_t tid) const override;
 
   private:
     std::vector<std::shared_ptr<TaskProfile>> profiles_;
@@ -234,7 +245,7 @@ class TaskProfiles {
     template <typename T>
     bool SetProcessProfiles(uid_t uid, pid_t pid, std::span<const T> profiles, bool use_fd_cache);
     template <typename T>
-    bool SetTaskProfiles(int tid, std::span<const T> profiles, bool use_fd_cache);
+    bool SetTaskProfiles(pid_t tid, std::span<const T> profiles, bool use_fd_cache);
     template <typename T>
     bool SetUserProfiles(uid_t uid, std::span<const T> profiles, bool use_fd_cache);
 
@@ -246,3 +257,6 @@ class TaskProfiles {
     std::map<std::string, std::shared_ptr<TaskProfile>, std::less<>> profiles_;
     std::map<std::string, std::unique_ptr<IProfileAttribute>, std::less<>> attributes_;
 };
+
+std::string ConvertUidToPath(const char* root_cgroup_path, uid_t uid, bool v2_path);
+std::string ConvertUidPidToPath(const char* root_cgroup_path, uid_t uid, pid_t pid, bool v2_path);
diff --git a/libprocessgroup/task_profiles_test.cpp b/libprocessgroup/task_profiles_test.cpp
index eadbe7697b07..dff6d677e16a 100644
--- a/libprocessgroup/task_profiles_test.cpp
+++ b/libprocessgroup/task_profiles_test.cpp
@@ -102,17 +102,20 @@ class ProfileAttributeMock : public IProfileAttribute {
   public:
     ProfileAttributeMock(const std::string& file_name) : file_name_(file_name) {}
     ~ProfileAttributeMock() override = default;
-    void Reset(const CgroupController& controller, const std::string& file_name) override {
+    void Reset(const CgroupControllerWrapper&, const std::string&, const std::string&) override {
         CHECK(false);
     }
-    const CgroupController* controller() const override {
+    const CgroupControllerWrapper* controller() const override {
         CHECK(false);
         return {};
     }
     const std::string& file_name() const override { return file_name_; }
-    bool GetPathForTask(int tid, std::string* path) const override {
+    bool GetPathForProcess(uid_t, pid_t pid, std::string* path) const override {
+        return GetPathForTask(pid, path);
+    }
+    bool GetPathForTask(int, std::string* path) const override {
 #ifdef __ANDROID__
-        CHECK(CgroupGetControllerPath(CGROUPV2_CONTROLLER_NAME, path));
+        CHECK(CgroupGetControllerPath(CGROUPV2_HIERARCHY_NAME, path));
         CHECK_GT(path->length(), 0);
         if (path->rbegin()[0] != '/') {
             *path += "/";
@@ -125,9 +128,7 @@ class ProfileAttributeMock : public IProfileAttribute {
         return true;
     };
 
-    bool GetPathForUID(uid_t, std::string*) const override {
-        return false;
-    }
+    bool GetPathForUID(uid_t, std::string*) const override { return false; }
 
   private:
     const std::string file_name_;
diff --git a/libprocessgroup/util/Android.bp b/libprocessgroup/util/Android.bp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..266a53f1e49b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libprocessgroup/util/Android.bp
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+//
+// Copyright (C) 2019 The Android Open Source Project
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+//
+
+package {
+    default_team: "trendy_team_android_kernel",
+    default_applicable_licenses: ["Android-Apache-2.0"],
+}
+
+cc_library_static {
+    name: "libprocessgroup_util",
+    cpp_std: "gnu++23",
+    vendor_available: true,
+    product_available: true,
+    ramdisk_available: true,
+    vendor_ramdisk_available: true,
+    recovery_available: true,
+    host_supported: true,
+    native_bridge_supported: true,
+    apex_available: [
+        "//apex_available:platform",
+        "//apex_available:anyapex",
+    ],
+    min_sdk_version: "30",
+    export_include_dirs: [
+        "include",
+    ],
+    srcs: [
+        "cgroup_controller.cpp",
+        "cgroup_descriptor.cpp",
+        "util.cpp",
+    ],
+    shared_libs: [
+        "libbase",
+    ],
+    static_libs: [
+        "libjsoncpp",
+    ],
+}
+
+cc_test {
+    name: "libprocessgroup_util_test",
+    static_libs: ["libprocessgroup_util"],
+    srcs: ["tests/util.cpp"],
+    test_suites: ["general-tests"],
+}
diff --git a/libprocessgroup/util/OWNERS b/libprocessgroup/util/OWNERS
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..54ea4001e769
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libprocessgroup/util/OWNERS
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+# Bug component: 1293033
+surenb@google.com
+tjmercier@google.com
diff --git a/libprocessgroup/util/TEST_MAPPING b/libprocessgroup/util/TEST_MAPPING
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..6ae2658ce9f4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libprocessgroup/util/TEST_MAPPING
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+{
+  "postsubmit": [
+    {
+      "name": "libprocessgroup_util_test"
+    }
+  ]
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/libprocessgroup/cgrouprc_format/cgroup_controller.cpp b/libprocessgroup/util/cgroup_controller.cpp
similarity index 75%
rename from libprocessgroup/cgrouprc_format/cgroup_controller.cpp
rename to libprocessgroup/util/cgroup_controller.cpp
index 202b23eed30a..fb4168075db5 100644
--- a/libprocessgroup/cgrouprc_format/cgroup_controller.cpp
+++ b/libprocessgroup/util/cgroup_controller.cpp
@@ -14,25 +14,16 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
-#include <processgroup/format/cgroup_controller.h>
+#include <processgroup/cgroup_controller.h>
 
-namespace android {
-namespace cgrouprc {
-namespace format {
-
-CgroupController::CgroupController() : version_(0), flags_(0) {
-    memset(name_, 0, sizeof(name_));
-    memset(path_, 0, sizeof(path_));
-}
+#include <cstring>
 
 CgroupController::CgroupController(uint32_t version, uint32_t flags, const std::string& name,
-                                   const std::string& path)
-    : CgroupController() {
+                                   const std::string& path, uint32_t max_activation_depth)
+    : version_(version), flags_(flags), max_activation_depth_(max_activation_depth) {
     // strlcpy isn't available on host. Although there is an implementation
     // in licutils, libcutils itself depends on libcgrouprc_format, causing
     // a circular dependency.
-    version_ = version;
-    flags_ = flags;
     strncpy(name_, name.c_str(), sizeof(name_) - 1);
     name_[sizeof(name_) - 1] = '\0';
     strncpy(path_, path.c_str(), sizeof(path_) - 1);
@@ -47,6 +38,10 @@ uint32_t CgroupController::flags() const {
     return flags_;
 }
 
+uint32_t CgroupController::max_activation_depth() const {
+    return max_activation_depth_;
+}
+
 const char* CgroupController::name() const {
     return name_;
 }
@@ -57,8 +52,4 @@ const char* CgroupController::path() const {
 
 void CgroupController::set_flags(uint32_t flags) {
     flags_ = flags;
-}
-
-}  // namespace format
-}  // namespace cgrouprc
-}  // namespace android
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/libprocessgroup/util/cgroup_descriptor.cpp b/libprocessgroup/util/cgroup_descriptor.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..4d3347f348f0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libprocessgroup/util/cgroup_descriptor.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2024 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include <processgroup/cgroup_descriptor.h>
+
+#include <processgroup/util.h>  // For flag values
+
+CgroupDescriptor::CgroupDescriptor(uint32_t version, const std::string& name,
+                                   const std::string& path, mode_t mode, const std::string& uid,
+                                   const std::string& gid, uint32_t flags,
+                                   uint32_t max_activation_depth)
+    : controller_(version, flags, name, path, max_activation_depth),
+      mode_(mode),
+      uid_(uid),
+      gid_(gid) {}
+
+void CgroupDescriptor::set_mounted(bool mounted) {
+    uint32_t flags = controller_.flags();
+    if (mounted) {
+        flags |= CGROUPRC_CONTROLLER_FLAG_MOUNTED;
+    } else {
+        flags &= ~CGROUPRC_CONTROLLER_FLAG_MOUNTED;
+    }
+    controller_.set_flags(flags);
+}
diff --git a/libprocessgroup/cgrouprc_format/include/processgroup/format/cgroup_controller.h b/libprocessgroup/util/include/processgroup/cgroup_controller.h
similarity index 71%
rename from libprocessgroup/cgrouprc_format/include/processgroup/format/cgroup_controller.h
rename to libprocessgroup/util/include/processgroup/cgroup_controller.h
index 40d85480b204..fe6a829a0e83 100644
--- a/libprocessgroup/cgrouprc_format/include/processgroup/format/cgroup_controller.h
+++ b/libprocessgroup/util/include/processgroup/cgroup_controller.h
@@ -16,22 +16,20 @@
 
 #pragma once
 
-#include <stdint.h>
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <cstdint>
 #include <string>
 
-namespace android {
-namespace cgrouprc {
-namespace format {
-
-// Minimal controller description to be mmapped into process address space
+// Minimal controller description
 struct CgroupController {
   public:
-    CgroupController();
+    CgroupController() = default;
     CgroupController(uint32_t version, uint32_t flags, const std::string& name,
-                     const std::string& path);
+                     const std::string& path, uint32_t max_activation_depth);
 
     uint32_t version() const;
     uint32_t flags() const;
+    uint32_t max_activation_depth() const;
     const char* name() const;
     const char* path() const;
 
@@ -41,12 +39,9 @@ struct CgroupController {
     static constexpr size_t CGROUP_NAME_BUF_SZ = 16;
     static constexpr size_t CGROUP_PATH_BUF_SZ = 32;
 
-    uint32_t version_;
-    uint32_t flags_;
-    char name_[CGROUP_NAME_BUF_SZ];
-    char path_[CGROUP_PATH_BUF_SZ];
-};
-
-}  // namespace format
-}  // namespace cgrouprc
-}  // namespace android
+    uint32_t version_ = 0;
+    uint32_t flags_ = 0;
+    uint32_t max_activation_depth_ = UINT32_MAX;
+    char name_[CGROUP_NAME_BUF_SZ] = {};
+    char path_[CGROUP_PATH_BUF_SZ] = {};
+};
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/libprocessgroup/util/include/processgroup/cgroup_descriptor.h b/libprocessgroup/util/include/processgroup/cgroup_descriptor.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..1afd2ee9ceb4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libprocessgroup/util/include/processgroup/cgroup_descriptor.h
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2019 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <string>
+
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+
+#include <processgroup/cgroup_controller.h>
+
+// Complete controller description for mounting cgroups
+class CgroupDescriptor {
+  public:
+    CgroupDescriptor(uint32_t version, const std::string& name, const std::string& path,
+                     mode_t mode, const std::string& uid, const std::string& gid, uint32_t flags,
+                     uint32_t max_activation_depth);
+
+    const CgroupController* controller() const { return &controller_; }
+    mode_t mode() const { return mode_; }
+    std::string uid() const { return uid_; }
+    std::string gid() const { return gid_; }
+
+    void set_mounted(bool mounted);
+
+  private:
+    CgroupController controller_;
+    mode_t mode_ = 0;
+    std::string uid_;
+    std::string gid_;
+};
diff --git a/libprocessgroup/util/include/processgroup/util.h b/libprocessgroup/util/include/processgroup/util.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..2c7b32926754
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libprocessgroup/util/include/processgroup/util.h
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2024 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <map>
+#include <string>
+
+#include "cgroup_descriptor.h"
+
+// Duplicated from cgrouprc.h. Don't depend on libcgrouprc here.
+#define CGROUPRC_CONTROLLER_FLAG_MOUNTED 0x1
+#define CGROUPRC_CONTROLLER_FLAG_NEEDS_ACTIVATION 0x2
+#define CGROUPRC_CONTROLLER_FLAG_OPTIONAL 0x4
+
+unsigned int GetCgroupDepth(const std::string& controller_root, const std::string& cgroup_path);
+
+using CgroupControllerName = std::string;
+using CgroupDescriptorMap = std::map<CgroupControllerName, CgroupDescriptor>;
+bool ReadDescriptors(CgroupDescriptorMap* descriptors);
+
+bool ActivateControllers(const std::string& path, const CgroupDescriptorMap& descriptors);
diff --git a/libprocessgroup/util/tests/util.cpp b/libprocessgroup/util/tests/util.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..6caef8ee3910
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libprocessgroup/util/tests/util.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2024 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include <processgroup/util.h>
+
+#include "gtest/gtest.h"
+
+TEST(EmptyInputs, bothEmpty) {
+    EXPECT_EQ(GetCgroupDepth({}, {}), 0);
+}
+
+TEST(EmptyInputs, rootEmpty) {
+    EXPECT_EQ(GetCgroupDepth({}, "foo"), 0);
+}
+
+TEST(EmptyInputs, pathEmpty) {
+    EXPECT_EQ(GetCgroupDepth("foo", {}), 0);
+}
+
+TEST(InvalidInputs, pathNotInRoot) {
+    EXPECT_EQ(GetCgroupDepth("foo", "bar"), 0);
+}
+
+TEST(InvalidInputs, rootLargerThanPath) {
+    EXPECT_EQ(GetCgroupDepth("/a/long/path", "/short"), 0);
+}
+
+TEST(InvalidInputs, pathLargerThanRoot) {
+    EXPECT_EQ(GetCgroupDepth("/short", "/a/long/path"), 0);
+}
+
+TEST(InvalidInputs, missingSeparator) {
+    EXPECT_EQ(GetCgroupDepth("/controller/root", "/controller/rootcgroup"), 0);
+}
+
+TEST(ExtraSeparators, root) {
+    EXPECT_EQ(GetCgroupDepth("///sys/fs/cgroup", "/sys/fs/cgroup/a/b/c"), 3);
+    EXPECT_EQ(GetCgroupDepth("/sys///fs/cgroup", "/sys/fs/cgroup/a/b/c"), 3);
+    EXPECT_EQ(GetCgroupDepth("/sys/fs///cgroup", "/sys/fs/cgroup/a/b/c"), 3);
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(GetCgroupDepth("/sys/fs/cgroup", "///sys/fs/cgroup/a/b/c"), 3);
+    EXPECT_EQ(GetCgroupDepth("/sys/fs/cgroup", "/sys///fs/cgroup/a/b/c"), 3);
+    EXPECT_EQ(GetCgroupDepth("/sys/fs/cgroup", "/sys/fs///cgroup/a/b/c"), 3);
+    EXPECT_EQ(GetCgroupDepth("/sys/fs/cgroup", "/sys/fs/cgroup///a/b/c"), 3);
+    EXPECT_EQ(GetCgroupDepth("/sys/fs/cgroup", "/sys/fs/cgroup/a///b/c"), 3);
+    EXPECT_EQ(GetCgroupDepth("/sys/fs/cgroup", "/sys/fs/cgroup/a/b///c"), 3);
+}
+
+TEST(SeparatorEndings, rootEndsInSeparator) {
+    EXPECT_EQ(GetCgroupDepth("/sys/fs/cgroup/", "/sys/fs/cgroup/a/b"), 2);
+    EXPECT_EQ(GetCgroupDepth("/sys/fs/cgroup///", "/sys/fs/cgroup/a/b"), 2);
+    EXPECT_EQ(GetCgroupDepth("/sys/fs/cgroup/", "/sys/fs/cgroup/a/b/"), 2);
+    EXPECT_EQ(GetCgroupDepth("/sys/fs/cgroup///", "/sys/fs/cgroup/a/b/"), 2);
+}
+
+TEST(SeparatorEndings, pathEndsInSeparator) {
+    EXPECT_EQ(GetCgroupDepth("/sys/fs/cgroup", "/sys/fs/cgroup/a/b/"), 2);
+    EXPECT_EQ(GetCgroupDepth("/sys/fs/cgroup", "/sys/fs/cgroup/a/b///"), 2);
+    EXPECT_EQ(GetCgroupDepth("/sys/fs/cgroup/", "/sys/fs/cgroup/a/b/"), 2);
+    EXPECT_EQ(GetCgroupDepth("/sys/fs/cgroup/", "/sys/fs/cgroup/a/b///"), 2);
+}
+
+TEST(ValidInputs, rootHasZeroDepth) {
+    EXPECT_EQ(GetCgroupDepth("/sys/fs/cgroup", "/sys/fs/cgroup"), 0);
+    EXPECT_EQ(GetCgroupDepth("/sys/fs/cgroup/", "/sys/fs/cgroup"), 0);
+    EXPECT_EQ(GetCgroupDepth("/sys/fs/cgroup", "/sys/fs/cgroup/"), 0);
+    EXPECT_EQ(GetCgroupDepth("/sys/fs/cgroup/", "/sys/fs/cgroup/"), 0);
+}
+
+TEST(ValidInputs, atLeastDepth10) {
+    EXPECT_EQ(GetCgroupDepth("/sys/fs/cgroup", "/sys/fs/cgroup/a/b/c/d/e/f/g/h/i/j"), 10);
+}
+
+TEST(ValidInputs, androidCgroupNames) {
+    EXPECT_EQ(GetCgroupDepth("/sys/fs/cgroup", "/sys/fs/cgroup/system/uid_0/pid_1000"), 3);
+    EXPECT_EQ(GetCgroupDepth("/sys/fs/cgroup", "/sys/fs/cgroup/uid_0/pid_1000"), 2);
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(GetCgroupDepth("/sys/fs/cgroup", "/sys/fs/cgroup/apps/uid_100000/pid_1000"), 3);
+    EXPECT_EQ(GetCgroupDepth("/sys/fs/cgroup", "/sys/fs/cgroup/uid_100000/pid_1000"), 2);
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(GetCgroupDepth("/sys/fs/cgroup", "/sys/fs/cgroup/apps"), 1);
+    EXPECT_EQ(GetCgroupDepth("/sys/fs/cgroup", "/sys/fs/cgroup/system"), 1);
+}
+
+TEST(ValidInputs, androidCgroupNames_nonDefaultRoot) {
+    EXPECT_EQ(GetCgroupDepth("/custom/root", "/custom/root/system/uid_0/pid_1000"), 3);
+    EXPECT_EQ(GetCgroupDepth("/custom/root", "/custom/root/uid_0/pid_1000"), 2);
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(GetCgroupDepth("/custom/root", "/custom/root/apps/uid_100000/pid_1000"), 3);
+    EXPECT_EQ(GetCgroupDepth("/custom/root", "/custom/root/uid_100000/pid_1000"), 2);
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(GetCgroupDepth("/custom/root", "/custom/root/apps"), 1);
+    EXPECT_EQ(GetCgroupDepth("/custom/root", "/custom/root/system"), 1);
+}
diff --git a/libprocessgroup/util/util.cpp b/libprocessgroup/util/util.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..c772bc5e4982
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libprocessgroup/util/util.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,256 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2024 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include <processgroup/util.h>
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <iterator>
+#include <optional>
+#include <string_view>
+
+#include <mntent.h>
+
+#include <android-base/file.h>
+#include <android-base/logging.h>
+#include <android-base/properties.h>
+#include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
+#include <json/reader.h>
+#include <json/value.h>
+
+#include "../build_flags.h"
+#include "../internal.h"
+
+using android::base::GetUintProperty;
+
+namespace {
+
+constexpr const char* CGROUPS_DESC_FILE = "/etc/cgroups.json";
+constexpr const char* CGROUPS_DESC_VENDOR_FILE = "/vendor/etc/cgroups.json";
+constexpr const char* TEMPLATE_CGROUPS_DESC_API_FILE = "/etc/task_profiles/cgroups_%u.json";
+
+// This should match the publicly declared value in processgroup.h,
+// but we don't want this library to depend on libprocessgroup.
+constexpr std::string CGROUPV2_HIERARCHY_NAME_INTERNAL = "cgroup2";
+
+const char SEP = '/';
+
+std::string DeduplicateAndTrimSeparators(const std::string& path) {
+    bool lastWasSep = false;
+    std::string ret;
+
+    std::copy_if(path.begin(), path.end(), std::back_inserter(ret), [&lastWasSep](char c) {
+        if (lastWasSep) {
+            if (c == SEP) return false;
+            lastWasSep = false;
+        } else if (c == SEP) {
+            lastWasSep = true;
+        }
+        return true;
+    });
+
+    if (ret.length() > 1 && ret.back() == SEP) ret.pop_back();
+
+    return ret;
+}
+
+void MergeCgroupToDescriptors(CgroupDescriptorMap* descriptors, const Json::Value& cgroup,
+                              const std::string& name, const std::string& root_path,
+                              int cgroups_version) {
+    const std::string cgroup_path = cgroup["Path"].asString();
+    std::string path;
+
+    if (!root_path.empty()) {
+        path = root_path;
+        if (cgroup_path != ".") {
+            path += "/";
+            path += cgroup_path;
+        }
+    } else {
+        path = cgroup_path;
+    }
+
+    uint32_t controller_flags = 0;
+
+    if (cgroup["NeedsActivation"].isBool() && cgroup["NeedsActivation"].asBool()) {
+        controller_flags |= CGROUPRC_CONTROLLER_FLAG_NEEDS_ACTIVATION;
+    }
+
+    if (cgroup["Optional"].isBool() && cgroup["Optional"].asBool()) {
+        controller_flags |= CGROUPRC_CONTROLLER_FLAG_OPTIONAL;
+    }
+
+    uint32_t max_activation_depth = UINT32_MAX;
+    if (cgroup.isMember("MaxActivationDepth")) {
+        max_activation_depth = cgroup["MaxActivationDepth"].asUInt();
+    }
+
+    CgroupDescriptor descriptor(
+            cgroups_version, name, path, std::strtoul(cgroup["Mode"].asString().c_str(), 0, 8),
+            cgroup["UID"].asString(), cgroup["GID"].asString(), controller_flags,
+            max_activation_depth);
+
+    auto iter = descriptors->find(name);
+    if (iter == descriptors->end()) {
+        descriptors->emplace(name, descriptor);
+    } else {
+        iter->second = descriptor;
+    }
+}
+
+bool ReadDescriptorsFromFile(const std::string& file_name, CgroupDescriptorMap* descriptors) {
+    std::vector<CgroupDescriptor> result;
+    std::string json_doc;
+
+    if (!android::base::ReadFileToString(file_name, &json_doc)) {
+        PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to read task profiles from " << file_name;
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    Json::CharReaderBuilder builder;
+    std::unique_ptr<Json::CharReader> reader(builder.newCharReader());
+    Json::Value root;
+    std::string errorMessage;
+    if (!reader->parse(&*json_doc.begin(), &*json_doc.end(), &root, &errorMessage)) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to parse cgroups description: " << errorMessage;
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    if (root.isMember("Cgroups")) {
+        const Json::Value& cgroups = root["Cgroups"];
+        for (Json::Value::ArrayIndex i = 0; i < cgroups.size(); ++i) {
+            std::string name = cgroups[i]["Controller"].asString();
+            MergeCgroupToDescriptors(descriptors, cgroups[i], name, "", 1);
+        }
+    }
+
+    std::string root_path;
+    if (root.isMember("Cgroups2")) {
+        const Json::Value& cgroups2 = root["Cgroups2"];
+        root_path = cgroups2["Path"].asString();
+        MergeCgroupToDescriptors(descriptors, cgroups2, CGROUPV2_HIERARCHY_NAME_INTERNAL, "", 2);
+
+        const Json::Value& childGroups = cgroups2["Controllers"];
+        for (Json::Value::ArrayIndex i = 0; i < childGroups.size(); ++i) {
+            std::string name = childGroups[i]["Controller"].asString();
+            MergeCgroupToDescriptors(descriptors, childGroups[i], name, root_path, 2);
+        }
+    }
+
+    return true;
+}
+
+using MountDir = std::string;
+using MountOpts = std::string;
+static std::optional<std::map<MountDir, MountOpts>> ReadCgroupV1Mounts() {
+    FILE* fp = setmntent("/proc/mounts", "r");
+    if (fp == nullptr) {
+        PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to read mounts";
+        return std::nullopt;
+    }
+
+    std::map<MountDir, MountOpts> mounts;
+    const std::string_view CGROUP_V1_TYPE = "cgroup";
+    for (mntent* mentry = getmntent(fp); mentry != nullptr; mentry = getmntent(fp)) {
+        if (mentry->mnt_type && CGROUP_V1_TYPE == mentry->mnt_type &&
+            mentry->mnt_dir && mentry->mnt_opts) {
+            mounts[mentry->mnt_dir] = mentry->mnt_opts;
+        }
+    }
+    endmntent(fp);
+
+    return mounts;
+}
+
+}  // anonymous namespace
+
+
+unsigned int GetCgroupDepth(const std::string& controller_root, const std::string& cgroup_path) {
+    const std::string deduped_root = DeduplicateAndTrimSeparators(controller_root);
+    const std::string deduped_path = DeduplicateAndTrimSeparators(cgroup_path);
+
+    if (deduped_root.empty() || deduped_path.empty() || !deduped_path.starts_with(deduped_root))
+        return 0;
+
+    return std::count(deduped_path.begin() + deduped_root.size(), deduped_path.end(), SEP);
+}
+
+bool ReadDescriptors(CgroupDescriptorMap* descriptors) {
+    // load system cgroup descriptors
+    if (!ReadDescriptorsFromFile(CGROUPS_DESC_FILE, descriptors)) {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    // load API-level specific system cgroups descriptors if available
+    unsigned int api_level = GetUintProperty<unsigned int>("ro.product.first_api_level", 0);
+    if (api_level > 0) {
+        std::string api_cgroups_path =
+                android::base::StringPrintf(TEMPLATE_CGROUPS_DESC_API_FILE, api_level);
+        if (!access(api_cgroups_path.c_str(), F_OK) || errno != ENOENT) {
+            if (!ReadDescriptorsFromFile(api_cgroups_path, descriptors)) {
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // load vendor cgroup descriptors if the file exists
+    if (!access(CGROUPS_DESC_VENDOR_FILE, F_OK) &&
+        !ReadDescriptorsFromFile(CGROUPS_DESC_VENDOR_FILE, descriptors)) {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    // check for v1 mount/usability status
+    std::optional<std::map<MountDir, MountOpts>> v1Mounts;
+    for (auto& [name, descriptor] : *descriptors) {
+        const CgroupController* const controller = descriptor.controller();
+
+        if (controller->version() != 1) continue;
+
+        // Read only once, and only if we have at least one v1 controller
+        if (!v1Mounts) {
+            v1Mounts = ReadCgroupV1Mounts();
+            if (!v1Mounts) return false;
+        }
+
+        if (const auto it = v1Mounts->find(controller->path()); it != v1Mounts->end()) {
+            if (it->second.contains(controller->name())) descriptor.set_mounted(true);
+        }
+    }
+
+    return true;
+}
+
+bool ActivateControllers(const std::string& path, const CgroupDescriptorMap& descriptors) {
+    for (const auto& [name, descriptor] : descriptors) {
+        const uint32_t flags = descriptor.controller()->flags();
+        const uint32_t max_activation_depth = descriptor.controller()->max_activation_depth();
+        const unsigned int depth = GetCgroupDepth(descriptor.controller()->path(), path);
+
+        if (flags & CGROUPRC_CONTROLLER_FLAG_NEEDS_ACTIVATION && depth < max_activation_depth) {
+            std::string str("+");
+            str.append(descriptor.controller()->name());
+            if (!android::base::WriteStringToFile(str, path + "/cgroup.subtree_control")) {
+                if (flags & CGROUPRC_CONTROLLER_FLAG_OPTIONAL) {
+                    PLOG(WARNING) << "Activation of cgroup controller " << str
+                                  << " failed in path " << path;
+                } else {
+                    return false;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
diff --git a/libprocessgroup/vts/Android.bp b/libprocessgroup/vts/Android.bp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..1ec49a45fc7a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libprocessgroup/vts/Android.bp
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+package {
+    default_applicable_licenses: ["Android-Apache-2.0"],
+}
+
+cc_test {
+    name: "vts_libprocessgroup",
+    srcs: ["vts_libprocessgroup.cpp"],
+    shared_libs: ["libbase"],
+    static_libs: ["libgmock"],
+    require_root: true,
+    test_suites: [
+        "general-tests",
+        "vts",
+    ],
+}
diff --git a/libprocessgroup/vts/vts_libprocessgroup.cpp b/libprocessgroup/vts/vts_libprocessgroup.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..e51fa3daae47
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libprocessgroup/vts/vts_libprocessgroup.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,138 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2025 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include <cerrno>
+#include <cstdio>
+#include <filesystem>
+#include <iostream>
+#include <optional>
+#include <random>
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include <android-base/file.h>
+#include <android-base/strings.h>
+using android::base::ReadFileToString;
+using android::base::Split;
+using android::base::WriteStringToFile;
+
+#include <gmock/gmock.h>
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+
+namespace {
+
+const std::string CGROUP_V2_ROOT_PATH = "/sys/fs/cgroup";
+
+std::optional<bool> isMemcgV2Enabled() {
+    if (std::string proc_cgroups; ReadFileToString("/proc/cgroups", &proc_cgroups)) {
+        const std::vector<std::string> lines = Split(proc_cgroups, "\n");
+        for (const std::string& line : lines) {
+            if (line.starts_with("memory")) {
+                const bool enabled = line.back() == '1';
+                if (!enabled) return false;
+
+                const std::vector<std::string> memcg_tokens = Split(line, "\t");
+                return memcg_tokens[1] == "0";  // 0 == default hierarchy == v2
+            }
+        }
+        // We know for sure it's not enabled, either because it is mounted as v1 (cgroups.json
+        // override) which would be detected above, or because it was intentionally disabled via
+        // kernel command line (cgroup_disable=memory), or because it's not built in to the kernel
+        // (CONFIG_MEMCG is not set).
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    // Problems accessing /proc/cgroups (sepolicy?) Try checking the root cgroup.controllers file.
+    perror("Warning: Could not read /proc/cgroups");
+    if (std::string controllers;
+        ReadFileToString(CGROUP_V2_ROOT_PATH + "/cgroup.controllers", &controllers)) {
+        return controllers.find("memory") != std::string::npos;
+    }
+
+    std::cerr << "Error: Could not read " << CGROUP_V2_ROOT_PATH
+              << "/cgroup.controllers: " << std::strerror(errno) << std::endl;
+    return std::nullopt;
+}
+
+std::optional<bool> checkRootSubtreeState() {
+    if (std::string controllers;
+        ReadFileToString(CGROUP_V2_ROOT_PATH + "/cgroup.subtree_control", &controllers)) {
+        return controllers.find("memory") != std::string::npos;
+    }
+    std::cerr << "Error: Could not read " << CGROUP_V2_ROOT_PATH
+              << "/cgroup.subtree_control: " << std::strerror(errno) << std::endl;
+    return std::nullopt;
+}
+
+}  // anonymous namespace
+
+class MemcgV2SubdirTest : public testing::Test {
+  protected:
+    std::optional<std::string> mRandDir;
+
+    void SetUp() override {
+        std::optional<bool> memcgV2Enabled = isMemcgV2Enabled();
+        ASSERT_NE(memcgV2Enabled, std::nullopt);
+        if (!*memcgV2Enabled) GTEST_SKIP() << "Memcg v2 not enabled";
+
+        mRootSubtreeState = checkRootSubtreeState();
+        ASSERT_NE(mRootSubtreeState, std::nullopt);
+
+        if (!*mRootSubtreeState) {
+            ASSERT_TRUE(
+                    WriteStringToFile("+memory", CGROUP_V2_ROOT_PATH + "/cgroup.subtree_control"))
+                    << "Could not enable memcg under root: " << std::strerror(errno);
+        }
+
+        // Make a new, temporary, randomly-named v2 cgroup in which we will attempt to activate
+        // memcg
+        std::random_device rd;
+        std::uniform_int_distribution dist(static_cast<int>('A'), static_cast<int>('Z'));
+        std::string randName = CGROUP_V2_ROOT_PATH + "/vts_libprocessgroup.";
+        for (int i = 0; i < 10; ++i) randName.append(1, static_cast<char>(dist(rd)));
+        ASSERT_TRUE(std::filesystem::create_directory(randName));
+        mRandDir = randName;  // For cleanup in TearDown
+
+        std::string subtree_controllers;
+        ASSERT_TRUE(ReadFileToString(*mRandDir + "/cgroup.controllers", &subtree_controllers));
+        ASSERT_NE(subtree_controllers.find("memory"), std::string::npos)
+                << "Memcg was not activated in child cgroup";
+    }
+
+    void TearDown() override {
+        if (mRandDir) {
+            if (!std::filesystem::remove(*mRandDir)) {
+                std::cerr << "Could not remove temporary memcg v2 test directory" << std::endl;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (!*mRootSubtreeState) {
+            if (!WriteStringToFile("-memory", CGROUP_V2_ROOT_PATH + "/cgroup.subtree_control")) {
+                std::cerr << "Could not disable memcg under root: " << std::strerror(errno)
+                          << std::endl;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+  private:
+    std::optional<bool> mRootSubtreeState;
+};
+
+
+TEST_F(MemcgV2SubdirTest, CanActivateMemcgV2Subtree) {
+    ASSERT_TRUE(WriteStringToFile("+memory", *mRandDir + "/cgroup.subtree_control"))
+            << "Could not enable memcg under child cgroup subtree";
+}
diff --git a/libsparse/Android.bp b/libsparse/Android.bp
index 8e83e1670ecd..1d67cbe28dd1 100644
--- a/libsparse/Android.bp
+++ b/libsparse/Android.bp
@@ -28,6 +28,9 @@ cc_library {
         "libbase",
     ],
     target: {
+        darwin: {
+            enabled: true,
+        },
         windows: {
             enabled: true,
         },
@@ -38,9 +41,8 @@ cc_library {
     ],
 }
 
-cc_binary {
+cc_binary_host {
     name: "simg2img",
-    host_supported: true,
     srcs: [
         "simg2img.cpp",
         "sparse_crc32.cpp",
@@ -52,11 +54,15 @@ cc_binary {
     ],
 
     cflags: ["-Werror"],
+    target: {
+        darwin: {
+            enabled: true,
+        },
+    },
 }
 
-cc_binary {
+cc_binary_host {
     name: "img2simg",
-    host_supported: true,
     srcs: ["img2simg.cpp"],
     static_libs: [
         "libsparse",
@@ -83,11 +89,6 @@ python_binary_host {
     name: "simg_dump",
     main: "simg_dump.py",
     srcs: ["simg_dump.py"],
-    version: {
-        py3: {
-            embedded_launcher: true,
-        },
-    },
 }
 
 cc_fuzz {
diff --git a/libstats/OWNERS b/libstats/OWNERS
index d39167947bd1..efd368627753 100644
--- a/libstats/OWNERS
+++ b/libstats/OWNERS
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 jeffreyhuang@google.com
-jtnguyen@google.com
+monicamwang@google.com
 muhammadq@google.com
+rayhdez@google.com
 sharaienko@google.com
 singhtejinder@google.com
 tsaichristine@google.com
 yaochen@google.com
-yro@google.com
diff --git a/libstats/bootstrap/BootstrapClientInternal.h b/libstats/bootstrap/BootstrapClientInternal.h
index 96238dade14b..7879d01f6b6b 100644
--- a/libstats/bootstrap/BootstrapClientInternal.h
+++ b/libstats/bootstrap/BootstrapClientInternal.h
@@ -18,6 +18,8 @@
 
 #include <android/os/IStatsBootstrapAtomService.h>
 
+#include <mutex>
+
 namespace android {
 namespace os {
 namespace stats {
diff --git a/libstats/expresslog/Android.bp b/libstats/expresslog/Android.bp
index 004f8b9bfb54..ad86d87c1fb3 100644
--- a/libstats/expresslog/Android.bp
+++ b/libstats/expresslog/Android.bp
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-
 //
 // Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
 //
@@ -16,6 +15,7 @@
 //
 package {
     default_applicable_licenses: ["Android-Apache-2.0"],
+    default_team: "trendy_team_android_telemetry_client_infra",
 }
 
 cc_defaults {
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ cc_defaults {
 
 cc_library {
     name: "libexpresslog",
+    host_supported: true,
     defaults: ["expresslog_defaults"],
     cflags: [
         "-DNAMESPACE_FOR_HASH_FUNCTIONS=farmhash",
@@ -47,6 +48,11 @@ cc_library {
         "libstatssocket",
     ],
     export_include_dirs: ["include"],
+    min_sdk_version: "33",
+    apex_available: [
+        "//apex_available:platform",
+        "com.android.bt",
+    ],
 }
 
 genrule {
@@ -69,12 +75,18 @@ genrule {
 
 cc_library_static {
     name: "libstatslog_express",
+    host_supported: true,
     generated_sources: ["statslog_express.cpp"],
     generated_headers: ["statslog_express.h"],
     export_generated_headers: ["statslog_express.h"],
     shared_libs: [
         "libstatssocket",
     ],
+    min_sdk_version: "33",
+    apex_available: [
+        "//apex_available:platform",
+        "com.android.bt",
+    ],
 }
 
 cc_test {
@@ -109,5 +121,5 @@ cc_test {
     ],
     shared_libs: [
         "libstatssocket",
-    ]
+    ],
 }
diff --git a/libstats/pull_lazy/Android.bp b/libstats/pull_lazy/Android.bp
index 65dce26a013c..71af17068787 100644
--- a/libstats/pull_lazy/Android.bp
+++ b/libstats/pull_lazy/Android.bp
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ cc_test {
         "-Wall",
         "-Werror",
     ],
-    test_suites: ["device-tests", "mts-statsd"],
+    test_suites: ["device-tests"],
     test_config: "libstatspull_lazy_test.xml",
     // TODO(b/153588990): Remove when the build system properly separates.
     // 32bit and 64bit architectures.
diff --git a/libstats/pull_rust/Android.bp b/libstats/pull_rust/Android.bp
index 85a38f8d77b5..ae00e75750f1 100644
--- a/libstats/pull_rust/Android.bp
+++ b/libstats/pull_rust/Android.bp
@@ -24,11 +24,10 @@ rust_bindgen {
     crate_name: "statspull_bindgen",
     visibility: [
         "//frameworks/proto_logging/stats/stats_log_api_gen",
-        "//packages/modules/Virtualization/libs/statslog_virtualization",
+        "//packages/modules:__subpackages__",
     ],
     source_stem: "bindings",
     bindgen_flags: [
-        "--size_t-is-usize",
         "--allowlist-function=AStatsEventList_addStatsEvent",
         "--allowlist-function=AStatsEvent_.*",
         "--allowlist-function=AStatsManager_.*",
@@ -61,7 +60,6 @@ rust_library {
     crate_name: "statspull_rust",
     srcs: ["stats_pull.rs"],
     rustlibs: [
-        "liblazy_static",
         "liblog_rust",
         "libstatslog_rust_header",
         "libstatspull_bindgen",
diff --git a/libstats/pull_rust/stats_pull.rs b/libstats/pull_rust/stats_pull.rs
index 09b26232f8b8..03929e3b2e83 100644
--- a/libstats/pull_rust/stats_pull.rs
+++ b/libstats/pull_rust/stats_pull.rs
@@ -14,13 +14,12 @@
 
 //! A Rust interface for the StatsD pull API.
 
-use lazy_static::lazy_static;
 use statslog_rust_header::{Atoms, Stat, StatsError};
 use statspull_bindgen::*;
 use std::collections::HashMap;
 use std::convert::TryInto;
 use std::os::raw::c_void;
-use std::sync::Mutex;
+use std::sync::{LazyLock, Mutex};
 
 /// The return value of callbacks.
 pub type StatsPullResult = Vec<Box<dyn Stat>>;
@@ -107,11 +106,12 @@ impl Default for Metadata {
     }
 }
 
-lazy_static! {
-    static ref COOKIES: Mutex<HashMap<i32, fn() -> StatsPullResult>> = Mutex::new(HashMap::new());
-}
+static COOKIES: LazyLock<Mutex<HashMap<i32, fn() -> StatsPullResult>>> =
+    LazyLock::new(|| Mutex::new(HashMap::new()));
 
-// Safety: We store our callbacks in the global so they are valid.
+/// # Safety
+///
+/// `data` must be a valid pointer with no aliases.
 unsafe extern "C" fn callback_wrapper(
     atom_tag: i32,
     data: *mut AStatsEventList,
@@ -126,7 +126,8 @@ unsafe extern "C" fn callback_wrapper(
                 let stats = cb();
                 let result = stats
                     .iter()
-                    .map(|stat| stat.add_astats_event(&mut *data))
+                    // Safety: The caller promises that `data` is valid and unaliased.
+                    .map(|stat| stat.add_astats_event(unsafe { &mut *data }))
                     .collect::<Result<Vec<()>, StatsError>>();
                 match result {
                     Ok(_) => {
diff --git a/libstats/push_compat/Android.bp b/libstats/push_compat/Android.bp
index 819066eb4f1e..c5c1934956c4 100644
--- a/libstats/push_compat/Android.bp
+++ b/libstats/push_compat/Android.bp
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ package {
 cc_defaults {
     name: "libstatspush_compat_defaults",
     srcs: [
-        "statsd_writer.c",
+        "statsd_writer.cpp",
         "stats_event_list.c",
         "StatsEventCompat.cpp"
     ],
diff --git a/libstats/push_compat/statsd_writer.c b/libstats/push_compat/statsd_writer.cpp
similarity index 98%
rename from libstats/push_compat/statsd_writer.c
rename to libstats/push_compat/statsd_writer.cpp
index 4818d1112ec1..a3600f322fce 100644
--- a/libstats/push_compat/statsd_writer.c
+++ b/libstats/push_compat/statsd_writer.cpp
@@ -15,9 +15,9 @@
  */
 #include "statsd_writer.h"
 
+#include <android-base/threads.h>
 #include <cutils/fs.h>
 #include <cutils/sockets.h>
-#include <cutils/threads.h>
 #include <errno.h>
 #include <fcntl.h>
 #include <inttypes.h>
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ static int statsdOpen() {
                     case -ECONNREFUSED:
                     case -ENOENT:
                         i = atomic_exchange(&statsdLoggerWrite.sock, ret);
-                    /* FALLTHRU */
+                        break;
                     default:
                         break;
                 }
@@ -188,7 +188,7 @@ static int statsdWrite(struct timespec* ts, struct iovec* vec, size_t nr) {
      *  };
      */
 
-    header.tid = gettid();
+    header.tid = android::base::GetThreadId();
     header.realtime.tv_sec = ts->tv_sec;
     header.realtime.tv_nsec = ts->tv_nsec;
 
@@ -272,7 +272,7 @@ static int statsdWrite(struct timespec* ts, struct iovec* vec, size_t nr) {
             if (ret < 0) {
                 ret = -errno;
             }
-        /* FALLTHRU */
+            break;
         default:
             break;
     }
diff --git a/libstats/push_compat/statsd_writer.h b/libstats/push_compat/statsd_writer.h
index fe2d37cbc7d8..f030b96c7b5a 100644
--- a/libstats/push_compat/statsd_writer.h
+++ b/libstats/push_compat/statsd_writer.h
@@ -21,6 +21,8 @@
 #include <stdatomic.h>
 #include <sys/socket.h>
 
+__BEGIN_DECLS
+
 /**
  * Internal lock should not be exposed. This is bad design.
  * TODO: rewrite it in c++ code and encapsulate the functionality in a
@@ -42,4 +44,6 @@ struct android_log_transport_write {
     void (*noteDrop)(int error, int tag);
 };
 
+__END_DECLS
+
 #endif  // ANDROID_STATS_LOG_STATS_WRITER_H
diff --git a/libstats/socket_lazy/Android.bp b/libstats/socket_lazy/Android.bp
index b2cd7b26bbe4..945a7c4942ac 100644
--- a/libstats/socket_lazy/Android.bp
+++ b/libstats/socket_lazy/Android.bp
@@ -7,6 +7,12 @@ package {
 
 cc_library_static {
     name: "libstatssocket_lazy",
+    local_include_dirs: [
+        "include",
+    ],
+    export_include_dirs: [
+        "include",
+    ],
     header_libs: [
         "libstatssocket_headers",
     ],
@@ -28,7 +34,9 @@ cc_test {
         "-Wall",
         "-Werror",
     ],
-    test_suites: ["device-tests", "mts-statsd"],
+    test_suites: [
+        "device-tests",
+    ],
     test_config: "libstatssocket_lazy_test.xml",
     // TODO(b/153588990): Remove when the build system properly separates.
     // 32bit and 64bit architectures.
diff --git a/libstats/socket_lazy/include/statssocket_lazy.h b/libstats/socket_lazy/include/statssocket_lazy.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..7dda0bac49c1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libstats/socket_lazy/include/statssocket_lazy.h
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2024 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#pragma once
+
+namespace android::statssocket::lazy {
+
+// See if libstatssocket.so is available. Early processes relying on _lazy might not have access
+// to libstatssocket.so when they start before the StatsD APEX is available.
+bool IsAvailable();
+
+}  // namespace android::statssocket::lazy
diff --git a/libstats/socket_lazy/libstatssocket_lazy.cpp b/libstats/socket_lazy/libstatssocket_lazy.cpp
index dd93eebf0f16..d907c7e27926 100644
--- a/libstats/socket_lazy/libstatssocket_lazy.cpp
+++ b/libstats/socket_lazy/libstatssocket_lazy.cpp
@@ -23,8 +23,10 @@
 
 #include "log/log.h"
 
-#include "stats_event.h"
-#include "stats_socket.h"
+#include <stats_event.h>
+#include <stats_socket.h>
+
+#include "statssocket_lazy.h"
 
 // This file provides a lazy interface to libstatssocket.so to address early boot dependencies.
 // Specifically bootanimation, surfaceflinger, and lmkd run before the statsd APEX is loaded and
@@ -45,6 +47,7 @@ enum MethodIndex {
     k_AStatsEvent_writeBool,
     k_AStatsEvent_writeByteArray,
     k_AStatsEvent_writeString,
+    k_AStatsEvent_writeStringArray,
     k_AStatsEvent_writeAttributionChain,
     k_AStatsEvent_addBoolAnnotation,
     k_AStatsEvent_addInt32Annotation,
@@ -76,6 +79,13 @@ static void* LoadLibstatssocket(int dlopen_flags) {
     return dlopen("libstatssocket.so", dlopen_flags);
 }
 
+namespace android::statssocket::lazy {
+bool IsAvailable() {
+    static const void* handle = LoadLibstatssocket(RTLD_NOW);
+    return handle != nullptr;
+}
+}  // namespace android::statssocket::lazy
+
 //
 // Initialization and symbol binding.
 
@@ -104,6 +114,7 @@ static void InitializeOnce() {
     BIND_SYMBOL(AStatsEvent_writeBool);
     BIND_SYMBOL(AStatsEvent_writeByteArray);
     BIND_SYMBOL(AStatsEvent_writeString);
+    BIND_SYMBOL(AStatsEvent_writeStringArray);
     BIND_SYMBOL(AStatsEvent_writeAttributionChain);
     BIND_SYMBOL(AStatsEvent_addBoolAnnotation);
     BIND_SYMBOL(AStatsEvent_addInt32Annotation);
@@ -179,6 +190,11 @@ void AStatsEvent_writeString(AStatsEvent* event, const char* value) {
     INVOKE_METHOD(AStatsEvent_writeString, event, value);
 }
 
+void AStatsEvent_writeStringArray(AStatsEvent* event, const char* const* elements,
+                                  size_t numElements) {
+    INVOKE_METHOD(AStatsEvent_writeStringArray, event, elements, numElements);
+}
+
 void AStatsEvent_writeAttributionChain(AStatsEvent* event, const uint32_t* uids,
                                        const char* const* tags, uint8_t numNodes) {
     INVOKE_METHOD(AStatsEvent_writeAttributionChain, event, uids, tags, numNodes);
@@ -198,4 +214,4 @@ void AStatsEvent_addInt32Annotation(AStatsEvent* event, uint8_t annotationId, in
 
 void AStatsSocket_close() {
     INVOKE_METHOD(AStatsSocket_close);
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+}
diff --git a/libstats/socket_lazy/tests/libstatssocket_lazy_test.cpp b/libstats/socket_lazy/tests/libstatssocket_lazy_test.cpp
index fe1359860885..733f1e41cdf4 100644
--- a/libstats/socket_lazy/tests/libstatssocket_lazy_test.cpp
+++ b/libstats/socket_lazy/tests/libstatssocket_lazy_test.cpp
@@ -21,6 +21,8 @@
 #include "stats_event.h"
 #include "stats_socket.h"
 
+#include "statssocket_lazy.h"
+
 // The tests here are just for the case when libstatssocket.so cannot be loaded by
 // libstatssocket_lazy.
 class LibstatssocketLazyTest : public ::testing::Test {
@@ -47,6 +49,7 @@ TEST_F(LibstatssocketLazyTest, NoLibstatssocketForStatsEvent) {
     EXPECT_DEATH(AStatsEvent_writeBool(event, false), kLoadFailed);
     EXPECT_DEATH(AStatsEvent_writeByteArray(event, NULL, 0), kLoadFailed);
     EXPECT_DEATH(AStatsEvent_writeString(event, NULL), kLoadFailed);
+    EXPECT_DEATH(AStatsEvent_writeStringArray(event, NULL, 0), kLoadFailed);
     EXPECT_DEATH(AStatsEvent_writeAttributionChain(event, NULL, NULL, 0), kLoadFailed);
 
     EXPECT_DEATH(AStatsEvent_addBoolAnnotation(event, 0, false), kLoadFailed);
@@ -55,4 +58,8 @@ TEST_F(LibstatssocketLazyTest, NoLibstatssocketForStatsEvent) {
 
 TEST_F(LibstatssocketLazyTest, NoLibstatssocketForStatsSocket) {
     EXPECT_DEATH(AStatsSocket_close(), kLoadFailed);
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+}
+
+TEST_F(LibstatssocketLazyTest, IsAvailableFalse) {
+    EXPECT_FALSE(android::statssocket::lazy::IsAvailable());
+}
diff --git a/libsync/Android.bp b/libsync/Android.bp
index b6b4a6e49271..99c88cf21113 100644
--- a/libsync/Android.bp
+++ b/libsync/Android.bp
@@ -27,9 +27,6 @@ ndk_library {
     name: "libsync",
     symbol_file: "libsync.map.txt",
     first_version: "26",
-    export_header_libs: [
-        "libsync_headers",
-    ],
 }
 
 cc_defaults {
diff --git a/libsync/sync.c b/libsync/sync.c
index b8c48c7f7602..c4c4472be663 100644
--- a/libsync/sync.c
+++ b/libsync/sync.c
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ enum uapi_version {
     UAPI_MODERN,
     UAPI_LEGACY
 };
-static atomic_int g_uapi_version = ATOMIC_VAR_INIT(UAPI_UNKNOWN);
+static atomic_int g_uapi_version = UAPI_UNKNOWN;
 
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
diff --git a/libsystem/OWNERS b/libsystem/OWNERS
index 9bda04c4dc22..6c6fe1f70da8 100644
--- a/libsystem/OWNERS
+++ b/libsystem/OWNERS
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 # graphics/composer
 adyabr@google.com
-lpy@google.com
 
 # camera
 etalvala@google.com
diff --git a/libsysutils/Android.bp b/libsysutils/Android.bp
index 5f472b2abd2c..18a6aa6552cd 100644
--- a/libsysutils/Android.bp
+++ b/libsysutils/Android.bp
@@ -5,9 +5,6 @@ package {
 cc_library {
     name: "libsysutils",
     vendor_available: true,
-    vndk: {
-        enabled: true,
-    },
 
     srcs: [
         "src/SocketListener.cpp",
@@ -29,20 +26,12 @@ cc_library {
         "liblog",
     ],
 
+    header_libs: [
+        "bpf_headers",
+    ],
+
     export_include_dirs: ["include"],
 
-    tidy: true,
-    tidy_checks: [
-        "-*",
-        "cert-*",
-        "clang-analyzer-security*",
-        "android-*",
-    ],
-    tidy_checks_as_errors: [
-        "cert-*",
-        "clang-analyzer-security*",
-        "android-*",
-    ],
     apex_available: [
         "//apex_available:anyapex",
         "//apex_available:platform",
diff --git a/libsysutils/EventLogTags.logtags b/libsysutils/EventLogTags.logtags
index 713f8cd6b753..bb06d3433fff 100644
--- a/libsysutils/EventLogTags.logtags
+++ b/libsysutils/EventLogTags.logtags
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# See system/core/logcat/event.logtags for a description of the format of this file.
+# See system/logging/logcat/event.logtags for a description of the format of this file.
 
 # FrameworkListener dispatchCommand overflow
 78001 exp_det_dispatchCommand_overflow
diff --git a/libsysutils/include/sysutils/SocketListener.h b/libsysutils/include/sysutils/SocketListener.h
index 67a691a04df2..a7fd09e8fcb2 100644
--- a/libsysutils/include/sysutils/SocketListener.h
+++ b/libsysutils/include/sysutils/SocketListener.h
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 #include <pthread.h>
 
 #include <unordered_map>
+#include <vector>
 
 #include <sysutils/SocketClient.h>
 #include "SocketClientCommand.h"
diff --git a/libsysutils/src/NetlinkEvent.cpp b/libsysutils/src/NetlinkEvent.cpp
index 515cc1047cbf..47586db07109 100644
--- a/libsysutils/src/NetlinkEvent.cpp
+++ b/libsysutils/src/NetlinkEvent.cpp
@@ -42,155 +42,39 @@
 
 using android::base::ParseInt;
 
-/* From kernel's net/netfilter/xt_quota2.c */
-const int LOCAL_QLOG_NL_EVENT = 112;
-const int LOCAL_NFLOG_PACKET = NFNL_SUBSYS_ULOG << 8 | NFULNL_MSG_PACKET;
-
-/******************************************************************************
- * WARNING: HERE BE DRAGONS!                                                  *
- *                                                                            *
- * This is here to provide for compatibility with both 32 and 64-bit kernels  *
- * from 32-bit userspace.                                                     *
- *                                                                            *
- * The kernel definition of this struct uses types (like long) that are not   *
- * the same across 32-bit and 64-bit builds, and there is no compatibility    *
- * layer to fix it up before it reaches userspace.                            *
- * As such we need to detect the bit-ness of the kernel and deal with it.     *
- *                                                                            *
- ******************************************************************************/
-
-/*
- * This is the verbatim kernel declaration from net/netfilter/xt_quota2.c,
- * it is *NOT* of a well defined layout and is included here for compile
- * time assertions only.
- *
- * It got there from deprecated ipt_ULOG.h to parse QLOG_NL_EVENT.
- */
-#define ULOG_MAC_LEN 80
-#define ULOG_PREFIX_LEN 32
-typedef struct ulog_packet_msg {
-    unsigned long mark;
-    long timestamp_sec;
-    long timestamp_usec;
-    unsigned int hook;
-    char indev_name[IFNAMSIZ];
-    char outdev_name[IFNAMSIZ];
-    size_t data_len;
-    char prefix[ULOG_PREFIX_LEN];
-    unsigned char mac_len;
-    unsigned char mac[ULOG_MAC_LEN];
-    unsigned char payload[0];
-} ulog_packet_msg_t;
-
-// On Linux int is always 32 bits, while sizeof(long) == sizeof(void*),
-// thus long on a 32-bit Linux kernel is 32-bits, like int always is
-typedef int long32;
-typedef unsigned int ulong32;
-static_assert(sizeof(long32) == 4);
-static_assert(sizeof(ulong32) == 4);
-
-// Here's the same structure definition with the assumption the kernel
-// is compiled for 32-bits.
-typedef struct {
-    ulong32 mark;
-    long32 timestamp_sec;
-    long32 timestamp_usec;
-    unsigned int hook;
-    char indev_name[IFNAMSIZ];
-    char outdev_name[IFNAMSIZ];
-    ulong32 data_len;
-    char prefix[ULOG_PREFIX_LEN];
-    unsigned char mac_len;
-    unsigned char mac[ULOG_MAC_LEN];
-    unsigned char payload[0];
-} ulog_packet_msg32_t;
-
-// long on a 64-bit kernel is 64-bits with 64-bit alignment,
-// while long long is 64-bit but may have 32-bit aligment.
+// 'long' on a 32-bit kernel is 32-bits with 32-bit alignment,
+// and on a 64-bit kernel is 64-bits with 64-bit alignment,
+// while 'long long' is always 64-bit it may have 32-bit aligment (x86 structs).
 typedef long long __attribute__((__aligned__(8))) long64;
 typedef unsigned long long __attribute__((__aligned__(8))) ulong64;
 static_assert(sizeof(long64) == 8);
 static_assert(sizeof(ulong64) == 8);
 
-// Here's the same structure definition with the assumption the kernel
-// is compiled for 64-bits.
+// From kernel's net/netfilter/xt_quota2.c
+// It got there from deprecated ipt_ULOG.h to parse QLOG_NL_EVENT.
+constexpr int LOCAL_QLOG_NL_EVENT = 112;
+constexpr int LOCAL_NFLOG_PACKET = NFNL_SUBSYS_ULOG << 8 | NFULNL_MSG_PACKET;
+
+constexpr int ULOG_MAC_LEN = 80;
+constexpr int ULOG_PREFIX_LEN = 32;
+
+// This structure layout assumes we're running on a 64-bit kernel.
 typedef struct {
-    ulong64 mark;
-    long64 timestamp_sec;
-    long64 timestamp_usec;
+    ulong64 mark;  // kernel: unsigned long
+    long64 timestamp_sec;  // kernel: long
+    long64 timestamp_usec;  // kernel: long
     unsigned int hook;
     char indev_name[IFNAMSIZ];
     char outdev_name[IFNAMSIZ];
-    ulong64 data_len;
+    ulong64 data_len;  // kernel: size_t, a.k.a. unsigned long
     char prefix[ULOG_PREFIX_LEN];
     unsigned char mac_len;
     unsigned char mac[ULOG_MAC_LEN];
     unsigned char payload[0];
-} ulog_packet_msg64_t;
-
-// One expects the 32-bit version to be smaller than the 64-bit version.
-static_assert(sizeof(ulog_packet_msg32_t) < sizeof(ulog_packet_msg64_t));
-// And either way the 'native' version should match either the 32 or 64 bit one.
-static_assert(sizeof(ulog_packet_msg_t) == sizeof(ulog_packet_msg32_t) ||
-              sizeof(ulog_packet_msg_t) == sizeof(ulog_packet_msg64_t));
-
-// In practice these sizes are always simply (for both x86 and arm):
-static_assert(sizeof(ulog_packet_msg32_t) == 168);
-static_assert(sizeof(ulog_packet_msg64_t) == 192);
-
-// Figure out the bitness of userspace.
-// Trivial and known at compile time.
-static bool isUserspace64bit(void) {
-    return sizeof(long) == 8;
-}
+} ulog_packet_msg_t;
 
-// Figure out the bitness of the kernel.
-static bool isKernel64Bit(void) {
-    // a 64-bit userspace requires a 64-bit kernel
-    if (isUserspace64bit()) return true;
-
-    static bool init = false;
-    static bool cache = false;
-    if (init) return cache;
-
-    // Retrieve current personality - on Linux this system call *cannot* fail.
-    int p = personality(0xffffffff);
-    // But if it does just assume kernel and userspace (which is 32-bit) match...
-    if (p == -1) return false;
-
-    // This will effectively mask out the bottom 8 bits, and switch to 'native'
-    // personality, and then return the previous personality of this thread
-    // (likely PER_LINUX or PER_LINUX32) with any extra options unmodified.
-    int q = personality((p & ~PER_MASK) | PER_LINUX);
-    // Per man page this theoretically could error out with EINVAL,
-    // but kernel code analysis suggests setting PER_LINUX cannot fail.
-    // Either way, assume kernel and userspace (which is 32-bit) match...
-    if (q != p) return false;
-
-    struct utsname u;
-    (void)uname(&u);  // only possible failure is EFAULT, but u is on stack.
-
-    // Switch back to previous personality.
-    // Theoretically could fail with EINVAL on arm64 with no 32-bit support,
-    // but then we wouldn't have fetched 'p' from the kernel in the first place.
-    // Either way there's nothing meaningul we can do in case of error.
-    // Since PER_LINUX32 vs PER_LINUX only affects uname.machine it doesn't
-    // really hurt us either.  We're really just switching back to be 'clean'.
-    (void)personality(p);
-
-    // Possible values of utsname.machine observed on x86_64 desktop (arm via qemu):
-    //   x86_64 i686 aarch64 armv7l
-    // additionally observed on arm device:
-    //   armv8l
-    // presumably also might just be possible:
-    //   i386 i486 i586
-    // and there might be other weird arm32 cases.
-    // We note that the 64 is present in both 64-bit archs,
-    // and in general is likely to be present in only 64-bit archs.
-    cache = !!strstr(u.machine, "64");
-    init = true;
-    return cache;
-}
+// In practice, for both x86 and arm, we have
+static_assert(sizeof(ulog_packet_msg_t) == 192);
 
 /******************************************************************************/
 
@@ -202,15 +86,10 @@ NetlinkEvent::NetlinkEvent() {
 }
 
 NetlinkEvent::~NetlinkEvent() {
-    int i;
-    if (mPath)
-        free(mPath);
-    if (mSubsystem)
-        free(mSubsystem);
-    for (i = 0; i < NL_PARAMS_MAX; i++) {
-        if (!mParams[i])
-            break;
-        free(mParams[i]);
+    free(mPath);
+    free(mSubsystem);
+    for (auto param : mParams) {
+        free(param);
     }
 }
 
@@ -413,20 +292,11 @@ bool NetlinkEvent::parseIfAddrMessage(const struct nlmsghdr *nh) {
  * Parse a QLOG_NL_EVENT message.
  */
 bool NetlinkEvent::parseUlogPacketMessage(const struct nlmsghdr *nh) {
-    const char* alert;
-    const char* devname;
-
-    if (isKernel64Bit()) {
-        ulog_packet_msg64_t* pm64 = (ulog_packet_msg64_t*)NLMSG_DATA(nh);
-        if (!checkRtNetlinkLength(nh, sizeof(*pm64))) return false;
-        alert = pm64->prefix;
-        devname = pm64->indev_name[0] ? pm64->indev_name : pm64->outdev_name;
-    } else {
-        ulog_packet_msg32_t* pm32 = (ulog_packet_msg32_t*)NLMSG_DATA(nh);
-        if (!checkRtNetlinkLength(nh, sizeof(*pm32))) return false;
-        alert = pm32->prefix;
-        devname = pm32->indev_name[0] ? pm32->indev_name : pm32->outdev_name;
-    }
+    ulog_packet_msg_t* pm = (ulog_packet_msg_t*)NLMSG_DATA(nh);
+    if (!checkRtNetlinkLength(nh, sizeof(*pm))) return false;
+
+    const char* alert = pm->prefix;
+    const char* devname = pm->indev_name[0] ? pm->indev_name : pm->outdev_name;
 
     asprintf(&mParams[0], "ALERT_NAME=%s", alert);
     asprintf(&mParams[1], "INTERFACE=%s", devname);
diff --git a/libsysutils/src/OWNERS b/libsysutils/src/OWNERS
index c65a40dc37d2..a3e4c703f01e 100644
--- a/libsysutils/src/OWNERS
+++ b/libsysutils/src/OWNERS
@@ -1,2 +1 @@
-per-file OWNERS,Netlink* = codewiz@google.com, jchalard@google.com, lorenzo@google.com, satk@google.com
-
+per-file OWNERS,Netlink* = file:platform/packages/modules/Connectivity:main:/OWNERS_core_networking
diff --git a/libusbhost/Android.bp b/libusbhost/Android.bp
index 9ae73d0d81aa..f8a73ad18be4 100644
--- a/libusbhost/Android.bp
+++ b/libusbhost/Android.bp
@@ -21,9 +21,6 @@ package {
 cc_library {
     name: "libusbhost",
     vendor_available: true,
-    vndk: {
-        enabled: true,
-    },
     host_supported: true,
     srcs: ["usbhost.c"],
     cflags: ["-Werror"],
diff --git a/libutils/Android.bp b/libutils/Android.bp
index 162f0f44b73e..305cbf0a8834 100644
--- a/libutils/Android.bp
+++ b/libutils/Android.bp
@@ -33,14 +33,12 @@ cc_library_headers {
         "libbase_headers",
         "libcutils_headers",
         "liblog_headers",
-        "libprocessgroup_headers",
         "libsystem_headers",
     ],
     export_header_lib_headers: [
         "libbase_headers",
         "libcutils_headers",
         "liblog_headers",
-        "libprocessgroup_headers",
         "libsystem_headers",
     ],
     export_include_dirs: ["include"],
@@ -56,7 +54,7 @@ cc_library_headers {
 }
 
 cc_defaults {
-    name: "libutils_defaults",
+    name: "libutils_defaults_nodeps",
     vendor_available: true,
     product_available: true,
     recovery_available: true,
@@ -68,18 +66,7 @@ cc_defaults {
         "-Wno-exit-time-destructors",
         "-DANDROID_UTILS_REF_BASE_DISABLE_IMPLICIT_CONSTRUCTION",
     ],
-    header_libs: [
-        "libbase_headers",
-        "libutils_headers",
-    ],
-    export_header_lib_headers: [
-        "libutils_headers",
-    ],
 
-    shared_libs: [
-        "libcutils",
-        "liblog",
-    ],
     sanitize: {
         misc_undefined: ["integer"],
     },
@@ -120,10 +107,22 @@ cc_defaults {
         },
     },
     fuzz_config: {
-       cc: ["smoreland@google.com"],
+        cc: ["smoreland@google.com"],
     },
 }
 
+cc_defaults {
+    name: "libutils_defaults",
+    defaults: [
+        "libutils_defaults_nodeps",
+    ],
+
+    shared_libs: [
+        "libcutils",
+        "liblog",
+    ],
+}
+
 cc_defaults {
     name: "libutils_impl_defaults",
     defaults: [
@@ -132,25 +131,27 @@ cc_defaults {
     ],
     native_bridge_supported: true,
 
+    whole_static_libs: ["libutils_binder"],
+
+    header_libs: [
+        "libbase_headers",
+        "libutils_headers",
+    ],
+    export_header_lib_headers: [
+        "libutils_headers",
+    ],
+
     srcs: [
-        "Errors.cpp",
         "FileMap.cpp",
         "JenkinsHash.cpp",
         "LightRefBase.cpp",
         "NativeHandle.cpp",
         "Printer.cpp",
-        "RefBase.cpp",
-        "SharedBuffer.cpp",
         "StopWatch.cpp",
-        "String8.cpp",
-        "String16.cpp",
-        "StrongPointer.cpp",
         "SystemClock.cpp",
         "Threads.cpp",
         "Timers.cpp",
         "Tokenizer.cpp",
-        "Unicode.cpp",
-        "VectorImpl.cpp",
         "misc.cpp",
     ],
 
@@ -180,15 +181,25 @@ cc_library {
     name: "libutils",
     defaults: ["libutils_impl_defaults"],
 
-    vndk: {
-        enabled: true,
-        support_system_process: true,
-    },
+    double_loadable: true,
 
-    header_abi_checker: {
-        // AFDO affects weak symbols.
-        diff_flags: ["-allow-adding-removing-weak-symbols"],
-        ref_dump_dirs: ["abi-dumps"],
+    target: {
+        product: {
+            header_abi_checker: {
+                enabled: true,
+                // AFDO affects weak symbols.
+                diff_flags: ["-allow-adding-removing-weak-symbols"],
+                ref_dump_dirs: ["abi-dumps"],
+            },
+        },
+        vendor: {
+            header_abi_checker: {
+                enabled: true,
+                // AFDO affects weak symbols.
+                diff_flags: ["-allow-adding-removing-weak-symbols"],
+                ref_dump_dirs: ["abi-dumps"],
+            },
+        },
     },
 }
 
@@ -197,7 +208,7 @@ cc_library {
     defaults: ["libutils_impl_defaults"],
 
     cflags: [
-        "-DCALLSTACKS=1",
+        "-DDEBUG_CALLBACKS=1",
         "-DDEBUG_POLL_AND_WAKE=1",
         "-DDEBUG_REFS=1",
         "-DDEBUG_TOKENIZER=1",
@@ -212,10 +223,15 @@ cc_library {
     // TODO(b/153609531): remove when no longer needed.
     native_bridge_supported: true,
     min_sdk_version: "29",
-    vndk: {
-        enabled: true,
-        support_system_process: true,
-    },
+    double_loadable: true,
+
+    header_libs: [
+        "libbase_headers",
+        "libutils_headers",
+    ],
+    export_header_lib_headers: [
+        "libutils_headers",
+    ],
 
     srcs: [
         "CallStack.cpp",
@@ -249,6 +265,17 @@ cc_defaults {
         "libbase",
         "liblog",
     ],
+    fuzz_config: {
+        cc: [
+            "smoreland@google.com",
+        ],
+        componentid: 128577,
+        description: "The fuzzer targets the APIs of libutils",
+        vector: "local_no_privileges_required",
+        service_privilege: "privileged",
+        users: "multi_user",
+        fuzzed_code_usage: "shipped",
+    },
 }
 
 cc_fuzz {
@@ -263,24 +290,6 @@ cc_fuzz {
     srcs: ["FileMap_fuzz.cpp"],
 }
 
-cc_fuzz {
-    name: "libutils_fuzz_string8",
-    defaults: ["libutils_fuzz_defaults"],
-    srcs: ["String8_fuzz.cpp"],
-}
-
-cc_fuzz {
-    name: "libutils_fuzz_string16",
-    defaults: ["libutils_fuzz_defaults"],
-    srcs: ["String16_fuzz.cpp"],
-}
-
-cc_fuzz {
-    name: "libutils_fuzz_vector",
-    defaults: ["libutils_fuzz_defaults"],
-    srcs: ["Vector_fuzz.cpp"],
-}
-
 cc_fuzz {
     name: "libutils_fuzz_printer",
     defaults: ["libutils_fuzz_defaults"],
@@ -305,12 +314,6 @@ cc_fuzz {
     ],
 }
 
-cc_fuzz {
-    name: "libutils_fuzz_refbase",
-    defaults: ["libutils_fuzz_defaults"],
-    srcs: ["RefBase_fuzz.cpp"],
-}
-
 cc_fuzz {
     name: "libutils_fuzz_lrucache",
     defaults: ["libutils_fuzz_defaults"],
@@ -330,18 +333,11 @@ cc_test {
     srcs: [
         "BitSet_test.cpp",
         "CallStack_test.cpp",
-        "Errors_test.cpp",
         "FileMap_test.cpp",
         "LruCache_test.cpp",
         "Mutex_test.cpp",
-        "SharedBuffer_test.cpp",
         "Singleton_test.cpp",
-        "String16_test.cpp",
-        "String8_test.cpp",
-        "StrongPointer_test.cpp",
         "Timers_test.cpp",
-        "Unicode_test.cpp",
-        "Vector_test.cpp",
     ],
 
     target: {
@@ -363,7 +359,6 @@ cc_test {
         linux: {
             srcs: [
                 "Looper_test.cpp",
-                "RefBase_test.cpp",
             ],
         },
         host: {
@@ -374,6 +369,7 @@ cc_test {
                 "libunwindstack_no_dex",
                 "libutils",
                 "libutilscallstack",
+                "libz",
             ],
         },
     },
@@ -417,9 +413,3 @@ cc_test_library {
     shared_libs: ["libutils_test_singleton1"],
     header_libs: ["libutils_headers"],
 }
-
-cc_benchmark {
-    name: "libutils_benchmark",
-    srcs: ["Vector_benchmark.cpp"],
-    shared_libs: ["libutils"],
-}
diff --git a/libutils/CallStack.cpp b/libutils/CallStack.cpp
index 4dcb35b3657b..029f4a76e87b 100644
--- a/libutils/CallStack.cpp
+++ b/libutils/CallStack.cpp
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
 
 #include <utils/Printer.h>
 #include <utils/Errors.h>
-#include <utils/Log.h>
+#include <log/log.h>
 
 #include <unwindstack/AndroidUnwinder.h>
 
@@ -82,14 +82,15 @@ String8 CallStack::toString(const char* prefix) const {
 
 void CallStack::print(Printer& printer) const {
     for (size_t i = 0; i < mFrameLines.size(); i++) {
-        printer.printLine(mFrameLines[i]);
+        printer.printLine(mFrameLines[i].c_str());
     }
 }
 
 // The following four functions may be used via weak symbol references from libutils.
 // Clients assume that if any of these symbols are available, then deleteStack() is.
 
-#ifdef WEAKS_AVAILABLE
+// Apple and Windows does not support this, so only compile on other platforms.
+#if !defined(__APPLE__) && !defined(_WIN32)
 
 CallStack::CallStackUPtr CallStack::getCurrentInternal(int ignoreDepth) {
     CallStack::CallStackUPtr stack(new CallStack());
@@ -110,6 +111,6 @@ void CallStack::deleteStack(CallStack* stack) {
     delete stack;
 }
 
-#endif // WEAKS_AVAILABLE
+#endif  // !defined(__APPLE__) && !defined(_WIN32)
 
 }; // namespace android
diff --git a/libutils/CallStack_test.cpp b/libutils/CallStack_test.cpp
index 2cfaf6127e2b..5ed3c27e8ef2 100644
--- a/libutils/CallStack_test.cpp
+++ b/libutils/CallStack_test.cpp
@@ -18,10 +18,16 @@
 
 #include <thread>
 
+#include <android-base/test_utils.h>
 #include <android-base/threads.h>
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
 #include <utils/CallStack.h>
 
+#if defined(__ANDROID__)
+#include <log/log.h>
+#include <log/log_read.h>
+#endif
+
 __attribute__((__noinline__)) extern "C" void CurrentCaller(android::String8& backtrace) {
     android::CallStack cs;
     cs.update();
@@ -61,3 +67,39 @@ TEST(CallStackTest, thread_backtrace) {
 
     ASSERT_NE(-1, cs.toString().find("(ThreadBusyWait")) << "Full backtrace:\n" << cs.toString();
 }
+
+#if defined(__ANDROID__)
+TEST(CallStackTest, log_stack) {
+    android::CallStack::logStack("callstack_test");
+    auto logger_list = android_logger_list_open(android_name_to_log_id("main"),
+                                                ANDROID_LOG_NONBLOCK,
+                                                INT_MAX /* tail */, getpid());
+    ASSERT_NE(nullptr, logger_list);
+    std::string log;
+    while (true) {
+        log_msg log_msg;
+        auto ret = android_logger_list_read(logger_list, &log_msg);
+        if (ret == -EAGAIN) {
+            break;
+        }
+        ASSERT_GT(ret, 0);
+        if (log_msg.msg() == nullptr) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        // First get the tag.
+        char* msg = &log_msg.msg()[1];
+        if (std::string(msg) != "callstack_test") {
+            continue;
+        }
+        // Now move past the tag.
+        msg = &msg[strlen(msg) + 1];
+        log += msg;
+        log += '\n';
+    }
+    ASSERT_NE("", log) << "No messages found in the log from the test.";
+    // Look for a backtrace line such as:
+    //   #00 pc 00000000000536e4  libutils_test (testing::Test::Run()+436)
+    ASSERT_MATCH(log, "#\\d+ pc \\d+");
+    android_logger_list_close(logger_list);
+}
+#endif
diff --git a/libutils/FileMap.cpp b/libutils/FileMap.cpp
index 0abb86191f04..3acbce98b03e 100644
--- a/libutils/FileMap.cpp
+++ b/libutils/FileMap.cpp
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@
 #define LOG_TAG "filemap"
 
 #include <utils/FileMap.h>
-#include <utils/Log.h>
+#include <log/log.h>
 
 #if defined(__MINGW32__) && !defined(__USE_MINGW_ANSI_STDIO)
 # define PRId32 "I32d"
diff --git a/libutils/Looper.cpp b/libutils/Looper.cpp
index 402e43cc6a58..2541aa807a1e 100644
--- a/libutils/Looper.cpp
+++ b/libutils/Looper.cpp
@@ -70,8 +70,7 @@ int SimpleLooperCallback::handleEvent(int fd, int events, void* data) {
 // Maximum number of file descriptors for which to retrieve poll events each iteration.
 static const int EPOLL_MAX_EVENTS = 16;
 
-static pthread_once_t gTLSOnce = PTHREAD_ONCE_INIT;
-static pthread_key_t gTLSKey = 0;
+thread_local static sp<Looper> gThreadLocalLooper;
 
 Looper::Looper(bool allowNonCallbacks)
     : mAllowNonCallbacks(allowNonCallbacks),
@@ -91,38 +90,12 @@ Looper::Looper(bool allowNonCallbacks)
 Looper::~Looper() {
 }
 
-void Looper::initTLSKey() {
-    int error = pthread_key_create(&gTLSKey, threadDestructor);
-    LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(error != 0, "Could not allocate TLS key: %s", strerror(error));
-}
-
-void Looper::threadDestructor(void *st) {
-    Looper* const self = static_cast<Looper*>(st);
-    if (self != nullptr) {
-        self->decStrong((void*)threadDestructor);
-    }
-}
-
 void Looper::setForThread(const sp<Looper>& looper) {
-    sp<Looper> old = getForThread(); // also has side-effect of initializing TLS
-
-    if (looper != nullptr) {
-        looper->incStrong((void*)threadDestructor);
-    }
-
-    pthread_setspecific(gTLSKey, looper.get());
-
-    if (old != nullptr) {
-        old->decStrong((void*)threadDestructor);
-    }
+    gThreadLocalLooper = looper;
 }
 
 sp<Looper> Looper::getForThread() {
-    int result = pthread_once(& gTLSOnce, initTLSKey);
-    LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(result != 0, "pthread_once failed");
-
-    Looper* looper = (Looper*)pthread_getspecific(gTLSKey);
-    return sp<Looper>::fromExisting(looper);
+    return gThreadLocalLooper;
 }
 
 sp<Looper> Looper::prepare(int opts) {
@@ -523,6 +496,21 @@ int Looper::addFd(int fd, int ident, int events, const sp<LooperCallback>& callb
     return 1;
 }
 
+bool Looper::getFdStateDebug(int fd, int* ident, int* events, sp<LooperCallback>* cb, void** data) {
+    AutoMutex _l(mLock);
+    if (auto seqNumIt = mSequenceNumberByFd.find(fd); seqNumIt != mSequenceNumberByFd.cend()) {
+        if (auto reqIt = mRequests.find(seqNumIt->second); reqIt != mRequests.cend()) {
+            const Request& request = reqIt->second;
+            if (ident) *ident = request.ident;
+            if (events) *events = request.events;
+            if (cb) *cb = request.callback;
+            if (data) *data = request.data;
+            return true;
+        }
+    }
+    return false;
+}
+
 int Looper::removeFd(int fd) {
     AutoMutex _l(mLock);
     const auto& it = mSequenceNumberByFd.find(fd);
@@ -532,9 +520,33 @@ int Looper::removeFd(int fd) {
     return removeSequenceNumberLocked(it->second);
 }
 
+int Looper::repoll(int fd) {
+    AutoMutex _l(mLock);
+    const auto& it = mSequenceNumberByFd.find(fd);
+    if (it == mSequenceNumberByFd.end()) {
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    const auto& request_it = mRequests.find(it->second);
+    if (request_it == mRequests.end()) {
+        return 0;
+    }
+    const auto& [seq, request] = *request_it;
+
+    LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(
+            fd != request.fd,
+            "Looper has inconsistent data structure. When looking up FD %d found FD %d.", fd,
+            request_it->second.fd);
+
+    epoll_event eventItem = createEpollEvent(request.getEpollEvents(), seq);
+    if (epoll_ctl(mEpollFd.get(), EPOLL_CTL_MOD, fd, &eventItem) == -1) return 0;
+
+    return 1;  // success
+}
+
 int Looper::removeSequenceNumberLocked(SequenceNumber seq) {
 #if DEBUG_CALLBACKS
-    ALOGD("%p ~ removeFd - fd=%d, seq=%u", this, fd, seq);
+    ALOGD("%p ~ removeFd - seq=%" PRIu64, this, seq);
 #endif
 
     const auto& request_it = mRequests.find(seq);
diff --git a/libutils/Looper_test.cpp b/libutils/Looper_test.cpp
index c859f9c61802..a7a9987a7745 100644
--- a/libutils/Looper_test.cpp
+++ b/libutils/Looper_test.cpp
@@ -410,6 +410,52 @@ TEST_F(LooperTest, AddFd_WhenNoCallbackAndAllowNonCallbacksIsFalse_ReturnsError)
             << "addFd should return -1 because arguments were invalid";
 }
 
+class LooperCallbackStub final : public LooperCallback {
+  public:
+    LooperCallbackStub(std::function<int()> callback) : mCallback{callback} {}
+
+    int handleEvent(int /*fd*/, int /*events*/, void* /*data*/) override { return mCallback(); }
+
+  private:
+    std::function<int()> mCallback;
+};
+
+TEST_F(LooperTest, getFdStateDebug_WhenFdIsInRequests_ReturnsTrue) {
+    Pipe pipe;
+    const int fd = pipe.receiveFd;
+    constexpr int expectedIdent{Looper::POLL_CALLBACK};
+    sp<LooperCallback> expectedCallback =
+            sp<LooperCallbackStub>::make([]() constexpr -> int { return 0; });
+    void* expectedData = this;
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(1, mLooper->addFd(fd, expectedIdent, Looper::EVENT_INPUT, expectedCallback,
+                                expectedData));
+
+    int ident;
+    int events;
+    sp<LooperCallback> callback;
+    void* data;
+
+    EXPECT_TRUE(mLooper->getFdStateDebug(fd, &ident, &events, &callback, &data));
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(ident, expectedIdent);
+    EXPECT_EQ(events, Looper::EVENT_INPUT);
+    EXPECT_EQ(callback, expectedCallback);
+    EXPECT_EQ(data, expectedData);
+}
+
+TEST_F(LooperTest, getFdStateDebug_WhenFdIsNotInRequests_ReturnsFalse) {
+    Pipe pipe;
+    const int notAddedFd = pipe.receiveFd;
+
+    int ident;
+    int events;
+    sp<LooperCallback> callback;
+    void* data;
+
+    EXPECT_FALSE(mLooper->getFdStateDebug(notAddedFd, &ident, &events, &callback, &data));
+}
+
 TEST_F(LooperTest, RemoveFd_WhenCallbackNotAdded_ReturnsZero) {
     int result = mLooper->removeFd(1);
 
diff --git a/libutils/LruCache_test.cpp b/libutils/LruCache_test.cpp
index 8b16947bef47..5cd3cbb90cf7 100644
--- a/libutils/LruCache_test.cpp
+++ b/libutils/LruCache_test.cpp
@@ -29,6 +29,8 @@ typedef const char* StringValue;
 struct ComplexKey {
     int k;
 
+    explicit ComplexKey() : k(0) { instanceCount += 1; }
+
     explicit ComplexKey(int k) : k(k) {
         instanceCount += 1;
     }
@@ -57,6 +59,8 @@ ssize_t ComplexKey::instanceCount = 0;
 struct ComplexValue {
     int v;
 
+    explicit ComplexValue() : v(0) { instanceCount += 1; }
+
     explicit ComplexValue(int v) : v(v) {
         instanceCount += 1;
     }
@@ -83,10 +87,9 @@ struct KeyWithPointer {
 
 struct KeyFailsOnCopy : public ComplexKey {
     public:
-    KeyFailsOnCopy(const KeyFailsOnCopy& key) : ComplexKey(key) {
-        ADD_FAILURE();
-    }
-    KeyFailsOnCopy(int key) : ComplexKey(key) { }
+      KeyFailsOnCopy() : ComplexKey() {}
+      KeyFailsOnCopy(const KeyFailsOnCopy& key) : ComplexKey(key) { ADD_FAILURE(); }
+      KeyFailsOnCopy(int key) : ComplexKey(key) {}
 };
 
 } // namespace
diff --git a/libutils/OWNERS b/libutils/OWNERS
index 40164aae0c50..4ce689304506 100644
--- a/libutils/OWNERS
+++ b/libutils/OWNERS
@@ -1 +1,2 @@
+shayba@google.com
 smoreland@google.com
diff --git a/libutils/Printer.cpp b/libutils/Printer.cpp
index c9ae210ba7bc..4bd49f19e4ae 100644
--- a/libutils/Printer.cpp
+++ b/libutils/Printer.cpp
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
 
 #include <utils/Printer.h>
 #include <utils/String8.h>
-#include <utils/Log.h>
+#include <log/log.h>
 
 #include <stdlib.h>
 
diff --git a/libutils/ProcessCallStack.cpp b/libutils/ProcessCallStack.cpp
index f054de98b393..4b27bdddd64a 100644
--- a/libutils/ProcessCallStack.cpp
+++ b/libutils/ProcessCallStack.cpp
@@ -205,8 +205,7 @@ void ProcessCallStack::print(Printer& printer) const {
 }
 
 void ProcessCallStack::printInternal(Printer& printer, Printer& csPrinter) const {
-    dumpProcessHeader(printer, getpid(),
-                      getTimeString(mTimeUpdated).string());
+    dumpProcessHeader(printer, getpid(), getTimeString(mTimeUpdated).c_str());
 
     for (size_t i = 0; i < mThreadMap.size(); ++i) {
         pid_t tid = mThreadMap.keyAt(i);
@@ -214,7 +213,7 @@ void ProcessCallStack::printInternal(Printer& printer, Printer& csPrinter) const
         const String8& threadName = threadInfo.threadName;
 
         printer.printLine("");
-        printer.printFormatLine("\"%s\" sysTid=%d", threadName.string(), tid);
+        printer.printFormatLine("\"%s\" sysTid=%d", threadName.c_str(), tid);
 
         threadInfo.callStack.print(csPrinter);
     }
diff --git a/libutils/StopWatch.cpp b/libutils/StopWatch.cpp
index 28e2d76bcf7e..c91cd5cd70fc 100644
--- a/libutils/StopWatch.cpp
+++ b/libutils/StopWatch.cpp
@@ -18,13 +18,9 @@
 
 #include <utils/StopWatch.h>
 
-/* for PRId64 */
-#ifndef __STDC_FORMAT_MACROS
-#define __STDC_FORMAT_MACROS 1
-#endif
 #include <inttypes.h>
 
-#include <utils/Log.h>
+#include <log/log.h>
 
 namespace android {
 
diff --git a/libutils/String8_test.cpp b/libutils/String8_test.cpp
deleted file mode 100644
index 1356cd08f53b..000000000000
--- a/libutils/String8_test.cpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,116 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2010 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#define LOG_TAG "String8_test"
-
-#include <utils/Log.h>
-#include <utils/String8.h>
-#include <utils/String16.h>
-
-#include <gtest/gtest.h>
-
-using namespace android;
-
-class String8Test : public testing::Test {
-protected:
-    virtual void SetUp() {
-    }
-
-    virtual void TearDown() {
-    }
-};
-
-TEST_F(String8Test, Cstr) {
-    String8 tmp("Hello, world!");
-
-    EXPECT_STREQ(tmp.string(), "Hello, world!");
-}
-
-TEST_F(String8Test, OperatorPlus) {
-    String8 src1("Hello, ");
-
-    // Test adding String8 + const char*
-    const char* ccsrc2 = "world!";
-    String8 dst1 = src1 + ccsrc2;
-    EXPECT_STREQ(dst1.string(), "Hello, world!");
-    EXPECT_STREQ(src1.string(), "Hello, ");
-    EXPECT_STREQ(ccsrc2, "world!");
-
-    // Test adding String8 + String8
-    String8 ssrc2("world!");
-    String8 dst2 = src1 + ssrc2;
-    EXPECT_STREQ(dst2.string(), "Hello, world!");
-    EXPECT_STREQ(src1.string(), "Hello, ");
-    EXPECT_STREQ(ssrc2.string(), "world!");
-}
-
-TEST_F(String8Test, OperatorPlusEquals) {
-    String8 src1("My voice");
-
-    // Testing String8 += String8
-    String8 src2(" is my passport.");
-    src1 += src2;
-    EXPECT_STREQ(src1.string(), "My voice is my passport.");
-    EXPECT_STREQ(src2.string(), " is my passport.");
-
-    // Adding const char* to the previous string.
-    const char* src3 = " Verify me.";
-    src1 += src3;
-    EXPECT_STREQ(src1.string(), "My voice is my passport. Verify me.");
-    EXPECT_STREQ(src2.string(), " is my passport.");
-    EXPECT_STREQ(src3, " Verify me.");
-}
-
-TEST_F(String8Test, SetToSizeMaxReturnsNoMemory) {
-    const char *in = "some string";
-    EXPECT_EQ(NO_MEMORY, String8("").setTo(in, SIZE_MAX));
-}
-
-// http://b/29250543
-TEST_F(String8Test, CorrectInvalidSurrogate) {
-    // d841d8 is an invalid start for a surrogate pair. Make sure this is handled by ignoring the
-    // first character in the pair and handling the rest correctly.
-    String16 string16(u"\xd841\xd841\xdc41\x0000");
-    String8 string8(string16);
-
-    EXPECT_EQ(4U, string8.length());
-}
-
-TEST_F(String8Test, CheckUtf32Conversion) {
-    // Since bound checks were added, check the conversion can be done without fatal errors.
-    // The utf8 lengths of these are chars are 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 = 10.
-    const char32_t string32[] = U"\x0000007f\x000007ff\x0000911\x0010fffe";
-    String8 string8(string32);
-    EXPECT_EQ(10U, string8.length());
-}
-
-TEST_F(String8Test, ValidUtf16Conversion) {
-    char16_t tmp[] = u"abcdef";
-    String8 valid = String8(String16(tmp));
-    EXPECT_STREQ(valid, "abcdef");
-}
-
-TEST_F(String8Test, append) {
-    String8 s;
-    EXPECT_EQ(OK, s.append("foo"));
-    EXPECT_STREQ("foo", s);
-    EXPECT_EQ(OK, s.append("bar"));
-    EXPECT_STREQ("foobar", s);
-    EXPECT_EQ(OK, s.append("baz", 0));
-    EXPECT_STREQ("foobar", s);
-    EXPECT_EQ(NO_MEMORY, s.append("baz", SIZE_MAX));
-    EXPECT_STREQ("foobar", s);
-}
diff --git a/libutils/SystemClock.cpp b/libutils/SystemClock.cpp
index 9c71141f2d5a..df3a8986520e 100644
--- a/libutils/SystemClock.cpp
+++ b/libutils/SystemClock.cpp
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@
 #include <cutils/compiler.h>
 
 #include <utils/Timers.h>
-#include <utils/Log.h>
+#include <log/log.h>
 
 namespace android {
 
diff --git a/libutils/TEST_MAPPING b/libutils/TEST_MAPPING
index c8ef45cc3ba5..472146f139de 100644
--- a/libutils/TEST_MAPPING
+++ b/libutils/TEST_MAPPING
@@ -2,6 +2,9 @@
   "presubmit": [
     {
       "name": "libutils_test"
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "libutils_binder_test"
     }
   ]
 }
diff --git a/libutils/Threads.cpp b/libutils/Threads.cpp
index e756fecca001..111d46af9e2d 100644
--- a/libutils/Threads.cpp
+++ b/libutils/Threads.cpp
@@ -34,12 +34,7 @@
 #include <sys/prctl.h>
 #endif
 
-#include <utils/Log.h>
-
-#if defined(__ANDROID__)
-#include <processgroup/processgroup.h>
-#include <processgroup/sched_policy.h>
-#endif
+#include <log/log.h>
 
 #if defined(__ANDROID__)
 # define __android_unused
@@ -65,7 +60,7 @@ using namespace android;
  * We create it "detached", so it cleans up after itself.
  */
 
-typedef void* (*android_pthread_entry)(void*);
+typedef int (*android_pthread_entry)(void*);
 
 #if defined(__ANDROID__)
 struct thread_data_t {
@@ -93,6 +88,20 @@ struct thread_data_t {
 };
 #endif
 
+// Adapted from bionic's implmenetation of trampoline to make C11 thrd_create
+// work with pthread_create.
+struct libutil_thread_data {
+  android_pthread_entry _Nonnull entry_func;
+  void* _Nullable entry_func_arg;
+};
+
+static void* _Nonnull libutil_thread_trampoline(void* _Nonnull arg) {
+  libutil_thread_data *data_ptr = static_cast<libutil_thread_data*>(arg);
+  int result = data_ptr->entry_func(data_ptr->entry_func_arg);
+  delete data_ptr;
+  return reinterpret_cast<void*>(static_cast<uintptr_t>(result));
+}
+
 void androidSetThreadName(const char* name) {
 #if defined(__linux__)
     // Mac OS doesn't have this, and we build libutil for the host too
@@ -150,8 +159,13 @@ int androidCreateRawThreadEtc(android_thread_func_t entryFunction,
 
     errno = 0;
     pthread_t thread;
+
+    libutil_thread_data* pthread_arg = new libutil_thread_data;
+    pthread_arg->entry_func = entryFunction;
+    pthread_arg->entry_func_arg = userData;
+
     int result = pthread_create(&thread, &attr,
-                    (android_pthread_entry)entryFunction, userData);
+                    libutil_thread_trampoline, pthread_arg);
     pthread_attr_destroy(&attr);
     if (result != 0) {
         ALOGE("androidCreateRawThreadEtc failed (entry=%p, res=%d, %s)\n"
@@ -299,11 +313,6 @@ void androidSetCreateThreadFunc(android_create_thread_fn func)
 int androidSetThreadPriority(pid_t tid, int pri)
 {
     int rc = 0;
-    int curr_pri = getpriority(PRIO_PROCESS, tid);
-
-    if (curr_pri == pri) {
-        return rc;
-    }
 
     if (setpriority(PRIO_PROCESS, tid, pri) < 0) {
         rc = INVALID_OPERATION;
diff --git a/libutils/Timers.cpp b/libutils/Timers.cpp
index 4cfac57be024..98082c95761d 100644
--- a/libutils/Timers.cpp
+++ b/libutils/Timers.cpp
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@
 #include <time.h>
 
 #include <android-base/macros.h>
-#include <utils/Log.h>
+#include <log/log.h>
 
 static constexpr size_t clock_id_max = 5;
 
diff --git a/libutils/Tokenizer.cpp b/libutils/Tokenizer.cpp
index c3ec1652b292..aa097aeadba9 100644
--- a/libutils/Tokenizer.cpp
+++ b/libutils/Tokenizer.cpp
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
 #include <utils/Tokenizer.h>
 #include <fcntl.h>
 #include <sys/stat.h>
-#include <utils/Log.h>
+#include <log/log.h>
 
 #ifndef DEBUG_TOKENIZER
 // Enables debug output for the tokenizer.
@@ -50,15 +50,15 @@ status_t Tokenizer::open(const String8& filename, Tokenizer** outTokenizer) {
     *outTokenizer = nullptr;
 
     int result = OK;
-    int fd = ::open(filename.string(), O_RDONLY);
+    int fd = ::open(filename.c_str(), O_RDONLY);
     if (fd < 0) {
         result = -errno;
-        ALOGE("Error opening file '%s': %s", filename.string(), strerror(errno));
+        ALOGE("Error opening file '%s': %s", filename.c_str(), strerror(errno));
     } else {
         struct stat stat;
         if (fstat(fd, &stat)) {
             result = -errno;
-            ALOGE("Error getting size of file '%s': %s", filename.string(), strerror(errno));
+            ALOGE("Error getting size of file '%s': %s", filename.c_str(), strerror(errno));
         } else {
             size_t length = size_t(stat.st_size);
 
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ status_t Tokenizer::open(const String8& filename, Tokenizer** outTokenizer) {
                 ssize_t nrd = read(fd, buffer, length);
                 if (nrd < 0) {
                     result = -errno;
-                    ALOGE("Error reading file '%s': %s", filename.string(), strerror(errno));
+                    ALOGE("Error reading file '%s': %s", filename.c_str(), strerror(errno));
                     delete[] buffer;
                     buffer = nullptr;
                 } else {
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ status_t Tokenizer::fromContents(const String8& filename,
 
 String8 Tokenizer::getLocation() const {
     String8 result;
-    result.appendFormat("%s:%d", mFilename.string(), mLineNumber);
+    result.appendFormat("%s:%d", mFilename.c_str(), mLineNumber);
     return result;
 }
 
diff --git a/libutils/Vector_fuzz.cpp b/libutils/Vector_fuzz.cpp
deleted file mode 100644
index f6df05135a0b..000000000000
--- a/libutils/Vector_fuzz.cpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,83 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright 2020 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-#include "fuzzer/FuzzedDataProvider.h"
-#include "utils/Vector.h"
-static constexpr uint16_t MAX_VEC_SIZE = 5000;
-
-void runVectorFuzz(const uint8_t* data, size_t size) {
-    FuzzedDataProvider dataProvider(data, size);
-    android::Vector<uint8_t> vec = android::Vector<uint8_t>();
-    // We want to test handling of sizeof as well.
-    android::Vector<uint32_t> vec32 = android::Vector<uint32_t>();
-
-    // We're going to generate two vectors of this size
-    size_t vectorSize = dataProvider.ConsumeIntegralInRange<size_t>(0, MAX_VEC_SIZE);
-    vec.setCapacity(vectorSize);
-    vec32.setCapacity(vectorSize);
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < vectorSize; i++) {
-        uint8_t count = dataProvider.ConsumeIntegralInRange<uint8_t>(1, 5);
-        vec.insertAt((uint8_t)i, i, count);
-        vec32.insertAt((uint32_t)i, i, count);
-        vec.push_front(i);
-        vec32.push(i);
-    }
-
-    // Now we'll perform some test operations with any remaining data
-    // Index to perform operations at
-    size_t index = dataProvider.ConsumeIntegralInRange<size_t>(0, vec.size());
-    std::vector<uint8_t> remainingVec = dataProvider.ConsumeRemainingBytes<uint8_t>();
-    // Insert an array and vector
-    vec.insertArrayAt(remainingVec.data(), index, remainingVec.size());
-    android::Vector<uint8_t> vecCopy = android::Vector<uint8_t>(vec);
-    vec.insertVectorAt(vecCopy, index);
-    // Same thing for 32 bit vector
-    android::Vector<uint32_t> vec32Copy = android::Vector<uint32_t>(vec32);
-    vec32.insertArrayAt(vec32Copy.array(), index, vec32.size());
-    vec32.insertVectorAt(vec32Copy, index);
-    // Replace single character
-    if (remainingVec.size() > 0) {
-        vec.replaceAt(remainingVec[0], index);
-        vec32.replaceAt(static_cast<uint32_t>(remainingVec[0]), index);
-    } else {
-        vec.replaceAt(0, index);
-        vec32.replaceAt(0, index);
-    }
-    // Add any remaining bytes
-    for (uint8_t i : remainingVec) {
-        vec.add(i);
-        vec32.add(static_cast<uint32_t>(i));
-    }
-    // Shrink capactiy
-    vec.setCapacity(remainingVec.size());
-    vec32.setCapacity(remainingVec.size());
-    // Iterate through each pointer
-    size_t sum = 0;
-    for (auto& it : vec) {
-        sum += it;
-    }
-    for (auto& it : vec32) {
-        sum += it;
-    }
-    // Cleanup
-    vec.clear();
-    vecCopy.clear();
-    vec32.clear();
-    vec32Copy.clear();
-}
-extern "C" int LLVMFuzzerTestOneInput(const uint8_t* data, size_t size) {
-    runVectorFuzz(data, size);
-    return 0;
-}
diff --git a/libutils/abi-dumps/arm64/source-based/libutils.so.lsdump b/libutils/abi-dumps/arm64/source-based/libutils.so.lsdump
index c89af9e8b220..00609a9c2653 100644
--- a/libutils/abi-dumps/arm64/source-based/libutils.so.lsdump
+++ b/libutils/abi-dumps/arm64/source-based/libutils.so.lsdump
@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@
    "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIA0_i",
    "name" : "int[0]",
    "referenced_type" : "_ZTIi",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIA0_i",
    "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include_outside_system/cutils/native_handle.h"
   },
   {
@@ -14,16 +13,14 @@
    "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIA1_Ds",
    "name" : "char16_t[1]",
    "referenced_type" : "_ZTIDs",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIA1_Ds",
    "size" : 2,
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/String16.h"
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/binder/include/utils/String16.h"
   },
   {
    "alignment" : 1,
    "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIA20_c",
    "name" : "char[20]",
    "referenced_type" : "_ZTIc",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIA20_c",
    "size" : 20,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/Printer.h"
   },
@@ -32,7 +29,6 @@
    "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIA5121_h",
    "name" : "unsigned char[5121]",
    "referenced_type" : "_ZTIh",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIA5121_h",
    "size" : 5121,
    "source_file" : "system/logging/liblog/include_vndk/log/log_read.h"
   },
@@ -41,15 +37,14 @@
    "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIA8_j",
    "name" : "unsigned int[8]",
    "referenced_type" : "_ZTIj",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIA8_j",
    "size" : 32,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libsystem/include/system/graphics.h"
   },
   {
+   "is_of_unknown_bound" : true,
    "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIA_f",
    "name" : "float[]",
    "referenced_type" : "_ZTIf",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIA_f",
    "source_file" : "system/core/libsystem/include/system/graphics.h"
   }
  ],
@@ -61,16 +56,12 @@
    "is_unsigned" : true,
    "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIDi",
    "name" : "char32_t",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIDi",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIDi",
    "size" : 4
   },
   {
    "alignment" : 8,
    "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIDn",
    "name" : "std::nullptr_t",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIDn",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIDn",
    "size" : 8
   },
   {
@@ -79,8 +70,6 @@
    "is_unsigned" : true,
    "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIDs",
    "name" : "char16_t",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIDs",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIDs",
    "size" : 2
   },
   {
@@ -88,8 +77,6 @@
    "is_integral" : true,
    "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIa",
    "name" : "signed char",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIa",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIa",
    "size" : 1
   },
   {
@@ -98,8 +85,6 @@
    "is_unsigned" : true,
    "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIb",
    "name" : "bool",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIb",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIb",
    "size" : 1
   },
   {
@@ -108,24 +93,18 @@
    "is_unsigned" : true,
    "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIc",
    "name" : "char",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIc",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIc",
    "size" : 1
   },
   {
    "alignment" : 8,
    "linker_set_key" : "_ZTId",
    "name" : "double",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTId",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTId",
    "size" : 8
   },
   {
    "alignment" : 4,
    "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIf",
    "name" : "float",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIf",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIf",
    "size" : 4
   },
   {
@@ -134,8 +113,6 @@
    "is_unsigned" : true,
    "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIh",
    "name" : "unsigned char",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIh",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIh",
    "size" : 1
   },
   {
@@ -143,8 +120,6 @@
    "is_integral" : true,
    "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIi",
    "name" : "int",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIi",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIi",
    "size" : 4
   },
   {
@@ -153,8 +128,6 @@
    "is_unsigned" : true,
    "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIj",
    "name" : "unsigned int",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIj",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIj",
    "size" : 4
   },
   {
@@ -162,8 +135,6 @@
    "is_integral" : true,
    "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIl",
    "name" : "long",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIl",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIl",
    "size" : 8
   },
   {
@@ -172,8 +143,6 @@
    "is_unsigned" : true,
    "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIm",
    "name" : "unsigned long",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIm",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIm",
    "size" : 8
   },
   {
@@ -181,8 +150,6 @@
    "is_integral" : true,
    "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIs",
    "name" : "short",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIs",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIs",
    "size" : 2
   },
   {
@@ -191,23 +158,17 @@
    "is_unsigned" : true,
    "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIt",
    "name" : "unsigned short",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIt",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIt",
    "size" : 2
   },
   {
    "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIv",
-   "name" : "void",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIv",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIv"
+   "name" : "void"
   },
   {
    "alignment" : 8,
    "is_integral" : true,
    "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIx",
    "name" : "long long",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIx",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIx",
    "size" : 8
   },
   {
@@ -216,8 +177,6 @@
    "is_unsigned" : true,
    "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIy",
    "name" : "unsigned long long",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIy",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIy",
    "size" : 8
   }
  ],
@@ -496,9 +455,6 @@
   {
    "name" : "_ZN7android47LightRefBase_reportIncStrongRequireStrongFailedEPKv"
   },
-  {
-   "name" : "_ZN7android6Looper10initTLSKeyEv"
-  },
   {
    "name" : "_ZN7android6Looper11sendMessageERKNS_2spINS_14MessageHandlerEEERKNS_7MessageE"
   },
@@ -515,7 +471,7 @@
    "name" : "_ZN7android6Looper14removeMessagesERKNS_2spINS_14MessageHandlerEEEi"
   },
   {
-   "name" : "_ZN7android6Looper16threadDestructorEPv"
+   "name" : "_ZN7android6Looper15getFdStateDebugEiPiS1_PNS_2spINS_14LooperCallbackEEEPPv"
   },
   {
    "name" : "_ZN7android6Looper17sendMessageAtTimeElRKNS_2spINS_14MessageHandlerEEERKNS_7MessageE"
@@ -544,6 +500,9 @@
   {
    "name" : "_ZN7android6Looper6awokenEv"
   },
+  {
+   "name" : "_ZN7android6Looper6repollEi"
+  },
   {
    "name" : "_ZN7android6Looper7pollAllEiPiS1_PPv"
   },
@@ -703,9 +662,6 @@
   {
    "name" : "_ZN7android7RefBaseD2Ev"
   },
-  {
-   "name" : "_ZN7android7String810appendPathEPKc"
-  },
   {
    "name" : "_ZN7android7String810lockBufferEm"
   },
@@ -724,9 +680,6 @@
   {
    "name" : "_ZN7android7String813appendFormatVEPKcSt9__va_list"
   },
-  {
-   "name" : "_ZN7android7String816convertToResPathEv"
-  },
   {
    "name" : "_ZN7android7String85clearEv"
   },
@@ -1042,78 +995,6 @@
   {
    "name" : "_ZNK7android6Thread9isRunningEv"
   },
-  {
-   "binding" : "weak",
-   "name" : "_ZNK7android6VectorINS_28sysprop_change_callback_infoEE10do_destroyEPvm"
-  },
-  {
-   "binding" : "weak",
-   "name" : "_ZNK7android6VectorINS_28sysprop_change_callback_infoEE12do_constructEPvm"
-  },
-  {
-   "binding" : "weak",
-   "name" : "_ZNK7android6VectorINS_28sysprop_change_callback_infoEE15do_move_forwardEPvPKvm"
-  },
-  {
-   "binding" : "weak",
-   "name" : "_ZNK7android6VectorINS_28sysprop_change_callback_infoEE16do_move_backwardEPvPKvm"
-  },
-  {
-   "binding" : "weak",
-   "name" : "_ZNK7android6VectorINS_28sysprop_change_callback_infoEE7do_copyEPvPKvm"
-  },
-  {
-   "binding" : "weak",
-   "name" : "_ZNK7android6VectorINS_28sysprop_change_callback_infoEE8do_splatEPvPKvm"
-  },
-  {
-   "binding" : "weak",
-   "name" : "_ZNK7android6VectorINS_6Looper15MessageEnvelopeEE10do_destroyEPvm"
-  },
-  {
-   "binding" : "weak",
-   "name" : "_ZNK7android6VectorINS_6Looper15MessageEnvelopeEE12do_constructEPvm"
-  },
-  {
-   "binding" : "weak",
-   "name" : "_ZNK7android6VectorINS_6Looper15MessageEnvelopeEE15do_move_forwardEPvPKvm"
-  },
-  {
-   "binding" : "weak",
-   "name" : "_ZNK7android6VectorINS_6Looper15MessageEnvelopeEE16do_move_backwardEPvPKvm"
-  },
-  {
-   "binding" : "weak",
-   "name" : "_ZNK7android6VectorINS_6Looper15MessageEnvelopeEE7do_copyEPvPKvm"
-  },
-  {
-   "binding" : "weak",
-   "name" : "_ZNK7android6VectorINS_6Looper15MessageEnvelopeEE8do_splatEPvPKvm"
-  },
-  {
-   "binding" : "weak",
-   "name" : "_ZNK7android6VectorINS_6Looper8ResponseEE10do_destroyEPvm"
-  },
-  {
-   "binding" : "weak",
-   "name" : "_ZNK7android6VectorINS_6Looper8ResponseEE12do_constructEPvm"
-  },
-  {
-   "binding" : "weak",
-   "name" : "_ZNK7android6VectorINS_6Looper8ResponseEE15do_move_forwardEPvPKvm"
-  },
-  {
-   "binding" : "weak",
-   "name" : "_ZNK7android6VectorINS_6Looper8ResponseEE16do_move_backwardEPvPKvm"
-  },
-  {
-   "binding" : "weak",
-   "name" : "_ZNK7android6VectorINS_6Looper8ResponseEE7do_copyEPvPKvm"
-  },
-  {
-   "binding" : "weak",
-   "name" : "_ZNK7android6VectorINS_6Looper8ResponseEE8do_splatEPvPKvm"
-  },
   {
    "name" : "_ZNK7android7RefBase10createWeakEPKv"
   },
@@ -1147,15 +1028,6 @@
   {
    "name" : "_ZNK7android7String810getPathDirEv"
   },
-  {
-   "name" : "_ZNK7android7String811getBasePathEv"
-  },
-  {
-   "name" : "_ZNK7android7String811getPathLeafEv"
-  },
-  {
-   "name" : "_ZNK7android7String814find_extensionEv"
-  },
   {
    "name" : "_ZNK7android7String816getPathExtensionEv"
   },
@@ -1165,9 +1037,6 @@
   {
    "name" : "_ZNK7android7String86lengthEv"
   },
-  {
-   "name" : "_ZNK7android7String88walkPathEPS0_"
-  },
   {
    "name" : "_ZNK7android8String1610startsWithEPKDs"
   },
@@ -1204,46 +1073,6 @@
   {
    "name" : "_ZNK7android9Tokenizer19peekRemainderOfLineEv"
   },
-  {
-   "binding" : "weak",
-   "name" : "_ZNSt3__112__hash_tableINS_17__hash_value_typeIimEENS_22__unordered_map_hasherIiS2_NS_4hashIiEELb1EEENS_21__unordered_map_equalIiS2_NS_8equal_toIiEELb1EEENS_9allocatorIS2_EEE14__erase_uniqueIiEEmRKT_"
-  },
-  {
-   "binding" : "weak",
-   "name" : "_ZNSt3__112__hash_tableINS_17__hash_value_typeIimEENS_22__unordered_map_hasherIiS2_NS_4hashIiEELb1EEENS_21__unordered_map_equalIiS2_NS_8equal_toIiEELb1EEENS_9allocatorIS2_EEE25__emplace_unique_key_argsIiJRiRKmEEENS_4pairINS_15__hash_iteratorIPNS_11__hash_nodeIS2_PvEEEEbEERKT_DpOT0_"
-  },
-  {
-   "binding" : "weak",
-   "name" : "_ZNSt3__112__hash_tableINS_17__hash_value_typeIimEENS_22__unordered_map_hasherIiS2_NS_4hashIiEELb1EEENS_21__unordered_map_equalIiS2_NS_8equal_toIiEELb1EEENS_9allocatorIS2_EEE6rehashEm"
-  },
-  {
-   "binding" : "weak",
-   "name" : "_ZNSt3__112__hash_tableINS_17__hash_value_typeIimEENS_22__unordered_map_hasherIiS2_NS_4hashIiEELb1EEENS_21__unordered_map_equalIiS2_NS_8equal_toIiEELb1EEENS_9allocatorIS2_EEE6removeENS_21__hash_const_iteratorIPNS_11__hash_nodeIS2_PvEEEE"
-  },
-  {
-   "binding" : "weak",
-   "name" : "_ZNSt3__112__hash_tableINS_17__hash_value_typeIimEENS_22__unordered_map_hasherIiS2_NS_4hashIiEELb1EEENS_21__unordered_map_equalIiS2_NS_8equal_toIiEELb1EEENS_9allocatorIS2_EEE8__rehashEm"
-  },
-  {
-   "binding" : "weak",
-   "name" : "_ZNSt3__112__hash_tableINS_17__hash_value_typeImN7android6Looper7RequestEEENS_22__unordered_map_hasherImS5_NS_4hashImEELb1EEENS_21__unordered_map_equalImS5_NS_8equal_toImEELb1EEENS_9allocatorIS5_EEE14__erase_uniqueImEEmRKT_"
-  },
-  {
-   "binding" : "weak",
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   },
@@ -1429,71 +1258,14 @@
   },
   {
    "name" : "_ZTVN7android9FdPrinterE"
+  },
+  {
+   "binding" : "weak",
+   "name" : "__llvm_fs_discriminator__"
   }
  ],
  "enum_types" :
  [
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-     "name" : "SP_DEFAULT"
-    },
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-     "name" : "SP_FOREGROUND"
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-     "name" : "SP_SYSTEM"
-    },
-    {
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-     "name" : "SP_AUDIO_APP"
-    },
-    {
-     "enum_field_value" : 4,
-     "name" : "SP_AUDIO_SYS"
-    },
-    {
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-     "name" : "SP_TOP_APP"
-    },
-    {
-     "enum_field_value" : 6,
-     "name" : "SP_RT_APP"
-    },
-    {
-     "enum_field_value" : 7,
-     "name" : "SP_RESTRICTED"
-    },
-    {
-     "enum_field_value" : 8,
-     "name" : "SP_CNT"
-    },
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-     "name" : "SP_MAX"
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-     "enum_field_value" : 1,
-     "name" : "SP_SYSTEM_DEFAULT"
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-   "underlying_type" : "_ZTIi"
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@@ -1513,8 +1285,6 @@
    ],
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    "name" : "android_hdr_t",
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@@ -1530,8 +1300,6 @@
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-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTI18android_hdr_v1_2_t",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTI18android_hdr_v1_2_t",
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@@ -1579,8 +1347,6 @@
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    "linker_set_key" : "_ZTI19android_LogPriority",
    "name" : "android_LogPriority",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTI19android_LogPriority",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTI19android_LogPriority",
    "size" : 4,
    "source_file" : "system/logging/liblog/include_vndk/android/log.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
@@ -1820,8 +1586,6 @@
    ],
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    "name" : "android_dataspace_t",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTI19android_dataspace_t",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTI19android_dataspace_t",
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    "source_file" : "system/core/libsystem/include/system/graphics-base-v1.0.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
@@ -1857,8 +1621,6 @@
    ],
    "linker_set_key" : "_ZTI19android_flex_format",
    "name" : "android_flex_format",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTI19android_flex_format",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTI19android_flex_format",
    "size" : 4,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libsystem/include/system/graphics.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
@@ -1890,8 +1652,6 @@
    ],
    "linker_set_key" : "_ZTI19android_transform_t",
    "name" : "android_transform_t",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTI19android_transform_t",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTI19android_transform_t",
    "size" : 4,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libsystem/include/system/graphics-base-v1.0.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
@@ -1943,8 +1703,6 @@
    ],
    "linker_set_key" : "_ZTI20android_color_mode_t",
    "name" : "android_color_mode_t",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTI20android_color_mode_t",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTI20android_color_mode_t",
    "size" : 4,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libsystem/include/system/graphics-base-v1.0.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
@@ -1976,8 +1734,6 @@
    ],
    "linker_set_key" : "_ZTI21$SYSTEM_TIME_BOOTTIME",
    "name" : "(unnamed)",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTI21$SYSTEM_TIME_BOOTTIME",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTI21$SYSTEM_TIME_BOOTTIME",
    "size" : 4,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/Timers.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
@@ -2017,8 +1773,6 @@
    ],
    "linker_set_key" : "_ZTI22android_flex_component",
    "name" : "android_flex_component",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTI22android_flex_component",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTI22android_flex_component",
    "size" : 4,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libsystem/include/system/graphics.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
@@ -2110,8 +1864,6 @@
    ],
    "linker_set_key" : "_ZTI22android_pixel_format_t",
    "name" : "android_pixel_format_t",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTI22android_pixel_format_t",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTI22android_pixel_format_t",
    "size" : 4,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libsystem/include/system/graphics-base-v1.0.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
@@ -2175,8 +1927,6 @@
    ],
    "linker_set_key" : "_ZTI23$ANDROID_PRIORITY_AUDIO",
    "name" : "(unnamed)",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTI23$ANDROID_PRIORITY_AUDIO",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTI23$ANDROID_PRIORITY_AUDIO",
    "size" : 4,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libsystem/include/system/thread_defs.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIi"
@@ -2204,8 +1954,6 @@
    ],
    "linker_set_key" : "_ZTI24android_dataspace_v1_1_t",
    "name" : "android_dataspace_v1_1_t",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTI24android_dataspace_v1_1_t",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTI24android_dataspace_v1_1_t",
    "size" : 4,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libsystem/include/system/graphics-base-v1.1.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
@@ -2233,8 +1981,6 @@
    ],
    "linker_set_key" : "_ZTI24android_dataspace_v1_2_t",
    "name" : "android_dataspace_v1_2_t",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTI24android_dataspace_v1_2_t",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTI24android_dataspace_v1_2_t",
    "size" : 4,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libsystem/include/system/graphics-base-v1.2.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
@@ -2258,12 +2004,25 @@
    ],
    "linker_set_key" : "_ZTI25android_color_mode_v1_1_t",
    "name" : "android_color_mode_v1_1_t",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTI25android_color_mode_v1_1_t",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTI25android_color_mode_v1_1_t",
    "size" : 4,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libsystem/include/system/graphics-base-v1.1.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
   },
+  {
+   "alignment" : 4,
+   "enum_fields" :
+   [
+    {
+     "enum_field_value" : 13,
+     "name" : "HAL_COLOR_MODE_DISPLAY_BT2020"
+    }
+   ],
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTI25android_color_mode_v1_2_t",
+   "name" : "android_color_mode_v1_2_t",
+   "size" : 4,
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libsystem/include/system/graphics-base-v1.2.h",
+   "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
+  },
   {
    "alignment" : 4,
    "enum_fields" :
@@ -2299,8 +2058,6 @@
    ],
    "linker_set_key" : "_ZTI25android_color_transform_t",
    "name" : "android_color_transform_t",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTI25android_color_transform_t",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTI25android_color_transform_t",
    "size" : 4,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libsystem/include/system/graphics-base-v1.0.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
@@ -2328,8 +2085,6 @@
    ],
    "linker_set_key" : "_ZTI25android_pixel_format_sw_t",
    "name" : "android_pixel_format_sw_t",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTI25android_pixel_format_sw_t",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTI25android_pixel_format_sw_t",
    "size" : 4,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libsystem/include/system/graphics-sw.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
@@ -2369,8 +2124,6 @@
    ],
    "linker_set_key" : "_ZTI27android_pixel_format_v1_1_t",
    "name" : "android_pixel_format_v1_1_t",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTI27android_pixel_format_v1_1_t",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTI27android_pixel_format_v1_1_t",
    "size" : 4,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libsystem/include/system/graphics-base-v1.1.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
@@ -2386,8 +2139,6 @@
    ],
    "linker_set_key" : "_ZTI27android_pixel_format_v1_2_t",
    "name" : "android_pixel_format_v1_2_t",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTI27android_pixel_format_v1_2_t",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTI27android_pixel_format_v1_2_t",
    "size" : 4,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libsystem/include/system/graphics-base-v1.2.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
@@ -2415,8 +2166,6 @@
    ],
    "linker_set_key" : "_ZTI28android_render_intent_v1_1_t",
    "name" : "android_render_intent_v1_1_t",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTI28android_render_intent_v1_1_t",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTI28android_render_intent_v1_1_t",
    "size" : 4,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libsystem/include/system/graphics-base-v1.1.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
@@ -2472,8 +2221,6 @@
    ],
    "linker_set_key" : "_ZTI6log_id",
    "name" : "log_id",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTI6log_id",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTI6log_id",
    "size" : 4,
    "source_file" : "system/logging/liblog/include_vndk/android/log.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
@@ -2497,12 +2244,34 @@
    ],
    "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android10VectorImpl17$HAS_TRIVIAL_COPYE",
    "name" : "android::VectorImpl::(unnamed)",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android10VectorImpl17$HAS_TRIVIAL_COPYE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android10VectorImpl17$HAS_TRIVIAL_COPYE",
    "size" : 4,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/VectorImpl.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
   },
+  {
+   "alignment" : 4,
+   "enum_fields" :
+   [
+    {
+     "enum_field_value" : 1,
+     "name" : "android::VectorImpl::HAS_TRIVIAL_CTOR"
+    },
+    {
+     "enum_field_value" : 2,
+     "name" : "android::VectorImpl::HAS_TRIVIAL_DTOR"
+    },
+    {
+     "enum_field_value" : 4,
+     "name" : "android::VectorImpl::HAS_TRIVIAL_COPY"
+    }
+   ],
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android10VectorImpl17$HAS_TRIVIAL_COPYE",
+   "name" : "android::VectorImpl::(unnamed)",
+   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android10VectorImpl17$HAS_TRIVIAL_COPYE#ODR:out/soong/.intermediates/system/core/libutils/binder/libutils_binder/android_vendor_arm64_armv8-a_cortex-a53_static_afdo-libutils/obj/system/core/libutils/binder/RefBase.sdump",
+   "size" : 4,
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/binder/include/utils/VectorImpl.h",
+   "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
+  },
   {
    "alignment" : 4,
    "enum_fields" :
@@ -2514,8 +2283,6 @@
    ],
    "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android13trait_pointerINS_28sysprop_change_callback_infoEE6$valueE",
    "name" : "android::trait_pointer<android::sysprop_change_callback_info>::(unnamed)",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android13trait_pointerINS_28sysprop_change_callback_infoEE6$valueE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android13trait_pointerINS_28sysprop_change_callback_infoEE6$valueE",
    "size" : 4,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
@@ -2531,8 +2298,6 @@
    ],
    "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android13trait_pointerINS_6Looper15MessageEnvelopeEE6$valueE",
    "name" : "android::trait_pointer<android::Looper::MessageEnvelope>::(unnamed)",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android13trait_pointerINS_6Looper15MessageEnvelopeEE6$valueE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android13trait_pointerINS_6Looper15MessageEnvelopeEE6$valueE",
    "size" : 4,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
@@ -2548,8 +2313,6 @@
    ],
    "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android13trait_pointerINS_6Looper8ResponseEE6$valueE",
    "name" : "android::trait_pointer<android::Looper::Response>::(unnamed)",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android13trait_pointerINS_6Looper8ResponseEE6$valueE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android13trait_pointerINS_6Looper8ResponseEE6$valueE",
    "size" : 4,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
@@ -2641,8 +2404,6 @@
    ],
    "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android15$ALREADY_EXISTSE",
    "name" : "android::(unnamed)",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android15$ALREADY_EXISTSE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android15$ALREADY_EXISTSE",
    "size" : 4,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/Errors.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIi"
@@ -2652,66 +2413,156 @@
    "enum_fields" :
    [
     {
-     "enum_field_value" : 19,
-     "name" : "android::PRIORITY_LOWEST"
+     "enum_field_value" : 0,
+     "name" : "android::OK"
     },
     {
-     "enum_field_value" : 10,
-     "name" : "android::PRIORITY_BACKGROUND"
+     "enum_field_value" : 0,
+     "name" : "android::NO_ERROR"
     },
     {
-     "enum_field_value" : 0,
-     "name" : "android::PRIORITY_NORMAL"
+     "enum_field_value" : -2147483648,
+     "name" : "android::UNKNOWN_ERROR"
     },
     {
-     "enum_field_value" : -2,
-     "name" : "android::PRIORITY_FOREGROUND"
+     "enum_field_value" : -12,
+     "name" : "android::NO_MEMORY"
     },
     {
-     "enum_field_value" : -4,
-     "name" : "android::PRIORITY_DISPLAY"
+     "enum_field_value" : -38,
+     "name" : "android::INVALID_OPERATION"
     },
     {
-     "enum_field_value" : -8,
-     "name" : "android::PRIORITY_URGENT_DISPLAY"
+     "enum_field_value" : -22,
+     "name" : "android::BAD_VALUE"
     },
     {
-     "enum_field_value" : -16,
-     "name" : "android::PRIORITY_AUDIO"
+     "enum_field_value" : -2147483647,
+     "name" : "android::BAD_TYPE"
     },
     {
-     "enum_field_value" : -19,
-     "name" : "android::PRIORITY_URGENT_AUDIO"
+     "enum_field_value" : -2,
+     "name" : "android::NAME_NOT_FOUND"
     },
     {
-     "enum_field_value" : -20,
-     "name" : "android::PRIORITY_HIGHEST"
+     "enum_field_value" : -1,
+     "name" : "android::PERMISSION_DENIED"
     },
     {
-     "enum_field_value" : 0,
-     "name" : "android::PRIORITY_DEFAULT"
+     "enum_field_value" : -19,
+     "name" : "android::NO_INIT"
     },
     {
-     "enum_field_value" : -1,
-     "name" : "android::PRIORITY_MORE_FAVORABLE"
+     "enum_field_value" : -17,
+     "name" : "android::ALREADY_EXISTS"
     },
     {
-     "enum_field_value" : 1,
-     "name" : "android::PRIORITY_LESS_FAVORABLE"
-    }
-   ],
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android15$PRIORITY_AUDIOE",
-   "name" : "android::(unnamed)",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android15$PRIORITY_AUDIOE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android15$PRIORITY_AUDIOE",
-   "size" : 4,
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/ThreadDefs.h",
-   "underlying_type" : "_ZTIi"
-  },
-  {
-   "alignment" : 4,
-   "enum_fields" :
-   [
+     "enum_field_value" : -32,
+     "name" : "android::DEAD_OBJECT"
+    },
+    {
+     "enum_field_value" : -2147483646,
+     "name" : "android::FAILED_TRANSACTION"
+    },
+    {
+     "enum_field_value" : -75,
+     "name" : "android::BAD_INDEX"
+    },
+    {
+     "enum_field_value" : -61,
+     "name" : "android::NOT_ENOUGH_DATA"
+    },
+    {
+     "enum_field_value" : -11,
+     "name" : "android::WOULD_BLOCK"
+    },
+    {
+     "enum_field_value" : -110,
+     "name" : "android::TIMED_OUT"
+    },
+    {
+     "enum_field_value" : -74,
+     "name" : "android::UNKNOWN_TRANSACTION"
+    },
+    {
+     "enum_field_value" : -2147483641,
+     "name" : "android::FDS_NOT_ALLOWED"
+    },
+    {
+     "enum_field_value" : -2147483640,
+     "name" : "android::UNEXPECTED_NULL"
+    }
+   ],
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android15$ALREADY_EXISTSE",
+   "name" : "android::(unnamed)",
+   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android15$ALREADY_EXISTSE#ODR:out/soong/.intermediates/system/core/libutils/binder/libutils_binder/android_vendor_arm64_armv8-a_cortex-a53_static_afdo-libutils/obj/system/core/libutils/binder/Errors.sdump",
+   "size" : 4,
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/binder/include/utils/Errors.h",
+   "underlying_type" : "_ZTIi"
+  },
+  {
+   "alignment" : 4,
+   "enum_fields" :
+   [
+    {
+     "enum_field_value" : 19,
+     "name" : "android::PRIORITY_LOWEST"
+    },
+    {
+     "enum_field_value" : 10,
+     "name" : "android::PRIORITY_BACKGROUND"
+    },
+    {
+     "enum_field_value" : 0,
+     "name" : "android::PRIORITY_NORMAL"
+    },
+    {
+     "enum_field_value" : -2,
+     "name" : "android::PRIORITY_FOREGROUND"
+    },
+    {
+     "enum_field_value" : -4,
+     "name" : "android::PRIORITY_DISPLAY"
+    },
+    {
+     "enum_field_value" : -8,
+     "name" : "android::PRIORITY_URGENT_DISPLAY"
+    },
+    {
+     "enum_field_value" : -16,
+     "name" : "android::PRIORITY_AUDIO"
+    },
+    {
+     "enum_field_value" : -19,
+     "name" : "android::PRIORITY_URGENT_AUDIO"
+    },
+    {
+     "enum_field_value" : -20,
+     "name" : "android::PRIORITY_HIGHEST"
+    },
+    {
+     "enum_field_value" : 0,
+     "name" : "android::PRIORITY_DEFAULT"
+    },
+    {
+     "enum_field_value" : -1,
+     "name" : "android::PRIORITY_MORE_FAVORABLE"
+    },
+    {
+     "enum_field_value" : 1,
+     "name" : "android::PRIORITY_LESS_FAVORABLE"
+    }
+   ],
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android15$PRIORITY_AUDIOE",
+   "name" : "android::(unnamed)",
+   "size" : 4,
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/ThreadDefs.h",
+   "underlying_type" : "_ZTIi"
+  },
+  {
+   "alignment" : 4,
+   "enum_fields" :
+   [
     {
      "enum_field_value" : 0,
      "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<android::sysprop_change_callback_info>::value"
@@ -2719,8 +2570,6 @@
    ],
    "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyINS_28sysprop_change_callback_infoEE6$valueE",
    "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<android::sysprop_change_callback_info>::(unnamed)",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyINS_28sysprop_change_callback_infoEE6$valueE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyINS_28sysprop_change_callback_infoEE6$valueE",
    "size" : 4,
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@@ -2736,8 +2585,6 @@
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    "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<android::Looper::MessageEnvelope>::(unnamed)",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyINS_6Looper15MessageEnvelopeEE6$valueE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyINS_6Looper15MessageEnvelopeEE6$valueE",
    "size" : 4,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
@@ -2753,8 +2600,6 @@
    ],
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    "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<android::Looper::Response>::(unnamed)",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyINS_6Looper8ResponseEE6$valueE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyINS_6Looper8ResponseEE6$valueE",
    "size" : 4,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
@@ -2770,8 +2615,6 @@
    ],
    "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyIbE6$valueE",
    "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<bool>::(unnamed)",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyIbE6$valueE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyIbE6$valueE",
    "size" : 4,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
@@ -2782,15 +2625,14 @@
    [
     {
      "enum_field_value" : 1,
-     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<char>::value"
+     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<bool>::value"
     }
    ],
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyIcE6$valueE",
-   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<char>::(unnamed)",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyIcE6$valueE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyIcE6$valueE",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyIbE6$valueE",
+   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<bool>::(unnamed)",
+   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyIbE6$valueE#ODR:out/soong/.intermediates/system/core/libutils/binder/libutils_binder/android_vendor_arm64_armv8-a_cortex-a53_static_afdo-libutils/obj/system/core/libutils/binder/RefBase.sdump",
    "size" : 4,
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/binder/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
   },
   {
@@ -2799,13 +2641,11 @@
    [
     {
      "enum_field_value" : 1,
-     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<double>::value"
+     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<char>::value"
     }
    ],
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyIdE6$valueE",
-   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<double>::(unnamed)",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyIdE6$valueE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyIdE6$valueE",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyIcE6$valueE",
+   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<char>::(unnamed)",
    "size" : 4,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
@@ -2816,15 +2656,14 @@
    [
     {
      "enum_field_value" : 1,
-     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<float>::value"
+     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<char>::value"
     }
    ],
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyIfE6$valueE",
-   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<float>::(unnamed)",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyIfE6$valueE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyIfE6$valueE",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyIcE6$valueE",
+   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<char>::(unnamed)",
+   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyIcE6$valueE#ODR:out/soong/.intermediates/system/core/libutils/binder/libutils_binder/android_vendor_arm64_armv8-a_cortex-a53_static_afdo-libutils/obj/system/core/libutils/binder/RefBase.sdump",
    "size" : 4,
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/binder/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
   },
   {
@@ -2833,13 +2672,11 @@
    [
     {
      "enum_field_value" : 1,
-     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<unsigned char>::value"
+     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<double>::value"
     }
    ],
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyIhE6$valueE",
-   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<unsigned char>::(unnamed)",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyIhE6$valueE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyIhE6$valueE",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyIdE6$valueE",
+   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<double>::(unnamed)",
    "size" : 4,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
@@ -2850,15 +2687,14 @@
    [
     {
      "enum_field_value" : 1,
-     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<int>::value"
+     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<double>::value"
     }
    ],
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyIiE6$valueE",
-   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<int>::(unnamed)",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyIiE6$valueE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyIiE6$valueE",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyIdE6$valueE",
+   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<double>::(unnamed)",
+   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyIdE6$valueE#ODR:out/soong/.intermediates/system/core/libutils/binder/libutils_binder/android_vendor_arm64_armv8-a_cortex-a53_static_afdo-libutils/obj/system/core/libutils/binder/RefBase.sdump",
    "size" : 4,
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/binder/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
   },
   {
@@ -2867,13 +2703,11 @@
    [
     {
      "enum_field_value" : 1,
-     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<unsigned int>::value"
+     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<float>::value"
     }
    ],
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyIjE6$valueE",
-   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<unsigned int>::(unnamed)",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyIjE6$valueE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyIjE6$valueE",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyIfE6$valueE",
+   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<float>::(unnamed)",
    "size" : 4,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
@@ -2884,15 +2718,14 @@
    [
     {
      "enum_field_value" : 1,
-     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<long>::value"
+     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<float>::value"
     }
    ],
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyIlE6$valueE",
-   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<long>::(unnamed)",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyIlE6$valueE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyIlE6$valueE",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyIfE6$valueE",
+   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<float>::(unnamed)",
+   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyIfE6$valueE#ODR:out/soong/.intermediates/system/core/libutils/binder/libutils_binder/android_vendor_arm64_armv8-a_cortex-a53_static_afdo-libutils/obj/system/core/libutils/binder/RefBase.sdump",
    "size" : 4,
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/binder/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
   },
   {
@@ -2901,13 +2734,11 @@
    [
     {
      "enum_field_value" : 1,
-     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<unsigned long>::value"
+     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<unsigned char>::value"
     }
    ],
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyImE6$valueE",
-   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<unsigned long>::(unnamed)",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyImE6$valueE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyImE6$valueE",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyIhE6$valueE",
+   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<unsigned char>::(unnamed)",
    "size" : 4,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
@@ -2918,15 +2749,14 @@
    [
     {
      "enum_field_value" : 1,
-     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<short>::value"
+     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<unsigned char>::value"
     }
    ],
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyIsE6$valueE",
-   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<short>::(unnamed)",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyIsE6$valueE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyIsE6$valueE",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyIhE6$valueE",
+   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<unsigned char>::(unnamed)",
+   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyIhE6$valueE#ODR:out/soong/.intermediates/system/core/libutils/binder/libutils_binder/android_vendor_arm64_armv8-a_cortex-a53_static_afdo-libutils/obj/system/core/libutils/binder/RefBase.sdump",
    "size" : 4,
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/binder/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
   },
   {
@@ -2935,13 +2765,11 @@
    [
     {
      "enum_field_value" : 1,
-     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<unsigned short>::value"
+     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<int>::value"
     }
    ],
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyItE6$valueE",
-   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<unsigned short>::(unnamed)",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyItE6$valueE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyItE6$valueE",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyIiE6$valueE",
+   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<int>::(unnamed)",
    "size" : 4,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
@@ -2952,15 +2780,14 @@
    [
     {
      "enum_field_value" : 1,
-     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<void>::value"
+     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<int>::value"
     }
    ],
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyIvE6$valueE",
-   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<void>::(unnamed)",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyIvE6$valueE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyIvE6$valueE",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyIiE6$valueE",
+   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<int>::(unnamed)",
+   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyIiE6$valueE#ODR:out/soong/.intermediates/system/core/libutils/binder/libutils_binder/android_vendor_arm64_armv8-a_cortex-a53_static_afdo-libutils/obj/system/core/libutils/binder/RefBase.sdump",
    "size" : 4,
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/binder/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
   },
   {
@@ -2969,13 +2796,11 @@
    [
     {
      "enum_field_value" : 1,
-     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<long long>::value"
+     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<unsigned int>::value"
     }
    ],
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyIxE6$valueE",
-   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<long long>::(unnamed)",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyIxE6$valueE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyIxE6$valueE",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyIjE6$valueE",
+   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<unsigned int>::(unnamed)",
    "size" : 4,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
@@ -2986,15 +2811,14 @@
    [
     {
      "enum_field_value" : 1,
-     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<unsigned long long>::value"
+     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<unsigned int>::value"
     }
    ],
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyIyE6$valueE",
-   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<unsigned long long>::(unnamed)",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyIyE6$valueE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyIyE6$valueE",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyIjE6$valueE",
+   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<unsigned int>::(unnamed)",
+   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyIjE6$valueE#ODR:out/soong/.intermediates/system/core/libutils/binder/libutils_binder/android_vendor_arm64_armv8-a_cortex-a53_static_afdo-libutils/obj/system/core/libutils/binder/RefBase.sdump",
    "size" : 4,
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/binder/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
   },
   {
@@ -3002,14 +2826,12 @@
    "enum_fields" :
    [
     {
-     "enum_field_value" : 0,
-     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<android::sysprop_change_callback_info>::value"
+     "enum_field_value" : 1,
+     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<long>::value"
     }
    ],
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorINS_28sysprop_change_callback_infoEE6$valueE",
-   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<android::sysprop_change_callback_info>::(unnamed)",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorINS_28sysprop_change_callback_infoEE6$valueE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorINS_28sysprop_change_callback_infoEE6$valueE",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyIlE6$valueE",
+   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<long>::(unnamed)",
    "size" : 4,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
@@ -3019,16 +2841,15 @@
    "enum_fields" :
    [
     {
-     "enum_field_value" : 0,
-     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<android::Looper::MessageEnvelope>::value"
+     "enum_field_value" : 1,
+     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<long>::value"
     }
    ],
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorINS_6Looper15MessageEnvelopeEE6$valueE",
-   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<android::Looper::MessageEnvelope>::(unnamed)",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorINS_6Looper15MessageEnvelopeEE6$valueE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorINS_6Looper15MessageEnvelopeEE6$valueE",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyIlE6$valueE",
+   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<long>::(unnamed)",
+   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyIlE6$valueE#ODR:out/soong/.intermediates/system/core/libutils/binder/libutils_binder/android_vendor_arm64_armv8-a_cortex-a53_static_afdo-libutils/obj/system/core/libutils/binder/RefBase.sdump",
    "size" : 4,
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/binder/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
   },
   {
@@ -3036,14 +2857,12 @@
    "enum_fields" :
    [
     {
-     "enum_field_value" : 0,
-     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<android::Looper::Response>::value"
+     "enum_field_value" : 1,
+     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<unsigned long>::value"
     }
    ],
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorINS_6Looper8ResponseEE6$valueE",
-   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<android::Looper::Response>::(unnamed)",
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-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorINS_6Looper8ResponseEE6$valueE",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyImE6$valueE",
+   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<unsigned long>::(unnamed)",
    "size" : 4,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
@@ -3054,15 +2873,14 @@
    [
     {
      "enum_field_value" : 1,
-     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<bool>::value"
+     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<unsigned long>::value"
     }
    ],
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorIbE6$valueE",
-   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<bool>::(unnamed)",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorIbE6$valueE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorIbE6$valueE",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyImE6$valueE",
+   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<unsigned long>::(unnamed)",
+   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyImE6$valueE#ODR:out/soong/.intermediates/system/core/libutils/binder/libutils_binder/android_vendor_arm64_armv8-a_cortex-a53_static_afdo-libutils/obj/system/core/libutils/binder/RefBase.sdump",
    "size" : 4,
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/binder/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
   },
   {
@@ -3071,13 +2889,11 @@
    [
     {
      "enum_field_value" : 1,
-     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<char>::value"
+     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<short>::value"
     }
    ],
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-   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<char>::(unnamed)",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorIcE6$valueE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorIcE6$valueE",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyIsE6$valueE",
+   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<short>::(unnamed)",
    "size" : 4,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
@@ -3088,15 +2904,14 @@
    [
     {
      "enum_field_value" : 1,
-     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<double>::value"
+     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<short>::value"
     }
    ],
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorIdE6$valueE",
-   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<double>::(unnamed)",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorIdE6$valueE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorIdE6$valueE",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyIsE6$valueE",
+   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<short>::(unnamed)",
+   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyIsE6$valueE#ODR:out/soong/.intermediates/system/core/libutils/binder/libutils_binder/android_vendor_arm64_armv8-a_cortex-a53_static_afdo-libutils/obj/system/core/libutils/binder/RefBase.sdump",
    "size" : 4,
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/binder/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
   },
   {
@@ -3105,13 +2920,11 @@
    [
     {
      "enum_field_value" : 1,
-     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<float>::value"
+     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<unsigned short>::value"
     }
    ],
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorIfE6$valueE",
-   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<float>::(unnamed)",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorIfE6$valueE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorIfE6$valueE",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyItE6$valueE",
+   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<unsigned short>::(unnamed)",
    "size" : 4,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
@@ -3122,15 +2935,14 @@
    [
     {
      "enum_field_value" : 1,
-     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<unsigned char>::value"
+     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<unsigned short>::value"
     }
    ],
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorIhE6$valueE",
-   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<unsigned char>::(unnamed)",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorIhE6$valueE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorIhE6$valueE",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyItE6$valueE",
+   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<unsigned short>::(unnamed)",
+   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyItE6$valueE#ODR:out/soong/.intermediates/system/core/libutils/binder/libutils_binder/android_vendor_arm64_armv8-a_cortex-a53_static_afdo-libutils/obj/system/core/libutils/binder/RefBase.sdump",
    "size" : 4,
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/binder/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
   },
   {
@@ -3139,13 +2951,11 @@
    [
     {
      "enum_field_value" : 1,
-     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<int>::value"
+     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<void>::value"
     }
    ],
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorIiE6$valueE",
-   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<int>::(unnamed)",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorIiE6$valueE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorIiE6$valueE",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyIvE6$valueE",
+   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<void>::(unnamed)",
    "size" : 4,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
@@ -3156,15 +2966,14 @@
    [
     {
      "enum_field_value" : 1,
-     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<unsigned int>::value"
+     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<void>::value"
     }
    ],
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorIjE6$valueE",
-   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<unsigned int>::(unnamed)",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorIjE6$valueE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorIjE6$valueE",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyIvE6$valueE",
+   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<void>::(unnamed)",
+   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyIvE6$valueE#ODR:out/soong/.intermediates/system/core/libutils/binder/libutils_binder/android_vendor_arm64_armv8-a_cortex-a53_static_afdo-libutils/obj/system/core/libutils/binder/RefBase.sdump",
    "size" : 4,
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/binder/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
   },
   {
@@ -3173,13 +2982,11 @@
    [
     {
      "enum_field_value" : 1,
-     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<long>::value"
+     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<long long>::value"
     }
    ],
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorIlE6$valueE",
-   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<long>::(unnamed)",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorIlE6$valueE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorIlE6$valueE",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyIxE6$valueE",
+   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<long long>::(unnamed)",
    "size" : 4,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
@@ -3190,15 +2997,14 @@
    [
     {
      "enum_field_value" : 1,
-     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<unsigned long>::value"
+     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<long long>::value"
     }
    ],
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorImE6$valueE",
-   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<unsigned long>::(unnamed)",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorImE6$valueE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorImE6$valueE",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyIxE6$valueE",
+   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<long long>::(unnamed)",
+   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyIxE6$valueE#ODR:out/soong/.intermediates/system/core/libutils/binder/libutils_binder/android_vendor_arm64_armv8-a_cortex-a53_static_afdo-libutils/obj/system/core/libutils/binder/RefBase.sdump",
    "size" : 4,
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/binder/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
   },
   {
@@ -3207,13 +3013,11 @@
    [
     {
      "enum_field_value" : 1,
-     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<short>::value"
+     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<unsigned long long>::value"
     }
    ],
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorIsE6$valueE",
-   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<short>::(unnamed)",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorIsE6$valueE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorIsE6$valueE",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyIyE6$valueE",
+   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<unsigned long long>::(unnamed)",
    "size" : 4,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
@@ -3224,15 +3028,14 @@
    [
     {
      "enum_field_value" : 1,
-     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<unsigned short>::value"
+     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<unsigned long long>::value"
     }
    ],
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorItE6$valueE",
-   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<unsigned short>::(unnamed)",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorItE6$valueE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorItE6$valueE",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyIyE6$valueE",
+   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<unsigned long long>::(unnamed)",
+   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyIyE6$valueE#ODR:out/soong/.intermediates/system/core/libutils/binder/libutils_binder/android_vendor_arm64_armv8-a_cortex-a53_static_afdo-libutils/obj/system/core/libutils/binder/RefBase.sdump",
    "size" : 4,
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/binder/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
   },
   {
@@ -3240,14 +3043,12 @@
    "enum_fields" :
    [
     {
-     "enum_field_value" : 1,
-     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<void>::value"
+     "enum_field_value" : 0,
+     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<android::sysprop_change_callback_info>::value"
     }
    ],
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorIvE6$valueE",
-   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<void>::(unnamed)",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorIvE6$valueE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorIvE6$valueE",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorINS_28sysprop_change_callback_infoEE6$valueE",
+   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<android::sysprop_change_callback_info>::(unnamed)",
    "size" : 4,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
@@ -3257,14 +3058,12 @@
    "enum_fields" :
    [
     {
-     "enum_field_value" : 1,
-     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<long long>::value"
+     "enum_field_value" : 0,
+     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<android::Looper::MessageEnvelope>::value"
     }
    ],
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorIxE6$valueE",
-   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<long long>::(unnamed)",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorIxE6$valueE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorIxE6$valueE",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorINS_6Looper15MessageEnvelopeEE6$valueE",
+   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<android::Looper::MessageEnvelope>::(unnamed)",
    "size" : 4,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
@@ -3274,14 +3073,12 @@
    "enum_fields" :
    [
     {
-     "enum_field_value" : 1,
-     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<unsigned long long>::value"
+     "enum_field_value" : 0,
+     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<android::Looper::Response>::value"
     }
    ],
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorIyE6$valueE",
-   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<unsigned long long>::(unnamed)",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorIyE6$valueE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorIyE6$valueE",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorINS_6Looper8ResponseEE6$valueE",
+   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<android::Looper::Response>::(unnamed)",
    "size" : 4,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
@@ -3291,14 +3088,12 @@
    "enum_fields" :
    [
     {
-     "enum_field_value" : 0,
-     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_dtor<android::sysprop_change_callback_info>::value"
+     "enum_field_value" : 1,
+     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<bool>::value"
     }
    ],
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_dtorINS_28sysprop_change_callback_infoEE6$valueE",
-   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_dtor<android::sysprop_change_callback_info>::(unnamed)",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_dtorINS_28sysprop_change_callback_infoEE6$valueE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_dtorINS_28sysprop_change_callback_infoEE6$valueE",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorIbE6$valueE",
+   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<bool>::(unnamed)",
    "size" : 4,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
@@ -3308,16 +3103,15 @@
    "enum_fields" :
    [
     {
-     "enum_field_value" : 0,
-     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_dtor<android::Looper::MessageEnvelope>::value"
+     "enum_field_value" : 1,
+     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<bool>::value"
     }
    ],
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_dtorINS_6Looper15MessageEnvelopeEE6$valueE",
-   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_dtor<android::Looper::MessageEnvelope>::(unnamed)",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_dtorINS_6Looper15MessageEnvelopeEE6$valueE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_dtorINS_6Looper15MessageEnvelopeEE6$valueE",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorIbE6$valueE",
+   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<bool>::(unnamed)",
+   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorIbE6$valueE#ODR:out/soong/.intermediates/system/core/libutils/binder/libutils_binder/android_vendor_arm64_armv8-a_cortex-a53_static_afdo-libutils/obj/system/core/libutils/binder/RefBase.sdump",
    "size" : 4,
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/binder/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
   },
   {
@@ -3325,14 +3119,12 @@
    "enum_fields" :
    [
     {
-     "enum_field_value" : 0,
-     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_dtor<android::Looper::Response>::value"
+     "enum_field_value" : 1,
+     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<char>::value"
     }
    ],
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_dtorINS_6Looper8ResponseEE6$valueE",
-   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_dtor<android::Looper::Response>::(unnamed)",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_dtorINS_6Looper8ResponseEE6$valueE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_dtorINS_6Looper8ResponseEE6$valueE",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorIcE6$valueE",
+   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<char>::(unnamed)",
    "size" : 4,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
@@ -3343,15 +3135,14 @@
    [
     {
      "enum_field_value" : 1,
-     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_dtor<bool>::value"
+     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<char>::value"
     }
    ],
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_dtorIbE6$valueE",
-   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_dtor<bool>::(unnamed)",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_dtorIbE6$valueE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_dtorIbE6$valueE",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorIcE6$valueE",
+   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<char>::(unnamed)",
+   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorIcE6$valueE#ODR:out/soong/.intermediates/system/core/libutils/binder/libutils_binder/android_vendor_arm64_armv8-a_cortex-a53_static_afdo-libutils/obj/system/core/libutils/binder/RefBase.sdump",
    "size" : 4,
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/binder/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
   },
   {
@@ -3360,13 +3151,11 @@
    [
     {
      "enum_field_value" : 1,
-     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_dtor<char>::value"
+     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<double>::value"
     }
    ],
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_dtorIcE6$valueE",
-   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_dtor<char>::(unnamed)",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_dtorIcE6$valueE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_dtorIcE6$valueE",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorIdE6$valueE",
+   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<double>::(unnamed)",
    "size" : 4,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
@@ -3377,15 +3166,14 @@
    [
     {
      "enum_field_value" : 1,
-     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_dtor<double>::value"
+     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<double>::value"
     }
    ],
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_dtorIdE6$valueE",
-   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_dtor<double>::(unnamed)",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_dtorIdE6$valueE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_dtorIdE6$valueE",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorIdE6$valueE",
+   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<double>::(unnamed)",
+   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorIdE6$valueE#ODR:out/soong/.intermediates/system/core/libutils/binder/libutils_binder/android_vendor_arm64_armv8-a_cortex-a53_static_afdo-libutils/obj/system/core/libutils/binder/RefBase.sdump",
    "size" : 4,
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/binder/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
   },
   {
@@ -3394,13 +3182,11 @@
    [
     {
      "enum_field_value" : 1,
-     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_dtor<float>::value"
+     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<float>::value"
     }
    ],
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_dtorIfE6$valueE",
-   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_dtor<float>::(unnamed)",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_dtorIfE6$valueE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_dtorIfE6$valueE",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorIfE6$valueE",
+   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<float>::(unnamed)",
    "size" : 4,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
@@ -3411,15 +3197,14 @@
    [
     {
      "enum_field_value" : 1,
-     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_dtor<unsigned char>::value"
+     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<float>::value"
     }
    ],
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_dtorIhE6$valueE",
-   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_dtor<unsigned char>::(unnamed)",
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-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_dtorIhE6$valueE",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorIfE6$valueE",
+   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<float>::(unnamed)",
+   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorIfE6$valueE#ODR:out/soong/.intermediates/system/core/libutils/binder/libutils_binder/android_vendor_arm64_armv8-a_cortex-a53_static_afdo-libutils/obj/system/core/libutils/binder/RefBase.sdump",
    "size" : 4,
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/binder/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
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@@ -3428,13 +3213,11 @@
    [
     {
      "enum_field_value" : 1,
-     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_dtor<int>::value"
+     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<unsigned char>::value"
     }
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-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_dtorIiE6$valueE",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorIhE6$valueE",
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    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
@@ -3445,15 +3228,14 @@
    [
     {
      "enum_field_value" : 1,
-     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_dtor<unsigned int>::value"
+     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<unsigned char>::value"
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-   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_dtor<unsigned int>::(unnamed)",
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-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_dtorIjE6$valueE",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorIhE6$valueE",
+   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<unsigned char>::(unnamed)",
+   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorIhE6$valueE#ODR:out/soong/.intermediates/system/core/libutils/binder/libutils_binder/android_vendor_arm64_armv8-a_cortex-a53_static_afdo-libutils/obj/system/core/libutils/binder/RefBase.sdump",
    "size" : 4,
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/binder/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
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@@ -3462,13 +3244,11 @@
    [
     {
      "enum_field_value" : 1,
-     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_dtor<long>::value"
+     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<int>::value"
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-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_dtorIlE6$valueE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_dtorIlE6$valueE",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorIiE6$valueE",
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    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
@@ -3479,15 +3259,14 @@
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     {
      "enum_field_value" : 1,
-     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_dtor<unsigned long>::value"
+     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<int>::value"
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-   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_dtor<unsigned long>::(unnamed)",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_dtorImE6$valueE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_dtorImE6$valueE",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorIiE6$valueE",
+   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<int>::(unnamed)",
+   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorIiE6$valueE#ODR:out/soong/.intermediates/system/core/libutils/binder/libutils_binder/android_vendor_arm64_armv8-a_cortex-a53_static_afdo-libutils/obj/system/core/libutils/binder/RefBase.sdump",
    "size" : 4,
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/binder/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
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   {
@@ -3496,13 +3275,11 @@
    [
     {
      "enum_field_value" : 1,
-     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_dtor<short>::value"
+     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<unsigned int>::value"
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-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_dtorIsE6$valueE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_dtorIsE6$valueE",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorIjE6$valueE",
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    "size" : 4,
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    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
@@ -3513,15 +3290,14 @@
    [
     {
      "enum_field_value" : 1,
-     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_dtor<unsigned short>::value"
+     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<unsigned int>::value"
     }
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-   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_dtor<unsigned short>::(unnamed)",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_dtorItE6$valueE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_dtorItE6$valueE",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorIjE6$valueE",
+   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<unsigned int>::(unnamed)",
+   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorIjE6$valueE#ODR:out/soong/.intermediates/system/core/libutils/binder/libutils_binder/android_vendor_arm64_armv8-a_cortex-a53_static_afdo-libutils/obj/system/core/libutils/binder/RefBase.sdump",
    "size" : 4,
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/binder/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
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   {
@@ -3530,13 +3306,11 @@
    [
     {
      "enum_field_value" : 1,
-     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_dtor<void>::value"
+     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<long>::value"
     }
    ],
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_dtorIvE6$valueE",
-   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_dtor<void>::(unnamed)",
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-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_dtorIvE6$valueE",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorIlE6$valueE",
+   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<long>::(unnamed)",
    "size" : 4,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
@@ -3547,15 +3321,14 @@
    [
     {
      "enum_field_value" : 1,
-     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_dtor<long long>::value"
+     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<long>::value"
     }
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-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_dtorIxE6$valueE",
-   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_dtor<long long>::(unnamed)",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_dtorIxE6$valueE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_dtorIxE6$valueE",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorIlE6$valueE",
+   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<long>::(unnamed)",
+   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorIlE6$valueE#ODR:out/soong/.intermediates/system/core/libutils/binder/libutils_binder/android_vendor_arm64_armv8-a_cortex-a53_static_afdo-libutils/obj/system/core/libutils/binder/RefBase.sdump",
    "size" : 4,
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/binder/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
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@@ -3564,13 +3337,11 @@
    [
     {
      "enum_field_value" : 1,
-     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_dtor<unsigned long long>::value"
+     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<unsigned long>::value"
     }
    ],
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_dtorIyE6$valueE",
-   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_dtor<unsigned long long>::(unnamed)",
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-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_dtorIyE6$valueE",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorImE6$valueE",
+   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<unsigned long>::(unnamed)",
    "size" : 4,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
@@ -3580,16 +3351,15 @@
    "enum_fields" :
    [
     {
-     "enum_field_value" : 0,
-     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_move<android::sysprop_change_callback_info>::value"
+     "enum_field_value" : 1,
+     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<unsigned long>::value"
     }
    ],
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_moveINS_28sysprop_change_callback_infoEE6$valueE",
-   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_move<android::sysprop_change_callback_info>::(unnamed)",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_moveINS_28sysprop_change_callback_infoEE6$valueE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_moveINS_28sysprop_change_callback_infoEE6$valueE",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorImE6$valueE",
+   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<unsigned long>::(unnamed)",
+   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorImE6$valueE#ODR:out/soong/.intermediates/system/core/libutils/binder/libutils_binder/android_vendor_arm64_armv8-a_cortex-a53_static_afdo-libutils/obj/system/core/libutils/binder/RefBase.sdump",
    "size" : 4,
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/binder/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
   },
   {
@@ -3597,14 +3367,12 @@
    "enum_fields" :
    [
     {
-     "enum_field_value" : 0,
-     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_move<android::Looper::MessageEnvelope>::value"
+     "enum_field_value" : 1,
+     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<short>::value"
     }
    ],
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_moveINS_6Looper15MessageEnvelopeEE6$valueE",
-   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_move<android::Looper::MessageEnvelope>::(unnamed)",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_moveINS_6Looper15MessageEnvelopeEE6$valueE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_moveINS_6Looper15MessageEnvelopeEE6$valueE",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorIsE6$valueE",
+   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<short>::(unnamed)",
    "size" : 4,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
@@ -3614,16 +3382,15 @@
    "enum_fields" :
    [
     {
-     "enum_field_value" : 0,
-     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_move<android::Looper::Response>::value"
+     "enum_field_value" : 1,
+     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<short>::value"
     }
    ],
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_moveINS_6Looper8ResponseEE6$valueE",
-   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_move<android::Looper::Response>::(unnamed)",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_moveINS_6Looper8ResponseEE6$valueE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_moveINS_6Looper8ResponseEE6$valueE",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorIsE6$valueE",
+   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<short>::(unnamed)",
+   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorIsE6$valueE#ODR:out/soong/.intermediates/system/core/libutils/binder/libutils_binder/android_vendor_arm64_armv8-a_cortex-a53_static_afdo-libutils/obj/system/core/libutils/binder/RefBase.sdump",
    "size" : 4,
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/binder/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
   },
   {
@@ -3632,15 +3399,13 @@
    [
     {
      "enum_field_value" : 1,
-     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_move<android::String8>::value"
+     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<unsigned short>::value"
     }
    ],
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_moveINS_7String8EE6$valueE",
-   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_move<android::String8>::(unnamed)",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_moveINS_7String8EE6$valueE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_moveINS_7String8EE6$valueE",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorItE6$valueE",
+   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<unsigned short>::(unnamed)",
    "size" : 4,
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/String8.h",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
   },
   {
@@ -3649,15 +3414,14 @@
    [
     {
      "enum_field_value" : 1,
-     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_move<android::String16>::value"
+     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<unsigned short>::value"
     }
    ],
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_moveINS_8String16EE6$valueE",
-   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_move<android::String16>::(unnamed)",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_moveINS_8String16EE6$valueE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_moveINS_8String16EE6$valueE",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorItE6$valueE",
+   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<unsigned short>::(unnamed)",
+   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorItE6$valueE#ODR:out/soong/.intermediates/system/core/libutils/binder/libutils_binder/android_vendor_arm64_armv8-a_cortex-a53_static_afdo-libutils/obj/system/core/libutils/binder/RefBase.sdump",
    "size" : 4,
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/String16.h",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/binder/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
   },
   {
@@ -3666,13 +3430,11 @@
    [
     {
      "enum_field_value" : 1,
-     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_move<bool>::value"
+     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<void>::value"
     }
    ],
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_moveIbE6$valueE",
-   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_move<bool>::(unnamed)",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_moveIbE6$valueE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_moveIbE6$valueE",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorIvE6$valueE",
+   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<void>::(unnamed)",
    "size" : 4,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
@@ -3683,15 +3445,14 @@
    [
     {
      "enum_field_value" : 1,
-     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_move<char>::value"
+     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<void>::value"
     }
    ],
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_moveIcE6$valueE",
-   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_move<char>::(unnamed)",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_moveIcE6$valueE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_moveIcE6$valueE",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorIvE6$valueE",
+   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<void>::(unnamed)",
+   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorIvE6$valueE#ODR:out/soong/.intermediates/system/core/libutils/binder/libutils_binder/android_vendor_arm64_armv8-a_cortex-a53_static_afdo-libutils/obj/system/core/libutils/binder/RefBase.sdump",
    "size" : 4,
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/binder/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
   },
   {
@@ -3700,13 +3461,11 @@
    [
     {
      "enum_field_value" : 1,
-     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_move<double>::value"
+     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<long long>::value"
     }
    ],
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_moveIdE6$valueE",
-   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_move<double>::(unnamed)",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_moveIdE6$valueE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_moveIdE6$valueE",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorIxE6$valueE",
+   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<long long>::(unnamed)",
    "size" : 4,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
@@ -3717,15 +3476,14 @@
    [
     {
      "enum_field_value" : 1,
-     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_move<float>::value"
+     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<long long>::value"
     }
    ],
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_moveIfE6$valueE",
-   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_move<float>::(unnamed)",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_moveIfE6$valueE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_moveIfE6$valueE",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorIxE6$valueE",
+   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<long long>::(unnamed)",
+   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorIxE6$valueE#ODR:out/soong/.intermediates/system/core/libutils/binder/libutils_binder/android_vendor_arm64_armv8-a_cortex-a53_static_afdo-libutils/obj/system/core/libutils/binder/RefBase.sdump",
    "size" : 4,
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/binder/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
   },
   {
@@ -3734,13 +3492,11 @@
    [
     {
      "enum_field_value" : 1,
-     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_move<unsigned char>::value"
+     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<unsigned long long>::value"
     }
    ],
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_moveIhE6$valueE",
-   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_move<unsigned char>::(unnamed)",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_moveIhE6$valueE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_moveIhE6$valueE",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorIyE6$valueE",
+   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<unsigned long long>::(unnamed)",
    "size" : 4,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
@@ -3751,15 +3507,14 @@
    [
     {
      "enum_field_value" : 1,
-     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_move<int>::value"
+     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<unsigned long long>::value"
     }
    ],
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_moveIiE6$valueE",
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-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_moveIiE6$valueE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_moveIiE6$valueE",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorIyE6$valueE",
+   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<unsigned long long>::(unnamed)",
+   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorIyE6$valueE#ODR:out/soong/.intermediates/system/core/libutils/binder/libutils_binder/android_vendor_arm64_armv8-a_cortex-a53_static_afdo-libutils/obj/system/core/libutils/binder/RefBase.sdump",
    "size" : 4,
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/binder/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
   },
   {
@@ -3767,14 +3522,12 @@
    "enum_fields" :
    [
     {
-     "enum_field_value" : 1,
-     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_move<unsigned int>::value"
+     "enum_field_value" : 0,
+     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_dtor<android::sysprop_change_callback_info>::value"
     }
    ],
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_moveIjE6$valueE",
-   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_move<unsigned int>::(unnamed)",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_moveIjE6$valueE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_moveIjE6$valueE",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_dtorINS_28sysprop_change_callback_infoEE6$valueE",
+   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_dtor<android::sysprop_change_callback_info>::(unnamed)",
    "size" : 4,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
@@ -3784,14 +3537,12 @@
    "enum_fields" :
    [
     {
-     "enum_field_value" : 1,
-     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_move<long>::value"
+     "enum_field_value" : 0,
+     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_dtor<android::Looper::MessageEnvelope>::value"
     }
    ],
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_moveIlE6$valueE",
-   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_move<long>::(unnamed)",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_moveIlE6$valueE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_moveIlE6$valueE",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_dtorINS_6Looper15MessageEnvelopeEE6$valueE",
+   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_dtor<android::Looper::MessageEnvelope>::(unnamed)",
    "size" : 4,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
@@ -3801,14 +3552,12 @@
    "enum_fields" :
    [
     {
-     "enum_field_value" : 1,
-     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_move<unsigned long>::value"
+     "enum_field_value" : 0,
+     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_dtor<android::Looper::Response>::value"
     }
    ],
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_moveImE6$valueE",
-   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_move<unsigned long>::(unnamed)",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_moveImE6$valueE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_moveImE6$valueE",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_dtorINS_6Looper8ResponseEE6$valueE",
+   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_dtor<android::Looper::Response>::(unnamed)",
    "size" : 4,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
@@ -3819,13 +3568,11 @@
    [
     {
      "enum_field_value" : 1,
-     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_move<short>::value"
+     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_dtor<bool>::value"
     }
    ],
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_moveIsE6$valueE",
-   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_move<short>::(unnamed)",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_moveIsE6$valueE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_moveIsE6$valueE",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_dtorIbE6$valueE",
+   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_dtor<bool>::(unnamed)",
    "size" : 4,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
@@ -3836,15 +3583,14 @@
    [
     {
      "enum_field_value" : 1,
-     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_move<unsigned short>::value"
+     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_dtor<bool>::value"
     }
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-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_moveItE6$valueE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_moveItE6$valueE",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_dtorIbE6$valueE",
+   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_dtor<bool>::(unnamed)",
+   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_dtorIbE6$valueE#ODR:out/soong/.intermediates/system/core/libutils/binder/libutils_binder/android_vendor_arm64_armv8-a_cortex-a53_static_afdo-libutils/obj/system/core/libutils/binder/RefBase.sdump",
    "size" : 4,
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/binder/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
   },
   {
@@ -3853,13 +3599,11 @@
    [
     {
      "enum_field_value" : 1,
-     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_move<void>::value"
+     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_dtor<char>::value"
     }
    ],
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_moveIvE6$valueE",
-   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_move<void>::(unnamed)",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_moveIvE6$valueE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_moveIvE6$valueE",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_dtorIcE6$valueE",
+   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_dtor<char>::(unnamed)",
    "size" : 4,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
@@ -3870,15 +3614,14 @@
    [
     {
      "enum_field_value" : 1,
-     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_move<long long>::value"
+     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_dtor<char>::value"
     }
    ],
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-   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_move<long long>::(unnamed)",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_moveIxE6$valueE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_moveIxE6$valueE",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_dtorIcE6$valueE",
+   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_dtor<char>::(unnamed)",
+   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_dtorIcE6$valueE#ODR:out/soong/.intermediates/system/core/libutils/binder/libutils_binder/android_vendor_arm64_armv8-a_cortex-a53_static_afdo-libutils/obj/system/core/libutils/binder/RefBase.sdump",
    "size" : 4,
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/binder/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
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   {
@@ -3887,13 +3630,11 @@
    [
     {
      "enum_field_value" : 1,
-     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_move<unsigned long long>::value"
+     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_dtor<double>::value"
     }
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-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_moveIyE6$valueE",
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-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_moveIyE6$valueE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_moveIyE6$valueE",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_dtorIdE6$valueE",
+   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_dtor<double>::(unnamed)",
    "size" : 4,
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    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
@@ -3902,21 +3643,16 @@
    "alignment" : 4,
    "enum_fields" :
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-    {
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-     "name" : "android::Mutex::PRIVATE"
-    },
     {
      "enum_field_value" : 1,
-     "name" : "android::Mutex::SHARED"
+     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_dtor<double>::value"
     }
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-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android5Mutex8$PRIVATEE",
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-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android5Mutex8$PRIVATEE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android5Mutex8$PRIVATEE",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_dtorIdE6$valueE",
+   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_dtor<double>::(unnamed)",
+   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_dtorIdE6$valueE#ODR:out/soong/.intermediates/system/core/libutils/binder/libutils_binder/android_vendor_arm64_armv8-a_cortex-a53_static_afdo-libutils/obj/system/core/libutils/binder/RefBase.sdump",
    "size" : 4,
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/Mutex.h",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/binder/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
   },
   {
@@ -3925,31 +3661,13 @@
    [
     {
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-     "name" : "android::Looper::EVENT_INPUT"
-    },
-    {
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-     "name" : "android::Looper::EVENT_OUTPUT"
-    },
-    {
-     "enum_field_value" : 4,
-     "name" : "android::Looper::EVENT_ERROR"
-    },
-    {
-     "enum_field_value" : 8,
-     "name" : "android::Looper::EVENT_HANGUP"
-    },
-    {
-     "enum_field_value" : 16,
-     "name" : "android::Looper::EVENT_INVALID"
+     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_dtor<float>::value"
     }
    ],
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android6Looper12$EVENT_ERRORE",
-   "name" : "android::Looper::(unnamed)",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android6Looper12$EVENT_ERRORE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android6Looper12$EVENT_ERRORE",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_dtorIfE6$valueE",
+   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_dtor<float>::(unnamed)",
    "size" : 4,
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/Looper.h",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
   },
   {
@@ -3957,29 +3675,16 @@
    "enum_fields" :
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     {
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-     "name" : "android::Looper::POLL_WAKE"
-    },
-    {
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-     "name" : "android::Looper::POLL_CALLBACK"
-    },
-    {
-     "enum_field_value" : -3,
-     "name" : "android::Looper::POLL_TIMEOUT"
-    },
-    {
-     "enum_field_value" : -4,
-     "name" : "android::Looper::POLL_ERROR"
+     "enum_field_value" : 1,
+     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_dtor<float>::value"
     }
    ],
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android6Looper14$POLL_CALLBACKE",
-   "name" : "android::Looper::(unnamed)",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android6Looper14$POLL_CALLBACKE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android6Looper14$POLL_CALLBACKE",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_dtorIfE6$valueE",
+   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_dtor<float>::(unnamed)",
+   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_dtorIfE6$valueE#ODR:out/soong/.intermediates/system/core/libutils/binder/libutils_binder/android_vendor_arm64_armv8-a_cortex-a53_static_afdo-libutils/obj/system/core/libutils/binder/RefBase.sdump",
    "size" : 4,
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/Looper.h",
-   "underlying_type" : "_ZTIi"
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/binder/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
+   "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
   },
   {
    "alignment" : 4,
@@ -3987,36 +3692,29 @@
    [
     {
      "enum_field_value" : 1,
-     "name" : "android::Looper::PREPARE_ALLOW_NON_CALLBACKS"
+     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_dtor<unsigned char>::value"
     }
    ],
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android6Looper28$PREPARE_ALLOW_NON_CALLBACKSE",
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-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android6Looper28$PREPARE_ALLOW_NON_CALLBACKSE",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_dtorIhE6$valueE",
+   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_dtor<unsigned char>::(unnamed)",
    "size" : 4,
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/Looper.h",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
   },
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    "alignment" : 4,
    "enum_fields" :
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-     "name" : "android::RWLock::PRIVATE"
-    },
     {
      "enum_field_value" : 1,
-     "name" : "android::RWLock::SHARED"
+     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_dtor<unsigned char>::value"
     }
    ],
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android6RWLock8$PRIVATEE",
-   "name" : "android::RWLock::(unnamed)",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android6RWLock8$PRIVATEE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android6RWLock8$PRIVATEE",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_dtorIhE6$valueE",
+   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_dtor<unsigned char>::(unnamed)",
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    "size" : 4,
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/RWLock.h",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/binder/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
   },
   {
@@ -4024,30 +3722,12 @@
    "enum_fields" :
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     {
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-     "name" : "android::traits<android::sysprop_change_callback_info>::is_pointer"
-    },
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-     "name" : "android::traits<android::sysprop_change_callback_info>::has_trivial_ctor"
-    },
-    {
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-     "name" : "android::traits<android::sysprop_change_callback_info>::has_trivial_dtor"
-    },
-    {
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-     "name" : "android::traits<android::sysprop_change_callback_info>::has_trivial_copy"
-    },
-    {
-     "enum_field_value" : 0,
-     "name" : "android::traits<android::sysprop_change_callback_info>::has_trivial_move"
+     "enum_field_value" : 1,
+     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_dtor<int>::value"
     }
    ],
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android6traitsINS_28sysprop_change_callback_infoEE17$has_trivial_copyE",
-   "name" : "android::traits<android::sysprop_change_callback_info>::(unnamed)",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android6traitsINS_28sysprop_change_callback_infoEE17$has_trivial_copyE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android6traitsINS_28sysprop_change_callback_infoEE17$has_trivial_copyE",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_dtorIiE6$valueE",
+   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_dtor<int>::(unnamed)",
    "size" : 4,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
@@ -4057,32 +3737,15 @@
    "enum_fields" :
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-     "name" : "android::traits<android::Looper::MessageEnvelope>::is_pointer"
-    },
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-     "name" : "android::traits<android::Looper::MessageEnvelope>::has_trivial_ctor"
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-    },
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-    },
-    {
-     "enum_field_value" : 0,
-     "name" : "android::traits<android::Looper::MessageEnvelope>::has_trivial_move"
+     "enum_field_value" : 1,
+     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_dtor<int>::value"
     }
    ],
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android6traitsINS_6Looper15MessageEnvelopeEE17$has_trivial_copyE",
-   "name" : "android::traits<android::Looper::MessageEnvelope>::(unnamed)",
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-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android6traitsINS_6Looper15MessageEnvelopeEE17$has_trivial_copyE",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_dtorIiE6$valueE",
+   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_dtor<int>::(unnamed)",
+   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_dtorIiE6$valueE#ODR:out/soong/.intermediates/system/core/libutils/binder/libutils_binder/android_vendor_arm64_armv8-a_cortex-a53_static_afdo-libutils/obj/system/core/libutils/binder/RefBase.sdump",
    "size" : 4,
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/binder/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
   },
   {
@@ -4090,30 +3753,12 @@
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-    },
-    {
-     "enum_field_value" : 0,
-     "name" : "android::traits<android::Looper::Response>::has_trivial_move"
+     "enum_field_value" : 1,
+     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_dtor<unsigned int>::value"
     }
    ],
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android6traitsINS_6Looper8ResponseEE17$has_trivial_copyE",
-   "name" : "android::traits<android::Looper::Response>::(unnamed)",
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-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android6traitsINS_6Looper8ResponseEE17$has_trivial_copyE",
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    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
@@ -4122,7683 +3767,8072 @@
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-     "name" : "android::FileMap::SEQUENTIAL"
-    },
-    {
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-     "name" : "android::FileMap::WILLNEED"
-    },
-    {
-     "enum_field_value" : 4,
-     "name" : "android::FileMap::DONTNEED"
+     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_dtor<unsigned int>::value"
     }
    ],
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android7FileMap9MapAdviceE",
-   "name" : "android::FileMap::MapAdvice",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android7FileMap9MapAdviceE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android7FileMap9MapAdviceE",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_dtorIjE6$valueE",
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    "size" : 4,
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/FileMap.h",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/binder/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
   },
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    "alignment" : 4,
    "enum_fields" :
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      "enum_field_value" : 1,
-     "name" : "android::RefBase::FIRST_INC_STRONG"
+     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_dtor<long>::value"
     }
    ],
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   },
   {
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    [
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      "is_this_ptr" : true,
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   {
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    "parameters" :
    [
     {
      "is_this_ptr" : true,
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     }
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-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/Looper.h"
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   {
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-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZN7android6Looper17sendMessageAtTimeElRKNS_2spINS_14MessageHandlerEEERKNS_7MessageE",
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      "is_this_ptr" : true,
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    "parameters" :
    [
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      "is_this_ptr" : true,
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    "return_type" : "_ZTIv",
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    "parameters" :
    [
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      "is_this_ptr" : true,
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-   "function_name" : "android::Looper::scheduleEpollRebuildLocked",
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    "parameters" :
    [
     {
      "is_this_ptr" : true,
-     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPN7android6LooperE"
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   },
   {
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-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZN7android6Looper4wakeEv",
+   "function_name" : "android::VectorImpl::insertAt",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZN7android10VectorImpl8insertAtEmm",
    "parameters" :
    [
     {
      "is_this_ptr" : true,
-     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPN7android6LooperE"
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   {
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-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZN7android6Looper5addFdEiiiPFiiiPvES1_",
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+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZN7android10VectorImpl9replaceAtEPKvm",
    "parameters" :
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      "is_this_ptr" : true,
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     }
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   {
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    [
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    [
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   {
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   {
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   {
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    "parameters" :
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    "parameters" :
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    "parameters" :
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-   "function_name" : "android::RefBase::extendObjectLifetime",
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    "return_type" : "_ZTIv",
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   },
   {
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   {
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   {
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   {
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   },
   {
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-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZN7android7String816convertToResPathEv",
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    "parameters" :
    [
     {
      "is_this_ptr" : true,
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     }
    ],
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-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/String8.h"
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   },
   {
-   "function_name" : "android::String8::clear",
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZN7android7String85clearEv",
+   "function_name" : "android::Looper::wake",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZN7android6Looper4wakeEv",
    "parameters" :
    [
     {
      "is_this_ptr" : true,
-     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPN7android7String8E"
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     }
    ],
    "return_type" : "_ZTIv",
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/String8.h"
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   },
   {
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-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZN7android7String85setToEPKDim",
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    "parameters" :
    [
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      "is_this_ptr" : true,
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    "return_type" : "_ZTIi",
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/String8.h"
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   },
   {
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-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZN7android7String85setToEPKDsm",
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    "parameters" :
    [
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      "is_this_ptr" : true,
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     }
    ],
    "return_type" : "_ZTIi",
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/String8.h"
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   },
   {
-   "function_name" : "android::String8::setTo",
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZN7android7String85setToEPKc",
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    "parameters" :
    [
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-     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPN7android7String8E"
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     }
    ],
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   },
   {
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-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZN7android7String85setToEPKcm",
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    "parameters" :
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    "return_type" : "_ZTIi",
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   },
   {
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-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZN7android7String85setToERKS0_",
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    "parameters" :
    [
     {
      "is_this_ptr" : true,
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   {
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    "parameters" :
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-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/String8.h"
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   },
   {
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-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZN7android7String86appendEPKcm",
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    "parameters" :
    [
     {
      "is_this_ptr" : true,
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    "return_type" : "_ZTIi",
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   },
   {
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-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZN7android7String86appendERKS0_",
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    "parameters" :
    [
     {
      "is_this_ptr" : true,
-     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPN7android7String8E"
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     },
     {
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    ],
    "return_type" : "_ZTIi",
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   },
   {
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-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZN7android7String86formatEPKcz",
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    "parameters" :
    [
     {
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-   "return_type" : "_ZTIN7android7String8E",
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/String8.h"
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   },
   {
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-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZN7android7String87formatVEPKcSt9__va_list",
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    "parameters" :
    [
     {
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     {
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   },
   {
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-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZNK7android7RefBase14forceIncStrongEPKv",
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      "is_this_ptr" : true,
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   },
   {
-   "function_name" : "android::RefBase::getStrongCount",
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    [
     {
      "is_this_ptr" : true,
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-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/RefBase.h"
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   },
   {
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-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZNK7android7RefBase22incStrongRequireStrongEPKv",
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    [
     {
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    "return_type" : "_ZTIv",
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   },
   {
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    "parameters" :
    [
     {
      "is_this_ptr" : true,
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   },
   {
-   "function_name" : "android::RefBase::incStrong",
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZNK7android7RefBase9incStrongEPKv",
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    "parameters" :
    [
     {
      "is_this_ptr" : true,
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    "return_type" : "_ZTIv",
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/RefBase.h"
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   },
   {
-   "function_name" : "android::String8::getPathDir",
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZNK7android7String810getPathDirEv",
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+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZN7android8String16C2Ev",
    "parameters" :
    [
     {
      "is_this_ptr" : true,
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     }
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-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/String8.h"
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   },
   {
-   "function_name" : "android::String8::getBasePath",
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZNK7android7String811getBasePathEv",
+   "function_name" : "android::String16::~String16",
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    "parameters" :
    [
     {
      "is_this_ptr" : true,
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     }
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-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/String8.h"
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+   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/binder/include/utils/String16.h"
   },
   {
-   "function_name" : "android::String8::getPathLeaf",
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZNK7android7String811getPathLeafEv",
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    "parameters" :
    [
     {
      "is_this_ptr" : true,
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     }
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-   "return_type" : "_ZTIN7android7String8E",
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/String8.h"
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+   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/binder/include/utils/String16.h"
   },
   {
-   "access" : "private",
-   "function_name" : "android::String8::find_extension",
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZNK7android7String814find_extensionEv",
+   "function_name" : "android::String16::operator=",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZN7android8String16aSEOS0_",
    "parameters" :
    [
     {
      "is_this_ptr" : true,
-     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPKN7android7String8E"
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     }
    ],
-   "return_type" : "_ZTIPc",
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/String8.h"
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIRN7android8String16E",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/binder/include/utils/String16.h"
   },
   {
-   "function_name" : "android::String8::getPathExtension",
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZNK7android7String816getPathExtensionEv",
+   "function_name" : "android::FdPrinter::printLine",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZN7android9FdPrinter9printLineEPKc",
    "parameters" :
    [
     {
      "is_this_ptr" : true,
-     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPKN7android7String8E"
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     }
    ],
-   "return_type" : "_ZTIN7android7String8E",
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/String8.h"
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+   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/Printer.h"
   },
   {
-   "function_name" : "android::String8::find",
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZNK7android7String84findEPKcm",
+   "function_name" : "android::FdPrinter::FdPrinter",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZN7android9FdPrinterC1EijPKc",
    "parameters" :
    [
     {
      "is_this_ptr" : true,
-     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPKN7android7String8E"
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     },
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     }
    ],
-   "return_type" : "_ZTIl",
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/String8.h"
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+   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/Printer.h"
   },
   {
-   "function_name" : "android::String8::length",
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZNK7android7String86lengthEv",
+   "function_name" : "android::FdPrinter::FdPrinter",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZN7android9FdPrinterC2EijPKc",
    "parameters" :
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     {
      "is_this_ptr" : true,
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-   "function_name" : "android::String8::walkPath",
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZNK7android7String88walkPathEPS0_",
-   "parameters" :
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     {
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-     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPKN7android7String8E"
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     }
    ],
-   "return_type" : "_ZTIN7android7String8E",
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/String8.h"
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIv",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/Printer.h"
   },
   {
-   "function_name" : "android::String16::startsWith",
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZNK7android8String1610startsWithEPKDs",
+   "function_name" : "android::StopWatch::reset",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZN7android9StopWatch5resetEv",
    "parameters" :
    [
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      "is_this_ptr" : true,
-     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPKN7android8String16E"
-    },
-    {
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     }
    ],
-   "return_type" : "_ZTIb",
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/String16.h"
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+   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/StopWatch.h"
   },
   {
-   "function_name" : "android::String16::startsWith",
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZNK7android8String1610startsWithERKS0_",
+   "function_name" : "android::StopWatch::StopWatch",
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    "parameters" :
    [
     {
      "is_this_ptr" : true,
-     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPKN7android8String16E"
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     },
     {
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     }
    ],
-   "return_type" : "_ZTIb",
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/String16.h"
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+   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/StopWatch.h"
   },
   {
-   "function_name" : "android::String16::isStaticString",
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZNK7android8String1614isStaticStringEv",
+   "function_name" : "android::StopWatch::StopWatch",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZN7android9StopWatchC2EPKci",
    "parameters" :
    [
     {
      "is_this_ptr" : true,
-     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPKN7android8String16E"
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     }
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-   "return_type" : "_ZTIb",
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/String16.h"
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   },
   {
-   "access" : "private",
-   "function_name" : "android::String16::staticStringSize",
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZNK7android8String1616staticStringSizeEv",
+   "function_name" : "android::StopWatch::~StopWatch",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZN7android9StopWatchD1Ev",
    "parameters" :
    [
     {
      "is_this_ptr" : true,
-     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPKN7android8String16E"
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     }
    ],
-   "return_type" : "_ZTIm",
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/String16.h"
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   },
   {
-   "function_name" : "android::String16::size",
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZNK7android8String164sizeEv",
+   "function_name" : "android::StopWatch::~StopWatch",
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    "parameters" :
    [
     {
      "is_this_ptr" : true,
-     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPKN7android8String16E"
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     }
    ],
-   "return_type" : "_ZTIm",
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/String16.h"
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+   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/StopWatch.h"
   },
   {
-   "function_name" : "android::String16::contains",
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZNK7android8String168containsEPKDs",
+   "function_name" : "android::Tokenizer::fromContents",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZN7android9Tokenizer12fromContentsERKNS_7String8EPKcPPS0_",
    "parameters" :
    [
     {
-     "is_this_ptr" : true,
-     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPKN7android8String16E"
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     {
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-   "parameters" :
-   [
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-     "is_this_ptr" : true,
-     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPKN7android8String16E"
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     },
     {
-     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIDs"
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPPN7android9TokenizerE"
     }
    ],
-   "return_type" : "_ZTIl",
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/String16.h"
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+   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/Tokenizer.h"
   },
   {
-   "function_name" : "android::String16::findFirst",
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZNK7android8String169findFirstEDs",
+   "function_name" : "android::Tokenizer::skipDelimiters",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZN7android9Tokenizer14skipDelimitersEPKc",
    "parameters" :
    [
     {
      "is_this_ptr" : true,
-     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPKN7android8String16E"
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     },
     {
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     }
    ],
-   "return_type" : "_ZTIl",
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/String16.h"
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIv",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/Tokenizer.h"
   },
   {
-   "function_name" : "android::StopWatch::elapsedTime",
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZNK7android9StopWatch11elapsedTimeEv",
+   "function_name" : "android::Tokenizer::open",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZN7android9Tokenizer4openERKNS_7String8EPPS0_",
    "parameters" :
    [
     {
-     "is_this_ptr" : true,
-     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPKN7android9StopWatchE"
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-  {
-   "function_name" : "android::StopWatch::name",
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZNK7android9StopWatch4nameEv",
-   "parameters" :
-   [
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     {
-     "is_this_ptr" : true,
-     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPKN7android9StopWatchE"
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     }
    ],
-   "return_type" : "_ZTIPKc",
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/StopWatch.h"
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIi",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/Tokenizer.h"
   },
   {
-   "function_name" : "android::Tokenizer::getLocation",
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZNK7android9Tokenizer11getLocationEv",
+   "function_name" : "android::Tokenizer::nextLine",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZN7android9Tokenizer8nextLineEv",
    "parameters" :
    [
     {
      "is_this_ptr" : true,
-     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPKN7android9TokenizerE"
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPN7android9TokenizerE"
     }
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-   "self_type" : "_ZTIPN7android6RWLock9AutoRLockE",
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-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/RWLock.h"
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-   "self_type" : "_ZTIPN7android6RWLock9AutoWLockE",
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+   "name" : "const android::FileMap *",
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    "size" : 8,
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/RWLock.h"
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-   "name" : "android::RWLock *",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android6RWLockE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIPN7android6RWLockE",
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+   "name" : "const android::RefBase::weakref_type *",
+   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIKN7android7RefBase12weakref_typeE",
    "size" : 8,
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/RWLock.h"
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-   "name" : "android::Thread *",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android6ThreadE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIPN7android6ThreadE",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIPKN7android7RefBaseE",
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    "size" : 8,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/RefBase.h"
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-   "self_type" : "_ZTIPN7android6VectorINS_28sysprop_change_callback_infoEEE",
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+   "name" : "const android::RefBase *",
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    "size" : 8,
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/Vector.h"
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    "alignment" : 8,
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIPN7android6VectorINS_6Looper15MessageEnvelopeEEE",
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-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android6VectorINS_6Looper15MessageEnvelopeEEE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIPN7android6VectorINS_6Looper15MessageEnvelopeEEE",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIPKN7android7String8E",
+   "name" : "const android::String8 *",
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    "size" : 8,
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/Vector.h"
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-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android6VectorINS_6Looper8ResponseEEE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIPN7android6VectorINS_6Looper8ResponseEEE",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIPKN7android7String8E",
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    "size" : 8,
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/Vector.h"
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    "alignment" : 8,
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIPN7android6VectorINS_7String8EEE",
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-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android6VectorINS_7String8EEE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIPN7android6VectorINS_7String8EEE",
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    "size" : 8,
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/Vector.h"
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    "alignment" : 8,
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIPN7android7FileMapE",
-   "name" : "android::FileMap *",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android7FileMapE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIPN7android7FileMapE",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIPKN7android9StopWatchE",
+   "name" : "const android::StopWatch *",
+   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIKN7android9StopWatchE",
    "size" : 8,
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/FileMap.h"
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    "alignment" : 8,
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIPN7android7MessageE",
-   "name" : "android::Message *",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android7MessageE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIPN7android7MessageE",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIPKN7android9TokenizerE",
+   "name" : "const android::Tokenizer *",
+   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIKN7android9TokenizerE",
    "size" : 8,
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/Looper.h"
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/Tokenizer.h"
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   {
    "alignment" : 8,
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIPN7android7PrinterE",
-   "name" : "android::Printer *",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android7PrinterE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIPN7android7PrinterE",
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-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/Printer.h"
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    "alignment" : 8,
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIPN7android7RefBase12weakref_implE",
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-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android7RefBase12weakref_implE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIPN7android7RefBase12weakref_implE",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIPKh",
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-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/RefBase.h"
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-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIPN7android7RefBase12weakref_typeE",
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-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android7RefBase12weakref_typeE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIPN7android7RefBase12weakref_typeE",
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    "size" : 8,
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/RefBase.h"
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-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIPN7android7RefBaseE",
-   "name" : "android::RefBase *",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android7RefBaseE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIPN7android7RefBaseE",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIPKv",
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    "size" : 8,
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/RefBase.h"
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    "alignment" : 8,
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIPN7android7String8E",
-   "name" : "android::String8 *",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android7String8E",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIPN7android7String8E",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIPN7android10LogPrinterE",
+   "name" : "android::LogPrinter *",
+   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android10LogPrinterE",
    "size" : 8,
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-   "name" : "android::String16::StaticData<1> *",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android8String1610StaticDataILm1EEE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIPN7android8String1610StaticDataILm1EEE",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIPN7android10VectorImplE",
+   "name" : "android::VectorImpl *",
+   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android10VectorImplE#ODR:out/soong/.intermediates/system/core/libutils/binder/libutils_binder/android_vendor_arm64_armv8-a_cortex-a53_static_afdo-libutils/obj/system/core/libutils/binder/RefBase.sdump",
    "size" : 8,
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/String16.h"
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    "alignment" : 8,
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIPN7android8String16E",
-   "name" : "android::String16 *",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android8String16E",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIPN7android8String16E",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIPN7android11ScopedTraceE",
+   "name" : "android::ScopedTrace *",
+   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android11ScopedTraceE",
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-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/String16.h"
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    "alignment" : 8,
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIPN7android9CallStack12StackDeleterE",
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-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android9CallStack12StackDeleterE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIPN7android9CallStack12StackDeleterE",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIPN7android12LightRefBaseINS_12NativeHandleEEE",
+   "name" : "android::LightRefBase<android::NativeHandle> *",
+   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android12LightRefBaseINS_12NativeHandleEEE",
    "size" : 8,
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/CallStack.h"
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+  },
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+  },
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+  },
+  {
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+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIKv",
+   "name" : "const void",
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+  },
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   }
  ],
  "record_types" :
@@ -11808,1564 +11842,2233 @@
    "fields" :
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    "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android6ThreadE",
    "name" : "android::Thread",
    "record_kind" : "class",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android6ThreadE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android6ThreadE",
    "size" : 152,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/Thread.h",
    "vtable_components" :
@@ -14786,8 +15477,6 @@
    "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android6VectorINS_28sysprop_change_callback_infoEEE",
    "name" : "android::Vector<android::sysprop_change_callback_info>",
    "record_kind" : "class",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android6VectorINS_28sysprop_change_callback_infoEEE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android6VectorINS_28sysprop_change_callback_infoEEE",
    "size" : 40,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/Vector.h",
    "template_args" :
@@ -14843,8 +15532,6 @@
    "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android6VectorINS_6Looper15MessageEnvelopeEEE",
    "name" : "android::Vector<android::Looper::MessageEnvelope>",
    "record_kind" : "class",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android6VectorINS_6Looper15MessageEnvelopeEEE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android6VectorINS_6Looper15MessageEnvelopeEEE",
    "size" : 40,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/Vector.h",
    "template_args" :
@@ -14900,8 +15587,6 @@
    "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android6VectorINS_6Looper8ResponseEEE",
    "name" : "android::Vector<android::Looper::Response>",
    "record_kind" : "class",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android6VectorINS_6Looper8ResponseEEE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android6VectorINS_6Looper8ResponseEEE",
    "size" : 40,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/Vector.h",
    "template_args" :
@@ -14951,19 +15636,17 @@
    [
     {
      "access" : "private",
-     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android10VectorImplE"
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android10VectorImplE#ODR:out/soong/.intermediates/system/core/libutils/binder/libutils_binder/android_vendor_arm64_armv8-a_cortex-a53_static_afdo-libutils/obj/system/core/libutils/binder/RefBase.sdump"
     }
    ],
    "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android6VectorINS_7String8EEE",
    "name" : "android::Vector<android::String8>",
    "record_kind" : "class",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android6VectorINS_7String8EEE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android6VectorINS_7String8EEE",
    "size" : 40,
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/Vector.h",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/binder/include/utils/Vector.h",
    "template_args" :
    [
-    "_ZTIN7android7String8E"
+    "_ZTIN7android7String8E#ODR:out/soong/.intermediates/system/core/libutils/binder/libutils_binder/android_vendor_arm64_armv8-a_cortex-a53_static_afdo-libutils/obj/system/core/libutils/binder/RefBase.sdump"
    ],
    "vtable_components" :
    [
@@ -15006,8 +15689,6 @@
    "alignment" : 1,
    "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android6traitsINS_28sysprop_change_callback_infoEEE",
    "name" : "android::traits<android::sysprop_change_callback_info>",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android6traitsINS_28sysprop_change_callback_infoEEE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android6traitsINS_28sysprop_change_callback_infoEEE",
    "size" : 1,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
    "template_args" :
@@ -15019,8 +15700,6 @@
    "alignment" : 1,
    "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android6traitsINS_6Looper15MessageEnvelopeEEE",
    "name" : "android::traits<android::Looper::MessageEnvelope>",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android6traitsINS_6Looper15MessageEnvelopeEEE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android6traitsINS_6Looper15MessageEnvelopeEEE",
    "size" : 1,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
    "template_args" :
@@ -15032,8 +15711,6 @@
    "alignment" : 1,
    "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android6traitsINS_6Looper8ResponseEEE",
    "name" : "android::traits<android::Looper::Response>",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android6traitsINS_6Looper8ResponseEEE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android6traitsINS_6Looper8ResponseEEE",
    "size" : 1,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
    "template_args" :
@@ -15084,8 +15761,6 @@
    "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android7FileMapE",
    "name" : "android::FileMap",
    "record_kind" : "class",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android7FileMapE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android7FileMapE",
    "size" : 48,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/FileMap.h"
   },
@@ -15100,8 +15775,6 @@
    ],
    "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android7MessageE",
    "name" : "android::Message",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android7MessageE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android7MessageE",
    "size" : 4,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/Looper.h"
   },
@@ -15110,8 +15783,6 @@
    "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android7PrinterE",
    "name" : "android::Printer",
    "record_kind" : "class",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android7PrinterE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android7PrinterE",
    "size" : 8,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/Printer.h",
    "vtable_components" :
@@ -15145,11 +15816,18 @@
    "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android7RefBase12weakref_typeE",
    "name" : "android::RefBase::weakref_type",
    "record_kind" : "class",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android7RefBase12weakref_typeE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android7RefBase12weakref_typeE",
    "size" : 1,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/RefBase.h"
   },
+  {
+   "alignment" : 1,
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android7RefBase12weakref_typeE",
+   "name" : "android::RefBase::weakref_type",
+   "record_kind" : "class",
+   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android7RefBase12weakref_typeE#ODR:out/soong/.intermediates/system/core/libutils/binder/libutils_binder/android_vendor_arm64_armv8-a_cortex-a53_static_afdo-libutils/obj/system/core/libutils/binder/RefBase.sdump",
+   "size" : 1,
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/binder/include/utils/RefBase.h"
+  },
   {
    "alignment" : 8,
    "fields" :
@@ -15164,8 +15842,6 @@
    "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android7RefBaseE",
    "name" : "android::RefBase",
    "record_kind" : "class",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android7RefBaseE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android7RefBaseE",
    "size" : 16,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/RefBase.h",
    "vtable_components" :
@@ -15199,6 +15875,54 @@
     }
    ]
   },
+  {
+   "alignment" : 8,
+   "fields" :
+   [
+    {
+     "access" : "private",
+     "field_name" : "mRefs",
+     "field_offset" : 64,
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIKPN7android7RefBase12weakref_implE"
+    }
+   ],
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android7RefBaseE",
+   "name" : "android::RefBase",
+   "record_kind" : "class",
+   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android7RefBaseE#ODR:out/soong/.intermediates/system/core/libutils/binder/libutils_binder/android_vendor_arm64_armv8-a_cortex-a53_static_afdo-libutils/obj/system/core/libutils/binder/RefBase.sdump",
+   "size" : 16,
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/binder/include/utils/RefBase.h",
+   "vtable_components" :
+   [
+    {
+     "kind" : "offset_to_top"
+    },
+    {
+     "kind" : "rtti",
+     "mangled_component_name" : "_ZTIN7android7RefBaseE"
+    },
+    {
+     "kind" : "complete_dtor_pointer",
+     "mangled_component_name" : "_ZN7android7RefBaseD1Ev"
+    },
+    {
+     "kind" : "deleting_dtor_pointer",
+     "mangled_component_name" : "_ZN7android7RefBaseD0Ev"
+    },
+    {
+     "mangled_component_name" : "_ZN7android7RefBase10onFirstRefEv"
+    },
+    {
+     "mangled_component_name" : "_ZN7android7RefBase15onLastStrongRefEPKv"
+    },
+    {
+     "mangled_component_name" : "_ZN7android7RefBase20onIncStrongAttemptedEjPKv"
+    },
+    {
+     "mangled_component_name" : "_ZN7android7RefBase13onLastWeakRefEPKv"
+    }
+   ]
+  },
   {
    "alignment" : 8,
    "fields" :
@@ -15212,11 +15936,26 @@
    "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android7String8E",
    "name" : "android::String8",
    "record_kind" : "class",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android7String8E",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android7String8E",
    "size" : 8,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/String8.h"
   },
+  {
+   "alignment" : 8,
+   "fields" :
+   [
+    {
+     "access" : "private",
+     "field_name" : "mString",
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPKc"
+    }
+   ],
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android7String8E",
+   "name" : "android::String8",
+   "record_kind" : "class",
+   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android7String8E#ODR:out/soong/.intermediates/system/core/libutils/binder/libutils_binder/android_vendor_arm64_armv8-a_cortex-a53_static_afdo-libutils/obj/system/core/libutils/binder/RefBase.sdump",
+   "size" : 8,
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/binder/include/utils/String8.h"
+  },
   {
    "alignment" : 4,
    "fields" :
@@ -15233,10 +15972,8 @@
    ],
    "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android8String1610StaticDataILm1EEE",
    "name" : "android::String16::StaticData<1>",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android8String1610StaticDataILm1EEE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android8String1610StaticDataILm1EEE",
    "size" : 8,
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/String16.h"
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/binder/include/utils/String16.h"
   },
   {
    "alignment" : 8,
@@ -15251,37 +15988,8 @@
    "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android8String16E",
    "name" : "android::String16",
    "record_kind" : "class",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android8String16E",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android8String16E",
    "size" : 8,
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/String16.h"
-  },
-  {
-   "alignment" : 1,
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android9CallStack12StackDeleterE",
-   "name" : "android::CallStack::StackDeleter",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android9CallStack12StackDeleterE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android9CallStack12StackDeleterE",
-   "size" : 1,
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/CallStack.h"
-  },
-  {
-   "alignment" : 8,
-   "fields" :
-   [
-    {
-     "access" : "private",
-     "field_name" : "mFrameLines",
-     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android6VectorINS_7String8EEE"
-    }
-   ],
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android9CallStackE",
-   "name" : "android::CallStack",
-   "record_kind" : "class",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android9CallStackE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android9CallStackE",
-   "size" : 40,
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/CallStack.h"
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/binder/include/utils/String16.h"
   },
   {
    "alignment" : 4,
@@ -15296,8 +16004,6 @@
    "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android9ConditionE",
    "name" : "android::Condition",
    "record_kind" : "class",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android9ConditionE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android9ConditionE",
    "size" : 48,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/Condition.h"
   },
@@ -15339,8 +16045,6 @@
    "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android9FdPrinterE",
    "name" : "android::FdPrinter",
    "record_kind" : "class",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android9FdPrinterE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android9FdPrinterE",
    "size" : 48,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/Printer.h",
    "vtable_components" :
@@ -15393,8 +16097,6 @@
    "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android9StopWatchE",
    "name" : "android::StopWatch",
    "record_kind" : "class",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android9StopWatchE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android9StopWatchE",
    "size" : 24,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/StopWatch.h"
   },
@@ -15447,8 +16149,6 @@
    "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android9TokenizerE",
    "name" : "android::Tokenizer",
    "record_kind" : "class",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android9TokenizerE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android9TokenizerE",
    "size" : 56,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/Tokenizer.h"
   },
@@ -15469,8 +16169,6 @@
    "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7log_msgUt_E",
    "name" : "log_msg::(anonymous)",
    "record_kind" : "union",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7log_msgUt_E",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7log_msgUt_E",
    "size" : 5124,
    "source_file" : "system/logging/liblog/include_vndk/log/log_read.h"
   }
@@ -15482,7 +16180,6 @@
    "linker_set_key" : "_ZTION7android2spINS_12NativeHandleEEE",
    "name" : "android::sp<android::NativeHandle> &&",
    "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android2spINS_12NativeHandleEEE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTION7android2spINS_12NativeHandleEEE",
    "size" : 8,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/StrongPointer.h"
   },
@@ -15491,7 +16188,6 @@
    "linker_set_key" : "_ZTION7android2spINS_14MessageHandlerEEE",
    "name" : "android::sp<android::MessageHandler> &&",
    "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android2spINS_14MessageHandlerEEE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTION7android2spINS_14MessageHandlerEEE",
    "size" : 8,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/StrongPointer.h"
   },
@@ -15500,7 +16196,6 @@
    "linker_set_key" : "_ZTION7android2spINS_20SimpleLooperCallbackEEE",
    "name" : "android::sp<android::SimpleLooperCallback> &&",
    "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android2spINS_20SimpleLooperCallbackEEE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTION7android2spINS_20SimpleLooperCallbackEEE",
    "size" : 8,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/StrongPointer.h"
   },
@@ -15509,7 +16204,6 @@
    "linker_set_key" : "_ZTION7android2spINS_6LooperEEE",
    "name" : "android::sp<android::Looper> &&",
    "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android2spINS_6LooperEEE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTION7android2spINS_6LooperEEE",
    "size" : 8,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/StrongPointer.h"
   },
@@ -15518,7 +16212,6 @@
    "linker_set_key" : "_ZTION7android2spINS_6ThreadEEE",
    "name" : "android::sp<android::Thread> &&",
    "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android2spINS_6ThreadEEE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTION7android2spINS_6ThreadEEE",
    "size" : 8,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/StrongPointer.h"
   },
@@ -15527,7 +16220,6 @@
    "linker_set_key" : "_ZTION7android4base14unique_fd_implINS0_13DefaultCloserEEE",
    "name" : "android::base::unique_fd_impl<android::base::DefaultCloser> &&",
    "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android4base14unique_fd_implINS0_13DefaultCloserEEE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTION7android4base14unique_fd_implINS0_13DefaultCloserEEE",
    "size" : 8,
    "source_file" : "system/libbase/include/android-base/unique_fd.h"
   },
@@ -15536,7 +16228,6 @@
    "linker_set_key" : "_ZTION7android7FileMapE",
    "name" : "android::FileMap &&",
    "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android7FileMapE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTION7android7FileMapE",
    "size" : 8,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/FileMap.h"
   },
@@ -15545,9 +16236,8 @@
    "linker_set_key" : "_ZTION7android8String16E",
    "name" : "android::String16 &&",
    "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android8String16E",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTION7android8String16E",
    "size" : 8,
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/String16.h"
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/binder/include/utils/String16.h"
   }
  ]
 }
diff --git a/libutils/abi-dumps/arm_arm64/source-based/libutils.so.lsdump b/libutils/abi-dumps/arm_arm64/source-based/libutils.so.lsdump
index f88da15e00bb..5e4985651b31 100644
--- a/libutils/abi-dumps/arm_arm64/source-based/libutils.so.lsdump
+++ b/libutils/abi-dumps/arm_arm64/source-based/libutils.so.lsdump
@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@
    "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIA0_i",
    "name" : "int[0]",
    "referenced_type" : "_ZTIi",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIA0_i",
    "source_file" : "system/core/libcutils/include_outside_system/cutils/native_handle.h"
   },
   {
@@ -14,16 +13,14 @@
    "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIA1_Ds",
    "name" : "char16_t[1]",
    "referenced_type" : "_ZTIDs",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIA1_Ds",
    "size" : 2,
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/String16.h"
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/binder/include/utils/String16.h"
   },
   {
    "alignment" : 1,
    "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIA20_c",
    "name" : "char[20]",
    "referenced_type" : "_ZTIc",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIA20_c",
    "size" : 20,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/Printer.h"
   },
@@ -32,7 +29,6 @@
    "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIA5121_h",
    "name" : "unsigned char[5121]",
    "referenced_type" : "_ZTIh",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIA5121_h",
    "size" : 5121,
    "source_file" : "system/logging/liblog/include_vndk/log/log_read.h"
   },
@@ -41,15 +37,14 @@
    "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIA8_j",
    "name" : "unsigned int[8]",
    "referenced_type" : "_ZTIj",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIA8_j",
    "size" : 32,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libsystem/include/system/graphics.h"
   },
   {
+   "is_of_unknown_bound" : true,
    "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIA_f",
    "name" : "float[]",
    "referenced_type" : "_ZTIf",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIA_f",
    "source_file" : "system/core/libsystem/include/system/graphics.h"
   }
  ],
@@ -61,16 +56,12 @@
    "is_unsigned" : true,
    "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIDi",
    "name" : "char32_t",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIDi",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIDi",
    "size" : 4
   },
   {
    "alignment" : 4,
    "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIDn",
    "name" : "std::nullptr_t",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIDn",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIDn",
    "size" : 4
   },
   {
@@ -79,8 +70,6 @@
    "is_unsigned" : true,
    "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIDs",
    "name" : "char16_t",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIDs",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIDs",
    "size" : 2
   },
   {
@@ -88,8 +77,6 @@
    "is_integral" : true,
    "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIa",
    "name" : "signed char",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIa",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIa",
    "size" : 1
   },
   {
@@ -98,8 +85,6 @@
    "is_unsigned" : true,
    "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIb",
    "name" : "bool",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIb",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIb",
    "size" : 1
   },
   {
@@ -108,24 +93,18 @@
    "is_unsigned" : true,
    "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIc",
    "name" : "char",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIc",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIc",
    "size" : 1
   },
   {
    "alignment" : 8,
    "linker_set_key" : "_ZTId",
    "name" : "double",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTId",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTId",
    "size" : 8
   },
   {
    "alignment" : 4,
    "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIf",
    "name" : "float",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIf",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIf",
    "size" : 4
   },
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@@ -143,8 +120,6 @@
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-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIi",
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-   "self_type" : "_ZTIj",
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@@ -162,8 +135,6 @@
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-   "self_type" : "_ZTIl",
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@@ -172,8 +143,6 @@
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@@ -191,23 +158,17 @@
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   {
    "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIv",
-   "name" : "void",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIv",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIv"
+   "name" : "void"
   },
   {
    "alignment" : 8,
    "is_integral" : true,
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@@ -491,13 +450,38 @@
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   },
   {
-   "name" : "_ZN7android30get_report_sysprop_change_funcEv"
+   "binding" : "weak",
+   "name" : "_ZN7android2spINS_14LooperCallbackEE5clearEv"
   },
   {
-   "name" : "_ZN7android47LightRefBase_reportIncStrongRequireStrongFailedEPKv"
+   "binding" : "weak",
+   "name" : "_ZN7android2spINS_14LooperCallbackEEaSERKS2_"
+  },
+  {
+   "binding" : "weak",
+   "name" : "_ZN7android2spINS_6LooperEED2Ev"
+  },
+  {
+   "binding" : "weak",
+   "name" : "_ZN7android2spINS_6LooperEEaSEOS2_"
+  },
+  {
+   "binding" : "weak",
+   "name" : "_ZN7android2spINS_6LooperEEaSERKS2_"
+  },
+  {
+   "binding" : "weak",
+   "name" : "_ZN7android2spINS_6ThreadEE5clearEv"
   },
   {
-   "name" : "_ZN7android6Looper10initTLSKeyEv"
+   "binding" : "weak",
+   "name" : "_ZN7android2spINS_6ThreadEEaSEOS2_"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "_ZN7android30get_report_sysprop_change_funcEv"
+  },
+  {
+   "name" : "_ZN7android47LightRefBase_reportIncStrongRequireStrongFailedEPKv"
   },
   {
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@@ -515,7 +499,7 @@
    "name" : "_ZN7android6Looper14removeMessagesERKNS_2spINS_14MessageHandlerEEEi"
   },
   {
-   "name" : "_ZN7android6Looper16threadDestructorEPv"
+   "name" : "_ZN7android6Looper15getFdStateDebugEiPiS1_PNS_2spINS_14LooperCallbackEEEPPv"
   },
   {
    "name" : "_ZN7android6Looper17sendMessageAtTimeExRKNS_2spINS_14MessageHandlerEEERKNS_7MessageE"
@@ -544,6 +528,9 @@
   {
    "name" : "_ZN7android6Looper6awokenEv"
   },
+  {
+   "name" : "_ZN7android6Looper6repollEi"
+  },
   {
    "name" : "_ZN7android6Looper7pollAllEiPiS1_PPv"
   },
@@ -703,9 +690,6 @@
   {
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   },
-  {
-   "name" : "_ZN7android7String810appendPathEPKc"
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   {
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   },
@@ -724,9 +708,6 @@
   {
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-  {
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   {
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   },
@@ -1147,15 +1128,6 @@
   {
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   },
-  {
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-  },
-  {
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-  {
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   {
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@@ -1165,9 +1137,6 @@
   {
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   },
-  {
-   "name" : "_ZNK7android7String88walkPathEPS0_"
-  },
   {
    "name" : "_ZNK7android8String1610startsWithEPKDs"
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@@ -1206,39 +1175,43 @@
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+   "name" : "_ZNSt3__112__hash_tableINS_17__hash_value_typeIyN7android6Looper7RequestEEENS_22__unordered_map_hasherIyS5_NS_4hashIyEENS_8equal_toIyEELb1EEENS_21__unordered_map_equalIyS5_SA_S8_Lb1EEENS_9allocatorIS5_EEE25__emplace_unique_key_argsIyJRKyRS4_EEENS_4pairINS_15__hash_iteratorIPNS_11__hash_nodeIS5_PvEEEEbEERKT_DpOT0_"
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+   "name" : "_ZNSt3__112__hash_tableINS_17__hash_value_typeIyN7android6Looper7RequestEEENS_22__unordered_map_hasherIyS5_NS_4hashIyEENS_8equal_toIyEELb1EEENS_21__unordered_map_equalIyS5_SA_S8_Lb1EEENS_9allocatorIS5_EEE4findIyEENS_15__hash_iteratorIPNS_11__hash_nodeIS5_PvEEEERKT_"
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+   "name" : "_ZNSt3__112__hash_tableINS_17__hash_value_typeIyN7android6Looper7RequestEEENS_22__unordered_map_hasherIyS5_NS_4hashIyEENS_8equal_toIyEELb1EEENS_21__unordered_map_equalIyS5_SA_S8_Lb1EEENS_9allocatorIS5_EEE8__rehashILb1EEEvj"
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@@ -1425,71 +1398,14 @@
   },
   {
    "name" : "_ZTVN7android9FdPrinterE"
+  },
+  {
+   "binding" : "weak",
+   "name" : "__llvm_fs_discriminator__"
   }
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  "enum_types" :
  [
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-   "alignment" : 4,
-   "enum_fields" :
-   [
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-     "name" : "SP_DEFAULT"
-    },
-    {
-     "enum_field_value" : 0,
-     "name" : "SP_BACKGROUND"
-    },
-    {
-     "enum_field_value" : 1,
-     "name" : "SP_FOREGROUND"
-    },
-    {
-     "enum_field_value" : 2,
-     "name" : "SP_SYSTEM"
-    },
-    {
-     "enum_field_value" : 3,
-     "name" : "SP_AUDIO_APP"
-    },
-    {
-     "enum_field_value" : 4,
-     "name" : "SP_AUDIO_SYS"
-    },
-    {
-     "enum_field_value" : 5,
-     "name" : "SP_TOP_APP"
-    },
-    {
-     "enum_field_value" : 6,
-     "name" : "SP_RT_APP"
-    },
-    {
-     "enum_field_value" : 7,
-     "name" : "SP_RESTRICTED"
-    },
-    {
-     "enum_field_value" : 8,
-     "name" : "SP_CNT"
-    },
-    {
-     "enum_field_value" : 7,
-     "name" : "SP_MAX"
-    },
-    {
-     "enum_field_value" : 1,
-     "name" : "SP_SYSTEM_DEFAULT"
-    }
-   ],
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTI11SchedPolicy",
-   "name" : "SchedPolicy",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTI11SchedPolicy",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTI11SchedPolicy",
-   "size" : 4,
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libprocessgroup/include/processgroup/sched_policy.h",
-   "underlying_type" : "_ZTIi"
-  },
   {
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    "enum_fields" :
@@ -1509,8 +1425,6 @@
    ],
    "linker_set_key" : "_ZTI13android_hdr_t",
    "name" : "android_hdr_t",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTI13android_hdr_t",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTI13android_hdr_t",
    "size" : 4,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libsystem/include/system/graphics-base-v1.0.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
@@ -1526,8 +1440,6 @@
    ],
    "linker_set_key" : "_ZTI18android_hdr_v1_2_t",
    "name" : "android_hdr_v1_2_t",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTI18android_hdr_v1_2_t",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTI18android_hdr_v1_2_t",
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    "source_file" : "system/core/libsystem/include/system/graphics-base-v1.2.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
@@ -1575,8 +1487,6 @@
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-   "self_type" : "_ZTI19android_LogPriority",
    "size" : 4,
    "source_file" : "system/logging/liblog/include_vndk/android/log.h",
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@@ -1816,8 +1726,6 @@
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    "name" : "android_dataspace_t",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTI19android_dataspace_t",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTI19android_dataspace_t",
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    "source_file" : "system/core/libsystem/include/system/graphics-base-v1.0.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
@@ -1853,8 +1761,6 @@
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-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTI19android_flex_format",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTI19android_flex_format",
    "size" : 4,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libsystem/include/system/graphics.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
@@ -1886,8 +1792,6 @@
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-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTI19android_transform_t",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTI19android_transform_t",
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    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
@@ -1939,8 +1843,6 @@
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-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTI20android_color_mode_t",
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    "source_file" : "system/core/libsystem/include/system/graphics-base-v1.0.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
@@ -1972,8 +1874,6 @@
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-   "self_type" : "_ZTI21$SYSTEM_TIME_BOOTTIME",
    "size" : 4,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/Timers.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
@@ -2013,8 +1913,6 @@
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-   "self_type" : "_ZTI22android_flex_component",
    "size" : 4,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libsystem/include/system/graphics.h",
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@@ -2106,8 +2004,6 @@
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    "linker_set_key" : "_ZTI22android_pixel_format_t",
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-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTI22android_pixel_format_t",
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@@ -2171,8 +2067,6 @@
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-   "self_type" : "_ZTI23$ANDROID_PRIORITY_AUDIO",
    "size" : 4,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libsystem/include/system/thread_defs.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIi"
@@ -2200,8 +2094,6 @@
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-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTI24android_dataspace_v1_1_t",
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@@ -2229,8 +2121,6 @@
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-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTI24android_dataspace_v1_2_t",
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    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
@@ -2254,12 +2144,25 @@
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    "linker_set_key" : "_ZTI25android_color_mode_v1_1_t",
    "name" : "android_color_mode_v1_1_t",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTI25android_color_mode_v1_1_t",
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    "size" : 4,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libsystem/include/system/graphics-base-v1.1.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
   },
+  {
+   "alignment" : 4,
+   "enum_fields" :
+   [
+    {
+     "enum_field_value" : 13,
+     "name" : "HAL_COLOR_MODE_DISPLAY_BT2020"
+    }
+   ],
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTI25android_color_mode_v1_2_t",
+   "name" : "android_color_mode_v1_2_t",
+   "size" : 4,
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libsystem/include/system/graphics-base-v1.2.h",
+   "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
+  },
   {
    "alignment" : 4,
    "enum_fields" :
@@ -2295,8 +2198,6 @@
    ],
    "linker_set_key" : "_ZTI25android_color_transform_t",
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-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTI25android_color_transform_t",
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    "source_file" : "system/core/libsystem/include/system/graphics-base-v1.0.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
@@ -2324,8 +2225,6 @@
    ],
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    "name" : "android_pixel_format_sw_t",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTI25android_pixel_format_sw_t",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTI25android_pixel_format_sw_t",
    "size" : 4,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libsystem/include/system/graphics-sw.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
@@ -2365,8 +2264,6 @@
    ],
    "linker_set_key" : "_ZTI27android_pixel_format_v1_1_t",
    "name" : "android_pixel_format_v1_1_t",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTI27android_pixel_format_v1_1_t",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTI27android_pixel_format_v1_1_t",
    "size" : 4,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libsystem/include/system/graphics-base-v1.1.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
@@ -2382,8 +2279,6 @@
    ],
    "linker_set_key" : "_ZTI27android_pixel_format_v1_2_t",
    "name" : "android_pixel_format_v1_2_t",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTI27android_pixel_format_v1_2_t",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTI27android_pixel_format_v1_2_t",
    "size" : 4,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libsystem/include/system/graphics-base-v1.2.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
@@ -2411,8 +2306,6 @@
    ],
    "linker_set_key" : "_ZTI28android_render_intent_v1_1_t",
    "name" : "android_render_intent_v1_1_t",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTI28android_render_intent_v1_1_t",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTI28android_render_intent_v1_1_t",
    "size" : 4,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libsystem/include/system/graphics-base-v1.1.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
@@ -2468,8 +2361,6 @@
    ],
    "linker_set_key" : "_ZTI6log_id",
    "name" : "log_id",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTI6log_id",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTI6log_id",
    "size" : 4,
    "source_file" : "system/logging/liblog/include_vndk/android/log.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
@@ -2493,12 +2384,34 @@
    ],
    "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android10VectorImpl17$HAS_TRIVIAL_COPYE",
    "name" : "android::VectorImpl::(unnamed)",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android10VectorImpl17$HAS_TRIVIAL_COPYE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android10VectorImpl17$HAS_TRIVIAL_COPYE",
    "size" : 4,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/VectorImpl.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
   },
+  {
+   "alignment" : 4,
+   "enum_fields" :
+   [
+    {
+     "enum_field_value" : 1,
+     "name" : "android::VectorImpl::HAS_TRIVIAL_CTOR"
+    },
+    {
+     "enum_field_value" : 2,
+     "name" : "android::VectorImpl::HAS_TRIVIAL_DTOR"
+    },
+    {
+     "enum_field_value" : 4,
+     "name" : "android::VectorImpl::HAS_TRIVIAL_COPY"
+    }
+   ],
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android10VectorImpl17$HAS_TRIVIAL_COPYE",
+   "name" : "android::VectorImpl::(unnamed)",
+   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android10VectorImpl17$HAS_TRIVIAL_COPYE#ODR:out/soong/.intermediates/system/core/libutils/binder/libutils_binder/android_vendor_arm_armv8-a_cortex-a53_static_afdo-libutils/obj/system/core/libutils/binder/RefBase.sdump",
+   "size" : 4,
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/binder/include/utils/VectorImpl.h",
+   "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
+  },
   {
    "alignment" : 4,
    "enum_fields" :
@@ -2510,8 +2423,6 @@
    ],
    "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android13trait_pointerINS_28sysprop_change_callback_infoEE6$valueE",
    "name" : "android::trait_pointer<android::sysprop_change_callback_info>::(unnamed)",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android13trait_pointerINS_28sysprop_change_callback_infoEE6$valueE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android13trait_pointerINS_28sysprop_change_callback_infoEE6$valueE",
    "size" : 4,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
@@ -2527,8 +2438,6 @@
    ],
    "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android13trait_pointerINS_6Looper15MessageEnvelopeEE6$valueE",
    "name" : "android::trait_pointer<android::Looper::MessageEnvelope>::(unnamed)",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android13trait_pointerINS_6Looper15MessageEnvelopeEE6$valueE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android13trait_pointerINS_6Looper15MessageEnvelopeEE6$valueE",
    "size" : 4,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
@@ -2544,8 +2453,6 @@
    ],
    "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android13trait_pointerINS_6Looper8ResponseEE6$valueE",
    "name" : "android::trait_pointer<android::Looper::Response>::(unnamed)",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android13trait_pointerINS_6Looper8ResponseEE6$valueE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android13trait_pointerINS_6Looper8ResponseEE6$valueE",
    "size" : 4,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
@@ -2637,12 +2544,102 @@
    ],
    "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android15$ALREADY_EXISTSE",
    "name" : "android::(unnamed)",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android15$ALREADY_EXISTSE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android15$ALREADY_EXISTSE",
    "size" : 4,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/Errors.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIi"
   },
+  {
+   "alignment" : 4,
+   "enum_fields" :
+   [
+    {
+     "enum_field_value" : 0,
+     "name" : "android::OK"
+    },
+    {
+     "enum_field_value" : 0,
+     "name" : "android::NO_ERROR"
+    },
+    {
+     "enum_field_value" : -2147483648,
+     "name" : "android::UNKNOWN_ERROR"
+    },
+    {
+     "enum_field_value" : -12,
+     "name" : "android::NO_MEMORY"
+    },
+    {
+     "enum_field_value" : -38,
+     "name" : "android::INVALID_OPERATION"
+    },
+    {
+     "enum_field_value" : -22,
+     "name" : "android::BAD_VALUE"
+    },
+    {
+     "enum_field_value" : -2147483647,
+     "name" : "android::BAD_TYPE"
+    },
+    {
+     "enum_field_value" : -2,
+     "name" : "android::NAME_NOT_FOUND"
+    },
+    {
+     "enum_field_value" : -1,
+     "name" : "android::PERMISSION_DENIED"
+    },
+    {
+     "enum_field_value" : -19,
+     "name" : "android::NO_INIT"
+    },
+    {
+     "enum_field_value" : -17,
+     "name" : "android::ALREADY_EXISTS"
+    },
+    {
+     "enum_field_value" : -32,
+     "name" : "android::DEAD_OBJECT"
+    },
+    {
+     "enum_field_value" : -2147483646,
+     "name" : "android::FAILED_TRANSACTION"
+    },
+    {
+     "enum_field_value" : -75,
+     "name" : "android::BAD_INDEX"
+    },
+    {
+     "enum_field_value" : -61,
+     "name" : "android::NOT_ENOUGH_DATA"
+    },
+    {
+     "enum_field_value" : -11,
+     "name" : "android::WOULD_BLOCK"
+    },
+    {
+     "enum_field_value" : -110,
+     "name" : "android::TIMED_OUT"
+    },
+    {
+     "enum_field_value" : -74,
+     "name" : "android::UNKNOWN_TRANSACTION"
+    },
+    {
+     "enum_field_value" : -2147483641,
+     "name" : "android::FDS_NOT_ALLOWED"
+    },
+    {
+     "enum_field_value" : -2147483640,
+     "name" : "android::UNEXPECTED_NULL"
+    }
+   ],
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android15$ALREADY_EXISTSE",
+   "name" : "android::(unnamed)",
+   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android15$ALREADY_EXISTSE#ODR:out/soong/.intermediates/system/core/libutils/binder/libutils_binder/android_vendor_arm_armv8-a_cortex-a53_static_afdo-libutils/obj/system/core/libutils/binder/Errors.sdump",
+   "size" : 4,
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/binder/include/utils/Errors.h",
+   "underlying_type" : "_ZTIi"
+  },
   {
    "alignment" : 4,
    "enum_fields" :
@@ -2698,8 +2695,6 @@
    ],
    "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android15$PRIORITY_AUDIOE",
    "name" : "android::(unnamed)",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android15$PRIORITY_AUDIOE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android15$PRIORITY_AUDIOE",
    "size" : 4,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/ThreadDefs.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIi"
@@ -2715,8 +2710,6 @@
    ],
    "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyINS_28sysprop_change_callback_infoEE6$valueE",
    "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<android::sysprop_change_callback_info>::(unnamed)",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyINS_28sysprop_change_callback_infoEE6$valueE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyINS_28sysprop_change_callback_infoEE6$valueE",
    "size" : 4,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
@@ -2732,8 +2725,6 @@
    ],
    "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyINS_6Looper15MessageEnvelopeEE6$valueE",
    "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<android::Looper::MessageEnvelope>::(unnamed)",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyINS_6Looper15MessageEnvelopeEE6$valueE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyINS_6Looper15MessageEnvelopeEE6$valueE",
    "size" : 4,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
@@ -2749,8 +2740,6 @@
    ],
    "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyINS_6Looper8ResponseEE6$valueE",
    "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<android::Looper::Response>::(unnamed)",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyINS_6Looper8ResponseEE6$valueE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyINS_6Looper8ResponseEE6$valueE",
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    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
@@ -2766,8 +2755,6 @@
    ],
    "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyIbE6$valueE",
    "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<bool>::(unnamed)",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyIbE6$valueE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyIbE6$valueE",
    "size" : 4,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
@@ -2778,15 +2765,14 @@
    [
     {
      "enum_field_value" : 1,
-     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<char>::value"
+     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<bool>::value"
     }
    ],
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyIcE6$valueE",
-   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<char>::(unnamed)",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyIcE6$valueE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyIcE6$valueE",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyIbE6$valueE",
+   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<bool>::(unnamed)",
+   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyIbE6$valueE#ODR:out/soong/.intermediates/system/core/libutils/binder/libutils_binder/android_vendor_arm_armv8-a_cortex-a53_static_afdo-libutils/obj/system/core/libutils/binder/RefBase.sdump",
    "size" : 4,
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/binder/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
   },
   {
@@ -2795,13 +2781,11 @@
    [
     {
      "enum_field_value" : 1,
-     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<double>::value"
+     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<char>::value"
     }
    ],
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyIdE6$valueE",
-   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<double>::(unnamed)",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyIdE6$valueE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyIdE6$valueE",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyIcE6$valueE",
+   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<char>::(unnamed)",
    "size" : 4,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
@@ -2812,15 +2796,14 @@
    [
     {
      "enum_field_value" : 1,
-     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<float>::value"
+     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<char>::value"
     }
    ],
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyIfE6$valueE",
-   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<float>::(unnamed)",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyIfE6$valueE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyIfE6$valueE",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyIcE6$valueE",
+   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<char>::(unnamed)",
+   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyIcE6$valueE#ODR:out/soong/.intermediates/system/core/libutils/binder/libutils_binder/android_vendor_arm_armv8-a_cortex-a53_static_afdo-libutils/obj/system/core/libutils/binder/RefBase.sdump",
    "size" : 4,
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/binder/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
   },
   {
@@ -2829,13 +2812,11 @@
    [
     {
      "enum_field_value" : 1,
-     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<unsigned char>::value"
+     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<double>::value"
     }
    ],
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyIhE6$valueE",
-   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<unsigned char>::(unnamed)",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyIhE6$valueE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyIhE6$valueE",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyIdE6$valueE",
+   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<double>::(unnamed)",
    "size" : 4,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
@@ -2846,15 +2827,14 @@
    [
     {
      "enum_field_value" : 1,
-     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<int>::value"
+     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<double>::value"
     }
    ],
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyIiE6$valueE",
-   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<int>::(unnamed)",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyIiE6$valueE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyIiE6$valueE",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyIdE6$valueE",
+   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<double>::(unnamed)",
+   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyIdE6$valueE#ODR:out/soong/.intermediates/system/core/libutils/binder/libutils_binder/android_vendor_arm_armv8-a_cortex-a53_static_afdo-libutils/obj/system/core/libutils/binder/RefBase.sdump",
    "size" : 4,
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/binder/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
   },
   {
@@ -2863,13 +2843,11 @@
    [
     {
      "enum_field_value" : 1,
-     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<unsigned int>::value"
+     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<float>::value"
     }
    ],
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyIjE6$valueE",
-   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<unsigned int>::(unnamed)",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyIjE6$valueE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyIjE6$valueE",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyIfE6$valueE",
+   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<float>::(unnamed)",
    "size" : 4,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
@@ -2880,15 +2858,14 @@
    [
     {
      "enum_field_value" : 1,
-     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<long>::value"
+     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<float>::value"
     }
    ],
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyIlE6$valueE",
-   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<long>::(unnamed)",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyIlE6$valueE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyIlE6$valueE",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyIfE6$valueE",
+   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<float>::(unnamed)",
+   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyIfE6$valueE#ODR:out/soong/.intermediates/system/core/libutils/binder/libutils_binder/android_vendor_arm_armv8-a_cortex-a53_static_afdo-libutils/obj/system/core/libutils/binder/RefBase.sdump",
    "size" : 4,
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/binder/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
   },
   {
@@ -2897,13 +2874,11 @@
    [
     {
      "enum_field_value" : 1,
-     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<unsigned long>::value"
+     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<unsigned char>::value"
     }
    ],
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyImE6$valueE",
-   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<unsigned long>::(unnamed)",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyImE6$valueE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyImE6$valueE",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyIhE6$valueE",
+   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<unsigned char>::(unnamed)",
    "size" : 4,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
@@ -2914,15 +2889,14 @@
    [
     {
      "enum_field_value" : 1,
-     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<short>::value"
+     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<unsigned char>::value"
     }
    ],
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyIsE6$valueE",
-   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<short>::(unnamed)",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyIsE6$valueE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyIsE6$valueE",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyIhE6$valueE",
+   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<unsigned char>::(unnamed)",
+   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyIhE6$valueE#ODR:out/soong/.intermediates/system/core/libutils/binder/libutils_binder/android_vendor_arm_armv8-a_cortex-a53_static_afdo-libutils/obj/system/core/libutils/binder/RefBase.sdump",
    "size" : 4,
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/binder/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
   },
   {
@@ -2931,13 +2905,11 @@
    [
     {
      "enum_field_value" : 1,
-     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<unsigned short>::value"
+     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<int>::value"
     }
    ],
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyItE6$valueE",
-   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<unsigned short>::(unnamed)",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyItE6$valueE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyItE6$valueE",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyIiE6$valueE",
+   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<int>::(unnamed)",
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    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
@@ -2948,15 +2920,14 @@
    [
     {
      "enum_field_value" : 1,
-     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<void>::value"
+     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<int>::value"
     }
    ],
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyIvE6$valueE",
-   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<void>::(unnamed)",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyIvE6$valueE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyIvE6$valueE",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyIiE6$valueE",
+   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<int>::(unnamed)",
+   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyIiE6$valueE#ODR:out/soong/.intermediates/system/core/libutils/binder/libutils_binder/android_vendor_arm_armv8-a_cortex-a53_static_afdo-libutils/obj/system/core/libutils/binder/RefBase.sdump",
    "size" : 4,
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/binder/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
   },
   {
@@ -2965,13 +2936,11 @@
    [
     {
      "enum_field_value" : 1,
-     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<long long>::value"
+     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<unsigned int>::value"
     }
    ],
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyIxE6$valueE",
-   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<long long>::(unnamed)",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyIxE6$valueE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyIxE6$valueE",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyIjE6$valueE",
+   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<unsigned int>::(unnamed)",
    "size" : 4,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
@@ -2982,15 +2951,14 @@
    [
     {
      "enum_field_value" : 1,
-     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<unsigned long long>::value"
+     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<unsigned int>::value"
     }
    ],
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyIyE6$valueE",
-   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<unsigned long long>::(unnamed)",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyIyE6$valueE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyIyE6$valueE",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyIjE6$valueE",
+   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<unsigned int>::(unnamed)",
+   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyIjE6$valueE#ODR:out/soong/.intermediates/system/core/libutils/binder/libutils_binder/android_vendor_arm_armv8-a_cortex-a53_static_afdo-libutils/obj/system/core/libutils/binder/RefBase.sdump",
    "size" : 4,
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/binder/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
   },
   {
@@ -2998,14 +2966,12 @@
    "enum_fields" :
    [
     {
-     "enum_field_value" : 0,
-     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<android::sysprop_change_callback_info>::value"
+     "enum_field_value" : 1,
+     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<long>::value"
     }
    ],
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorINS_28sysprop_change_callback_infoEE6$valueE",
-   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<android::sysprop_change_callback_info>::(unnamed)",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorINS_28sysprop_change_callback_infoEE6$valueE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorINS_28sysprop_change_callback_infoEE6$valueE",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyIlE6$valueE",
+   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<long>::(unnamed)",
    "size" : 4,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
@@ -3015,16 +2981,15 @@
    "enum_fields" :
    [
     {
-     "enum_field_value" : 0,
-     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<android::Looper::MessageEnvelope>::value"
+     "enum_field_value" : 1,
+     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<long>::value"
     }
    ],
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorINS_6Looper15MessageEnvelopeEE6$valueE",
-   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<android::Looper::MessageEnvelope>::(unnamed)",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorINS_6Looper15MessageEnvelopeEE6$valueE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorINS_6Looper15MessageEnvelopeEE6$valueE",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyIlE6$valueE",
+   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<long>::(unnamed)",
+   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyIlE6$valueE#ODR:out/soong/.intermediates/system/core/libutils/binder/libutils_binder/android_vendor_arm_armv8-a_cortex-a53_static_afdo-libutils/obj/system/core/libutils/binder/RefBase.sdump",
    "size" : 4,
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/binder/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
   },
   {
@@ -3032,14 +2997,12 @@
    "enum_fields" :
    [
     {
-     "enum_field_value" : 0,
-     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<android::Looper::Response>::value"
+     "enum_field_value" : 1,
+     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<unsigned long>::value"
     }
    ],
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorINS_6Looper8ResponseEE6$valueE",
-   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<android::Looper::Response>::(unnamed)",
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-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorINS_6Looper8ResponseEE6$valueE",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyImE6$valueE",
+   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<unsigned long>::(unnamed)",
    "size" : 4,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
@@ -3050,15 +3013,14 @@
    [
     {
      "enum_field_value" : 1,
-     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<bool>::value"
+     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<unsigned long>::value"
     }
    ],
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorIbE6$valueE",
-   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<bool>::(unnamed)",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorIbE6$valueE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorIbE6$valueE",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyImE6$valueE",
+   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<unsigned long>::(unnamed)",
+   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyImE6$valueE#ODR:out/soong/.intermediates/system/core/libutils/binder/libutils_binder/android_vendor_arm_armv8-a_cortex-a53_static_afdo-libutils/obj/system/core/libutils/binder/RefBase.sdump",
    "size" : 4,
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/binder/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
   },
   {
@@ -3067,13 +3029,11 @@
    [
     {
      "enum_field_value" : 1,
-     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<char>::value"
+     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<short>::value"
     }
    ],
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorIcE6$valueE",
-   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<char>::(unnamed)",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorIcE6$valueE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorIcE6$valueE",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyIsE6$valueE",
+   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<short>::(unnamed)",
    "size" : 4,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
@@ -3084,15 +3044,14 @@
    [
     {
      "enum_field_value" : 1,
-     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<double>::value"
+     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<short>::value"
     }
    ],
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorIdE6$valueE",
-   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<double>::(unnamed)",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorIdE6$valueE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorIdE6$valueE",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyIsE6$valueE",
+   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<short>::(unnamed)",
+   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyIsE6$valueE#ODR:out/soong/.intermediates/system/core/libutils/binder/libutils_binder/android_vendor_arm_armv8-a_cortex-a53_static_afdo-libutils/obj/system/core/libutils/binder/RefBase.sdump",
    "size" : 4,
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/binder/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
   },
   {
@@ -3101,13 +3060,11 @@
    [
     {
      "enum_field_value" : 1,
-     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<float>::value"
+     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<unsigned short>::value"
     }
    ],
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorIfE6$valueE",
-   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<float>::(unnamed)",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorIfE6$valueE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorIfE6$valueE",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyItE6$valueE",
+   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<unsigned short>::(unnamed)",
    "size" : 4,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
@@ -3118,15 +3075,14 @@
    [
     {
      "enum_field_value" : 1,
-     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<unsigned char>::value"
+     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<unsigned short>::value"
     }
    ],
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorIhE6$valueE",
-   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<unsigned char>::(unnamed)",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorIhE6$valueE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorIhE6$valueE",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyItE6$valueE",
+   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<unsigned short>::(unnamed)",
+   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyItE6$valueE#ODR:out/soong/.intermediates/system/core/libutils/binder/libutils_binder/android_vendor_arm_armv8-a_cortex-a53_static_afdo-libutils/obj/system/core/libutils/binder/RefBase.sdump",
    "size" : 4,
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/binder/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
   },
   {
@@ -3135,13 +3091,11 @@
    [
     {
      "enum_field_value" : 1,
-     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<int>::value"
+     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<void>::value"
     }
    ],
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorIiE6$valueE",
-   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<int>::(unnamed)",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorIiE6$valueE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorIiE6$valueE",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyIvE6$valueE",
+   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<void>::(unnamed)",
    "size" : 4,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
@@ -3152,15 +3106,14 @@
    [
     {
      "enum_field_value" : 1,
-     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<unsigned int>::value"
+     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<void>::value"
     }
    ],
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorIjE6$valueE",
-   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<unsigned int>::(unnamed)",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorIjE6$valueE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorIjE6$valueE",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyIvE6$valueE",
+   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<void>::(unnamed)",
+   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyIvE6$valueE#ODR:out/soong/.intermediates/system/core/libutils/binder/libutils_binder/android_vendor_arm_armv8-a_cortex-a53_static_afdo-libutils/obj/system/core/libutils/binder/RefBase.sdump",
    "size" : 4,
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/binder/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
   },
   {
@@ -3169,13 +3122,11 @@
    [
     {
      "enum_field_value" : 1,
-     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<long>::value"
+     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<long long>::value"
     }
    ],
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorIlE6$valueE",
-   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<long>::(unnamed)",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorIlE6$valueE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorIlE6$valueE",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyIxE6$valueE",
+   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<long long>::(unnamed)",
    "size" : 4,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
@@ -3186,15 +3137,14 @@
    [
     {
      "enum_field_value" : 1,
-     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<unsigned long>::value"
+     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<long long>::value"
     }
    ],
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorImE6$valueE",
-   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<unsigned long>::(unnamed)",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorImE6$valueE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorImE6$valueE",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyIxE6$valueE",
+   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<long long>::(unnamed)",
+   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyIxE6$valueE#ODR:out/soong/.intermediates/system/core/libutils/binder/libutils_binder/android_vendor_arm_armv8-a_cortex-a53_static_afdo-libutils/obj/system/core/libutils/binder/RefBase.sdump",
    "size" : 4,
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/binder/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
   },
   {
@@ -3203,13 +3153,11 @@
    [
     {
      "enum_field_value" : 1,
-     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<short>::value"
+     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<unsigned long long>::value"
     }
    ],
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorIsE6$valueE",
-   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<short>::(unnamed)",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorIsE6$valueE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorIsE6$valueE",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyIyE6$valueE",
+   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<unsigned long long>::(unnamed)",
    "size" : 4,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
@@ -3220,15 +3168,14 @@
    [
     {
      "enum_field_value" : 1,
-     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<unsigned short>::value"
+     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<unsigned long long>::value"
     }
    ],
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorItE6$valueE",
-   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<unsigned short>::(unnamed)",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorItE6$valueE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorItE6$valueE",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyIyE6$valueE",
+   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_copy<unsigned long long>::(unnamed)",
+   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_copyIyE6$valueE#ODR:out/soong/.intermediates/system/core/libutils/binder/libutils_binder/android_vendor_arm_armv8-a_cortex-a53_static_afdo-libutils/obj/system/core/libutils/binder/RefBase.sdump",
    "size" : 4,
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/binder/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
   },
   {
@@ -3236,14 +3183,12 @@
    "enum_fields" :
    [
     {
-     "enum_field_value" : 1,
-     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<void>::value"
+     "enum_field_value" : 0,
+     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<android::sysprop_change_callback_info>::value"
     }
    ],
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorIvE6$valueE",
-   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<void>::(unnamed)",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorIvE6$valueE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorIvE6$valueE",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorINS_28sysprop_change_callback_infoEE6$valueE",
+   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<android::sysprop_change_callback_info>::(unnamed)",
    "size" : 4,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
@@ -3253,14 +3198,12 @@
    "enum_fields" :
    [
     {
-     "enum_field_value" : 1,
-     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<long long>::value"
+     "enum_field_value" : 0,
+     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<android::Looper::MessageEnvelope>::value"
     }
    ],
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorIxE6$valueE",
-   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<long long>::(unnamed)",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorIxE6$valueE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorIxE6$valueE",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorINS_6Looper15MessageEnvelopeEE6$valueE",
+   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<android::Looper::MessageEnvelope>::(unnamed)",
    "size" : 4,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
@@ -3270,14 +3213,12 @@
    "enum_fields" :
    [
     {
-     "enum_field_value" : 1,
-     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<unsigned long long>::value"
+     "enum_field_value" : 0,
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     }
    ],
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorIyE6$valueE",
-   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<unsigned long long>::(unnamed)",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorIyE6$valueE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorIyE6$valueE",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorINS_6Looper8ResponseEE6$valueE",
+   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<android::Looper::Response>::(unnamed)",
    "size" : 4,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
@@ -3287,14 +3228,12 @@
    "enum_fields" :
    [
     {
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-     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_dtor<android::sysprop_change_callback_info>::value"
+     "enum_field_value" : 1,
+     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<bool>::value"
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-   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_dtor<android::sysprop_change_callback_info>::(unnamed)",
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-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_dtorINS_28sysprop_change_callback_infoEE6$valueE",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorIbE6$valueE",
+   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<bool>::(unnamed)",
    "size" : 4,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
@@ -3304,16 +3243,15 @@
    "enum_fields" :
    [
     {
-     "enum_field_value" : 0,
-     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_dtor<android::Looper::MessageEnvelope>::value"
+     "enum_field_value" : 1,
+     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<bool>::value"
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    ],
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_dtorINS_6Looper15MessageEnvelopeEE6$valueE",
-   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_dtor<android::Looper::MessageEnvelope>::(unnamed)",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_dtorINS_6Looper15MessageEnvelopeEE6$valueE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_dtorINS_6Looper15MessageEnvelopeEE6$valueE",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorIbE6$valueE",
+   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<bool>::(unnamed)",
+   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorIbE6$valueE#ODR:out/soong/.intermediates/system/core/libutils/binder/libutils_binder/android_vendor_arm_armv8-a_cortex-a53_static_afdo-libutils/obj/system/core/libutils/binder/RefBase.sdump",
    "size" : 4,
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/binder/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
   },
   {
@@ -3321,14 +3259,12 @@
    "enum_fields" :
    [
     {
-     "enum_field_value" : 0,
-     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_dtor<android::Looper::Response>::value"
+     "enum_field_value" : 1,
+     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<char>::value"
     }
    ],
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_dtorINS_6Looper8ResponseEE6$valueE",
-   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_dtor<android::Looper::Response>::(unnamed)",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_dtorINS_6Looper8ResponseEE6$valueE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_dtorINS_6Looper8ResponseEE6$valueE",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorIcE6$valueE",
+   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<char>::(unnamed)",
    "size" : 4,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
@@ -3339,15 +3275,14 @@
    [
     {
      "enum_field_value" : 1,
-     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_dtor<bool>::value"
+     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<char>::value"
     }
    ],
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_dtorIbE6$valueE",
-   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_dtor<bool>::(unnamed)",
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-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_dtorIbE6$valueE",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorIcE6$valueE",
+   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<char>::(unnamed)",
+   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorIcE6$valueE#ODR:out/soong/.intermediates/system/core/libutils/binder/libutils_binder/android_vendor_arm_armv8-a_cortex-a53_static_afdo-libutils/obj/system/core/libutils/binder/RefBase.sdump",
    "size" : 4,
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/binder/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
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   {
@@ -3356,13 +3291,11 @@
    [
     {
      "enum_field_value" : 1,
-     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_dtor<char>::value"
+     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<double>::value"
     }
    ],
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_dtorIcE6$valueE",
-   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_dtor<char>::(unnamed)",
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-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_dtorIcE6$valueE",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorIdE6$valueE",
+   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<double>::(unnamed)",
    "size" : 4,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
@@ -3373,15 +3306,14 @@
    [
     {
      "enum_field_value" : 1,
-     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_dtor<double>::value"
+     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<double>::value"
     }
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-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_dtorIdE6$valueE",
-   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_dtor<double>::(unnamed)",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_dtorIdE6$valueE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_dtorIdE6$valueE",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorIdE6$valueE",
+   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<double>::(unnamed)",
+   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorIdE6$valueE#ODR:out/soong/.intermediates/system/core/libutils/binder/libutils_binder/android_vendor_arm_armv8-a_cortex-a53_static_afdo-libutils/obj/system/core/libutils/binder/RefBase.sdump",
    "size" : 4,
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/binder/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
   },
   {
@@ -3390,13 +3322,11 @@
    [
     {
      "enum_field_value" : 1,
-     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_dtor<float>::value"
+     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<float>::value"
     }
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-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_dtorIfE6$valueE",
-   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_dtor<float>::(unnamed)",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_dtorIfE6$valueE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_dtorIfE6$valueE",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorIfE6$valueE",
+   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<float>::(unnamed)",
    "size" : 4,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
@@ -3407,15 +3337,14 @@
    [
     {
      "enum_field_value" : 1,
-     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_dtor<unsigned char>::value"
+     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<float>::value"
     }
    ],
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_dtorIhE6$valueE",
-   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_dtor<unsigned char>::(unnamed)",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_dtorIhE6$valueE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_dtorIhE6$valueE",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorIfE6$valueE",
+   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<float>::(unnamed)",
+   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorIfE6$valueE#ODR:out/soong/.intermediates/system/core/libutils/binder/libutils_binder/android_vendor_arm_armv8-a_cortex-a53_static_afdo-libutils/obj/system/core/libutils/binder/RefBase.sdump",
    "size" : 4,
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/binder/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
   },
   {
@@ -3424,13 +3353,11 @@
    [
     {
      "enum_field_value" : 1,
-     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_dtor<int>::value"
+     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<unsigned char>::value"
     }
    ],
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_dtorIiE6$valueE",
-   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_dtor<int>::(unnamed)",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_dtorIiE6$valueE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_dtorIiE6$valueE",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorIhE6$valueE",
+   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<unsigned char>::(unnamed)",
    "size" : 4,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
@@ -3441,15 +3368,14 @@
    [
     {
      "enum_field_value" : 1,
-     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_dtor<unsigned int>::value"
+     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<unsigned char>::value"
     }
    ],
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_dtorIjE6$valueE",
-   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_dtor<unsigned int>::(unnamed)",
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-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_dtorIjE6$valueE",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorIhE6$valueE",
+   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<unsigned char>::(unnamed)",
+   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorIhE6$valueE#ODR:out/soong/.intermediates/system/core/libutils/binder/libutils_binder/android_vendor_arm_armv8-a_cortex-a53_static_afdo-libutils/obj/system/core/libutils/binder/RefBase.sdump",
    "size" : 4,
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/binder/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
   },
   {
@@ -3458,13 +3384,11 @@
    [
     {
      "enum_field_value" : 1,
-     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_dtor<long>::value"
+     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<int>::value"
     }
    ],
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_dtorIlE6$valueE",
-   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_dtor<long>::(unnamed)",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_dtorIlE6$valueE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_dtorIlE6$valueE",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorIiE6$valueE",
+   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<int>::(unnamed)",
    "size" : 4,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
@@ -3475,15 +3399,14 @@
    [
     {
      "enum_field_value" : 1,
-     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_dtor<unsigned long>::value"
+     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<int>::value"
     }
    ],
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_dtorImE6$valueE",
-   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_dtor<unsigned long>::(unnamed)",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_dtorImE6$valueE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_dtorImE6$valueE",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorIiE6$valueE",
+   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<int>::(unnamed)",
+   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorIiE6$valueE#ODR:out/soong/.intermediates/system/core/libutils/binder/libutils_binder/android_vendor_arm_armv8-a_cortex-a53_static_afdo-libutils/obj/system/core/libutils/binder/RefBase.sdump",
    "size" : 4,
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/binder/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
   },
   {
@@ -3492,13 +3415,11 @@
    [
     {
      "enum_field_value" : 1,
-     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_dtor<short>::value"
+     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<unsigned int>::value"
     }
    ],
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_dtorIsE6$valueE",
-   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_dtor<short>::(unnamed)",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_dtorIsE6$valueE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_dtorIsE6$valueE",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorIjE6$valueE",
+   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<unsigned int>::(unnamed)",
    "size" : 4,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
@@ -3509,15 +3430,14 @@
    [
     {
      "enum_field_value" : 1,
-     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_dtor<unsigned short>::value"
+     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<unsigned int>::value"
     }
    ],
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_dtorItE6$valueE",
-   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_dtor<unsigned short>::(unnamed)",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_dtorItE6$valueE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_dtorItE6$valueE",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorIjE6$valueE",
+   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<unsigned int>::(unnamed)",
+   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorIjE6$valueE#ODR:out/soong/.intermediates/system/core/libutils/binder/libutils_binder/android_vendor_arm_armv8-a_cortex-a53_static_afdo-libutils/obj/system/core/libutils/binder/RefBase.sdump",
    "size" : 4,
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/binder/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
   },
   {
@@ -3526,13 +3446,11 @@
    [
     {
      "enum_field_value" : 1,
-     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_dtor<void>::value"
+     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<long>::value"
     }
    ],
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_dtorIvE6$valueE",
-   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_dtor<void>::(unnamed)",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_dtorIvE6$valueE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_dtorIvE6$valueE",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorIlE6$valueE",
+   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<long>::(unnamed)",
    "size" : 4,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
@@ -3543,15 +3461,14 @@
    [
     {
      "enum_field_value" : 1,
-     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_dtor<long long>::value"
+     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<long>::value"
     }
    ],
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_dtorIxE6$valueE",
-   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_dtor<long long>::(unnamed)",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_dtorIxE6$valueE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_dtorIxE6$valueE",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorIlE6$valueE",
+   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<long>::(unnamed)",
+   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorIlE6$valueE#ODR:out/soong/.intermediates/system/core/libutils/binder/libutils_binder/android_vendor_arm_armv8-a_cortex-a53_static_afdo-libutils/obj/system/core/libutils/binder/RefBase.sdump",
    "size" : 4,
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/binder/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
   },
   {
@@ -3560,13 +3477,11 @@
    [
     {
      "enum_field_value" : 1,
-     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_dtor<unsigned long long>::value"
+     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<unsigned long>::value"
     }
    ],
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_dtorIyE6$valueE",
-   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_dtor<unsigned long long>::(unnamed)",
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-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_dtorIyE6$valueE",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorImE6$valueE",
+   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<unsigned long>::(unnamed)",
    "size" : 4,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
@@ -3576,16 +3491,15 @@
    "enum_fields" :
    [
     {
-     "enum_field_value" : 0,
-     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_move<android::sysprop_change_callback_info>::value"
+     "enum_field_value" : 1,
+     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<unsigned long>::value"
     }
    ],
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_moveINS_28sysprop_change_callback_infoEE6$valueE",
-   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_move<android::sysprop_change_callback_info>::(unnamed)",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_moveINS_28sysprop_change_callback_infoEE6$valueE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_moveINS_28sysprop_change_callback_infoEE6$valueE",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorImE6$valueE",
+   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<unsigned long>::(unnamed)",
+   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorImE6$valueE#ODR:out/soong/.intermediates/system/core/libutils/binder/libutils_binder/android_vendor_arm_armv8-a_cortex-a53_static_afdo-libutils/obj/system/core/libutils/binder/RefBase.sdump",
    "size" : 4,
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/binder/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
   },
   {
@@ -3593,14 +3507,12 @@
    "enum_fields" :
    [
     {
-     "enum_field_value" : 0,
-     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_move<android::Looper::MessageEnvelope>::value"
+     "enum_field_value" : 1,
+     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<short>::value"
     }
    ],
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_moveINS_6Looper15MessageEnvelopeEE6$valueE",
-   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_move<android::Looper::MessageEnvelope>::(unnamed)",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_moveINS_6Looper15MessageEnvelopeEE6$valueE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_moveINS_6Looper15MessageEnvelopeEE6$valueE",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorIsE6$valueE",
+   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<short>::(unnamed)",
    "size" : 4,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
@@ -3610,16 +3522,15 @@
    "enum_fields" :
    [
     {
-     "enum_field_value" : 0,
-     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_move<android::Looper::Response>::value"
+     "enum_field_value" : 1,
+     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<short>::value"
     }
    ],
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_moveINS_6Looper8ResponseEE6$valueE",
-   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_move<android::Looper::Response>::(unnamed)",
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-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_moveINS_6Looper8ResponseEE6$valueE",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorIsE6$valueE",
+   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<short>::(unnamed)",
+   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorIsE6$valueE#ODR:out/soong/.intermediates/system/core/libutils/binder/libutils_binder/android_vendor_arm_armv8-a_cortex-a53_static_afdo-libutils/obj/system/core/libutils/binder/RefBase.sdump",
    "size" : 4,
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/binder/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
   },
   {
@@ -3628,15 +3539,13 @@
    [
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      "enum_field_value" : 1,
-     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_move<android::String8>::value"
+     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<unsigned short>::value"
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-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_moveINS_7String8EE6$valueE",
-   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_move<android::String8>::(unnamed)",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_moveINS_7String8EE6$valueE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_moveINS_7String8EE6$valueE",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorItE6$valueE",
+   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<unsigned short>::(unnamed)",
    "size" : 4,
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/String8.h",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
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@@ -3645,15 +3554,14 @@
    [
     {
      "enum_field_value" : 1,
-     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_move<android::String16>::value"
+     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<unsigned short>::value"
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-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_moveINS_8String16EE6$valueE",
-   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_move<android::String16>::(unnamed)",
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-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_moveINS_8String16EE6$valueE",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorItE6$valueE",
+   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<unsigned short>::(unnamed)",
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    "size" : 4,
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/String16.h",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/binder/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
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   {
@@ -3662,13 +3570,11 @@
    [
     {
      "enum_field_value" : 1,
-     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_move<bool>::value"
+     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<void>::value"
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-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_moveIbE6$valueE",
-   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_move<bool>::(unnamed)",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_moveIbE6$valueE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_moveIbE6$valueE",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorIvE6$valueE",
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    "size" : 4,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
@@ -3679,15 +3585,14 @@
    [
     {
      "enum_field_value" : 1,
-     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_move<char>::value"
+     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<void>::value"
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-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_moveIcE6$valueE",
-   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_move<char>::(unnamed)",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_moveIcE6$valueE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_moveIcE6$valueE",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorIvE6$valueE",
+   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<void>::(unnamed)",
+   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorIvE6$valueE#ODR:out/soong/.intermediates/system/core/libutils/binder/libutils_binder/android_vendor_arm_armv8-a_cortex-a53_static_afdo-libutils/obj/system/core/libutils/binder/RefBase.sdump",
    "size" : 4,
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/binder/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
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   {
@@ -3696,13 +3601,11 @@
    [
     {
      "enum_field_value" : 1,
-     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_move<double>::value"
+     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<long long>::value"
     }
    ],
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_moveIdE6$valueE",
-   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_move<double>::(unnamed)",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_moveIdE6$valueE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_moveIdE6$valueE",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorIxE6$valueE",
+   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<long long>::(unnamed)",
    "size" : 4,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
@@ -3713,15 +3616,14 @@
    [
     {
      "enum_field_value" : 1,
-     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_move<float>::value"
+     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<long long>::value"
     }
    ],
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-   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_move<float>::(unnamed)",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_moveIfE6$valueE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_moveIfE6$valueE",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorIxE6$valueE",
+   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<long long>::(unnamed)",
+   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorIxE6$valueE#ODR:out/soong/.intermediates/system/core/libutils/binder/libutils_binder/android_vendor_arm_armv8-a_cortex-a53_static_afdo-libutils/obj/system/core/libutils/binder/RefBase.sdump",
    "size" : 4,
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/binder/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
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   {
@@ -3730,13 +3632,11 @@
    [
     {
      "enum_field_value" : 1,
-     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_move<unsigned char>::value"
+     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<unsigned long long>::value"
     }
    ],
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_moveIhE6$valueE",
-   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_move<unsigned char>::(unnamed)",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_moveIhE6$valueE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_moveIhE6$valueE",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorIyE6$valueE",
+   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<unsigned long long>::(unnamed)",
    "size" : 4,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
@@ -3747,15 +3647,14 @@
    [
     {
      "enum_field_value" : 1,
-     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_move<int>::value"
+     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<unsigned long long>::value"
     }
    ],
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_moveIiE6$valueE",
-   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_move<int>::(unnamed)",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_moveIiE6$valueE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_moveIiE6$valueE",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorIyE6$valueE",
+   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_ctor<unsigned long long>::(unnamed)",
+   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_ctorIyE6$valueE#ODR:out/soong/.intermediates/system/core/libutils/binder/libutils_binder/android_vendor_arm_armv8-a_cortex-a53_static_afdo-libutils/obj/system/core/libutils/binder/RefBase.sdump",
    "size" : 4,
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/binder/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
   },
   {
@@ -3763,14 +3662,12 @@
    "enum_fields" :
    [
     {
-     "enum_field_value" : 1,
-     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_move<unsigned int>::value"
+     "enum_field_value" : 0,
+     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_dtor<android::sysprop_change_callback_info>::value"
     }
    ],
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_moveIjE6$valueE",
-   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_move<unsigned int>::(unnamed)",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_moveIjE6$valueE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_moveIjE6$valueE",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_dtorINS_28sysprop_change_callback_infoEE6$valueE",
+   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_dtor<android::sysprop_change_callback_info>::(unnamed)",
    "size" : 4,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
@@ -3780,14 +3677,12 @@
    "enum_fields" :
    [
     {
-     "enum_field_value" : 1,
-     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_move<long>::value"
+     "enum_field_value" : 0,
+     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_dtor<android::Looper::MessageEnvelope>::value"
     }
    ],
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_moveIlE6$valueE",
-   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_move<long>::(unnamed)",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_moveIlE6$valueE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_moveIlE6$valueE",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_dtorINS_6Looper15MessageEnvelopeEE6$valueE",
+   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_dtor<android::Looper::MessageEnvelope>::(unnamed)",
    "size" : 4,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
@@ -3797,14 +3692,12 @@
    "enum_fields" :
    [
     {
-     "enum_field_value" : 1,
-     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_move<unsigned long>::value"
+     "enum_field_value" : 0,
+     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_dtor<android::Looper::Response>::value"
     }
    ],
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_moveImE6$valueE",
-   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_move<unsigned long>::(unnamed)",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_moveImE6$valueE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_moveImE6$valueE",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_dtorINS_6Looper8ResponseEE6$valueE",
+   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_dtor<android::Looper::Response>::(unnamed)",
    "size" : 4,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
@@ -3815,13 +3708,11 @@
    [
     {
      "enum_field_value" : 1,
-     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_move<short>::value"
+     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_dtor<bool>::value"
     }
    ],
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_moveIsE6$valueE",
-   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_move<short>::(unnamed)",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_moveIsE6$valueE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_moveIsE6$valueE",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_dtorIbE6$valueE",
+   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_dtor<bool>::(unnamed)",
    "size" : 4,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
@@ -3832,15 +3723,14 @@
    [
     {
      "enum_field_value" : 1,
-     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_move<unsigned short>::value"
+     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_dtor<bool>::value"
     }
    ],
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_moveItE6$valueE",
-   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_move<unsigned short>::(unnamed)",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_moveItE6$valueE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_moveItE6$valueE",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_dtorIbE6$valueE",
+   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_dtor<bool>::(unnamed)",
+   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_dtorIbE6$valueE#ODR:out/soong/.intermediates/system/core/libutils/binder/libutils_binder/android_vendor_arm_armv8-a_cortex-a53_static_afdo-libutils/obj/system/core/libutils/binder/RefBase.sdump",
    "size" : 4,
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/binder/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
   },
   {
@@ -3849,13 +3739,11 @@
    [
     {
      "enum_field_value" : 1,
-     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_move<void>::value"
+     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_dtor<char>::value"
     }
    ],
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_moveIvE6$valueE",
-   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_move<void>::(unnamed)",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_moveIvE6$valueE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_moveIvE6$valueE",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_dtorIcE6$valueE",
+   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_dtor<char>::(unnamed)",
    "size" : 4,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
@@ -3866,15 +3754,14 @@
    [
     {
      "enum_field_value" : 1,
-     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_move<long long>::value"
+     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_dtor<char>::value"
     }
    ],
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_moveIxE6$valueE",
-   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_move<long long>::(unnamed)",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_moveIxE6$valueE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_moveIxE6$valueE",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_dtorIcE6$valueE",
+   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_dtor<char>::(unnamed)",
+   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_dtorIcE6$valueE#ODR:out/soong/.intermediates/system/core/libutils/binder/libutils_binder/android_vendor_arm_armv8-a_cortex-a53_static_afdo-libutils/obj/system/core/libutils/binder/RefBase.sdump",
    "size" : 4,
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/binder/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
   },
   {
@@ -3883,13 +3770,11 @@
    [
     {
      "enum_field_value" : 1,
-     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_move<unsigned long long>::value"
+     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_dtor<double>::value"
     }
    ],
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_moveIyE6$valueE",
-   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_move<unsigned long long>::(unnamed)",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_moveIyE6$valueE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_moveIyE6$valueE",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_dtorIdE6$valueE",
+   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_dtor<double>::(unnamed)",
    "size" : 4,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
@@ -3898,21 +3783,16 @@
    "alignment" : 4,
    "enum_fields" :
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-    {
-     "enum_field_value" : 0,
-     "name" : "android::Mutex::PRIVATE"
-    },
     {
      "enum_field_value" : 1,
-     "name" : "android::Mutex::SHARED"
+     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_dtor<double>::value"
     }
    ],
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android5Mutex8$PRIVATEE",
-   "name" : "android::Mutex::(unnamed)",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android5Mutex8$PRIVATEE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android5Mutex8$PRIVATEE",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_dtorIdE6$valueE",
+   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_dtor<double>::(unnamed)",
+   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_dtorIdE6$valueE#ODR:out/soong/.intermediates/system/core/libutils/binder/libutils_binder/android_vendor_arm_armv8-a_cortex-a53_static_afdo-libutils/obj/system/core/libutils/binder/RefBase.sdump",
    "size" : 4,
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/Mutex.h",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/binder/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
   },
   {
@@ -3921,31 +3801,13 @@
    [
     {
      "enum_field_value" : 1,
-     "name" : "android::Looper::EVENT_INPUT"
-    },
-    {
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-     "name" : "android::Looper::EVENT_OUTPUT"
-    },
-    {
-     "enum_field_value" : 4,
-     "name" : "android::Looper::EVENT_ERROR"
-    },
-    {
-     "enum_field_value" : 8,
-     "name" : "android::Looper::EVENT_HANGUP"
-    },
-    {
-     "enum_field_value" : 16,
-     "name" : "android::Looper::EVENT_INVALID"
+     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_dtor<float>::value"
     }
    ],
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android6Looper12$EVENT_ERRORE",
-   "name" : "android::Looper::(unnamed)",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android6Looper12$EVENT_ERRORE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android6Looper12$EVENT_ERRORE",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_dtorIfE6$valueE",
+   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_dtor<float>::(unnamed)",
    "size" : 4,
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/Looper.h",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
   },
   {
@@ -3953,29 +3815,16 @@
    "enum_fields" :
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     {
-     "enum_field_value" : -1,
-     "name" : "android::Looper::POLL_WAKE"
-    },
-    {
-     "enum_field_value" : -2,
-     "name" : "android::Looper::POLL_CALLBACK"
-    },
-    {
-     "enum_field_value" : -3,
-     "name" : "android::Looper::POLL_TIMEOUT"
-    },
-    {
-     "enum_field_value" : -4,
-     "name" : "android::Looper::POLL_ERROR"
+     "enum_field_value" : 1,
+     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_dtor<float>::value"
     }
    ],
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android6Looper14$POLL_CALLBACKE",
-   "name" : "android::Looper::(unnamed)",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android6Looper14$POLL_CALLBACKE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android6Looper14$POLL_CALLBACKE",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_dtorIfE6$valueE",
+   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_dtor<float>::(unnamed)",
+   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_dtorIfE6$valueE#ODR:out/soong/.intermediates/system/core/libutils/binder/libutils_binder/android_vendor_arm_armv8-a_cortex-a53_static_afdo-libutils/obj/system/core/libutils/binder/RefBase.sdump",
    "size" : 4,
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/Looper.h",
-   "underlying_type" : "_ZTIi"
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/binder/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
+   "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
   },
   {
    "alignment" : 4,
@@ -3983,36 +3832,29 @@
    [
     {
      "enum_field_value" : 1,
-     "name" : "android::Looper::PREPARE_ALLOW_NON_CALLBACKS"
+     "name" : "android::trait_trivial_dtor<unsigned char>::value"
     }
    ],
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android6Looper28$PREPARE_ALLOW_NON_CALLBACKSE",
-   "name" : "android::Looper::(unnamed)",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android6Looper28$PREPARE_ALLOW_NON_CALLBACKSE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android6Looper28$PREPARE_ALLOW_NON_CALLBACKSE",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android18trait_trivial_dtorIhE6$valueE",
+   "name" : "android::trait_trivial_dtor<unsigned char>::(unnamed)",
    "size" : 4,
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/Looper.h",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
    "underlying_type" : "_ZTIj"
   },
   {
    "alignment" : 4,
    "enum_fields" :
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      "is_this_ptr" : true,
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    "parameters" :
    [
     {
      "is_this_ptr" : true,
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    "return_type" : "_ZTIv",
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   },
   {
-   "function_name" : "android::JenkinsHashMixBytes",
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZN7android19JenkinsHashMixBytesEjPKhj",
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    "parameters" :
    [
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-   "return_type" : "_ZTIx",
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/SystemClock.h"
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   },
   {
-   "function_name" : "android::JenkinsHashMixShorts",
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    "parameters" :
    [
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-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/JenkinsHash.h"
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   },
   {
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    "return_type" : "_ZTIi",
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   },
   {
-   "function_name" : "android::SimpleLooperCallback::SimpleLooperCallback",
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZN7android20SimpleLooperCallbackC1EPFiiiPvE",
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    "parameters" :
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-     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPN7android20SimpleLooperCallbackE"
-    },
-    {
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    "return_type" : "_ZTIv",
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/Looper.h"
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   },
   {
-   "function_name" : "android::SimpleLooperCallback::SimpleLooperCallback",
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    "parameters" :
    [
     {
      "is_this_ptr" : true,
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    "return_type" : "_ZTIv",
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      "is_this_ptr" : true,
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    "return_type" : "_ZTIv",
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      "is_this_ptr" : true,
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-   "return_type" : "_ZTIv",
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/misc.h"
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   },
   {
-   "function_name" : "android::add_sysprop_change_callback",
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZN7android27add_sysprop_change_callbackEPFvvEi",
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    "parameters" :
    [
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   {
-   "function_name" : "android::LightRefBase_reportIncStrongRequireStrongFailed",
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZN7android47LightRefBase_reportIncStrongRequireStrongFailedEPKv",
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    "parameters" :
    [
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-   "return_type" : "_ZTIv",
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/Looper.h"
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   {
-   "function_name" : "android::Looper::sendMessage",
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZN7android6Looper11sendMessageERKNS_2spINS_14MessageHandlerEEERKNS_7MessageE",
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    "parameters" :
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-     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPN7android6LooperE"
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-   "return_type" : "_ZTIN7android2spINS_6LooperEEE",
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/Looper.h"
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      "is_this_ptr" : true,
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      "is_this_ptr" : true,
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-   "function_name" : "android::Looper::threadDestructor",
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    [
     {
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     }
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-   "function_name" : "android::Looper::rebuildEpollLocked",
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZN7android6Looper18rebuildEpollLockedEv",
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    "parameters" :
    [
     {
      "is_this_ptr" : true,
-     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPN7android6LooperE"
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     }
    ],
    "return_type" : "_ZTIv",
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/Looper.h"
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/binder/include/utils/VectorImpl.h"
   },
   {
-   "function_name" : "android::Looper::sendMessageDelayed",
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZN7android6Looper18sendMessageDelayedExRKNS_2spINS_14MessageHandlerEEERKNS_7MessageE",
+   "function_name" : "android::VectorImpl::VectorImpl",
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    "parameters" :
    [
     {
      "is_this_ptr" : true,
-     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPN7android6LooperE"
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     },
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     {
-     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIRKN7android7MessageE"
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     }
    ],
    "return_type" : "_ZTIv",
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/Looper.h"
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/binder/include/utils/VectorImpl.h"
   },
   {
-   "access" : "private",
-   "function_name" : "android::Looper::removeSequenceNumberLocked",
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZN7android6Looper26removeSequenceNumberLockedEy",
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+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZN7android10VectorImplD0Ev",
    "parameters" :
    [
     {
      "is_this_ptr" : true,
-     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPN7android6LooperE"
-    },
-    {
-     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIy"
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     }
    ],
-   "return_type" : "_ZTIi",
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/Looper.h"
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIv",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/binder/include/utils/VectorImpl.h"
   },
   {
-   "access" : "private",
-   "function_name" : "android::Looper::scheduleEpollRebuildLocked",
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZN7android6Looper26scheduleEpollRebuildLockedEv",
+   "function_name" : "android::VectorImpl::~VectorImpl",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZN7android10VectorImplD1Ev",
    "parameters" :
    [
     {
      "is_this_ptr" : true,
-     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPN7android6LooperE"
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPN7android10VectorImplE"
     }
    ],
    "return_type" : "_ZTIv",
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/Looper.h"
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/binder/include/utils/VectorImpl.h"
   },
   {
-   "function_name" : "android::Looper::wake",
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZN7android6Looper4wakeEv",
+   "function_name" : "android::VectorImpl::~VectorImpl",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZN7android10VectorImplD2Ev",
    "parameters" :
    [
     {
      "is_this_ptr" : true,
-     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPN7android6LooperE"
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPN7android10VectorImplE"
     }
    ],
    "return_type" : "_ZTIv",
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/Looper.h"
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/binder/include/utils/VectorImpl.h"
   },
   {
-   "function_name" : "android::Looper::addFd",
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZN7android6Looper5addFdEiiiPFiiiPvES1_",
+   "function_name" : "android::VectorImpl::operator=",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZN7android10VectorImplaSERKS0_",
    "parameters" :
    [
     {
      "is_this_ptr" : true,
-     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPN7android6LooperE"
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-    },
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-    },
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     },
     {
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     }
    ],
-   "return_type" : "_ZTIi",
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/Looper.h"
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIRN7android10VectorImplE",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/binder/include/utils/VectorImpl.h"
   },
   {
-   "function_name" : "android::Looper::addFd",
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZN7android6Looper5addFdEiiiRKNS_2spINS_14LooperCallbackEEEPv",
+   "function_name" : "android::uptimeNanos",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZN7android11uptimeNanosEv",
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIx",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/SystemClock.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "android::NativeHandle::create",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZN7android12NativeHandle6createEP13native_handleb",
    "parameters" :
    [
     {
-     "is_this_ptr" : true,
-     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPN7android6LooperE"
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-    {
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-    },
-    {
-     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIRKN7android2spINS_14LooperCallbackEEE"
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIP13native_handle"
     },
     {
-     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPv"
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIb"
     }
    ],
-   "return_type" : "_ZTIi",
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/Looper.h"
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIN7android2spINS_12NativeHandleEEE",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/NativeHandle.h"
   },
   {
    "access" : "private",
-   "function_name" : "android::Looper::awoken",
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZN7android6Looper6awokenEv",
+   "function_name" : "android::NativeHandle::NativeHandle",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZN7android12NativeHandleC1EP13native_handleb",
    "parameters" :
    [
     {
      "is_this_ptr" : true,
-     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPN7android6LooperE"
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPN7android12NativeHandleE"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIP13native_handle"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIb"
     }
    ],
    "return_type" : "_ZTIv",
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/Looper.h"
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/NativeHandle.h"
   },
   {
-   "function_name" : "android::Looper::pollAll",
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZN7android6Looper7pollAllEiPiS1_PPv",
+   "access" : "private",
+   "function_name" : "android::NativeHandle::NativeHandle",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZN7android12NativeHandleC2EP13native_handleb",
    "parameters" :
    [
     {
      "is_this_ptr" : true,
-     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPN7android6LooperE"
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPN7android12NativeHandleE"
     },
     {
-     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIi"
-    },
-    {
-     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPi"
-    },
-    {
-     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPi"
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIP13native_handle"
     },
     {
-     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPPv"
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIb"
     }
    ],
-   "return_type" : "_ZTIi",
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/Looper.h"
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIv",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/NativeHandle.h"
   },
   {
-   "function_name" : "android::Looper::prepare",
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZN7android6Looper7prepareEi",
+   "access" : "private",
+   "function_name" : "android::NativeHandle::~NativeHandle",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZN7android12NativeHandleD1Ev",
    "parameters" :
    [
     {
-     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIi"
+     "is_this_ptr" : true,
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPN7android12NativeHandleE"
     }
    ],
-   "return_type" : "_ZTIN7android2spINS_6LooperEEE",
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/Looper.h"
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIv",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/NativeHandle.h"
   },
   {
-   "function_name" : "android::Looper::pollOnce",
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZN7android6Looper8pollOnceEiPiS1_PPv",
+   "access" : "private",
+   "function_name" : "android::NativeHandle::~NativeHandle",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZN7android12NativeHandleD2Ev",
    "parameters" :
    [
     {
      "is_this_ptr" : true,
-     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPN7android6LooperE"
-    },
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-    },
-    {
-     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPi"
-    },
-    {
-     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPPv"
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPN7android12NativeHandleE"
     }
    ],
-   "return_type" : "_ZTIi",
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/Looper.h"
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIv",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/NativeHandle.h"
   },
   {
-   "function_name" : "android::Looper::removeFd",
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZN7android6Looper8removeFdEi",
+   "function_name" : "android::uptimeMillis",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZN7android12uptimeMillisEv",
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIx",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/SystemClock.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "android::PrefixPrinter::printLine",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZN7android13PrefixPrinter9printLineEPKc",
    "parameters" :
    [
     {
      "is_this_ptr" : true,
-     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPN7android6LooperE"
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPN7android13PrefixPrinterE"
     },
     {
-     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIi"
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPKc"
     }
    ],
-   "return_type" : "_ZTIi",
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/Looper.h"
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIv",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/Printer.h"
   },
   {
-   "access" : "private",
-   "function_name" : "android::Looper::pollInner",
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZN7android6Looper9pollInnerEi",
+   "function_name" : "android::PrefixPrinter::PrefixPrinter",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZN7android13PrefixPrinterC1ERNS_7PrinterEPKc",
    "parameters" :
    [
     {
      "is_this_ptr" : true,
-     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPN7android6LooperE"
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPN7android13PrefixPrinterE"
     },
     {
-     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIi"
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIRN7android7PrinterE"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPKc"
     }
    ],
-   "return_type" : "_ZTIi",
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/Looper.h"
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIv",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/Printer.h"
   },
   {
-   "function_name" : "android::Looper::Looper",
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZN7android6LooperC1Eb",
+   "function_name" : "android::PrefixPrinter::PrefixPrinter",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZN7android13PrefixPrinterC2ERNS_7PrinterEPKc",
    "parameters" :
    [
     {
      "is_this_ptr" : true,
-     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPN7android6LooperE"
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPN7android13PrefixPrinterE"
     },
     {
-     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIb"
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIRN7android7PrinterE"
+    },
+    {
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPKc"
     }
    ],
    "return_type" : "_ZTIv",
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/Looper.h"
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/Printer.h"
   },
   {
-   "function_name" : "android::Looper::Looper",
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZN7android6LooperC2Eb",
+   "access" : "protected",
+   "function_name" : "android::LooperCallback::~LooperCallback",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZN7android14LooperCallbackD0Ev",
    "parameters" :
    [
     {
      "is_this_ptr" : true,
-     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPN7android6LooperE"
-    },
-    {
-     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIb"
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPN7android14LooperCallbackE"
     }
    ],
    "return_type" : "_ZTIv",
@@ -6098,13 +5905,13 @@
   },
   {
    "access" : "protected",
-   "function_name" : "android::Looper::~Looper",
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZN7android6LooperD0Ev",
+   "function_name" : "android::LooperCallback::~LooperCallback",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZN7android14LooperCallbackD1Ev",
    "parameters" :
    [
     {
      "is_this_ptr" : true,
-     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPN7android6LooperE"
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPN7android14LooperCallbackE"
     }
    ],
    "return_type" : "_ZTIv",
@@ -6112,13 +5919,13 @@
   },
   {
    "access" : "protected",
-   "function_name" : "android::Looper::~Looper",
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZN7android6LooperD1Ev",
+   "function_name" : "android::LooperCallback::~LooperCallback",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZN7android14LooperCallbackD2Ev",
    "parameters" :
    [
     {
      "is_this_ptr" : true,
-     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPN7android6LooperE"
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPN7android14LooperCallbackE"
     }
    ],
    "return_type" : "_ZTIv",
@@ -6126,7242 +5933,8781 @@
   },
   {
    "access" : "protected",
-   "function_name" : "android::Looper::~Looper",
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZN7android6LooperD2Ev",
+   "function_name" : "android::MessageHandler::~MessageHandler",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZN7android14MessageHandlerD0Ev",
    "parameters" :
    [
     {
      "is_this_ptr" : true,
-     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPN7android6LooperE"
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPN7android14MessageHandlerE"
     }
    ],
    "return_type" : "_ZTIv",
    "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/Looper.h"
   },
   {
-   "function_name" : "android::Thread::readyToRun",
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZN7android6Thread10readyToRunEv",
+   "access" : "protected",
+   "function_name" : "android::MessageHandler::~MessageHandler",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZN7android14MessageHandlerD1Ev",
    "parameters" :
    [
     {
      "is_this_ptr" : true,
-     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPN7android6ThreadE"
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPN7android14MessageHandlerE"
     }
    ],
-   "return_type" : "_ZTIi",
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/Thread.h"
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIv",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/Looper.h"
   },
   {
-   "access" : "private",
-   "function_name" : "android::Thread::_threadLoop",
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZN7android6Thread11_threadLoopEPv",
+   "access" : "protected",
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   {
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   {
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      "is_this_ptr" : true,
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    "return_type" : "_ZTIv",
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/FileMap.h"
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   },
   {
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    "parameters" :
    [
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      "is_this_ptr" : true,
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-   "return_type" : "_ZTIRN7android7FileMapE",
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/FileMap.h"
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   },
   {
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    "parameters" :
    [
     {
      "is_this_ptr" : true,
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    "return_type" : "_ZTIv",
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   },
   {
    "access" : "protected",
-   "function_name" : "android::Printer::Printer",
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    [
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      "is_this_ptr" : true,
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    "return_type" : "_ZTIv",
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   {
    "access" : "protected",
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      "is_this_ptr" : true,
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    "return_type" : "_ZTIv",
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   {
    "access" : "protected",
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    "parameters" :
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     {
      "is_this_ptr" : true,
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    "return_type" : "_ZTIv",
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/Printer.h"
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   {
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-   "function_name" : "android::Printer::~Printer",
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    "parameters" :
    [
     {
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-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/Printer.h"
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-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/RefBase.h"
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+   "return_type" : "_ZTIx",
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-   "function_name" : "android::RefBase::renameRefs",
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZN7android7RefBase10renameRefsEjRKNS_16ReferenceRenamerE",
+   "function_name" : "android::JenkinsHashMixShorts",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZN7android20JenkinsHashMixShortsEjPKtj",
    "parameters" :
    [
     {
      "referenced_type" : "_ZTIj"
     },
     {
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   {
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-   "function_name" : "android::RefBase::renameRefId",
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZN7android7RefBase11renameRefIdEPNS0_12weakref_typeEPKvS4_",
+   "function_name" : "android::SimpleLooperCallback::handleEvent",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZN7android20SimpleLooperCallback11handleEventEiiPv",
    "parameters" :
    [
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   {
-   "function_name" : "android::RefBase::weakref_type::trackMe",
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    "return_type" : "_ZTIv",
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/RefBase.h"
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    ],
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-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/RefBase.h"
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-   "function_name" : "android::RefBase::onLastStrongRef",
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    "return_type" : "_ZTIv",
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/RefBase.h"
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    "parameters" :
    [
     {
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     },
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    ],
-   "return_type" : "_ZTIv",
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/RefBase.h"
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   },
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-   "function_name" : "android::RefBase::onIncStrongAttempted",
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    "parameters" :
    [
     {
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     },
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     }
    ],
-   "return_type" : "_ZTIb",
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/RefBase.h"
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   },
   {
-   "access" : "protected",
-   "function_name" : "android::RefBase::RefBase",
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZN7android7RefBaseC1Ev",
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+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZN7android2spINS_6ThreadEE5clearEv",
    "parameters" :
    [
     {
      "is_this_ptr" : true,
-     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPN7android7RefBaseE"
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     }
    ],
    "return_type" : "_ZTIv",
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/RefBase.h"
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   },
   {
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-   "function_name" : "android::RefBase::RefBase",
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    "parameters" :
    [
     {
      "is_this_ptr" : true,
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     }
    ],
-   "return_type" : "_ZTIv",
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/RefBase.h"
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   },
   {
-   "access" : "protected",
-   "function_name" : "android::RefBase::~RefBase",
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZN7android7RefBaseD0Ev",
+   "function_name" : "android::LightRefBase_reportIncStrongRequireStrongFailed",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZN7android47LightRefBase_reportIncStrongRequireStrongFailedEPKv",
    "parameters" :
    [
     {
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-     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPN7android7RefBaseE"
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     }
    ],
    "return_type" : "_ZTIv",
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/RefBase.h"
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/LightRefBase.h"
   },
   {
-   "access" : "protected",
-   "function_name" : "android::RefBase::~RefBase",
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZN7android7RefBaseD1Ev",
+   "function_name" : "android::Looper::sendMessage",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZN7android6Looper11sendMessageERKNS_2spINS_14MessageHandlerEEERKNS_7MessageE",
    "parameters" :
    [
     {
      "is_this_ptr" : true,
-     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPN7android7RefBaseE"
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     }
    ],
    "return_type" : "_ZTIv",
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/RefBase.h"
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/Looper.h"
   },
   {
-   "access" : "protected",
-   "function_name" : "android::RefBase::~RefBase",
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZN7android7RefBaseD2Ev",
+   "function_name" : "android::Looper::getForThread",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZN7android6Looper12getForThreadEv",
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIN7android2spINS_6LooperEEE",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/Looper.h"
+  },
+  {
+   "function_name" : "android::Looper::setForThread",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZN7android6Looper12setForThreadERKNS_2spIS0_EE",
    "parameters" :
    [
     {
-     "is_this_ptr" : true,
-     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPN7android7RefBaseE"
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIRKN7android2spINS_6LooperEEE"
     }
    ],
    "return_type" : "_ZTIv",
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/RefBase.h"
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/Looper.h"
   },
   {
-   "function_name" : "android::String8::appendPath",
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZN7android7String810appendPathEPKc",
+   "function_name" : "android::Looper::removeMessages",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZN7android6Looper14removeMessagesERKNS_2spINS_14MessageHandlerEEE",
    "parameters" :
    [
     {
      "is_this_ptr" : true,
-     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPN7android7String8E"
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     },
     {
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     }
    ],
-   "return_type" : "_ZTIRN7android7String8E",
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/String8.h"
+   "return_type" : "_ZTIv",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/Looper.h"
   },
   {
-   "function_name" : "android::String8::lockBuffer",
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZN7android7String810lockBufferEj",
+   "function_name" : "android::Looper::removeMessages",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZN7android6Looper14removeMessagesERKNS_2spINS_14MessageHandlerEEEi",
    "parameters" :
    [
     {
      "is_this_ptr" : true,
-     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPN7android7String8E"
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     },
     {
-     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIj"
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     }
    ],
-   "return_type" : "_ZTIPc",
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/String8.h"
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   {
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-   "function_name" : "android::String8::real_append",
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZN7android7String811real_appendEPKcj",
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+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZN7android6Looper15getFdStateDebugEiPiS1_PNS_2spINS_14LooperCallbackEEEPPv",
    "parameters" :
    [
     {
      "is_this_ptr" : true,
-     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPN7android7String8E"
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     },
     {
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     },
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     }
    ],
-   "return_type" : "_ZTIi",
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/String8.h"
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+   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/Looper.h"
   },
   {
-   "function_name" : "android::String8::appendFormat",
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZN7android7String812appendFormatEPKcz",
+   "function_name" : "android::Looper::sendMessageAtTime",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZN7android6Looper17sendMessageAtTimeExRKNS_2spINS_14MessageHandlerEEERKNS_7MessageE",
    "parameters" :
    [
     {
      "is_this_ptr" : true,
-     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPN7android7String8E"
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     },
     {
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     }
    ],
-   "return_type" : "_ZTIi",
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/String8.h"
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+   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/Looper.h"
   },
   {
-   "function_name" : "android::String8::unlockBuffer",
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZN7android7String812unlockBufferEj",
+   "access" : "private",
+   "function_name" : "android::Looper::rebuildEpollLocked",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZN7android6Looper18rebuildEpollLockedEv",
    "parameters" :
    [
     {
      "is_this_ptr" : true,
-     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPN7android7String8E"
-    },
-    {
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     }
    ],
-   "return_type" : "_ZTIi",
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/String8.h"
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+   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/Looper.h"
   },
   {
-   "function_name" : "android::String8::unlockBuffer",
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZN7android7String812unlockBufferEv",
+   "function_name" : "android::Looper::sendMessageDelayed",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZN7android6Looper18sendMessageDelayedExRKNS_2spINS_14MessageHandlerEEERKNS_7MessageE",
    "parameters" :
    [
     {
      "is_this_ptr" : true,
-     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPN7android7String8E"
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPN7android6LooperE"
+    },
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+    },
+    {
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+    },
+    {
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     }
    ],
    "return_type" : "_ZTIv",
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/String8.h"
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/Looper.h"
   },
   {
-   "function_name" : "android::String8::appendFormatV",
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZN7android7String813appendFormatVEPKcSt9__va_list",
+   "access" : "private",
+   "function_name" : "android::Looper::removeSequenceNumberLocked",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZN7android6Looper26removeSequenceNumberLockedEy",
    "parameters" :
    [
     {
      "is_this_ptr" : true,
-     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPN7android7String8E"
-    },
-    {
-     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPKc"
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPN7android6LooperE"
     },
     {
-     "referenced_type" : "_ZTISt9__va_list"
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    ],
    "return_type" : "_ZTIi",
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/String8.h"
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/Looper.h"
   },
   {
-   "function_name" : "android::String8::convertToResPath",
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZN7android7String816convertToResPathEv",
+   "access" : "private",
+   "function_name" : "android::Looper::scheduleEpollRebuildLocked",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZN7android6Looper26scheduleEpollRebuildLockedEv",
    "parameters" :
    [
     {
      "is_this_ptr" : true,
-     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPN7android7String8E"
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPN7android6LooperE"
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   {
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   {
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   {
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   {
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   {
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-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZNK7android7String814find_extensionEv",
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   {
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   {
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   },
   {
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-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZNK7android7String86lengthEv",
+   "function_name" : "android::FdPrinter::printLine",
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZN7android9FdPrinter9printLineEPKc",
    "parameters" :
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   {
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    "parameters" :
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   {
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   {
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-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/VectorImpl.h"
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-   "size" : 4,
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/StrongPointer.h"
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+   "parameters" :
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    "name" : "android::base::unique_fd_impl<android::base::DefaultCloser>",
    "record_kind" : "class",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android4base14unique_fd_implINS0_13DefaultCloserEEE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android4base14unique_fd_implINS0_13DefaultCloserEEE",
    "size" : 4,
    "source_file" : "system/libbase/include/android-base/unique_fd.h",
    "template_args" :
@@ -14316,8 +15670,6 @@
    "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android5Mutex8AutolockE",
    "name" : "android::Mutex::Autolock",
    "record_kind" : "class",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android5Mutex8AutolockE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android5Mutex8AutolockE",
    "size" : 4,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/Mutex.h"
   },
@@ -14334,8 +15686,6 @@
    "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android5MutexE",
    "name" : "android::Mutex",
    "record_kind" : "class",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android5MutexE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android5MutexE",
    "size" : 4,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/Mutex.h"
   },
@@ -14361,8 +15711,6 @@
    ],
    "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android6Looper15MessageEnvelopeE",
    "name" : "android::Looper::MessageEnvelope",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android6Looper15MessageEnvelopeE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android6Looper15MessageEnvelopeE",
    "size" : 16,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/Looper.h"
   },
@@ -14398,8 +15746,6 @@
    ],
    "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android6Looper7RequestE",
    "name" : "android::Looper::Request",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android6Looper7RequestE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android6Looper7RequestE",
    "size" : 20,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/Looper.h"
   },
@@ -14425,8 +15771,6 @@
    ],
    "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android6Looper8ResponseE",
    "name" : "android::Looper::Response",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android6Looper8ResponseE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android6Looper8ResponseE",
    "size" : 32,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/Looper.h"
   },
@@ -14528,8 +15872,6 @@
    "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android6LooperE",
    "name" : "android::Looper",
    "record_kind" : "class",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android6LooperE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android6LooperE",
    "size" : 136,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/Looper.h",
    "vtable_components" :
@@ -14576,8 +15918,6 @@
    "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android6RWLock9AutoRLockE",
    "name" : "android::RWLock::AutoRLock",
    "record_kind" : "class",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android6RWLock9AutoRLockE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android6RWLock9AutoRLockE",
    "size" : 4,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/RWLock.h"
   },
@@ -14594,8 +15934,6 @@
    "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android6RWLock9AutoWLockE",
    "name" : "android::RWLock::AutoWLock",
    "record_kind" : "class",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android6RWLock9AutoWLockE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android6RWLock9AutoWLockE",
    "size" : 4,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/RWLock.h"
   },
@@ -14612,8 +15950,6 @@
    "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android6RWLockE",
    "name" : "android::RWLock",
    "record_kind" : "class",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android6RWLockE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android6RWLockE",
    "size" : 40,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/RWLock.h"
   },
@@ -14686,8 +16022,6 @@
    "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android6ThreadE",
    "name" : "android::Thread",
    "record_kind" : "class",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android6ThreadE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android6ThreadE",
    "size" : 44,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/Thread.h",
    "vtable_components" :
@@ -14782,8 +16116,6 @@
    "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android6VectorINS_28sysprop_change_callback_infoEEE",
    "name" : "android::Vector<android::sysprop_change_callback_info>",
    "record_kind" : "class",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android6VectorINS_28sysprop_change_callback_infoEEE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android6VectorINS_28sysprop_change_callback_infoEEE",
    "size" : 20,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/Vector.h",
    "template_args" :
@@ -14839,8 +16171,6 @@
    "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android6VectorINS_6Looper15MessageEnvelopeEEE",
    "name" : "android::Vector<android::Looper::MessageEnvelope>",
    "record_kind" : "class",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android6VectorINS_6Looper15MessageEnvelopeEEE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android6VectorINS_6Looper15MessageEnvelopeEEE",
    "size" : 20,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/Vector.h",
    "template_args" :
@@ -14896,8 +16226,6 @@
    "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android6VectorINS_6Looper8ResponseEEE",
    "name" : "android::Vector<android::Looper::Response>",
    "record_kind" : "class",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android6VectorINS_6Looper8ResponseEEE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android6VectorINS_6Looper8ResponseEEE",
    "size" : 20,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/Vector.h",
    "template_args" :
@@ -14947,19 +16275,17 @@
    [
     {
      "access" : "private",
-     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android10VectorImplE"
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android10VectorImplE#ODR:out/soong/.intermediates/system/core/libutils/binder/libutils_binder/android_vendor_arm_armv8-a_cortex-a53_static_afdo-libutils/obj/system/core/libutils/binder/RefBase.sdump"
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    ],
    "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android6VectorINS_7String8EEE",
    "name" : "android::Vector<android::String8>",
    "record_kind" : "class",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android6VectorINS_7String8EEE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android6VectorINS_7String8EEE",
    "size" : 20,
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/Vector.h",
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/binder/include/utils/Vector.h",
    "template_args" :
    [
-    "_ZTIN7android7String8E"
+    "_ZTIN7android7String8E#ODR:out/soong/.intermediates/system/core/libutils/binder/libutils_binder/android_vendor_arm_armv8-a_cortex-a53_static_afdo-libutils/obj/system/core/libutils/binder/RefBase.sdump"
    ],
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    [
@@ -15002,8 +16328,6 @@
    "alignment" : 1,
    "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android6traitsINS_28sysprop_change_callback_infoEEE",
    "name" : "android::traits<android::sysprop_change_callback_info>",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android6traitsINS_28sysprop_change_callback_infoEEE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android6traitsINS_28sysprop_change_callback_infoEEE",
    "size" : 1,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
    "template_args" :
@@ -15015,8 +16339,6 @@
    "alignment" : 1,
    "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android6traitsINS_6Looper15MessageEnvelopeEEE",
    "name" : "android::traits<android::Looper::MessageEnvelope>",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android6traitsINS_6Looper15MessageEnvelopeEEE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android6traitsINS_6Looper15MessageEnvelopeEEE",
    "size" : 1,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
    "template_args" :
@@ -15028,8 +16350,6 @@
    "alignment" : 1,
    "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android6traitsINS_6Looper8ResponseEEE",
    "name" : "android::traits<android::Looper::Response>",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android6traitsINS_6Looper8ResponseEEE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android6traitsINS_6Looper8ResponseEEE",
    "size" : 1,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h",
    "template_args" :
@@ -15080,8 +16400,6 @@
    "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android7FileMapE",
    "name" : "android::FileMap",
    "record_kind" : "class",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android7FileMapE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android7FileMapE",
    "size" : 32,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/FileMap.h"
   },
@@ -15096,8 +16414,6 @@
    ],
    "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android7MessageE",
    "name" : "android::Message",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android7MessageE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android7MessageE",
    "size" : 4,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/Looper.h"
   },
@@ -15106,8 +16422,6 @@
    "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android7PrinterE",
    "name" : "android::Printer",
    "record_kind" : "class",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android7PrinterE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android7PrinterE",
    "size" : 4,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/Printer.h",
    "vtable_components" :
@@ -15141,11 +16455,18 @@
    "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android7RefBase12weakref_typeE",
    "name" : "android::RefBase::weakref_type",
    "record_kind" : "class",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android7RefBase12weakref_typeE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android7RefBase12weakref_typeE",
    "size" : 1,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/RefBase.h"
   },
+  {
+   "alignment" : 1,
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android7RefBase12weakref_typeE",
+   "name" : "android::RefBase::weakref_type",
+   "record_kind" : "class",
+   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android7RefBase12weakref_typeE#ODR:out/soong/.intermediates/system/core/libutils/binder/libutils_binder/android_vendor_arm_armv8-a_cortex-a53_static_afdo-libutils/obj/system/core/libutils/binder/RefBase.sdump",
+   "size" : 1,
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/binder/include/utils/RefBase.h"
+  },
   {
    "alignment" : 4,
    "fields" :
@@ -15160,8 +16481,6 @@
    "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android7RefBaseE",
    "name" : "android::RefBase",
    "record_kind" : "class",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android7RefBaseE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android7RefBaseE",
    "size" : 8,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/RefBase.h",
    "vtable_components" :
@@ -15195,6 +16514,54 @@
     }
    ]
   },
+  {
+   "alignment" : 4,
+   "fields" :
+   [
+    {
+     "access" : "private",
+     "field_name" : "mRefs",
+     "field_offset" : 32,
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIKPN7android7RefBase12weakref_implE"
+    }
+   ],
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android7RefBaseE",
+   "name" : "android::RefBase",
+   "record_kind" : "class",
+   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android7RefBaseE#ODR:out/soong/.intermediates/system/core/libutils/binder/libutils_binder/android_vendor_arm_armv8-a_cortex-a53_static_afdo-libutils/obj/system/core/libutils/binder/RefBase.sdump",
+   "size" : 8,
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/binder/include/utils/RefBase.h",
+   "vtable_components" :
+   [
+    {
+     "kind" : "offset_to_top"
+    },
+    {
+     "kind" : "rtti",
+     "mangled_component_name" : "_ZTIN7android7RefBaseE"
+    },
+    {
+     "kind" : "complete_dtor_pointer",
+     "mangled_component_name" : "_ZN7android7RefBaseD1Ev"
+    },
+    {
+     "kind" : "deleting_dtor_pointer",
+     "mangled_component_name" : "_ZN7android7RefBaseD0Ev"
+    },
+    {
+     "mangled_component_name" : "_ZN7android7RefBase10onFirstRefEv"
+    },
+    {
+     "mangled_component_name" : "_ZN7android7RefBase15onLastStrongRefEPKv"
+    },
+    {
+     "mangled_component_name" : "_ZN7android7RefBase20onIncStrongAttemptedEjPKv"
+    },
+    {
+     "mangled_component_name" : "_ZN7android7RefBase13onLastWeakRefEPKv"
+    }
+   ]
+  },
   {
    "alignment" : 4,
    "fields" :
@@ -15208,11 +16575,26 @@
    "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android7String8E",
    "name" : "android::String8",
    "record_kind" : "class",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android7String8E",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android7String8E",
    "size" : 4,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/String8.h"
   },
+  {
+   "alignment" : 4,
+   "fields" :
+   [
+    {
+     "access" : "private",
+     "field_name" : "mString",
+     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPKc"
+    }
+   ],
+   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android7String8E",
+   "name" : "android::String8",
+   "record_kind" : "class",
+   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android7String8E#ODR:out/soong/.intermediates/system/core/libutils/binder/libutils_binder/android_vendor_arm_armv8-a_cortex-a53_static_afdo-libutils/obj/system/core/libutils/binder/RefBase.sdump",
+   "size" : 4,
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/binder/include/utils/String8.h"
+  },
   {
    "alignment" : 4,
    "fields" :
@@ -15229,10 +16611,8 @@
    ],
    "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android8String1610StaticDataILj1EEE",
    "name" : "android::String16::StaticData<1>",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android8String1610StaticDataILj1EEE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android8String1610StaticDataILj1EEE",
    "size" : 8,
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/String16.h"
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/binder/include/utils/String16.h"
   },
   {
    "alignment" : 4,
@@ -15247,37 +16627,8 @@
    "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android8String16E",
    "name" : "android::String16",
    "record_kind" : "class",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android8String16E",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android8String16E",
    "size" : 4,
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/String16.h"
-  },
-  {
-   "alignment" : 1,
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android9CallStack12StackDeleterE",
-   "name" : "android::CallStack::StackDeleter",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android9CallStack12StackDeleterE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android9CallStack12StackDeleterE",
-   "size" : 1,
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/CallStack.h"
-  },
-  {
-   "alignment" : 4,
-   "fields" :
-   [
-    {
-     "access" : "private",
-     "field_name" : "mFrameLines",
-     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android6VectorINS_7String8EEE"
-    }
-   ],
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android9CallStackE",
-   "name" : "android::CallStack",
-   "record_kind" : "class",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android9CallStackE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android9CallStackE",
-   "size" : 20,
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/CallStack.h"
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/binder/include/utils/String16.h"
   },
   {
    "alignment" : 4,
@@ -15292,8 +16643,6 @@
    "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android9ConditionE",
    "name" : "android::Condition",
    "record_kind" : "class",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android9ConditionE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android9ConditionE",
    "size" : 4,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/Condition.h"
   },
@@ -15335,8 +16684,6 @@
    "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android9FdPrinterE",
    "name" : "android::FdPrinter",
    "record_kind" : "class",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android9FdPrinterE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android9FdPrinterE",
    "size" : 36,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/Printer.h",
    "vtable_components" :
@@ -15389,8 +16736,6 @@
    "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android9StopWatchE",
    "name" : "android::StopWatch",
    "record_kind" : "class",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android9StopWatchE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android9StopWatchE",
    "size" : 16,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/StopWatch.h"
   },
@@ -15443,8 +16788,6 @@
    "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7android9TokenizerE",
    "name" : "android::Tokenizer",
    "record_kind" : "class",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android9TokenizerE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7android9TokenizerE",
    "size" : 28,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/Tokenizer.h"
   },
@@ -15465,8 +16808,6 @@
    "linker_set_key" : "_ZTIN7log_msgUt_E",
    "name" : "log_msg::(anonymous)",
    "record_kind" : "union",
-   "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7log_msgUt_E",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTIN7log_msgUt_E",
    "size" : 5124,
    "source_file" : "system/logging/liblog/include_vndk/log/log_read.h"
   }
@@ -15478,7 +16819,6 @@
    "linker_set_key" : "_ZTION7android2spINS_12NativeHandleEEE",
    "name" : "android::sp<android::NativeHandle> &&",
    "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android2spINS_12NativeHandleEEE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTION7android2spINS_12NativeHandleEEE",
    "size" : 4,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/StrongPointer.h"
   },
@@ -15487,7 +16827,6 @@
    "linker_set_key" : "_ZTION7android2spINS_14MessageHandlerEEE",
    "name" : "android::sp<android::MessageHandler> &&",
    "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android2spINS_14MessageHandlerEEE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTION7android2spINS_14MessageHandlerEEE",
    "size" : 4,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/StrongPointer.h"
   },
@@ -15496,7 +16835,6 @@
    "linker_set_key" : "_ZTION7android2spINS_20SimpleLooperCallbackEEE",
    "name" : "android::sp<android::SimpleLooperCallback> &&",
    "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android2spINS_20SimpleLooperCallbackEEE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTION7android2spINS_20SimpleLooperCallbackEEE",
    "size" : 4,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/StrongPointer.h"
   },
@@ -15505,7 +16843,6 @@
    "linker_set_key" : "_ZTION7android2spINS_6LooperEEE",
    "name" : "android::sp<android::Looper> &&",
    "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android2spINS_6LooperEEE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTION7android2spINS_6LooperEEE",
    "size" : 4,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/StrongPointer.h"
   },
@@ -15514,7 +16851,6 @@
    "linker_set_key" : "_ZTION7android2spINS_6ThreadEEE",
    "name" : "android::sp<android::Thread> &&",
    "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android2spINS_6ThreadEEE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTION7android2spINS_6ThreadEEE",
    "size" : 4,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/StrongPointer.h"
   },
@@ -15523,7 +16859,6 @@
    "linker_set_key" : "_ZTION7android4base14unique_fd_implINS0_13DefaultCloserEEE",
    "name" : "android::base::unique_fd_impl<android::base::DefaultCloser> &&",
    "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android4base14unique_fd_implINS0_13DefaultCloserEEE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTION7android4base14unique_fd_implINS0_13DefaultCloserEEE",
    "size" : 4,
    "source_file" : "system/libbase/include/android-base/unique_fd.h"
   },
@@ -15532,7 +16867,6 @@
    "linker_set_key" : "_ZTION7android7FileMapE",
    "name" : "android::FileMap &&",
    "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android7FileMapE",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTION7android7FileMapE",
    "size" : 4,
    "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/FileMap.h"
   },
@@ -15541,9 +16875,8 @@
    "linker_set_key" : "_ZTION7android8String16E",
    "name" : "android::String16 &&",
    "referenced_type" : "_ZTIN7android8String16E",
-   "self_type" : "_ZTION7android8String16E",
    "size" : 4,
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/String16.h"
+   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/binder/include/utils/String16.h"
   }
  ]
 }
diff --git a/libutils/binder/Android.bp b/libutils/binder/Android.bp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..e3583912d8d4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libutils/binder/Android.bp
@@ -0,0 +1,157 @@
+package {
+    default_applicable_licenses: ["system_core_libutils_license"],
+}
+
+cc_defaults {
+    name: "libutils_binder_impl_defaults_nodeps",
+    defaults: [
+        "libutils_defaults_nodeps",
+        "apex-lowest-min-sdk-version",
+    ],
+    native_bridge_supported: true,
+
+    export_include_dirs: ["include"],
+    srcs: [
+        "Errors.cpp",
+        "RefBase.cpp",
+        "SharedBuffer.cpp",
+        "String16.cpp",
+        "String8.cpp",
+        "StrongPointer.cpp",
+        "Unicode.cpp",
+        "VectorImpl.cpp",
+    ],
+
+    cflags: [
+        "-Winvalid-offsetof",
+        "-Wsequence-point",
+        "-Wzero-as-null-pointer-constant",
+    ],
+
+    apex_available: [
+        "//apex_available:anyapex",
+        "//apex_available:platform",
+    ],
+
+    afdo: true,
+}
+
+cc_defaults {
+    name: "libutils_binder_impl_defaults",
+    defaults: [
+        "libutils_defaults",
+        "libutils_binder_impl_defaults_nodeps",
+    ],
+}
+
+cc_library {
+    name: "libutils_binder",
+    defaults: ["libutils_binder_impl_defaults"],
+    cmake_snapshot_supported: false,
+}
+
+cc_library_shared {
+    name: "libutils_binder_sdk",
+    defaults: ["libutils_binder_impl_defaults_nodeps"],
+    cmake_snapshot_supported: true,
+
+    header_libs: [
+        "liblog_stub",
+    ],
+
+    cflags: [
+        "-DANDROID_LOG_STUB_WEAK_PRINT",
+        "-DANDROID_UTILS_CALLSTACK_ENABLED=0",
+    ],
+}
+
+cc_library {
+    name: "libutils_binder_test_compile",
+    defaults: ["libutils_binder_impl_defaults"],
+
+    cflags: [
+        "-DDEBUG_REFS=1",
+    ],
+
+    visibility: [":__subpackages__"],
+}
+
+cc_fuzz {
+    name: "libutils_fuzz_string8",
+    defaults: ["libutils_fuzz_defaults"],
+    srcs: ["String8_fuzz.cpp"],
+}
+
+cc_fuzz {
+    name: "libutils_fuzz_string16",
+    defaults: ["libutils_fuzz_defaults"],
+    srcs: ["String16_fuzz.cpp"],
+}
+
+cc_fuzz {
+    name: "libutils_fuzz_vector",
+    defaults: ["libutils_fuzz_defaults"],
+    srcs: ["Vector_fuzz.cpp"],
+}
+
+cc_fuzz {
+    name: "libutils_fuzz_refbase",
+    defaults: ["libutils_fuzz_defaults"],
+    srcs: ["RefBase_fuzz.cpp"],
+}
+
+cc_test {
+    name: "libutils_binder_test",
+    host_supported: true,
+
+    srcs: [
+        "Errors_test.cpp",
+        "SharedBuffer_test.cpp",
+        "String16_test.cpp",
+        "String8_test.cpp",
+        "StrongPointer_test.cpp",
+        "Unicode_test.cpp",
+        "Vector_test.cpp",
+    ],
+
+    target: {
+        android: {
+            shared_libs: [
+                "libbase",
+                "libcutils",
+                "liblog",
+                "liblzma",
+                "libutils", // which includes libutils_binder
+                "libz",
+            ],
+        },
+        linux: {
+            srcs: [
+                "RefBase_test.cpp",
+            ],
+        },
+        host: {
+            static_libs: [
+                "libbase",
+                "liblog",
+                "liblzma",
+                "libutils", // which includes libutils_binder
+            ],
+        },
+    },
+
+    cflags: [
+        "-Wall",
+        "-Wextra",
+        "-Werror",
+        "-Wthread-safety",
+    ],
+
+    test_suites: ["device-tests"],
+}
+
+cc_benchmark {
+    name: "libutils_binder_benchmark",
+    srcs: ["Vector_benchmark.cpp"],
+    shared_libs: ["libutils"],
+}
diff --git a/libutils/Errors.cpp b/libutils/binder/Errors.cpp
similarity index 98%
rename from libutils/Errors.cpp
rename to libutils/binder/Errors.cpp
index 74f3befacf31..dfb4d9b95c05 100644
--- a/libutils/Errors.cpp
+++ b/libutils/binder/Errors.cpp
@@ -15,6 +15,8 @@
  */
 #include <utils/Errors.h>
 
+#include <string.h>
+
 namespace android {
 
 std::string statusToString(status_t s) {
diff --git a/libutils/Errors_test.cpp b/libutils/binder/Errors_test.cpp
similarity index 100%
rename from libutils/Errors_test.cpp
rename to libutils/binder/Errors_test.cpp
diff --git a/libutils/FuzzFormatTypes.h b/libutils/binder/FuzzFormatTypes.h
similarity index 100%
rename from libutils/FuzzFormatTypes.h
rename to libutils/binder/FuzzFormatTypes.h
diff --git a/libutils/RefBase.cpp b/libutils/binder/RefBase.cpp
similarity index 94%
rename from libutils/RefBase.cpp
rename to libutils/binder/RefBase.cpp
index ab122c73213e..bf803e72b76d 100644
--- a/libutils/RefBase.cpp
+++ b/libutils/binder/RefBase.cpp
@@ -18,8 +18,7 @@
 // #define LOG_NDEBUG 0
 
 #include <memory>
-
-#include <android-base/macros.h>
+#include <mutex>
 
 #include <fcntl.h>
 #include <log/log.h>
@@ -27,8 +26,6 @@
 #include <utils/RefBase.h>
 #include <utils/String8.h>
 
-#include <utils/Mutex.h>
-
 #ifndef __unused
 #define __unused __attribute__((__unused__))
 #endif
@@ -58,15 +55,17 @@
 // log all reference counting operations
 #define PRINT_REFS 0
 
+#if !defined(ANDROID_UTILS_CALLSTACK_ENABLED)
 #if defined(__linux__)
 // CallStack is only supported on linux type platforms.
-#define CALLSTACK_ENABLED 1
+#define ANDROID_UTILS_CALLSTACK_ENABLED 1
 #else
-#define CALLSTACK_ENABLED 0
-#endif
+#define ANDROID_UTILS_CALLSTACK_ENABLED 0
+#endif  // defined(__linux__)
+#endif  // !defined(ANDROID_UTILS_CALLSTACK_ENABLED)
 
-#if CALLSTACK_ENABLED
-#include <utils/CallStack.h>
+#if ANDROID_UTILS_CALLSTACK_ENABLED
+#include "../../include/utils/CallStack.h"
 #endif
 
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -233,7 +232,7 @@ class RefBase::weakref_impl : public RefBase::weakref_type
             while (refs) {
                 char inc = refs->ref >= 0 ? '+' : '-';
                 ALOGD("\t%c ID %p (ref %d):", inc, refs->id, refs->ref);
-#if DEBUG_REFS_CALLSTACK_ENABLED && CALLSTACK_ENABLED
+#if DEBUG_REFS_CALLSTACK_ENABLED && ANDROID_UTILS_CALLSTACK_ENABLED
                 CallStack::logStack(LOG_TAG, refs->stack.get());
 #endif
                 refs = refs->next;
@@ -247,7 +246,7 @@ class RefBase::weakref_impl : public RefBase::weakref_type
             while (refs) {
                 char inc = refs->ref >= 0 ? '+' : '-';
                 ALOGD("\t%c ID %p (ref %d):", inc, refs->id, refs->ref);
-#if DEBUG_REFS_CALLSTACK_ENABLED && CALLSTACK_ENABLED
+#if DEBUG_REFS_CALLSTACK_ENABLED && ANDROID_UTILS_CALLSTACK_ENABLED
                 CallStack::logStack(LOG_TAG, refs->stack.get());
 #endif
                 refs = refs->next;
@@ -255,7 +254,7 @@ class RefBase::weakref_impl : public RefBase::weakref_type
         }
         if (dumpStack) {
             ALOGE("above errors at:");
-#if CALLSTACK_ENABLED
+#if ANDROID_UTILS_CALLSTACK_ENABLED
             CallStack::logStack(LOG_TAG);
 #endif
         }
@@ -310,7 +309,7 @@ class RefBase::weakref_impl : public RefBase::weakref_type
         String8 text;
 
         {
-            Mutex::Autolock _l(mMutex);
+            std::lock_guard<std::mutex> _l(mMutex);
             char buf[128];
             snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf),
                      "Strong references on RefBase %p (weakref_type %p):\n",
@@ -330,7 +329,7 @@ class RefBase::weakref_impl : public RefBase::weakref_type
                      this);
             int rc = open(name, O_RDWR | O_CREAT | O_APPEND, 0644);
             if (rc >= 0) {
-                (void)write(rc, text.string(), text.length());
+                (void)write(rc, text.c_str(), text.length());
                 close(rc);
                 ALOGI("STACK TRACE for %p saved in %s", this, name);
             }
@@ -344,7 +343,7 @@ class RefBase::weakref_impl : public RefBase::weakref_type
     {
         ref_entry* next;
         const void* id;
-#if DEBUG_REFS_CALLSTACK_ENABLED && CALLSTACK_ENABLED
+#if DEBUG_REFS_CALLSTACK_ENABLED && ANDROID_UTILS_CALLSTACK_ENABLED
         CallStack::CallStackUPtr stack;
 #endif
         int32_t ref;
@@ -353,7 +352,7 @@ class RefBase::weakref_impl : public RefBase::weakref_type
     void addRef(ref_entry** refs, const void* id, int32_t mRef)
     {
         if (mTrackEnabled) {
-            AutoMutex _l(mMutex);
+            std::lock_guard<std::mutex> _l(mMutex);
 
             ref_entry* ref = new ref_entry;
             // Reference count at the time of the snapshot, but before the
@@ -361,7 +360,7 @@ class RefBase::weakref_impl : public RefBase::weakref_type
             // decrement the reference count.
             ref->ref = mRef;
             ref->id = id;
-#if DEBUG_REFS_CALLSTACK_ENABLED && CALLSTACK_ENABLED
+#if DEBUG_REFS_CALLSTACK_ENABLED && ANDROID_UTILS_CALLSTACK_ENABLED
             ref->stack = CallStack::getCurrent(2);
 #endif
             ref->next = *refs;
@@ -372,7 +371,7 @@ class RefBase::weakref_impl : public RefBase::weakref_type
     void removeRef(ref_entry** refs, const void* id)
     {
         if (mTrackEnabled) {
-            AutoMutex _l(mMutex);
+            std::lock_guard<std::mutex> _l(mMutex);
 
             ref_entry* const head = *refs;
             ref_entry* ref = head;
@@ -397,7 +396,7 @@ class RefBase::weakref_impl : public RefBase::weakref_type
                 ref = ref->next;
             }
 
-#if CALLSTACK_ENABLED
+#if ANDROID_UTILS_CALLSTACK_ENABLED
             CallStack::logStack(LOG_TAG);
 #endif
         }
@@ -406,7 +405,7 @@ class RefBase::weakref_impl : public RefBase::weakref_type
     void renameRefsId(ref_entry* r, const void* old_id, const void* new_id)
     {
         if (mTrackEnabled) {
-            AutoMutex _l(mMutex);
+            std::lock_guard<std::mutex> _l(mMutex);
             ref_entry* ref = r;
             while (ref != NULL) {
                 if (ref->id == old_id) {
@@ -425,7 +424,7 @@ class RefBase::weakref_impl : public RefBase::weakref_type
             snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "\t%c ID %p (ref %d):\n",
                      inc, refs->id, refs->ref);
             out->append(buf);
-#if DEBUG_REFS_CALLSTACK_ENABLED && CALLSTACK_ENABLED
+#if DEBUG_REFS_CALLSTACK_ENABLED && ANDROID_UTILS_CALLSTACK_ENABLED
             out->append(CallStack::stackToString("\t\t", refs->stack.get()));
 #else
             out->append("\t\t(call stacks disabled)");
@@ -434,7 +433,7 @@ class RefBase::weakref_impl : public RefBase::weakref_type
         }
     }
 
-    mutable Mutex mMutex;
+    mutable std::mutex mMutex;
     ref_entry* mStrongRefs;
     ref_entry* mWeakRefs;
 
@@ -493,7 +492,10 @@ void RefBase::decStrong(const void* id) const
 #if PRINT_REFS
     ALOGD("decStrong of %p from %p: cnt=%d\n", this, id, c);
 #endif
-    LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(BAD_STRONG(c), "decStrong() called on %p too many times",
+    LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(
+            BAD_STRONG(c),
+            "decStrong() called on %p too many times, possible memory corruption. Consider "
+            "compiling with ANDROID_UTILS_REF_BASE_DISABLE_IMPLICIT_CONSTRUCTION for better errors",
             refs);
     if (c == 1) {
         std::atomic_thread_fence(std::memory_order_acquire);
@@ -537,7 +539,7 @@ void RefBase::forceIncStrong(const void* id) const
     case INITIAL_STRONG_VALUE:
         refs->mStrong.fetch_sub(INITIAL_STRONG_VALUE,
                 std::memory_order_relaxed);
-        FALLTHROUGH_INTENDED;
+        [[fallthrough]];
     case 0:
         refs->mBase->onFirstRef();
     }
@@ -577,7 +579,10 @@ void RefBase::weakref_type::decWeak(const void* id)
     weakref_impl* const impl = static_cast<weakref_impl*>(this);
     impl->removeWeakRef(id);
     const int32_t c = impl->mWeak.fetch_sub(1, std::memory_order_release);
-    LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(BAD_WEAK(c), "decWeak called on %p too many times",
+    LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(
+            BAD_WEAK(c),
+            "decWeak called on %p too many times, possible memory corruption. Consider compiling "
+            "with ANDROID_UTILS_REF_BASE_DISABLE_IMPLICIT_CONSTRUCTION for better errors",
             this);
     if (c != 1) return;
     atomic_thread_fence(std::memory_order_acquire);
@@ -788,10 +793,10 @@ RefBase::~RefBase()
             // sp<T>(T*) constructor, assuming that if the object is around, it is already
             // owned by an sp<>.
             ALOGW("RefBase: Explicit destruction, weak count = %d (in %p). Use sp<> to manage this "
-                  "object.",
+                  "object. Note - if weak count is 0, this leaks mRefs (weakref_impl).",
                   mRefs->mWeak.load(), this);
 
-#if CALLSTACK_ENABLED
+#if ANDROID_UTILS_CALLSTACK_ENABLED
             CallStack::logStack(LOG_TAG);
 #endif
         } else if (strongs != 0) {
diff --git a/libutils/RefBase_fuzz.cpp b/libutils/binder/RefBase_fuzz.cpp
similarity index 99%
rename from libutils/RefBase_fuzz.cpp
rename to libutils/binder/RefBase_fuzz.cpp
index 8291be93af52..05f47a0de6c8 100644
--- a/libutils/RefBase_fuzz.cpp
+++ b/libutils/binder/RefBase_fuzz.cpp
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
 #include <thread>
 
 #include "fuzzer/FuzzedDataProvider.h"
-#include "utils/Log.h"
+#include "log/log.h"
 #include "utils/RWLock.h"
 #include "utils/RefBase.h"
 #include "utils/StrongPointer.h"
diff --git a/libutils/RefBase_test.cpp b/libutils/binder/RefBase_test.cpp
similarity index 90%
rename from libutils/RefBase_test.cpp
rename to libutils/binder/RefBase_test.cpp
index aed3b9b40b4f..36d1a4a389d6 100644
--- a/libutils/RefBase_test.cpp
+++ b/libutils/binder/RefBase_test.cpp
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@
 
 using namespace android;
 
-static constexpr int NITERS = 1000000;
+static constexpr int NITERS = 500000;
 
 static constexpr int INITIAL_STRONG_VALUE = 1 << 28;  // Mirroring RefBase definition.
 
@@ -265,6 +265,37 @@ TEST(RefBase, AssertWeakRefExistsDeath) {
     delete foo;
 }
 
+TEST(RefBase, NoStrongCountPromoteFromWeak) {
+    bool isDeleted;
+    Foo* foo = new Foo(&isDeleted);
+
+    wp<Foo> weakFoo = wp<Foo>(foo);
+
+    EXPECT_FALSE(isDeleted);
+
+    {
+        sp<Foo> strongFoo = weakFoo.promote();
+        EXPECT_EQ(strongFoo, foo);
+    }
+
+    // this shows the justification of wp<>::fromExisting.
+    // if you construct a wp<>, for instance in a constructor, and it is
+    // accidentally promoted, that promoted sp<> will exclusively own
+    // the object. If that happens during the initialization of the
+    // object or in this scope, as you can see 'Foo* foo' is unowned,
+    // then we are left with a deleted object, and we could not put it
+    // into an sp<>.
+    //
+    // Consider the other implementation, where we disallow promoting
+    // a wp<> if there are no strong counts. If we return null, then
+    // the object would be unpromotable even though it hasn't been deleted.
+    // This is also errorprone.
+    //
+    // attemptIncStrong aborting in this case is a backwards incompatible
+    // change due to frequent use of wp<T>(this) in the constructor.
+    EXPECT_TRUE(isDeleted);
+}
+
 TEST(RefBase, DoubleOwnershipDeath) {
     bool isDeleted;
     auto foo = sp<Foo>::make(&isDeleted);
@@ -300,8 +331,8 @@ class Bar : public RefBase {
     std::atomic<int>* mDeleteCount;
 };
 
-static sp<Bar> buffer;
-static std::atomic<bool> bufferFull(false);
+[[clang::no_destroy]] static constinit sp<Bar> buffer;
+static constinit std::atomic<bool> bufferFull(false);
 
 // Wait until bufferFull has value val.
 static inline void waitFor(bool val) {
@@ -380,8 +411,8 @@ TEST(RefBase, RacingDestructors) {
     }  // Otherwise this is slow and probably pointless on a uniprocessor.
 }
 
-static wp<Bar> wpBuffer;
-static std::atomic<bool> wpBufferFull(false);
+[[clang::no_destroy]] static constinit wp<Bar> wpBuffer;
+static constinit std::atomic<bool> wpBufferFull(false);
 
 // Wait until wpBufferFull has value val.
 static inline void wpWaitFor(bool val) {
diff --git a/libutils/SharedBuffer.cpp b/libutils/binder/SharedBuffer.cpp
similarity index 97%
rename from libutils/SharedBuffer.cpp
rename to libutils/binder/SharedBuffer.cpp
index 3e703dbc85f6..d16bdb08670c 100644
--- a/libutils/SharedBuffer.cpp
+++ b/libutils/binder/SharedBuffer.cpp
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ SharedBuffer* SharedBuffer::editResize(size_t newSize) const
         LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF((newSize >= (SIZE_MAX - sizeof(SharedBuffer))),
                             "Invalid buffer size %zu", newSize);
 
-        buf = (SharedBuffer*)realloc(buf, sizeof(SharedBuffer) + newSize);
+        buf = (SharedBuffer*)realloc(reinterpret_cast<void*>(buf), sizeof(SharedBuffer) + newSize);
         if (buf != nullptr) {
             buf->mSize = newSize;
             return buf;
diff --git a/libutils/SharedBuffer.h b/libutils/binder/SharedBuffer.h
similarity index 100%
rename from libutils/SharedBuffer.h
rename to libutils/binder/SharedBuffer.h
diff --git a/libutils/SharedBuffer_test.cpp b/libutils/binder/SharedBuffer_test.cpp
similarity index 98%
rename from libutils/SharedBuffer_test.cpp
rename to libutils/binder/SharedBuffer_test.cpp
index 1d6317ff7718..26702b037100 100644
--- a/libutils/SharedBuffer_test.cpp
+++ b/libutils/binder/SharedBuffer_test.cpp
@@ -14,8 +14,6 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
-#define __STDC_LIMIT_MACROS
-
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
 
 #include <memory>
diff --git a/libutils/String16.cpp b/libutils/binder/String16.cpp
similarity index 90%
rename from libutils/String16.cpp
rename to libutils/binder/String16.cpp
index 68642d84f7ea..96e147721533 100644
--- a/libutils/String16.cpp
+++ b/libutils/binder/String16.cpp
@@ -16,17 +16,30 @@
 
 #include <utils/String16.h>
 
-#include <utils/Log.h>
+#include <log/log.h>
 
 #include <ctype.h>
 
 #include "SharedBuffer.h"
 
+#define LIBUTILS_PRAGMA(arg) _Pragma(#arg)
+#if defined(__clang__)
+#define LIBUTILS_PRAGMA_FOR_COMPILER(arg) LIBUTILS_PRAGMA(clang arg)
+#elif defined(__GNUC__)
+#define LIBUTILS_PRAGMA_FOR_COMPILER(arg) LIBUTILS_PRAGMA(GCC arg)
+#else
+#define LIBUTILS_PRAGMA_FOR_COMPILER(arg)
+#endif
+#define LIBUTILS_IGNORE(warning_flag)             \
+    LIBUTILS_PRAGMA_FOR_COMPILER(diagnostic push) \
+    LIBUTILS_PRAGMA_FOR_COMPILER(diagnostic ignored warning_flag)
+#define LIBUTILS_IGNORE_END() LIBUTILS_PRAGMA_FOR_COMPILER(diagnostic pop)
+
 namespace android {
 
 static const StaticString16 emptyString(u"");
 static inline char16_t* getEmptyString() {
-    return const_cast<char16_t*>(emptyString.string());
+    return const_cast<char16_t*>(emptyString.c_str());
 }
 
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -112,10 +125,7 @@ String16::String16(const char16_t* o) : mString(allocFromUTF16(o, strlen16(o)))
 
 String16::String16(const char16_t* o, size_t len) : mString(allocFromUTF16(o, len)) {}
 
-String16::String16(const String8& o)
-    : mString(allocFromUTF8(o.string(), o.size()))
-{
-}
+String16::String16(const String8& o) : mString(allocFromUTF8(o.c_str(), o.size())) {}
 
 String16::String16(const char* o)
     : mString(allocFromUTF8(o, strlen(o)))
@@ -173,7 +183,7 @@ status_t String16::setTo(const String16& other, size_t len, size_t begin)
         LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL("Not implemented");
     }
 
-    return setTo(other.string()+begin, len);
+    return setTo(other.c_str() + begin, len);
 }
 
 status_t String16::setTo(const char16_t* other)
@@ -200,7 +210,7 @@ status_t String16::setTo(const char16_t* other, size_t len)
 }
 
 status_t String16::append(const String16& other) {
-    return append(other.string(), other.size());
+    return append(other.c_str(), other.size());
 }
 
 status_t String16::append(const char16_t* chrs, size_t otherLen) {
@@ -286,7 +296,7 @@ bool String16::startsWith(const String16& prefix) const
 {
     const size_t ps = prefix.size();
     if (ps > size()) return false;
-    return strzcmp16(mString, ps, prefix.string(), ps) == 0;
+    return strzcmp16(mString, ps, prefix.c_str(), ps) == 0;
 }
 
 bool String16::startsWith(const char16_t* prefix) const
@@ -350,7 +360,9 @@ void String16::release()
 bool String16::isStaticString() const {
     // See String16.h for notes on the memory layout of String16::StaticData and
     // SharedBuffer.
+    LIBUTILS_IGNORE("-Winvalid-offsetof")
     static_assert(sizeof(SharedBuffer) - offsetof(SharedBuffer, mClientMetadata) == 4);
+    LIBUTILS_IGNORE_END()
     const uint32_t* p = reinterpret_cast<const uint32_t*>(mString);
     return (*(p - 1) & kIsSharedBufferAllocated) == 0;
 }
@@ -358,7 +370,9 @@ bool String16::isStaticString() const {
 size_t String16::staticStringSize() const {
     // See String16.h for notes on the memory layout of String16::StaticData and
     // SharedBuffer.
+    LIBUTILS_IGNORE("-Winvalid-offsetof")
     static_assert(sizeof(SharedBuffer) - offsetof(SharedBuffer, mClientMetadata) == 4);
+    LIBUTILS_IGNORE_END()
     const uint32_t* p = reinterpret_cast<const uint32_t*>(mString);
     return static_cast<size_t>(*(p - 1));
 }
diff --git a/libutils/String16_fuzz.cpp b/libutils/binder/String16_fuzz.cpp
similarity index 96%
rename from libutils/String16_fuzz.cpp
rename to libutils/binder/String16_fuzz.cpp
index d7e5ec783690..8f9781bfef9b 100644
--- a/libutils/String16_fuzz.cpp
+++ b/libutils/binder/String16_fuzz.cpp
@@ -13,7 +13,9 @@
  * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
  * limitations under the License.
  */
+#include <functional>
 #include <iostream>
+#include <vector>
 
 #include "fuzzer/FuzzedDataProvider.h"
 #include "utils/String16.h"
@@ -25,7 +27,7 @@ std::vector<std::function<void(FuzzedDataProvider&, android::String16, android::
 
                 // Bytes and size
                 ([](FuzzedDataProvider&, android::String16 str1, android::String16) -> void {
-                    str1.string();
+                    str1.c_str();
                 }),
                 ([](FuzzedDataProvider&, android::String16 str1, android::String16) -> void {
                     str1.isStaticString();
@@ -39,7 +41,7 @@ std::vector<std::function<void(FuzzedDataProvider&, android::String16, android::
                     str1.startsWith(str2);
                 }),
                 ([](FuzzedDataProvider&, android::String16 str1, android::String16 str2) -> void {
-                    str1.contains(str2.string());
+                    str1.contains(str2.c_str());
                 }),
                 ([](FuzzedDataProvider&, android::String16 str1, android::String16 str2) -> void {
                     str1.compare(str2);
@@ -52,7 +54,7 @@ std::vector<std::function<void(FuzzedDataProvider&, android::String16, android::
                 ([](FuzzedDataProvider& dataProvider, android::String16 str1,
                     android::String16 str2) -> void {
                     int pos = dataProvider.ConsumeIntegralInRange<int>(0, str1.size());
-                    str1.insert(pos, str2.string());
+                    str1.insert(pos, str2.c_str());
                 }),
 
                 // Find and replace operations
diff --git a/libutils/String16_test.cpp b/libutils/binder/String16_test.cpp
similarity index 65%
rename from libutils/String16_test.cpp
rename to libutils/binder/String16_test.cpp
index c6e6f746a858..83cc5990ba43 100644
--- a/libutils/String16_test.cpp
+++ b/libutils/binder/String16_test.cpp
@@ -16,6 +16,8 @@
 
 #include <utils/String16.h>
 #include <utils/String8.h>
+#include <compare>
+#include <utility>
 
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
 
@@ -33,50 +35,50 @@ ::testing::AssertionResult Char16_tStringEquals(const char16_t* a, const char16_
 
 TEST(String16Test, FromChar16_t) {
     String16 tmp(u"Verify me");
-    EXPECT_STR16EQ(u"Verify me", tmp);
+    EXPECT_STR16EQ(u"Verify me", tmp.c_str());
 }
 
 TEST(String16Test, FromChar16_tSized) {
     String16 tmp(u"Verify me", 7);
-    EXPECT_STR16EQ(u"Verify ", tmp);
+    EXPECT_STR16EQ(u"Verify ", tmp.c_str());
 }
 
 TEST(String16Test, FromChar) {
     String16 tmp("Verify me");
-    EXPECT_STR16EQ(u"Verify me", tmp);
+    EXPECT_STR16EQ(u"Verify me", tmp.c_str());
 }
 
 TEST(String16Test, FromCharSized) {
     String16 tmp("Verify me", 7);
-    EXPECT_STR16EQ(u"Verify ", tmp);
+    EXPECT_STR16EQ(u"Verify ", tmp.c_str());
 }
 
 TEST(String16Test, Copy) {
     String16 tmp("Verify me");
     String16 another = tmp;
-    EXPECT_STR16EQ(u"Verify me", tmp);
-    EXPECT_STR16EQ(u"Verify me", another);
+    EXPECT_STR16EQ(u"Verify me", tmp.c_str());
+    EXPECT_STR16EQ(u"Verify me", another.c_str());
 }
 
 TEST(String16Test, CopyAssign) {
     String16 tmp("Verify me");
     String16 another;
     another = tmp;
-    EXPECT_STR16EQ(u"Verify me", tmp);
-    EXPECT_STR16EQ(u"Verify me", another);
+    EXPECT_STR16EQ(u"Verify me", tmp.c_str());
+    EXPECT_STR16EQ(u"Verify me", another.c_str());
 }
 
 TEST(String16Test, Move) {
     String16 tmp("Verify me");
     String16 another(std::move(tmp));
-    EXPECT_STR16EQ(u"Verify me", another);
+    EXPECT_STR16EQ(u"Verify me", another.c_str());
 }
 
 TEST(String16Test, MoveAssign) {
     String16 tmp("Verify me");
     String16 another;
     another = std::move(tmp);
-    EXPECT_STR16EQ(u"Verify me", another);
+    EXPECT_STR16EQ(u"Verify me", another.c_str());
 }
 
 TEST(String16Test, Size) {
@@ -88,27 +90,27 @@ TEST(String16Test, setTo) {
     String16 tmp("Verify me");
     tmp.setTo(u"New content");
     EXPECT_EQ(11U, tmp.size());
-    EXPECT_STR16EQ(u"New content", tmp);
+    EXPECT_STR16EQ(u"New content", tmp.c_str());
 }
 
 TEST(String16Test, Append) {
     String16 tmp("Verify me");
     tmp.append(String16("Hello"));
     EXPECT_EQ(14U, tmp.size());
-    EXPECT_STR16EQ(u"Verify meHello", tmp);
+    EXPECT_STR16EQ(u"Verify meHello", tmp.c_str());
 }
 
 TEST(String16Test, Insert) {
     String16 tmp("Verify me");
     tmp.insert(6, u"Insert");
     EXPECT_EQ(15U, tmp.size());
-    EXPECT_STR16EQ(u"VerifyInsert me", tmp);
+    EXPECT_STR16EQ(u"VerifyInsert me", tmp.c_str());
 }
 
 TEST(String16Test, ReplaceAll) {
     String16 tmp("Verify verify Verify");
     tmp.replaceAll(u'r', u'!');
-    EXPECT_STR16EQ(u"Ve!ify ve!ify Ve!ify", tmp);
+    EXPECT_STR16EQ(u"Ve!ify ve!ify Ve!ify", tmp.c_str());
 }
 
 TEST(String16Test, Compare) {
@@ -127,8 +129,8 @@ TEST(String16Test, StaticString) {
 TEST(String16Test, StaticStringCopy) {
     StaticString16 tmp(u"Verify me");
     String16 another = tmp;
-    EXPECT_STR16EQ(u"Verify me", tmp);
-    EXPECT_STR16EQ(u"Verify me", another);
+    EXPECT_STR16EQ(u"Verify me", tmp.c_str());
+    EXPECT_STR16EQ(u"Verify me", another.c_str());
     EXPECT_TRUE(tmp.isStaticString());
     EXPECT_TRUE(another.isStaticString());
 }
@@ -136,7 +138,7 @@ TEST(String16Test, StaticStringCopy) {
 TEST(String16Test, StaticStringMove) {
     StaticString16 tmp(u"Verify me");
     String16 another(std::move(tmp));
-    EXPECT_STR16EQ(u"Verify me", another);
+    EXPECT_STR16EQ(u"Verify me", another.c_str());
     EXPECT_TRUE(another.isStaticString());
 }
 
@@ -157,7 +159,7 @@ TEST(String16Test, StaticStringAppend) {
     StaticString16 tmp(u"Verify me");
     tmp.append(String16("Hello"));
     EXPECT_EQ(14U, tmp.size());
-    EXPECT_STR16EQ(u"Verify meHello", tmp);
+    EXPECT_STR16EQ(u"Verify meHello", tmp.c_str());
     EXPECT_FALSE(tmp.isStaticString());
 }
 
@@ -165,14 +167,14 @@ TEST(String16Test, StaticStringInsert) {
     StaticString16 tmp(u"Verify me");
     tmp.insert(6, u"Insert");
     EXPECT_EQ(15U, tmp.size());
-    EXPECT_STR16EQ(u"VerifyInsert me", tmp);
+    EXPECT_STR16EQ(u"VerifyInsert me", tmp.c_str());
     EXPECT_FALSE(tmp.isStaticString());
 }
 
 TEST(String16Test, StaticStringReplaceAll) {
     StaticString16 tmp(u"Verify verify Verify");
     tmp.replaceAll(u'r', u'!');
-    EXPECT_STR16EQ(u"Ve!ify ve!ify Ve!ify", tmp);
+    EXPECT_STR16EQ(u"Ve!ify ve!ify Ve!ify", tmp.c_str());
     EXPECT_FALSE(tmp.isStaticString());
 }
 
@@ -185,17 +187,17 @@ TEST(String16Test, StringSetToStaticString) {
     StaticString16 tmp(u"Verify me");
     String16 another(u"nonstatic");
     another = tmp;
-    EXPECT_STR16EQ(u"Verify me", tmp);
-    EXPECT_STR16EQ(u"Verify me", another);
+    EXPECT_STR16EQ(u"Verify me", tmp.c_str());
+    EXPECT_STR16EQ(u"Verify me", another.c_str());
 }
 
 TEST(String16Test, StringCopyAssignFromStaticString) {
     StaticString16 tmp(u"Verify me");
     String16 another(u"nonstatic");
     another = tmp;
-    EXPECT_STR16EQ(u"Verify me", another);
+    EXPECT_STR16EQ(u"Verify me", another.c_str());
     EXPECT_TRUE(another.isStaticString());
-    EXPECT_STR16EQ(u"Verify me", tmp);
+    EXPECT_STR16EQ(u"Verify me", tmp.c_str());
     EXPECT_TRUE(tmp.isStaticString());
 }
 
@@ -203,7 +205,7 @@ TEST(String16Test, StringMoveAssignFromStaticString) {
     StaticString16 tmp(u"Verify me");
     String16 another(u"nonstatic");
     another = std::move(tmp);
-    EXPECT_STR16EQ(u"Verify me", another);
+    EXPECT_STR16EQ(u"Verify me", another.c_str());
     EXPECT_TRUE(another.isStaticString());
 }
 
@@ -221,19 +223,19 @@ TEST(String16Test, OverreadUtf8Conversion) {
 TEST(String16Test, ValidUtf8Conversion) {
     String16 another("abcdef");
     EXPECT_EQ(6U, another.size());
-    EXPECT_STR16EQ(another, u"abcdef");
+    EXPECT_STR16EQ(another.c_str(), u"abcdef");
 }
 
 TEST(String16Test, append) {
     String16 s;
     EXPECT_EQ(OK, s.append(String16(u"foo")));
-    EXPECT_STR16EQ(u"foo", s);
+    EXPECT_STR16EQ(u"foo", s.c_str());
     EXPECT_EQ(OK, s.append(String16(u"bar")));
-    EXPECT_STR16EQ(u"foobar", s);
+    EXPECT_STR16EQ(u"foobar", s.c_str());
     EXPECT_EQ(OK, s.append(u"baz", 0));
-    EXPECT_STR16EQ(u"foobar", s);
+    EXPECT_STR16EQ(u"foobar", s.c_str());
     EXPECT_EQ(NO_MEMORY, s.append(u"baz", SIZE_MAX));
-    EXPECT_STR16EQ(u"foobar", s);
+    EXPECT_STR16EQ(u"foobar", s.c_str());
 }
 
 TEST(String16Test, insert) {
@@ -241,19 +243,61 @@ TEST(String16Test, insert) {
 
     // Inserting into the empty string inserts at the start.
     EXPECT_EQ(OK, s.insert(123, u"foo"));
-    EXPECT_STR16EQ(u"foo", s);
+    EXPECT_STR16EQ(u"foo", s.c_str());
 
     // Inserting zero characters at any position is okay, but won't expand the string.
     EXPECT_EQ(OK, s.insert(123, u"foo", 0));
-    EXPECT_STR16EQ(u"foo", s);
+    EXPECT_STR16EQ(u"foo", s.c_str());
 
     // Inserting past the end of a non-empty string appends.
     EXPECT_EQ(OK, s.insert(123, u"bar"));
-    EXPECT_STR16EQ(u"foobar", s);
+    EXPECT_STR16EQ(u"foobar", s.c_str());
 
     EXPECT_EQ(OK, s.insert(3, u"!"));
-    EXPECT_STR16EQ(u"foo!bar", s);
+    EXPECT_STR16EQ(u"foo!bar", s.c_str());
 
     EXPECT_EQ(NO_MEMORY, s.insert(3, u"", SIZE_MAX));
-    EXPECT_STR16EQ(u"foo!bar", s);
+    EXPECT_STR16EQ(u"foo!bar", s.c_str());
+}
+
+TEST(String16Test, comparisons) {
+    const char16_t* cstr1 = u"abc";
+    const char16_t* cstr2 = u"def";
+
+    // str1 and str1b will point to different blocks of memory but with equal contents.
+    String16 str1(cstr1);
+    String16 str1b(cstr1);
+    String16 str2(cstr2);
+
+    EXPECT_TRUE((str1 <=> str1b) == 0);
+    EXPECT_FALSE(str1 != str1b);
+    EXPECT_FALSE(str1 < str1b);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(str1 <= str1b);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(str1 == str1b);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(str1 >= str1b);
+    EXPECT_FALSE(str1 > str1b);
+
+    EXPECT_TRUE((str1 <=> str2) < 0);
+    EXPECT_TRUE((str2 <=> str1) > 0);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(str1 != str2);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(str1 < str2);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(str1 <= str2);
+    EXPECT_FALSE(str1 == str2);
+    EXPECT_FALSE(str1 >= str2);
+    EXPECT_FALSE(str1 > str2);
+
+    // Verify that pre-C++20 comparison operators work with a std::pair of a String8, which only
+    // provides <=> in C++20 and up. See b/339775405.
+
+    std::pair<String16, int> pair1(str1, 13);
+    std::pair<String16, int> pair1b(str1b, 13);
+    std::pair<String16, int> pair2(str2, 13);
+
+    EXPECT_TRUE(pair1 == pair1b);
+    EXPECT_FALSE(pair1 < pair1b);
+    EXPECT_FALSE(pair1 > pair1b);
+
+    EXPECT_TRUE(pair1 != pair2);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(pair1 < pair2);
+    EXPECT_FALSE(pair1 > pair2);
 }
diff --git a/libutils/String8.cpp b/libutils/binder/String8.cpp
similarity index 77%
rename from libutils/String8.cpp
rename to libutils/binder/String8.cpp
index 82f5cb682b47..1de9e8b17362 100644
--- a/libutils/String8.cpp
+++ b/libutils/binder/String8.cpp
@@ -14,16 +14,13 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
-#define __STDC_LIMIT_MACROS
-#include <stdint.h>
-
 #include <utils/String8.h>
 
-#include <utils/Compat.h>
-#include <utils/Log.h>
+#include <log/log.h>
 #include <utils/String16.h>
 
 #include <ctype.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
 
 #include <limits>
 #include <string>
@@ -39,10 +36,6 @@
 
 namespace android {
 
-// Separator used by resource paths. This is not platform dependent contrary
-// to OS_PATH_SEPARATOR.
-#define RES_PATH_SEPARATOR '/'
-
 static inline char* getEmptyString() {
     static SharedBuffer* gEmptyStringBuf = [] {
         SharedBuffer* buf = SharedBuffer::alloc(1);
@@ -150,10 +143,7 @@ String8::String8(const char* o, size_t len)
     }
 }
 
-String8::String8(const String16& o)
-    : mString(allocFromUTF16(o.string(), o.size()))
-{
-}
+String8::String8(const String16& o) : mString(allocFromUTF16(o.c_str(), o.size())) {}
 
 String8::String8(const char16_t* o)
     : mString(allocFromUTF16(o, strlen16(o)))
@@ -267,7 +257,7 @@ status_t String8::append(const String8& other)
         return OK;
     }
 
-    return real_append(other.string(), otherLen);
+    return real_append(other.c_str(), otherLen);
 }
 
 status_t String8::append(const char* other)
@@ -393,6 +383,11 @@ ssize_t String8::find(const char* other, size_t start) const
 }
 
 bool String8::removeAll(const char* other) {
+    ALOG_ASSERT(other, "String8::removeAll() requires a non-NULL string");
+
+    if (*other == '\0')
+        return true;
+
     ssize_t index = find(other);
     if (index < 0) return false;
 
@@ -432,30 +427,12 @@ void String8::toLower()
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 // Path functions
 
-static void setPathName(String8& s, const char* name) {
-    size_t len = strlen(name);
-    char* buf = s.lockBuffer(len);
-
-    memcpy(buf, name, len);
-
-    // remove trailing path separator, if present
-    if (len > 0 && buf[len - 1] == OS_PATH_SEPARATOR) len--;
-    buf[len] = '\0';
-
-    s.unlockBuffer(len);
-}
-
-String8 String8::getPathLeaf(void) const
-{
-    const char* cp;
-    const char*const buf = mString;
-
-    cp = strrchr(buf, OS_PATH_SEPARATOR);
-    if (cp == nullptr)
-        return String8(*this);
-    else
-        return String8(cp+1);
-}
+// TODO: we should remove all the path functions from String8
+#if defined(_WIN32)
+#define OS_PATH_SEPARATOR '\\'
+#else
+#define OS_PATH_SEPARATOR '/'
+#endif
 
 String8 String8::getPathDir(void) const
 {
@@ -469,40 +446,14 @@ String8 String8::getPathDir(void) const
         return String8(str, cp - str);
 }
 
-String8 String8::walkPath(String8* outRemains) const
-{
-    const char* cp;
-    const char*const str = mString;
-    const char* buf = str;
-
-    cp = strchr(buf, OS_PATH_SEPARATOR);
-    if (cp == buf) {
-        // don't include a leading '/'.
-        buf = buf+1;
-        cp = strchr(buf, OS_PATH_SEPARATOR);
-    }
-
-    if (cp == nullptr) {
-        String8 res = buf != str ? String8(buf) : *this;
-        if (outRemains) *outRemains = String8("");
-        return res;
-    }
-
-    String8 res(buf, cp-buf);
-    if (outRemains) *outRemains = String8(cp+1);
-    return res;
-}
-
 /*
  * Helper function for finding the start of an extension in a pathname.
  *
  * Returns a pointer inside mString, or NULL if no extension was found.
  */
-char* String8::find_extension(void) const
-{
+static const char* find_extension(const char* str) {
     const char* lastSlash;
     const char* lastDot;
-    const char* const str = mString;
 
     // only look at the filename
     lastSlash = strrchr(str, OS_PATH_SEPARATOR);
@@ -517,83 +468,16 @@ char* String8::find_extension(void) const
         return nullptr;
 
     // looks good, ship it
-    return const_cast<char*>(lastDot);
+    return lastDot;
 }
 
 String8 String8::getPathExtension(void) const
 {
-    char* ext;
-
-    ext = find_extension();
+    auto ext = find_extension(mString);
     if (ext != nullptr)
         return String8(ext);
     else
         return String8("");
 }
 
-String8 String8::getBasePath(void) const
-{
-    char* ext;
-    const char* const str = mString;
-
-    ext = find_extension();
-    if (ext == nullptr)
-        return String8(*this);
-    else
-        return String8(str, ext - str);
-}
-
-String8& String8::appendPath(const char* name)
-{
-    // TODO: The test below will fail for Win32 paths. Fix later or ignore.
-    if (name[0] != OS_PATH_SEPARATOR) {
-        if (*name == '\0') {
-            // nothing to do
-            return *this;
-        }
-
-        size_t len = length();
-        if (len == 0) {
-            // no existing filename, just use the new one
-            setPathName(*this, name);
-            return *this;
-        }
-
-        // make room for oldPath + '/' + newPath
-        int newlen = strlen(name);
-
-        char* buf = lockBuffer(len+1+newlen);
-
-        // insert a '/' if needed
-        if (buf[len-1] != OS_PATH_SEPARATOR)
-            buf[len++] = OS_PATH_SEPARATOR;
-
-        memcpy(buf+len, name, newlen+1);
-        len += newlen;
-
-        unlockBuffer(len);
-
-        return *this;
-    } else {
-        setPathName(*this, name);
-        return *this;
-    }
-}
-
-String8& String8::convertToResPath()
-{
-#if OS_PATH_SEPARATOR != RES_PATH_SEPARATOR
-    size_t len = length();
-    if (len > 0) {
-        char * buf = lockBuffer(len);
-        for (char * end = buf + len; buf < end; ++buf) {
-            if (*buf == OS_PATH_SEPARATOR)
-                *buf = RES_PATH_SEPARATOR;
-        }
-        unlockBuffer(len);
-    }
-#endif
-    return *this;
-}
-
 }; // namespace android
diff --git a/libutils/String8_fuzz.cpp b/libutils/binder/String8_fuzz.cpp
similarity index 84%
rename from libutils/String8_fuzz.cpp
rename to libutils/binder/String8_fuzz.cpp
index faf49b66b5ce..cbce0505891e 100644
--- a/libutils/String8_fuzz.cpp
+++ b/libutils/binder/String8_fuzz.cpp
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ std::vector<std::function<void(FuzzedDataProvider*, android::String8*, android::
                     str1->bytes();
                 },
                 [](FuzzedDataProvider*, android::String8* str1, android::String8*) -> void {
-                    str1->isEmpty();
+                    str1->empty();
                 },
                 [](FuzzedDataProvider*, android::String8* str1, android::String8*) -> void {
                     str1->length();
@@ -45,6 +45,8 @@ std::vector<std::function<void(FuzzedDataProvider*, android::String8*, android::
                     str1->toLower();
                 },
                 [](FuzzedDataProvider*, android::String8* str1, android::String8* str2) -> void {
+                    if (str2->size() == 0) return;
+
                     str1->removeAll(str2->c_str());
                 },
                 [](FuzzedDataProvider*, android::String8* str1, android::String8* str2) -> void {
@@ -66,33 +68,6 @@ std::vector<std::function<void(FuzzedDataProvider*, android::String8*, android::
                     int start_index = dataProvider->ConsumeIntegralInRange<int>(0, str1->size());
                     str1->find(str2->c_str(), start_index);
                 },
-
-                // Path handling
-                [](FuzzedDataProvider*, android::String8* str1, android::String8*) -> void {
-                    str1->getBasePath();
-                },
-                [](FuzzedDataProvider*, android::String8* str1, android::String8*) -> void {
-                    str1->getPathExtension();
-                },
-                [](FuzzedDataProvider*, android::String8* str1, android::String8*) -> void {
-                    str1->getPathLeaf();
-                },
-                [](FuzzedDataProvider*, android::String8* str1, android::String8*) -> void {
-                    str1->getPathDir();
-                },
-                [](FuzzedDataProvider*, android::String8* str1, android::String8*) -> void {
-                    str1->convertToResPath();
-                },
-                [](FuzzedDataProvider*, android::String8* str1, android::String8*) -> void {
-                    std::shared_ptr<android::String8> path_out_str =
-                            std::make_shared<android::String8>();
-                    str1->walkPath(path_out_str.get());
-                    path_out_str->clear();
-                },
-                [](FuzzedDataProvider* dataProvider, android::String8* str1,
-                   android::String8*) -> void {
-                    str1->appendPath(dataProvider->ConsumeBytesWithTerminator<char>(5).data());
-                },
 };
 
 void fuzzFormat(FuzzedDataProvider* dataProvider, android::String8* str1, bool shouldAppend) {
diff --git a/libutils/binder/String8_test.cpp b/libutils/binder/String8_test.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..ff9bc8d55967
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libutils/binder/String8_test.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,186 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2010 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#define LOG_TAG "String8_test"
+
+#include <log/log.h>
+#include <utils/String16.h>
+#include <utils/String8.h>
+#include <compare>
+#include <utility>
+
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+
+using namespace android;
+
+class String8Test : public testing::Test {
+protected:
+    virtual void SetUp() {
+    }
+
+    virtual void TearDown() {
+    }
+};
+
+TEST_F(String8Test, Cstr) {
+    String8 tmp("Hello, world!");
+
+    EXPECT_STREQ(tmp.c_str(), "Hello, world!");
+}
+
+TEST_F(String8Test, OperatorPlus) {
+    String8 src1("Hello, ");
+
+    // Test adding String8 + const char*
+    const char* ccsrc2 = "world!";
+    String8 dst1 = src1 + ccsrc2;
+    EXPECT_STREQ(dst1.c_str(), "Hello, world!");
+    EXPECT_STREQ(src1.c_str(), "Hello, ");
+    EXPECT_STREQ(ccsrc2, "world!");
+
+    // Test adding String8 + String8
+    String8 ssrc2("world!");
+    String8 dst2 = src1 + ssrc2;
+    EXPECT_STREQ(dst2.c_str(), "Hello, world!");
+    EXPECT_STREQ(src1.c_str(), "Hello, ");
+    EXPECT_STREQ(ssrc2.c_str(), "world!");
+}
+
+TEST_F(String8Test, OperatorPlusEquals) {
+    String8 src1("My voice");
+
+    // Testing String8 += String8
+    String8 src2(" is my passport.");
+    src1 += src2;
+    EXPECT_STREQ(src1.c_str(), "My voice is my passport.");
+    EXPECT_STREQ(src2.c_str(), " is my passport.");
+
+    // Adding const char* to the previous string.
+    const char* src3 = " Verify me.";
+    src1 += src3;
+    EXPECT_STREQ(src1.c_str(), "My voice is my passport. Verify me.");
+    EXPECT_STREQ(src2.c_str(), " is my passport.");
+    EXPECT_STREQ(src3, " Verify me.");
+}
+
+TEST_F(String8Test, SetToSizeMaxReturnsNoMemory) {
+    const char *in = "some string";
+    EXPECT_EQ(NO_MEMORY, String8("").setTo(in, SIZE_MAX));
+}
+
+// http://b/29250543
+TEST_F(String8Test, CorrectInvalidSurrogate) {
+    // d841d8 is an invalid start for a surrogate pair. Make sure this is handled by ignoring the
+    // first character in the pair and handling the rest correctly.
+    String16 string16(u"\xd841\xd841\xdc41\x0000");
+    String8 string8(string16);
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(4U, string8.length());
+}
+
+TEST_F(String8Test, CheckUtf32Conversion) {
+    // Since bound checks were added, check the conversion can be done without fatal errors.
+    // The utf8 lengths of these are chars are 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 = 10.
+    const char32_t string32[] = U"\x0000007f\x000007ff\x0000911\x0010fffe";
+    String8 string8(string32);
+    EXPECT_EQ(10U, string8.length());
+}
+
+TEST_F(String8Test, ValidUtf16Conversion) {
+    char16_t tmp[] = u"abcdef";
+    String8 valid = String8(String16(tmp));
+    EXPECT_STREQ(valid.c_str(), "abcdef");
+}
+
+TEST_F(String8Test, append) {
+    String8 s;
+    EXPECT_EQ(OK, s.append("foo"));
+    EXPECT_STREQ("foo", s.c_str());
+    EXPECT_EQ(OK, s.append("bar"));
+    EXPECT_STREQ("foobar", s.c_str());
+    EXPECT_EQ(OK, s.append("baz", 0));
+    EXPECT_STREQ("foobar", s.c_str());
+    EXPECT_EQ(NO_MEMORY, s.append("baz", SIZE_MAX));
+    EXPECT_STREQ("foobar", s.c_str());
+}
+
+TEST_F(String8Test, removeAll) {
+    String8 s("Hello, world!");
+
+    // NULL input should cause an assertion failure and error message in logcat
+    EXPECT_DEATH(s.removeAll(NULL), "");
+
+    // expect to return true and string content should remain unchanged
+    EXPECT_TRUE(s.removeAll(""));
+    EXPECT_STREQ("Hello, world!", s.c_str());
+
+    // expect to return false
+    EXPECT_FALSE(s.removeAll("x"));
+    EXPECT_STREQ("Hello, world!", s.c_str());
+
+    EXPECT_TRUE(s.removeAll("o"));
+    EXPECT_STREQ("Hell, wrld!", s.c_str());
+}
+
+TEST_F(String8Test, comparisons) {
+    const char* cstr1 = "abc";
+    const char* cstr2 = "def";
+
+    // str1 and str1b will point to different blocks of memory but with equal contents.
+    String8 str1(cstr1);
+    String8 str1b(cstr1);
+    String8 str2(cstr2);
+
+    EXPECT_TRUE((str1 <=> str1b) == 0);
+    EXPECT_FALSE(str1 != str1b);
+    EXPECT_FALSE(str1 < str1b);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(str1 <= str1b);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(str1 == str1b);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(str1 >= str1b);
+    EXPECT_FALSE(str1 > str1b);
+
+    EXPECT_TRUE((str1 <=> str2) < 0);
+    EXPECT_TRUE((str2 <=> str1) > 0);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(str1 != str2);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(str1 < str2);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(str1 <= str2);
+    EXPECT_FALSE(str1 == str2);
+    EXPECT_FALSE(str1 >= str2);
+    EXPECT_FALSE(str1 > str2);
+
+    // Verify that pre-C++20 comparison operators work with a std::pair of a String8, which only
+    // provides <=> in C++20 and up. See b/339775405.
+
+    std::pair<String8, int> pair1(str1, 13);
+    std::pair<String8, int> pair1b(str1b, 13);
+    std::pair<String8, int> pair2(str2, 13);
+
+    EXPECT_TRUE(pair1 == pair1b);
+    EXPECT_FALSE(pair1 < pair1b);
+    EXPECT_FALSE(pair1 > pair1b);
+
+    EXPECT_TRUE(pair1 != pair2);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(pair1 < pair2);
+    EXPECT_FALSE(pair1 > pair2);
+}
+
+TEST_F(String8Test, SvCtor) {
+    const char* expected = "abc";
+    std::string s{expected};
+    EXPECT_STREQ(String8{s}.c_str(), expected);
+    EXPECT_STREQ(String8{std::string_view{s}}.c_str(), expected);
+    EXPECT_STREQ(String8{expected}.c_str(), expected);
+}
diff --git a/libutils/StrongPointer.cpp b/libutils/binder/StrongPointer.cpp
similarity index 100%
rename from libutils/StrongPointer.cpp
rename to libutils/binder/StrongPointer.cpp
diff --git a/libutils/StrongPointer_test.cpp b/libutils/binder/StrongPointer_test.cpp
similarity index 86%
rename from libutils/StrongPointer_test.cpp
rename to libutils/binder/StrongPointer_test.cpp
index f27c1f1cc193..aa993c3f8433 100644
--- a/libutils/StrongPointer_test.cpp
+++ b/libutils/binder/StrongPointer_test.cpp
@@ -106,3 +106,17 @@ TYPED_TEST(StrongPointer, AssertStrongRefExists) {
     EXPECT_DEATH(sp<TypeParam>::fromExisting(foo), "");
     delete foo;
 }
+
+TYPED_TEST(StrongPointer, release) {
+    bool isDeleted = false;
+    TypeParam* foo = nullptr;
+    {
+        sp<TypeParam> sp1 = sp<TypeParam>::make(&isDeleted);
+        ASSERT_EQ(1, sp1->getStrongCount());
+        foo = sp1.release();
+    }
+    ASSERT_FALSE(isDeleted) << "release failed, deleted anyway when sp left scope";
+    ASSERT_EQ(1, foo->getStrongCount()) << "release mismanaged refcount";
+    foo->decStrong(nullptr);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(isDeleted) << "foo was leaked!";
+}
diff --git a/libutils/Unicode.cpp b/libutils/binder/Unicode.cpp
similarity index 56%
rename from libutils/Unicode.cpp
rename to libutils/binder/Unicode.cpp
index 3ffcf7e34c57..2ed2d4f80ae2 100644
--- a/libutils/Unicode.cpp
+++ b/libutils/binder/Unicode.cpp
@@ -16,7 +16,6 @@
 
 #define LOG_TAG "unicode"
 
-#include <android-base/macros.h>
 #include <limits.h>
 #include <utils/Unicode.h>
 
@@ -92,11 +91,11 @@ static inline void utf32_codepoint_to_utf8(uint8_t* dstP, char32_t srcChar, size
     switch (bytes)
     {   /* note: everything falls through. */
         case 4: *--dstP = (uint8_t)((srcChar | kByteMark) & kByteMask); srcChar >>= 6;
-            FALLTHROUGH_INTENDED;
+            [[fallthrough]];
         case 3: *--dstP = (uint8_t)((srcChar | kByteMark) & kByteMask); srcChar >>= 6;
-            FALLTHROUGH_INTENDED;
+            [[fallthrough]];
         case 2: *--dstP = (uint8_t)((srcChar | kByteMark) & kByteMask); srcChar >>= 6;
-            FALLTHROUGH_INTENDED;
+            [[fallthrough]];
         case 1: *--dstP = (uint8_t)(srcChar | kFirstByteMark[bytes]);
     }
 }
@@ -280,158 +279,181 @@ int strzcmp16(const char16_t *s1, size_t n1, const char16_t *s2, size_t n2)
            : 0);
 }
 
-void utf16_to_utf8(const char16_t* src, size_t src_len, char* dst, size_t dst_len)
-{
-    if (src == nullptr || src_len == 0 || dst == nullptr) {
-        return;
-    }
-
-    const char16_t* cur_utf16 = src;
-    const char16_t* const end_utf16 = src + src_len;
-    char *cur = dst;
-    while (cur_utf16 < end_utf16) {
-        char32_t utf32;
-        // surrogate pairs
-        if((*cur_utf16 & 0xFC00) == 0xD800 && (cur_utf16 + 1) < end_utf16
-                && (*(cur_utf16 + 1) & 0xFC00) == 0xDC00) {
-            utf32 = (*cur_utf16++ - 0xD800) << 10;
-            utf32 |= *cur_utf16++ - 0xDC00;
-            utf32 += 0x10000;
-        } else {
-            utf32 = (char32_t) *cur_utf16++;
-        }
-        const size_t len = utf32_codepoint_utf8_length(utf32);
-        LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(dst_len < len, "%zu < %zu", dst_len, len);
-        utf32_codepoint_to_utf8((uint8_t*)cur, utf32, len);
-        cur += len;
-        dst_len -= len;
-    }
-    LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(dst_len < 1, "%zu < 1", dst_len);
-    *cur = '\0';
+// is_any_surrogate() returns true if w is either a high or low surrogate
+static constexpr bool is_any_surrogate(char16_t w) {
+    return (w & 0xf800) == 0xd800;
 }
 
-// --------------------------------------------------------------------------
-// UTF-8
-// --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// is_surrogate_pair() returns true if w1 and w2 form a valid surrogate pair
+static constexpr bool is_surrogate_pair(char16_t w1, char16_t w2) {
+    return ((w1 & 0xfc00) == 0xd800) && ((w2 & 0xfc00) == 0xdc00);
+}
 
+// TODO: currently utf16_to_utf8_length() returns -1 if src_len == 0,
+// which is inconsistent with utf8_to_utf16_length(), here we keep the
+// current behavior as intended not to break compatibility
 ssize_t utf16_to_utf8_length(const char16_t *src, size_t src_len)
 {
-    if (src == nullptr || src_len == 0) {
+    if (src == nullptr || src_len == 0)
         return -1;
-    }
 
-    size_t ret = 0;
     const char16_t* const end = src + src_len;
-    while (src < end) {
-        size_t char_len;
-        if ((*src & 0xFC00) == 0xD800 && (src + 1) < end
-                && (*(src + 1) & 0xFC00) == 0xDC00) {
-            // surrogate pairs are always 4 bytes.
-            char_len = 4;
-            src += 2;
-        } else {
-            char_len = utf32_codepoint_utf8_length((char32_t)*src++);
+    const char16_t* in = src;
+    size_t utf8_len = 0;
+
+    while (in < end) {
+        char16_t w = *in++;
+        if (w < 0x0080) [[likely]] {
+            utf8_len += 1;
+            continue;
         }
-        if (SSIZE_MAX - char_len < ret) {
-            // If this happens, we would overflow the ssize_t type when
-            // returning from this function, so we cannot express how
-            // long this string is in an ssize_t.
-            android_errorWriteLog(0x534e4554, "37723026");
-            return -1;
+        if (w < 0x0800) [[likely]] {
+            utf8_len += 2;
+            continue;
         }
-        ret += char_len;
+        if (!is_any_surrogate(w)) [[likely]] {
+            utf8_len += 3;
+            continue;
+        }
+        if (in < end && is_surrogate_pair(w, *in)) {
+            utf8_len += 4;
+            in++;
+            continue;
+        }
+        /* skip if at the end of the string or invalid surrogate pair */
     }
-    return ret;
+    return (in == end && utf8_len < SSIZE_MAX) ? utf8_len : -1;
 }
 
-/**
- * Returns 1-4 based on the number of leading bits.
- *
- * 1111 -> 4
- * 1110 -> 3
- * 110x -> 2
- * 10xx -> 1
- * 0xxx -> 1
- */
-static inline size_t utf8_codepoint_len(uint8_t ch)
+void utf16_to_utf8(const char16_t* src, size_t src_len, char* dst, size_t dst_len)
 {
-    return ((0xe5000000 >> ((ch >> 3) & 0x1e)) & 3) + 1;
-}
+    if (src == nullptr || src_len == 0 || dst == nullptr) {
+        return;
+    }
 
-static inline void utf8_shift_and_mask(uint32_t* codePoint, const uint8_t byte)
-{
-    *codePoint <<= 6;
-    *codePoint |= 0x3F & byte;
+    const char16_t* in = src;
+    const char16_t* const in_end = src + src_len;
+    char* out = dst;
+    const char* const out_end = dst + dst_len;
+    char16_t w2;
+
+    auto err_out = [&out, &out_end, &dst_len]() {
+        LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(out >= out_end,
+                "target utf8 string size %zu too short", dst_len);
+    };
+
+    while (in < in_end) {
+        char16_t w = *in++;
+        if (w < 0x0080) [[likely]] {
+            if (out + 1 > out_end)
+                return err_out();
+            *out++ = (char)(w & 0xff);
+            continue;
+        }
+        if (w < 0x0800) [[likely]] {
+            if (out + 2 > out_end)
+                return err_out();
+            *out++ = (char)(0xc0 | ((w >> 6) & 0x1f));
+            *out++ = (char)(0x80 | ((w >> 0) & 0x3f));
+            continue;
+        }
+        if (!is_any_surrogate(w)) [[likely]] {
+            if (out + 3 > out_end)
+                return err_out();
+            *out++ = (char)(0xe0 | ((w >> 12) & 0xf));
+            *out++ = (char)(0x80 | ((w >> 6) & 0x3f));
+            *out++ = (char)(0x80 | ((w >> 0) & 0x3f));
+            continue;
+        }
+        /* surrogate pair */
+        if (in < in_end && (w2 = *in, is_surrogate_pair(w, w2))) {
+            if (out + 4 > out_end)
+                return err_out();
+            char32_t dw = (char32_t)(0x10000 + ((w - 0xd800) << 10) + (w2 - 0xdc00));
+            *out++ = (char)(0xf0 | ((dw >> 18) & 0x07));
+            *out++ = (char)(0x80 | ((dw >> 12) & 0x3f));
+            *out++ = (char)(0x80 | ((dw >> 6)  & 0x3f));
+            *out++ = (char)(0x80 | ((dw >> 0)  & 0x3f));
+            in++;
+        }
+        /* We reach here in two cases:
+         *  1) (in == in_end), which means end of the input string
+         *  2) (w2 & 0xfc00) != 0xdc00, which means invalid surrogate pair
+         * In either case, we intentionally do nothing and skip
+         */
+    }
+    *out = '\0';
+    return;
 }
 
-static inline uint32_t utf8_to_utf32_codepoint(const uint8_t *src, size_t length)
-{
-    uint32_t unicode;
-
-    switch (length)
-    {
-        case 1:
-            return src[0];
-        case 2:
-            unicode = src[0] & 0x1f;
-            utf8_shift_and_mask(&unicode, src[1]);
-            return unicode;
-        case 3:
-            unicode = src[0] & 0x0f;
-            utf8_shift_and_mask(&unicode, src[1]);
-            utf8_shift_and_mask(&unicode, src[2]);
-            return unicode;
-        case 4:
-            unicode = src[0] & 0x07;
-            utf8_shift_and_mask(&unicode, src[1]);
-            utf8_shift_and_mask(&unicode, src[2]);
-            utf8_shift_and_mask(&unicode, src[3]);
-            return unicode;
-        default:
-            return 0xffff;
-    }
+// --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// UTF-8
+// --------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-    //printf("Char at %p: len=%d, utf-16=%p\n", src, length, (void*)result);
+static char32_t utf8_4b_to_utf32(uint8_t c1, uint8_t c2, uint8_t c3, uint8_t c4) {
+    return ((c1 & 0x07) << 18) | ((c2 & 0x3f) << 12) | ((c3 & 0x3f) << 6) | (c4 & 0x3f);
 }
 
+// TODO: current behavior of converting UTF8 to UTF-16 has a few issues below
+//
+// 1. invalid trailing bytes (i.e. not b'10xxxxxx) are treated as valid trailing
+//    bytes and follows normal conversion rules
+// 2. invalid leading byte (b'10xxxxxx) is treated as a valid single UTF-8 byte
+// 3. invalid leading byte (b'11111xxx) is treated as a valid leading byte
+//    (same as b'11110xxx) for a 4-byte UTF-8 sequence
+// 4. an invalid 4-byte UTF-8 sequence that translates to a codepoint < U+10000
+//    will be converted as a valid UTF-16 character
+//
+// We keep the current behavior as is but with warnings logged, so as not to
+// break compatibility.  However, this needs to be addressed later.
+
 ssize_t utf8_to_utf16_length(const uint8_t* u8str, size_t u8len, bool overreadIsFatal)
 {
-    const uint8_t* const u8end = u8str + u8len;
-    const uint8_t* u8cur = u8str;
-
-    /* Validate that the UTF-8 is the correct len */
-    size_t u16measuredLen = 0;
-    while (u8cur < u8end) {
-        u16measuredLen++;
-        int u8charLen = utf8_codepoint_len(*u8cur);
-        // Malformed utf8, some characters are beyond the end.
-        // Cases:
-        // If u8charLen == 1, this becomes u8cur >= u8end, which cannot happen as u8cur < u8end,
-        // then this condition fail and we continue, as expected.
-        // If u8charLen == 2, this becomes u8cur + 1 >= u8end, which fails only if
-        // u8cur == u8end - 1, that is, there was only one remaining character to read but we need
-        // 2 of them. This condition holds and we return -1, as expected.
-        if (u8cur + u8charLen - 1 >= u8end) {
-            if (overreadIsFatal) {
-                LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL("Attempt to overread computing length of utf8 string");
-            } else {
-                return -1;
+    if (u8str == nullptr)
+        return -1;
+
+    const uint8_t* const in_end = u8str + u8len;
+    const uint8_t* in = u8str;
+    size_t utf16_len = 0;
+
+    while (in < in_end) {
+        uint8_t c = *in;
+        utf16_len++;
+        if ((c & 0x80) == 0) [[likely]] {
+            in++;
+            continue;
+        }
+        if (c < 0xc0) [[unlikely]] {
+            ALOGW("Invalid UTF-8 leading byte: 0x%02x", c);
+            in++;
+            continue;
+        }
+        if (c < 0xe0) [[likely]] {
+            in += 2;
+            continue;
+        }
+        if (c < 0xf0) [[likely]] {
+            in += 3;
+            continue;
+        } else {
+            uint8_t c2, c3, c4;
+            if (c >= 0xf8) [[unlikely]] {
+                ALOGW("Invalid UTF-8 leading byte: 0x%02x", c);
+            }
+            c2 = in[1]; c3 = in[2]; c4 = in[3];
+            if (utf8_4b_to_utf32(c, c2, c3, c4) >= 0x10000) {
+                utf16_len++;
             }
+            in += 4;
+            continue;
         }
-        uint32_t codepoint = utf8_to_utf32_codepoint(u8cur, u8charLen);
-        if (codepoint > 0xFFFF) u16measuredLen++; // this will be a surrogate pair in utf16
-        u8cur += u8charLen;
     }
-
-    /**
-     * Make sure that we ended where we thought we would and the output UTF-16
-     * will be exactly how long we were told it would be.
-     */
-    if (u8cur != u8end) {
-        return -1;
+    if (in == in_end) {
+        return utf16_len < SSIZE_MAX ? utf16_len : -1;
     }
-
-    return u16measuredLen;
+    if (overreadIsFatal)
+        LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL("Attempt to overread computing length of utf8 string");
+    return -1;
 }
 
 char16_t* utf8_to_utf16(const uint8_t* u8str, size_t u8len, char16_t* u16str, size_t u16len) {
@@ -444,38 +466,75 @@ char16_t* utf8_to_utf16(const uint8_t* u8str, size_t u8len, char16_t* u16str, si
 
 char16_t* utf8_to_utf16_no_null_terminator(
         const uint8_t* src, size_t srcLen, char16_t* dst, size_t dstLen) {
-    if (dstLen == 0) {
+    if (src == nullptr || srcLen == 0 || dstLen == 0) {
         return dst;
     }
     // A value > SSIZE_MAX is probably a negative value returned as an error and casted.
     LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(dstLen > SSIZE_MAX, "dstLen is %zu", dstLen);
-    const uint8_t* const u8end = src + srcLen;
-    const uint8_t* u8cur = src;
-    const char16_t* const u16end = dst + dstLen;
-    char16_t* u16cur = dst;
-
-    while (u8cur < u8end && u16cur < u16end) {
-        size_t u8len = utf8_codepoint_len(*u8cur);
-        uint32_t codepoint = utf8_to_utf32_codepoint(u8cur, u8len);
-
-        // Convert the UTF32 codepoint to one or more UTF16 codepoints
-        if (codepoint <= 0xFFFF) {
-            // Single UTF16 character
-            *u16cur++ = (char16_t) codepoint;
+
+    const uint8_t* const in_end = src + srcLen;
+    const uint8_t* in = src;
+    const char16_t* const out_end = dst + dstLen;
+    char16_t* out = dst;
+    uint8_t c, c2, c3, c4;
+    char32_t w;
+
+    auto err_in = [&c, &out]() {
+        ALOGW("Unended UTF-8 byte: 0x%02x", c);
+        return out;
+    };
+
+    while (in < in_end && out < out_end) {
+        c = *in++;
+        if ((c & 0x80) == 0) [[likely]] {
+            *out++ = (char16_t)(c);
+            continue;
+        }
+        if (c < 0xc0) [[unlikely]] {
+            ALOGW("Invalid UTF-8 leading byte: 0x%02x", c);
+            *out++ = (char16_t)(c);
+            continue;
+        }
+        if (c < 0xe0) [[likely]] {
+            if (in + 1 > in_end) [[unlikely]] {
+                return err_in();
+            }
+            c2 = *in++;
+            *out++ = (char16_t)(((c & 0x1f) << 6) | (c2 & 0x3f));
+            continue;
+        }
+        if (c < 0xf0) [[likely]] {
+            if (in + 2 > in_end) [[unlikely]] {
+                return err_in();
+            }
+            c2 = *in++; c3 = *in++;
+            *out++ = (char16_t)(((c & 0x0f) << 12) |
+                                ((c2 & 0x3f) << 6) | (c3 & 0x3f));
+            continue;
         } else {
+            if (in + 3 > in_end) [[unlikely]] {
+                return err_in();
+            }
+            if (c >= 0xf8) [[unlikely]] {
+                ALOGW("Invalid UTF-8 leading byte: 0x%02x", c);
+            }
             // Multiple UTF16 characters with surrogates
-            codepoint = codepoint - 0x10000;
-            *u16cur++ = (char16_t) ((codepoint >> 10) + 0xD800);
-            if (u16cur >= u16end) {
-                // Ooops...  not enough room for this surrogate pair.
-                return u16cur-1;
+            c2 = *in++; c3 = *in++; c4 = *in++;
+            w = utf8_4b_to_utf32(c, c2, c3, c4);
+            if (w < 0x10000) [[unlikely]] {
+                *out++ = (char16_t)(w);
+            } else {
+                if (out + 2 > out_end) [[unlikely]] {
+                    // Ooops.... not enough room for this surrogate pair.
+                    return out;
+                }
+                *out++ = (char16_t)(((w - 0x10000) >> 10) + 0xd800);
+                *out++ = (char16_t)(((w - 0x10000) & 0x3ff) + 0xdc00);
             }
-            *u16cur++ = (char16_t) ((codepoint & 0x3FF) + 0xDC00);
+            continue;
         }
-
-        u8cur += u8len;
     }
-    return u16cur;
+    return out;
 }
 
 }
diff --git a/libutils/Unicode_test.cpp b/libutils/binder/Unicode_test.cpp
similarity index 100%
rename from libutils/Unicode_test.cpp
rename to libutils/binder/Unicode_test.cpp
diff --git a/libutils/VectorImpl.cpp b/libutils/binder/VectorImpl.cpp
similarity index 99%
rename from libutils/VectorImpl.cpp
rename to libutils/binder/VectorImpl.cpp
index d951b8bbbc3c..a62664f7b1a8 100644
--- a/libutils/VectorImpl.cpp
+++ b/libutils/binder/VectorImpl.cpp
@@ -463,7 +463,8 @@ void VectorImpl::_shrink(size_t where, size_t amount)
     size_t new_size;
     LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(__builtin_sub_overflow(mCount, amount, &new_size));
 
-    if (new_size < (capacity() / 2)) {
+    const size_t prev_capacity = capacity();
+    if (new_size < (prev_capacity / 2) && prev_capacity > kMinVectorCapacity) {
         // NOTE: (new_size * 2) is safe because capacity didn't overflow and
         // new_size < (capacity / 2)).
         const size_t new_capacity = max(kMinVectorCapacity, new_size * 2);
diff --git a/libutils/Vector_benchmark.cpp b/libutils/binder/Vector_benchmark.cpp
similarity index 100%
rename from libutils/Vector_benchmark.cpp
rename to libutils/binder/Vector_benchmark.cpp
diff --git a/libutils/binder/Vector_fuzz.cpp b/libutils/binder/Vector_fuzz.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..3cef4870915a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libutils/binder/Vector_fuzz.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,215 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2020 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+#include <fuzzer/FuzzedDataProvider.h>
+#include <log/log.h>
+#include <utils/Vector.h>
+
+#include <functional>
+
+using android::Vector;
+
+static constexpr uint16_t MAX_VEC_SIZE = 100;
+static constexpr bool kLog = false;
+
+struct NonTrivialDestructor {
+    NonTrivialDestructor() : mInit(1) {}
+    ~NonTrivialDestructor() {
+        LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(mInit != 1, "mInit should be 1, but it's: %d", mInit);
+        mInit--;
+        LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(mInit != 0, "mInit should be 0, but it's: %d", mInit);
+    }
+
+  private:
+    uint8_t mInit;
+};
+
+template <typename T>
+struct VectorFuzzerData {
+    Vector<T> vector;
+    const std::vector<std::function<void(FuzzedDataProvider&, Vector<T>&)>> funcs = {
+            [&](FuzzedDataProvider& provider, Vector<T>& vector) {
+                (void)provider;
+                // operator= Vector<TYPE>, still needs for SortedVector
+                if (kLog) ALOGI("operator=");
+                vector = testVector(provider);
+            },
+            [&](FuzzedDataProvider& provider, Vector<T>& vector) {
+                (void)provider;
+                if (kLog) ALOGI("clear");
+                vector.clear();
+            },
+            [&](FuzzedDataProvider& provider, Vector<T>& vector) {
+                (void)provider;
+                if (kLog) ALOGI("size");
+                vector.size();
+            },
+            [&](FuzzedDataProvider& provider, Vector<T>& vector) {
+                (void)provider;
+                if (kLog) ALOGI("isEmpty");
+                vector.isEmpty();
+            },
+            [&](FuzzedDataProvider& provider, Vector<T>& vector) {
+                (void)provider;
+                if (kLog) ALOGI("capacity");
+                vector.capacity();
+            },
+            [&](FuzzedDataProvider& provider, Vector<T>& vector) {
+                size_t vectorSize = provider.ConsumeIntegralInRange<size_t>(0, MAX_VEC_SIZE);
+                if (kLog) ALOGI("setCapacity");
+                vector.setCapacity(vectorSize);
+            },
+            [&](FuzzedDataProvider& provider, Vector<T>& vector) {
+                size_t vectorSize = provider.ConsumeIntegralInRange<size_t>(0, MAX_VEC_SIZE);
+                if (kLog) ALOGI("resize");
+                vector.resize(vectorSize);
+            },
+            [&](FuzzedDataProvider& provider, Vector<T>& vector) {
+                (void)provider;
+                if (kLog) ALOGI("array");
+                vector.array();
+            },
+            [&](FuzzedDataProvider& provider, Vector<T>& vector) {
+                (void)provider;
+                if (kLog) ALOGI("editArray");
+                vector.editArray();
+            },
+            [&](FuzzedDataProvider& provider, Vector<T>& vector) {
+                if (vector.size() == 0) return;
+                size_t idx = provider.ConsumeIntegralInRange<size_t>(0, vector.size() - 1);
+                if (kLog) ALOGI("operator[]");
+                vector[idx];  // returns a const value for Vector
+            },
+            [&](FuzzedDataProvider& provider, Vector<T>& vector) {
+                if (vector.size() == 0) return;
+                size_t idx = provider.ConsumeIntegralInRange<size_t>(0, vector.size() - 1);
+                if (kLog) ALOGI("itemAt");
+                vector.itemAt(idx);
+            },
+            [&](FuzzedDataProvider& provider, Vector<T>& vector) {
+                (void)provider;
+                if (vector.size() == 0) return;
+                if (kLog) ALOGI("top");
+                vector.top();
+            },
+            [&](FuzzedDataProvider& provider, Vector<T>& vector) {
+                if (vector.size() == 0) return;
+                size_t idx = provider.ConsumeIntegralInRange<size_t>(0, vector.size() - 1);
+                if (kLog) ALOGI("editItemAt");
+                vector.editItemAt(idx);
+            },
+            [&](FuzzedDataProvider& provider, Vector<T>& vector) {
+                (void)provider;
+                if (vector.size() == 0) return;
+                if (kLog) ALOGI("editTop");
+                vector.editTop() = T{};
+            },
+            [&](FuzzedDataProvider& provider, Vector<T>& vector) {
+                uint8_t idx = provider.ConsumeIntegralInRange<uint8_t>(0, vector.size());
+                Vector vec2 = testVector(provider);
+                if (vec2.size() == 0) return;  // TODO: maybe we should support this?
+                if (kLog) ALOGI("insertVectorAt %d of size %zu", idx, vec2.size());
+                vector.insertVectorAt(vec2, idx);
+            },
+            [&](FuzzedDataProvider& provider, Vector<T>& vector) {
+                if (kLog) ALOGI("appendVector");
+                vector.appendVector(testVector(provider));
+            },
+            // TODO: insertArrayAt
+            // TODO: appendArray
+            [&](FuzzedDataProvider& provider, Vector<T>& vector) {
+                uint8_t idx = provider.ConsumeIntegralInRange<uint8_t>(0, vector.size());
+                uint8_t numItems = provider.ConsumeIntegralInRange<uint8_t>(1, 100);
+                if (kLog) ALOGI("insertAt");
+                vector.insertAt(idx, numItems);
+            },
+            [&](FuzzedDataProvider& provider, Vector<T>& vector) {
+                uint8_t idx = provider.ConsumeIntegralInRange<uint8_t>(0, vector.size());
+                uint8_t numItems = provider.ConsumeIntegralInRange<uint8_t>(1, 100);
+                if (kLog) ALOGI("insertAt");
+                vector.insertAt(T{}, idx, numItems);
+            },
+            [&](FuzzedDataProvider& provider, Vector<T>& vector) {
+                (void)provider;
+                if (vector.size() == 0) return;
+                if (kLog) ALOGI("pop");
+                vector.pop();
+            },
+            [&](FuzzedDataProvider& provider, Vector<T>& vector) {
+                (void)provider;
+                if (kLog) ALOGI("push");
+                vector.push();
+            },
+            [&](FuzzedDataProvider& provider, Vector<T>& vector) {
+                (void)provider;
+                if (kLog) ALOGI("add");
+                vector.add();
+            },
+            [&](FuzzedDataProvider& provider, Vector<T>& vector) {
+                (void)provider;
+                if (kLog) ALOGI("add");
+                vector.add(T{});
+            },
+            [&](FuzzedDataProvider& provider, Vector<T>& vector) {
+                uint8_t idx = provider.ConsumeIntegralInRange<uint8_t>(0, vector.size() - 1);
+                if (kLog) ALOGI("replaceAt");
+                vector.replaceAt(idx);
+            },
+            [&](FuzzedDataProvider& provider, Vector<T>& vector) {
+                uint8_t idx = provider.ConsumeIntegralInRange<uint8_t>(0, vector.size() - 1);
+                if (kLog) ALOGI("replaceAt");
+                vector.replaceAt(T{}, idx);
+            },
+            [&](FuzzedDataProvider& provider, Vector<T>& vector) {
+                if (vector.size() == 0) return;
+                uint8_t idx = provider.ConsumeIntegralInRange<uint8_t>(0, vector.size() - 1);
+                if (kLog) ALOGI("remoteItemsAt");
+                vector.removeItemsAt(idx);  // TODO: different count
+            },
+            // removeAt is alias for removeItemsAt
+            // TODO: sort
+            [&](FuzzedDataProvider& provider, Vector<T>& vector) {
+                (void)provider;
+                if (kLog) ALOGI("getItemSize");
+                vector.getItemSize();
+            },
+            // TODO: iterators
+    };
+
+    Vector<T> testVector(FuzzedDataProvider& provider) {
+        Vector<T> vec;
+        size_t vectorSize = provider.ConsumeIntegralInRange<size_t>(0, MAX_VEC_SIZE);
+        return vec;
+    }
+
+    void fuzz(FuzzedDataProvider&& provider) {
+        while (provider.remaining_bytes()) {
+            size_t funcIdx = provider.ConsumeIntegralInRange<size_t>(0, funcs.size() - 1);
+            funcs[funcIdx](provider, vector);
+        }
+    }
+};
+
+extern "C" int LLVMFuzzerTestOneInput(const uint8_t* data, size_t size) {
+    FuzzedDataProvider provider(data, size);
+
+    provider.PickValueInArray<std::function<void()>>({
+            [&]() { VectorFuzzerData<uint8_t>().fuzz(std::move(provider)); },
+            [&]() { VectorFuzzerData<int32_t>().fuzz(std::move(provider)); },
+            [&]() { VectorFuzzerData<NonTrivialDestructor>().fuzz(std::move(provider)); },
+    })();
+
+    return 0;
+}
diff --git a/libutils/Vector_test.cpp b/libutils/binder/Vector_test.cpp
similarity index 99%
rename from libutils/Vector_test.cpp
rename to libutils/binder/Vector_test.cpp
index 6d90eaa9e47b..312dcf688d21 100644
--- a/libutils/Vector_test.cpp
+++ b/libutils/binder/Vector_test.cpp
@@ -16,7 +16,6 @@
 
 #define LOG_TAG "Vector_test"
 
-#define __STDC_LIMIT_MACROS
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include <unistd.h>
 
diff --git a/libutils/binder/include/utils/Errors.h b/libutils/binder/include/utils/Errors.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..22fb36d2500e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libutils/binder/include/utils/Errors.h
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2007 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <string>
+
+namespace android {
+
+/**
+ * The type used to return success/failure from frameworks APIs.
+ * See the anonymous enum below for valid values.
+ */
+typedef int32_t status_t;
+
+/*
+ * Error codes. 
+ * All error codes are negative values.
+ */
+
+enum {
+    OK                = 0,    // Preferred constant for checking success.
+#ifndef NO_ERROR
+    // Win32 #defines NO_ERROR as well.  It has the same value, so there's no
+    // real conflict, though it's a bit awkward.
+    NO_ERROR          = OK,   // Deprecated synonym for `OK`. Prefer `OK` because it doesn't conflict with Windows.
+#endif
+
+    UNKNOWN_ERROR       = (-2147483647-1), // INT32_MIN value
+
+    NO_MEMORY           = -ENOMEM,
+    INVALID_OPERATION   = -ENOSYS,
+    BAD_VALUE           = -EINVAL,
+    BAD_TYPE            = (UNKNOWN_ERROR + 1),
+    NAME_NOT_FOUND      = -ENOENT,
+    PERMISSION_DENIED   = -EPERM,
+    NO_INIT             = -ENODEV,
+    ALREADY_EXISTS      = -EEXIST,
+    DEAD_OBJECT         = -EPIPE,
+    FAILED_TRANSACTION  = (UNKNOWN_ERROR + 2),
+#if !defined(_WIN32)
+    BAD_INDEX           = -EOVERFLOW,
+    NOT_ENOUGH_DATA     = -ENODATA,
+    WOULD_BLOCK         = -EWOULDBLOCK, 
+    TIMED_OUT           = -ETIMEDOUT,
+    UNKNOWN_TRANSACTION = -EBADMSG,
+#else    
+    BAD_INDEX           = -E2BIG,
+    NOT_ENOUGH_DATA     = (UNKNOWN_ERROR + 3),
+    WOULD_BLOCK         = (UNKNOWN_ERROR + 4),
+    TIMED_OUT           = (UNKNOWN_ERROR + 5),
+    UNKNOWN_TRANSACTION = (UNKNOWN_ERROR + 6),
+#endif    
+    FDS_NOT_ALLOWED     = (UNKNOWN_ERROR + 7),
+    UNEXPECTED_NULL     = (UNKNOWN_ERROR + 8),
+};
+
+// Human readable name of error
+std::string statusToString(status_t status);
+
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/libutils/binder/include/utils/LightRefBase.h b/libutils/binder/include/utils/LightRefBase.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..40edf6718d33
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libutils/binder/include/utils/LightRefBase.h
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2017 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#pragma once
+
+/*
+ * See documentation in RefBase.h
+ */
+
+#include <atomic>
+
+#include <sys/types.h>
+
+namespace android {
+
+class ReferenceRenamer;
+
+void LightRefBase_reportIncStrongRequireStrongFailed(const void* thiz);
+
+template <class T>
+class LightRefBase
+{
+public:
+    inline LightRefBase() : mCount(0) { }
+    inline void incStrong(__attribute__((unused)) const void* id) const {
+        mCount.fetch_add(1, std::memory_order_relaxed);
+    }
+    inline void incStrongRequireStrong(__attribute__((unused)) const void* id) const {
+        if (0 == mCount.fetch_add(1, std::memory_order_relaxed)) {
+            LightRefBase_reportIncStrongRequireStrongFailed(this);
+        }
+    }
+    inline void decStrong(__attribute__((unused)) const void* id) const {
+        if (mCount.fetch_sub(1, std::memory_order_release) == 1) {
+            std::atomic_thread_fence(std::memory_order_acquire);
+            delete static_cast<const T*>(this);
+        }
+    }
+    //! DEBUGGING ONLY: Get current strong ref count.
+    inline int32_t getStrongCount() const {
+        return mCount.load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
+    }
+
+protected:
+    inline ~LightRefBase() { }
+
+private:
+    friend class ReferenceMover;
+    inline static void renameRefs(size_t /*n*/, const ReferenceRenamer& /*renamer*/) { }
+    inline static void renameRefId(T* /*ref*/, const void* /*old_id*/ , const void* /*new_id*/) { }
+
+private:
+    mutable std::atomic<int32_t> mCount;
+};
+
+// This is a wrapper around LightRefBase that simply enforces a virtual
+// destructor to eliminate the template requirement of LightRefBase
+class VirtualLightRefBase : public LightRefBase<VirtualLightRefBase> {
+public:
+    virtual ~VirtualLightRefBase() = default;
+};
+
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/libutils/binder/include/utils/RefBase.h b/libutils/binder/include/utils/RefBase.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..b6a8707a830f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libutils/binder/include/utils/RefBase.h
@@ -0,0 +1,818 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2016 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+
+// SOME COMMENTS ABOUT USAGE:
+
+// This provides primarily wp<> weak pointer types and RefBase, which work
+// together with sp<> from <StrongPointer.h>.
+
+// sp<> (and wp<>) are a type of smart pointer that use a well defined protocol
+// to operate. As long as the object they are templated with implements that
+// protocol, these smart pointers work. In several places the platform
+// instantiates sp<> with non-RefBase objects; the two are not tied to each
+// other.
+
+// RefBase is such an implementation and it supports strong pointers, weak
+// pointers and some magic features for the binder.
+
+// So, when using RefBase objects, you have the ability to use strong and weak
+// pointers through sp<> and wp<>.
+
+// Normally, when the last strong pointer goes away, the object is destroyed,
+// i.e. it's destructor is called. HOWEVER, parts of its associated memory is not
+// freed until the last weak pointer is released.
+
+// Weak pointers are essentially "safe" pointers. They are always safe to
+// access through promote(). They may return nullptr if the object was
+// destroyed because it ran out of strong pointers. This makes them good candidates
+// for keys in a cache for instance.
+
+// Weak pointers remain valid for comparison purposes even after the underlying
+// object has been destroyed. Even if object A is destroyed and its memory reused
+// for B, A remaining weak pointer to A will not compare equal to one to B.
+// This again makes them attractive for use as keys.
+
+// How is this supposed / intended to be used?
+
+// Our recommendation is to use strong references (sp<>) when there is an
+// ownership relation. e.g. when an object "owns" another one, use a strong
+// ref. And of course use strong refs as arguments of functions (it's extremely
+// rare that a function will take a wp<>).
+
+// Typically a newly allocated object will immediately be used to initialize
+// a strong pointer, which may then be used to construct or assign to other
+// strong and weak pointers.
+
+// Use weak references when there are no ownership relation. e.g. the keys in a
+// cache (you cannot use plain pointers because there is no safe way to acquire
+// a strong reference from a vanilla pointer).
+
+// This implies that two objects should never (or very rarely) have sp<> on
+// each other, because they can't both own each other.
+
+
+// Caveats with reference counting
+
+// Obviously, circular strong references are a big problem; this creates leaks
+// and it's hard to debug -- except it's in fact really easy because RefBase has
+// tons of debugging code for that. It can basically tell you exactly where the
+// leak is.
+
+// Another problem has to do with destructors with side effects. You must
+// assume that the destructor of reference counted objects can be called AT ANY
+// TIME. For instance code as simple as this:
+
+// void setStuff(const sp<Stuff>& stuff) {
+//   std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mMutex);
+//   mStuff = stuff;
+// }
+
+// is very dangerous. This code WILL deadlock one day or another.
+
+// What isn't obvious is that ~Stuff() can be called as a result of the
+// assignment. And it gets called with the lock held. First of all, the lock is
+// protecting mStuff, not ~Stuff(). Secondly, if ~Stuff() uses its own internal
+// mutex, now you have mutex ordering issues.  Even worse, if ~Stuff() is
+// virtual, now you're calling into "user" code (potentially), by that, I mean,
+// code you didn't even write.
+
+// A correct way to write this code is something like:
+
+// void setStuff(const sp<Stuff>& stuff) {
+//   std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(mMutex);
+//   sp<Stuff> hold = mStuff;
+//   mStuff = stuff;
+//   lock.unlock();
+// }
+
+// More importantly, reference counted objects should do as little work as
+// possible in their destructor, or at least be mindful that their destructor
+// could be called from very weird and unintended places.
+
+// Other more specific restrictions for wp<> and sp<>:
+
+// Do not construct a strong pointer to "this" in an object's constructor.
+// The onFirstRef() callback would be made on an incompletely constructed
+// object.
+// Construction of a weak pointer to "this" in an object's constructor is also
+// discouraged. But the implementation was recently changed so that, in the
+// absence of extendObjectLifetime() calls, weak pointers no longer impact
+// object lifetime, and hence this no longer risks premature deallocation,
+// and hence usually works correctly.
+
+// Such strong or weak pointers can be safely created in the RefBase onFirstRef()
+// callback.
+
+// Use of wp::unsafe_get() for any purpose other than debugging is almost
+// always wrong.  Unless you somehow know that there is a longer-lived sp<> to
+// the same object, it may well return a pointer to a deallocated object that
+// has since been reallocated for a different purpose. (And if you know there
+// is a longer-lived sp<>, why not use an sp<> directly?) A wp<> should only be
+// dereferenced by using promote().
+
+// Any object inheriting from RefBase should always be destroyed as the result
+// of a reference count decrement, not via any other means.  Such objects
+// should never be stack allocated, or appear directly as data members in other
+// objects. Objects inheriting from RefBase should have their strong reference
+// count incremented as soon as possible after construction. Usually this
+// will be done via construction of an sp<> to the object, but may instead
+// involve other means of calling RefBase::incStrong().
+// Explicitly deleting or otherwise destroying a RefBase object with outstanding
+// wp<> or sp<> pointers to it will result in an abort or heap corruption.
+
+// It is particularly important not to mix sp<> and direct storage management
+// since the sp from raw pointer constructor is implicit. Thus if a RefBase-
+// -derived object of type T is managed without ever incrementing its strong
+// count, and accidentally passed to f(sp<T>), a strong pointer to the object
+// will be temporarily constructed and destroyed, prematurely deallocating the
+// object, and resulting in heap corruption. None of this would be easily
+// visible in the source. See below on
+// ANDROID_UTILS_REF_BASE_DISABLE_IMPLICIT_CONSTRUCTION for a compile time
+// option which helps avoid this case.
+
+// Extra Features:
+
+// RefBase::extendObjectLifetime() can be used to prevent destruction of the
+// object while there are still weak references. This is really special purpose
+// functionality to support Binder.
+
+// Wp::promote(), implemented via the attemptIncStrong() member function, is
+// used to try to convert a weak pointer back to a strong pointer.  It's the
+// normal way to try to access the fields of an object referenced only through
+// a wp<>.  Binder code also sometimes uses attemptIncStrong() directly.
+
+// RefBase provides a number of additional callbacks for certain reference count
+// events, as well as some debugging facilities.
+
+// Debugging support can be enabled by turning on DEBUG_REFS in RefBase.cpp.
+// Otherwise little checking is provided.
+
+// Thread safety:
+
+// Like std::shared_ptr, sp<> and wp<> allow concurrent accesses to DIFFERENT
+// sp<> and wp<> instances that happen to refer to the same underlying object.
+// They do NOT support concurrent access (where at least one access is a write)
+// to THE SAME sp<> or wp<>.  In effect, their thread-safety properties are
+// exactly like those of T*, NOT atomic<T*>.
+
+// Safety option: ANDROID_UTILS_REF_BASE_DISABLE_IMPLICIT_CONSTRUCTION
+//
+// This flag makes the semantics for using a RefBase object with wp<> and sp<>
+// much stricter by disabling implicit conversion from raw pointers to these
+// objects. In order to use this, apply this flag in Android.bp like so:
+//
+//    cflags: [
+//        "-DANDROID_UTILS_REF_BASE_DISABLE_IMPLICIT_CONSTRUCTION",
+//    ],
+//
+// REGARDLESS of whether this flag is on, best usage of sp<> is shown below. If
+// this flag is on, no other usage is possible (directly calling RefBase methods
+// is possible, but seeing code using 'incStrong' instead of 'sp<>', for
+// instance, should already set off big alarm bells. With carefully constructed
+// data structures, it should NEVER be necessary to directly use RefBase
+// methods). Proper RefBase usage:
+//
+//    class Foo : virtual public RefBase { ... };
+//
+//    // always construct an sp object with sp::make
+//    sp<Foo> myFoo = sp<Foo>::make(/*args*/);
+//
+//    // if you need a weak pointer, it must be constructed from a strong
+//    // pointer
+//    wp<Foo> weakFoo = myFoo; // NOT myFoo.get()
+//
+//    // If you are inside of a method of Foo and need access to a strong
+//    // explicitly call this function. This documents your intention to code
+//    // readers, and it will give a runtime error for what otherwise would
+//    // be potential double ownership
+//    .... Foo::someMethod(...) {
+//        // asserts if there is a memory issue
+//        sp<Foo> thiz = sp<Foo>::fromExisting(this);
+//    }
+//
+
+#ifndef ANDROID_REF_BASE_H
+#define ANDROID_REF_BASE_H
+
+#include <atomic>
+#include <functional>
+#include <memory>
+#include <type_traits>  // for common_type.
+
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+// LightRefBase used to be declared in this header, so we have to include it
+#include <utils/LightRefBase.h>
+
+#include <utils/StrongPointer.h>
+#include <utils/TypeHelpers.h>
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+namespace android {
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+#define COMPARE_WEAK(_op_)                                      \
+template<typename U>                                            \
+inline bool operator _op_ (const U* o) const {                  \
+    return m_ptr _op_ o;                                        \
+}                                                               \
+/* Needed to handle type inference for nullptr: */              \
+inline bool operator _op_ (const T* o) const {                  \
+    return m_ptr _op_ o;                                        \
+}
+
+template<template<typename C> class comparator, typename T, typename U>
+static inline bool _wp_compare_(T* a, U* b) {
+    return comparator<typename std::common_type<T*, U*>::type>()(a, b);
+}
+
+// Use std::less and friends to avoid undefined behavior when ordering pointers
+// to different objects.
+#define COMPARE_WEAK_FUNCTIONAL(_op_, _compare_)                 \
+template<typename U>                                             \
+inline bool operator _op_ (const U* o) const {                   \
+    return _wp_compare_<_compare_>(m_ptr, o);                    \
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+// RefererenceRenamer is pure abstract, there is no virtual method
+// implementation to put in a translation unit in order to silence the
+// weak vtables warning.
+#if defined(__clang__)
+#pragma clang diagnostic push
+#pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wweak-vtables"
+#endif
+
+class ReferenceRenamer {
+protected:
+    // destructor is purposely not virtual so we avoid code overhead from
+    // subclasses; we have to make it protected to guarantee that it
+    // cannot be called from this base class (and to make strict compilers
+    // happy).
+    ~ReferenceRenamer() { }
+public:
+    virtual void operator()(size_t i) const = 0;
+};
+
+#if defined(__clang__)
+#pragma clang diagnostic pop
+#endif
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+class RefBase
+{
+public:
+            void            incStrong(const void* id) const;
+            void            incStrongRequireStrong(const void* id) const;
+            void            decStrong(const void* id) const;
+    
+            void            forceIncStrong(const void* id) const;
+
+            //! DEBUGGING ONLY: Get current strong ref count.
+            int32_t         getStrongCount() const;
+
+    class weakref_type
+    {
+    public:
+        RefBase*            refBase() const;
+
+        void                incWeak(const void* id);
+        void                incWeakRequireWeak(const void* id);
+        void                decWeak(const void* id);
+
+        // acquires a strong reference if there is already one.
+        bool                attemptIncStrong(const void* id);
+
+        // acquires a weak reference if there is already one.
+        // This is not always safe. see ProcessState.cpp and BpBinder.cpp
+        // for proper use.
+        bool                attemptIncWeak(const void* id);
+
+        //! DEBUGGING ONLY: Get current weak ref count.
+        int32_t             getWeakCount() const;
+
+        //! DEBUGGING ONLY: Print references held on object.
+        void                printRefs() const;
+
+        //! DEBUGGING ONLY: Enable tracking for this object.
+        // enable -- enable/disable tracking
+        // retain -- when tracking is enable, if true, then we save a stack trace
+        //           for each reference and dereference; when retain == false, we
+        //           match up references and dereferences and keep only the
+        //           outstanding ones.
+
+        void                trackMe(bool enable, bool retain);
+    };
+
+            weakref_type*   createWeak(const void* id) const;
+            
+            weakref_type*   getWeakRefs() const;
+
+            //! DEBUGGING ONLY: Print references held on object.
+    inline  void            printRefs() const { getWeakRefs()->printRefs(); }
+
+            //! DEBUGGING ONLY: Enable tracking of object.
+    inline  void            trackMe(bool enable, bool retain)
+    { 
+        getWeakRefs()->trackMe(enable, retain); 
+    }
+
+protected:
+    // When constructing these objects, prefer using sp::make<>. Using a RefBase
+    // object on the stack or with other refcount mechanisms (e.g.
+    // std::shared_ptr) is inherently wrong. RefBase types have an implicit
+    // ownership model and cannot be safely used with other ownership models.
+
+                            RefBase();
+    virtual                 ~RefBase();
+    
+    //! Flags for extendObjectLifetime()
+    enum {
+        OBJECT_LIFETIME_STRONG  = 0x0000,
+        OBJECT_LIFETIME_WEAK    = 0x0001,
+        OBJECT_LIFETIME_MASK    = 0x0001
+    };
+    
+            void            extendObjectLifetime(int32_t mode);
+            
+    //! Flags for onIncStrongAttempted()
+    enum {
+        FIRST_INC_STRONG = 0x0001
+    };
+    
+    // Invoked after creation of initial strong pointer/reference.
+    virtual void            onFirstRef();
+    // Invoked when either the last strong reference goes away, or we need to undo
+    // the effect of an unnecessary onIncStrongAttempted.
+    virtual void            onLastStrongRef(const void* id);
+    // Only called in OBJECT_LIFETIME_WEAK case.  Returns true if OK to promote to
+    // strong reference. May have side effects if it returns true.
+    // The first flags argument is always FIRST_INC_STRONG.
+    // TODO: Remove initial flag argument.
+    virtual bool            onIncStrongAttempted(uint32_t flags, const void* id);
+    // Invoked in the OBJECT_LIFETIME_WEAK case when the last reference of either
+    // kind goes away.  Unused.
+    // TODO: Remove.
+    virtual void            onLastWeakRef(const void* id);
+
+private:
+    friend class weakref_type;
+    class weakref_impl;
+    
+                            RefBase(const RefBase& o);
+            RefBase&        operator=(const RefBase& o);
+
+private:
+    friend class ReferenceMover;
+
+    static void renameRefs(size_t n, const ReferenceRenamer& renamer);
+
+    static void renameRefId(weakref_type* ref,
+            const void* old_id, const void* new_id);
+
+    static void renameRefId(RefBase* ref,
+            const void* old_id, const void* new_id);
+
+        weakref_impl* const mRefs;
+};
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+template <typename T>
+class wp
+{
+public:
+    typedef typename RefBase::weakref_type weakref_type;
+
+    inline constexpr wp() : m_ptr(nullptr), m_refs(nullptr) { }
+
+    // if nullptr, returns nullptr
+    //
+    // if a weak pointer is already available, this will retrieve it,
+    // otherwise, this will abort
+    static inline wp<T> fromExisting(T* other);
+
+    // for more information about this flag, see above
+#if defined(ANDROID_UTILS_REF_BASE_DISABLE_IMPLICIT_CONSTRUCTION)
+    wp(std::nullptr_t) : wp() {}
+#else
+    wp(T* other);  // NOLINT(implicit)
+    template <typename U>
+    wp(U* other);  // NOLINT(implicit)
+    wp& operator=(T* other);
+    template <typename U>
+    wp& operator=(U* other);
+#endif
+
+    wp(const wp<T>& other);
+    explicit wp(const sp<T>& other);
+
+    template<typename U> wp(const sp<U>& other);  // NOLINT(implicit)
+    template<typename U> wp(const wp<U>& other);  // NOLINT(implicit)
+
+    ~wp();
+
+    // Assignment
+
+    wp& operator = (const wp<T>& other);
+    wp& operator = (const sp<T>& other);
+
+    template<typename U> wp& operator = (const wp<U>& other);
+    template<typename U> wp& operator = (const sp<U>& other);
+
+    void set_object_and_refs(T* other, weakref_type* refs);
+
+    // promotion to sp
+
+    sp<T> promote() const;
+
+    // Reset
+
+    void clear();
+
+    // Accessors
+
+    inline  weakref_type* get_refs() const { return m_refs; }
+
+    inline  T* unsafe_get() const { return m_ptr; }
+
+    // Operators
+
+    COMPARE_WEAK(==)
+    COMPARE_WEAK(!=)
+    COMPARE_WEAK_FUNCTIONAL(>, std::greater)
+    COMPARE_WEAK_FUNCTIONAL(<, std::less)
+    COMPARE_WEAK_FUNCTIONAL(<=, std::less_equal)
+    COMPARE_WEAK_FUNCTIONAL(>=, std::greater_equal)
+
+    template<typename U>
+    inline bool operator == (const wp<U>& o) const {
+        return m_refs == o.m_refs;  // Implies m_ptr == o.mptr; see invariants below.
+    }
+
+    template<typename U>
+    inline bool operator == (const sp<U>& o) const {
+        // Just comparing m_ptr fields is often dangerous, since wp<> may refer to an older
+        // object at the same address.
+        if (o == nullptr) {
+          return m_ptr == nullptr;
+        } else {
+          return m_refs == o->getWeakRefs();  // Implies m_ptr == o.mptr.
+        }
+    }
+
+    template<typename U>
+    inline bool operator != (const sp<U>& o) const {
+        return !(*this == o);
+    }
+
+    template<typename U>
+    inline bool operator > (const wp<U>& o) const {
+        if (m_ptr == o.m_ptr) {
+            return _wp_compare_<std::greater>(m_refs, o.m_refs);
+        } else {
+            return _wp_compare_<std::greater>(m_ptr, o.m_ptr);
+        }
+    }
+
+    template<typename U>
+    inline bool operator < (const wp<U>& o) const {
+        if (m_ptr == o.m_ptr) {
+            return _wp_compare_<std::less>(m_refs, o.m_refs);
+        } else {
+            return _wp_compare_<std::less>(m_ptr, o.m_ptr);
+        }
+    }
+    template<typename U> inline bool operator != (const wp<U>& o) const { return !operator == (o); }
+    template<typename U> inline bool operator <= (const wp<U>& o) const { return !operator > (o); }
+    template<typename U> inline bool operator >= (const wp<U>& o) const { return !operator < (o); }
+
+private:
+    template<typename Y> friend class sp;
+    template<typename Y> friend class wp;
+
+    T*              m_ptr;
+    weakref_type*   m_refs;
+};
+
+#undef COMPARE_WEAK
+#undef COMPARE_WEAK_FUNCTIONAL
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// No user serviceable parts below here.
+
+// Implementation invariants:
+// Either
+// 1) m_ptr and m_refs are both null, or
+// 2) m_refs == m_ptr->mRefs, or
+// 3) *m_ptr is no longer live, and m_refs points to the weakref_type object that corresponded
+//    to m_ptr while it was live. *m_refs remains live while a wp<> refers to it.
+//
+// The m_refs field in a RefBase object is allocated on construction, unique to that RefBase
+// object, and never changes. Thus if two wp's have identical m_refs fields, they are either both
+// null or point to the same object. If two wp's have identical m_ptr fields, they either both
+// point to the same live object and thus have the same m_ref fields, or at least one of the
+// objects is no longer live.
+//
+// Note that the above comparison operations go out of their way to provide an ordering consistent
+// with ordinary pointer comparison; otherwise they could ignore m_ptr, and just compare m_refs.
+
+template <typename T>
+wp<T> wp<T>::fromExisting(T* other) {
+    if (!other) return nullptr;
+
+    auto refs = other->getWeakRefs();
+    refs->incWeakRequireWeak(other);
+
+    wp<T> ret;
+    ret.m_ptr = other;
+    ret.m_refs = refs;
+    return ret;
+}
+
+#if !defined(ANDROID_UTILS_REF_BASE_DISABLE_IMPLICIT_CONSTRUCTION)
+template<typename T>
+wp<T>::wp(T* other)
+    : m_ptr(other)
+{
+    m_refs = other ? other->createWeak(this) : nullptr;
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+template <typename U>
+wp<T>::wp(U* other) : m_ptr(other) {
+    m_refs = other ? other->createWeak(this) : nullptr;
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+wp<T>& wp<T>::operator=(T* other) {
+    weakref_type* newRefs = other ? other->createWeak(this) : nullptr;
+    if (m_ptr) m_refs->decWeak(this);
+    m_ptr = other;
+    m_refs = newRefs;
+    return *this;
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+template <typename U>
+wp<T>& wp<T>::operator=(U* other) {
+    weakref_type* newRefs = other ? other->createWeak(this) : 0;
+    if (m_ptr) m_refs->decWeak(this);
+    m_ptr = other;
+    m_refs = newRefs;
+    return *this;
+}
+#endif
+
+template<typename T>
+wp<T>::wp(const wp<T>& other)
+    : m_ptr(other.m_ptr), m_refs(other.m_refs)
+{
+    if (m_ptr) m_refs->incWeak(this);
+}
+
+template<typename T>
+wp<T>::wp(const sp<T>& other)
+    : m_ptr(other.m_ptr)
+{
+    m_refs = m_ptr ? m_ptr->createWeak(this) : nullptr;
+}
+
+template<typename T> template<typename U>
+wp<T>::wp(const wp<U>& other)
+    : m_ptr(other.m_ptr)
+{
+    if (m_ptr) {
+        m_refs = other.m_refs;
+        m_refs->incWeak(this);
+    } else {
+        m_refs = nullptr;
+    }
+}
+
+template<typename T> template<typename U>
+wp<T>::wp(const sp<U>& other)
+    : m_ptr(other.m_ptr)
+{
+    m_refs = m_ptr ? m_ptr->createWeak(this) : nullptr;
+}
+
+template<typename T>
+wp<T>::~wp()
+{
+    if (m_ptr) m_refs->decWeak(this);
+}
+
+template<typename T>
+wp<T>& wp<T>::operator = (const wp<T>& other)
+{
+    weakref_type* otherRefs(other.m_refs);
+    T* otherPtr(other.m_ptr);
+    if (otherPtr) otherRefs->incWeak(this);
+    if (m_ptr) m_refs->decWeak(this);
+    m_ptr = otherPtr;
+    m_refs = otherRefs;
+    return *this;
+}
+
+template<typename T>
+wp<T>& wp<T>::operator = (const sp<T>& other)
+{
+    weakref_type* newRefs =
+        other != nullptr ? other->createWeak(this) : nullptr;
+    T* otherPtr(other.m_ptr);
+    if (m_ptr) m_refs->decWeak(this);
+    m_ptr = otherPtr;
+    m_refs = newRefs;
+    return *this;
+}
+
+template<typename T> template<typename U>
+wp<T>& wp<T>::operator = (const wp<U>& other)
+{
+    weakref_type* otherRefs(other.m_refs);
+    U* otherPtr(other.m_ptr);
+    if (otherPtr) otherRefs->incWeak(this);
+    if (m_ptr) m_refs->decWeak(this);
+    m_ptr = otherPtr;
+    m_refs = otherRefs;
+    return *this;
+}
+
+template<typename T> template<typename U>
+wp<T>& wp<T>::operator = (const sp<U>& other)
+{
+    weakref_type* newRefs = other != nullptr ? other->createWeak(this) : nullptr;
+    U* otherPtr(other.m_ptr);
+    if (m_ptr) m_refs->decWeak(this);
+    m_ptr = otherPtr;
+    m_refs = newRefs;
+    return *this;
+}
+
+template<typename T>
+void wp<T>::set_object_and_refs(T* other, weakref_type* refs)
+{
+    if (other) refs->incWeak(this);
+    if (m_ptr) m_refs->decWeak(this);
+    m_ptr = other;
+    m_refs = refs;
+}
+
+template<typename T>
+sp<T> wp<T>::promote() const
+{
+    sp<T> result;
+    if (m_ptr && m_refs->attemptIncStrong(&result)) {
+        result.set_pointer(m_ptr);
+    }
+    return result;
+}
+
+template<typename T>
+void wp<T>::clear()
+{
+    if (m_ptr) {
+        m_refs->decWeak(this);
+        m_refs = nullptr;
+        m_ptr = nullptr;
+    }
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+// this class just serves as a namespace so TYPE::moveReferences can stay
+// private.
+class ReferenceMover {
+public:
+    // it would be nice if we could make sure no extra code is generated
+    // for sp<TYPE> or wp<TYPE> when TYPE is a descendant of RefBase:
+    // Using a sp<RefBase> override doesn't work; it's a bit like we wanted
+    // a template<typename TYPE inherits RefBase> template...
+
+    template<typename TYPE> static inline
+    void move_references(sp<TYPE>* dest, sp<TYPE> const* src, size_t n) {
+
+        class Renamer : public ReferenceRenamer {
+            sp<TYPE>* d_;
+            sp<TYPE> const* s_;
+            virtual void operator()(size_t i) const {
+                // The id are known to be the sp<>'s this pointer
+                TYPE::renameRefId(d_[i].get(), &s_[i], &d_[i]);
+            }
+        public:
+            Renamer(sp<TYPE>* d, sp<TYPE> const* s) : d_(d), s_(s) { }
+            virtual ~Renamer() { }
+        };
+
+        memmove(dest, src, n*sizeof(sp<TYPE>));
+        TYPE::renameRefs(n, Renamer(dest, src));
+    }
+
+
+    template<typename TYPE> static inline
+    void move_references(wp<TYPE>* dest, wp<TYPE> const* src, size_t n) {
+
+        class Renamer : public ReferenceRenamer {
+            wp<TYPE>* d_;
+            wp<TYPE> const* s_;
+            virtual void operator()(size_t i) const {
+                // The id are known to be the wp<>'s this pointer
+                TYPE::renameRefId(d_[i].get_refs(), &s_[i], &d_[i]);
+            }
+        public:
+            Renamer(wp<TYPE>* rd, wp<TYPE> const* rs) : d_(rd), s_(rs) { }
+            virtual ~Renamer() { }
+        };
+
+        memmove(dest, src, n*sizeof(wp<TYPE>));
+        TYPE::renameRefs(n, Renamer(dest, src));
+    }
+};
+
+// specialization for moving sp<> and wp<> types.
+// these are used by the [Sorted|Keyed]Vector<> implementations
+// sp<> and wp<> need to be handled specially, because they do not
+// have trivial copy operation in the general case (see RefBase.cpp
+// when DEBUG ops are enabled), but can be implemented very
+// efficiently in most cases.
+
+template<typename TYPE> inline
+void move_forward_type(sp<TYPE>* d, sp<TYPE> const* s, size_t n) {
+    ReferenceMover::move_references(d, s, n);
+}
+
+template<typename TYPE> inline
+void move_backward_type(sp<TYPE>* d, sp<TYPE> const* s, size_t n) {
+    ReferenceMover::move_references(d, s, n);
+}
+
+template<typename TYPE> inline
+void move_forward_type(wp<TYPE>* d, wp<TYPE> const* s, size_t n) {
+    ReferenceMover::move_references(d, s, n);
+}
+
+template<typename TYPE> inline
+void move_backward_type(wp<TYPE>* d, wp<TYPE> const* s, size_t n) {
+    ReferenceMover::move_references(d, s, n);
+}
+
+}  // namespace android
+
+namespace libutilsinternal {
+template <typename T, typename = void>
+struct is_complete_type : std::false_type {};
+
+template <typename T>
+struct is_complete_type<T, decltype(void(sizeof(T)))> : std::true_type {};
+}  // namespace libutilsinternal
+
+namespace std {
+
+// Define `RefBase` specific versions of `std::make_shared` and
+// `std::make_unique` to block people from using them. Using them to allocate
+// `RefBase` objects results in double ownership. Use
+// `sp<T>::make(...)` instead.
+//
+// Note: We exclude incomplete types because `std::is_base_of` is undefined in
+// that case.
+
+template <typename T, typename... Args,
+          typename std::enable_if<libutilsinternal::is_complete_type<T>::value, bool>::value = true,
+          typename std::enable_if<std::is_base_of<android::RefBase, T>::value, bool>::value = true>
+shared_ptr<T> make_shared(Args...) {  // SEE COMMENT ABOVE.
+    static_assert(!std::is_base_of<android::RefBase, T>::value, "Must use RefBase with sp<>");
+}
+
+template <typename T, typename... Args,
+          typename std::enable_if<libutilsinternal::is_complete_type<T>::value, bool>::value = true,
+          typename std::enable_if<std::is_base_of<android::RefBase, T>::value, bool>::value = true>
+unique_ptr<T> make_unique(Args...) {  // SEE COMMENT ABOVE.
+    static_assert(!std::is_base_of<android::RefBase, T>::value, "Must use RefBase with sp<>");
+}
+
+}  // namespace std
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+#endif // ANDROID_REF_BASE_H
diff --git a/libutils/binder/include/utils/String16.h b/libutils/binder/include/utils/String16.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..20de647eefac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libutils/binder/include/utils/String16.h
@@ -0,0 +1,411 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2005 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#ifndef ANDROID_STRING16_H
+#define ANDROID_STRING16_H
+
+#include <iostream>
+#include <string>
+#include <string_view>
+
+#include <utils/Errors.h>
+#include <utils/String8.h>
+#include <utils/TypeHelpers.h>
+
+#if __cplusplus >= 202002L
+#include <compare>
+#endif
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+namespace android {
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+template <size_t N>
+class StaticString16;
+
+// DO NOT USE: please use std::u16string
+
+//! This is a string holding UTF-16 characters.
+class String16
+{
+public:
+                                String16();
+                                String16(const String16& o);
+                                String16(String16&& o) noexcept;
+                                String16(const String16& o,
+                                         size_t len,
+                                         size_t begin=0);
+    explicit                    String16(const char16_t* o);
+    explicit                    String16(const char16_t* o, size_t len);
+    explicit                    String16(const String8& o);
+    explicit                    String16(const char* o);
+    explicit                    String16(const char* o, size_t len);
+
+                                ~String16();
+
+    inline  const char16_t*     c_str() const;
+
+            size_t              size() const;
+    inline  bool                empty() const;
+
+    inline  size_t              length() const;
+
+            void                setTo(const String16& other);
+            status_t            setTo(const char16_t* other);
+            status_t            setTo(const char16_t* other, size_t len);
+            status_t            setTo(const String16& other,
+                                      size_t len,
+                                      size_t begin=0);
+
+            status_t            append(const String16& other);
+            status_t            append(const char16_t* other, size_t len);
+
+    inline  String16&           operator=(const String16& other);
+            String16&           operator=(String16&& other) noexcept;
+
+    inline  String16&           operator+=(const String16& other);
+    inline  String16            operator+(const String16& other) const;
+
+            status_t            insert(size_t pos, const char16_t* chrs);
+            status_t            insert(size_t pos,
+                                       const char16_t* chrs, size_t len);
+
+            ssize_t             findFirst(char16_t c) const;
+            ssize_t             findLast(char16_t c) const;
+
+            bool                startsWith(const String16& prefix) const;
+            bool                startsWith(const char16_t* prefix) const;
+
+            bool                contains(const char16_t* chrs) const;
+    inline  bool                contains(const String16& other) const;
+
+            status_t            replaceAll(char16_t replaceThis,
+                                           char16_t withThis);
+
+    inline  int                 compare(const String16& other) const;
+
+    inline  bool                operator<(const String16& other) const;
+    inline  bool                operator<=(const String16& other) const;
+    inline  bool                operator==(const String16& other) const;
+    inline  bool                operator!=(const String16& other) const;
+    inline  bool                operator>=(const String16& other) const;
+    inline  bool                operator>(const String16& other) const;
+#if __cplusplus >= 202002L
+    inline std::strong_ordering operator<=>(const String16& other) const;
+#endif
+
+    inline  bool                operator<(const char16_t* other) const;
+    inline  bool                operator<=(const char16_t* other) const;
+    inline  bool                operator==(const char16_t* other) const;
+    inline  bool                operator!=(const char16_t* other) const;
+    inline  bool                operator>=(const char16_t* other) const;
+    inline  bool                operator>(const char16_t* other) const;
+#if __cplusplus >= 202002L
+    inline std::strong_ordering operator<=>(const char16_t* other) const;
+#endif
+
+    inline                      operator const char16_t*() const;
+
+    // Implicit cast to std::u16string is not implemented on purpose - u16string_view is much
+    // lighter and if one needs, they can still create u16string from u16string_view.
+    inline                      operator std::u16string_view() const;
+
+    // Static and non-static String16 behave the same for the users, so
+    // this method isn't of much use for the users. It is public for testing.
+            bool                isStaticString() const;
+
+  private:
+    /*
+     * A flag indicating the type of underlying buffer.
+     */
+    static constexpr uint32_t kIsSharedBufferAllocated = 0x80000000;
+
+    /*
+     * alloc() returns void* so that SharedBuffer class is not exposed.
+     */
+    static void* alloc(size_t size);
+    static char16_t* allocFromUTF8(const char* u8str, size_t u8len);
+    static char16_t* allocFromUTF16(const char16_t* u16str, size_t u16len);
+
+    /*
+     * edit() and editResize() return void* so that SharedBuffer class
+     * is not exposed.
+     */
+    void* edit();
+    void* editResize(size_t new_size);
+
+    void acquire();
+    void release();
+
+    size_t staticStringSize() const;
+
+    const char16_t* mString;
+
+protected:
+    /*
+     * Data structure used to allocate static storage for static String16.
+     *
+     * Note that this data structure and SharedBuffer are used interchangably
+     * as the underlying data structure for a String16.  Therefore, the layout
+     * of this data structure must match the part in SharedBuffer that is
+     * visible to String16.
+     */
+    template <size_t N>
+    struct StaticData {
+        // The high bit of 'size' is used as a flag.
+        static_assert(N - 1 < kIsSharedBufferAllocated, "StaticString16 too long!");
+        constexpr StaticData() : size(N - 1), data{0} {}
+        const uint32_t size;
+        char16_t data[N];
+
+        constexpr StaticData(const StaticData<N>&) = default;
+    };
+
+    /*
+     * Helper function for constructing a StaticData object.
+     */
+    template <size_t N>
+    static constexpr const StaticData<N> makeStaticData(const char16_t (&s)[N]) {
+        StaticData<N> r;
+        // The 'size' field is at the same location where mClientMetadata would
+        // be for a SharedBuffer.  We do NOT set kIsSharedBufferAllocated flag
+        // here.
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < N - 1; ++i) r.data[i] = s[i];
+        return r;
+    }
+
+    template <size_t N>
+    explicit constexpr String16(const StaticData<N>& s) : mString(s.data) {}
+
+// These symbols are for potential backward compatibility with prebuilts. To be removed.
+#ifdef ENABLE_STRING16_OBSOLETE_METHODS
+public:
+#else
+private:
+#endif
+    inline  const char16_t*     string() const;
+};
+
+// String16 can be trivially moved using memcpy() because moving does not
+// require any change to the underlying SharedBuffer contents or reference count.
+ANDROID_TRIVIAL_MOVE_TRAIT(String16)
+
+static inline std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const String16& str) {
+    os << String8(str);
+    return os;
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/*
+ * A StaticString16 object is a specialized String16 object.  Instead of holding
+ * the string data in a ref counted SharedBuffer object, it holds data in a
+ * buffer within StaticString16 itself.  Note that this buffer is NOT ref
+ * counted and is assumed to be available for as long as there is at least a
+ * String16 object using it.  Therefore, one must be extra careful to NEVER
+ * assign a StaticString16 to a String16 that outlives the StaticString16
+ * object.
+ *
+ * THE SAFEST APPROACH IS TO USE StaticString16 ONLY AS GLOBAL VARIABLES.
+ *
+ * A StaticString16 SHOULD NEVER APPEAR IN APIs.  USE String16 INSTEAD.
+ */
+template <size_t N>
+class StaticString16 : public String16 {
+public:
+    constexpr StaticString16(const char16_t (&s)[N]) : String16(mData), mData(makeStaticData(s)) {}
+
+    constexpr StaticString16(const StaticString16<N>& other)
+        : String16(mData), mData(other.mData) {}
+
+    constexpr StaticString16(const StaticString16<N>&&) = delete;
+
+    // There is no reason why one would want to 'new' a StaticString16.  Delete
+    // it to discourage misuse.
+    static void* operator new(std::size_t) = delete;
+
+private:
+    const StaticData<N> mData;
+};
+
+template <typename F>
+StaticString16(const F&)->StaticString16<sizeof(F) / sizeof(char16_t)>;
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// No user servicable parts below.
+
+inline int compare_type(const String16& lhs, const String16& rhs)
+{
+    return lhs.compare(rhs);
+}
+
+inline int strictly_order_type(const String16& lhs, const String16& rhs)
+{
+    return compare_type(lhs, rhs) < 0;
+}
+
+inline const char16_t* String16::c_str() const
+{
+    return mString;
+}
+
+inline const char16_t* String16::string() const
+{
+    return mString;
+}
+
+inline bool String16::empty() const
+{
+    return length() == 0;
+}
+
+inline size_t String16::length() const
+{
+    return size();
+}
+
+inline bool String16::contains(const String16& other) const
+{
+    return contains(other.c_str());
+}
+
+inline String16& String16::operator=(const String16& other)
+{
+    setTo(other);
+    return *this;
+}
+
+inline String16& String16::operator+=(const String16& other)
+{
+    append(other);
+    return *this;
+}
+
+inline String16 String16::operator+(const String16& other) const
+{
+    String16 tmp(*this);
+    tmp += other;
+    return tmp;
+}
+
+inline int String16::compare(const String16& other) const
+{
+    return strzcmp16(mString, size(), other.mString, other.size());
+}
+
+inline bool String16::operator<(const String16& other) const
+{
+    return strzcmp16(mString, size(), other.mString, other.size()) < 0;
+}
+
+inline bool String16::operator<=(const String16& other) const
+{
+    return strzcmp16(mString, size(), other.mString, other.size()) <= 0;
+}
+
+inline bool String16::operator==(const String16& other) const
+{
+    return strzcmp16(mString, size(), other.mString, other.size()) == 0;
+}
+
+inline bool String16::operator!=(const String16& other) const
+{
+    return strzcmp16(mString, size(), other.mString, other.size()) != 0;
+}
+
+inline bool String16::operator>=(const String16& other) const
+{
+    return strzcmp16(mString, size(), other.mString, other.size()) >= 0;
+}
+
+inline bool String16::operator>(const String16& other) const
+{
+    return strzcmp16(mString, size(), other.mString, other.size()) > 0;
+}
+
+#if __cplusplus >= 202002L
+inline std::strong_ordering String16::operator<=>(const String16& other) const {
+    int result = strzcmp16(mString, size(), other.mString, other.size());
+    if (result == 0) {
+        return std::strong_ordering::equal;
+    } else if (result < 0) {
+        return std::strong_ordering::less;
+    } else {
+        return std::strong_ordering::greater;
+    }
+}
+#endif
+
+inline bool String16::operator<(const char16_t* other) const
+{
+    return strcmp16(mString, other) < 0;
+}
+
+inline bool String16::operator<=(const char16_t* other) const
+{
+    return strcmp16(mString, other) <= 0;
+}
+
+inline bool String16::operator==(const char16_t* other) const
+{
+    return strcmp16(mString, other) == 0;
+}
+
+inline bool String16::operator!=(const char16_t* other) const
+{
+    return strcmp16(mString, other) != 0;
+}
+
+inline bool String16::operator>=(const char16_t* other) const
+{
+    return strcmp16(mString, other) >= 0;
+}
+
+inline bool String16::operator>(const char16_t* other) const
+{
+    return strcmp16(mString, other) > 0;
+}
+
+#if __cplusplus >= 202002L
+inline std::strong_ordering String16::operator<=>(const char16_t* other) const {
+    int result = strcmp16(mString, other);
+    if (result == 0) {
+        return std::strong_ordering::equal;
+    } else if (result < 0) {
+        return std::strong_ordering::less;
+    } else {
+        return std::strong_ordering::greater;
+    }
+}
+#endif
+
+inline String16::operator const char16_t*() const
+{
+    return mString;
+}
+
+inline String16::operator std::u16string_view() const
+{
+    return {mString, length()};
+}
+
+}  // namespace android
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+#endif // ANDROID_STRING16_H
diff --git a/libutils/binder/include/utils/String8.h b/libutils/binder/include/utils/String8.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..404f8a0280c9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libutils/binder/include/utils/String8.h
@@ -0,0 +1,378 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2005 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#ifndef ANDROID_STRING8_H
+#define ANDROID_STRING8_H
+
+#include <iostream>
+#include <string>
+#include <string_view>
+
+#include <utils/Errors.h>
+#include <utils/Unicode.h>
+#include <utils/TypeHelpers.h>
+
+#include <string.h> // for strcmp
+#include <stdarg.h>
+
+#if __cplusplus >= 202002L
+#include <compare>
+#endif
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+namespace android {
+
+class String16;
+
+// DO NOT USE: please use std::string
+
+//! This is a string holding UTF-8 characters. Does not allow the value more
+// than 0x10FFFF, which is not valid unicode codepoint.
+class String8
+{
+public:
+                                String8();
+                                String8(const String8& o);
+    explicit                    String8(const char* o);
+    explicit                    String8(const char* o, size_t numChars);
+    explicit                    String8(std::string_view o);
+
+    explicit                    String8(const String16& o);
+    explicit                    String8(const char16_t* o);
+    explicit                    String8(const char16_t* o, size_t numChars);
+    explicit                    String8(const char32_t* o);
+    explicit                    String8(const char32_t* o, size_t numChars);
+                                ~String8();
+
+    static String8              format(const char* fmt, ...) __attribute__((format (printf, 1, 2)));
+    static String8              formatV(const char* fmt, va_list args);
+
+    inline  const char*         c_str() const;
+
+    inline  size_t              size() const;
+    inline  size_t              bytes() const;
+    inline  bool                empty() const;
+
+            size_t              length() const;
+
+            void                clear();
+
+            void                setTo(const String8& other);
+            status_t            setTo(const char* other);
+            status_t            setTo(const char* other, size_t numChars);
+            status_t            setTo(const char16_t* other, size_t numChars);
+            status_t            setTo(const char32_t* other,
+                                      size_t length);
+
+            status_t            append(const String8& other);
+            status_t            append(const char* other);
+            status_t            append(const char* other, size_t numChars);
+
+            status_t            appendFormat(const char* fmt, ...)
+                    __attribute__((format (printf, 2, 3)));
+            status_t            appendFormatV(const char* fmt, va_list args);
+
+    inline  String8&            operator=(const String8& other);
+    inline  String8&            operator=(const char* other);
+
+    inline  String8&            operator+=(const String8& other);
+    inline  String8             operator+(const String8& other) const;
+
+    inline  String8&            operator+=(const char* other);
+    inline  String8             operator+(const char* other) const;
+
+    inline  int                 compare(const String8& other) const;
+
+    inline  bool                operator<(const String8& other) const;
+    inline  bool                operator<=(const String8& other) const;
+    inline  bool                operator==(const String8& other) const;
+    inline  bool                operator!=(const String8& other) const;
+    inline  bool                operator>=(const String8& other) const;
+    inline  bool                operator>(const String8& other) const;
+#if __cplusplus >= 202002L
+    inline std::strong_ordering operator<=>(const String8& other) const;
+#endif
+
+    inline  bool                operator<(const char* other) const;
+    inline  bool                operator<=(const char* other) const;
+    inline  bool                operator==(const char* other) const;
+    inline  bool                operator!=(const char* other) const;
+    inline  bool                operator>=(const char* other) const;
+    inline  bool                operator>(const char* other) const;
+#if __cplusplus >= 202002L
+    inline std::strong_ordering operator<=>(const char* other) const;
+#endif
+
+    inline                      operator const char*() const;
+
+    inline explicit             operator std::string_view() const;
+
+            char*               lockBuffer(size_t size);
+            void                unlockBuffer();
+            status_t            unlockBuffer(size_t size);
+
+            // return the index of the first byte of other in this at or after
+            // start, or -1 if not found
+            ssize_t             find(const char* other, size_t start = 0) const;
+    inline  ssize_t             find(const String8& other, size_t start = 0) const;
+
+            // return true if this string contains the specified substring
+    inline  bool                contains(const char* other) const;
+    inline  bool                contains(const String8& other) const;
+
+            // removes all occurrence of the specified substring
+            // returns true if any were found and removed
+            bool                removeAll(const char* other);
+    inline  bool                removeAll(const String8& other);
+
+            void                toLower();
+
+private:
+            String8 getPathDir(void) const;
+            String8 getPathExtension(void) const;
+
+            status_t            real_append(const char* other, size_t numChars);
+
+            const char* mString;
+
+// These symbols are for potential backward compatibility with prebuilts. To be removed.
+#ifdef ENABLE_STRING8_OBSOLETE_METHODS
+public:
+#else
+private:
+#endif
+    inline  const char*         string() const;
+    inline  bool                isEmpty() const;
+};
+
+// String8 can be trivially moved using memcpy() because moving does not
+// require any change to the underlying SharedBuffer contents or reference count.
+ANDROID_TRIVIAL_MOVE_TRAIT(String8)
+
+static inline std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const String8& str) {
+    os << str.c_str();
+    return os;
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// No user servicable parts below.
+
+inline int compare_type(const String8& lhs, const String8& rhs)
+{
+    return lhs.compare(rhs);
+}
+
+inline int strictly_order_type(const String8& lhs, const String8& rhs)
+{
+    return compare_type(lhs, rhs) < 0;
+}
+
+inline const char* String8::c_str() const
+{
+    return mString;
+}
+inline const char* String8::string() const
+{
+    return mString;
+}
+
+inline size_t String8::size() const
+{
+    return length();
+}
+
+inline bool String8::empty() const
+{
+    return length() == 0;
+}
+
+inline bool String8::isEmpty() const
+{
+    return length() == 0;
+}
+
+inline size_t String8::bytes() const
+{
+    return length();
+}
+
+inline ssize_t String8::find(const String8& other, size_t start) const
+{
+    return find(other.c_str(), start);
+}
+
+inline bool String8::contains(const char* other) const
+{
+    return find(other) >= 0;
+}
+
+inline bool String8::contains(const String8& other) const
+{
+    return contains(other.c_str());
+}
+
+inline bool String8::removeAll(const String8& other)
+{
+    return removeAll(other.c_str());
+}
+
+inline String8& String8::operator=(const String8& other)
+{
+    setTo(other);
+    return *this;
+}
+
+inline String8& String8::operator=(const char* other)
+{
+    setTo(other);
+    return *this;
+}
+
+inline String8& String8::operator+=(const String8& other)
+{
+    append(other);
+    return *this;
+}
+
+inline String8 String8::operator+(const String8& other) const
+{
+    String8 tmp(*this);
+    tmp += other;
+    return tmp;
+}
+
+inline String8& String8::operator+=(const char* other)
+{
+    append(other);
+    return *this;
+}
+
+inline String8 String8::operator+(const char* other) const
+{
+    String8 tmp(*this);
+    tmp += other;
+    return tmp;
+}
+
+inline int String8::compare(const String8& other) const
+{
+    return strcmp(mString, other.mString);
+}
+
+inline bool String8::operator<(const String8& other) const
+{
+    return strcmp(mString, other.mString) < 0;
+}
+
+inline bool String8::operator<=(const String8& other) const
+{
+    return strcmp(mString, other.mString) <= 0;
+}
+
+inline bool String8::operator==(const String8& other) const
+{
+    return strcmp(mString, other.mString) == 0;
+}
+
+inline bool String8::operator!=(const String8& other) const
+{
+    return strcmp(mString, other.mString) != 0;
+}
+
+inline bool String8::operator>=(const String8& other) const
+{
+    return strcmp(mString, other.mString) >= 0;
+}
+
+inline bool String8::operator>(const String8& other) const
+{
+    return strcmp(mString, other.mString) > 0;
+}
+
+#if __cplusplus >= 202002L
+inline std::strong_ordering String8::operator<=>(const String8& other) const {
+    int result = strcmp(mString, other.mString);
+    if (result == 0) {
+        return std::strong_ordering::equal;
+    } else if (result < 0) {
+        return std::strong_ordering::less;
+    } else {
+        return std::strong_ordering::greater;
+    }
+}
+#endif
+
+inline bool String8::operator<(const char* other) const
+{
+    return strcmp(mString, other) < 0;
+}
+
+inline bool String8::operator<=(const char* other) const
+{
+    return strcmp(mString, other) <= 0;
+}
+
+inline bool String8::operator==(const char* other) const
+{
+    return strcmp(mString, other) == 0;
+}
+
+inline bool String8::operator!=(const char* other) const
+{
+    return strcmp(mString, other) != 0;
+}
+
+inline bool String8::operator>=(const char* other) const
+{
+    return strcmp(mString, other) >= 0;
+}
+
+inline bool String8::operator>(const char* other) const
+{
+    return strcmp(mString, other) > 0;
+}
+
+#if __cplusplus >= 202002L
+inline std::strong_ordering String8::operator<=>(const char* other) const {
+    int result = strcmp(mString, other);
+    if (result == 0) {
+        return std::strong_ordering::equal;
+    } else if (result < 0) {
+        return std::strong_ordering::less;
+    } else {
+        return std::strong_ordering::greater;
+    }
+}
+#endif
+
+inline String8::operator const char*() const
+{
+    return mString;
+}
+
+inline String8::String8(std::string_view o) : String8(o.data(), o.length()) { }
+
+inline String8::operator std::string_view() const
+{
+    return {mString, length()};
+}
+
+}  // namespace android
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+#endif // ANDROID_STRING8_H
diff --git a/libutils/binder/include/utils/StrongPointer.h b/libutils/binder/include/utils/StrongPointer.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..fb9b8e899bb4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libutils/binder/include/utils/StrongPointer.h
@@ -0,0 +1,370 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2005 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#ifndef ANDROID_STRONG_POINTER_H
+#define ANDROID_STRONG_POINTER_H
+
+#include <functional>
+#include <type_traits>  // for common_type.
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+namespace android {
+
+template<typename T> class wp;
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+template<typename T>
+class sp {
+public:
+    inline constexpr sp() : m_ptr(nullptr) { }
+
+    // The old way of using sp<> was like this. This is bad because it relies
+    // on implicit conversion to sp<>, which we would like to remove (if an
+    // object is being managed some other way, this is double-ownership). We
+    // want to move away from this:
+    //
+    //     sp<Foo> foo = new Foo(...); // DO NOT DO THIS
+    //
+    // Instead, prefer to do this:
+    //
+    //     sp<Foo> foo = sp<Foo>::make(...); // DO THIS
+    //
+    // Sometimes, in order to use this, when a constructor is marked as private,
+    // you may need to add this to your class:
+    //
+    //     friend class sp<Foo>;
+    template <typename... Args>
+    static inline sp<T> make(Args&&... args);
+
+    // if nullptr, returns nullptr
+    //
+    // if a strong pointer is already available, this will retrieve it,
+    // otherwise, this will abort
+    static inline sp<T> fromExisting(T* other);
+
+    // for more information about this macro and correct RefBase usage, see
+    // the comment at the top of utils/RefBase.h
+#if defined(ANDROID_UTILS_REF_BASE_DISABLE_IMPLICIT_CONSTRUCTION)
+    sp(std::nullptr_t) : sp() {}
+#else
+    sp(T* other);  // NOLINT(implicit)
+    template <typename U>
+    sp(U* other);  // NOLINT(implicit)
+    sp& operator=(T* other);
+    template <typename U>
+    sp& operator=(U* other);
+#endif
+
+    sp(const sp<T>& other);
+    sp(sp<T>&& other) noexcept;
+
+    template<typename U> sp(const sp<U>& other);  // NOLINT(implicit)
+    template<typename U> sp(sp<U>&& other);  // NOLINT(implicit)
+
+    // Cast a strong pointer directly from one type to another. Constructors
+    // allow changing types, but only if they are pointer-compatible. This does
+    // a static_cast internally.
+    template <typename U>
+    static inline sp<T> cast(const sp<U>& other);
+
+    ~sp();
+
+    // Assignment
+
+    sp& operator = (const sp<T>& other);
+    sp& operator=(sp<T>&& other) noexcept;
+
+    template<typename U> sp& operator = (const sp<U>& other);
+    template<typename U> sp& operator = (sp<U>&& other);
+
+    //! Special optimization for use by ProcessState (and nobody else).
+    void force_set(T* other);
+
+    // Reset
+
+    void clear();
+
+    // Releases the ownership of the object managed by this instance of sp, if any.
+    // The caller is now responsible for managing it. That is, the caller must ensure
+    // decStrong() is called when the pointer is no longer used.
+    [[nodiscard]] inline T* release() noexcept {
+        auto ret = m_ptr;
+        m_ptr = nullptr;
+        return ret;
+    }
+
+    // Accessors
+
+    inline T&       operator* () const     { return *m_ptr; }
+    inline T*       operator-> () const    { return m_ptr;  }
+    inline T*       get() const            { return m_ptr; }
+    inline explicit operator bool () const { return m_ptr != nullptr; }
+
+    // Punt these to the wp<> implementation.
+    template<typename U>
+    inline bool operator == (const wp<U>& o) const {
+        return o == *this;
+    }
+
+    template<typename U>
+    inline bool operator != (const wp<U>& o) const {
+        return o != *this;
+    }
+
+private:
+    template<typename Y> friend class sp;
+    template<typename Y> friend class wp;
+    void set_pointer(T* ptr);
+    T* m_ptr;
+};
+
+#define COMPARE_STRONG(_op_)                                           \
+    template <typename T, typename U>                                  \
+    static inline bool operator _op_(const sp<T>& t, const sp<U>& u) { \
+        return t.get() _op_ u.get();                                   \
+    }                                                                  \
+    template <typename T, typename U>                                  \
+    static inline bool operator _op_(const T* t, const sp<U>& u) {     \
+        return t _op_ u.get();                                         \
+    }                                                                  \
+    template <typename T, typename U>                                  \
+    static inline bool operator _op_(const sp<T>& t, const U* u) {     \
+        return t.get() _op_ u;                                         \
+    }                                                                  \
+    template <typename T>                                              \
+    static inline bool operator _op_(const sp<T>& t, std::nullptr_t) { \
+        return t.get() _op_ nullptr;                                   \
+    }                                                                  \
+    template <typename T>                                              \
+    static inline bool operator _op_(std::nullptr_t, const sp<T>& t) { \
+        return nullptr _op_ t.get();                                   \
+    }
+
+template <template <typename C> class comparator, typename T, typename U>
+static inline bool _sp_compare_(T* a, U* b) {
+    return comparator<typename std::common_type<T*, U*>::type>()(a, b);
+}
+
+#define COMPARE_STRONG_FUNCTIONAL(_op_, _compare_)                     \
+    template <typename T, typename U>                                  \
+    static inline bool operator _op_(const sp<T>& t, const sp<U>& u) { \
+        return _sp_compare_<_compare_>(t.get(), u.get());              \
+    }                                                                  \
+    template <typename T, typename U>                                  \
+    static inline bool operator _op_(const T* t, const sp<U>& u) {     \
+        return _sp_compare_<_compare_>(t, u.get());                    \
+    }                                                                  \
+    template <typename T, typename U>                                  \
+    static inline bool operator _op_(const sp<T>& t, const U* u) {     \
+        return _sp_compare_<_compare_>(t.get(), u);                    \
+    }                                                                  \
+    template <typename T>                                              \
+    static inline bool operator _op_(const sp<T>& t, std::nullptr_t) { \
+        return _sp_compare_<_compare_>(t.get(), nullptr);              \
+    }                                                                  \
+    template <typename T>                                              \
+    static inline bool operator _op_(std::nullptr_t, const sp<T>& t) { \
+        return _sp_compare_<_compare_>(nullptr, t.get());              \
+    }
+
+COMPARE_STRONG(==)
+COMPARE_STRONG(!=)
+COMPARE_STRONG_FUNCTIONAL(>, std::greater)
+COMPARE_STRONG_FUNCTIONAL(<, std::less)
+COMPARE_STRONG_FUNCTIONAL(<=, std::less_equal)
+COMPARE_STRONG_FUNCTIONAL(>=, std::greater_equal)
+
+#undef COMPARE_STRONG
+#undef COMPARE_STRONG_FUNCTIONAL
+
+// For code size reasons, we do not want these inlined or templated.
+void sp_report_race();
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// No user serviceable parts below here.
+
+// TODO: Ideally we should find a way to increment the reference count before running the
+// constructor, so that generating an sp<> to this in the constructor is no longer dangerous.
+template <typename T>
+template <typename... Args>
+sp<T> sp<T>::make(Args&&... args) {
+    T* t = new T(std::forward<Args>(args)...);
+    sp<T> result;
+    result.m_ptr = t;
+    t->incStrong(t);
+    return result;
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+sp<T> sp<T>::fromExisting(T* other) {
+    if (other) {
+        other->incStrongRequireStrong(other);
+        sp<T> result;
+        result.m_ptr = other;
+        return result;
+    }
+    return nullptr;
+}
+
+#if !defined(ANDROID_UTILS_REF_BASE_DISABLE_IMPLICIT_CONSTRUCTION)
+template<typename T>
+sp<T>::sp(T* other)
+        : m_ptr(other) {
+    if (other) {
+        other->incStrong(this);
+    }
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+template <typename U>
+sp<T>::sp(U* other) : m_ptr(other) {
+    if (other) {
+        (static_cast<T*>(other))->incStrong(this);
+    }
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+sp<T>& sp<T>::operator=(T* other) {
+    T* oldPtr(*const_cast<T* volatile*>(&m_ptr));
+    if (other) {
+        other->incStrong(this);
+    }
+    if (oldPtr) oldPtr->decStrong(this);
+    if (oldPtr != *const_cast<T* volatile*>(&m_ptr)) sp_report_race();
+    m_ptr = other;
+    return *this;
+}
+#endif
+
+template<typename T>
+sp<T>::sp(const sp<T>& other)
+        : m_ptr(other.m_ptr) {
+    if (m_ptr)
+        m_ptr->incStrong(this);
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+sp<T>::sp(sp<T>&& other) noexcept : m_ptr(other.m_ptr) {
+    other.m_ptr = nullptr;
+}
+
+template<typename T> template<typename U>
+sp<T>::sp(const sp<U>& other)
+        : m_ptr(other.m_ptr) {
+    if (m_ptr)
+        m_ptr->incStrong(this);
+}
+
+template<typename T> template<typename U>
+sp<T>::sp(sp<U>&& other)
+        : m_ptr(other.m_ptr) {
+    other.m_ptr = nullptr;
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+template <typename U>
+sp<T> sp<T>::cast(const sp<U>& other) {
+    return sp<T>::fromExisting(static_cast<T*>(other.get()));
+}
+
+template<typename T>
+sp<T>::~sp() {
+    if (m_ptr)
+        m_ptr->decStrong(this);
+}
+
+template<typename T>
+sp<T>& sp<T>::operator =(const sp<T>& other) {
+    // Force m_ptr to be read twice, to heuristically check for data races.
+    T* oldPtr(*const_cast<T* volatile*>(&m_ptr));
+    T* otherPtr(other.m_ptr);
+    if (otherPtr) otherPtr->incStrong(this);
+    if (oldPtr) oldPtr->decStrong(this);
+    if (oldPtr != *const_cast<T* volatile*>(&m_ptr)) sp_report_race();
+    m_ptr = otherPtr;
+    return *this;
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+sp<T>& sp<T>::operator=(sp<T>&& other) noexcept {
+    T* oldPtr(*const_cast<T* volatile*>(&m_ptr));
+    if (oldPtr) oldPtr->decStrong(this);
+    if (oldPtr != *const_cast<T* volatile*>(&m_ptr)) sp_report_race();
+    m_ptr = other.m_ptr;
+    other.m_ptr = nullptr;
+    return *this;
+}
+
+template<typename T> template<typename U>
+sp<T>& sp<T>::operator =(const sp<U>& other) {
+    T* oldPtr(*const_cast<T* volatile*>(&m_ptr));
+    T* otherPtr(other.m_ptr);
+    if (otherPtr) otherPtr->incStrong(this);
+    if (oldPtr) oldPtr->decStrong(this);
+    if (oldPtr != *const_cast<T* volatile*>(&m_ptr)) sp_report_race();
+    m_ptr = otherPtr;
+    return *this;
+}
+
+template<typename T> template<typename U>
+sp<T>& sp<T>::operator =(sp<U>&& other) {
+    T* oldPtr(*const_cast<T* volatile*>(&m_ptr));
+    if (m_ptr) m_ptr->decStrong(this);
+    if (oldPtr != *const_cast<T* volatile*>(&m_ptr)) sp_report_race();
+    m_ptr = other.m_ptr;
+    other.m_ptr = nullptr;
+    return *this;
+}
+
+#if !defined(ANDROID_UTILS_REF_BASE_DISABLE_IMPLICIT_CONSTRUCTION)
+template<typename T> template<typename U>
+sp<T>& sp<T>::operator =(U* other) {
+    T* oldPtr(*const_cast<T* volatile*>(&m_ptr));
+    if (other) (static_cast<T*>(other))->incStrong(this);
+    if (oldPtr) oldPtr->decStrong(this);
+    if (oldPtr != *const_cast<T* volatile*>(&m_ptr)) sp_report_race();
+    m_ptr = other;
+    return *this;
+}
+#endif
+
+template<typename T>
+void sp<T>::force_set(T* other) {
+    other->forceIncStrong(this);
+    m_ptr = other;
+}
+
+template<typename T>
+void sp<T>::clear() {
+    T* oldPtr(*const_cast<T* volatile*>(&m_ptr));
+    if (oldPtr) {
+        oldPtr->decStrong(this);
+        if (oldPtr != *const_cast<T* volatile*>(&m_ptr)) sp_report_race();
+        m_ptr = nullptr;
+    }
+}
+
+template<typename T>
+void sp<T>::set_pointer(T* ptr) {
+    m_ptr = ptr;
+}
+
+}  // namespace android
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+#endif // ANDROID_STRONG_POINTER_H
diff --git a/libutils/binder/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h b/libutils/binder/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..007036bbdb9c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libutils/binder/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h
@@ -0,0 +1,341 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2005 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#ifndef ANDROID_TYPE_HELPERS_H
+#define ANDROID_TYPE_HELPERS_H
+
+#include <new>
+#include <type_traits>
+
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+namespace android {
+
+/*
+ * Types traits
+ */
+
+template <typename T> struct trait_trivial_ctor { enum { value = false }; };
+template <typename T> struct trait_trivial_dtor { enum { value = false }; };
+template <typename T> struct trait_trivial_copy { enum { value = false }; };
+template <typename T> struct trait_trivial_move { enum { value = false }; };
+template <typename T> struct trait_pointer      { enum { value = false }; };
+template <typename T> struct trait_pointer<T*>  { enum { value = true }; };
+
+template <typename TYPE>
+struct traits {
+    enum {
+        // whether this type is a pointer
+        is_pointer          = trait_pointer<TYPE>::value,
+        // whether this type's constructor is a no-op
+        has_trivial_ctor    = is_pointer || trait_trivial_ctor<TYPE>::value,
+        // whether this type's destructor is a no-op
+        has_trivial_dtor    = is_pointer || trait_trivial_dtor<TYPE>::value,
+        // whether this type type can be copy-constructed with memcpy
+        has_trivial_copy    = is_pointer || trait_trivial_copy<TYPE>::value,
+        // whether this type can be moved with memmove
+        has_trivial_move    = is_pointer || trait_trivial_move<TYPE>::value
+    };
+};
+
+template <typename T, typename U>
+struct aggregate_traits {
+    enum {
+        is_pointer          = false,
+        has_trivial_ctor    =
+            traits<T>::has_trivial_ctor && traits<U>::has_trivial_ctor,
+        has_trivial_dtor    =
+            traits<T>::has_trivial_dtor && traits<U>::has_trivial_dtor,
+        has_trivial_copy    =
+            traits<T>::has_trivial_copy && traits<U>::has_trivial_copy,
+        has_trivial_move    =
+            traits<T>::has_trivial_move && traits<U>::has_trivial_move
+    };
+};
+
+#define ANDROID_TRIVIAL_CTOR_TRAIT( T ) \
+    template<> struct trait_trivial_ctor< T >   { enum { value = true }; };
+
+#define ANDROID_TRIVIAL_DTOR_TRAIT( T ) \
+    template<> struct trait_trivial_dtor< T >   { enum { value = true }; };
+
+#define ANDROID_TRIVIAL_COPY_TRAIT( T ) \
+    template<> struct trait_trivial_copy< T >   { enum { value = true }; };
+
+#define ANDROID_TRIVIAL_MOVE_TRAIT( T ) \
+    template<> struct trait_trivial_move< T >   { enum { value = true }; };
+
+#define ANDROID_BASIC_TYPES_TRAITS( T ) \
+    ANDROID_TRIVIAL_CTOR_TRAIT( T ) \
+    ANDROID_TRIVIAL_DTOR_TRAIT( T ) \
+    ANDROID_TRIVIAL_COPY_TRAIT( T ) \
+    ANDROID_TRIVIAL_MOVE_TRAIT( T )
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/*
+ * basic types traits
+ */
+
+ANDROID_BASIC_TYPES_TRAITS( void )
+ANDROID_BASIC_TYPES_TRAITS( bool )
+ANDROID_BASIC_TYPES_TRAITS( char )
+ANDROID_BASIC_TYPES_TRAITS( unsigned char )
+ANDROID_BASIC_TYPES_TRAITS( short )
+ANDROID_BASIC_TYPES_TRAITS( unsigned short )
+ANDROID_BASIC_TYPES_TRAITS( int )
+ANDROID_BASIC_TYPES_TRAITS( unsigned int )
+ANDROID_BASIC_TYPES_TRAITS( long )
+ANDROID_BASIC_TYPES_TRAITS( unsigned long )
+ANDROID_BASIC_TYPES_TRAITS( long long )
+ANDROID_BASIC_TYPES_TRAITS( unsigned long long )
+ANDROID_BASIC_TYPES_TRAITS( float )
+ANDROID_BASIC_TYPES_TRAITS( double )
+
+template<typename T> struct trait_trivial_ctor<T*>   { enum { value = true }; };
+template<typename T> struct trait_trivial_dtor<T*>   { enum { value = true }; };
+template<typename T> struct trait_trivial_copy<T*>   { enum { value = true }; };
+template<typename T> struct trait_trivial_move<T*>   { enum { value = true }; };
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+/*
+ * compare and order types
+ */
+
+template<typename TYPE> inline
+int strictly_order_type(const TYPE& lhs, const TYPE& rhs) {
+    return (lhs < rhs) ? 1 : 0;
+}
+
+template<typename TYPE> inline
+int compare_type(const TYPE& lhs, const TYPE& rhs) {
+    return strictly_order_type(rhs, lhs) - strictly_order_type(lhs, rhs);
+}
+
+/*
+ * create, destroy, copy and move types...
+ */
+
+template<typename TYPE> inline
+void construct_type(TYPE* p, size_t n) {
+    if (!traits<TYPE>::has_trivial_ctor) {
+        while (n > 0) {
+            n--;
+            new(p++) TYPE;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+template<typename TYPE> inline
+void destroy_type(TYPE* p, size_t n) {
+    if (!traits<TYPE>::has_trivial_dtor) {
+        while (n > 0) {
+            n--;
+            p->~TYPE();
+            p++;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+template<typename TYPE>
+typename std::enable_if<traits<TYPE>::has_trivial_copy>::type
+inline
+copy_type(TYPE* d, const TYPE* s, size_t n) {
+    memcpy(d,s,n*sizeof(TYPE));
+}
+
+template<typename TYPE>
+typename std::enable_if<!traits<TYPE>::has_trivial_copy>::type
+inline
+copy_type(TYPE* d, const TYPE* s, size_t n) {
+    while (n > 0) {
+        n--;
+        new(d) TYPE(*s);
+        d++, s++;
+    }
+}
+
+template<typename TYPE> inline
+void splat_type(TYPE* where, const TYPE* what, size_t n) {
+    if (!traits<TYPE>::has_trivial_copy) {
+        while (n > 0) {
+            n--;
+            new(where) TYPE(*what);
+            where++;
+        }
+    } else {
+        while (n > 0) {
+            n--;
+            *where++ = *what;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+template<typename TYPE>
+struct use_trivial_move : public std::integral_constant<bool,
+    (traits<TYPE>::has_trivial_dtor && traits<TYPE>::has_trivial_copy)
+    || traits<TYPE>::has_trivial_move
+> {};
+
+template<typename TYPE>
+typename std::enable_if<use_trivial_move<TYPE>::value>::type
+inline
+move_forward_type(TYPE* d, const TYPE* s, size_t n = 1) {
+    memmove(reinterpret_cast<void*>(d), s, n * sizeof(TYPE));
+}
+
+template<typename TYPE>
+typename std::enable_if<!use_trivial_move<TYPE>::value>::type
+inline
+move_forward_type(TYPE* d, const TYPE* s, size_t n = 1) {
+    d += n;
+    s += n;
+    while (n > 0) {
+        n--;
+        --d, --s;
+        if (!traits<TYPE>::has_trivial_copy) {
+            new(d) TYPE(*s);
+        } else {
+            *d = *s;
+        }
+        if (!traits<TYPE>::has_trivial_dtor) {
+            s->~TYPE();
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+template<typename TYPE>
+typename std::enable_if<use_trivial_move<TYPE>::value>::type
+inline
+move_backward_type(TYPE* d, const TYPE* s, size_t n = 1) {
+    memmove(reinterpret_cast<void*>(d), s, n * sizeof(TYPE));
+}
+
+template<typename TYPE>
+typename std::enable_if<!use_trivial_move<TYPE>::value>::type
+inline
+move_backward_type(TYPE* d, const TYPE* s, size_t n = 1) {
+    while (n > 0) {
+        n--;
+        if (!traits<TYPE>::has_trivial_copy) {
+            new(d) TYPE(*s);
+        } else {
+            *d = *s;
+        }
+        if (!traits<TYPE>::has_trivial_dtor) {
+            s->~TYPE();
+        }
+        d++, s++;
+    }
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/*
+ * a key/value pair
+ */
+
+template <typename KEY, typename VALUE>
+struct key_value_pair_t {
+    typedef KEY key_t;
+    typedef VALUE value_t;
+
+    KEY     key;
+    VALUE   value;
+    key_value_pair_t() { }
+    key_value_pair_t(const key_value_pair_t& o) : key(o.key), value(o.value) { }
+    key_value_pair_t& operator=(const key_value_pair_t& o) {
+        key = o.key;
+        value = o.value;
+        return *this;
+    }
+    key_value_pair_t(const KEY& k, const VALUE& v) : key(k), value(v)  { }
+    explicit key_value_pair_t(const KEY& k) : key(k) { }
+    inline bool operator < (const key_value_pair_t& o) const {
+        return strictly_order_type(key, o.key);
+    }
+    inline const KEY& getKey() const {
+        return key;
+    }
+    inline const VALUE& getValue() const {
+        return value;
+    }
+};
+
+template <typename K, typename V>
+struct trait_trivial_ctor< key_value_pair_t<K, V> >
+{ enum { value = aggregate_traits<K,V>::has_trivial_ctor }; };
+template <typename K, typename V>
+struct trait_trivial_dtor< key_value_pair_t<K, V> >
+{ enum { value = aggregate_traits<K,V>::has_trivial_dtor }; };
+template <typename K, typename V>
+struct trait_trivial_copy< key_value_pair_t<K, V> >
+{ enum { value = aggregate_traits<K,V>::has_trivial_copy }; };
+template <typename K, typename V>
+struct trait_trivial_move< key_value_pair_t<K, V> >
+{ enum { value = aggregate_traits<K,V>::has_trivial_move }; };
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/*
+ * Hash codes.
+ */
+typedef uint32_t hash_t;
+
+template <typename TKey>
+hash_t hash_type(const TKey& key);
+
+/* Built-in hash code specializations */
+#define ANDROID_INT32_HASH(T) \
+        template <> inline hash_t hash_type(const T& value) { return hash_t(value); }
+#define ANDROID_INT64_HASH(T) \
+        template <> inline hash_t hash_type(const T& value) { \
+                return hash_t((value >> 32) ^ value); }
+#define ANDROID_REINTERPRET_HASH(T, R) \
+        template <> inline hash_t hash_type(const T& value) { \
+            R newValue; \
+            static_assert(sizeof(newValue) == sizeof(value), "size mismatch"); \
+            memcpy(&newValue, &value, sizeof(newValue)); \
+            return hash_type(newValue); \
+        }
+
+ANDROID_INT32_HASH(bool)
+ANDROID_INT32_HASH(int8_t)
+ANDROID_INT32_HASH(uint8_t)
+ANDROID_INT32_HASH(int16_t)
+ANDROID_INT32_HASH(uint16_t)
+ANDROID_INT32_HASH(int32_t)
+ANDROID_INT32_HASH(uint32_t)
+ANDROID_INT64_HASH(int64_t)
+ANDROID_INT64_HASH(uint64_t)
+ANDROID_REINTERPRET_HASH(float, uint32_t)
+ANDROID_REINTERPRET_HASH(double, uint64_t)
+
+template <typename T> inline hash_t hash_type(T* const & value) {
+    return hash_type(uintptr_t(value));
+}
+
+}  // namespace android
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+#endif // ANDROID_TYPE_HELPERS_H
diff --git a/libutils/binder/include/utils/Unicode.h b/libutils/binder/include/utils/Unicode.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..d60d5d6ba634
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libutils/binder/include/utils/Unicode.h
@@ -0,0 +1,139 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2005 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#ifndef ANDROID_UNICODE_H
+#define ANDROID_UNICODE_H
+
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+
+extern "C" {
+
+// Standard string functions on char16_t strings.
+int strcmp16(const char16_t *, const char16_t *);
+int strncmp16(const char16_t *s1, const char16_t *s2, size_t n);
+size_t strlen16(const char16_t *);
+size_t strnlen16(const char16_t *, size_t);
+char16_t *strstr16(const char16_t*, const char16_t*);
+
+// Version of comparison that supports embedded NULs.
+// This is different than strncmp() because we don't stop
+// at a nul character and consider the strings to be different
+// if the lengths are different (thus we need to supply the
+// lengths of both strings).  This can also be used when
+// your string is not nul-terminated as it will have the
+// equivalent result as strcmp16 (unlike strncmp16).
+int strzcmp16(const char16_t *s1, size_t n1, const char16_t *s2, size_t n2);
+
+/**
+ * Measure the length of a UTF-32 string in UTF-8. If the string is invalid
+ * such as containing a surrogate character, -1 will be returned.
+ */
+ssize_t utf32_to_utf8_length(const char32_t *src, size_t src_len);
+
+/**
+ * Stores a UTF-8 string converted from "src" in "dst", if "dst_length" is not
+ * large enough to store the string, the part of the "src" string is stored
+ * into "dst" as much as possible. See the examples for more detail.
+ * Returns the size actually used for storing the string.
+ * dst" is not nul-terminated when dst_len is fully used (like strncpy).
+ *
+ * \code
+ * Example 1
+ * "src" == \u3042\u3044 (\xE3\x81\x82\xE3\x81\x84)
+ * "src_len" == 2
+ * "dst_len" >= 7
+ * ->
+ * Returned value == 6
+ * "dst" becomes \xE3\x81\x82\xE3\x81\x84\0
+ * (note that "dst" is nul-terminated)
+ *
+ * Example 2
+ * "src" == \u3042\u3044 (\xE3\x81\x82\xE3\x81\x84)
+ * "src_len" == 2
+ * "dst_len" == 5
+ * ->
+ * Returned value == 3
+ * "dst" becomes \xE3\x81\x82\0
+ * (note that "dst" is nul-terminated, but \u3044 is not stored in "dst"
+ * since "dst" does not have enough size to store the character)
+ *
+ * Example 3
+ * "src" == \u3042\u3044 (\xE3\x81\x82\xE3\x81\x84)
+ * "src_len" == 2
+ * "dst_len" == 6
+ * ->
+ * Returned value == 6
+ * "dst" becomes \xE3\x81\x82\xE3\x81\x84
+ * (note that "dst" is NOT nul-terminated, like strncpy)
+ * \endcode
+ */
+void utf32_to_utf8(const char32_t* src, size_t src_len, char* dst, size_t dst_len);
+
+/**
+ * Returns the unicode value at "index".
+ * Returns -1 when the index is invalid (equals to or more than "src_len").
+ * If returned value is positive, it is able to be converted to char32_t, which
+ * is unsigned. Then, if "next_index" is not NULL, the next index to be used is
+ * stored in "next_index". "next_index" can be NULL.
+ */
+int32_t utf32_from_utf8_at(const char *src, size_t src_len, size_t index, size_t *next_index);
+
+
+/**
+ * Returns the UTF-8 length of UTF-16 string "src".
+ */
+ssize_t utf16_to_utf8_length(const char16_t *src, size_t src_len);
+
+/**
+ * Converts a UTF-16 string to UTF-8. The destination buffer must be large
+ * enough to fit the UTF-16 as measured by utf16_to_utf8_length with an added
+ * NUL terminator.
+ */
+void utf16_to_utf8(const char16_t* src, size_t src_len, char* dst, size_t dst_len);
+
+/**
+ * Returns the UTF-16 length of UTF-8 string "src". Returns -1 in case
+ * it's invalid utf8. No buffer over-read occurs because of bound checks. Using overreadIsFatal you
+ * can ask to log a message and fail in case the invalid utf8 could have caused an override if no
+ * bound checks were used (otherwise -1 is returned).
+ */
+ssize_t utf8_to_utf16_length(const uint8_t* src, size_t srcLen, bool overreadIsFatal = false);
+
+/**
+ * Convert UTF-8 to UTF-16 including surrogate pairs.
+ * Returns a pointer to the end of the string (where a NUL terminator might go
+ * if you wanted to add one). At most dstLen characters are written; it won't emit half a surrogate
+ * pair. If dstLen == 0 nothing is written and dst is returned. If dstLen > SSIZE_MAX it aborts
+ * (this being probably a negative number returned as an error and casted to unsigned).
+ */
+char16_t* utf8_to_utf16_no_null_terminator(
+        const uint8_t* src, size_t srcLen, char16_t* dst, size_t dstLen);
+
+/**
+ * Convert UTF-8 to UTF-16 including surrogate pairs. At most dstLen - 1
+ * characters are written; it won't emit half a surrogate pair; and a NUL terminator is appended
+ * after. dstLen - 1 can be measured beforehand using utf8_to_utf16_length. Aborts if dstLen == 0
+ * (at least one character is needed for the NUL terminator) or dstLen > SSIZE_MAX (the latter
+ * case being likely a negative number returned as an error and casted to unsigned) . Returns a
+ * pointer to the NUL terminator.
+ */
+char16_t *utf8_to_utf16(
+        const uint8_t* src, size_t srcLen, char16_t* dst, size_t dstLen);
+
+}
+
+#endif
diff --git a/libutils/binder/include/utils/Vector.h b/libutils/binder/include/utils/Vector.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..d5db3cb482fe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libutils/binder/include/utils/Vector.h
@@ -0,0 +1,418 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2005 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#ifndef ANDROID_VECTOR_H
+#define ANDROID_VECTOR_H
+
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+
+#include <log/log.h>
+#include <utils/TypeHelpers.h>
+#include <utils/VectorImpl.h>
+#ifndef __has_attribute
+#define __has_attribute(x) 0
+#endif
+
+/*
+ * Used to exclude some functions from CFI.
+ */
+#if __has_attribute(no_sanitize)
+#define UTILS_VECTOR_NO_CFI __attribute__((no_sanitize("cfi")))
+#else
+#define UTILS_VECTOR_NO_CFI
+#endif
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+namespace android {
+
+template <typename TYPE>
+class SortedVector;
+
+/*!
+ * The main templated vector class ensuring type safety
+ * while making use of VectorImpl.
+ * This is the class users want to use.
+ *
+ * DO NOT USE: please use std::vector
+ */
+
+template <class TYPE>
+class Vector : private VectorImpl
+{
+public:
+            typedef TYPE    value_type;
+
+    /*!
+     * Constructors and destructors
+     */
+
+                            Vector();
+                            Vector(const Vector<TYPE>& rhs);
+    explicit                Vector(const SortedVector<TYPE>& rhs);
+    virtual                 ~Vector();
+
+    /*! copy operator */
+    Vector<TYPE>& operator=(const Vector<TYPE>& rhs);        // NOLINT(cert-oop54-cpp)
+    Vector<TYPE>& operator=(const SortedVector<TYPE>& rhs);  // NOLINT(cert-oop54-cpp)
+
+    /*
+     * empty the vector
+     */
+
+    inline  void            clear()             { VectorImpl::clear(); }
+
+    /*!
+     * vector stats
+     */
+
+    //! returns number of items in the vector
+    inline  size_t          size() const                { return VectorImpl::size(); }
+    //! returns whether or not the vector is empty
+    inline  bool            isEmpty() const             { return VectorImpl::isEmpty(); }
+    //! returns how many items can be stored without reallocating the backing store
+    inline  size_t          capacity() const            { return VectorImpl::capacity(); }
+    //! sets the capacity. capacity can never be reduced less than size()
+    inline  ssize_t         setCapacity(size_t size)    { return VectorImpl::setCapacity(size); }
+
+    /*!
+     * set the size of the vector. items are appended with the default
+     * constructor, or removed from the end as needed.
+     */
+    inline  ssize_t         resize(size_t size)         { return VectorImpl::resize(size); }
+
+    /*!
+     * C-style array access
+     */
+
+    //! read-only C-style access
+    inline  const TYPE*     array() const;
+    //! read-write C-style access
+            TYPE*           editArray();
+
+    /*!
+     * accessors
+     */
+
+    //! read-only access to an item at a given index
+    inline  const TYPE&     operator [] (size_t index) const;
+    //! alternate name for operator []
+    inline  const TYPE&     itemAt(size_t index) const;
+    //! stack-usage of the vector. returns the top of the stack (last element)
+            const TYPE&     top() const;
+
+    /*!
+     * modifying the array
+     */
+
+    //! copy-on write support, grants write access to an item
+            TYPE&           editItemAt(size_t index);
+    //! grants right access to the top of the stack (last element)
+            TYPE&           editTop();
+
+            /*!
+             * append/insert another vector
+             */
+
+    //! insert another vector at a given index
+            ssize_t         insertVectorAt(const Vector<TYPE>& vector, size_t index);
+
+    //! append another vector at the end of this one
+            ssize_t         appendVector(const Vector<TYPE>& vector);
+
+
+    //! insert an array at a given index
+            ssize_t         insertArrayAt(const TYPE* array, size_t index, size_t length);
+
+    //! append an array at the end of this vector
+            ssize_t         appendArray(const TYPE* array, size_t length);
+
+            /*!
+             * add/insert/replace items
+             */
+
+    //! insert one or several items initialized with their default constructor
+    inline  ssize_t         insertAt(size_t index, size_t numItems = 1);
+    //! insert one or several items initialized from a prototype item
+            ssize_t         insertAt(const TYPE& prototype_item, size_t index, size_t numItems = 1);
+    //! pop the top of the stack (removes the last element). No-op if the stack's empty
+    inline  void            pop();
+    //! pushes an item initialized with its default constructor
+    inline  void            push();
+    //! pushes an item on the top of the stack
+            void            push(const TYPE& item);
+    //! same as push() but returns the index the item was added at (or an error)
+    inline  ssize_t         add();
+    //! same as push() but returns the index the item was added at (or an error)
+            ssize_t         add(const TYPE& item);
+    //! replace an item with a new one initialized with its default constructor
+    inline  ssize_t         replaceAt(size_t index);
+    //! replace an item with a new one
+            ssize_t         replaceAt(const TYPE& item, size_t index);
+
+    /*!
+     * remove items
+     */
+
+    //! remove several items
+    inline  ssize_t         removeItemsAt(size_t index, size_t count = 1);
+    //! remove one item
+    inline  ssize_t         removeAt(size_t index)  { return removeItemsAt(index); }
+
+    /*!
+     * sort (stable) the array
+     */
+
+     typedef int (*compar_t)(const TYPE* lhs, const TYPE* rhs);
+     typedef int (*compar_r_t)(const TYPE* lhs, const TYPE* rhs, void* state);
+
+     inline status_t        sort(compar_t cmp);
+     inline status_t        sort(compar_r_t cmp, void* state);
+
+     // for debugging only
+     inline size_t getItemSize() const { return itemSize(); }
+
+
+     /*
+      * these inlines add some level of compatibility with STL. eventually
+      * we should probably turn things around.
+      */
+     typedef TYPE* iterator;
+     typedef TYPE const* const_iterator;
+
+     inline iterator begin() { return editArray(); }
+     inline iterator end()   { return editArray() + size(); }
+     inline const_iterator begin() const { return array(); }
+     inline const_iterator end() const   { return array() + size(); }
+     inline void reserve(size_t n) { setCapacity(n); }
+     inline bool empty() const{ return isEmpty(); }
+     inline void push_back(const TYPE& item)  { insertAt(item, size(), 1); }
+     inline void push_front(const TYPE& item) { insertAt(item, 0, 1); }
+     inline iterator erase(iterator pos) {
+         ssize_t index = removeItemsAt(static_cast<size_t>(pos-array()));
+         return begin() + index;
+     }
+
+protected:
+    virtual void    do_construct(void* storage, size_t num) const;
+    virtual void    do_destroy(void* storage, size_t num) const;
+    virtual void    do_copy(void* dest, const void* from, size_t num) const;
+    virtual void    do_splat(void* dest, const void* item, size_t num) const;
+    virtual void    do_move_forward(void* dest, const void* from, size_t num) const;
+    virtual void    do_move_backward(void* dest, const void* from, size_t num) const;
+};
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// No user serviceable parts from here...
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+template<class TYPE> inline
+Vector<TYPE>::Vector()
+    : VectorImpl(sizeof(TYPE),
+                ((traits<TYPE>::has_trivial_ctor   ? HAS_TRIVIAL_CTOR   : 0)
+                |(traits<TYPE>::has_trivial_dtor   ? HAS_TRIVIAL_DTOR   : 0)
+                |(traits<TYPE>::has_trivial_copy   ? HAS_TRIVIAL_COPY   : 0))
+                )
+{
+}
+
+template<class TYPE> inline
+Vector<TYPE>::Vector(const Vector<TYPE>& rhs)
+    : VectorImpl(rhs) {
+}
+
+template<class TYPE> inline
+Vector<TYPE>::Vector(const SortedVector<TYPE>& rhs)
+    : VectorImpl(static_cast<const VectorImpl&>(rhs)) {
+}
+
+template<class TYPE> inline
+Vector<TYPE>::~Vector() {
+    finish_vector();
+}
+
+template <class TYPE>
+inline Vector<TYPE>& Vector<TYPE>::operator=(const Vector<TYPE>& rhs)  // NOLINT(cert-oop54-cpp)
+{
+    VectorImpl::operator=(rhs);
+    return *this;
+}
+
+template <class TYPE>
+inline Vector<TYPE>& Vector<TYPE>::operator=(
+        const SortedVector<TYPE>& rhs)  // NOLINT(cert-oop54-cpp)
+{
+    VectorImpl::operator=(static_cast<const VectorImpl&>(rhs));
+    return *this;
+}
+
+template<class TYPE> inline
+const TYPE* Vector<TYPE>::array() const {
+    return static_cast<const TYPE *>(arrayImpl());
+}
+
+template<class TYPE> inline
+TYPE* Vector<TYPE>::editArray() {
+    return static_cast<TYPE *>(editArrayImpl());
+}
+
+
+template<class TYPE> inline
+const TYPE& Vector<TYPE>::operator[](size_t index) const {
+    LOG_FATAL_IF(index>=size(),
+            "%s: index=%u out of range (%u)", __PRETTY_FUNCTION__,
+            int(index), int(size()));
+    return *(array() + index);
+}
+
+template<class TYPE> inline
+const TYPE& Vector<TYPE>::itemAt(size_t index) const {
+    return operator[](index);
+}
+
+template<class TYPE> inline
+const TYPE& Vector<TYPE>::top() const {
+    return *(array() + size() - 1);
+}
+
+template<class TYPE> inline
+TYPE& Vector<TYPE>::editItemAt(size_t index) {
+    return *( static_cast<TYPE *>(editItemLocation(index)) );
+}
+
+template<class TYPE> inline
+TYPE& Vector<TYPE>::editTop() {
+    return *( static_cast<TYPE *>(editItemLocation(size()-1)) );
+}
+
+template<class TYPE> inline
+ssize_t Vector<TYPE>::insertVectorAt(const Vector<TYPE>& vector, size_t index) {
+    return VectorImpl::insertVectorAt(reinterpret_cast<const VectorImpl&>(vector), index);
+}
+
+template<class TYPE> inline
+ssize_t Vector<TYPE>::appendVector(const Vector<TYPE>& vector) {
+    return VectorImpl::appendVector(reinterpret_cast<const VectorImpl&>(vector));
+}
+
+template<class TYPE> inline
+ssize_t Vector<TYPE>::insertArrayAt(const TYPE* array, size_t index, size_t length) {
+    return VectorImpl::insertArrayAt(array, index, length);
+}
+
+template<class TYPE> inline
+ssize_t Vector<TYPE>::appendArray(const TYPE* array, size_t length) {
+    return VectorImpl::appendArray(array, length);
+}
+
+template<class TYPE> inline
+ssize_t Vector<TYPE>::insertAt(const TYPE& item, size_t index, size_t numItems) {
+    return VectorImpl::insertAt(&item, index, numItems);
+}
+
+template<class TYPE> inline
+void Vector<TYPE>::push(const TYPE& item) {
+    return VectorImpl::push(&item);
+}
+
+template<class TYPE> inline
+ssize_t Vector<TYPE>::add(const TYPE& item) {
+    return VectorImpl::add(&item);
+}
+
+template<class TYPE> inline
+ssize_t Vector<TYPE>::replaceAt(const TYPE& item, size_t index) {
+    return VectorImpl::replaceAt(&item, index);
+}
+
+template<class TYPE> inline
+ssize_t Vector<TYPE>::insertAt(size_t index, size_t numItems) {
+    return VectorImpl::insertAt(index, numItems);
+}
+
+template<class TYPE> inline
+void Vector<TYPE>::pop() {
+    VectorImpl::pop();
+}
+
+template<class TYPE> inline
+void Vector<TYPE>::push() {
+    VectorImpl::push();
+}
+
+template<class TYPE> inline
+ssize_t Vector<TYPE>::add() {
+    return VectorImpl::add();
+}
+
+template<class TYPE> inline
+ssize_t Vector<TYPE>::replaceAt(size_t index) {
+    return VectorImpl::replaceAt(index);
+}
+
+template<class TYPE> inline
+ssize_t Vector<TYPE>::removeItemsAt(size_t index, size_t count) {
+    return VectorImpl::removeItemsAt(index, count);
+}
+
+template<class TYPE> inline
+status_t Vector<TYPE>::sort(Vector<TYPE>::compar_t cmp) {
+    return VectorImpl::sort(reinterpret_cast<VectorImpl::compar_t>(cmp));
+}
+
+template<class TYPE> inline
+status_t Vector<TYPE>::sort(Vector<TYPE>::compar_r_t cmp, void* state) {
+    return VectorImpl::sort(reinterpret_cast<VectorImpl::compar_r_t>(cmp), state);
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+template<class TYPE>
+UTILS_VECTOR_NO_CFI void Vector<TYPE>::do_construct(void* storage, size_t num) const {
+    construct_type( reinterpret_cast<TYPE*>(storage), num );
+}
+
+template<class TYPE>
+void Vector<TYPE>::do_destroy(void* storage, size_t num) const {
+    destroy_type( reinterpret_cast<TYPE*>(storage), num );
+}
+
+template<class TYPE>
+UTILS_VECTOR_NO_CFI void Vector<TYPE>::do_copy(void* dest, const void* from, size_t num) const {
+    copy_type( reinterpret_cast<TYPE*>(dest), reinterpret_cast<const TYPE*>(from), num );
+}
+
+template<class TYPE>
+UTILS_VECTOR_NO_CFI void Vector<TYPE>::do_splat(void* dest, const void* item, size_t num) const {
+    splat_type( reinterpret_cast<TYPE*>(dest), reinterpret_cast<const TYPE*>(item), num );
+}
+
+template<class TYPE>
+UTILS_VECTOR_NO_CFI void Vector<TYPE>::do_move_forward(void* dest, const void* from, size_t num) const {
+    move_forward_type( reinterpret_cast<TYPE*>(dest), reinterpret_cast<const TYPE*>(from), num );
+}
+
+template<class TYPE>
+UTILS_VECTOR_NO_CFI void Vector<TYPE>::do_move_backward(void* dest, const void* from, size_t num) const {
+    move_backward_type( reinterpret_cast<TYPE*>(dest), reinterpret_cast<const TYPE*>(from), num );
+}
+
+}  // namespace android
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+#endif // ANDROID_VECTOR_H
diff --git a/libutils/binder/include/utils/VectorImpl.h b/libutils/binder/include/utils/VectorImpl.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..41b9f331060d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libutils/binder/include/utils/VectorImpl.h
@@ -0,0 +1,182 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2005 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#ifndef ANDROID_VECTOR_IMPL_H
+#define ANDROID_VECTOR_IMPL_H
+
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <utils/Errors.h>
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// No user serviceable parts in here...
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+namespace android {
+
+/*!
+ * Implementation of the guts of the vector<> class
+ * this ensures backward binary compatibility and
+ * reduces code size.
+ * For performance reasons, we expose mStorage and mCount
+ * so these fields are set in stone.
+ *
+ */
+
+class VectorImpl
+{
+public:
+    enum { // flags passed to the ctor
+        HAS_TRIVIAL_CTOR    = 0x00000001,
+        HAS_TRIVIAL_DTOR    = 0x00000002,
+        HAS_TRIVIAL_COPY    = 0x00000004,
+    };
+
+                            VectorImpl(size_t itemSize, uint32_t flags);
+                            VectorImpl(const VectorImpl& rhs);
+    virtual                 ~VectorImpl();
+
+    /*! must be called from subclasses destructor */
+            void            finish_vector();
+
+            VectorImpl&     operator = (const VectorImpl& rhs);    
+            
+    /*! C-style array access */
+    inline  const void*     arrayImpl() const       { return mStorage; }
+            void*           editArrayImpl();
+            
+    /*! vector stats */
+    inline  size_t          size() const        { return mCount; }
+    inline  bool            isEmpty() const     { return mCount == 0; }
+            size_t          capacity() const;
+            ssize_t         setCapacity(size_t size);
+            ssize_t         resize(size_t size);
+
+            /*! append/insert another vector or array */
+            ssize_t         insertVectorAt(const VectorImpl& vector, size_t index);
+            ssize_t         appendVector(const VectorImpl& vector);
+            ssize_t         insertArrayAt(const void* array, size_t index, size_t length);
+            ssize_t         appendArray(const void* array, size_t length);
+            
+            /*! add/insert/replace items */
+            ssize_t         insertAt(size_t where, size_t numItems = 1);
+            ssize_t         insertAt(const void* item, size_t where, size_t numItems = 1);
+            void            pop();
+            void            push();
+            void            push(const void* item);
+            ssize_t         add();
+            ssize_t         add(const void* item);
+            ssize_t         replaceAt(size_t index);
+            ssize_t         replaceAt(const void* item, size_t index);
+
+            /*! remove items */
+            ssize_t         removeItemsAt(size_t index, size_t count = 1);
+            void            clear();
+
+            const void*     itemLocation(size_t index) const;
+            void*           editItemLocation(size_t index);
+
+            typedef int (*compar_t)(const void* lhs, const void* rhs);
+            typedef int (*compar_r_t)(const void* lhs, const void* rhs, void* state);
+            status_t        sort(compar_t cmp);
+            status_t        sort(compar_r_t cmp, void* state);
+
+protected:
+            size_t          itemSize() const;
+            void            release_storage();
+
+    virtual void            do_construct(void* storage, size_t num) const = 0;
+    virtual void            do_destroy(void* storage, size_t num) const = 0;
+    virtual void            do_copy(void* dest, const void* from, size_t num) const = 0;
+    virtual void            do_splat(void* dest, const void* item, size_t num) const = 0;
+    virtual void            do_move_forward(void* dest, const void* from, size_t num) const = 0;
+    virtual void            do_move_backward(void* dest, const void* from, size_t num) const = 0;
+    
+private:
+        void* _grow(size_t where, size_t amount);
+        void  _shrink(size_t where, size_t amount);
+
+        inline void _do_construct(void* storage, size_t num) const;
+        inline void _do_destroy(void* storage, size_t num) const;
+        inline void _do_copy(void* dest, const void* from, size_t num) const;
+        inline void _do_splat(void* dest, const void* item, size_t num) const;
+        inline void _do_move_forward(void* dest, const void* from, size_t num) const;
+        inline void _do_move_backward(void* dest, const void* from, size_t num) const;
+
+            // These 2 fields are exposed in the inlines below,
+            // so they're set in stone.
+            void *      mStorage;   // base address of the vector
+            size_t      mCount;     // number of items
+
+    const   uint32_t    mFlags;
+    const   size_t      mItemSize;
+};
+
+
+
+class SortedVectorImpl : public VectorImpl
+{
+public:
+                            SortedVectorImpl(size_t itemSize, uint32_t flags);
+    explicit                SortedVectorImpl(const VectorImpl& rhs);
+    virtual                 ~SortedVectorImpl();
+    
+    SortedVectorImpl&     operator = (const SortedVectorImpl& rhs);    
+
+    //! finds the index of an item
+            ssize_t         indexOf(const void* item) const;
+
+    //! finds where this item should be inserted
+            size_t          orderOf(const void* item) const;
+
+    //! add an item in the right place (or replaces it if there is one)
+            ssize_t         add(const void* item);
+
+    //! merges a vector into this one
+            ssize_t         merge(const VectorImpl& vector);
+            ssize_t         merge(const SortedVectorImpl& vector);
+             
+    //! removes an item
+            ssize_t         remove(const void* item);
+        
+protected:
+    virtual int             do_compare(const void* lhs, const void* rhs) const = 0;
+
+private:
+            ssize_t         _indexOrderOf(const void* item, size_t* order = nullptr) const;
+
+            // these are made private, because they can't be used on a SortedVector
+            // (they don't have an implementation either)
+            ssize_t         add();
+            void            pop();
+            void            push();
+            void            push(const void* item);
+            ssize_t         insertVectorAt(const VectorImpl& vector, size_t index);
+            ssize_t         appendVector(const VectorImpl& vector);
+            ssize_t         insertArrayAt(const void* array, size_t index, size_t length);
+            ssize_t         appendArray(const void* array, size_t length);
+            ssize_t         insertAt(size_t where, size_t numItems = 1);
+            ssize_t         insertAt(const void* item, size_t where, size_t numItems = 1);
+            ssize_t         replaceAt(size_t index);
+            ssize_t         replaceAt(const void* item, size_t index);
+};
+
+}  // namespace android
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+#endif // ANDROID_VECTOR_IMPL_H
diff --git a/libutils/include/utils/CallStack.h b/libutils/include/utils/CallStack.h
index fe4d4f564960..0239b682e94c 100644
--- a/libutils/include/utils/CallStack.h
+++ b/libutils/include/utils/CallStack.h
@@ -14,8 +14,7 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
-#ifndef ANDROID_CALLSTACK_H
-#define ANDROID_CALLSTACK_H
+#pragma once
 
 #include <memory>
 
@@ -27,17 +26,19 @@
 #include <sys/types.h>
 
 #if !defined(__APPLE__) && !defined(_WIN32)
-# define WEAKS_AVAILABLE 1
+# define CALLSTACK_WEAKS_AVAILABLE 1
 #endif
 #ifndef CALLSTACK_WEAK
-# ifdef WEAKS_AVAILABLE
+# ifdef CALLSTACK_WEAKS_AVAILABLE
 #   define CALLSTACK_WEAK __attribute__((weak))
-# else // !WEAKS_AVAILABLE
+# else // !CALLSTACK_WEAKS_AVAILABLE
 #   define CALLSTACK_WEAK
-# endif // !WEAKS_AVAILABLE
+# endif // !CALLSTACK_WEAKS_AVAILABLE
 #endif // CALLSTACK_WEAK predefined
 
-#define ALWAYS_INLINE __attribute__((always_inline))
+#ifndef CALLSTACK_ALWAYS_INLINE
+#define CALLSTACK_ALWAYS_INLINE __attribute__((always_inline))
+#endif  // CALLSTACK_ALWAYS_INLINE predefined
 
 namespace android {
 
@@ -89,7 +90,7 @@ class CallStack {
     //
     // DO NOT USE THESE. They will disappear.
     struct StackDeleter {
-#ifdef WEAKS_AVAILABLE
+#ifdef CALLSTACK_WEAKS_AVAILABLE
         void operator()(CallStack* stack) {
             deleteStack(stack);
         }
@@ -101,8 +102,8 @@ class CallStack {
     typedef std::unique_ptr<CallStack, StackDeleter> CallStackUPtr;
 
     // Return current call stack if possible, nullptr otherwise.
-#ifdef WEAKS_AVAILABLE
-    static CallStackUPtr ALWAYS_INLINE getCurrent(int32_t ignoreDepth = 1) {
+#ifdef CALLSTACK_WEAKS_AVAILABLE
+    static CallStackUPtr CALLSTACK_ALWAYS_INLINE getCurrent(int32_t ignoreDepth = 1) {
         if (reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(getCurrentInternal) == 0) {
             ALOGW("CallStack::getCurrentInternal not linked, returning null");
             return CallStackUPtr(nullptr);
@@ -110,15 +111,16 @@ class CallStack {
             return getCurrentInternal(ignoreDepth);
         }
     }
-#else // !WEAKS_AVAILABLE
-    static CallStackUPtr ALWAYS_INLINE getCurrent(int32_t = 1) {
+#else // !CALLSTACK_WEAKS_AVAILABLE
+    static CallStackUPtr CALLSTACK_ALWAYS_INLINE getCurrent(int32_t = 1) {
         return CallStackUPtr(nullptr);
     }
-#endif // !WEAKS_AVAILABLE
+#endif // !CALLSTACK_WEAKS_AVAILABLE
 
-#ifdef WEAKS_AVAILABLE
-    static void ALWAYS_INLINE logStack(const char* logtag, CallStack* stack = getCurrent().get(),
-                                       android_LogPriority priority = ANDROID_LOG_DEBUG) {
+#ifdef CALLSTACK_WEAKS_AVAILABLE
+    static void CALLSTACK_ALWAYS_INLINE logStack(const char* logtag,
+                                                 CallStack* stack = getCurrent().get(),
+                                                 android_LogPriority priority = ANDROID_LOG_DEBUG) {
         if (reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(logStackInternal) != 0 && stack != nullptr) {
             logStackInternal(logtag, stack, priority);
         } else {
@@ -127,30 +129,31 @@ class CallStack {
     }
 
 #else
-    static void ALWAYS_INLINE logStack(const char* logtag, CallStack* = getCurrent().get(),
-                                       android_LogPriority = ANDROID_LOG_DEBUG) {
+    static void CALLSTACK_ALWAYS_INLINE logStack(const char* logtag,
+                                                 CallStack* = getCurrent().get(),
+                                                 android_LogPriority = ANDROID_LOG_DEBUG) {
         ALOG(LOG_WARN, logtag, "CallStack::logStackInternal not linked");
     }
-#endif // !WEAKS_AVAILABLE
+#endif // !CALLSTACK_WEAKS_AVAILABLE
 
-#ifdef WEAKS_AVAILABLE
-    static String8 ALWAYS_INLINE stackToString(const char* prefix = nullptr,
-                                               const CallStack* stack = getCurrent().get()) {
+#ifdef CALLSTACK_WEAKS_AVAILABLE
+    static String8 CALLSTACK_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    stackToString(const char* prefix = nullptr, const CallStack* stack = getCurrent().get()) {
         if (reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(stackToStringInternal) != 0 && stack != nullptr) {
             return stackToStringInternal(prefix, stack);
         } else {
             return String8::format("%s<CallStack package not linked>", (prefix ? prefix : ""));
         }
     }
-#else // !WEAKS_AVAILABLE
-    static String8 ALWAYS_INLINE stackToString(const char* prefix = nullptr,
-                                               const CallStack* = getCurrent().get()) {
+#else // !CALLSTACK_WEAKS_AVAILABLE
+    static String8 CALLSTACK_ALWAYS_INLINE stackToString(const char* prefix = nullptr,
+                                                         const CallStack* = getCurrent().get()) {
         return String8::format("%s<CallStack package not linked>", (prefix ? prefix : ""));
     }
-#endif // !WEAKS_AVAILABLE
+#endif // !CALLSTACK_WEAKS_AVAILABLE
 
   private:
-#ifdef WEAKS_AVAILABLE
+#ifdef CALLSTACK_WEAKS_AVAILABLE
     static CallStackUPtr CALLSTACK_WEAK getCurrentInternal(int32_t ignoreDepth);
     static void CALLSTACK_WEAK logStackInternal(const char* logtag, const CallStack* stack,
                                                 android_LogPriority priority);
@@ -158,11 +161,13 @@ class CallStack {
     // The deleter is only invoked on non-null pointers. Hence it will never be
     // invoked if CallStack is not linked.
     static void CALLSTACK_WEAK deleteStack(CallStack* stack);
-#endif // WEAKS_AVAILABLE
+#endif // CALLSTACK_WEAKS_AVAILABLE
 
     Vector<String8> mFrameLines;
 };
 
 }  // namespace android
 
-#endif // ANDROID_CALLSTACK_H
+#undef CALLSTACK_WEAKS_AVAILABLE
+#undef CALLSTACK_WEAK
+#undef CALLSTACK_ALWAYS_INLINE
diff --git a/libutils/include/utils/Errors.h b/libutils/include/utils/Errors.h
deleted file mode 100644
index 22fb36d2500e..000000000000
--- a/libutils/include/utils/Errors.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,77 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2007 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#pragma once
-
-#include <errno.h>
-#include <stdint.h>
-#include <sys/types.h>
-#include <string>
-
-namespace android {
-
-/**
- * The type used to return success/failure from frameworks APIs.
- * See the anonymous enum below for valid values.
- */
-typedef int32_t status_t;
-
-/*
- * Error codes. 
- * All error codes are negative values.
- */
-
-enum {
-    OK                = 0,    // Preferred constant for checking success.
-#ifndef NO_ERROR
-    // Win32 #defines NO_ERROR as well.  It has the same value, so there's no
-    // real conflict, though it's a bit awkward.
-    NO_ERROR          = OK,   // Deprecated synonym for `OK`. Prefer `OK` because it doesn't conflict with Windows.
-#endif
-
-    UNKNOWN_ERROR       = (-2147483647-1), // INT32_MIN value
-
-    NO_MEMORY           = -ENOMEM,
-    INVALID_OPERATION   = -ENOSYS,
-    BAD_VALUE           = -EINVAL,
-    BAD_TYPE            = (UNKNOWN_ERROR + 1),
-    NAME_NOT_FOUND      = -ENOENT,
-    PERMISSION_DENIED   = -EPERM,
-    NO_INIT             = -ENODEV,
-    ALREADY_EXISTS      = -EEXIST,
-    DEAD_OBJECT         = -EPIPE,
-    FAILED_TRANSACTION  = (UNKNOWN_ERROR + 2),
-#if !defined(_WIN32)
-    BAD_INDEX           = -EOVERFLOW,
-    NOT_ENOUGH_DATA     = -ENODATA,
-    WOULD_BLOCK         = -EWOULDBLOCK, 
-    TIMED_OUT           = -ETIMEDOUT,
-    UNKNOWN_TRANSACTION = -EBADMSG,
-#else    
-    BAD_INDEX           = -E2BIG,
-    NOT_ENOUGH_DATA     = (UNKNOWN_ERROR + 3),
-    WOULD_BLOCK         = (UNKNOWN_ERROR + 4),
-    TIMED_OUT           = (UNKNOWN_ERROR + 5),
-    UNKNOWN_TRANSACTION = (UNKNOWN_ERROR + 6),
-#endif    
-    FDS_NOT_ALLOWED     = (UNKNOWN_ERROR + 7),
-    UNEXPECTED_NULL     = (UNKNOWN_ERROR + 8),
-};
-
-// Human readable name of error
-std::string statusToString(status_t status);
-
-}  // namespace android
diff --git a/libutils/include/utils/Errors.h b/libutils/include/utils/Errors.h
new file mode 120000
index 000000000000..2eba10bf815b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libutils/include/utils/Errors.h
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+../../binder/include/utils/Errors.h
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/libutils/include/utils/LightRefBase.h b/libutils/include/utils/LightRefBase.h
deleted file mode 100644
index 40edf6718d33..000000000000
--- a/libutils/include/utils/LightRefBase.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,76 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2017 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#pragma once
-
-/*
- * See documentation in RefBase.h
- */
-
-#include <atomic>
-
-#include <sys/types.h>
-
-namespace android {
-
-class ReferenceRenamer;
-
-void LightRefBase_reportIncStrongRequireStrongFailed(const void* thiz);
-
-template <class T>
-class LightRefBase
-{
-public:
-    inline LightRefBase() : mCount(0) { }
-    inline void incStrong(__attribute__((unused)) const void* id) const {
-        mCount.fetch_add(1, std::memory_order_relaxed);
-    }
-    inline void incStrongRequireStrong(__attribute__((unused)) const void* id) const {
-        if (0 == mCount.fetch_add(1, std::memory_order_relaxed)) {
-            LightRefBase_reportIncStrongRequireStrongFailed(this);
-        }
-    }
-    inline void decStrong(__attribute__((unused)) const void* id) const {
-        if (mCount.fetch_sub(1, std::memory_order_release) == 1) {
-            std::atomic_thread_fence(std::memory_order_acquire);
-            delete static_cast<const T*>(this);
-        }
-    }
-    //! DEBUGGING ONLY: Get current strong ref count.
-    inline int32_t getStrongCount() const {
-        return mCount.load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
-    }
-
-protected:
-    inline ~LightRefBase() { }
-
-private:
-    friend class ReferenceMover;
-    inline static void renameRefs(size_t /*n*/, const ReferenceRenamer& /*renamer*/) { }
-    inline static void renameRefId(T* /*ref*/, const void* /*old_id*/ , const void* /*new_id*/) { }
-
-private:
-    mutable std::atomic<int32_t> mCount;
-};
-
-// This is a wrapper around LightRefBase that simply enforces a virtual
-// destructor to eliminate the template requirement of LightRefBase
-class VirtualLightRefBase : public LightRefBase<VirtualLightRefBase> {
-public:
-    virtual ~VirtualLightRefBase() = default;
-};
-
-}  // namespace android
diff --git a/libutils/include/utils/LightRefBase.h b/libutils/include/utils/LightRefBase.h
new file mode 120000
index 000000000000..9da2cf07e034
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libutils/include/utils/LightRefBase.h
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+../../binder/include/utils/LightRefBase.h
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/libutils/include/utils/Looper.h b/libutils/include/utils/Looper.h
index b387d68c6152..eea348e3798f 100644
--- a/libutils/include/utils/Looper.h
+++ b/libutils/include/utils/Looper.h
@@ -322,6 +322,12 @@ class Looper : public RefBase {
     int addFd(int fd, int ident, int events, Looper_callbackFunc callback, void* data);
     int addFd(int fd, int ident, int events, const sp<LooperCallback>& callback, void* data);
 
+    /**
+     * May be useful for testing, instead of executing a looper on another thread for code expecting
+     * a looper, you can call callbacks directly.
+     */
+    bool getFdStateDebug(int fd, int* ident, int* events, sp<LooperCallback>* cb, void** data);
+
     /**
      * Removes a previously added file descriptor from the looper.
      *
@@ -344,6 +350,18 @@ class Looper : public RefBase {
      */
     int removeFd(int fd);
 
+    /**
+     * Tell the kernel to check for the same events we're already checking for
+     * with this FD. This is to be used when there is a kernel driver bug where
+     * the kernel does not properly mark itself as having new data available, in
+     * order to force "fd_op->poll()" to be called. You probably don't want to
+     * use this in general, and you shouldn't use it unless there is a plan to
+     * fix the kernel. See also b/296817256.
+     *
+     * Returns 1 if successfully repolled, 0 if not.
+     */
+    int repoll(int fd);
+
     /**
      * Enqueues a message to be processed by the specified handler.
      *
@@ -487,8 +505,6 @@ class Looper : public RefBase {
     void rebuildEpollLocked();
     void scheduleEpollRebuildLocked();
 
-    static void initTLSKey();
-    static void threadDestructor(void *st);
     static void initEpollEvent(struct epoll_event* eventItem);
 };
 
diff --git a/libutils/include/utils/LruCache.h b/libutils/include/utils/LruCache.h
index b4243a3dbe38..70901b63b4c5 100644
--- a/libutils/include/utils/LruCache.h
+++ b/libutils/include/utils/LruCache.h
@@ -161,12 +161,12 @@ class LruCache {
 // Implementation is here, because it's fully templated
 template <typename TKey, typename TValue>
 LruCache<TKey, TValue>::LruCache(uint32_t maxCapacity)
-    : mSet(new LruCacheSet())
-    , mListener(nullptr)
-    , mOldest(nullptr)
-    , mYoungest(nullptr)
-    , mMaxCapacity(maxCapacity)
-    , mNullValue(0) {
+    : mSet(new LruCacheSet()),
+      mListener(nullptr),
+      mOldest(nullptr),
+      mYoungest(nullptr),
+      mMaxCapacity(maxCapacity),
+      mNullValue{} {
     mSet->max_load_factor(1.0);
 };
 
diff --git a/libutils/include/utils/RefBase.h b/libutils/include/utils/RefBase.h
deleted file mode 100644
index 5e3fa7d13c8a..000000000000
--- a/libutils/include/utils/RefBase.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,819 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2016 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-
-// SOME COMMENTS ABOUT USAGE:
-
-// This provides primarily wp<> weak pointer types and RefBase, which work
-// together with sp<> from <StrongPointer.h>.
-
-// sp<> (and wp<>) are a type of smart pointer that use a well defined protocol
-// to operate. As long as the object they are templated with implements that
-// protocol, these smart pointers work. In several places the platform
-// instantiates sp<> with non-RefBase objects; the two are not tied to each
-// other.
-
-// RefBase is such an implementation and it supports strong pointers, weak
-// pointers and some magic features for the binder.
-
-// So, when using RefBase objects, you have the ability to use strong and weak
-// pointers through sp<> and wp<>.
-
-// Normally, when the last strong pointer goes away, the object is destroyed,
-// i.e. it's destructor is called. HOWEVER, parts of its associated memory is not
-// freed until the last weak pointer is released.
-
-// Weak pointers are essentially "safe" pointers. They are always safe to
-// access through promote(). They may return nullptr if the object was
-// destroyed because it ran out of strong pointers. This makes them good candidates
-// for keys in a cache for instance.
-
-// Weak pointers remain valid for comparison purposes even after the underlying
-// object has been destroyed. Even if object A is destroyed and its memory reused
-// for B, A remaining weak pointer to A will not compare equal to one to B.
-// This again makes them attractive for use as keys.
-
-// How is this supposed / intended to be used?
-
-// Our recommendation is to use strong references (sp<>) when there is an
-// ownership relation. e.g. when an object "owns" another one, use a strong
-// ref. And of course use strong refs as arguments of functions (it's extremely
-// rare that a function will take a wp<>).
-
-// Typically a newly allocated object will immediately be used to initialize
-// a strong pointer, which may then be used to construct or assign to other
-// strong and weak pointers.
-
-// Use weak references when there are no ownership relation. e.g. the keys in a
-// cache (you cannot use plain pointers because there is no safe way to acquire
-// a strong reference from a vanilla pointer).
-
-// This implies that two objects should never (or very rarely) have sp<> on
-// each other, because they can't both own each other.
-
-
-// Caveats with reference counting
-
-// Obviously, circular strong references are a big problem; this creates leaks
-// and it's hard to debug -- except it's in fact really easy because RefBase has
-// tons of debugging code for that. It can basically tell you exactly where the
-// leak is.
-
-// Another problem has to do with destructors with side effects. You must
-// assume that the destructor of reference counted objects can be called AT ANY
-// TIME. For instance code as simple as this:
-
-// void setStuff(const sp<Stuff>& stuff) {
-//   std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mMutex);
-//   mStuff = stuff;
-// }
-
-// is very dangerous. This code WILL deadlock one day or another.
-
-// What isn't obvious is that ~Stuff() can be called as a result of the
-// assignment. And it gets called with the lock held. First of all, the lock is
-// protecting mStuff, not ~Stuff(). Secondly, if ~Stuff() uses its own internal
-// mutex, now you have mutex ordering issues.  Even worse, if ~Stuff() is
-// virtual, now you're calling into "user" code (potentially), by that, I mean,
-// code you didn't even write.
-
-// A correct way to write this code is something like:
-
-// void setStuff(const sp<Stuff>& stuff) {
-//   std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(mMutex);
-//   sp<Stuff> hold = mStuff;
-//   mStuff = stuff;
-//   lock.unlock();
-// }
-
-// More importantly, reference counted objects should do as little work as
-// possible in their destructor, or at least be mindful that their destructor
-// could be called from very weird and unintended places.
-
-// Other more specific restrictions for wp<> and sp<>:
-
-// Do not construct a strong pointer to "this" in an object's constructor.
-// The onFirstRef() callback would be made on an incompletely constructed
-// object.
-// Construction of a weak pointer to "this" in an object's constructor is also
-// discouraged. But the implementation was recently changed so that, in the
-// absence of extendObjectLifetime() calls, weak pointers no longer impact
-// object lifetime, and hence this no longer risks premature deallocation,
-// and hence usually works correctly.
-
-// Such strong or weak pointers can be safely created in the RefBase onFirstRef()
-// callback.
-
-// Use of wp::unsafe_get() for any purpose other than debugging is almost
-// always wrong.  Unless you somehow know that there is a longer-lived sp<> to
-// the same object, it may well return a pointer to a deallocated object that
-// has since been reallocated for a different purpose. (And if you know there
-// is a longer-lived sp<>, why not use an sp<> directly?) A wp<> should only be
-// dereferenced by using promote().
-
-// Any object inheriting from RefBase should always be destroyed as the result
-// of a reference count decrement, not via any other means.  Such objects
-// should never be stack allocated, or appear directly as data members in other
-// objects. Objects inheriting from RefBase should have their strong reference
-// count incremented as soon as possible after construction. Usually this
-// will be done via construction of an sp<> to the object, but may instead
-// involve other means of calling RefBase::incStrong().
-// Explicitly deleting or otherwise destroying a RefBase object with outstanding
-// wp<> or sp<> pointers to it will result in an abort or heap corruption.
-
-// It is particularly important not to mix sp<> and direct storage management
-// since the sp from raw pointer constructor is implicit. Thus if a RefBase-
-// -derived object of type T is managed without ever incrementing its strong
-// count, and accidentally passed to f(sp<T>), a strong pointer to the object
-// will be temporarily constructed and destroyed, prematurely deallocating the
-// object, and resulting in heap corruption. None of this would be easily
-// visible in the source. See below on
-// ANDROID_UTILS_REF_BASE_DISABLE_IMPLICIT_CONSTRUCTION for a compile time
-// option which helps avoid this case.
-
-// Extra Features:
-
-// RefBase::extendObjectLifetime() can be used to prevent destruction of the
-// object while there are still weak references. This is really special purpose
-// functionality to support Binder.
-
-// Wp::promote(), implemented via the attemptIncStrong() member function, is
-// used to try to convert a weak pointer back to a strong pointer.  It's the
-// normal way to try to access the fields of an object referenced only through
-// a wp<>.  Binder code also sometimes uses attemptIncStrong() directly.
-
-// RefBase provides a number of additional callbacks for certain reference count
-// events, as well as some debugging facilities.
-
-// Debugging support can be enabled by turning on DEBUG_REFS in RefBase.cpp.
-// Otherwise little checking is provided.
-
-// Thread safety:
-
-// Like std::shared_ptr, sp<> and wp<> allow concurrent accesses to DIFFERENT
-// sp<> and wp<> instances that happen to refer to the same underlying object.
-// They do NOT support concurrent access (where at least one access is a write)
-// to THE SAME sp<> or wp<>.  In effect, their thread-safety properties are
-// exactly like those of T*, NOT atomic<T*>.
-
-// Safety option: ANDROID_UTILS_REF_BASE_DISABLE_IMPLICIT_CONSTRUCTION
-//
-// This flag makes the semantics for using a RefBase object with wp<> and sp<>
-// much stricter by disabling implicit conversion from raw pointers to these
-// objects. In order to use this, apply this flag in Android.bp like so:
-//
-//    cflags: [
-//        "-DANDROID_UTILS_REF_BASE_DISABLE_IMPLICIT_CONSTRUCTION",
-//    ],
-//
-// REGARDLESS of whether this flag is on, best usage of sp<> is shown below. If
-// this flag is on, no other usage is possible (directly calling RefBase methods
-// is possible, but seeing code using 'incStrong' instead of 'sp<>', for
-// instance, should already set off big alarm bells. With carefully constructed
-// data structures, it should NEVER be necessary to directly use RefBase
-// methods). Proper RefBase usage:
-//
-//    class Foo : virtual public RefBase { ... };
-//
-//    // always construct an sp object with sp::make
-//    sp<Foo> myFoo = sp<Foo>::make(/*args*/);
-//
-//    // if you need a weak pointer, it must be constructed from a strong
-//    // pointer
-//    wp<Foo> weakFoo = myFoo; // NOT myFoo.get()
-//
-//    // If you are inside of a method of Foo and need access to a strong
-//    // explicitly call this function. This documents your intention to code
-//    // readers, and it will give a runtime error for what otherwise would
-//    // be potential double ownership
-//    .... Foo::someMethod(...) {
-//        // asserts if there is a memory issue
-//        sp<Foo> thiz = sp<Foo>::fromExisting(this);
-//    }
-//
-
-#ifndef ANDROID_REF_BASE_H
-#define ANDROID_REF_BASE_H
-
-#include <atomic>
-#include <functional>
-#include <memory>
-#include <type_traits>  // for common_type.
-
-#include <stdint.h>
-#include <sys/types.h>
-#include <stdlib.h>
-#include <string.h>
-
-// LightRefBase used to be declared in this header, so we have to include it
-#include <utils/LightRefBase.h>
-
-#include <utils/StrongPointer.h>
-#include <utils/TypeHelpers.h>
-
-// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-namespace android {
-
-// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-#define COMPARE_WEAK(_op_)                                      \
-template<typename U>                                            \
-inline bool operator _op_ (const U* o) const {                  \
-    return m_ptr _op_ o;                                        \
-}                                                               \
-/* Needed to handle type inference for nullptr: */              \
-inline bool operator _op_ (const T* o) const {                  \
-    return m_ptr _op_ o;                                        \
-}
-
-template<template<typename C> class comparator, typename T, typename U>
-static inline bool _wp_compare_(T* a, U* b) {
-    return comparator<typename std::common_type<T*, U*>::type>()(a, b);
-}
-
-// Use std::less and friends to avoid undefined behavior when ordering pointers
-// to different objects.
-#define COMPARE_WEAK_FUNCTIONAL(_op_, _compare_)                 \
-template<typename U>                                             \
-inline bool operator _op_ (const U* o) const {                   \
-    return _wp_compare_<_compare_>(m_ptr, o);                    \
-}
-
-// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-// RefererenceRenamer is pure abstract, there is no virtual method
-// implementation to put in a translation unit in order to silence the
-// weak vtables warning.
-#if defined(__clang__)
-#pragma clang diagnostic push
-#pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wweak-vtables"
-#endif
-
-class ReferenceRenamer {
-protected:
-    // destructor is purposely not virtual so we avoid code overhead from
-    // subclasses; we have to make it protected to guarantee that it
-    // cannot be called from this base class (and to make strict compilers
-    // happy).
-    ~ReferenceRenamer() { }
-public:
-    virtual void operator()(size_t i) const = 0;
-};
-
-#if defined(__clang__)
-#pragma clang diagnostic pop
-#endif
-
-// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-class RefBase
-{
-public:
-            void            incStrong(const void* id) const;
-            void            incStrongRequireStrong(const void* id) const;
-            void            decStrong(const void* id) const;
-    
-            void            forceIncStrong(const void* id) const;
-
-            //! DEBUGGING ONLY: Get current strong ref count.
-            int32_t         getStrongCount() const;
-
-    class weakref_type
-    {
-    public:
-        RefBase*            refBase() const;
-
-        void                incWeak(const void* id);
-        void                incWeakRequireWeak(const void* id);
-        void                decWeak(const void* id);
-
-        // acquires a strong reference if there is already one.
-        bool                attemptIncStrong(const void* id);
-
-        // acquires a weak reference if there is already one.
-        // This is not always safe. see ProcessState.cpp and BpBinder.cpp
-        // for proper use.
-        bool                attemptIncWeak(const void* id);
-
-        //! DEBUGGING ONLY: Get current weak ref count.
-        int32_t             getWeakCount() const;
-
-        //! DEBUGGING ONLY: Print references held on object.
-        void                printRefs() const;
-
-        //! DEBUGGING ONLY: Enable tracking for this object.
-        // enable -- enable/disable tracking
-        // retain -- when tracking is enable, if true, then we save a stack trace
-        //           for each reference and dereference; when retain == false, we
-        //           match up references and dereferences and keep only the
-        //           outstanding ones.
-
-        void                trackMe(bool enable, bool retain);
-    };
-
-            weakref_type*   createWeak(const void* id) const;
-            
-            weakref_type*   getWeakRefs() const;
-
-            //! DEBUGGING ONLY: Print references held on object.
-    inline  void            printRefs() const { getWeakRefs()->printRefs(); }
-
-            //! DEBUGGING ONLY: Enable tracking of object.
-    inline  void            trackMe(bool enable, bool retain)
-    { 
-        getWeakRefs()->trackMe(enable, retain); 
-    }
-
-protected:
-    // When constructing these objects, prefer using sp::make<>. Using a RefBase
-    // object on the stack or with other refcount mechanisms (e.g.
-    // std::shared_ptr) is inherently wrong. RefBase types have an implicit
-    // ownership model and cannot be safely used with other ownership models.
-
-                            RefBase();
-    virtual                 ~RefBase();
-    
-    //! Flags for extendObjectLifetime()
-    enum {
-        OBJECT_LIFETIME_STRONG  = 0x0000,
-        OBJECT_LIFETIME_WEAK    = 0x0001,
-        OBJECT_LIFETIME_MASK    = 0x0001
-    };
-    
-            void            extendObjectLifetime(int32_t mode);
-            
-    //! Flags for onIncStrongAttempted()
-    enum {
-        FIRST_INC_STRONG = 0x0001
-    };
-    
-    // Invoked after creation of initial strong pointer/reference.
-    virtual void            onFirstRef();
-    // Invoked when either the last strong reference goes away, or we need to undo
-    // the effect of an unnecessary onIncStrongAttempted.
-    virtual void            onLastStrongRef(const void* id);
-    // Only called in OBJECT_LIFETIME_WEAK case.  Returns true if OK to promote to
-    // strong reference. May have side effects if it returns true.
-    // The first flags argument is always FIRST_INC_STRONG.
-    // TODO: Remove initial flag argument.
-    virtual bool            onIncStrongAttempted(uint32_t flags, const void* id);
-    // Invoked in the OBJECT_LIFETIME_WEAK case when the last reference of either
-    // kind goes away.  Unused.
-    // TODO: Remove.
-    virtual void            onLastWeakRef(const void* id);
-
-private:
-    friend class weakref_type;
-    class weakref_impl;
-    
-                            RefBase(const RefBase& o);
-            RefBase&        operator=(const RefBase& o);
-
-private:
-    friend class ReferenceMover;
-
-    static void renameRefs(size_t n, const ReferenceRenamer& renamer);
-
-    static void renameRefId(weakref_type* ref,
-            const void* old_id, const void* new_id);
-
-    static void renameRefId(RefBase* ref,
-            const void* old_id, const void* new_id);
-
-        weakref_impl* const mRefs;
-};
-
-// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-template <typename T>
-class wp
-{
-public:
-    typedef typename RefBase::weakref_type weakref_type;
-
-    inline wp() : m_ptr(nullptr), m_refs(nullptr) { }
-
-    // if nullptr, returns nullptr
-    //
-    // if a weak pointer is already available, this will retrieve it,
-    // otherwise, this will abort
-    static inline wp<T> fromExisting(T* other);
-
-    // for more information about this flag, see above
-#if defined(ANDROID_UTILS_REF_BASE_DISABLE_IMPLICIT_CONSTRUCTION)
-    wp(std::nullptr_t) : wp() {}
-#else
-    wp(T* other);  // NOLINT(implicit)
-    template <typename U>
-    wp(U* other);  // NOLINT(implicit)
-    wp& operator=(T* other);
-    template <typename U>
-    wp& operator=(U* other);
-#endif
-
-    wp(const wp<T>& other);
-    explicit wp(const sp<T>& other);
-
-    template<typename U> wp(const sp<U>& other);  // NOLINT(implicit)
-    template<typename U> wp(const wp<U>& other);  // NOLINT(implicit)
-
-    ~wp();
-
-    // Assignment
-
-    wp& operator = (const wp<T>& other);
-    wp& operator = (const sp<T>& other);
-
-    template<typename U> wp& operator = (const wp<U>& other);
-    template<typename U> wp& operator = (const sp<U>& other);
-
-    void set_object_and_refs(T* other, weakref_type* refs);
-
-    // promotion to sp
-
-    sp<T> promote() const;
-
-    // Reset
-
-    void clear();
-
-    // Accessors
-
-    inline  weakref_type* get_refs() const { return m_refs; }
-
-    inline  T* unsafe_get() const { return m_ptr; }
-
-    // Operators
-
-    COMPARE_WEAK(==)
-    COMPARE_WEAK(!=)
-    COMPARE_WEAK_FUNCTIONAL(>, std::greater)
-    COMPARE_WEAK_FUNCTIONAL(<, std::less)
-    COMPARE_WEAK_FUNCTIONAL(<=, std::less_equal)
-    COMPARE_WEAK_FUNCTIONAL(>=, std::greater_equal)
-
-    template<typename U>
-    inline bool operator == (const wp<U>& o) const {
-        return m_refs == o.m_refs;  // Implies m_ptr == o.mptr; see invariants below.
-    }
-
-    template<typename U>
-    inline bool operator == (const sp<U>& o) const {
-        // Just comparing m_ptr fields is often dangerous, since wp<> may refer to an older
-        // object at the same address.
-        if (o == nullptr) {
-          return m_ptr == nullptr;
-        } else {
-          return m_refs == o->getWeakRefs();  // Implies m_ptr == o.mptr.
-        }
-    }
-
-    template<typename U>
-    inline bool operator != (const sp<U>& o) const {
-        return !(*this == o);
-    }
-
-    template<typename U>
-    inline bool operator > (const wp<U>& o) const {
-        if (m_ptr == o.m_ptr) {
-            return _wp_compare_<std::greater>(m_refs, o.m_refs);
-        } else {
-            return _wp_compare_<std::greater>(m_ptr, o.m_ptr);
-        }
-    }
-
-    template<typename U>
-    inline bool operator < (const wp<U>& o) const {
-        if (m_ptr == o.m_ptr) {
-            return _wp_compare_<std::less>(m_refs, o.m_refs);
-        } else {
-            return _wp_compare_<std::less>(m_ptr, o.m_ptr);
-        }
-    }
-    template<typename U> inline bool operator != (const wp<U>& o) const { return !operator == (o); }
-    template<typename U> inline bool operator <= (const wp<U>& o) const { return !operator > (o); }
-    template<typename U> inline bool operator >= (const wp<U>& o) const { return !operator < (o); }
-
-private:
-    template<typename Y> friend class sp;
-    template<typename Y> friend class wp;
-
-    T*              m_ptr;
-    weakref_type*   m_refs;
-};
-
-#undef COMPARE_WEAK
-#undef COMPARE_WEAK_FUNCTIONAL
-
-// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-// No user serviceable parts below here.
-
-// Implementation invariants:
-// Either
-// 1) m_ptr and m_refs are both null, or
-// 2) m_refs == m_ptr->mRefs, or
-// 3) *m_ptr is no longer live, and m_refs points to the weakref_type object that corresponded
-//    to m_ptr while it was live. *m_refs remains live while a wp<> refers to it.
-//
-// The m_refs field in a RefBase object is allocated on construction, unique to that RefBase
-// object, and never changes. Thus if two wp's have identical m_refs fields, they are either both
-// null or point to the same object. If two wp's have identical m_ptr fields, they either both
-// point to the same live object and thus have the same m_ref fields, or at least one of the
-// objects is no longer live.
-//
-// Note that the above comparison operations go out of their way to provide an ordering consistent
-// with ordinary pointer comparison; otherwise they could ignore m_ptr, and just compare m_refs.
-
-template <typename T>
-wp<T> wp<T>::fromExisting(T* other) {
-    if (!other) return nullptr;
-
-    auto refs = other->getWeakRefs();
-    refs->incWeakRequireWeak(other);
-
-    wp<T> ret;
-    ret.m_ptr = other;
-    ret.m_refs = refs;
-    return ret;
-}
-
-#if !defined(ANDROID_UTILS_REF_BASE_DISABLE_IMPLICIT_CONSTRUCTION)
-template<typename T>
-wp<T>::wp(T* other)
-    : m_ptr(other)
-{
-    m_refs = other ? m_refs = other->createWeak(this) : nullptr;
-}
-
-template <typename T>
-template <typename U>
-wp<T>::wp(U* other) : m_ptr(other) {
-    m_refs = other ? other->createWeak(this) : nullptr;
-}
-
-template <typename T>
-wp<T>& wp<T>::operator=(T* other) {
-    weakref_type* newRefs = other ? other->createWeak(this) : nullptr;
-    if (m_ptr) m_refs->decWeak(this);
-    m_ptr = other;
-    m_refs = newRefs;
-    return *this;
-}
-
-template <typename T>
-template <typename U>
-wp<T>& wp<T>::operator=(U* other) {
-    weakref_type* newRefs = other ? other->createWeak(this) : 0;
-    if (m_ptr) m_refs->decWeak(this);
-    m_ptr = other;
-    m_refs = newRefs;
-    return *this;
-}
-#endif
-
-template<typename T>
-wp<T>::wp(const wp<T>& other)
-    : m_ptr(other.m_ptr), m_refs(other.m_refs)
-{
-    if (m_ptr) m_refs->incWeak(this);
-}
-
-template<typename T>
-wp<T>::wp(const sp<T>& other)
-    : m_ptr(other.m_ptr)
-{
-    m_refs = m_ptr ? m_ptr->createWeak(this) : nullptr;
-}
-
-template<typename T> template<typename U>
-wp<T>::wp(const wp<U>& other)
-    : m_ptr(other.m_ptr)
-{
-    if (m_ptr) {
-        m_refs = other.m_refs;
-        m_refs->incWeak(this);
-    } else {
-        m_refs = nullptr;
-    }
-}
-
-template<typename T> template<typename U>
-wp<T>::wp(const sp<U>& other)
-    : m_ptr(other.m_ptr)
-{
-    m_refs = m_ptr ? m_ptr->createWeak(this) : nullptr;
-}
-
-template<typename T>
-wp<T>::~wp()
-{
-    if (m_ptr) m_refs->decWeak(this);
-}
-
-template<typename T>
-wp<T>& wp<T>::operator = (const wp<T>& other)
-{
-    weakref_type* otherRefs(other.m_refs);
-    T* otherPtr(other.m_ptr);
-    if (otherPtr) otherRefs->incWeak(this);
-    if (m_ptr) m_refs->decWeak(this);
-    m_ptr = otherPtr;
-    m_refs = otherRefs;
-    return *this;
-}
-
-template<typename T>
-wp<T>& wp<T>::operator = (const sp<T>& other)
-{
-    weakref_type* newRefs =
-        other != nullptr ? other->createWeak(this) : nullptr;
-    T* otherPtr(other.m_ptr);
-    if (m_ptr) m_refs->decWeak(this);
-    m_ptr = otherPtr;
-    m_refs = newRefs;
-    return *this;
-}
-
-template<typename T> template<typename U>
-wp<T>& wp<T>::operator = (const wp<U>& other)
-{
-    weakref_type* otherRefs(other.m_refs);
-    U* otherPtr(other.m_ptr);
-    if (otherPtr) otherRefs->incWeak(this);
-    if (m_ptr) m_refs->decWeak(this);
-    m_ptr = otherPtr;
-    m_refs = otherRefs;
-    return *this;
-}
-
-template<typename T> template<typename U>
-wp<T>& wp<T>::operator = (const sp<U>& other)
-{
-    weakref_type* newRefs =
-        other != nullptr ? other->createWeak(this) : 0;
-    U* otherPtr(other.m_ptr);
-    if (m_ptr) m_refs->decWeak(this);
-    m_ptr = otherPtr;
-    m_refs = newRefs;
-    return *this;
-}
-
-template<typename T>
-void wp<T>::set_object_and_refs(T* other, weakref_type* refs)
-{
-    if (other) refs->incWeak(this);
-    if (m_ptr) m_refs->decWeak(this);
-    m_ptr = other;
-    m_refs = refs;
-}
-
-template<typename T>
-sp<T> wp<T>::promote() const
-{
-    sp<T> result;
-    if (m_ptr && m_refs->attemptIncStrong(&result)) {
-        result.set_pointer(m_ptr);
-    }
-    return result;
-}
-
-template<typename T>
-void wp<T>::clear()
-{
-    if (m_ptr) {
-        m_refs->decWeak(this);
-        m_refs = 0;
-        m_ptr = 0;
-    }
-}
-
-// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-// this class just serves as a namespace so TYPE::moveReferences can stay
-// private.
-class ReferenceMover {
-public:
-    // it would be nice if we could make sure no extra code is generated
-    // for sp<TYPE> or wp<TYPE> when TYPE is a descendant of RefBase:
-    // Using a sp<RefBase> override doesn't work; it's a bit like we wanted
-    // a template<typename TYPE inherits RefBase> template...
-
-    template<typename TYPE> static inline
-    void move_references(sp<TYPE>* dest, sp<TYPE> const* src, size_t n) {
-
-        class Renamer : public ReferenceRenamer {
-            sp<TYPE>* d_;
-            sp<TYPE> const* s_;
-            virtual void operator()(size_t i) const {
-                // The id are known to be the sp<>'s this pointer
-                TYPE::renameRefId(d_[i].get(), &s_[i], &d_[i]);
-            }
-        public:
-            Renamer(sp<TYPE>* d, sp<TYPE> const* s) : d_(d), s_(s) { }
-            virtual ~Renamer() { }
-        };
-
-        memmove(dest, src, n*sizeof(sp<TYPE>));
-        TYPE::renameRefs(n, Renamer(dest, src));
-    }
-
-
-    template<typename TYPE> static inline
-    void move_references(wp<TYPE>* dest, wp<TYPE> const* src, size_t n) {
-
-        class Renamer : public ReferenceRenamer {
-            wp<TYPE>* d_;
-            wp<TYPE> const* s_;
-            virtual void operator()(size_t i) const {
-                // The id are known to be the wp<>'s this pointer
-                TYPE::renameRefId(d_[i].get_refs(), &s_[i], &d_[i]);
-            }
-        public:
-            Renamer(wp<TYPE>* rd, wp<TYPE> const* rs) : d_(rd), s_(rs) { }
-            virtual ~Renamer() { }
-        };
-
-        memmove(dest, src, n*sizeof(wp<TYPE>));
-        TYPE::renameRefs(n, Renamer(dest, src));
-    }
-};
-
-// specialization for moving sp<> and wp<> types.
-// these are used by the [Sorted|Keyed]Vector<> implementations
-// sp<> and wp<> need to be handled specially, because they do not
-// have trivial copy operation in the general case (see RefBase.cpp
-// when DEBUG ops are enabled), but can be implemented very
-// efficiently in most cases.
-
-template<typename TYPE> inline
-void move_forward_type(sp<TYPE>* d, sp<TYPE> const* s, size_t n) {
-    ReferenceMover::move_references(d, s, n);
-}
-
-template<typename TYPE> inline
-void move_backward_type(sp<TYPE>* d, sp<TYPE> const* s, size_t n) {
-    ReferenceMover::move_references(d, s, n);
-}
-
-template<typename TYPE> inline
-void move_forward_type(wp<TYPE>* d, wp<TYPE> const* s, size_t n) {
-    ReferenceMover::move_references(d, s, n);
-}
-
-template<typename TYPE> inline
-void move_backward_type(wp<TYPE>* d, wp<TYPE> const* s, size_t n) {
-    ReferenceMover::move_references(d, s, n);
-}
-
-}  // namespace android
-
-namespace libutilsinternal {
-template <typename T, typename = void>
-struct is_complete_type : std::false_type {};
-
-template <typename T>
-struct is_complete_type<T, decltype(void(sizeof(T)))> : std::true_type {};
-}  // namespace libutilsinternal
-
-namespace std {
-
-// Define `RefBase` specific versions of `std::make_shared` and
-// `std::make_unique` to block people from using them. Using them to allocate
-// `RefBase` objects results in double ownership. Use
-// `sp<T>::make(...)` instead.
-//
-// Note: We exclude incomplete types because `std::is_base_of` is undefined in
-// that case.
-
-template <typename T, typename... Args,
-          typename std::enable_if<libutilsinternal::is_complete_type<T>::value, bool>::value = true,
-          typename std::enable_if<std::is_base_of<android::RefBase, T>::value, bool>::value = true>
-shared_ptr<T> make_shared(Args...) {  // SEE COMMENT ABOVE.
-    static_assert(!std::is_base_of<android::RefBase, T>::value, "Must use RefBase with sp<>");
-}
-
-template <typename T, typename... Args,
-          typename std::enable_if<libutilsinternal::is_complete_type<T>::value, bool>::value = true,
-          typename std::enable_if<std::is_base_of<android::RefBase, T>::value, bool>::value = true>
-unique_ptr<T> make_unique(Args...) {  // SEE COMMENT ABOVE.
-    static_assert(!std::is_base_of<android::RefBase, T>::value, "Must use RefBase with sp<>");
-}
-
-}  // namespace std
-
-// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-#endif // ANDROID_REF_BASE_H
diff --git a/libutils/include/utils/RefBase.h b/libutils/include/utils/RefBase.h
new file mode 120000
index 000000000000..86d72b128038
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libutils/include/utils/RefBase.h
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+../../binder/include/utils/RefBase.h
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/libutils/include/utils/String16.h b/libutils/include/utils/String16.h
deleted file mode 100644
index 3ef56a3cfa8f..000000000000
--- a/libutils/include/utils/String16.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,340 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2005 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#ifndef ANDROID_STRING16_H
-#define ANDROID_STRING16_H
-
-#include <iostream>
-#include <string>
-
-#include <utils/Errors.h>
-#include <utils/String8.h>
-#include <utils/TypeHelpers.h>
-
-// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-namespace android {
-
-// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-template <size_t N>
-class StaticString16;
-
-// DO NOT USE: please use std::u16string
-
-//! This is a string holding UTF-16 characters.
-class String16
-{
-public:
-                                String16();
-                                String16(const String16& o);
-                                String16(String16&& o) noexcept;
-                                String16(const String16& o,
-                                         size_t len,
-                                         size_t begin=0);
-    explicit                    String16(const char16_t* o);
-    explicit                    String16(const char16_t* o, size_t len);
-    explicit                    String16(const String8& o);
-    explicit                    String16(const char* o);
-    explicit                    String16(const char* o, size_t len);
-
-                                ~String16();
-
-    inline  const char16_t*     string() const;
-
-private:
-    static inline std::string   std_string(const String16& str);
-public:
-            size_t              size() const;
-            void                setTo(const String16& other);
-            status_t            setTo(const char16_t* other);
-            status_t            setTo(const char16_t* other, size_t len);
-            status_t            setTo(const String16& other,
-                                      size_t len,
-                                      size_t begin=0);
-
-            status_t            append(const String16& other);
-            status_t            append(const char16_t* other, size_t len);
-
-    inline  String16&           operator=(const String16& other);
-            String16&           operator=(String16&& other) noexcept;
-
-    inline  String16&           operator+=(const String16& other);
-    inline  String16            operator+(const String16& other) const;
-
-            status_t            insert(size_t pos, const char16_t* chrs);
-            status_t            insert(size_t pos,
-                                       const char16_t* chrs, size_t len);
-
-            ssize_t             findFirst(char16_t c) const;
-            ssize_t             findLast(char16_t c) const;
-
-            bool                startsWith(const String16& prefix) const;
-            bool                startsWith(const char16_t* prefix) const;
-
-            bool                contains(const char16_t* chrs) const;
-
-            status_t            replaceAll(char16_t replaceThis,
-                                           char16_t withThis);
-
-    inline  int                 compare(const String16& other) const;
-
-    inline  bool                operator<(const String16& other) const;
-    inline  bool                operator<=(const String16& other) const;
-    inline  bool                operator==(const String16& other) const;
-    inline  bool                operator!=(const String16& other) const;
-    inline  bool                operator>=(const String16& other) const;
-    inline  bool                operator>(const String16& other) const;
-
-    inline  bool                operator<(const char16_t* other) const;
-    inline  bool                operator<=(const char16_t* other) const;
-    inline  bool                operator==(const char16_t* other) const;
-    inline  bool                operator!=(const char16_t* other) const;
-    inline  bool                operator>=(const char16_t* other) const;
-    inline  bool                operator>(const char16_t* other) const;
-
-    inline                      operator const char16_t*() const;
-
-    // Static and non-static String16 behave the same for the users, so
-    // this method isn't of much use for the users. It is public for testing.
-            bool                isStaticString() const;
-
-  private:
-    /*
-     * A flag indicating the type of underlying buffer.
-     */
-    static constexpr uint32_t kIsSharedBufferAllocated = 0x80000000;
-
-    /*
-     * alloc() returns void* so that SharedBuffer class is not exposed.
-     */
-    static void* alloc(size_t size);
-    static char16_t* allocFromUTF8(const char* u8str, size_t u8len);
-    static char16_t* allocFromUTF16(const char16_t* u16str, size_t u16len);
-
-    /*
-     * edit() and editResize() return void* so that SharedBuffer class
-     * is not exposed.
-     */
-    void* edit();
-    void* editResize(size_t new_size);
-
-    void acquire();
-    void release();
-
-    size_t staticStringSize() const;
-
-    const char16_t* mString;
-
-protected:
-    /*
-     * Data structure used to allocate static storage for static String16.
-     *
-     * Note that this data structure and SharedBuffer are used interchangably
-     * as the underlying data structure for a String16.  Therefore, the layout
-     * of this data structure must match the part in SharedBuffer that is
-     * visible to String16.
-     */
-    template <size_t N>
-    struct StaticData {
-        // The high bit of 'size' is used as a flag.
-        static_assert(N - 1 < kIsSharedBufferAllocated, "StaticString16 too long!");
-        constexpr StaticData() : size(N - 1), data{0} {}
-        const uint32_t size;
-        char16_t data[N];
-
-        constexpr StaticData(const StaticData<N>&) = default;
-    };
-
-    /*
-     * Helper function for constructing a StaticData object.
-     */
-    template <size_t N>
-    static constexpr const StaticData<N> makeStaticData(const char16_t (&s)[N]) {
-        StaticData<N> r;
-        // The 'size' field is at the same location where mClientMetadata would
-        // be for a SharedBuffer.  We do NOT set kIsSharedBufferAllocated flag
-        // here.
-        for (size_t i = 0; i < N - 1; ++i) r.data[i] = s[i];
-        return r;
-    }
-
-    template <size_t N>
-    explicit constexpr String16(const StaticData<N>& s) : mString(s.data) {}
-};
-
-// String16 can be trivially moved using memcpy() because moving does not
-// require any change to the underlying SharedBuffer contents or reference count.
-ANDROID_TRIVIAL_MOVE_TRAIT(String16)
-
-static inline std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const String16& str) {
-    os << String8(str);
-    return os;
-}
-
-// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-/*
- * A StaticString16 object is a specialized String16 object.  Instead of holding
- * the string data in a ref counted SharedBuffer object, it holds data in a
- * buffer within StaticString16 itself.  Note that this buffer is NOT ref
- * counted and is assumed to be available for as long as there is at least a
- * String16 object using it.  Therefore, one must be extra careful to NEVER
- * assign a StaticString16 to a String16 that outlives the StaticString16
- * object.
- *
- * THE SAFEST APPROACH IS TO USE StaticString16 ONLY AS GLOBAL VARIABLES.
- *
- * A StaticString16 SHOULD NEVER APPEAR IN APIs.  USE String16 INSTEAD.
- */
-template <size_t N>
-class StaticString16 : public String16 {
-public:
-    constexpr StaticString16(const char16_t (&s)[N]) : String16(mData), mData(makeStaticData(s)) {}
-
-    constexpr StaticString16(const StaticString16<N>& other)
-        : String16(mData), mData(other.mData) {}
-
-    constexpr StaticString16(const StaticString16<N>&&) = delete;
-
-    // There is no reason why one would want to 'new' a StaticString16.  Delete
-    // it to discourage misuse.
-    static void* operator new(std::size_t) = delete;
-
-private:
-    const StaticData<N> mData;
-};
-
-template <typename F>
-StaticString16(const F&)->StaticString16<sizeof(F) / sizeof(char16_t)>;
-
-// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-// No user servicable parts below.
-
-inline int compare_type(const String16& lhs, const String16& rhs)
-{
-    return lhs.compare(rhs);
-}
-
-inline int strictly_order_type(const String16& lhs, const String16& rhs)
-{
-    return compare_type(lhs, rhs) < 0;
-}
-
-inline const char16_t* String16::string() const
-{
-    return mString;
-}
-
-inline std::string String16::std_string(const String16& str)
-{
-    return std::string(String8(str).string());
-}
-
-inline String16& String16::operator=(const String16& other)
-{
-    setTo(other);
-    return *this;
-}
-
-inline String16& String16::operator+=(const String16& other)
-{
-    append(other);
-    return *this;
-}
-
-inline String16 String16::operator+(const String16& other) const
-{
-    String16 tmp(*this);
-    tmp += other;
-    return tmp;
-}
-
-inline int String16::compare(const String16& other) const
-{
-    return strzcmp16(mString, size(), other.mString, other.size());
-}
-
-inline bool String16::operator<(const String16& other) const
-{
-    return strzcmp16(mString, size(), other.mString, other.size()) < 0;
-}
-
-inline bool String16::operator<=(const String16& other) const
-{
-    return strzcmp16(mString, size(), other.mString, other.size()) <= 0;
-}
-
-inline bool String16::operator==(const String16& other) const
-{
-    return strzcmp16(mString, size(), other.mString, other.size()) == 0;
-}
-
-inline bool String16::operator!=(const String16& other) const
-{
-    return strzcmp16(mString, size(), other.mString, other.size()) != 0;
-}
-
-inline bool String16::operator>=(const String16& other) const
-{
-    return strzcmp16(mString, size(), other.mString, other.size()) >= 0;
-}
-
-inline bool String16::operator>(const String16& other) const
-{
-    return strzcmp16(mString, size(), other.mString, other.size()) > 0;
-}
-
-inline bool String16::operator<(const char16_t* other) const
-{
-    return strcmp16(mString, other) < 0;
-}
-
-inline bool String16::operator<=(const char16_t* other) const
-{
-    return strcmp16(mString, other) <= 0;
-}
-
-inline bool String16::operator==(const char16_t* other) const
-{
-    return strcmp16(mString, other) == 0;
-}
-
-inline bool String16::operator!=(const char16_t* other) const
-{
-    return strcmp16(mString, other) != 0;
-}
-
-inline bool String16::operator>=(const char16_t* other) const
-{
-    return strcmp16(mString, other) >= 0;
-}
-
-inline bool String16::operator>(const char16_t* other) const
-{
-    return strcmp16(mString, other) > 0;
-}
-
-inline String16::operator const char16_t*() const
-{
-    return mString;
-}
-
-}  // namespace android
-
-// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-#endif // ANDROID_STRING16_H
diff --git a/libutils/include/utils/String16.h b/libutils/include/utils/String16.h
new file mode 120000
index 000000000000..b88792fa4633
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libutils/include/utils/String16.h
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+../../binder/include/utils/String16.h
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/libutils/include/utils/String8.h b/libutils/include/utils/String8.h
deleted file mode 100644
index 8b2dcf9a0a3a..000000000000
--- a/libutils/include/utils/String8.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,393 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2005 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#ifndef ANDROID_STRING8_H
-#define ANDROID_STRING8_H
-
-#include <iostream>
-#include <string>
-
-#include <utils/Errors.h>
-#include <utils/Unicode.h>
-#include <utils/TypeHelpers.h>
-
-#include <string.h> // for strcmp
-#include <stdarg.h>
-
-// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-namespace android {
-
-class String16;
-
-// DO NOT USE: please use std::string
-
-//! This is a string holding UTF-8 characters. Does not allow the value more
-// than 0x10FFFF, which is not valid unicode codepoint.
-class String8
-{
-public:
-                                String8();
-                                String8(const String8& o);
-    explicit                    String8(const char* o);
-    explicit                    String8(const char* o, size_t numChars);
-
-    explicit                    String8(const String16& o);
-    explicit                    String8(const char16_t* o);
-    explicit                    String8(const char16_t* o, size_t numChars);
-    explicit                    String8(const char32_t* o);
-    explicit                    String8(const char32_t* o, size_t numChars);
-                                ~String8();
-
-    static inline const String8 empty();
-
-    static String8              format(const char* fmt, ...) __attribute__((format (printf, 1, 2)));
-    static String8              formatV(const char* fmt, va_list args);
-
-    inline  const char*         c_str() const;
-    inline  const char*         string() const;
-
-private:
-    static inline std::string   std_string(const String8& str);
-public:
-
-    inline  size_t              size() const;
-    inline  size_t              bytes() const;
-    inline  bool                isEmpty() const;
-
-            size_t              length() const;
-
-            void                clear();
-
-            void                setTo(const String8& other);
-            status_t            setTo(const char* other);
-            status_t            setTo(const char* other, size_t numChars);
-            status_t            setTo(const char16_t* other, size_t numChars);
-            status_t            setTo(const char32_t* other,
-                                      size_t length);
-
-            status_t            append(const String8& other);
-            status_t            append(const char* other);
-            status_t            append(const char* other, size_t numChars);
-
-            status_t            appendFormat(const char* fmt, ...)
-                    __attribute__((format (printf, 2, 3)));
-            status_t            appendFormatV(const char* fmt, va_list args);
-
-    inline  String8&            operator=(const String8& other);
-    inline  String8&            operator=(const char* other);
-
-    inline  String8&            operator+=(const String8& other);
-    inline  String8             operator+(const String8& other) const;
-
-    inline  String8&            operator+=(const char* other);
-    inline  String8             operator+(const char* other) const;
-
-    inline  int                 compare(const String8& other) const;
-
-    inline  bool                operator<(const String8& other) const;
-    inline  bool                operator<=(const String8& other) const;
-    inline  bool                operator==(const String8& other) const;
-    inline  bool                operator!=(const String8& other) const;
-    inline  bool                operator>=(const String8& other) const;
-    inline  bool                operator>(const String8& other) const;
-
-    inline  bool                operator<(const char* other) const;
-    inline  bool                operator<=(const char* other) const;
-    inline  bool                operator==(const char* other) const;
-    inline  bool                operator!=(const char* other) const;
-    inline  bool                operator>=(const char* other) const;
-    inline  bool                operator>(const char* other) const;
-
-    inline                      operator const char*() const;
-
-            char*               lockBuffer(size_t size);
-            void                unlockBuffer();
-            status_t            unlockBuffer(size_t size);
-
-            // return the index of the first byte of other in this at or after
-            // start, or -1 if not found
-            ssize_t             find(const char* other, size_t start = 0) const;
-
-            // return true if this string contains the specified substring
-    inline  bool                contains(const char* other) const;
-
-            // removes all occurrence of the specified substring
-            // returns true if any were found and removed
-            bool                removeAll(const char* other);
-
-            void                toLower();
-
-
-    /*
-     * These methods operate on the string as if it were a path name.
-     */
-
-    /*
-     * Get just the filename component.
-     *
-     * "/tmp/foo/bar.c" --> "bar.c"
-     */
-    String8 getPathLeaf(void) const;
-
-    /*
-     * Remove the last (file name) component, leaving just the directory
-     * name.
-     *
-     * "/tmp/foo/bar.c" --> "/tmp/foo"
-     * "/tmp" --> "" // ????? shouldn't this be "/" ???? XXX
-     * "bar.c" --> ""
-     */
-    String8 getPathDir(void) const;
-
-    /*
-     * Retrieve the front (root dir) component.  Optionally also return the
-     * remaining components.
-     *
-     * "/tmp/foo/bar.c" --> "tmp" (remain = "foo/bar.c")
-     * "/tmp" --> "tmp" (remain = "")
-     * "bar.c" --> "bar.c" (remain = "")
-     */
-    String8 walkPath(String8* outRemains = nullptr) const;
-
-    /*
-     * Return the filename extension.  This is the last '.' and any number
-     * of characters that follow it.  The '.' is included in case we
-     * decide to expand our definition of what constitutes an extension.
-     *
-     * "/tmp/foo/bar.c" --> ".c"
-     * "/tmp" --> ""
-     * "/tmp/foo.bar/baz" --> ""
-     * "foo.jpeg" --> ".jpeg"
-     * "foo." --> ""
-     */
-    String8 getPathExtension(void) const;
-
-    /*
-     * Return the path without the extension.  Rules for what constitutes
-     * an extension are described in the comment for getPathExtension().
-     *
-     * "/tmp/foo/bar.c" --> "/tmp/foo/bar"
-     */
-    String8 getBasePath(void) const;
-
-    /*
-     * Add a component to the pathname.  We guarantee that there is
-     * exactly one path separator between the old path and the new.
-     * If there is no existing name, we just copy the new name in.
-     *
-     * If leaf is a fully qualified path (i.e. starts with '/', it
-     * replaces whatever was there before.
-     */
-    String8& appendPath(const char* leaf);
-    String8& appendPath(const String8& leaf)  { return appendPath(leaf.string()); }
-
-    /*
-     * Like appendPath(), but does not affect this string.  Returns a new one instead.
-     */
-    String8 appendPathCopy(const char* leaf) const
-                                             { String8 p(*this); p.appendPath(leaf); return p; }
-    String8 appendPathCopy(const String8& leaf) const { return appendPathCopy(leaf.string()); }
-
-    /*
-     * Converts all separators in this string to /, the default path separator.
-     *
-     * If the default OS separator is backslash, this converts all
-     * backslashes to slashes, in-place. Otherwise it does nothing.
-     * Returns self.
-     */
-    String8& convertToResPath();
-
-private:
-            status_t            real_append(const char* other, size_t numChars);
-            char*               find_extension(void) const;
-
-            const char* mString;
-};
-
-// String8 can be trivially moved using memcpy() because moving does not
-// require any change to the underlying SharedBuffer contents or reference count.
-ANDROID_TRIVIAL_MOVE_TRAIT(String8)
-
-static inline std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const String8& str) {
-    os << str.c_str();
-    return os;
-}
-
-// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-// No user servicable parts below.
-
-inline int compare_type(const String8& lhs, const String8& rhs)
-{
-    return lhs.compare(rhs);
-}
-
-inline int strictly_order_type(const String8& lhs, const String8& rhs)
-{
-    return compare_type(lhs, rhs) < 0;
-}
-
-inline const String8 String8::empty() {
-    return String8();
-}
-
-inline const char* String8::c_str() const
-{
-    return mString;
-}
-inline const char* String8::string() const
-{
-    return mString;
-}
-
-inline std::string String8::std_string(const String8& str)
-{
-    return std::string(str.string());
-}
-
-inline size_t String8::size() const
-{
-    return length();
-}
-
-inline bool String8::isEmpty() const
-{
-    return length() == 0;
-}
-
-inline size_t String8::bytes() const
-{
-    return length();
-}
-
-inline bool String8::contains(const char* other) const
-{
-    return find(other) >= 0;
-}
-
-inline String8& String8::operator=(const String8& other)
-{
-    setTo(other);
-    return *this;
-}
-
-inline String8& String8::operator=(const char* other)
-{
-    setTo(other);
-    return *this;
-}
-
-inline String8& String8::operator+=(const String8& other)
-{
-    append(other);
-    return *this;
-}
-
-inline String8 String8::operator+(const String8& other) const
-{
-    String8 tmp(*this);
-    tmp += other;
-    return tmp;
-}
-
-inline String8& String8::operator+=(const char* other)
-{
-    append(other);
-    return *this;
-}
-
-inline String8 String8::operator+(const char* other) const
-{
-    String8 tmp(*this);
-    tmp += other;
-    return tmp;
-}
-
-inline int String8::compare(const String8& other) const
-{
-    return strcmp(mString, other.mString);
-}
-
-inline bool String8::operator<(const String8& other) const
-{
-    return strcmp(mString, other.mString) < 0;
-}
-
-inline bool String8::operator<=(const String8& other) const
-{
-    return strcmp(mString, other.mString) <= 0;
-}
-
-inline bool String8::operator==(const String8& other) const
-{
-    return strcmp(mString, other.mString) == 0;
-}
-
-inline bool String8::operator!=(const String8& other) const
-{
-    return strcmp(mString, other.mString) != 0;
-}
-
-inline bool String8::operator>=(const String8& other) const
-{
-    return strcmp(mString, other.mString) >= 0;
-}
-
-inline bool String8::operator>(const String8& other) const
-{
-    return strcmp(mString, other.mString) > 0;
-}
-
-inline bool String8::operator<(const char* other) const
-{
-    return strcmp(mString, other) < 0;
-}
-
-inline bool String8::operator<=(const char* other) const
-{
-    return strcmp(mString, other) <= 0;
-}
-
-inline bool String8::operator==(const char* other) const
-{
-    return strcmp(mString, other) == 0;
-}
-
-inline bool String8::operator!=(const char* other) const
-{
-    return strcmp(mString, other) != 0;
-}
-
-inline bool String8::operator>=(const char* other) const
-{
-    return strcmp(mString, other) >= 0;
-}
-
-inline bool String8::operator>(const char* other) const
-{
-    return strcmp(mString, other) > 0;
-}
-
-inline String8::operator const char*() const
-{
-    return mString;
-}
-
-}  // namespace android
-
-// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-#endif // ANDROID_STRING8_H
diff --git a/libutils/include/utils/String8.h b/libutils/include/utils/String8.h
new file mode 120000
index 000000000000..fa5a082f55cb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libutils/include/utils/String8.h
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+../../binder/include/utils/String8.h
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/libutils/include/utils/StrongPointer.h b/libutils/include/utils/StrongPointer.h
deleted file mode 100644
index 54aa691e03c2..000000000000
--- a/libutils/include/utils/StrongPointer.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,361 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2005 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#ifndef ANDROID_STRONG_POINTER_H
-#define ANDROID_STRONG_POINTER_H
-
-#include <functional>
-#include <type_traits>  // for common_type.
-
-// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-namespace android {
-
-template<typename T> class wp;
-
-// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-template<typename T>
-class sp {
-public:
-    inline sp() : m_ptr(nullptr) { }
-
-    // The old way of using sp<> was like this. This is bad because it relies
-    // on implicit conversion to sp<>, which we would like to remove (if an
-    // object is being managed some other way, this is double-ownership). We
-    // want to move away from this:
-    //
-    //     sp<Foo> foo = new Foo(...); // DO NOT DO THIS
-    //
-    // Instead, prefer to do this:
-    //
-    //     sp<Foo> foo = sp<Foo>::make(...); // DO THIS
-    //
-    // Sometimes, in order to use this, when a constructor is marked as private,
-    // you may need to add this to your class:
-    //
-    //     friend class sp<Foo>;
-    template <typename... Args>
-    static inline sp<T> make(Args&&... args);
-
-    // if nullptr, returns nullptr
-    //
-    // if a strong pointer is already available, this will retrieve it,
-    // otherwise, this will abort
-    static inline sp<T> fromExisting(T* other);
-
-    // for more information about this macro and correct RefBase usage, see
-    // the comment at the top of utils/RefBase.h
-#if defined(ANDROID_UTILS_REF_BASE_DISABLE_IMPLICIT_CONSTRUCTION)
-    sp(std::nullptr_t) : sp() {}
-#else
-    sp(T* other);  // NOLINT(implicit)
-    template <typename U>
-    sp(U* other);  // NOLINT(implicit)
-    sp& operator=(T* other);
-    template <typename U>
-    sp& operator=(U* other);
-#endif
-
-    sp(const sp<T>& other);
-    sp(sp<T>&& other) noexcept;
-
-    template<typename U> sp(const sp<U>& other);  // NOLINT(implicit)
-    template<typename U> sp(sp<U>&& other);  // NOLINT(implicit)
-
-    // Cast a strong pointer directly from one type to another. Constructors
-    // allow changing types, but only if they are pointer-compatible. This does
-    // a static_cast internally.
-    template <typename U>
-    static inline sp<T> cast(const sp<U>& other);
-
-    ~sp();
-
-    // Assignment
-
-    sp& operator = (const sp<T>& other);
-    sp& operator=(sp<T>&& other) noexcept;
-
-    template<typename U> sp& operator = (const sp<U>& other);
-    template<typename U> sp& operator = (sp<U>&& other);
-
-    //! Special optimization for use by ProcessState (and nobody else).
-    void force_set(T* other);
-
-    // Reset
-
-    void clear();
-
-    // Accessors
-
-    inline T&       operator* () const     { return *m_ptr; }
-    inline T*       operator-> () const    { return m_ptr;  }
-    inline T*       get() const            { return m_ptr; }
-    inline explicit operator bool () const { return m_ptr != nullptr; }
-
-    // Punt these to the wp<> implementation.
-    template<typename U>
-    inline bool operator == (const wp<U>& o) const {
-        return o == *this;
-    }
-
-    template<typename U>
-    inline bool operator != (const wp<U>& o) const {
-        return o != *this;
-    }
-
-private:
-    template<typename Y> friend class sp;
-    template<typename Y> friend class wp;
-    void set_pointer(T* ptr);
-    T* m_ptr;
-};
-
-#define COMPARE_STRONG(_op_)                                           \
-    template <typename T, typename U>                                  \
-    static inline bool operator _op_(const sp<T>& t, const sp<U>& u) { \
-        return t.get() _op_ u.get();                                   \
-    }                                                                  \
-    template <typename T, typename U>                                  \
-    static inline bool operator _op_(const T* t, const sp<U>& u) {     \
-        return t _op_ u.get();                                         \
-    }                                                                  \
-    template <typename T, typename U>                                  \
-    static inline bool operator _op_(const sp<T>& t, const U* u) {     \
-        return t.get() _op_ u;                                         \
-    }                                                                  \
-    template <typename T>                                              \
-    static inline bool operator _op_(const sp<T>& t, std::nullptr_t) { \
-        return t.get() _op_ nullptr;                                   \
-    }                                                                  \
-    template <typename T>                                              \
-    static inline bool operator _op_(std::nullptr_t, const sp<T>& t) { \
-        return nullptr _op_ t.get();                                   \
-    }
-
-template <template <typename C> class comparator, typename T, typename U>
-static inline bool _sp_compare_(T* a, U* b) {
-    return comparator<typename std::common_type<T*, U*>::type>()(a, b);
-}
-
-#define COMPARE_STRONG_FUNCTIONAL(_op_, _compare_)                     \
-    template <typename T, typename U>                                  \
-    static inline bool operator _op_(const sp<T>& t, const sp<U>& u) { \
-        return _sp_compare_<_compare_>(t.get(), u.get());              \
-    }                                                                  \
-    template <typename T, typename U>                                  \
-    static inline bool operator _op_(const T* t, const sp<U>& u) {     \
-        return _sp_compare_<_compare_>(t, u.get());                    \
-    }                                                                  \
-    template <typename T, typename U>                                  \
-    static inline bool operator _op_(const sp<T>& t, const U* u) {     \
-        return _sp_compare_<_compare_>(t.get(), u);                    \
-    }                                                                  \
-    template <typename T>                                              \
-    static inline bool operator _op_(const sp<T>& t, std::nullptr_t) { \
-        return _sp_compare_<_compare_>(t.get(), nullptr);              \
-    }                                                                  \
-    template <typename T>                                              \
-    static inline bool operator _op_(std::nullptr_t, const sp<T>& t) { \
-        return _sp_compare_<_compare_>(nullptr, t.get());              \
-    }
-
-COMPARE_STRONG(==)
-COMPARE_STRONG(!=)
-COMPARE_STRONG_FUNCTIONAL(>, std::greater)
-COMPARE_STRONG_FUNCTIONAL(<, std::less)
-COMPARE_STRONG_FUNCTIONAL(<=, std::less_equal)
-COMPARE_STRONG_FUNCTIONAL(>=, std::greater_equal)
-
-#undef COMPARE_STRONG
-#undef COMPARE_STRONG_FUNCTIONAL
-
-// For code size reasons, we do not want these inlined or templated.
-void sp_report_race();
-
-// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-// No user serviceable parts below here.
-
-// TODO: Ideally we should find a way to increment the reference count before running the
-// constructor, so that generating an sp<> to this in the constructor is no longer dangerous.
-template <typename T>
-template <typename... Args>
-sp<T> sp<T>::make(Args&&... args) {
-    T* t = new T(std::forward<Args>(args)...);
-    sp<T> result;
-    result.m_ptr = t;
-    t->incStrong(t);
-    return result;
-}
-
-template <typename T>
-sp<T> sp<T>::fromExisting(T* other) {
-    if (other) {
-        other->incStrongRequireStrong(other);
-        sp<T> result;
-        result.m_ptr = other;
-        return result;
-    }
-    return nullptr;
-}
-
-#if !defined(ANDROID_UTILS_REF_BASE_DISABLE_IMPLICIT_CONSTRUCTION)
-template<typename T>
-sp<T>::sp(T* other)
-        : m_ptr(other) {
-    if (other) {
-        other->incStrong(this);
-    }
-}
-
-template <typename T>
-template <typename U>
-sp<T>::sp(U* other) : m_ptr(other) {
-    if (other) {
-        (static_cast<T*>(other))->incStrong(this);
-    }
-}
-
-template <typename T>
-sp<T>& sp<T>::operator=(T* other) {
-    T* oldPtr(*const_cast<T* volatile*>(&m_ptr));
-    if (other) {
-        other->incStrong(this);
-    }
-    if (oldPtr) oldPtr->decStrong(this);
-    if (oldPtr != *const_cast<T* volatile*>(&m_ptr)) sp_report_race();
-    m_ptr = other;
-    return *this;
-}
-#endif
-
-template<typename T>
-sp<T>::sp(const sp<T>& other)
-        : m_ptr(other.m_ptr) {
-    if (m_ptr)
-        m_ptr->incStrong(this);
-}
-
-template <typename T>
-sp<T>::sp(sp<T>&& other) noexcept : m_ptr(other.m_ptr) {
-    other.m_ptr = nullptr;
-}
-
-template<typename T> template<typename U>
-sp<T>::sp(const sp<U>& other)
-        : m_ptr(other.m_ptr) {
-    if (m_ptr)
-        m_ptr->incStrong(this);
-}
-
-template<typename T> template<typename U>
-sp<T>::sp(sp<U>&& other)
-        : m_ptr(other.m_ptr) {
-    other.m_ptr = nullptr;
-}
-
-template <typename T>
-template <typename U>
-sp<T> sp<T>::cast(const sp<U>& other) {
-    return sp<T>::fromExisting(static_cast<T*>(other.get()));
-}
-
-template<typename T>
-sp<T>::~sp() {
-    if (m_ptr)
-        m_ptr->decStrong(this);
-}
-
-template<typename T>
-sp<T>& sp<T>::operator =(const sp<T>& other) {
-    // Force m_ptr to be read twice, to heuristically check for data races.
-    T* oldPtr(*const_cast<T* volatile*>(&m_ptr));
-    T* otherPtr(other.m_ptr);
-    if (otherPtr) otherPtr->incStrong(this);
-    if (oldPtr) oldPtr->decStrong(this);
-    if (oldPtr != *const_cast<T* volatile*>(&m_ptr)) sp_report_race();
-    m_ptr = otherPtr;
-    return *this;
-}
-
-template <typename T>
-sp<T>& sp<T>::operator=(sp<T>&& other) noexcept {
-    T* oldPtr(*const_cast<T* volatile*>(&m_ptr));
-    if (oldPtr) oldPtr->decStrong(this);
-    if (oldPtr != *const_cast<T* volatile*>(&m_ptr)) sp_report_race();
-    m_ptr = other.m_ptr;
-    other.m_ptr = nullptr;
-    return *this;
-}
-
-template<typename T> template<typename U>
-sp<T>& sp<T>::operator =(const sp<U>& other) {
-    T* oldPtr(*const_cast<T* volatile*>(&m_ptr));
-    T* otherPtr(other.m_ptr);
-    if (otherPtr) otherPtr->incStrong(this);
-    if (oldPtr) oldPtr->decStrong(this);
-    if (oldPtr != *const_cast<T* volatile*>(&m_ptr)) sp_report_race();
-    m_ptr = otherPtr;
-    return *this;
-}
-
-template<typename T> template<typename U>
-sp<T>& sp<T>::operator =(sp<U>&& other) {
-    T* oldPtr(*const_cast<T* volatile*>(&m_ptr));
-    if (m_ptr) m_ptr->decStrong(this);
-    if (oldPtr != *const_cast<T* volatile*>(&m_ptr)) sp_report_race();
-    m_ptr = other.m_ptr;
-    other.m_ptr = nullptr;
-    return *this;
-}
-
-#if !defined(ANDROID_UTILS_REF_BASE_DISABLE_IMPLICIT_CONSTRUCTION)
-template<typename T> template<typename U>
-sp<T>& sp<T>::operator =(U* other) {
-    T* oldPtr(*const_cast<T* volatile*>(&m_ptr));
-    if (other) (static_cast<T*>(other))->incStrong(this);
-    if (oldPtr) oldPtr->decStrong(this);
-    if (oldPtr != *const_cast<T* volatile*>(&m_ptr)) sp_report_race();
-    m_ptr = other;
-    return *this;
-}
-#endif
-
-template<typename T>
-void sp<T>::force_set(T* other) {
-    other->forceIncStrong(this);
-    m_ptr = other;
-}
-
-template<typename T>
-void sp<T>::clear() {
-    T* oldPtr(*const_cast<T* volatile*>(&m_ptr));
-    if (oldPtr) {
-        oldPtr->decStrong(this);
-        if (oldPtr != *const_cast<T* volatile*>(&m_ptr)) sp_report_race();
-        m_ptr = nullptr;
-    }
-}
-
-template<typename T>
-void sp<T>::set_pointer(T* ptr) {
-    m_ptr = ptr;
-}
-
-}  // namespace android
-
-// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-#endif // ANDROID_STRONG_POINTER_H
diff --git a/libutils/include/utils/StrongPointer.h b/libutils/include/utils/StrongPointer.h
new file mode 120000
index 000000000000..fd8bc60311e4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libutils/include/utils/StrongPointer.h
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+../../binder/include/utils/StrongPointer.h
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/libutils/include/utils/Trace.h b/libutils/include/utils/Trace.h
index 9986bf5f9004..180910003991 100644
--- a/libutils/include/utils/Trace.h
+++ b/libutils/include/utils/Trace.h
@@ -17,13 +17,6 @@
 #ifndef ANDROID_TRACE_H
 #define ANDROID_TRACE_H
 
-#if defined(_WIN32)
-
-#define ATRACE_NAME(...)
-#define ATRACE_CALL()
-
-#else  // !_WIN32
-
 #include <stdint.h>
 
 #include <cutils/trace.h>
@@ -56,6 +49,4 @@ class ScopedTrace {
 
 }  // namespace android
 
-#endif  // _WIN32
-
 #endif // ANDROID_TRACE_H
diff --git a/libutils/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h b/libutils/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h
deleted file mode 100644
index 1554f52ee176..000000000000
--- a/libutils/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,336 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2005 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#ifndef ANDROID_TYPE_HELPERS_H
-#define ANDROID_TYPE_HELPERS_H
-
-#include <new>
-#include <type_traits>
-
-#include <stdint.h>
-#include <string.h>
-#include <sys/types.h>
-
-// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-namespace android {
-
-/*
- * Types traits
- */
-
-template <typename T> struct trait_trivial_ctor { enum { value = false }; };
-template <typename T> struct trait_trivial_dtor { enum { value = false }; };
-template <typename T> struct trait_trivial_copy { enum { value = false }; };
-template <typename T> struct trait_trivial_move { enum { value = false }; };
-template <typename T> struct trait_pointer      { enum { value = false }; };
-template <typename T> struct trait_pointer<T*>  { enum { value = true }; };
-
-template <typename TYPE>
-struct traits {
-    enum {
-        // whether this type is a pointer
-        is_pointer          = trait_pointer<TYPE>::value,
-        // whether this type's constructor is a no-op
-        has_trivial_ctor    = is_pointer || trait_trivial_ctor<TYPE>::value,
-        // whether this type's destructor is a no-op
-        has_trivial_dtor    = is_pointer || trait_trivial_dtor<TYPE>::value,
-        // whether this type type can be copy-constructed with memcpy
-        has_trivial_copy    = is_pointer || trait_trivial_copy<TYPE>::value,
-        // whether this type can be moved with memmove
-        has_trivial_move    = is_pointer || trait_trivial_move<TYPE>::value
-    };
-};
-
-template <typename T, typename U>
-struct aggregate_traits {
-    enum {
-        is_pointer          = false,
-        has_trivial_ctor    =
-            traits<T>::has_trivial_ctor && traits<U>::has_trivial_ctor,
-        has_trivial_dtor    =
-            traits<T>::has_trivial_dtor && traits<U>::has_trivial_dtor,
-        has_trivial_copy    =
-            traits<T>::has_trivial_copy && traits<U>::has_trivial_copy,
-        has_trivial_move    =
-            traits<T>::has_trivial_move && traits<U>::has_trivial_move
-    };
-};
-
-#define ANDROID_TRIVIAL_CTOR_TRAIT( T ) \
-    template<> struct trait_trivial_ctor< T >   { enum { value = true }; };
-
-#define ANDROID_TRIVIAL_DTOR_TRAIT( T ) \
-    template<> struct trait_trivial_dtor< T >   { enum { value = true }; };
-
-#define ANDROID_TRIVIAL_COPY_TRAIT( T ) \
-    template<> struct trait_trivial_copy< T >   { enum { value = true }; };
-
-#define ANDROID_TRIVIAL_MOVE_TRAIT( T ) \
-    template<> struct trait_trivial_move< T >   { enum { value = true }; };
-
-#define ANDROID_BASIC_TYPES_TRAITS( T ) \
-    ANDROID_TRIVIAL_CTOR_TRAIT( T ) \
-    ANDROID_TRIVIAL_DTOR_TRAIT( T ) \
-    ANDROID_TRIVIAL_COPY_TRAIT( T ) \
-    ANDROID_TRIVIAL_MOVE_TRAIT( T )
-
-// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-/*
- * basic types traits
- */
-
-ANDROID_BASIC_TYPES_TRAITS( void )
-ANDROID_BASIC_TYPES_TRAITS( bool )
-ANDROID_BASIC_TYPES_TRAITS( char )
-ANDROID_BASIC_TYPES_TRAITS( unsigned char )
-ANDROID_BASIC_TYPES_TRAITS( short )
-ANDROID_BASIC_TYPES_TRAITS( unsigned short )
-ANDROID_BASIC_TYPES_TRAITS( int )
-ANDROID_BASIC_TYPES_TRAITS( unsigned int )
-ANDROID_BASIC_TYPES_TRAITS( long )
-ANDROID_BASIC_TYPES_TRAITS( unsigned long )
-ANDROID_BASIC_TYPES_TRAITS( long long )
-ANDROID_BASIC_TYPES_TRAITS( unsigned long long )
-ANDROID_BASIC_TYPES_TRAITS( float )
-ANDROID_BASIC_TYPES_TRAITS( double )
-
-// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-
-/*
- * compare and order types
- */
-
-template<typename TYPE> inline
-int strictly_order_type(const TYPE& lhs, const TYPE& rhs) {
-    return (lhs < rhs) ? 1 : 0;
-}
-
-template<typename TYPE> inline
-int compare_type(const TYPE& lhs, const TYPE& rhs) {
-    return strictly_order_type(rhs, lhs) - strictly_order_type(lhs, rhs);
-}
-
-/*
- * create, destroy, copy and move types...
- */
-
-template<typename TYPE> inline
-void construct_type(TYPE* p, size_t n) {
-    if (!traits<TYPE>::has_trivial_ctor) {
-        while (n > 0) {
-            n--;
-            new(p++) TYPE;
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-template<typename TYPE> inline
-void destroy_type(TYPE* p, size_t n) {
-    if (!traits<TYPE>::has_trivial_dtor) {
-        while (n > 0) {
-            n--;
-            p->~TYPE();
-            p++;
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-template<typename TYPE>
-typename std::enable_if<traits<TYPE>::has_trivial_copy>::type
-inline
-copy_type(TYPE* d, const TYPE* s, size_t n) {
-    memcpy(d,s,n*sizeof(TYPE));
-}
-
-template<typename TYPE>
-typename std::enable_if<!traits<TYPE>::has_trivial_copy>::type
-inline
-copy_type(TYPE* d, const TYPE* s, size_t n) {
-    while (n > 0) {
-        n--;
-        new(d) TYPE(*s);
-        d++, s++;
-    }
-}
-
-template<typename TYPE> inline
-void splat_type(TYPE* where, const TYPE* what, size_t n) {
-    if (!traits<TYPE>::has_trivial_copy) {
-        while (n > 0) {
-            n--;
-            new(where) TYPE(*what);
-            where++;
-        }
-    } else {
-        while (n > 0) {
-            n--;
-            *where++ = *what;
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-template<typename TYPE>
-struct use_trivial_move : public std::integral_constant<bool,
-    (traits<TYPE>::has_trivial_dtor && traits<TYPE>::has_trivial_copy)
-    || traits<TYPE>::has_trivial_move
-> {};
-
-template<typename TYPE>
-typename std::enable_if<use_trivial_move<TYPE>::value>::type
-inline
-move_forward_type(TYPE* d, const TYPE* s, size_t n = 1) {
-    memmove(d, s, n*sizeof(TYPE));
-}
-
-template<typename TYPE>
-typename std::enable_if<!use_trivial_move<TYPE>::value>::type
-inline
-move_forward_type(TYPE* d, const TYPE* s, size_t n = 1) {
-    d += n;
-    s += n;
-    while (n > 0) {
-        n--;
-        --d, --s;
-        if (!traits<TYPE>::has_trivial_copy) {
-            new(d) TYPE(*s);
-        } else {
-            *d = *s;
-        }
-        if (!traits<TYPE>::has_trivial_dtor) {
-            s->~TYPE();
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-template<typename TYPE>
-typename std::enable_if<use_trivial_move<TYPE>::value>::type
-inline
-move_backward_type(TYPE* d, const TYPE* s, size_t n = 1) {
-    memmove(d, s, n*sizeof(TYPE));
-}
-
-template<typename TYPE>
-typename std::enable_if<!use_trivial_move<TYPE>::value>::type
-inline
-move_backward_type(TYPE* d, const TYPE* s, size_t n = 1) {
-    while (n > 0) {
-        n--;
-        if (!traits<TYPE>::has_trivial_copy) {
-            new(d) TYPE(*s);
-        } else {
-            *d = *s;
-        }
-        if (!traits<TYPE>::has_trivial_dtor) {
-            s->~TYPE();
-        }
-        d++, s++;
-    }
-}
-
-// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-/*
- * a key/value pair
- */
-
-template <typename KEY, typename VALUE>
-struct key_value_pair_t {
-    typedef KEY key_t;
-    typedef VALUE value_t;
-
-    KEY     key;
-    VALUE   value;
-    key_value_pair_t() { }
-    key_value_pair_t(const key_value_pair_t& o) : key(o.key), value(o.value) { }
-    key_value_pair_t& operator=(const key_value_pair_t& o) {
-        key = o.key;
-        value = o.value;
-        return *this;
-    }
-    key_value_pair_t(const KEY& k, const VALUE& v) : key(k), value(v)  { }
-    explicit key_value_pair_t(const KEY& k) : key(k) { }
-    inline bool operator < (const key_value_pair_t& o) const {
-        return strictly_order_type(key, o.key);
-    }
-    inline const KEY& getKey() const {
-        return key;
-    }
-    inline const VALUE& getValue() const {
-        return value;
-    }
-};
-
-template <typename K, typename V>
-struct trait_trivial_ctor< key_value_pair_t<K, V> >
-{ enum { value = aggregate_traits<K,V>::has_trivial_ctor }; };
-template <typename K, typename V>
-struct trait_trivial_dtor< key_value_pair_t<K, V> >
-{ enum { value = aggregate_traits<K,V>::has_trivial_dtor }; };
-template <typename K, typename V>
-struct trait_trivial_copy< key_value_pair_t<K, V> >
-{ enum { value = aggregate_traits<K,V>::has_trivial_copy }; };
-template <typename K, typename V>
-struct trait_trivial_move< key_value_pair_t<K, V> >
-{ enum { value = aggregate_traits<K,V>::has_trivial_move }; };
-
-// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-/*
- * Hash codes.
- */
-typedef uint32_t hash_t;
-
-template <typename TKey>
-hash_t hash_type(const TKey& key);
-
-/* Built-in hash code specializations */
-#define ANDROID_INT32_HASH(T) \
-        template <> inline hash_t hash_type(const T& value) { return hash_t(value); }
-#define ANDROID_INT64_HASH(T) \
-        template <> inline hash_t hash_type(const T& value) { \
-                return hash_t((value >> 32) ^ value); }
-#define ANDROID_REINTERPRET_HASH(T, R) \
-        template <> inline hash_t hash_type(const T& value) { \
-            R newValue; \
-            static_assert(sizeof(newValue) == sizeof(value), "size mismatch"); \
-            memcpy(&newValue, &value, sizeof(newValue)); \
-            return hash_type(newValue); \
-        }
-
-ANDROID_INT32_HASH(bool)
-ANDROID_INT32_HASH(int8_t)
-ANDROID_INT32_HASH(uint8_t)
-ANDROID_INT32_HASH(int16_t)
-ANDROID_INT32_HASH(uint16_t)
-ANDROID_INT32_HASH(int32_t)
-ANDROID_INT32_HASH(uint32_t)
-ANDROID_INT64_HASH(int64_t)
-ANDROID_INT64_HASH(uint64_t)
-ANDROID_REINTERPRET_HASH(float, uint32_t)
-ANDROID_REINTERPRET_HASH(double, uint64_t)
-
-template <typename T> inline hash_t hash_type(T* const & value) {
-    return hash_type(uintptr_t(value));
-}
-
-}  // namespace android
-
-// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-#endif // ANDROID_TYPE_HELPERS_H
diff --git a/libutils/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h b/libutils/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h
new file mode 120000
index 000000000000..848f6d7bd5c7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libutils/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+../../binder/include/utils/TypeHelpers.h
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/libutils/include/utils/Unicode.h b/libutils/include/utils/Unicode.h
deleted file mode 100644
index d60d5d6ba634..000000000000
--- a/libutils/include/utils/Unicode.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,139 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2005 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#ifndef ANDROID_UNICODE_H
-#define ANDROID_UNICODE_H
-
-#include <sys/types.h>
-#include <stdint.h>
-
-extern "C" {
-
-// Standard string functions on char16_t strings.
-int strcmp16(const char16_t *, const char16_t *);
-int strncmp16(const char16_t *s1, const char16_t *s2, size_t n);
-size_t strlen16(const char16_t *);
-size_t strnlen16(const char16_t *, size_t);
-char16_t *strstr16(const char16_t*, const char16_t*);
-
-// Version of comparison that supports embedded NULs.
-// This is different than strncmp() because we don't stop
-// at a nul character and consider the strings to be different
-// if the lengths are different (thus we need to supply the
-// lengths of both strings).  This can also be used when
-// your string is not nul-terminated as it will have the
-// equivalent result as strcmp16 (unlike strncmp16).
-int strzcmp16(const char16_t *s1, size_t n1, const char16_t *s2, size_t n2);
-
-/**
- * Measure the length of a UTF-32 string in UTF-8. If the string is invalid
- * such as containing a surrogate character, -1 will be returned.
- */
-ssize_t utf32_to_utf8_length(const char32_t *src, size_t src_len);
-
-/**
- * Stores a UTF-8 string converted from "src" in "dst", if "dst_length" is not
- * large enough to store the string, the part of the "src" string is stored
- * into "dst" as much as possible. See the examples for more detail.
- * Returns the size actually used for storing the string.
- * dst" is not nul-terminated when dst_len is fully used (like strncpy).
- *
- * \code
- * Example 1
- * "src" == \u3042\u3044 (\xE3\x81\x82\xE3\x81\x84)
- * "src_len" == 2
- * "dst_len" >= 7
- * ->
- * Returned value == 6
- * "dst" becomes \xE3\x81\x82\xE3\x81\x84\0
- * (note that "dst" is nul-terminated)
- *
- * Example 2
- * "src" == \u3042\u3044 (\xE3\x81\x82\xE3\x81\x84)
- * "src_len" == 2
- * "dst_len" == 5
- * ->
- * Returned value == 3
- * "dst" becomes \xE3\x81\x82\0
- * (note that "dst" is nul-terminated, but \u3044 is not stored in "dst"
- * since "dst" does not have enough size to store the character)
- *
- * Example 3
- * "src" == \u3042\u3044 (\xE3\x81\x82\xE3\x81\x84)
- * "src_len" == 2
- * "dst_len" == 6
- * ->
- * Returned value == 6
- * "dst" becomes \xE3\x81\x82\xE3\x81\x84
- * (note that "dst" is NOT nul-terminated, like strncpy)
- * \endcode
- */
-void utf32_to_utf8(const char32_t* src, size_t src_len, char* dst, size_t dst_len);
-
-/**
- * Returns the unicode value at "index".
- * Returns -1 when the index is invalid (equals to or more than "src_len").
- * If returned value is positive, it is able to be converted to char32_t, which
- * is unsigned. Then, if "next_index" is not NULL, the next index to be used is
- * stored in "next_index". "next_index" can be NULL.
- */
-int32_t utf32_from_utf8_at(const char *src, size_t src_len, size_t index, size_t *next_index);
-
-
-/**
- * Returns the UTF-8 length of UTF-16 string "src".
- */
-ssize_t utf16_to_utf8_length(const char16_t *src, size_t src_len);
-
-/**
- * Converts a UTF-16 string to UTF-8. The destination buffer must be large
- * enough to fit the UTF-16 as measured by utf16_to_utf8_length with an added
- * NUL terminator.
- */
-void utf16_to_utf8(const char16_t* src, size_t src_len, char* dst, size_t dst_len);
-
-/**
- * Returns the UTF-16 length of UTF-8 string "src". Returns -1 in case
- * it's invalid utf8. No buffer over-read occurs because of bound checks. Using overreadIsFatal you
- * can ask to log a message and fail in case the invalid utf8 could have caused an override if no
- * bound checks were used (otherwise -1 is returned).
- */
-ssize_t utf8_to_utf16_length(const uint8_t* src, size_t srcLen, bool overreadIsFatal = false);
-
-/**
- * Convert UTF-8 to UTF-16 including surrogate pairs.
- * Returns a pointer to the end of the string (where a NUL terminator might go
- * if you wanted to add one). At most dstLen characters are written; it won't emit half a surrogate
- * pair. If dstLen == 0 nothing is written and dst is returned. If dstLen > SSIZE_MAX it aborts
- * (this being probably a negative number returned as an error and casted to unsigned).
- */
-char16_t* utf8_to_utf16_no_null_terminator(
-        const uint8_t* src, size_t srcLen, char16_t* dst, size_t dstLen);
-
-/**
- * Convert UTF-8 to UTF-16 including surrogate pairs. At most dstLen - 1
- * characters are written; it won't emit half a surrogate pair; and a NUL terminator is appended
- * after. dstLen - 1 can be measured beforehand using utf8_to_utf16_length. Aborts if dstLen == 0
- * (at least one character is needed for the NUL terminator) or dstLen > SSIZE_MAX (the latter
- * case being likely a negative number returned as an error and casted to unsigned) . Returns a
- * pointer to the NUL terminator.
- */
-char16_t *utf8_to_utf16(
-        const uint8_t* src, size_t srcLen, char16_t* dst, size_t dstLen);
-
-}
-
-#endif
diff --git a/libutils/include/utils/Unicode.h b/libutils/include/utils/Unicode.h
new file mode 120000
index 000000000000..8a480bcbb6d2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libutils/include/utils/Unicode.h
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+../../binder/include/utils/Unicode.h
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/libutils/include/utils/Vector.h b/libutils/include/utils/Vector.h
deleted file mode 100644
index be35ea2f04d2..000000000000
--- a/libutils/include/utils/Vector.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,430 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2005 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#ifndef ANDROID_VECTOR_H
-#define ANDROID_VECTOR_H
-
-#include <stdint.h>
-#include <sys/types.h>
-
-#include <log/log.h>
-#include <utils/TypeHelpers.h>
-#include <utils/VectorImpl.h>
-#ifndef __has_attribute
-#define __has_attribute(x) 0
-#endif
-
-/*
- * Used to exclude some functions from CFI.
- */
-#if __has_attribute(no_sanitize)
-#define UTILS_VECTOR_NO_CFI __attribute__((no_sanitize("cfi")))
-#else
-#define UTILS_VECTOR_NO_CFI
-#endif
-
-// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-namespace android {
-
-template <typename TYPE>
-class SortedVector;
-
-/*!
- * The main templated vector class ensuring type safety
- * while making use of VectorImpl.
- * This is the class users want to use.
- *
- * DO NOT USE: please use std::vector
- */
-
-template <class TYPE>
-class Vector : private VectorImpl
-{
-public:
-            typedef TYPE    value_type;
-
-    /*!
-     * Constructors and destructors
-     */
-
-                            Vector();
-                            Vector(const Vector<TYPE>& rhs);
-    explicit                Vector(const SortedVector<TYPE>& rhs);
-    virtual                 ~Vector();
-
-    /*! copy operator */
-            const Vector<TYPE>&     operator = (const Vector<TYPE>& rhs) const;
-            Vector<TYPE>&           operator = (const Vector<TYPE>& rhs);
-
-            const Vector<TYPE>&     operator = (const SortedVector<TYPE>& rhs) const;
-            Vector<TYPE>&           operator = (const SortedVector<TYPE>& rhs);
-
-            /*
-     * empty the vector
-     */
-
-    inline  void            clear()             { VectorImpl::clear(); }
-
-    /*!
-     * vector stats
-     */
-
-    //! returns number of items in the vector
-    inline  size_t          size() const                { return VectorImpl::size(); }
-    //! returns whether or not the vector is empty
-    inline  bool            isEmpty() const             { return VectorImpl::isEmpty(); }
-    //! returns how many items can be stored without reallocating the backing store
-    inline  size_t          capacity() const            { return VectorImpl::capacity(); }
-    //! sets the capacity. capacity can never be reduced less than size()
-    inline  ssize_t         setCapacity(size_t size)    { return VectorImpl::setCapacity(size); }
-
-    /*!
-     * set the size of the vector. items are appended with the default
-     * constructor, or removed from the end as needed.
-     */
-    inline  ssize_t         resize(size_t size)         { return VectorImpl::resize(size); }
-
-    /*!
-     * C-style array access
-     */
-
-    //! read-only C-style access
-    inline  const TYPE*     array() const;
-    //! read-write C-style access
-            TYPE*           editArray();
-
-    /*!
-     * accessors
-     */
-
-    //! read-only access to an item at a given index
-    inline  const TYPE&     operator [] (size_t index) const;
-    //! alternate name for operator []
-    inline  const TYPE&     itemAt(size_t index) const;
-    //! stack-usage of the vector. returns the top of the stack (last element)
-            const TYPE&     top() const;
-
-    /*!
-     * modifying the array
-     */
-
-    //! copy-on write support, grants write access to an item
-            TYPE&           editItemAt(size_t index);
-    //! grants right access to the top of the stack (last element)
-            TYPE&           editTop();
-
-            /*!
-             * append/insert another vector
-             */
-
-    //! insert another vector at a given index
-            ssize_t         insertVectorAt(const Vector<TYPE>& vector, size_t index);
-
-    //! append another vector at the end of this one
-            ssize_t         appendVector(const Vector<TYPE>& vector);
-
-
-    //! insert an array at a given index
-            ssize_t         insertArrayAt(const TYPE* array, size_t index, size_t length);
-
-    //! append an array at the end of this vector
-            ssize_t         appendArray(const TYPE* array, size_t length);
-
-            /*!
-             * add/insert/replace items
-             */
-
-    //! insert one or several items initialized with their default constructor
-    inline  ssize_t         insertAt(size_t index, size_t numItems = 1);
-    //! insert one or several items initialized from a prototype item
-            ssize_t         insertAt(const TYPE& prototype_item, size_t index, size_t numItems = 1);
-    //! pop the top of the stack (removes the last element). No-op if the stack's empty
-    inline  void            pop();
-    //! pushes an item initialized with its default constructor
-    inline  void            push();
-    //! pushes an item on the top of the stack
-            void            push(const TYPE& item);
-    //! same as push() but returns the index the item was added at (or an error)
-    inline  ssize_t         add();
-    //! same as push() but returns the index the item was added at (or an error)
-            ssize_t         add(const TYPE& item);
-    //! replace an item with a new one initialized with its default constructor
-    inline  ssize_t         replaceAt(size_t index);
-    //! replace an item with a new one
-            ssize_t         replaceAt(const TYPE& item, size_t index);
-
-    /*!
-     * remove items
-     */
-
-    //! remove several items
-    inline  ssize_t         removeItemsAt(size_t index, size_t count = 1);
-    //! remove one item
-    inline  ssize_t         removeAt(size_t index)  { return removeItemsAt(index); }
-
-    /*!
-     * sort (stable) the array
-     */
-
-     typedef int (*compar_t)(const TYPE* lhs, const TYPE* rhs);
-     typedef int (*compar_r_t)(const TYPE* lhs, const TYPE* rhs, void* state);
-
-     inline status_t        sort(compar_t cmp);
-     inline status_t        sort(compar_r_t cmp, void* state);
-
-     // for debugging only
-     inline size_t getItemSize() const { return itemSize(); }
-
-
-     /*
-      * these inlines add some level of compatibility with STL. eventually
-      * we should probably turn things around.
-      */
-     typedef TYPE* iterator;
-     typedef TYPE const* const_iterator;
-
-     inline iterator begin() { return editArray(); }
-     inline iterator end()   { return editArray() + size(); }
-     inline const_iterator begin() const { return array(); }
-     inline const_iterator end() const   { return array() + size(); }
-     inline void reserve(size_t n) { setCapacity(n); }
-     inline bool empty() const{ return isEmpty(); }
-     inline void push_back(const TYPE& item)  { insertAt(item, size(), 1); }
-     inline void push_front(const TYPE& item) { insertAt(item, 0, 1); }
-     inline iterator erase(iterator pos) {
-         ssize_t index = removeItemsAt(static_cast<size_t>(pos-array()));
-         return begin() + index;
-     }
-
-protected:
-    virtual void    do_construct(void* storage, size_t num) const;
-    virtual void    do_destroy(void* storage, size_t num) const;
-    virtual void    do_copy(void* dest, const void* from, size_t num) const;
-    virtual void    do_splat(void* dest, const void* item, size_t num) const;
-    virtual void    do_move_forward(void* dest, const void* from, size_t num) const;
-    virtual void    do_move_backward(void* dest, const void* from, size_t num) const;
-};
-
-// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-// No user serviceable parts from here...
-// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-template<class TYPE> inline
-Vector<TYPE>::Vector()
-    : VectorImpl(sizeof(TYPE),
-                ((traits<TYPE>::has_trivial_ctor   ? HAS_TRIVIAL_CTOR   : 0)
-                |(traits<TYPE>::has_trivial_dtor   ? HAS_TRIVIAL_DTOR   : 0)
-                |(traits<TYPE>::has_trivial_copy   ? HAS_TRIVIAL_COPY   : 0))
-                )
-{
-}
-
-template<class TYPE> inline
-Vector<TYPE>::Vector(const Vector<TYPE>& rhs)
-    : VectorImpl(rhs) {
-}
-
-template<class TYPE> inline
-Vector<TYPE>::Vector(const SortedVector<TYPE>& rhs)
-    : VectorImpl(static_cast<const VectorImpl&>(rhs)) {
-}
-
-template<class TYPE> inline
-Vector<TYPE>::~Vector() {
-    finish_vector();
-}
-
-template<class TYPE> inline
-Vector<TYPE>& Vector<TYPE>::operator = (const Vector<TYPE>& rhs) {
-    VectorImpl::operator = (rhs);
-    return *this;
-}
-
-template<class TYPE> inline
-const Vector<TYPE>& Vector<TYPE>::operator = (const Vector<TYPE>& rhs) const {
-    VectorImpl::operator = (static_cast<const VectorImpl&>(rhs));
-    return *this;
-}
-
-template<class TYPE> inline
-Vector<TYPE>& Vector<TYPE>::operator = (const SortedVector<TYPE>& rhs) {
-    VectorImpl::operator = (static_cast<const VectorImpl&>(rhs));
-    return *this;
-}
-
-template<class TYPE> inline
-const Vector<TYPE>& Vector<TYPE>::operator = (const SortedVector<TYPE>& rhs) const {
-    VectorImpl::operator = (rhs);
-    return *this;
-}
-
-template<class TYPE> inline
-const TYPE* Vector<TYPE>::array() const {
-    return static_cast<const TYPE *>(arrayImpl());
-}
-
-template<class TYPE> inline
-TYPE* Vector<TYPE>::editArray() {
-    return static_cast<TYPE *>(editArrayImpl());
-}
-
-
-template<class TYPE> inline
-const TYPE& Vector<TYPE>::operator[](size_t index) const {
-    LOG_FATAL_IF(index>=size(),
-            "%s: index=%u out of range (%u)", __PRETTY_FUNCTION__,
-            int(index), int(size()));
-    return *(array() + index);
-}
-
-template<class TYPE> inline
-const TYPE& Vector<TYPE>::itemAt(size_t index) const {
-    return operator[](index);
-}
-
-template<class TYPE> inline
-const TYPE& Vector<TYPE>::top() const {
-    return *(array() + size() - 1);
-}
-
-template<class TYPE> inline
-TYPE& Vector<TYPE>::editItemAt(size_t index) {
-    return *( static_cast<TYPE *>(editItemLocation(index)) );
-}
-
-template<class TYPE> inline
-TYPE& Vector<TYPE>::editTop() {
-    return *( static_cast<TYPE *>(editItemLocation(size()-1)) );
-}
-
-template<class TYPE> inline
-ssize_t Vector<TYPE>::insertVectorAt(const Vector<TYPE>& vector, size_t index) {
-    return VectorImpl::insertVectorAt(reinterpret_cast<const VectorImpl&>(vector), index);
-}
-
-template<class TYPE> inline
-ssize_t Vector<TYPE>::appendVector(const Vector<TYPE>& vector) {
-    return VectorImpl::appendVector(reinterpret_cast<const VectorImpl&>(vector));
-}
-
-template<class TYPE> inline
-ssize_t Vector<TYPE>::insertArrayAt(const TYPE* array, size_t index, size_t length) {
-    return VectorImpl::insertArrayAt(array, index, length);
-}
-
-template<class TYPE> inline
-ssize_t Vector<TYPE>::appendArray(const TYPE* array, size_t length) {
-    return VectorImpl::appendArray(array, length);
-}
-
-template<class TYPE> inline
-ssize_t Vector<TYPE>::insertAt(const TYPE& item, size_t index, size_t numItems) {
-    return VectorImpl::insertAt(&item, index, numItems);
-}
-
-template<class TYPE> inline
-void Vector<TYPE>::push(const TYPE& item) {
-    return VectorImpl::push(&item);
-}
-
-template<class TYPE> inline
-ssize_t Vector<TYPE>::add(const TYPE& item) {
-    return VectorImpl::add(&item);
-}
-
-template<class TYPE> inline
-ssize_t Vector<TYPE>::replaceAt(const TYPE& item, size_t index) {
-    return VectorImpl::replaceAt(&item, index);
-}
-
-template<class TYPE> inline
-ssize_t Vector<TYPE>::insertAt(size_t index, size_t numItems) {
-    return VectorImpl::insertAt(index, numItems);
-}
-
-template<class TYPE> inline
-void Vector<TYPE>::pop() {
-    VectorImpl::pop();
-}
-
-template<class TYPE> inline
-void Vector<TYPE>::push() {
-    VectorImpl::push();
-}
-
-template<class TYPE> inline
-ssize_t Vector<TYPE>::add() {
-    return VectorImpl::add();
-}
-
-template<class TYPE> inline
-ssize_t Vector<TYPE>::replaceAt(size_t index) {
-    return VectorImpl::replaceAt(index);
-}
-
-template<class TYPE> inline
-ssize_t Vector<TYPE>::removeItemsAt(size_t index, size_t count) {
-    return VectorImpl::removeItemsAt(index, count);
-}
-
-template<class TYPE> inline
-status_t Vector<TYPE>::sort(Vector<TYPE>::compar_t cmp) {
-    return VectorImpl::sort(reinterpret_cast<VectorImpl::compar_t>(cmp));
-}
-
-template<class TYPE> inline
-status_t Vector<TYPE>::sort(Vector<TYPE>::compar_r_t cmp, void* state) {
-    return VectorImpl::sort(reinterpret_cast<VectorImpl::compar_r_t>(cmp), state);
-}
-
-// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-template<class TYPE>
-UTILS_VECTOR_NO_CFI void Vector<TYPE>::do_construct(void* storage, size_t num) const {
-    construct_type( reinterpret_cast<TYPE*>(storage), num );
-}
-
-template<class TYPE>
-void Vector<TYPE>::do_destroy(void* storage, size_t num) const {
-    destroy_type( reinterpret_cast<TYPE*>(storage), num );
-}
-
-template<class TYPE>
-UTILS_VECTOR_NO_CFI void Vector<TYPE>::do_copy(void* dest, const void* from, size_t num) const {
-    copy_type( reinterpret_cast<TYPE*>(dest), reinterpret_cast<const TYPE*>(from), num );
-}
-
-template<class TYPE>
-UTILS_VECTOR_NO_CFI void Vector<TYPE>::do_splat(void* dest, const void* item, size_t num) const {
-    splat_type( reinterpret_cast<TYPE*>(dest), reinterpret_cast<const TYPE*>(item), num );
-}
-
-template<class TYPE>
-UTILS_VECTOR_NO_CFI void Vector<TYPE>::do_move_forward(void* dest, const void* from, size_t num) const {
-    move_forward_type( reinterpret_cast<TYPE*>(dest), reinterpret_cast<const TYPE*>(from), num );
-}
-
-template<class TYPE>
-UTILS_VECTOR_NO_CFI void Vector<TYPE>::do_move_backward(void* dest, const void* from, size_t num) const {
-    move_backward_type( reinterpret_cast<TYPE*>(dest), reinterpret_cast<const TYPE*>(from), num );
-}
-
-}  // namespace android
-
-// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-#endif // ANDROID_VECTOR_H
diff --git a/libutils/include/utils/Vector.h b/libutils/include/utils/Vector.h
new file mode 120000
index 000000000000..e1571efb5cf5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libutils/include/utils/Vector.h
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+../../binder/include/utils/Vector.h
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/libutils/include/utils/VectorImpl.h b/libutils/include/utils/VectorImpl.h
deleted file mode 100644
index 41b9f331060d..000000000000
--- a/libutils/include/utils/VectorImpl.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,182 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2005 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#ifndef ANDROID_VECTOR_IMPL_H
-#define ANDROID_VECTOR_IMPL_H
-
-#include <assert.h>
-#include <stdint.h>
-#include <sys/types.h>
-#include <utils/Errors.h>
-
-// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-// No user serviceable parts in here...
-// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-namespace android {
-
-/*!
- * Implementation of the guts of the vector<> class
- * this ensures backward binary compatibility and
- * reduces code size.
- * For performance reasons, we expose mStorage and mCount
- * so these fields are set in stone.
- *
- */
-
-class VectorImpl
-{
-public:
-    enum { // flags passed to the ctor
-        HAS_TRIVIAL_CTOR    = 0x00000001,
-        HAS_TRIVIAL_DTOR    = 0x00000002,
-        HAS_TRIVIAL_COPY    = 0x00000004,
-    };
-
-                            VectorImpl(size_t itemSize, uint32_t flags);
-                            VectorImpl(const VectorImpl& rhs);
-    virtual                 ~VectorImpl();
-
-    /*! must be called from subclasses destructor */
-            void            finish_vector();
-
-            VectorImpl&     operator = (const VectorImpl& rhs);    
-            
-    /*! C-style array access */
-    inline  const void*     arrayImpl() const       { return mStorage; }
-            void*           editArrayImpl();
-            
-    /*! vector stats */
-    inline  size_t          size() const        { return mCount; }
-    inline  bool            isEmpty() const     { return mCount == 0; }
-            size_t          capacity() const;
-            ssize_t         setCapacity(size_t size);
-            ssize_t         resize(size_t size);
-
-            /*! append/insert another vector or array */
-            ssize_t         insertVectorAt(const VectorImpl& vector, size_t index);
-            ssize_t         appendVector(const VectorImpl& vector);
-            ssize_t         insertArrayAt(const void* array, size_t index, size_t length);
-            ssize_t         appendArray(const void* array, size_t length);
-            
-            /*! add/insert/replace items */
-            ssize_t         insertAt(size_t where, size_t numItems = 1);
-            ssize_t         insertAt(const void* item, size_t where, size_t numItems = 1);
-            void            pop();
-            void            push();
-            void            push(const void* item);
-            ssize_t         add();
-            ssize_t         add(const void* item);
-            ssize_t         replaceAt(size_t index);
-            ssize_t         replaceAt(const void* item, size_t index);
-
-            /*! remove items */
-            ssize_t         removeItemsAt(size_t index, size_t count = 1);
-            void            clear();
-
-            const void*     itemLocation(size_t index) const;
-            void*           editItemLocation(size_t index);
-
-            typedef int (*compar_t)(const void* lhs, const void* rhs);
-            typedef int (*compar_r_t)(const void* lhs, const void* rhs, void* state);
-            status_t        sort(compar_t cmp);
-            status_t        sort(compar_r_t cmp, void* state);
-
-protected:
-            size_t          itemSize() const;
-            void            release_storage();
-
-    virtual void            do_construct(void* storage, size_t num) const = 0;
-    virtual void            do_destroy(void* storage, size_t num) const = 0;
-    virtual void            do_copy(void* dest, const void* from, size_t num) const = 0;
-    virtual void            do_splat(void* dest, const void* item, size_t num) const = 0;
-    virtual void            do_move_forward(void* dest, const void* from, size_t num) const = 0;
-    virtual void            do_move_backward(void* dest, const void* from, size_t num) const = 0;
-    
-private:
-        void* _grow(size_t where, size_t amount);
-        void  _shrink(size_t where, size_t amount);
-
-        inline void _do_construct(void* storage, size_t num) const;
-        inline void _do_destroy(void* storage, size_t num) const;
-        inline void _do_copy(void* dest, const void* from, size_t num) const;
-        inline void _do_splat(void* dest, const void* item, size_t num) const;
-        inline void _do_move_forward(void* dest, const void* from, size_t num) const;
-        inline void _do_move_backward(void* dest, const void* from, size_t num) const;
-
-            // These 2 fields are exposed in the inlines below,
-            // so they're set in stone.
-            void *      mStorage;   // base address of the vector
-            size_t      mCount;     // number of items
-
-    const   uint32_t    mFlags;
-    const   size_t      mItemSize;
-};
-
-
-
-class SortedVectorImpl : public VectorImpl
-{
-public:
-                            SortedVectorImpl(size_t itemSize, uint32_t flags);
-    explicit                SortedVectorImpl(const VectorImpl& rhs);
-    virtual                 ~SortedVectorImpl();
-    
-    SortedVectorImpl&     operator = (const SortedVectorImpl& rhs);    
-
-    //! finds the index of an item
-            ssize_t         indexOf(const void* item) const;
-
-    //! finds where this item should be inserted
-            size_t          orderOf(const void* item) const;
-
-    //! add an item in the right place (or replaces it if there is one)
-            ssize_t         add(const void* item);
-
-    //! merges a vector into this one
-            ssize_t         merge(const VectorImpl& vector);
-            ssize_t         merge(const SortedVectorImpl& vector);
-             
-    //! removes an item
-            ssize_t         remove(const void* item);
-        
-protected:
-    virtual int             do_compare(const void* lhs, const void* rhs) const = 0;
-
-private:
-            ssize_t         _indexOrderOf(const void* item, size_t* order = nullptr) const;
-
-            // these are made private, because they can't be used on a SortedVector
-            // (they don't have an implementation either)
-            ssize_t         add();
-            void            pop();
-            void            push();
-            void            push(const void* item);
-            ssize_t         insertVectorAt(const VectorImpl& vector, size_t index);
-            ssize_t         appendVector(const VectorImpl& vector);
-            ssize_t         insertArrayAt(const void* array, size_t index, size_t length);
-            ssize_t         appendArray(const void* array, size_t length);
-            ssize_t         insertAt(size_t where, size_t numItems = 1);
-            ssize_t         insertAt(const void* item, size_t where, size_t numItems = 1);
-            ssize_t         replaceAt(size_t index);
-            ssize_t         replaceAt(const void* item, size_t index);
-};
-
-}  // namespace android
-
-// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-#endif // ANDROID_VECTOR_IMPL_H
diff --git a/libutils/include/utils/VectorImpl.h b/libutils/include/utils/VectorImpl.h
new file mode 120000
index 000000000000..47264464b596
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libutils/include/utils/VectorImpl.h
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+../../binder/include/utils/VectorImpl.h
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/libutils/misc.cpp b/libutils/misc.cpp
index f77e1899ffe5..e1b5f013ccec 100644
--- a/libutils/misc.cpp
+++ b/libutils/misc.cpp
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
 
 #include <pthread.h>
 
-#include <utils/Log.h>
+#include <log/log.h>
 #include <utils/Vector.h>
 
 #if defined(__ANDROID__) && !defined(__ANDROID_RECOVERY__)
diff --git a/libprocessgroup/cgrouprc_format/Android.bp b/libvendorsupport/Android.bp
similarity index 72%
rename from libprocessgroup/cgrouprc_format/Android.bp
rename to libvendorsupport/Android.bp
index 059092419b87..f9a889b94a34 100644
--- a/libprocessgroup/cgrouprc_format/Android.bp
+++ b/libvendorsupport/Android.bp
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright (C) 2019 The Android Open Source Project
+// Copyright (C) 2024 The Android Open Source Project
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 // you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -16,24 +16,22 @@ package {
     default_applicable_licenses: ["Android-Apache-2.0"],
 }
 
-cc_library_static {
-    name: "libcgrouprc_format",
-    host_supported: true,
-    ramdisk_available: true,
-    vendor_ramdisk_available: true,
-    recovery_available: true,
+cc_library {
+    name: "libvendorsupport",
     native_bridge_supported: true,
-    srcs: [
-        "cgroup_controller.cpp",
-    ],
+    recovery_available: true,
+    llndk: {
+        symbol_file: "libvendorsupport.map.txt",
+    },
+    srcs: ["version_props.cpp"],
     cflags: [
         "-Wall",
         "-Werror",
     ],
-    export_include_dirs: [
-        "include",
-    ],
+    local_include_dirs: ["include/vendorsupport"],
+    export_include_dirs: ["include"],
     shared_libs: [
+        "liblog",
         "libbase",
     ],
 }
diff --git a/libvendorsupport/OWNERS b/libvendorsupport/OWNERS
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..2ab18eba750f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libvendorsupport/OWNERS
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+jiyong@google.com
+justinyun@google.com
diff --git a/libvendorsupport/TEST_MAPPING b/libvendorsupport/TEST_MAPPING
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..5bd09ba4e37e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libvendorsupport/TEST_MAPPING
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+{
+  "postsubmit": [
+    {
+      "name": "libvendorsupport-tests"
+    }
+  ]
+}
diff --git a/libvendorsupport/include/vendorsupport/api_level.h b/libvendorsupport/include/vendorsupport/api_level.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..3427bc614626
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libvendorsupport/include/vendorsupport/api_level.h
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2024 The Android Open Source Project
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <sys/cdefs.h>
+
+__BEGIN_DECLS
+
+#define __ANDROID_VENDOR_API_MAX__ 1000000
+#define __INVALID_API_LEVEL -1
+
+/**
+ * @brief Find corresponding vendor API level from an SDK API version.
+ *
+ * @details
+ * SDK API versions and vendor API levels are not compatible and not
+ * exchangeable. However, this function can be used to compare the two versions
+ * to know which one is newer than the other.
+ *
+ * @param sdkApiLevel The SDK version int. This must be less than 10000.
+ * @return The corresponding vendor API level of the SDK version. -1 if the SDK
+ * version is invalid or 10000.
+ */
+int AVendorSupport_getVendorApiLevelOf(int sdkApiLevel);
+
+/**
+ * @brief Find corresponding SDK API version from a vendor API level.
+ *
+ * @param vendorApiLevel The vendor API level int.
+ * @return The corresponding SDK API version of the vendor API level. -1 if the
+ * vendor API level is invalid.
+ */
+int AVendorSupport_getSdkApiLevelOf(int vendorApiLevel);
+
+#if !defined(__ANDROID_VENDOR__)
+/**
+ * @brief Provide vendor API level to system modules.
+ *
+ * @details
+ * Before deprecating VNDK, system modules read ro.vndk.version to find the
+ * API level that vendor image had implemented. With the VNDK deprecation, this
+ * must be replaced with ro.board.api_level. However, there still are devices
+ * keeping old vendor partitions with the new system upgraded. In this case, the
+ * VNDK version can be used as before.
+ * This API is for platform only.
+ *
+ * @return ro.vndk.version if exist. Otherwise fallback to ro.board.api_level.
+ * 0 if none of these properties are found. This is unexpected, though.
+ */
+int AVendorSupport_getVendorApiLevel();
+#endif  // __ANDROID_VENDOR__
+
+__END_DECLS
diff --git a/libvendorsupport/libvendorsupport.map.txt b/libvendorsupport/libvendorsupport.map.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..d99c834e9a2b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libvendorsupport/libvendorsupport.map.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+LIBVENDORSUPPORT {
+  global:
+    AVendorSupport_getVendorApiLevelOf; # llndk systemapi
+    AVendorSupport_getSdkApiLevelOf; # llndk systemapi
+  local:
+    *;
+};
diff --git a/libvendorsupport/tests/Android.bp b/libvendorsupport/tests/Android.bp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..42e3371c9156
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libvendorsupport/tests/Android.bp
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2024 The Android Open Source Project
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package {
+    default_applicable_licenses: ["Android-Apache-2.0"],
+}
+
+cc_test {
+    name: "libvendorsupport-tests",
+    srcs: [
+        "version_props_test.cpp",
+    ],
+    cflags: [
+        "-Wall",
+        "-Werror",
+    ],
+    shared_libs: [
+        "libvendorsupport",
+    ],
+    test_suites: ["general-tests"],
+}
+
diff --git a/libvendorsupport/tests/version_props_test.cpp b/libvendorsupport/tests/version_props_test.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..ad54c8895f73
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libvendorsupport/tests/version_props_test.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2024 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+
+#include <vendorsupport/api_level.h>
+
+using namespace std;
+
+namespace {
+
+TEST(VendorSupport, GetCorrespondingVendorApiLevel) {
+    ASSERT_EQ(__ANDROID_API_U__, AVendorSupport_getVendorApiLevelOf(__ANDROID_API_U__));
+    ASSERT_EQ(202404, AVendorSupport_getVendorApiLevelOf(__ANDROID_API_V__));
+    ASSERT_EQ(__INVALID_API_LEVEL, AVendorSupport_getVendorApiLevelOf(__ANDROID_API_FUTURE__));
+}
+
+TEST(VendorSupport, GetCorrespondingSdkApiLevel) {
+    ASSERT_EQ(__ANDROID_API_U__, AVendorSupport_getSdkApiLevelOf(__ANDROID_API_U__));
+    ASSERT_EQ(__ANDROID_API_V__, AVendorSupport_getSdkApiLevelOf(202404));
+    ASSERT_EQ(__INVALID_API_LEVEL, AVendorSupport_getSdkApiLevelOf(__ANDROID_VENDOR_API_MAX__));
+    ASSERT_EQ(__INVALID_API_LEVEL, AVendorSupport_getSdkApiLevelOf(35));
+}
+
+}  // namespace
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/libvendorsupport/version_props.cpp b/libvendorsupport/version_props.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..ecba8999101d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libvendorsupport/version_props.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2024 The Android Open Source Project
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#include "api_level.h"
+
+#include <log/log.h>
+
+#if !defined(__ANDROID_VENDOR__)
+#include <android-base/properties.h>
+#endif
+
+int AVendorSupport_getVendorApiLevelOf(int sdkApiLevel) {
+    if (sdkApiLevel < __ANDROID_API_V__) {
+        return sdkApiLevel;
+    }
+    // In Android V, vendor API level started with version 202404.
+    // The calculation assumes that the SDK api level bumps once a year.
+    if (sdkApiLevel < __ANDROID_API_FUTURE__) {
+        return 202404 + ((sdkApiLevel - __ANDROID_API_V__) * 100);
+    }
+    ALOGE("The SDK version must be less than 10000: %d", sdkApiLevel);
+    return __INVALID_API_LEVEL;
+}
+
+int AVendorSupport_getSdkApiLevelOf(int vendorApiLevel) {
+    if (vendorApiLevel < __ANDROID_API_V__) {
+        return vendorApiLevel;
+    }
+    if (vendorApiLevel >= 202404 && vendorApiLevel < __ANDROID_VENDOR_API_MAX__) {
+        return (vendorApiLevel - 202404) / 100 + __ANDROID_API_V__;
+    }
+    ALOGE("Unexpected vendor api level: %d", vendorApiLevel);
+    return __INVALID_API_LEVEL;
+}
+
+#if !defined(__ANDROID_VENDOR__)
+int AVendorSupport_getVendorApiLevel() {
+    int vendorApiLevel = android::base::GetIntProperty("ro.vndk.version", 0);
+    if (vendorApiLevel) {
+        return vendorApiLevel;
+    }
+    return android::base::GetIntProperty("ro.board.api_level", 0);
+}
+#endif  // __ANDROID_VENDOR__
diff --git a/libvndksupport/include/vndksupport/linker.h b/libvndksupport/include/vndksupport/linker.h
index 5f48c3974851..684513565242 100644
--- a/libvndksupport/include/vndksupport/linker.h
+++ b/libvndksupport/include/vndksupport/linker.h
@@ -20,15 +20,8 @@
 extern "C" {
 #endif
 
-/*
- * Returns whether the current process is a vendor process.
- *
- * Note that this is only checking what process is running and has nothing to
- * do with what namespace the caller is loaded at.  For example, a VNDK-SP
- * library loaded by SP-HAL calling this function may still get a 'false',
- * because it is running in a system process.
- */
-int android_is_in_vendor_process();
+int android_is_in_vendor_process() __attribute__((
+        deprecated("This function would not give exact result if VNDK is deprecated.")));
 
 void* android_load_sphal_library(const char* name, int flag);
 
diff --git a/libvndksupport/libvndksupport.map.txt b/libvndksupport/libvndksupport.map.txt
index 1d94b9dcb59a..325505dde326 100644
--- a/libvndksupport/libvndksupport.map.txt
+++ b/libvndksupport/libvndksupport.map.txt
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 LIBVNDKSUPPORT {
   global:
-    android_is_in_vendor_process; # llndk systemapi
+    android_is_in_vendor_process; # llndk-deprecated=35 systemapi
     android_load_sphal_library; # llndk systemapi
     android_unload_sphal_library; # llndk systemapi
   local:
diff --git a/libvndksupport/linker.cpp b/libvndksupport/linker.cpp
index ad4fb31ef3fb..b2b257e87931 100644
--- a/libvndksupport/linker.cpp
+++ b/libvndksupport/linker.cpp
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ void* android_load_sphal_library(const char* name, int flag) {
         }
         return handle;
     } else {
-        ALOGD("Loading %s from current namespace instead of sphal namespace.", name);
+        ALOGW("Loading %s from current namespace instead of sphal namespace.", name);
         return dlopen(name, flag);
     }
 }
diff --git a/llkd/OWNERS b/llkd/OWNERS
index b6af537ef480..b15bb48705f2 100644
--- a/llkd/OWNERS
+++ b/llkd/OWNERS
@@ -1,2 +1 @@
-salyzyn@google.com
 surenb@google.com
diff --git a/mini_keyctl/OWNERS b/mini_keyctl/OWNERS
index f9e7b25eaed9..1f2485a0c40c 100644
--- a/mini_keyctl/OWNERS
+++ b/mini_keyctl/OWNERS
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-alanstokes@google.com
 ebiggers@google.com
 jeffv@google.com
 jiyong@google.com
diff --git a/mkbootfs/Android.bp b/mkbootfs/Android.bp
index cd2a6245af20..e0191f0dcc64 100644
--- a/mkbootfs/Android.bp
+++ b/mkbootfs/Android.bp
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ package {
 
 cc_binary_host {
     name: "mkbootfs",
-    srcs: ["mkbootfs.c"],
+    srcs: ["mkbootfs.cpp"],
     cflags: ["-Werror"],
     static_libs: [
         "libbase",
diff --git a/mkbootfs/mkbootfs.c b/mkbootfs/mkbootfs.cpp
similarity index 91%
rename from mkbootfs/mkbootfs.c
rename to mkbootfs/mkbootfs.cpp
index d3922bf1a0f9..a45c6a20a064 100644
--- a/mkbootfs/mkbootfs.c
+++ b/mkbootfs/mkbootfs.cpp
@@ -19,6 +19,9 @@
 #include <private/android_filesystem_config.h>
 #include <private/fs_config.h>
 
+#include <android-base/file.h>
+#include <string>
+
 /* NOTES
 **
 ** - see https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/early-userspace/buffer-format.txt
@@ -75,7 +78,7 @@ static void fix_stat(const char *path, struct stat *s)
     }
 }
 
-static void _eject(struct stat *s, char *out, int olen, char *data, unsigned datasize)
+static void _eject(struct stat *s, const char *out, int olen, char *data, unsigned datasize)
 {
     // Nothing is special about this value, just picked something in the
     // approximate range that was being used already, and avoiding small
@@ -151,9 +154,10 @@ static void _archive_dir(char *in, char *out, int ilen, int olen)
     DIR* d = opendir(in);
     if (d == NULL) err(1, "cannot open directory '%s'", in);
 
+    // TODO: switch to std::vector
     int size = 32;
     int entries = 0;
-    char** names = malloc(size * sizeof(char*));
+    char** names = (char**) malloc(size * sizeof(char*));
     if (names == NULL) {
       errx(1, "failed to allocate dir names array (size %d)", size);
     }
@@ -167,7 +171,7 @@ static void _archive_dir(char *in, char *out, int ilen, int olen)
 
         if (entries >= size) {
           size *= 2;
-          names = realloc(names, size * sizeof(char*));
+          names = (char**) realloc(names, size * sizeof(char*));
           if (names == NULL) {
             errx(1, "failed to reallocate dir names array (size %d)", size);
           }
@@ -211,20 +215,12 @@ static void _archive(char *in, char *out, int ilen, int olen)
     if(lstat(in, &s)) err(1, "could not stat '%s'", in);
 
     if(S_ISREG(s.st_mode)){
-        int fd = open(in, O_RDONLY);
-        if(fd < 0) err(1, "cannot open '%s' for read", in);
-
-        char* tmp = (char*) malloc(s.st_size);
-        if(tmp == 0) errx(1, "cannot allocate %zd bytes", s.st_size);
-
-        if(read(fd, tmp, s.st_size) != s.st_size) {
-            err(1, "cannot read %zd bytes", s.st_size);
+        std::string content;
+        if (!android::base::ReadFileToString(in, &content)) {
+            err(1, "cannot read '%s'", in);
         }
 
-        _eject(&s, out, olen, tmp, s.st_size);
-
-        free(tmp);
-        close(fd);
+        _eject(&s, out, olen, content.data(), content.size());
     } else if(S_ISDIR(s.st_mode)) {
         _eject(&s, out, olen, 0, 0);
         _archive_dir(in, out, ilen, olen);
@@ -402,7 +398,7 @@ static const struct option long_options[] = {
 static void usage(void)
 {
     fprintf(stderr,
-            "Usage: mkbootfs [-n FILE] [-d DIR|-F FILE] DIR...\n"
+            "Usage: mkbootfs [-n FILE] [-d DIR|-f FILE] DIR...\n"
             "\n"
             "\t-d, --dirname=DIR: fs-config directory\n"
             "\t-f, --file=FILE: Canned configuration file\n"
@@ -410,11 +406,11 @@ static void usage(void)
             "\t-n, --nodes=FILE: Dev nodes description file\n"
             "\n"
             "Dev nodes description:\n"
-            "\t[dir|nod] [perms] [uid] [gid] [c|b] [minor] [major]\n"
+            "\t[dir|nod] [perms] [uid] [gid] [c|b] [major] [minor]\n"
             "\tExample:\n"
             "\t\t# My device nodes\n"
             "\t\tdir dev 0755 0 0\n"
-            "\t\tnod dev/null 0600 0 0 c 1 5\n"
+            "\t\tnod dev/null 0600 0 0 c 1 3\n"
     );
 }
 
@@ -445,20 +441,12 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[])
     int num_dirs = argc - optind;
     argv += optind;
 
-    if (num_dirs <= 0) {
-        usage();
-        errx(1, "no directories to process?!");
-    }
-
-    while(num_dirs-- > 0){
+    while (num_dirs-- > 0){
         char *x = strchr(*argv, '=');
-        if(x != 0) {
-            *x++ = 0;
-        } else {
-            x = "";
+        if (x != nullptr) {
+            *x++ = '\0';
         }
-
-        archive(*argv, x);
+        archive(*argv, x ?: "");
 
         argv++;
     }
diff --git a/overlay_remounter/Android.bp b/overlay_remounter/Android.bp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..d74f7da5bfa2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/overlay_remounter/Android.bp
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+//
+// Copyright (C) 2025 The Android Open Source Project
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+//
+
+cc_binary {
+    name: "overlay_remounter",
+    srcs: [
+        "overlay_remounter.cpp",
+    ],
+    cflags: [
+        "-D_FILE_OFFSET_BITS=64",
+        "-Wall",
+        "-Werror",
+    ],
+    static_libs: [
+        "libbase",
+        "liblog",
+    ],
+    system_shared_libs: [],
+    static_executable: true,
+    install_in_xbin: true,
+}
diff --git a/overlay_remounter/overlay_remounter.cpp b/overlay_remounter/overlay_remounter.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..ddf97faa8bab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/overlay_remounter/overlay_remounter.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2025 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include <sys/mount.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#include <android-base/file.h>
+#include <android-base/logging.h>
+#include <android-base/strings.h>
+
+int main(int /*argc*/, char** argv) {
+    android::base::InitLogging(argv, &android::base::KernelLogger);
+    LOG(INFO) << "Overlay remounter will remount all overlay mount points in the overlay_remounter "
+                 "domain";
+
+    // Remount ouerlayfs
+    std::string contents;
+    auto result = android::base::ReadFileToString("/proc/mounts", &contents, true);
+
+    auto lines = android::base::Split(contents, "\n");
+    for (auto const& line : lines) {
+        if (!android::base::StartsWith(line, "overlay")) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        auto bits = android::base::Split(line, " ");
+        if (int result = umount(bits[1].c_str()); result == -1) {
+            PLOG(FATAL) << "umount FAILED: " << bits[1];
+        }
+        std::string options;
+        for (auto const& option : android::base::Split(bits[3], ",")) {
+            if (option == "ro" || option == "seclabel" || option == "noatime") continue;
+            if (!options.empty()) options += ',';
+            options += option;
+        }
+        result = mount("overlay", bits[1].c_str(), "overlay", MS_RDONLY | MS_NOATIME,
+                       options.c_str());
+        if (result == 0) {
+            LOG(INFO) << "mount succeeded: " << bits[1] << " " << options;
+        } else {
+            PLOG(FATAL) << "mount FAILED: " << bits[1] << " " << bits[3];
+        }
+    }
+
+    const char* path = "/system/bin/init";
+    const char* args[] = {path, "second_stage", nullptr};
+    execv(path, const_cast<char**>(args));
+
+    // execv() only returns if an error happened, in which case we
+    // panic and never return from this function.
+    PLOG(FATAL) << "execv(\"" << path << "\") failed";
+
+    return 1;
+}
diff --git a/property_service/libpropertyinfoparser/Android.bp b/property_service/libpropertyinfoparser/Android.bp
index 87646f99d2d0..b4a16d38f6e0 100644
--- a/property_service/libpropertyinfoparser/Android.bp
+++ b/property_service/libpropertyinfoparser/Android.bp
@@ -25,4 +25,8 @@ cc_library_static {
         },
     },
     export_include_dirs: ["include"],
+    apex_available: [
+        "//apex_available:platform",
+        "com.android.runtime",
+    ],
 }
diff --git a/property_service/libpropertyinfoparser/include/property_info_parser/property_info_parser.h b/property_service/libpropertyinfoparser/include/property_info_parser/property_info_parser.h
index 054802197a5f..65705accbc78 100644
--- a/property_service/libpropertyinfoparser/include/property_info_parser/property_info_parser.h
+++ b/property_service/libpropertyinfoparser/include/property_info_parser/property_info_parser.h
@@ -20,6 +20,8 @@
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
 
+static constexpr char PROP_TREE_FILE[] = "/dev/__properties__/property_info";
+
 namespace android {
 namespace properties {
 
diff --git a/property_service/libpropertyinfoserializer/property_info_serializer_test.cpp b/property_service/libpropertyinfoserializer/property_info_serializer_test.cpp
index a484441c9e16..bed4a73bddaa 100644
--- a/property_service/libpropertyinfoserializer/property_info_serializer_test.cpp
+++ b/property_service/libpropertyinfoserializer/property_info_serializer_test.cpp
@@ -729,7 +729,6 @@ TEST(propertyinfoserializer, RealProperties) {
       {"sys.ims.QMI_DAEMON_STATUS", "u:object_r:qcom_ims_prop:s0"},
       {"sys.listeners.registered", "u:object_r:qseecomtee_prop:s0"},
       {"sys.logbootcomplete", "u:object_r:system_prop:s0"},
-      {"sys.oem_unlock_allowed", "u:object_r:system_prop:s0"},
       {"sys.qcom.devup", "u:object_r:system_prop:s0"},
       {"sys.sysctl.extra_free_kbytes", "u:object_r:system_prop:s0"},
       {"sys.usb.config", "u:object_r:system_radio_prop:s0"},
diff --git a/property_service/libpropertyinfoserializer/trie_serializer.cpp b/property_service/libpropertyinfoserializer/trie_serializer.cpp
index adeed1bf7c3f..f1632cdd4c91 100644
--- a/property_service/libpropertyinfoserializer/trie_serializer.cpp
+++ b/property_service/libpropertyinfoserializer/trie_serializer.cpp
@@ -16,6 +16,8 @@
 
 #include "trie_serializer.h"
 
+#include <algorithm>
+
 namespace android {
 namespace properties {
 
diff --git a/reboot/Android.bp b/reboot/Android.bp
index 7b243bd56791..1cca82457c54 100644
--- a/reboot/Android.bp
+++ b/reboot/Android.bp
@@ -4,10 +4,25 @@ package {
     default_applicable_licenses: ["Android-Apache-2.0"],
 }
 
-cc_binary {
-    name: "reboot",
+cc_defaults {
+    name: "reboot_defaults",
     srcs: ["reboot.c"],
     shared_libs: ["libcutils"],
     cflags: ["-Werror"],
-    recovery_available: true,
+}
+
+cc_binary {
+    name: "reboot",
+    defaults: [
+        "reboot_defaults",
+    ],
+}
+
+cc_binary {
+    name: "reboot.recovery",
+    defaults: [
+        "reboot_defaults",
+    ],
+    recovery: true,
+    stem: "reboot",
 }
diff --git a/rootdir/Android.bp b/rootdir/Android.bp
index e98733ada721..c0d31d964a5e 100644
--- a/rootdir/Android.bp
+++ b/rootdir/Android.bp
@@ -16,27 +16,48 @@ package {
     default_applicable_licenses: ["Android-Apache-2.0"],
 }
 
+prebuilt_etc {
+    name: "init.boringssl.zygote64_32.rc",
+    src: "init.boringssl.zygote64_32.rc",
+    sub_dir: "init/hw",
+    symlinks: [
+        "init.boringssl.zygote32.rc",
+        "init.boringssl.no_zygote.rc",
+    ],
+}
+
+prebuilt_etc {
+    name: "init.boringssl.zygote64.rc",
+    src: "init.boringssl.zygote64.rc",
+    sub_dir: "init/hw",
+}
+
 prebuilt_etc {
     name: "init.rc",
     src: "init.rc",
     sub_dir: "init/hw",
     required: [
-        "fsverity_init",
         "platform-bootclasspath",
+        "init.boringssl.zygote64.rc",
+        "init.boringssl.zygote64_32.rc",
     ],
 }
 
 prebuilt_etc {
     name: "ueventd.rc",
     src: "ueventd.rc",
-    recovery_available: true,
 }
 
-// TODO(b/147210213) Generate list of libraries during build and fill in at build time
-linker_config {
-    name: "system_linker_config",
-    src: "etc/linker.config.json",
-    installable: false,
+prebuilt_etc {
+    name: "ueventd.rc.recovery",
+    src: "ueventd.rc",
+    recovery: true,
+    filename: "ueventd.rc",
+}
+
+filegroup {
+    name: "system_linker_config_json_file",
+    srcs: ["etc/linker.config.json"],
 }
 
 // TODO(b/185211376) Scope the native APIs that microdroid will provide to the app payload
@@ -44,7 +65,7 @@ prebuilt_etc {
     name: "public.libraries.android.txt",
     src: "etc/public.libraries.android.txt",
     filename: "public.libraries.txt",
-    installable: false,
+    no_full_install: true,
 }
 
 // adb_debug.prop in debug ramdisk
@@ -53,3 +74,133 @@ prebuilt_root {
     src: "adb_debug.prop",
     debug_ramdisk: true,
 }
+
+prebuilt_etc {
+    name: "init.zygote64.rc",
+    src: "init.zygote64.rc",
+    sub_dir: "init/hw",
+}
+
+prebuilt_etc {
+    name: "init.zygote32.rc",
+    src: "init.zygote32.rc",
+    sub_dir: "init/hw",
+}
+
+prebuilt_etc {
+    name: "init.zygote64_32.rc",
+    src: "init.zygote64_32.rc",
+    sub_dir: "init/hw",
+}
+
+prebuilt_etc {
+    name: "init.usb.rc",
+    src: "init.usb.rc",
+    sub_dir: "init/hw",
+}
+
+prebuilt_etc {
+    name: "init.usb.configfs.rc",
+    src: "init.usb.configfs.rc",
+    sub_dir: "init/hw",
+}
+
+prebuilt_etc {
+    name: "etc_hosts",
+    src: "etc/hosts",
+    filename: "hosts",
+}
+
+prebuilt_etc {
+    name: "init-debug.rc",
+    src: "init-debug.rc",
+    sub_dir: "init",
+}
+
+prebuilt_etc {
+    name: "init-mmd-prop.rc",
+    src: "init-mmd-prop.rc",
+    sub_dir: "init",
+}
+
+prebuilt_etc {
+    name: "asan.options",
+    src: "asan.options",
+}
+
+sh_binary {
+    name: "asan_extract",
+    src: "asan_extract.sh",
+    init_rc: ["asan_extract.rc"],
+    // We need bzip2 on device for extraction.
+    required: ["bzip2"],
+}
+
+llndk_libraries_txt {
+    name: "llndk.libraries.txt",
+}
+
+sanitizer_libraries_txt {
+    name: "sanitizer.libraries.txt",
+}
+
+EXPORT_GLOBAL_ASAN_OPTIONS = select(soong_config_variable("ANDROID", "ASAN_ENABLED"), {
+    true: "export ASAN_OPTIONS include=/system/asan.options",
+    default: "",
+})
+
+EXPORT_GLOBAL_HWASAN_OPTIONS = select(soong_config_variable("ANDROID", "HWASAN_ENABLED"), {
+    true: "export HWASAN_OPTIONS heap_history_size=1023,stack_history_size=512,export_memory_stats=0,max_malloc_fill_size=131072,malloc_fill_byte=0",
+    default: "",
+})
+
+EXPORT_GLOBAL_GCOV_OPTIONS = select(soong_config_variable("ANDROID", "GCOV_COVERAGE"), {
+    true: "export GCOV_PREFIX /data/misc/trace",
+    default: "",
+})
+
+EXPORT_GLOBAL_CLANG_COVERAGE_OPTIONS = select((soong_config_variable("ANDROID", "CLANG_COVERAGE"), soong_config_variable("ANDROID", "CLANG_COVERAGE_CONTINUOUS_MODE")), {
+    (true, true): "export LLVM_PROFILE_FILE /data/misc/trace/clang%c-%20m.profraw",
+    (true, default): "export LLVM_PROFILE_FILE /data/misc/trace/clang-%20m.profraw",
+    (default, default): "",
+})
+
+EXPORT_GLOBAL_SCUDO_ALLOCATION_RING_BUFFER_SIZE = select(soong_config_variable("ANDROID", "SCUDO_ALLOCATION_RING_BUFFER_SIZE"), {
+    "": "",
+    any @ size: "export SCUDO_ALLOCATION_RING_BUFFER_SIZE " + size,
+    default: "",
+})
+
+genrule {
+    name: "init.environ.rc.gen",
+    srcs: ["init.environ.rc.in"],
+    out: ["init.environ.rc"],
+    cmd: "cp -f $(in) $(out) && " +
+        "echo '    " + EXPORT_GLOBAL_ASAN_OPTIONS + "' >> $(out) && " +
+        "echo '    " + EXPORT_GLOBAL_GCOV_OPTIONS + "' >> $(out) && " +
+        "echo '    " + EXPORT_GLOBAL_CLANG_COVERAGE_OPTIONS + "' >> $(out) && " +
+        "echo '    " + EXPORT_GLOBAL_HWASAN_OPTIONS + "' >> $(out) && " +
+        "echo '    " + EXPORT_GLOBAL_SCUDO_ALLOCATION_RING_BUFFER_SIZE + "' >> $(out)",
+}
+
+prebuilt_root {
+    name: "init.environ.rc-soong",
+    src: ":init.environ.rc.gen",
+    filename: "init.environ.rc",
+    install_in_root: true,
+    no_full_install: true,
+    required: select((soong_config_variable("ANDROID", "ASAN_ENABLED"), soong_config_variable("ANDROID", "SANITIZE_TARGET_SYSTEM_ENABLED")), {
+        (true, true): [
+            "asan.options",
+            "asan_extract",
+        ],
+        (true, default): ["asan.options"],
+        (default, default): [],
+    }),
+}
+
+filegroup {
+    name: "ramdisk_node_list",
+    srcs: ["ramdisk_node_list"],
+    export_to_make_var: "RAMDISK_NODE_LIST",
+}
diff --git a/rootdir/avb/Android.bp b/rootdir/avb/Android.bp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..a584e3e590f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rootdir/avb/Android.bp
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2024 The Android Open Source Project
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+soong_config_module_type {
+    name: "avb_keys_prebuilt_avb",
+    module_type: "prebuilt_avb",
+    config_namespace: "ANDROID",
+    bool_variables: [
+        "BOARD_MOVE_GSI_AVB_KEYS_TO_VENDOR_BOOT",
+    ],
+    properties: [
+        "ramdisk",
+        "vendor_ramdisk",
+    ],
+}
+
+avb_keys_prebuilt_avb {
+    name: "q-developer-gsi.avbpubkey",
+    src: "q-developer-gsi.avbpubkey",
+    soong_config_variables: {
+        BOARD_MOVE_GSI_AVB_KEYS_TO_VENDOR_BOOT: {
+            ramdisk: false,
+            vendor_ramdisk: true,
+            conditions_default: {
+                ramdisk: true,
+                vendor_ramdisk: false,
+            },
+        },
+    },
+}
+
+avb_keys_prebuilt_avb {
+    name: "r-developer-gsi.avbpubkey",
+    src: "r-developer-gsi.avbpubkey",
+    soong_config_variables: {
+        BOARD_MOVE_GSI_AVB_KEYS_TO_VENDOR_BOOT: {
+            ramdisk: false,
+            vendor_ramdisk: true,
+            conditions_default: {
+                ramdisk: true,
+                vendor_ramdisk: false,
+            },
+        },
+    },
+}
+
+avb_keys_prebuilt_avb {
+    name: "s-developer-gsi.avbpubkey",
+    src: "s-developer-gsi.avbpubkey",
+    soong_config_variables: {
+        BOARD_MOVE_GSI_AVB_KEYS_TO_VENDOR_BOOT: {
+            ramdisk: false,
+            vendor_ramdisk: true,
+            conditions_default: {
+                ramdisk: true,
+                vendor_ramdisk: false,
+            },
+        },
+    },
+}
diff --git a/rootdir/avb/Android.mk b/rootdir/avb/Android.mk
deleted file mode 100644
index 8cf317231d41..000000000000
--- a/rootdir/avb/Android.mk
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,56 +0,0 @@
-LOCAL_PATH:= $(call my-dir)
-
-ifeq ($(BOARD_MOVE_GSI_AVB_KEYS_TO_VENDOR_BOOT),true) # AVB keys are installed to vendor ramdisk
-  ifeq ($(BOARD_MOVE_RECOVERY_RESOURCES_TO_VENDOR_BOOT),true) # no dedicated recovery partition
-    my_gsi_avb_keys_path := $(TARGET_VENDOR_RAMDISK_OUT)/first_stage_ramdisk/avb
-  else # device has a dedicated recovery partition
-    my_gsi_avb_keys_path := $(TARGET_VENDOR_RAMDISK_OUT)/avb
-  endif
-else
-  ifeq ($(BOARD_USES_RECOVERY_AS_BOOT),true) # no dedicated recovery partition
-    my_gsi_avb_keys_path := $(TARGET_RECOVERY_ROOT_OUT)/first_stage_ramdisk/avb
-  else # device has a dedicated recovery partition
-    my_gsi_avb_keys_path := $(TARGET_RAMDISK_OUT)/avb
-  endif
-endif
-
-#######################################
-# q-developer-gsi.avbpubkey
-include $(CLEAR_VARS)
-
-LOCAL_MODULE := q-developer-gsi.avbpubkey
-LOCAL_LICENSE_KINDS := SPDX-license-identifier-Apache-2.0
-LOCAL_LICENSE_CONDITIONS := notice
-LOCAL_MODULE_CLASS := ETC
-LOCAL_SRC_FILES := $(LOCAL_MODULE)
-LOCAL_MODULE_PATH := $(my_gsi_avb_keys_path)
-
-include $(BUILD_PREBUILT)
-
-#######################################
-# r-developer-gsi.avbpubkey
-include $(CLEAR_VARS)
-
-LOCAL_MODULE := r-developer-gsi.avbpubkey
-LOCAL_LICENSE_KINDS := SPDX-license-identifier-Apache-2.0
-LOCAL_LICENSE_CONDITIONS := notice
-LOCAL_MODULE_CLASS := ETC
-LOCAL_SRC_FILES := $(LOCAL_MODULE)
-LOCAL_MODULE_PATH := $(my_gsi_avb_keys_path)
-
-include $(BUILD_PREBUILT)
-
-#######################################
-# s-developer-gsi.avbpubkey
-include $(CLEAR_VARS)
-
-LOCAL_MODULE := s-developer-gsi.avbpubkey
-LOCAL_LICENSE_KINDS := SPDX-license-identifier-Apache-2.0
-LOCAL_LICENSE_CONDITIONS := notice
-LOCAL_MODULE_CLASS := ETC
-LOCAL_SRC_FILES := $(LOCAL_MODULE)
-LOCAL_MODULE_PATH := $(my_gsi_avb_keys_path)
-
-include $(BUILD_PREBUILT)
-
-my_gsi_avb_keys_path :=
diff --git a/rootdir/Android.mk b/rootdir/create_root_structure.mk
similarity index 56%
rename from rootdir/Android.mk
rename to rootdir/create_root_structure.mk
index 3362872c070d..15d78a67b13f 100644
--- a/rootdir/Android.mk
+++ b/rootdir/create_root_structure.mk
@@ -1,56 +1,15 @@
 LOCAL_PATH:= $(call my-dir)
 
-$(eval $(call declare-1p-copy-files,system/core/rootdir,))
-
 #######################################
-# init-debug.rc
-include $(CLEAR_VARS)
-
-LOCAL_MODULE := init-debug.rc
-LOCAL_LICENSE_KINDS := SPDX-license-identifier-Apache-2.0
-LOCAL_LICENSE_CONDITIONS := notice
-LOCAL_SRC_FILES := $(LOCAL_MODULE)
-LOCAL_MODULE_CLASS := ETC
-LOCAL_MODULE_PATH := $(TARGET_OUT_ETC)/init
-
-include $(BUILD_PREBUILT)
-
-#######################################
-# asan.options
 ifneq ($(filter address,$(SANITIZE_TARGET)),)
-
-include $(CLEAR_VARS)
-
-LOCAL_MODULE := asan.options
-LOCAL_LICENSE_KINDS := SPDX-license-identifier-Apache-2.0
-LOCAL_LICENSE_CONDITIONS := notice
-LOCAL_MODULE_CLASS := ETC
-LOCAL_SRC_FILES := $(LOCAL_MODULE)
-LOCAL_MODULE_PATH := $(TARGET_OUT)
-
-include $(BUILD_PREBUILT)
-
-# ASAN extration.
 ASAN_EXTRACT_FILES :=
 ifeq ($(SANITIZE_TARGET_SYSTEM),true)
-include $(CLEAR_VARS)
-LOCAL_MODULE:= asan_extract
-LOCAL_LICENSE_KINDS:= SPDX-license-identifier-Apache-2.0
-LOCAL_LICENSE_CONDITIONS:= notice
-LOCAL_MODULE_TAGS := optional
-LOCAL_MODULE_CLASS := EXECUTABLES
-LOCAL_SRC_FILES := asan_extract.sh
-LOCAL_INIT_RC := asan_extract.rc
-# We need bzip2 on device for extraction.
-LOCAL_REQUIRED_MODULES := bzip2
-include $(BUILD_PREBUILT)
 ASAN_EXTRACT_FILES := asan_extract
 endif
-
 endif
-
 #######################################
 # init.environ.rc
+# TODO(b/353429422): move LOCAL_POST_INSTALL_CMD to other rules and remove Android.mk module.
 
 include $(CLEAR_VARS)
 LOCAL_MODULE_CLASS := ETC
@@ -59,31 +18,8 @@ LOCAL_LICENSE_KINDS := SPDX-license-identifier-Apache-2.0
 LOCAL_LICENSE_CONDITIONS := notice
 LOCAL_MODULE_PATH := $(TARGET_ROOT_OUT)
 
-EXPORT_GLOBAL_ASAN_OPTIONS :=
 ifneq ($(filter address,$(SANITIZE_TARGET)),)
-  EXPORT_GLOBAL_ASAN_OPTIONS := export ASAN_OPTIONS include=/system/asan.options
-  LOCAL_REQUIRED_MODULES := asan.options $(ASAN_OPTIONS_FILES) $(ASAN_EXTRACT_FILES)
-endif
-
-EXPORT_GLOBAL_HWASAN_OPTIONS :=
-ifneq ($(filter hwaddress,$(SANITIZE_TARGET)),)
-  ifneq ($(HWADDRESS_SANITIZER_GLOBAL_OPTIONS),)
-    EXPORT_GLOBAL_HWASAN_OPTIONS := export HWASAN_OPTIONS $(HWADDRESS_SANITIZER_GLOBAL_OPTIONS)
-  endif
-endif
-
-EXPORT_GLOBAL_GCOV_OPTIONS :=
-ifeq ($(NATIVE_COVERAGE),true)
-  EXPORT_GLOBAL_GCOV_OPTIONS := export GCOV_PREFIX /data/misc/trace
-endif
-
-EXPORT_GLOBAL_CLANG_COVERAGE_OPTIONS :=
-ifeq ($(CLANG_COVERAGE),true)
-  ifeq ($(CLANG_COVERAGE_CONTINUOUS_MODE),true)
-    EXPORT_GLOBAL_CLANG_COVERAGE_OPTIONS := export LLVM_PROFILE_FILE /data/misc/trace/clang%c-%20m.profraw
-  else
-    EXPORT_GLOBAL_CLANG_COVERAGE_OPTIONS := export LLVM_PROFILE_FILE /data/misc/trace/clang-%20m.profraw
-  endif
+  LOCAL_REQUIRED_MODULES := asan.options $(ASAN_EXTRACT_FILES)
 endif
 
 # Put it here instead of in init.rc module definition,
@@ -91,27 +27,40 @@ endif
 #
 # create some directories (some are mount points) and symlinks
 LOCAL_POST_INSTALL_CMD := mkdir -p $(addprefix $(TARGET_ROOT_OUT)/, \
-    dev proc sys system data data_mirror odm oem acct config storage mnt apex debug_ramdisk \
-    linkerconfig second_stage_resources postinstall $(BOARD_ROOT_EXTRA_FOLDERS)); \
+    dev proc sys system data data_mirror odm oem config storage mnt apex bootstrap-apex debug_ramdisk \
+    linkerconfig second_stage_resources postinstall tmp $(BOARD_ROOT_EXTRA_FOLDERS)); \
     ln -sf /system/bin $(TARGET_ROOT_OUT)/bin; \
     ln -sf /system/etc $(TARGET_ROOT_OUT)/etc; \
     ln -sf /data/user_de/0/com.android.shell/files/bugreports $(TARGET_ROOT_OUT)/bugreports; \
     ln -sfn /sys/kernel/debug $(TARGET_ROOT_OUT)/d; \
-    ln -sf /storage/self/primary $(TARGET_ROOT_OUT)/sdcard
+    ln -sf /storage/self/primary $(TARGET_ROOT_OUT)/sdcard; \
+    ln -sf /product/etc/security/adb_keys $(TARGET_ROOT_OUT)/adb_keys
+
+ALL_ROOTDIR_SYMLINKS := \
+  $(TARGET_ROOT_OUT)/bin \
+  $(TARGET_ROOT_OUT)/etc \
+  $(TARGET_ROOT_OUT)/bugreports \
+  $(TARGET_ROOT_OUT)/d \
+  $(TARGET_ROOT_OUT)/sdcard \
+  $(TARGET_ROOT_OUT)/adb_keys \
+
 ifdef BOARD_USES_VENDORIMAGE
   LOCAL_POST_INSTALL_CMD += ; mkdir -p $(TARGET_ROOT_OUT)/vendor
 else
   LOCAL_POST_INSTALL_CMD += ; ln -sf /system/vendor $(TARGET_ROOT_OUT)/vendor
+  ALL_ROOTDIR_SYMLINKS += $(TARGET_ROOT_OUT)/vendor
 endif
 ifdef BOARD_USES_PRODUCTIMAGE
   LOCAL_POST_INSTALL_CMD += ; mkdir -p $(TARGET_ROOT_OUT)/product
 else
   LOCAL_POST_INSTALL_CMD += ; ln -sf /system/product $(TARGET_ROOT_OUT)/product
+  ALL_ROOTDIR_SYMLINKS += $(TARGET_ROOT_OUT)/product
 endif
 ifdef BOARD_USES_SYSTEM_EXTIMAGE
   LOCAL_POST_INSTALL_CMD += ; mkdir -p $(TARGET_ROOT_OUT)/system_ext
 else
   LOCAL_POST_INSTALL_CMD += ; ln -sf /system/system_ext $(TARGET_ROOT_OUT)/system_ext
+  ALL_ROOTDIR_SYMLINKS += $(TARGET_ROOT_OUT)/system_ext
 endif
 ifdef BOARD_USES_METADATA_PARTITION
   LOCAL_POST_INSTALL_CMD += ; mkdir -p $(TARGET_ROOT_OUT)/metadata
@@ -134,6 +83,18 @@ LOCAL_POST_INSTALL_CMD += ; ln -sf /vendor/odm/overlay $(TARGET_ROOT_OUT)/odm/ov
 LOCAL_POST_INSTALL_CMD += ; ln -sf /vendor/odm/priv-app $(TARGET_ROOT_OUT)/odm/priv-app
 LOCAL_POST_INSTALL_CMD += ; ln -sf /vendor/odm/usr $(TARGET_ROOT_OUT)/odm/usr
 
+ALL_ROOTDIR_SYMLINKS += \
+  $(TARGET_ROOT_OUT)/odm/app \
+  $(TARGET_ROOT_OUT)/odm/bin \
+  $(TARGET_ROOT_OUT)/odm/etc \
+  $(TARGET_ROOT_OUT)/odm/firmware \
+  $(TARGET_ROOT_OUT)/odm/framework \
+  $(TARGET_ROOT_OUT)/odm/lib \
+  $(TARGET_ROOT_OUT)/odm/lib64 \
+  $(TARGET_ROOT_OUT)/odm/overlay \
+  $(TARGET_ROOT_OUT)/odm/priv-app \
+  $(TARGET_ROOT_OUT)/odm/usr
+
 
 # For /vendor_dlkm partition.
 LOCAL_POST_INSTALL_CMD += ; mkdir -p $(TARGET_ROOT_OUT)/vendor_dlkm
@@ -144,6 +105,7 @@ LOCAL_POST_INSTALL_CMD += ; mkdir -p $(TARGET_ROOT_OUT)/vendor_dlkm
 # Note that /vendor_dlkm/lib is omitted because vendor DLKMs should be accessed
 # via /vendor/lib/modules directly.
 LOCAL_POST_INSTALL_CMD += ; ln -sf /vendor/vendor_dlkm/etc $(TARGET_ROOT_OUT)/vendor_dlkm/etc
+ALL_ROOTDIR_SYMLINKS += $(TARGET_ROOT_OUT)/vendor_dlkm/etc
 
 # For /odm_dlkm partition.
 LOCAL_POST_INSTALL_CMD += ; mkdir -p $(TARGET_ROOT_OUT)/odm_dlkm
@@ -154,6 +116,7 @@ LOCAL_POST_INSTALL_CMD += ; mkdir -p $(TARGET_ROOT_OUT)/odm_dlkm
 # Note that /odm_dlkm/lib is omitted because odm DLKMs should be accessed
 # via /odm/lib/modules directly.
 LOCAL_POST_INSTALL_CMD += ; ln -sf /odm/odm_dlkm/etc $(TARGET_ROOT_OUT)/odm_dlkm/etc
+ALL_ROOTDIR_SYMLINKS += $(TARGET_ROOT_OUT)/odm_dlkm/etc
 
 # For /system_dlkm partition
 LOCAL_POST_INSTALL_CMD += ; mkdir -p $(TARGET_ROOT_OUT)/system_dlkm
@@ -162,6 +125,7 @@ ifdef BOARD_CACHEIMAGE_FILE_SYSTEM_TYPE
   LOCAL_POST_INSTALL_CMD += ; mkdir -p $(TARGET_ROOT_OUT)/cache
 else
   LOCAL_POST_INSTALL_CMD += ; ln -sf /data/cache $(TARGET_ROOT_OUT)/cache
+  ALL_ROOTDIR_SYMLINKS += $(TARGET_ROOT_OUT)/cache
 endif
 ifdef BOARD_ROOT_EXTRA_SYMLINKS
 # BOARD_ROOT_EXTRA_SYMLINKS is a list of <target>:<link_name>.
@@ -169,61 +133,20 @@ ifdef BOARD_ROOT_EXTRA_SYMLINKS
     $(eval p := $(subst :,$(space),$(s)))\
     ; mkdir -p $(dir $(TARGET_ROOT_OUT)/$(word 2,$(p))) \
     ; ln -sf $(word 1,$(p)) $(TARGET_ROOT_OUT)/$(word 2,$(p)))
+  ALL_ROOTDIR_SYMLINKS += $(foreach s,$(BOARD_ROOT_EXTRA_SYMLINKS),$(TARGET_ROOT_OUT)/$(call word-colon,2,$s))
 endif
 
 # The init symlink must be a post install command of a file that is to TARGET_ROOT_OUT.
 # Since init.environ.rc is required for init and satisfies that requirement, we hijack it to create the symlink.
 LOCAL_POST_INSTALL_CMD += ; ln -sf /system/bin/init $(TARGET_ROOT_OUT)/init
+ALL_ROOTDIR_SYMLINKS += $(TARGET_ROOT_OUT)/init
 
-include $(BUILD_SYSTEM)/base_rules.mk
-
-$(LOCAL_BUILT_MODULE): $(LOCAL_PATH)/init.environ.rc.in
-	@echo "Generate: $< -> $@"
-	@mkdir -p $(dir $@)
-	$(hide) cp $< $@
-	$(hide) sed -i -e 's?%EXPORT_GLOBAL_ASAN_OPTIONS%?$(EXPORT_GLOBAL_ASAN_OPTIONS)?g' $@
-	$(hide) sed -i -e 's?%EXPORT_GLOBAL_GCOV_OPTIONS%?$(EXPORT_GLOBAL_GCOV_OPTIONS)?g' $@
-	$(hide) sed -i -e 's?%EXPORT_GLOBAL_CLANG_COVERAGE_OPTIONS%?$(EXPORT_GLOBAL_CLANG_COVERAGE_OPTIONS)?g' $@
-	$(hide) sed -i -e 's?%EXPORT_GLOBAL_HWASAN_OPTIONS%?$(EXPORT_GLOBAL_HWASAN_OPTIONS)?g' $@
-
-# Append PLATFORM_VNDK_VERSION to base name.
-define append_vndk_version
-$(strip \
-  $(basename $(1)).$(PLATFORM_VNDK_VERSION)$(suffix $(1)) \
-)
-endef
+ALL_DEFAULT_INSTALLED_MODULES += $(ALL_ROOTDIR_SYMLINKS)
 
-#######################################
-# sanitizer.libraries.txt
-include $(CLEAR_VARS)
-LOCAL_MODULE := sanitizer.libraries.txt
-LOCAL_LICENSE_KINDS := SPDX-license-identifier-Apache-2.0
-LOCAL_LICENSE_CONDITIONS := notice
-LOCAL_MODULE_CLASS := ETC
-LOCAL_MODULE_PATH := $(TARGET_OUT_ETC)
-LOCAL_MODULE_STEM := $(LOCAL_MODULE)
 include $(BUILD_SYSTEM)/base_rules.mk
-$(LOCAL_BUILT_MODULE): PRIVATE_SANITIZER_RUNTIME_LIBRARIES := \
-    $(SANITIZER_STEMS) \
-    $(2ND_SANITIZER_STEMS)
-$(LOCAL_BUILT_MODULE):
-	@echo "Generate: $@"
-	@mkdir -p $(dir $@)
-	$(hide) echo -n > $@
-	$(hide) $(foreach lib,$(PRIVATE_SANITIZER_RUNTIME_LIBRARIES), \
-		echo $(lib) >> $@;)
-
-#######################################
-# ramdisk_node_list
-include $(CLEAR_VARS)
-
-LOCAL_MODULE := ramdisk_node_list
-LOCAL_MODULE_CLASS := ETC
-LOCAL_SRC_FILES := $(LOCAL_MODULE)
-LOCAL_MODULE_PATH := $(PRODUCT_OUT)
 
-LOCAL_LICENSE_KINDS := SPDX-license-identifier-Apache-2.0
-LOCAL_LICENSE_CONDITIONS := notice
-include $(BUILD_PREBUILT)
+$(ALL_ROOTDIR_SYMLINKS): $(LOCAL_BUILT_MODULE)
 
-include $(call all-makefiles-under,$(LOCAL_PATH))
+init.environ.rc-soong := $(call intermediates-dir-for,ETC,init.environ.rc-soong)/init.environ.rc-soong
+$(eval $(call copy-one-file,$(init.environ.rc-soong),$(LOCAL_BUILT_MODULE)))
+init.environ.rc-soong :=
diff --git a/rootdir/etc/linker.config.json b/rootdir/etc/linker.config.json
index 47f77b198cc0..8b3542f3252d 100644
--- a/rootdir/etc/linker.config.json
+++ b/rootdir/etc/linker.config.json
@@ -9,11 +9,6 @@
     "libnativehelper.so",
     "libnativeloader.so",
     "libsigchain.so",
-    // TODO(b/122876336): Remove libpac.so once it's migrated to Webview
-    "libpac.so",
-    // TODO(b/184872979): Remove libbinder_rpc_unstable.so once stablized and
-    // added to libbinder_ndk.
-    "libbinder_rpc_unstable.so",
     // TODO(b/120786417 or b/134659294): libicuuc.so
     // and libicui18n.so are kept for app compat.
     "libicui18n.so",
@@ -35,6 +30,8 @@
   ],
   "provideLibs": [
     "libaptX_encoder.so",
-    "libaptXHD_encoder.so"
+    "libaptXHD_encoder.so",
+    "libEGL.so",
+    "libGLESv2.so"
   ]
 }
diff --git a/rootdir/etc/public.libraries.android.txt b/rootdir/etc/public.libraries.android.txt
index cacc47c59b89..9be2ef69df09 100644
--- a/rootdir/etc/public.libraries.android.txt
+++ b/rootdir/etc/public.libraries.android.txt
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# See https://android.googlesource.com/platform/ndk/+/master/docs/PlatformApis.md
+# See https://android.googlesource.com/platform/ndk/+/main/docs/PlatformApis.md
 libandroid.so
 libaaudio.so
 libamidi.so
diff --git a/rootdir/etc/public.libraries.iot.txt b/rootdir/etc/public.libraries.iot.txt
index 77f8bb802f3b..051396812690 100644
--- a/rootdir/etc/public.libraries.iot.txt
+++ b/rootdir/etc/public.libraries.iot.txt
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# See https://android.googlesource.com/platform/ndk/+/master/docs/PlatformApis.md
+# See https://android.googlesource.com/platform/ndk/+/main/docs/PlatformApis.md
 libandroid.so
 libandroidthings.so
 libaaudio.so
diff --git a/rootdir/etc/public.libraries.wear.txt b/rootdir/etc/public.libraries.wear.txt
index ea1e234373de..5915dcb0695e 100644
--- a/rootdir/etc/public.libraries.wear.txt
+++ b/rootdir/etc/public.libraries.wear.txt
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# See https://android.googlesource.com/platform/ndk/+/master/docs/PlatformApis.md
+# See https://android.googlesource.com/platform/ndk/+/main/docs/PlatformApis.md
 libandroid.so
 libaaudio.so
 libamidi.so
diff --git a/rootdir/init-mmd-prop.rc b/rootdir/init-mmd-prop.rc
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..6e9191c27523
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rootdir/init-mmd-prop.rc
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+on property:sys.boot_completed=1
+    # When mmd package is not included in the image, we need to initialize
+    # `mmd.enabled_aconfig` sysprop instead of `mmd --set-property`.
+    #
+    # This is because of the consideration for devices in Trunkfood and Nextfood
+    # under mmd being launched via AConfig flag. The devices set up zram with
+    # mmd if `mmd_enabled` AConfig flag is enabled, otherwise set up zram with
+    # swapon_all init command. Since AConfig does not support any init script
+    # integration, we use `mmd.enabled_aconfig` copied by `mmd --set-property`
+    # instead of AConfig flag itself and we need mmd.enabled_aconfig to be empty
+    # by default, to let swapon_all command wait until aconfig flag value is
+    # loaded to the system property.
+    # Devices in Trunkfood and Nextfood needs to execute swapon_all command on
+    # `on property:mmd.enabled_aconfig=*` trigger. So initializing
+    # `mmd.enabled_aconfig` sysprop is required on images without mmd package.
+    #
+    # Note that this init file must not be in the image if mmd is built into the
+    # image.
+    setprop mmd.enabled_aconfig false
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/rootdir/init.boringssl.zygote64.rc b/rootdir/init.boringssl.zygote64.rc
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..3f49fea8b01c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rootdir/init.boringssl.zygote64.rc
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+on init && property:ro.product.cpu.abilist64=*
+    exec_start boringssl_self_test64
+on property:apexd.status=ready && property:ro.product.cpu.abilist64=*
+    exec_start boringssl_self_test_apex64
diff --git a/rootdir/init.boringssl.zygote64_32.rc b/rootdir/init.boringssl.zygote64_32.rc
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..c0be42dbb098
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rootdir/init.boringssl.zygote64_32.rc
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+on init && property:ro.product.cpu.abilist32=*
+    exec_start boringssl_self_test32
+on init && property:ro.product.cpu.abilist64=*
+    exec_start boringssl_self_test64
+on property:apexd.status=ready && property:ro.product.cpu.abilist32=*
+    exec_start boringssl_self_test_apex32
+on property:apexd.status=ready && property:ro.product.cpu.abilist64=*
+    exec_start boringssl_self_test_apex64
diff --git a/rootdir/init.environ.rc.in b/rootdir/init.environ.rc.in
index bf6e986c4758..9249270b39fc 100644
--- a/rootdir/init.environ.rc.in
+++ b/rootdir/init.environ.rc.in
@@ -10,7 +10,5 @@ on early-init
     export ANDROID_TZDATA_ROOT /apex/com.android.tzdata
     export EXTERNAL_STORAGE /sdcard
     export ASEC_MOUNTPOINT /mnt/asec
-    %EXPORT_GLOBAL_ASAN_OPTIONS%
-    %EXPORT_GLOBAL_GCOV_OPTIONS%
-    %EXPORT_GLOBAL_CLANG_COVERAGE_OPTIONS%
-    %EXPORT_GLOBAL_HWASAN_OPTIONS%
+    # Additional environment variables will be appended here during build (see Android.bp).
+    # DO NOT ADD additional sections like 'on <event>' here.
diff --git a/rootdir/init.rc b/rootdir/init.rc
index d755b503d670..54493d5f8368 100644
--- a/rootdir/init.rc
+++ b/rootdir/init.rc
@@ -27,8 +27,6 @@ on early-init
     # Set the security context of /postinstall if present.
     restorecon /postinstall
 
-    mkdir /acct/uid
-
     # memory.pressure_level used by lmkd
     chown root system /dev/memcg/memory.pressure_level
     chmod 0040 /dev/memcg/memory.pressure_level
@@ -54,6 +52,10 @@ on early-init
     mkdir /linkerconfig/bootstrap 0755
     mkdir /linkerconfig/default 0755
 
+    # Greatly extend dm-verity's Merkle tree cache timeout.  The default timeout
+    # is much too short and is unnecessary, given that there is also a shrinker.
+    write /sys/module/dm_bufio/parameters/max_age_seconds 86400
+
     # Disable dm-verity hash prefetching, since it doesn't help performance
     # Read more in b/136247322
     write /sys/module/dm_verity/parameters/prefetch_cluster 0
@@ -70,21 +72,19 @@ on early-init
 
     start ueventd
 
+    # Mount tracefs (with GID=AID_READTRACEFS)
+    mount tracefs tracefs /sys/kernel/tracing gid=3012
+
     # Run apexd-bootstrap so that APEXes that provide critical libraries
     # become available. Note that this is executed as exec_start to ensure that
     # the libraries are available to the processes started after this statement.
     exec_start apexd-bootstrap
-
-    # Generate linker config based on apex mounted in bootstrap namespace
-    update_linker_config
+    perform_apex_config --bootstrap
 
     # These must already exist by the time boringssl_self_test32 / boringssl_self_test64 run.
     mkdir /dev/boringssl 0755 root root
     mkdir /dev/boringssl/selftest 0755 root root
 
-    # Mount tracefs (with GID=AID_READTRACEFS)
-    mount tracefs tracefs /sys/kernel/tracing gid=3012
-
     # create sys dirctory
     mkdir /dev/sys 0755 system system
     mkdir /dev/sys/fs 0755 system system
@@ -94,50 +94,29 @@ on early-init
     # checker programs.
     mkdir /dev/fscklogs 0770 root system
 
+    # Create tmpfs for use by the shell user.
+    mount tmpfs tmpfs /tmp
+    restorecon /tmp
+    chown shell shell /tmp
+    chmod 0771 /tmp
+
 on init
     sysclktz 0
 
     # Mix device-specific information into the entropy pool
     copy /proc/cmdline /dev/urandom
-    copy /system/etc/prop.default /dev/urandom
+    copy /proc/bootconfig /dev/urandom
 
     symlink /proc/self/fd/0 /dev/stdin
     symlink /proc/self/fd/1 /dev/stdout
     symlink /proc/self/fd/2 /dev/stderr
 
-    # Create energy-aware scheduler tuning nodes
-    mkdir /dev/stune/foreground
-    mkdir /dev/stune/background
-    mkdir /dev/stune/top-app
-    mkdir /dev/stune/rt
-    chown system system /dev/stune
-    chown system system /dev/stune/foreground
-    chown system system /dev/stune/background
-    chown system system /dev/stune/top-app
-    chown system system /dev/stune/rt
-    chown system system /dev/stune/tasks
-    chown system system /dev/stune/foreground/tasks
-    chown system system /dev/stune/background/tasks
-    chown system system /dev/stune/top-app/tasks
-    chown system system /dev/stune/rt/tasks
-    chown system system /dev/stune/cgroup.procs
-    chown system system /dev/stune/foreground/cgroup.procs
-    chown system system /dev/stune/background/cgroup.procs
-    chown system system /dev/stune/top-app/cgroup.procs
-    chown system system /dev/stune/rt/cgroup.procs
-    chmod 0664 /dev/stune/tasks
-    chmod 0664 /dev/stune/foreground/tasks
-    chmod 0664 /dev/stune/background/tasks
-    chmod 0664 /dev/stune/top-app/tasks
-    chmod 0664 /dev/stune/rt/tasks
-    chmod 0664 /dev/stune/cgroup.procs
-    chmod 0664 /dev/stune/foreground/cgroup.procs
-    chmod 0664 /dev/stune/background/cgroup.procs
-    chmod 0664 /dev/stune/top-app/cgroup.procs
-    chmod 0664 /dev/stune/rt/cgroup.procs
+    # Create socket dir for ot-daemon
+    mkdir /dev/socket/ot-daemon 0770 thread_network thread_network
 
     # cpuctl hierarchy for devices using utilclamp
     mkdir /dev/cpuctl/foreground
+    mkdir /dev/cpuctl/foreground_window
     mkdir /dev/cpuctl/background
     mkdir /dev/cpuctl/top-app
     mkdir /dev/cpuctl/rt
@@ -146,6 +125,7 @@ on init
     mkdir /dev/cpuctl/dex2oat
     chown system system /dev/cpuctl
     chown system system /dev/cpuctl/foreground
+    chown system system /dev/cpuctl/foreground_window
     chown system system /dev/cpuctl/background
     chown system system /dev/cpuctl/top-app
     chown system system /dev/cpuctl/rt
@@ -154,6 +134,7 @@ on init
     chown system system /dev/cpuctl/dex2oat
     chown system system /dev/cpuctl/tasks
     chown system system /dev/cpuctl/foreground/tasks
+    chown system system /dev/cpuctl/foreground_window/tasks
     chown system system /dev/cpuctl/background/tasks
     chown system system /dev/cpuctl/top-app/tasks
     chown system system /dev/cpuctl/rt/tasks
@@ -162,6 +143,7 @@ on init
     chown system system /dev/cpuctl/dex2oat/tasks
     chown system system /dev/cpuctl/cgroup.procs
     chown system system /dev/cpuctl/foreground/cgroup.procs
+    chown system system /dev/cpuctl/foreground_window/cgroup.procs
     chown system system /dev/cpuctl/background/cgroup.procs
     chown system system /dev/cpuctl/top-app/cgroup.procs
     chown system system /dev/cpuctl/rt/cgroup.procs
@@ -170,6 +152,7 @@ on init
     chown system system /dev/cpuctl/dex2oat/cgroup.procs
     chmod 0664 /dev/cpuctl/tasks
     chmod 0664 /dev/cpuctl/foreground/tasks
+    chmod 0664 /dev/cpuctl/foreground_window/tasks
     chmod 0664 /dev/cpuctl/background/tasks
     chmod 0664 /dev/cpuctl/top-app/tasks
     chmod 0664 /dev/cpuctl/rt/tasks
@@ -178,6 +161,7 @@ on init
     chmod 0664 /dev/cpuctl/dex2oat/tasks
     chmod 0664 /dev/cpuctl/cgroup.procs
     chmod 0664 /dev/cpuctl/foreground/cgroup.procs
+    chmod 0664 /dev/cpuctl/foreground_window/cgroup.procs
     chmod 0664 /dev/cpuctl/background/cgroup.procs
     chmod 0664 /dev/cpuctl/top-app/cgroup.procs
     chmod 0664 /dev/cpuctl/rt/cgroup.procs
@@ -203,23 +187,26 @@ on init
     chmod 0664 /dev/cpuctl/camera-daemon/tasks
     chmod 0664 /dev/cpuctl/camera-daemon/cgroup.procs
 
-    # Create an stune group for camera-specific processes
-    mkdir /dev/stune/camera-daemon
-    chown system system /dev/stune/camera-daemon
-    chown system system /dev/stune/camera-daemon/tasks
-    chown system system /dev/stune/camera-daemon/cgroup.procs
-    chmod 0664 /dev/stune/camera-daemon/tasks
-    chmod 0664 /dev/stune/camera-daemon/cgroup.procs
-
-    # Create an stune group for NNAPI HAL processes
-    mkdir /dev/stune/nnapi-hal
-    chown system system /dev/stune/nnapi-hal
-    chown system system /dev/stune/nnapi-hal/tasks
-    chown system system /dev/stune/nnapi-hal/cgroup.procs
-    chmod 0664 /dev/stune/nnapi-hal/tasks
-    chmod 0664 /dev/stune/nnapi-hal/cgroup.procs
-    write /dev/stune/nnapi-hal/schedtune.boost 1
-    write /dev/stune/nnapi-hal/schedtune.prefer_idle 1
+    # Create blkio group and apply initial settings.
+    # This feature needs kernel to support it, and the
+    # device's init.rc must actually set the correct values.
+    mkdir /dev/blkio/background
+    chown system system /dev/blkio
+    chown system system /dev/blkio/background
+    chown system system /dev/blkio/tasks
+    chown system system /dev/blkio/background/tasks
+    chown system system /dev/blkio/cgroup.procs
+    chown system system /dev/blkio/background/cgroup.procs
+    chmod 0664 /dev/blkio/tasks
+    chmod 0664 /dev/blkio/background/tasks
+    chmod 0664 /dev/blkio/cgroup.procs
+    chmod 0664 /dev/blkio/background/cgroup.procs
+    write /dev/blkio/blkio.weight 1000
+    write /dev/blkio/background/blkio.weight 200
+    write /dev/blkio/background/blkio.bfq.weight 10
+    write /dev/blkio/blkio.group_idle 0
+    write /dev/blkio/background/blkio.group_idle 0
+    write /dev/blkio/background/blkio.prio.class restrict-to-be
 
     restorecon_recursive /mnt
 
@@ -275,6 +262,9 @@ on init
     mkdir /mnt/runtime/full 0755 root root
     mkdir /mnt/runtime/full/self 0755 root root
 
+    # For Pre-reboot Dexopt
+    mkdir /mnt/pre_reboot_dexopt 0755 artd artd
+
     # Symlink to keep legacy apps working in multi-user world
     symlink /storage/self/primary /mnt/sdcard
     symlink /mnt/user/0/primary /mnt/runtime/default/self/primary
@@ -295,7 +285,7 @@ on init
     write /proc/sys/kernel/randomize_va_space 2
     write /proc/sys/vm/mmap_min_addr 32768
     write /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ping_group_range "0 2147483647"
-    write /proc/sys/net/unix/max_dgram_qlen 600
+    write /proc/sys/net/unix/max_dgram_qlen 2400
 
     # Assign reasonable ceiling values for socket rcv/snd buffers.
     # These should almost always be overridden by the target per the
@@ -323,6 +313,9 @@ on init
     mkdir /dev/cpuset/foreground
     copy /dev/cpuset/cpus /dev/cpuset/foreground/cpus
     copy /dev/cpuset/mems /dev/cpuset/foreground/mems
+    mkdir /dev/cpuset/foreground_window
+    copy /dev/cpuset/cpus /dev/cpuset/foreground_window/cpus
+    copy /dev/cpuset/mems /dev/cpuset/foreground_window/mems
     mkdir /dev/cpuset/background
     copy /dev/cpuset/cpus /dev/cpuset/background/cpus
     copy /dev/cpuset/mems /dev/cpuset/background/mems
@@ -351,6 +344,7 @@ on init
     # change permissions for all cpusets we'll touch at runtime
     chown system system /dev/cpuset
     chown system system /dev/cpuset/foreground
+    chown system system /dev/cpuset/foreground_window
     chown system system /dev/cpuset/background
     chown system system /dev/cpuset/system-background
     chown system system /dev/cpuset/top-app
@@ -358,6 +352,7 @@ on init
     chown system system /dev/cpuset/camera-daemon
     chown system system /dev/cpuset/tasks
     chown system system /dev/cpuset/foreground/tasks
+    chown system system /dev/cpuset/foreground_window/tasks
     chown system system /dev/cpuset/background/tasks
     chown system system /dev/cpuset/system-background/tasks
     chown system system /dev/cpuset/top-app/tasks
@@ -365,6 +360,7 @@ on init
     chown system system /dev/cpuset/camera-daemon/tasks
     chown system system /dev/cpuset/cgroup.procs
     chown system system /dev/cpuset/foreground/cgroup.procs
+    chown system system /dev/cpuset/foreground_window/cgroup.procs
     chown system system /dev/cpuset/background/cgroup.procs
     chown system system /dev/cpuset/system-background/cgroup.procs
     chown system system /dev/cpuset/top-app/cgroup.procs
@@ -375,6 +371,7 @@ on init
     chmod 0775 /dev/cpuset/system-background
 
     chmod 0664 /dev/cpuset/foreground/tasks
+    chmod 0664 /dev/cpuset/foreground_window/tasks
     chmod 0664 /dev/cpuset/background/tasks
     chmod 0664 /dev/cpuset/system-background/tasks
     chmod 0664 /dev/cpuset/top-app/tasks
@@ -382,6 +379,7 @@ on init
     chmod 0664 /dev/cpuset/tasks
     chmod 0664 /dev/cpuset/camera-daemon/tasks
     chmod 0664 /dev/cpuset/foreground/cgroup.procs
+    chmod 0664 /dev/cpuset/foreground_window/cgroup.procs
     chmod 0664 /dev/cpuset/background/cgroup.procs
     chmod 0664 /dev/cpuset/system-background/cgroup.procs
     chmod 0664 /dev/cpuset/top-app/cgroup.procs
@@ -393,16 +391,6 @@ on init
     chown system system /proc/pressure/memory
     chmod 0664 /proc/pressure/memory
 
-    # qtaguid will limit access to specific data based on group memberships.
-    #   net_bw_acct grants impersonation of socket owners.
-    #   net_bw_stats grants access to other apps' detailed tagged-socket stats.
-    chown root net_bw_acct /proc/net/xt_qtaguid/ctrl
-    chown root net_bw_stats /proc/net/xt_qtaguid/stats
-
-    # Allow everybody to read the xt_qtaguid resource tracking misc dev.
-    # This is needed by any process that uses socket tagging.
-    chmod 0644 /dev/xt_qtaguid
-
     mount bpf bpf /sys/fs/bpf nodev noexec nosuid
 
     # pstore/ramoops previous console log
@@ -460,15 +448,16 @@ on init
     start hwservicemanager
     start vndservicemanager
 
+    # Mount /mnt/vm ASAP to allow early VMs to run.
+    mkdir /mnt/vm 0755 root root
+    mount tmpfs tmpfs /mnt/vm nosuid nodev noexec rw
+    restorecon /mnt/vm
+    chown system system /mnt/vm
+    chmod 0770 /mnt/vm
+    mkdir /mnt/vm/early 0770 system system
+
 # Run boringssl self test for each ABI.  Any failures trigger reboot to firmware.
-on init && property:ro.product.cpu.abilist32=*
-    exec_start boringssl_self_test32
-on init && property:ro.product.cpu.abilist64=*
-    exec_start boringssl_self_test64
-on property:apexd.status=ready && property:ro.product.cpu.abilist32=*
-    exec_start boringssl_self_test_apex32
-on property:apexd.status=ready && property:ro.product.cpu.abilist64=*
-    exec_start boringssl_self_test_apex64
+import /system/etc/init/hw/init.boringssl.${ro.zygote}.rc
 
 service boringssl_self_test32 /system/bin/boringssl_self_test32
     reboot_on_failure reboot,boringssl-self-check-failed
@@ -531,9 +520,10 @@ on late-init
     trigger post-fs-data
 
     # Should be before netd, but after apex, properties and logging is available.
-    trigger load_bpf_programs
+    trigger load-bpf-programs
+    trigger bpf-progs-loaded
 
-    # Now we can start zygote for devices with file based encryption
+    # Now we can start zygote.
     trigger zygote-start
 
     # Remove a file to wake up anything waiting for firmware.
@@ -579,6 +569,9 @@ on post-fs
     chown root log /proc/vmallocinfo
     chmod 0440 /proc/vmallocinfo
 
+    chown root log /proc/allocinfo
+    chmod 0440 /proc/allocinfo
+
     chown root log /proc/slabinfo
     chmod 0440 /proc/slabinfo
 
@@ -604,10 +597,11 @@ on post-fs
     chmod 0700 /metadata/vold
     mkdir /metadata/password_slots 0771 root system
     mkdir /metadata/bootstat 0750 system log
-    mkdir /metadata/ota 0700 root system
-    mkdir /metadata/ota/snapshots 0700 root system
-    mkdir /metadata/userspacereboot 0770 root system
+    mkdir /metadata/ota 0750 root system
+    mkdir /metadata/ota/snapshots 0750 root system
     mkdir /metadata/watchdog 0770 root system
+    mkdir /metadata/tradeinmode 0770 root system
+    mkdir /metadata/prefetch 0770 root system
 
     mkdir /metadata/apex 0700 root system
     mkdir /metadata/apex/sessions 0700 root system
@@ -619,7 +613,7 @@ on post-fs
     restorecon_recursive /metadata/apex
 
     mkdir /metadata/staged-install 0770 root system
-    mkdir /metadata/sepolicy 0700 root root
+
 on late-fs
     # Ensure that tracefs has the correct permissions.
     # This does not work correctly if it is called in post-fs.
@@ -629,14 +623,7 @@ on late-fs
     # HALs required before storage encryption can get unlocked (FBE)
     class_start early_hal
 
-    # Load trusted keys from dm-verity protected partitions
-    exec -- /system/bin/fsverity_init --load-verified-keys
-
 # Only enable the bootreceiver tracing instance for kernels 5.10 and above.
-on late-fs && property:ro.kernel.version=4.9
-    setprop bootreceiver.enable 0
-on late-fs && property:ro.kernel.version=4.14
-    setprop bootreceiver.enable 0
 on late-fs && property:ro.kernel.version=4.19
     setprop bootreceiver.enable 0
 on late-fs && property:ro.kernel.version=5.4
@@ -657,8 +644,6 @@ on property:ro.product.cpu.abilist64=* && property:bootreceiver.enable=1
 
 on post-fs-data
 
-    mark_post_data
-
     # Start checkpoint before we touch data
     exec - system system -- /system/bin/vdc checkpoint prepareCheckpoint
 
@@ -684,7 +669,7 @@ on post-fs-data
 
     # Start tombstoned early to be able to store tombstones.
     mkdir /data/anr 0775 system system encryption=Require
-    mkdir /data/tombstones 0771 system system encryption=Require
+    mkdir /data/tombstones 0775 system system encryption=Require
     mkdir /data/vendor/tombstones 0771 root root
     mkdir /data/vendor/tombstones/wifi 0771 wifi wifi
     start tombstoned
@@ -742,8 +727,6 @@ on post-fs-data
     mkdir /data/apex/active 0755 root system
     mkdir /data/apex/backup 0700 root system
     mkdir /data/apex/decompressed 0755 root system encryption=Require
-    mkdir /data/apex/hashtree 0700 root system
-    mkdir /data/apex/sessions 0700 root system
     mkdir /data/app-staging 0751 system system encryption=DeleteIfNecessary
     mkdir /data/apex/ota_reserved 0700 root system encryption=Require
     setprop apexd.status ""
@@ -782,12 +765,14 @@ on post-fs-data
     mkdir /data/misc/apns 0770 system radio
     mkdir /data/misc/emergencynumberdb 0770 system radio
     mkdir /data/misc/network_watchlist 0774 system system
+    mkdir /data/misc/telephonyconfig 0770 system radio
     mkdir /data/misc/textclassifier 0771 system system
     mkdir /data/misc/vpn 0770 system vpn
     mkdir /data/misc/shared_relro 0771 shared_relro shared_relro
     mkdir /data/misc/systemkeys 0700 system system
-    mkdir /data/misc/threadnetwork 0770 thread_network thread_network
     mkdir /data/misc/wifi 0770 wifi wifi
+    mkdir /data/misc/wifi/mainline_supplicant 0770 wifi wifi
+    mkdir /data/misc/wifi/mainline_supplicant/sockets 0770 wifi wifi
     mkdir /data/misc/wifi/sockets 0770 wifi wifi
     mkdir /data/misc/wifi/wpa_supplicant 0770 wifi wifi
     mkdir /data/misc/ethernet 0770 system system
@@ -818,6 +803,7 @@ on post-fs-data
     mkdir /data/misc/apexdata 0711 root root
     mkdir /data/misc/apexrollback 0700 root root
     mkdir /data/misc/appcompat/ 0700 system system
+    mkdir /data/misc/uprobestats-configs/ 0777 uprobestats uprobestats
     mkdir /data/misc/snapshotctl_log 0755 root root
     # create location to store pre-reboot information
     mkdir /data/misc/prereboot 0700 system system
@@ -827,6 +813,8 @@ on post-fs-data
     mkdir /data/misc/odsign 0710 root system
     # directory used for odsign metrics
     mkdir /data/misc/odsign/metrics 0770 root system
+    # directory used for connectivity blob store.
+    mkdir /data/misc/connectivityblobdb 0770 system system
 
     # Directory for VirtualizationService temporary image files.
     # Delete any stale files owned by the old virtualizationservice uid (b/230056726).
@@ -848,6 +836,9 @@ on post-fs-data
     mkdir /data/app-lib 0771 system system encryption=Require
     mkdir /data/app 0771 system system encryption=Require
 
+    # Create directory for app metadata files
+    mkdir /data/app-metadata 0700 system system encryption=Require
+
     # create directory for updated font files.
     mkdir /data/fonts/ 0771 root root encryption=Require
     mkdir /data/fonts/files 0771 system system
@@ -910,7 +901,7 @@ on post-fs-data
     mkdir /data/system/users 0775 system system
     # Mkdir and set SELinux security contexts for shutdown-checkpoints.
     # TODO(b/270286197): remove these after couple releases.
-    mkdir /data/system/shutdown-checkpoints 0700 system system
+    mkdir /data/system/shutdown-checkpoints 0755 system system
     restorecon_recursive /data/system/shutdown-checkpoints
 
     # Create the parent directories of the user CE and DE storage directories.
@@ -919,15 +910,26 @@ on post-fs-data
     # encryption policies apply recursively.  These directories should never
     # contain any subdirectories other than the per-user ones.  /data/media/obb
     # is an exception that exists for legacy reasons.
-    mkdir /data/media 0770 media_rw media_rw encryption=None
-    mkdir /data/misc_ce 01771 system misc encryption=None
-    mkdir /data/misc_de 01771 system misc encryption=None
-    mkdir /data/system_ce 0770 system system encryption=None
-    mkdir /data/system_de 0770 system system encryption=None
-    mkdir /data/user 0711 system system encryption=None
-    mkdir /data/user_de 0711 system system encryption=None
-    mkdir /data/vendor_ce 0771 root root encryption=None
-    mkdir /data/vendor_de 0771 root root encryption=None
+    #
+    # Don't use any write mode bits (0222) for any of these directories, since
+    # the only process that should write to them directly is vold (since it
+    # needs to set up file-based encryption on the subdirectories), which runs
+    # as root with CAP_DAC_OVERRIDE.  This is also fully enforced via the
+    # SELinux policy.  But we also set the DAC file modes accordingly, to try to
+    # minimize differences in behavior if SELinux is set to permissive mode.
+    mkdir /data/media 0550 media_rw media_rw encryption=None
+    mkdir /data/misc_ce 0551 system misc encryption=None
+    mkdir /data/misc_de 0551 system misc encryption=None
+    mkdir /data/system_ce 0550 system system encryption=None
+    mkdir /data/system_de 0550 system system encryption=None
+    mkdir /data/user 0511 system system encryption=None
+    mkdir /data/user_de 0511 system system encryption=None
+    mkdir /data/vendor_ce 0551 root root encryption=None
+    mkdir /data/vendor_de 0551 root root encryption=None
+
+    # Similar to the top-level CE and DE directories, /data/storage_area must
+    # itself be unencrypted, since it contains encrypted directories.
+    mkdir /data/storage_area 0551 root root encryption=None
 
     # Set the casefold flag on /data/media.  For upgrades, a restorecon can be
     # needed first to relabel the directory from media_rw_data_file.
@@ -942,8 +944,12 @@ on post-fs-data
     mkdir /data_mirror/data_de 0700 root root
     mkdir /data_mirror/misc_ce 0700 root root
     mkdir /data_mirror/misc_de 0700 root root
+    mkdir /data_mirror/storage_area 0700 root root
 
     # Create CE and DE data directory for default volume
+    # Not needed for storage_area directory, since this is
+    # not supported for non-default volumes and the path
+    # does not include the volume ID
     mkdir /data_mirror/data_ce/null 0700 root root
     mkdir /data_mirror/data_de/null 0700 root root
     mkdir /data_mirror/misc_ce/null 0700 root root
@@ -958,6 +964,9 @@ on post-fs-data
     mount none /data/misc_ce /data_mirror/misc_ce/null bind rec
     mount none /data/misc_de /data_mirror/misc_de/null bind rec
 
+    # Also bind mount for the storage area directory (minus the volume ID)
+    mount none /data/storage_area /data_mirror/storage_area bind rec
+
     # Create mirror directory for jit profiles
     mkdir /data_mirror/cur_profiles 0700 root root
     mount none /data/misc/profiles/cur /data_mirror/cur_profiles bind rec
@@ -989,8 +998,16 @@ on post-fs-data
     wait_for_prop apexd.status activated
     perform_apex_config
 
+    exec_start system_aconfigd_mainline_init
+    start system_aconfigd_socket_service
+
+    # start mainline aconfigd init, after transition, the above system_aconfigd_mainline_init
+    # will be deprecated
+    exec_start mainline_aconfigd_init
+    start mainline_aconfigd_socket_service
+
     # Create directories for boot animation.
-    mkdir /data/bootanim 0755 system system encryption=DeleteIfNecessary
+    mkdir /data/misc/bootanim 0755 system system
 
     exec_start derive_sdk
 
@@ -1004,18 +1021,19 @@ on post-fs-data
     exec_start derive_classpath
     load_exports /data/system/environ/classpath
 
+    # Start ART's oneshot boot service to propagate boot experiment flags to
+    # dalvik.vm.*. This needs to be done before odsign since odrefresh uses and
+    # validates those properties against the signed cache-info.xml.
+    exec_start art_boot
+
     # Start the on-device signing daemon, and wait for it to finish, to ensure
     # ART artifacts are generated if needed.
     # Must start after 'derive_classpath' to have *CLASSPATH variables set.
     start odsign
 
-    # Before we can lock keys and proceed to the next boot stage, wait for
-    # odsign to be done with the key
+    # Wait for odsign to be done with the key.
     wait_for_prop odsign.key.done 1
 
-    # Lock the fs-verity keyring, so no more keys can be added
-    exec -- /system/bin/fsverity_init --lock
-
     # Bump the boot level to 1000000000; this prevents further on-device signing.
     # This is a special value that shuts down the thread which listens for
     # further updates.
@@ -1042,32 +1060,32 @@ on post-fs-data
     # Update dm-verity state and set partition.*.verified properties.
     verity_update_state
 
-# It is recommended to put unnecessary data/ initialization from post-fs-data
-# to start-zygote in device's init.rc to unblock zygote start.
-on zygote-start && property:ro.crypto.state=unencrypted
-    wait_for_prop odsign.verification.done 1
-    # A/B update verifier that marks a successful boot.
-    exec_start update_verifier_nonencrypted
-    start statsd
-    start netd
-    start zygote
-    start zygote_secondary
+on property:vold.checkpoint_committed=1
+    trigger post-fs-data-checkpointed
 
-on zygote-start && property:ro.crypto.state=unsupported
-    wait_for_prop odsign.verification.done 1
-    # A/B update verifier that marks a successful boot.
-    exec_start update_verifier_nonencrypted
-    start statsd
+# It is important that we start bpfloader after:
+#   - /sys/fs/bpf is already mounted,
+#   - apex (incl. rollback) is initialized (so that we can load bpf
+#     programs shipped as part of apex mainline modules)
+#   - logd is ready for us to log stuff
+#
+# At the same time we want to be as early as possible to reduce races and thus
+# failures (before memory is fragmented, and cpu is busy running tons of other
+# stuff) and we absolutely want to be before netd and the system boot slot is
+# considered to have booted successfully.
+on load-bpf-programs
+    exec_start bpfloader
+
+on bpf-progs-loaded
     start netd
-    start zygote
-    start zygote_secondary
 
-on zygote-start && property:ro.crypto.state=encrypted && property:ro.crypto.type=file
+# It is recommended to put unnecessary data/ initialization from post-fs-data
+# to start-zygote in device's init.rc to unblock zygote start.
+on zygote-start
     wait_for_prop odsign.verification.done 1
     # A/B update verifier that marks a successful boot.
-    exec_start update_verifier_nonencrypted
+    exec_start update_verifier
     start statsd
-    start netd
     start zygote
     start zygote_secondary
 
@@ -1076,6 +1094,9 @@ on boot && property:ro.config.low_ram=true
     write /proc/sys/vm/dirty_expire_centisecs 200
     write /proc/sys/vm/dirty_background_ratio  5
 
+on boot && property:suspend.disable_sync_on_suspend=true
+    write /sys/power/sync_on_suspend 0
+
 on boot
     # basic network init
     ifup lo
@@ -1093,9 +1114,9 @@ on boot
 
     # System server manages zram writeback
     chown root system /sys/block/zram0/idle
-    chmod 0664 /sys/block/zram0/idle
+    chmod 0220 /sys/block/zram0/idle
     chown root system /sys/block/zram0/writeback
-    chmod 0664 /sys/block/zram0/writeback
+    chmod 0220 /sys/block/zram0/writeback
 
     # to access F2FS sysfs on dm-<num> directly
     mkdir /dev/sys/fs/by-name 0755 system system
@@ -1117,7 +1138,7 @@ on boot
     write /dev/sys/fs/by-name/userdata/iostat_enable 1
 
     # set readahead multiplier for POSIX_FADV_SEQUENTIAL files
-    write /dev/sys/fs/by-name/userdata/seq_file_ra_mul 16
+    write /dev/sys/fs/by-name/userdata/seq_file_ra_mul 128
 
     # limit discard size to 128MB in order to avoid long IO latency
     # for filesystem tuning first (dm or sda)
@@ -1175,6 +1196,9 @@ on boot
     chown system system /sys/kernel/ipv4/tcp_rmem_min
     chown system system /sys/kernel/ipv4/tcp_rmem_def
     chown system system /sys/kernel/ipv4/tcp_rmem_max
+    chown system system /sys/firmware/acpi/tables
+    chown system system /sys/firmware/acpi/tables/BERT
+    chown system system /sys/firmware/acpi/tables/data/BERT
     chown root radio /proc/cmdline
     chown root system /proc/bootconfig
 
@@ -1225,7 +1249,7 @@ on property:net.tcp_def_init_rwnd=*
 # controlling access. On older kernels, the paranoid value is the only means of
 # controlling access. It is normally 3 (allow only root), but the shell user
 # can lower it to 1 (allowing thread-scoped pofiling) via security.perf_harden.
-on load_bpf_programs && property:sys.init.perf_lsm_hooks=1
+on load-bpf-programs && property:sys.init.perf_lsm_hooks=1
     write /proc/sys/kernel/perf_event_paranoid -1
 on property:security.perf_harden=0 && property:sys.init.perf_lsm_hooks=""
     write /proc/sys/kernel/perf_event_paranoid 1
@@ -1290,44 +1314,6 @@ on property:ro.debuggable=1
 on init && property:ro.debuggable=1
     start console
 
-on userspace-reboot-requested
-  # TODO(b/135984674): reset all necessary properties here.
-  setprop sys.boot_completed ""
-  setprop dev.bootcomplete ""
-  setprop sys.init.updatable_crashing ""
-  setprop sys.init.updatable_crashing_process_name ""
-  setprop sys.user.0.ce_available ""
-  setprop sys.shutdown.requested ""
-  setprop service.bootanim.exit ""
-  setprop service.bootanim.progress ""
-
-on userspace-reboot-fs-remount
-  # Make sure that vold is running.
-  # This is mostly a precaution measure in case vold for some reason wasn't running when
-  # userspace reboot was initiated.
-  start vold
-  exec - system system -- /system/bin/vdc checkpoint resetCheckpoint
-  exec - system system -- /system/bin/vdc checkpoint markBootAttempt
-  # Unmount /data_mirror mounts in the reverse order of corresponding mounts.
-  umount /data_mirror/data_ce/null/0
-  umount /data_mirror/data_ce/null
-  umount /data_mirror/data_de/null
-  umount /data_mirror/cur_profiles
-  umount /data_mirror/ref_profiles
-  umount /data_mirror
-  remount_userdata
-  start bootanim
-
-on userspace-reboot-resume
-  trigger userspace-reboot-fs-remount
-  trigger post-fs-data
-  trigger zygote-start
-  trigger early-boot
-  trigger boot
-
-on property:sys.boot_completed=1 && property:sys.init.userspace_reboot.in_progress=1
-  setprop sys.init.userspace_reboot.in_progress ""
-
 # Multi-Gen LRU Experiment
 on property:persist.device_config.mglru_native.lru_gen_config=none
   write /sys/kernel/mm/lru_gen/enabled 0
@@ -1339,3 +1325,16 @@ on property:persist.device_config.mglru_native.lru_gen_config=core_and_nonleaf_y
   write /sys/kernel/mm/lru_gen/enabled 5
 on property:persist.device_config.mglru_native.lru_gen_config=all
   write /sys/kernel/mm/lru_gen/enabled 7
+
+# Allow other processes to run `snapshotctl` through `init`. This requires
+# `set_prop` permission on `snapshotctl_prop`.
+on property:sys.snapshotctl.map=requested
+    # "root" is needed to talk to gsid and pass its check on uid.
+    # "system" is needed to write to "/dev/socket/snapuserd" to talk to
+    # snapuserd.
+    exec - root root system -- /system/bin/snapshotctl map
+    setprop sys.snapshotctl.map "finished"
+
+on property:sys.snapshotctl.unmap=requested
+    exec - root root system -- /system/bin/snapshotctl unmap
+    setprop sys.snapshotctl.unmap "finished"
diff --git a/rootdir/init.usb.rc b/rootdir/init.usb.rc
index dde784e2594d..b30d6d02c58e 100644
--- a/rootdir/init.usb.rc
+++ b/rootdir/init.usb.rc
@@ -139,7 +139,3 @@ on property:sys.usb.typec.power_role=source
 on property:sys.usb.typec.power_role=sink
     write /sys/class/dual_role_usb/otg_default/power_role ${sys.usb.typec.power_role}
     setprop sys.usb.typec.state ${sys.usb.typec.power_role}
-
-on userspace-reboot-requested
-  setprop sys.usb.config ""
-  setprop sys.usb.state ""
diff --git a/rootdir/init.zygote32.rc b/rootdir/init.zygote32.rc
index 2f0ec8a17d4c..862afb6848c4 100644
--- a/rootdir/init.zygote32.rc
+++ b/rootdir/init.zygote32.rc
@@ -13,8 +13,8 @@ service zygote /system/bin/app_process -Xzygote /system/bin --zygote --start-sys
     onrestart restart audioserver
     onrestart restart cameraserver
     onrestart restart media
-    onrestart restart media.tuner
+    onrestart restart --only-if-running media.tuner
     onrestart restart netd
     onrestart restart wificond
-    task_profiles ProcessCapacityHigh
+    task_profiles ProcessCapacityHigh MaxPerformance
     critical window=${zygote.critical_window.minute:-off} target=zygote-fatal
diff --git a/rootdir/init.zygote64.rc b/rootdir/init.zygote64.rc
index 74a64c80f465..342212123de5 100644
--- a/rootdir/init.zygote64.rc
+++ b/rootdir/init.zygote64.rc
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ service zygote /system/bin/app_process64 -Xzygote /system/bin --zygote --start-s
     onrestart restart audioserver
     onrestart restart cameraserver
     onrestart restart media
-    onrestart restart media.tuner
+    onrestart restart --only-if-running media.tuner
     onrestart restart netd
     onrestart restart wificond
     task_profiles ProcessCapacityHigh MaxPerformance
diff --git a/rootdir/ueventd.rc b/rootdir/ueventd.rc
index 0b7ffb8ea684..3927501a4748 100644
--- a/rootdir/ueventd.rc
+++ b/rootdir/ueventd.rc
@@ -23,6 +23,11 @@ subsystem sound
 subsystem dma_heap
    devname uevent_devpath
    dirname /dev/dma_heap
+
+subsystem vfio
+    devname uevent_devpath
+    dirname /dev/vfio
+
 # ueventd can only set permissions on device nodes and their associated
 # sysfs attributes, not on arbitrary paths.
 #
@@ -43,6 +48,7 @@ subsystem dma_heap
 /dev/binder               0666   root       root
 /dev/hwbinder             0666   root       root
 /dev/vndbinder            0666   root       root
+/dev/vfio/*               0666   root       root
 
 /dev/pmsg0                0222   root       log
 /dev/dma_heap/system      0444   system     system
@@ -65,6 +71,7 @@ subsystem dma_heap
 /dev/mtp_usb              0660   root       mtp
 /dev/usb_accessory        0660   root       usb
 /dev/tun                  0660   system     vpn
+/dev/hidraw*              0660   system     system
 
 # CDMA radio interface MUX
 /dev/ppp                  0660   radio      vpn
diff --git a/run-as/run-as.cpp b/run-as/run-as.cpp
index cc92c68d0898..32057b491e04 100644
--- a/run-as/run-as.cpp
+++ b/run-as/run-as.cpp
@@ -76,9 +76,6 @@ static void check_directory(const char* path, uid_t uid) {
     error(1, errno, "couldn't stat %s", path);
   }
 
-  // /data/user/0 is a known safe symlink.
-  if (strcmp("/data/user/0", path) == 0) return;
-
   // Must be a real directory, not a symlink.
   if (!S_ISDIR(st.st_mode)) {
     error(1, 0, "%s not a directory: %o", path, st.st_mode);
@@ -191,27 +188,17 @@ int main(int argc, char* argv[]) {
   }
 
   // Retrieve package information from system, switching egid so we can read the file.
+  pkg_info info = {.name = pkgname};
   gid_t old_egid = getegid();
   if (setegid(AID_PACKAGE_INFO) == -1) error(1, errno, "setegid(AID_PACKAGE_INFO) failed");
-  pkg_info info;
-  memset(&info, 0, sizeof(info));
-  info.name = pkgname;
   if (!packagelist_parse(packagelist_parse_callback, &info)) {
     error(1, errno, "packagelist_parse failed");
   }
-
-  // Handle a multi-user data path
-  if (userId > 0) {
-    free(info.data_dir);
-    if (asprintf(&info.data_dir, "/data/user/%d/%s", userId, pkgname) == -1) {
-      error(1, errno, "asprintf failed");
-    }
-  }
+  if (setegid(old_egid) == -1) error(1, errno, "couldn't restore egid");
 
   if (info.uid == 0) {
     error(1, 0, "unknown package: %s", pkgname);
   }
-  if (setegid(old_egid) == -1) error(1, errno, "couldn't restore egid");
 
   // Verify that user id is not too big.
   if ((UID_MAX - info.uid) / AID_USER_OFFSET < (uid_t)userId) {
@@ -231,6 +218,12 @@ int main(int argc, char* argv[]) {
     error(1, 0, "package not debuggable: %s", pkgname);
   }
 
+  // Ensure we have the right data path for the specific user.
+  free(info.data_dir);
+  if (asprintf(&info.data_dir, "/data/user/%d/%s", userId, pkgname) == -1) {
+    error(1, errno, "asprintf failed");
+  }
+
   // Check that the data directory path is valid.
   check_data_path(pkgname, info.data_dir, userAppId);
 
diff --git a/shell_and_utilities/Android.bp b/shell_and_utilities/Android.bp
index d85f6edb34a2..0a1f7c5a29af 100644
--- a/shell_and_utilities/Android.bp
+++ b/shell_and_utilities/Android.bp
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ phony {
         "awk",
         "bc",
         "bzip2",
+        "cpu-target-features",
         "fsck.exfat",
         "ldd",
         "logwrapper",
@@ -42,9 +43,10 @@ phony {
     required: [
         "sh.recovery",
         "toolbox.recovery",
-        "toybox.recovery",
+        "toybox_recovery",
         "ziptool.recovery",
     ],
+    recovery: true,
 }
 
 phony {
@@ -57,6 +59,7 @@ phony {
         "toolbox_vendor",
         "toybox_vendor",
     ],
+    vendor: true,
 }
 
 // shell and utilities for first stage console. The list of binaries are
diff --git a/shell_and_utilities/README.md b/shell_and_utilities/README.md
index 9a733bb4b203..c7c622ec7da7 100644
--- a/shell_and_utilities/README.md
+++ b/shell_and_utilities/README.md
@@ -37,7 +37,46 @@ commands than there are symlinks for in `/system/bin`. You can get the
 full list for a release by running `toybox` directly.
 
 
-## Android 14 ("U")
+## Android 15 (API level 35, "Vanilla Ice Cream")
+
+BSD: fsck\_msdos newfs\_msdos
+
+bzip2: bzcat bzip2 bunzip2
+
+gavinhoward/bc: bc
+
+one-true-awk: awk
+
+toolbox: getevent getprop setprop start stop
+
+toybox ([0.8.11](https://landley.net/toybox/news.html#08-04-2024)-ish):
+[ acpi base64 basename blkdiscard blkid blockdev brctl cal cat chattr
+chcon chgrp chmod chown chroot chrt cksum clear cmp comm cp cpio cut
+date dd devmem df diff dirname dmesg dos2unix du echo egrep env expand
+expr fallocate false fgrep file find flock fmt free freeramdisk fsfreeze
+fsync getconf getenforce **getfattr** getopt **gpiodetect** **gpiofind**
+**gpioget** **gpioinfo** **gpioset** grep groups gunzip gzip head help hostname
+hwclock i2cdetect i2cdump i2cget i2cset **i2ctransfer** iconv id ifconfig
+inotifyd insmod install ionice iorenice iotop kill killall ln load\_policy
+log logger logname losetup ls lsattr lsmod lsof lspci lsusb makedevs
+md5sum **memeater** microcom mkdir mkfifo mknod mkswap mktemp modinfo modprobe
+more mount mountpoint mv nbd-client nc netcat netstat nice nl nohup
+nproc nsenter od partprobe paste patch pgrep pidof ping ping6 pivot\_root
+pkill pmap printenv printf prlimit ps pwd pwdx readelf readlink realpath
+renice restorecon rev rfkill rm rmdir rmmod rtcwake runcon sed sendevent
+seq setenforce **setfattr** setsid sha1sum sha224sum sha256sum sha384sum
+sha512sum sleep sort split stat strings stty swapoff swapon sync sysctl
+tac tail tar taskset tee test time timeout top touch tr traceroute
+traceroute6 true truncate tty tunctl uclampset ulimit umount uname
+uniq unix2dos unlink unshare uptime usleep uudecode uuencode uuidgen
+vconfig vi vmstat watch wc which whoami xargs xxd yes zcat
+
+Note: technically getfattr and setfattr were available in earlier versions,
+but the symlinks were missing until this release, so they were only available
+as `toybox getfattr` and `toybox setfattr` rather than directly.
+
+
+## Android 14 (API level 34, "Upside Down Cake")
 
 BSD: fsck\_msdos newfs\_msdos
 
@@ -71,7 +110,7 @@ uniq unix2dos unlink unshare uptime usleep uudecode uuencode uuidgen
 vconfig vi vmstat watch wc which whoami xargs xxd yes zcat
 
 
-## Android 13 ("T")
+## Android 13 (33, "Tiramisu")
 
 BSD: fsck\_msdos newfs\_msdos
 
@@ -105,7 +144,7 @@ uniq unix2dos unlink unshare uptime usleep uudecode uuencode uuidgen
 vconfig vi vmstat watch wc which whoami xargs xxd yes zcat
 
 
-## Android 12 ("S")
+## Android 12 (31, "Snow Cone")
 
 BSD: fsck\_msdos newfs\_msdos
 
@@ -139,7 +178,7 @@ unlink unshare uptime usleep uudecode uuencode uuidgen vconfig vi
 vmstat watch wc which whoami xargs xxd yes zcat
 
 
-## Android 11 ("R")
+## Android 11 (API level 30, "Red Velvet Cake")
 
 BSD: fsck\_msdos newfs\_msdos
 
@@ -173,7 +212,7 @@ usleep uudecode uuencode uuidgen vconfig **vi** vmstat watch wc which
 whoami xargs xxd yes zcat
 
 
-## Android 10 ("Q")
+## Android 10 (API level 29, "Quince Tart")
 
 BSD: grep fsck\_msdos newfs\_msdos
 
@@ -205,7 +244,7 @@ true truncate tty **tunctl** ulimit umount uname uniq unix2dos **unlink**
 wc which whoami xargs xxd yes zcat
 
 
-## Android 9.0 (Pie)
+## Android 9.0 (API level 28, "Pie")
 
 BSD: dd grep
 
@@ -232,7 +271,7 @@ umount uname uniq unix2dos uptime usleep uudecode uuencode vmstat wc
 which whoami xargs xxd yes zcat
 
 
-## Android 8.0 (Oreo)
+## Android 8.0 (API level 26, "Oreo")
 
 BSD: dd grep
 
@@ -257,7 +296,7 @@ tty ulimit umount uname uniq unix2dos uptime usleep **uudecode** **uuencode**
 vmstat wc which whoami xargs xxd yes **zcat**
 
 
-## Android 7.0 (Nougat)
+## Android 7.0 (API level 24, "Nougat")
 
 BSD: dd grep
 
@@ -279,7 +318,7 @@ time timeout touch tr true truncate **tty** **ulimit** umount uname uniq unix2do
 **uptime** usleep vmstat wc which whoami xargs **xxd** yes
 
 
-## Android 6.0 (Marshmallow)
+## Android 6.0 (API level 23, "Marshmallow")
 
 BSD: dd du grep
 
@@ -300,7 +339,7 @@ time timeout touch tr true truncate umount uname uniq unix2dos usleep
 vmstat wc which whoami xargs yes
 
 
-## Android 5.0 (Lollipop)
+## Android 5.0 (API level 21, "Lollipop")
 
 BSD: cat chown cp dd du grep kill ln mv printenv rm rmdir sleep sync
 
@@ -312,7 +351,7 @@ sendevent setenforce setprop setsebool smd start stop swapoff swapon
 top touch umount uptime vmstat watchprops wipe
 
 
-## Android 4.4 (KitKat)
+## Android 4.4 (API level 19, "KitKat")
 
 BSD: cat cp dd du grep newfs\_msdos
 
@@ -324,7 +363,7 @@ schedtop sendevent setconsole setenforce setprop setsebool sleep smd start
 stop swapoff swapon sync top touch umount uptime vmstat watchprops wipe
 
 
-## Android 4.1-4.3 (JellyBean)
+## Android 4.1-4.3 (API level 16, "Jelly Bean")
 
 BSD: cat cp dd du grep newfs\_msdos
 
@@ -336,7 +375,7 @@ sendevent setconsole setenforce setprop setsebool sleep smd start stop
 sync top touch umount uptime vmstat watchprops wipe
 
 
-## Android 4.0 (IceCreamSandwich)
+## Android 4.0 (API level 14, "Ice Cream Sandwich")
 
 BSD: cat dd newfs\_msdos
 
@@ -347,7 +386,7 @@ schedtop sendevent setconsole setprop sleep smd start stop sync top
 touch umount uptime vmstat watchprops wipe
 
 
-## Android 2.3 (Gingerbread)
+## Android 2.3 (API level 9, "Gingerbread")
 
 BSD: cat dd newfs\_msdos
 
diff --git a/storaged/Android.bp b/storaged/Android.bp
index fe8c1f3b4e7e..335874280d5e 100644
--- a/storaged/Android.bp
+++ b/storaged/Android.bp
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ cc_defaults {
     shared_libs: [
         "android.hardware.health@1.0",
         "android.hardware.health@2.0",
-        "android.hardware.health-V2-ndk",
+        "android.hardware.health-V4-ndk",
         "libbase",
         "libbinder",
         "libbinder_ndk",
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ cc_defaults {
         "-Wall",
         "-Werror",
         "-Wextra",
-        "-Wno-unused-parameter"
+        "-Wno-unused-parameter",
     ],
 }
 
diff --git a/storaged/OWNERS b/storaged/OWNERS
index d033f0000b95..9e70e7dcf653 100644
--- a/storaged/OWNERS
+++ b/storaged/OWNERS
@@ -1,2 +1 @@
-salyzyn@google.com
 dvander@google.com
diff --git a/toolbox/Android.bp b/toolbox/Android.bp
index 8594ec403502..5169aa1b28b2 100644
--- a/toolbox/Android.bp
+++ b/toolbox/Android.bp
@@ -68,7 +68,14 @@ cc_defaults {
 cc_binary {
     name: "toolbox",
     defaults: ["toolbox_binary_defaults"],
-    recovery_available: true,
+    vendor_ramdisk_available: true,
+}
+
+cc_binary {
+    name: "toolbox.recovery",
+    defaults: ["toolbox_binary_defaults"],
+    recovery: true,
+    stem: "toolbox",
 }
 
 cc_binary {
@@ -77,3 +84,22 @@ cc_binary {
     vendor: true,
     defaults: ["toolbox_binary_defaults"],
 }
+
+// This one is installed in the generic ramdisk, and can be executed during
+// init-first-stage.
+// As there are no dynamic linker available, this must be statically linked.
+cc_binary {
+    name: "toolbox_ramdisk",
+    defaults: ["toolbox_binary_defaults"],
+    ramdisk: true,
+    static_executable: true,
+    system_shared_libs: [],
+    exclude_shared_libs: [
+        "libbase",
+        "liblog",
+    ],
+    static_libs: [
+        "libbase",
+        "liblog",
+    ],
+}
diff --git a/toolbox/OWNERS b/toolbox/OWNERS
index 5e2c5813ffa0..898ddce5f005 100644
--- a/toolbox/OWNERS
+++ b/toolbox/OWNERS
@@ -1,2 +1,3 @@
 include platform/system/core:/janitors/OWNERS
 per-file modprobe.c=willmcvicker@google.com,dvander@google.com
+per-file getevent.c=file:platform/frameworks/base:/INPUT_OWNERS
diff --git a/toolbox/getevent.c b/toolbox/getevent.c
index e2c77c37fb91..7b896e9eca3e 100644
--- a/toolbox/getevent.c
+++ b/toolbox/getevent.c
@@ -111,8 +111,7 @@ static int print_possible_events(int fd, int print_flags)
                 break;
             bits_size = res + 16;
             bits = realloc(bits, bits_size * 2);
-            if(bits == NULL)
-                err(1, "failed to allocate buffer of size %d\n", (int)bits_size);
+            if (bits == NULL) err(1, "failed to allocate buffer of size %zd", bits_size);
         }
         res2 = 0;
         switch(i) {
@@ -442,7 +441,7 @@ static int read_notify(const char *dirname, int nfd, int print_flags)
     if(res < (int)sizeof(*event)) {
         if(errno == EINTR)
             return 0;
-        fprintf(stderr, "could not get event, %s\n", strerror(errno));
+        fprintf(stderr, "could not get inotify events, %s\n", strerror(errno));
         return 1;
     }
     //printf("got %d bytes of event information\n", res);
@@ -665,7 +664,7 @@ int getevent_main(int argc, char *argv[])
                 if(ufds[i].revents & POLLIN) {
                     res = read(ufds[i].fd, &event, sizeof(event));
                     if(res < (int)sizeof(event)) {
-                        fprintf(stderr, "could not get event\n");
+                        fprintf(stderr, "could not get evdev event, %s\n", strerror(errno));
                         return 1;
                     }
                     if(get_time) {
diff --git a/toolbox/getprop.cpp b/toolbox/getprop.cpp
index ca345cb071c5..7c3d94c1b5d6 100644
--- a/toolbox/getprop.cpp
+++ b/toolbox/getprop.cpp
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 #include <getopt.h>
 #include <sys/system_properties.h>
 
+#include <algorithm>
 #include <iostream>
 #include <string>
 #include <vector>
diff --git a/toolbox/modprobe.cpp b/toolbox/modprobe.cpp
index 17f815697ef3..fe49ec811eca 100644
--- a/toolbox/modprobe.cpp
+++ b/toolbox/modprobe.cpp
@@ -17,11 +17,13 @@
 #include <ctype.h>
 #include <getopt.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
 
 #include <string>
 
 #include <android-base/file.h>
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
+#include <android-base/macros.h>
 #include <android-base/strings.h>
 #include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
 #include <modprobe/modprobe.h>
@@ -85,6 +87,64 @@ void MyLogger(android::base::LogId id, android::base::LogSeverity severity, cons
     }
 }
 
+static bool ModDirMatchesKernelPageSize(const char* mod_dir) {
+    static const unsigned int kernel_pgsize_kb = getpagesize() / 1024;
+    unsigned int mod_pgsize_kb = 16;  // 16k default since android15-6.6
+
+    if (mod_dir && strstr(mod_dir, "-4k") != NULL) {
+        mod_pgsize_kb = 4;
+    }
+
+    return kernel_pgsize_kb == mod_pgsize_kb;
+}
+
+static bool ModDirMatchesKernelPageSizeLegacy(const char* mod_dir) {
+    static const unsigned int kernel_pgsize_kb = getpagesize() / 1024;
+    const char* mod_sfx = strrchr(mod_dir, '_');
+    unsigned int mod_pgsize_kb;
+    int mod_sfx_len;
+
+    if (mod_sfx == NULL || sscanf(mod_sfx, "_%uk%n", &mod_pgsize_kb, &mod_sfx_len) != 1 ||
+        strlen(mod_sfx) != mod_sfx_len) {
+        mod_pgsize_kb = 4;
+    }
+
+    return kernel_pgsize_kb == mod_pgsize_kb;
+}
+
+// Find directories in format of "/lib/modules/x.y.z-*".
+static int KernelVersionNameFilter(const dirent* de) {
+    static unsigned int major, minor;
+    static std::string kernel_version;
+    utsname uts;
+
+    if (kernel_version.empty()) {
+        if ((uname(&uts) != 0) || (sscanf(uts.release, "%u.%u", &major, &minor) != 2)) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "Could not parse the kernel version from uname";
+            return 0;
+        }
+        kernel_version = android::base::StringPrintf("%u.%u", major, minor);
+    }
+
+    if (android::base::StartsWith(de->d_name, kernel_version)) {
+        // Check for GKI to avoid breaking non-GKI Android devices.
+        if (UNLIKELY(strstr(de->d_name, "-android") == NULL)) {
+            // For non-GKI, just match when the major and minor versions match.
+            return 1;
+        }
+
+        // For android15-6.6 and later, GKI adds `-4k` to the UTS release
+        // string to identify 4kb page size kernels. If there is no page size
+        // suffix, then the kernel page size is 16kb.
+        if (major > 6 || (major == 6 && minor >= 6)) {
+            return ModDirMatchesKernelPageSize(de->d_name);
+        } else {
+            return ModDirMatchesKernelPageSizeLegacy(de->d_name);
+        }
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
 }  // anonymous namespace
 
 extern "C" int modprobe_main(int argc, char** argv) {
@@ -92,6 +152,7 @@ extern "C" int modprobe_main(int argc, char** argv) {
     android::base::SetMinimumLogSeverity(android::base::INFO);
 
     std::vector<std::string> modules;
+    std::string modules_load_file;
     std::string module_parameters;
     std::string mods;
     std::vector<std::string> mod_dirs;
@@ -99,7 +160,7 @@ extern "C" int modprobe_main(int argc, char** argv) {
     bool blocklist = false;
     int rv = EXIT_SUCCESS;
 
-    int opt;
+    int opt, fd;
     int option_index = 0;
     // NB: We have non-standard short options -l and -D to make it easier for
     // OEMs to transition from toybox.
@@ -124,16 +185,19 @@ extern "C" int modprobe_main(int argc, char** argv) {
                 // is supported here by default, ignore flag if no argument.
                 check_mode();
                 if (optarg == NULL) break;
-                if (!android::base::ReadFileToString(optarg, &mods)) {
+
+                // Since libmodprobe doesn't fail when the modules load file
+                // doesn't exist, let's check that here so that we don't
+                // silently fail.
+                fd = open(optarg, O_RDONLY | O_CLOEXEC | O_BINARY);
+                if (fd == -1) {
                     PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to open " << optarg;
-                    rv = EXIT_FAILURE;
-                }
-                for (auto mod : android::base::Split(stripComments(mods), "\n")) {
-                    mod = android::base::Trim(mod);
-                    if (mod == "") continue;
-                    if (std::find(modules.begin(), modules.end(), mod) != modules.end()) continue;
-                    modules.emplace_back(mod);
+                    return EXIT_FAILURE;
                 }
+                close(fd);
+
+                mod_dirs.emplace_back(android::base::Dirname(optarg));
+                modules_load_file = android::base::Basename(optarg);
                 break;
             case 'b':
                 blocklist = true;
@@ -192,43 +256,62 @@ extern "C" int modprobe_main(int argc, char** argv) {
     }
 
     if (mod_dirs.empty()) {
-        utsname uts;
-        uname(&uts);
-        mod_dirs.emplace_back(android::base::StringPrintf("/lib/modules/%s", uts.release));
+        static constexpr auto LIB_MODULES_PREFIX = "/lib/modules/";
+        dirent** kernel_dirs = NULL;
+
+        int n = scandir(LIB_MODULES_PREFIX, &kernel_dirs, KernelVersionNameFilter, NULL);
+        if (n == -1) {
+            PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to scan dir " << LIB_MODULES_PREFIX;
+            return EXIT_FAILURE;
+        } else if (n > 0) {
+            while (n--) {
+                mod_dirs.emplace_back(LIB_MODULES_PREFIX + std::string(kernel_dirs[n]->d_name));
+            }
+        }
+        free(kernel_dirs);
+
+        if (mod_dirs.empty() || getpagesize() == 4096) {
+            // Allow modules to be directly inside /lib/modules
+            mod_dirs.emplace_back(LIB_MODULES_PREFIX);
+        }
     }
 
     LOG(DEBUG) << "mode is " << mode;
     LOG(DEBUG) << "mod_dirs is: " << android::base::Join(mod_dirs, " ");
     LOG(DEBUG) << "modules is: " << android::base::Join(modules, " ");
+    LOG(DEBUG) << "modules load file is: " << modules_load_file;
     LOG(DEBUG) << "module parameters is: " << android::base::Join(module_parameters, " ");
 
     if (modules.empty()) {
         if (mode == ListModulesMode) {
             // emulate toybox modprobe list with no pattern (list all)
             modules.emplace_back("*");
-        } else {
+        } else if (modules_load_file.empty()) {
             LOG(ERROR) << "No modules given.";
             print_usage();
             return EXIT_FAILURE;
         }
     }
-    if (mod_dirs.empty()) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "No module configuration directories given.";
-        print_usage();
-        return EXIT_FAILURE;
-    }
-    if (parameter_count && modules.size() > 1) {
+    if (parameter_count && (modules.size() > 1 || !modules_load_file.empty())) {
         LOG(ERROR) << "Only one module may be loaded when specifying module parameters.";
         print_usage();
         return EXIT_FAILURE;
     }
 
-    Modprobe m(mod_dirs, "modules.load", blocklist);
+    Modprobe m(mod_dirs, modules_load_file.empty() ? "modules.load" : modules_load_file, blocklist);
+    if (mode == AddModulesMode && !modules_load_file.empty()) {
+        if (!m.LoadListedModules(false)) {
+            PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to load all the modules from " << modules_load_file;
+            return EXIT_FAILURE;
+        }
+        /* Fall-through to load modules provided on the command line (if any)*/
+    }
 
     for (const auto& module : modules) {
         switch (mode) {
             case AddModulesMode:
                 if (!m.LoadWithAliases(module, true, module_parameters)) {
+                    if (m.IsBlocklisted(module)) continue;
                     PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to load module " << module;
                     rv = EXIT_FAILURE;
                 }
diff --git a/toolbox/setprop.cpp b/toolbox/setprop.cpp
index acf8c3e61289..91edf459126f 100644
--- a/toolbox/setprop.cpp
+++ b/toolbox/setprop.cpp
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ extern "C" int setprop_main(int argc, char** argv) {
         }
     }
 
-    if (value.size() >= PROP_VALUE_MAX && !StartsWith(value, "ro.")) {
+    if (value.size() >= PROP_VALUE_MAX && !StartsWith(name, "ro.")) {
         std::cerr << "Value '" << value << "' is too long, " << value.size()
                   << " bytes vs a max of " << PROP_VALUE_MAX << std::endl;
         return EXIT_FAILURE;
diff --git a/trusty/OWNERS b/trusty/OWNERS
index 61b97c6410fd..46f1410a9536 100644
--- a/trusty/OWNERS
+++ b/trusty/OWNERS
@@ -1,11 +1,5 @@
-armellel@google.com
-arve@android.com
-danielangell@google.com
-gmar@google.com
-marcone@google.com
-mmaurer@google.com
-ncbray@google.com
-swillden@google.com
-thurston@google.com
-trong@google.com
-wenhaowang@google.com
+# include OWNERS from the top level trusty repo
+include trusty:main:/OWNERS
+
+mikemcternan@google.com
+swillden@google.com
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/trusty/apploader/apploader.cpp b/trusty/apploader/apploader.cpp
index 17d083c735cd..0915eab57f9a 100644
--- a/trusty/apploader/apploader.cpp
+++ b/trusty/apploader/apploader.cpp
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 #include <BufferAllocator/BufferAllocator.h>
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
 #include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
+#include <assert.h>
 #include <fcntl.h>
 #include <getopt.h>
 #include <stdbool.h>
@@ -106,7 +107,11 @@ static unique_fd read_file(const char* file_name, off64_t* out_file_size) {
         return {};
     }
 
-    assert(st.st_size >= 0);
+    if (st.st_size == 0) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Zero length file '" << file_name << "'";
+        return {};
+    }
+
     file_size = st.st_size;
 
     /* The dmabuf size needs to be a multiple of the page size */
@@ -122,7 +127,8 @@ static unique_fd read_file(const char* file_name, off64_t* out_file_size) {
     BufferAllocator alloc;
     unique_fd dmabuf_fd(alloc.Alloc(kDmabufSystemHeapName, file_page_size));
     if (!dmabuf_fd.ok()) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "Error creating dmabuf: " << dmabuf_fd.get();
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Error creating dmabuf for " << file_page_size
+                   << " bytes: " << dmabuf_fd.get();
         return dmabuf_fd;
     }
 
diff --git a/trusty/apploader/fuzz/app_fuzzer.cpp b/trusty/apploader/fuzz/app_fuzzer.cpp
index aa0caca81c1c..0a037f9e04ba 100644
--- a/trusty/apploader/fuzz/app_fuzzer.cpp
+++ b/trusty/apploader/fuzz/app_fuzzer.cpp
@@ -43,10 +43,6 @@ static struct uuid apploader_uuid = {
         {0xb5, 0xe8, 0xa7, 0xe9, 0xef, 0x17, 0x3a, 0x97},
 };
 
-static inline uintptr_t RoundPageUp(uintptr_t val) {
-    return (val + (PAGE_SIZE - 1)) & ~(PAGE_SIZE - 1);
-}
-
 static bool SendLoadMsg(int chan, int dma_buf, size_t dma_buf_size) {
     apploader_header hdr = {
             .cmd = APPLOADER_CMD_LOAD_APPLICATION,
@@ -107,7 +103,7 @@ extern "C" int LLVMFuzzerTestOneInput(const uint8_t* data, size_t size) {
         android::trusty::fuzz::Abort();
     }
 
-    uint64_t shm_len = size ? RoundPageUp(size) : PAGE_SIZE;
+    uint64_t shm_len = size ? size : 4096;
     BufferAllocator alloc;
     unique_fd dma_buf(alloc.Alloc(kDmabufSystemHeapName, shm_len));
     if (dma_buf < 0) {
diff --git a/trusty/confirmationui/TrustyApp.cpp b/trusty/confirmationui/TrustyApp.cpp
index cee8655e0609..2356eef4e683 100644
--- a/trusty/confirmationui/TrustyApp.cpp
+++ b/trusty/confirmationui/TrustyApp.cpp
@@ -30,10 +30,6 @@ namespace confirmationui {
 
 using ::android::base::unique_fd;
 
-static inline uintptr_t RoundPageUp(uintptr_t val) {
-    return (val + (PAGE_SIZE - 1)) & ~(PAGE_SIZE - 1);
-}
-
 ssize_t TrustyApp::TrustyRpc(const uint8_t* obegin, const uint8_t* oend, uint8_t* ibegin,
                              uint8_t* iend) {
     uint32_t olen = oend - obegin;
@@ -99,7 +95,7 @@ TrustyApp::TrustyApp(const std::string& path, const std::string& appname)
         return;
     }
 
-    uint32_t shm_len = RoundPageUp(CONFIRMATIONUI_MAX_MSG_SIZE);
+    uint32_t shm_len = CONFIRMATIONUI_MAX_MSG_SIZE;
     BufferAllocator allocator;
     unique_fd dma_buf(allocator.Alloc("system", shm_len));
     if (dma_buf < 0) {
diff --git a/trusty/confirmationui/fuzz/Android.bp b/trusty/confirmationui/fuzz/Android.bp
index 47809433a449..96804bd4bdad 100644
--- a/trusty/confirmationui/fuzz/Android.bp
+++ b/trusty/confirmationui/fuzz/Android.bp
@@ -26,7 +26,8 @@ cc_fuzz {
         "-DTRUSTY_APP_FILENAME=\"confirmationui.syms.elf\"",
     ],
     fuzz_config: {
-       cc: ["trong@google.com"],
+       cc: ["mikemcternan@google.com"],
+       componentid: 1290237,
     },
 
 }
@@ -40,7 +41,8 @@ cc_fuzz {
         "libdmabufheap",
     ],
     fuzz_config: {
-       cc: ["trong@google.com"],
+       cc: ["mikemcternan@google.com"],
+       componentid: 1290237,
     },
 
     // The initial corpus for this fuzzer was derived by dumping messages from/to
diff --git a/trusty/coverage/coverage.cpp b/trusty/coverage/coverage.cpp
index 3c6b5c510cf5..8fc2f5ca8329 100644
--- a/trusty/coverage/coverage.cpp
+++ b/trusty/coverage/coverage.cpp
@@ -43,10 +43,6 @@ using std::string;
 using std::to_string;
 using std::unique_ptr;
 
-static inline uintptr_t RoundPageUp(uintptr_t val) {
-    return (val + (PAGE_SIZE - 1)) & ~(PAGE_SIZE - 1);
-}
-
 CoverageRecord::CoverageRecord(string tipc_dev, struct uuid* uuid)
     : tipc_dev_(std::move(tipc_dev)),
       coverage_srv_fd_(-1),
@@ -136,7 +132,7 @@ Result<void> CoverageRecord::Open() {
         return Error() << "failed to open coverage client: " << ret.error();
     }
     record_len_ = resp.open_args.record_len;
-    shm_len_ = RoundPageUp(record_len_);
+    shm_len_ = record_len_;
 
     BufferAllocator allocator;
 
diff --git a/trusty/fuzz/Android.bp b/trusty/fuzz/Android.bp
index 5d0ff7920077..8a93e5ee7663 100644
--- a/trusty/fuzz/Android.bp
+++ b/trusty/fuzz/Android.bp
@@ -41,9 +41,6 @@ cc_library {
         "utils.cpp",
     ],
     export_include_dirs: ["include"],
-    static_libs: [
-        "libFuzzer",
-    ],
     shared_libs: [
         "libtrusty_coverage",
         "libbase",
diff --git a/trusty/fuzz/counters.cpp b/trusty/fuzz/counters.cpp
index 65a3ba6f42a6..e730ec3204e7 100644
--- a/trusty/fuzz/counters.cpp
+++ b/trusty/fuzz/counters.cpp
@@ -16,12 +16,12 @@
 
 #define LOG_TAG "trusty-fuzz-counters"
 
-#include <FuzzerDefs.h>
-
 #include <trusty/fuzz/counters.h>
 
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
+#include <assert.h>
 #include <log/log.h>
+#include <string.h>
 #include <trusty/coverage/coverage.h>
 #include <trusty/coverage/tipc.h>
 
@@ -45,9 +45,6 @@ ExtraCounters::ExtraCounters(coverage::CoverageRecord* record) : record_(record)
         return;
     }
 
-    assert(fuzzer::ExtraCountersBegin());
-    assert(fuzzer::ExtraCountersEnd());
-
     volatile uint8_t* begin = NULL;
     volatile uint8_t* end = NULL;
     record_->GetRawCounts(&begin, &end);
@@ -66,9 +63,8 @@ void ExtraCounters::Reset() {
     if (!record_->IsOpen()) {
         return;
     }
-
     record_->ResetCounts();
-    fuzzer::ClearExtraCounters();
+    memset_explicit(const_cast<uint8_t*>(counters), 0, sizeof(counters));
 }
 
 void ExtraCounters::Flush() {
diff --git a/trusty/fuzz/include/trusty/fuzz/utils.h b/trusty/fuzz/include/trusty/fuzz/utils.h
index c9064125801e..cf4962ee90d4 100644
--- a/trusty/fuzz/include/trusty/fuzz/utils.h
+++ b/trusty/fuzz/include/trusty/fuzz/utils.h
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@
 #include <android-base/result.h>
 #include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
 
-#define TIPC_MAX_MSG_SIZE PAGE_SIZE
+#define TIPC_MAX_MSG_SIZE 4096
 
 namespace android {
 namespace trusty {
diff --git a/trusty/fuzz/tipc_fuzzer.cpp b/trusty/fuzz/tipc_fuzzer.cpp
index f265cedb698f..f9f6c8c2ac83 100644
--- a/trusty/fuzz/tipc_fuzzer.cpp
+++ b/trusty/fuzz/tipc_fuzzer.cpp
@@ -14,6 +14,8 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
+#include <android-base/result.h>
+#include <fuzzer/FuzzedDataProvider.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #include <trusty/coverage/coverage.h>
 #include <trusty/coverage/uuid.h>
@@ -23,6 +25,7 @@
 #include <iostream>
 #include <memory>
 
+using android::base::Result;
 using android::trusty::coverage::CoverageRecord;
 using android::trusty::fuzz::ExtraCounters;
 using android::trusty::fuzz::TrustyApp;
@@ -41,7 +44,12 @@ using android::trusty::fuzz::TrustyApp;
 #error "Binary file name must be parameterized using -DTRUSTY_APP_FILENAME."
 #endif
 
-static TrustyApp kTrustyApp(TIPC_DEV, TRUSTY_APP_PORT);
+#ifdef TRUSTY_APP_MAX_CONNECTIONS
+constexpr size_t MAX_CONNECTIONS = TRUSTY_APP_MAX_CONNECTIONS;
+#else
+constexpr size_t MAX_CONNECTIONS = 1;
+#endif
+
 static std::unique_ptr<CoverageRecord> record;
 
 extern "C" int LLVMFuzzerInitialize(int* /* argc */, char*** /* argv */) {
@@ -53,7 +61,8 @@ extern "C" int LLVMFuzzerInitialize(int* /* argc */, char*** /* argv */) {
     }
 
     /* Make sure lazy-loaded TAs have started and connected to coverage service. */
-    auto ret = kTrustyApp.Connect();
+    TrustyApp ta(TIPC_DEV, TRUSTY_APP_PORT);
+    auto ret = ta.Connect();
     if (!ret.ok()) {
         std::cerr << ret.error() << std::endl;
         exit(-1);
@@ -73,24 +82,73 @@ extern "C" int LLVMFuzzerInitialize(int* /* argc */, char*** /* argv */) {
     return 0;
 }
 
-extern "C" int LLVMFuzzerTestOneInput(const uint8_t* data, size_t size) {
-    static uint8_t buf[TIPC_MAX_MSG_SIZE];
-
-    ExtraCounters counters(record.get());
-    counters.Reset();
-
-    auto ret = kTrustyApp.Write(data, size);
-    if (ret.ok()) {
-        ret = kTrustyApp.Read(&buf, sizeof(buf));
+void abortResult(Result<void> result) {
+    if (result.ok()) {
+        return;
     }
+    std::cerr << result.error() << std::endl;
+    android::trusty::fuzz::Abort();
+}
 
-    // Reconnect to ensure that the service is still up
-    kTrustyApp.Disconnect();
-    ret = kTrustyApp.Connect();
-    if (!ret.ok()) {
-        std::cerr << ret.error() << std::endl;
-        android::trusty::fuzz::Abort();
+void testOneInput(FuzzedDataProvider& provider) {
+    std::vector<TrustyApp> trustyApps;
+
+    while (provider.remaining_bytes() > 0) {
+        static_assert(MAX_CONNECTIONS >= 1);
+
+        // Either
+        // 1. (20%) Add a new TA and connect.
+        // 2. (20%) Remove a TA.
+        // 3. (60%) Send a random message to a random TA.
+        auto add_ta = [&]() {
+            if (trustyApps.size() >= MAX_CONNECTIONS) {
+                return;
+            }
+            auto& ta = trustyApps.emplace_back(TIPC_DEV, TRUSTY_APP_PORT);
+            abortResult(ta.Connect());
+        };
+        auto remove_ta = [&]() {
+            if (trustyApps.empty()) {
+                return;
+            }
+            trustyApps.pop_back();
+        };
+        auto send_message = [&]() {
+            if (trustyApps.empty()) {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            // Choose a random TA.
+            const auto i = provider.ConsumeIntegralInRange<size_t>(0, trustyApps.size() - 1);
+            std::swap(trustyApps[i], trustyApps.back());
+            auto& ta = trustyApps.back();
+
+            // Send a random message.
+            const auto data = provider.ConsumeRandomLengthString();
+            abortResult(ta.Write(data.data(), data.size()));
+
+            std::array<uint8_t, TIPC_MAX_MSG_SIZE> buf;
+            abortResult(ta.Read(buf.data(), buf.size()));
+
+            // Reconnect to ensure that the service is still up.
+            ta.Disconnect();
+            abortResult(ta.Connect());
+        };
+        const std::function<void()> options[] = {
+                add_ta,                                    // 1x: 20%
+                remove_ta,                                 // 1x: 20%
+                send_message, send_message, send_message,  // 3x: 60%
+        };
+
+        provider.PickValueInArray(options)();
     }
+}
+
+extern "C" int LLVMFuzzerTestOneInput(const uint8_t* data, size_t size) {
+    ExtraCounters counters(record.get());
+    counters.Reset();
 
-    return ret.ok() ? 0 : -1;
+    FuzzedDataProvider provider(data, size);
+    testOneInput(provider);
+    return 0;
 }
diff --git a/trusty/gatekeeper/android.hardware.gatekeeper-service.trusty.rc b/trusty/gatekeeper/android.hardware.gatekeeper-service.trusty.rc
index 66ecbd1f0a68..2c9bd8305594 100644
--- a/trusty/gatekeeper/android.hardware.gatekeeper-service.trusty.rc
+++ b/trusty/gatekeeper/android.hardware.gatekeeper-service.trusty.rc
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
-service vendor.gatekeeper_default /vendor/bin/hw/android.hardware.gatekeeper-service.trusty
+service vendor.gatekeeper_default /vendor/bin/hw/android.hardware.gatekeeper-service.trusty \
+                                          --dev ${ro.hardware.trusty_ipc_dev.gatekeeper:-/dev/trusty-ipc-dev0}
     class hal
     user system
     group system
diff --git a/trusty/gatekeeper/service.cpp b/trusty/gatekeeper/service.cpp
index d09804f9a6e6..59366b84d112 100644
--- a/trusty/gatekeeper/service.cpp
+++ b/trusty/gatekeeper/service.cpp
@@ -18,12 +18,66 @@
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
 #include <android/binder_manager.h>
 #include <android/binder_process.h>
+#include <getopt.h>
 
 #include "trusty_gatekeeper.h"
+#include "trusty_gatekeeper_ipc.h"
 
 using aidl::android::hardware::gatekeeper::TrustyGateKeeperDevice;
 
-int main() {
+static const char* _sopts = "hD:";
+static const struct option _lopts[] = {
+        {"help", no_argument, 0, 'h'},
+        {"dev", required_argument, 0, 'D'},
+        {0, 0, 0, 0},
+};
+
+static const char* usage =
+        "Usage: %s [options]\n"
+        "\n"
+        "options:\n"
+        "  -h, --help            prints this message and exit\n"
+        "  -D, --dev name        Trusty device name\n"
+        "\n";
+
+static const char* usage_long = "\n";
+
+static void print_usage_and_exit(const char* prog, int code, bool verbose) {
+    fprintf(stderr, usage, prog);
+    if (verbose) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "%s", usage_long);
+    }
+    exit(code);
+}
+
+static void parse_options(int argc, char** argv) {
+    int c;
+    int oidx = 0;
+
+    while (1) {
+        c = getopt_long(argc, argv, _sopts, _lopts, &oidx);
+        if (c == -1) {
+            break; /* done */
+        }
+
+        switch (c) {
+            case 'D':
+                trusty_gatekeeper_set_dev_name(optarg);
+                break;
+
+            case 'h':
+                print_usage_and_exit(argv[0], EXIT_SUCCESS, true);
+                break;
+
+            default:
+                print_usage_and_exit(argv[0], EXIT_FAILURE, false);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+int main(int argc, char** argv) {
+    parse_options(argc, argv);
+
     ABinderProcess_setThreadPoolMaxThreadCount(0);
 
     std::shared_ptr<TrustyGateKeeperDevice> gatekeeper =
diff --git a/trusty/gatekeeper/trusty_gatekeeper_ipc.c b/trusty/gatekeeper/trusty_gatekeeper_ipc.c
index f67944b35de6..5ca951cd5c47 100644
--- a/trusty/gatekeeper/trusty_gatekeeper_ipc.c
+++ b/trusty/gatekeeper/trusty_gatekeeper_ipc.c
@@ -28,12 +28,15 @@
 #include "trusty_gatekeeper_ipc.h"
 #include "gatekeeper_ipc.h"
 
-#define TRUSTY_DEVICE_NAME "/dev/trusty-ipc-dev0"
-
+static const char* trusty_device_name = "/dev/trusty-ipc-dev0";
 static int handle_ = 0;
 
+void trusty_gatekeeper_set_dev_name(const char* device_name) {
+    trusty_device_name = device_name;
+}
+
 int trusty_gatekeeper_connect() {
-    int rc = tipc_connect(TRUSTY_DEVICE_NAME, GATEKEEPER_PORT);
+    int rc = tipc_connect(trusty_device_name, GATEKEEPER_PORT);
     if (rc < 0) {
         return rc;
     }
diff --git a/trusty/gatekeeper/trusty_gatekeeper_ipc.h b/trusty/gatekeeper/trusty_gatekeeper_ipc.h
index f8de7f87389c..47ba33b38a7f 100644
--- a/trusty/gatekeeper/trusty_gatekeeper_ipc.h
+++ b/trusty/gatekeeper/trusty_gatekeeper_ipc.h
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 
 __BEGIN_DECLS
 
+void trusty_gatekeeper_set_dev_name(const char* device_name);
 int trusty_gatekeeper_connect();
 int trusty_gatekeeper_call(uint32_t cmd, void *in, uint32_t in_size, uint8_t *out,
                            uint32_t *out_size);
diff --git a/trusty/keymaster/Android.bp b/trusty/keymaster/Android.bp
index b249013ba217..31187f5b827b 100644
--- a/trusty/keymaster/Android.bp
+++ b/trusty/keymaster/Android.bp
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ cc_binary {
         "libtrusty",
         "libkeymaster_messages",
         "libkeymaster3device",
-        "android.hardware.keymaster@3.0"
+        "android.hardware.keymaster@3.0",
     ],
 }
 
@@ -74,19 +74,15 @@ cc_binary {
         "libtrusty",
         "libkeymaster_messages",
         "libkeymaster4",
-        "android.hardware.keymaster@4.0"
+        "android.hardware.keymaster@4.0",
     ],
 
     vintf_fragments: ["4.0/android.hardware.keymaster@4.0-service.trusty.xml"],
 }
 
-cc_binary {
-    name: "android.hardware.security.keymint-service.trusty",
+cc_defaults {
+    name: "android.hardware.security.keymint-service.trusty.defaults",
     relative_install_path: "hw",
-    init_rc: ["keymint/android.hardware.security.keymint-service.trusty.rc"],
-    vintf_fragments: [
-        "keymint/android.hardware.security.keymint-service.trusty.xml",
-    ],
     vendor: true,
     cflags: [
         "-Wall",
@@ -105,10 +101,8 @@ cc_binary {
         "keymint/TrustySharedSecret.cpp",
         "keymint/service.cpp",
     ],
-    defaults: [
-        "keymint_use_latest_hal_aidl_ndk_shared",
-    ],
     shared_libs: [
+        "android.hardware.security.keymint-V4-ndk",
         "android.hardware.security.rkp-V3-ndk",
         "android.hardware.security.secureclock-V1-ndk",
         "android.hardware.security.sharedsecret-V1-ndk",
@@ -117,14 +111,43 @@ cc_binary {
         "libbinder_ndk",
         "libhardware",
         "libkeymaster_messages",
-        "libkeymint",
+        "libkeymasterconfig",
         "liblog",
         "libtrusty",
         "libutils",
     ],
-    required: [
-        "android.hardware.hardware_keystore.xml",
+}
+
+// keymint hal binary for keymint in Trusty TEE prebuilt
+cc_binary {
+    name: "android.hardware.security.keymint-service.trusty",
+    defaults: ["android.hardware.security.keymint-service.trusty.defaults"],
+    init_rc: ["keymint/android.hardware.security.keymint-service.trusty.rc"],
+    vintf_fragments: [
+        "keymint/android.hardware.security.keymint-service.trusty.xml",
     ],
+    required: ["android.hardware.hardware_keystore.xml"],
+}
+
+// Keymint hal service in vendor, enabled by vendor apex.
+// This service is disabled by default and does not package a VINTF fragment.
+// This service can be enabled at boot via vendor apex:
+// - at boot, mount a vendor apex for module `com.android.hardware.keymint`
+// - have the vendor init.rc file enable the service when the associated
+//   apex is selected
+// - have the vendor apex package the vintf fragment and the required permissions
+cc_binary {
+    name: "android.hardware.security.keymint-service.trusty_tee.cpp",
+    defaults: ["android.hardware.security.keymint-service.trusty.defaults"],
+    init_rc: ["keymint/android.hardware.security.keymint-service.trusty_tee.cpp.rc"],
+}
+
+// vintf fragment packaged in vendor apex
+prebuilt_etc {
+    name: "android.hardware.security.keymint-service.trusty.xml",
+    sub_dir: "vintf",
+    vendor: true,
+    src: "keymint/android.hardware.security.keymint-service.trusty.xml",
 }
 
 prebuilt_etc {
@@ -208,3 +231,36 @@ cc_binary {
         "-Werror",
     ],
 }
+
+prebuilt_etc {
+    name: "rkp_uds_cert_test.xml",
+    vendor: true,
+    src: "set_uds_certs/rkp_uds_cert_test.xml",
+}
+
+cc_binary {
+    name: "trusty_rkp_set_uds_cert",
+    vendor: true,
+
+    srcs: [
+        "set_uds_certs/set_uds_certificates.cpp",
+        "ipc/trusty_keymaster_ipc.cpp",
+    ],
+
+    local_include_dirs: ["include"],
+
+    shared_libs: [
+        "libc",
+        "libcrypto",
+        "liblog",
+        "libtrusty",
+        "libhardware",
+        "libkeymaster_messages",
+        "libutils",
+        "libxml2",
+    ],
+    cflags: [
+        "-Wall",
+        "-Werror",
+    ],
+}
diff --git a/trusty/keymaster/TEST_MAPPING b/trusty/keymaster/TEST_MAPPING
index 0475e04018f7..4f082d8956e7 100644
--- a/trusty/keymaster/TEST_MAPPING
+++ b/trusty/keymaster/TEST_MAPPING
@@ -10,13 +10,15 @@
         "name": "RkpdAppUnitTests"
       },
       {
-        "name": "RkpdAppGoogleUnitTests"
+        "name": "RkpdAppGoogleUnitTests",
+        "keywords": ["internal"]
       },
       {
         "name": "RkpdAppIntegrationTests"
       },
       {
-        "name": "RkpdAppGoogleIntegrationTests"
+        "name": "RkpdAppGoogleIntegrationTests",
+        "keywords": ["internal"]
       }
   ]
 }
diff --git a/trusty/keymaster/TrustyKeymaster.cpp b/trusty/keymaster/TrustyKeymaster.cpp
index ac986951da56..723229d03e23 100644
--- a/trusty/keymaster/TrustyKeymaster.cpp
+++ b/trusty/keymaster/TrustyKeymaster.cpp
@@ -218,6 +218,11 @@ void TrustyKeymaster::DeleteAllKeys(const DeleteAllKeysRequest& request,
     ForwardCommand(KM_DELETE_ALL_KEYS, request, response);
 }
 
+void TrustyKeymaster::DestroyAttestationIds(const DestroyAttestationIdsRequest& request,
+                                            DestroyAttestationIdsResponse* response) {
+    ForwardCommand(KM_DESTROY_ATTESTATION_IDS, request, response);
+}
+
 void TrustyKeymaster::BeginOperation(const BeginOperationRequest& request,
                                      BeginOperationResponse* response) {
     ForwardCommand(KM_BEGIN_OPERATION, request, response);
@@ -290,6 +295,13 @@ GetRootOfTrustResponse TrustyKeymaster::GetRootOfTrust(const GetRootOfTrustReque
     return response;
 }
 
+SetAdditionalAttestationInfoResponse TrustyKeymaster::SetAdditionalAttestationInfo(
+        const SetAdditionalAttestationInfoRequest& request) {
+    SetAdditionalAttestationInfoResponse response(message_version());
+    ForwardCommand(KM_SET_ADDITIONAL_ATTESTATION_INFO, request, &response);
+    return response;
+}
+
 GetHwInfoResponse TrustyKeymaster::GetHwInfo() {
     GetHwInfoResponse response(message_version());
     ForwardCommand(KM_GET_HW_INFO, GetHwInfoRequest(message_version()), &response);
diff --git a/trusty/keymaster/fuzz/Android.bp b/trusty/keymaster/fuzz/Android.bp
index 5f24bc62083e..b10f7270fd2b 100644
--- a/trusty/keymaster/fuzz/Android.bp
+++ b/trusty/keymaster/fuzz/Android.bp
@@ -26,7 +26,9 @@ cc_fuzz {
         "-DTRUSTY_APP_FILENAME=\"keymaster.syms.elf\"",
     ],
     fuzz_config: {
-       cc: ["trong@google.com"],
+       cc: ["trong@google.com", "drysdale@google.com"],
+       componentid: 1084733,
+       hotlists: ["4271696"],
     },
 
     // The initial corpus for this fuzzer was derived by dumping messages from
diff --git a/trusty/keymaster/include/trusty_keymaster/TrustyKeyMintDevice.h b/trusty/keymaster/include/trusty_keymaster/TrustyKeyMintDevice.h
index c8d8932c429b..5e876d3d35e3 100644
--- a/trusty/keymaster/include/trusty_keymaster/TrustyKeyMintDevice.h
+++ b/trusty/keymaster/include/trusty_keymaster/TrustyKeyMintDevice.h
@@ -85,6 +85,7 @@ class TrustyKeyMintDevice : public BnKeyMintDevice {
     ScopedAStatus getRootOfTrust(const array<uint8_t, 16>& challenge,
                                  vector<uint8_t>* rootOfTrust) override;
     ScopedAStatus sendRootOfTrust(const vector<uint8_t>& rootOfTrust) override;
+    ScopedAStatus setAdditionalAttestationInfo(const vector<KeyParameter>& info) override;
 
   protected:
     std::shared_ptr<TrustyKeymaster> impl_;
diff --git a/trusty/keymaster/include/trusty_keymaster/TrustyKeymaster.h b/trusty/keymaster/include/trusty_keymaster/TrustyKeymaster.h
index 60d3f87ae6e5..65d7217e0175 100644
--- a/trusty/keymaster/include/trusty_keymaster/TrustyKeymaster.h
+++ b/trusty/keymaster/include/trusty_keymaster/TrustyKeymaster.h
@@ -55,6 +55,8 @@ class TrustyKeymaster {
     void UpgradeKey(const UpgradeKeyRequest& request, UpgradeKeyResponse* response);
     void DeleteKey(const DeleteKeyRequest& request, DeleteKeyResponse* response);
     void DeleteAllKeys(const DeleteAllKeysRequest& request, DeleteAllKeysResponse* response);
+    void DestroyAttestationIds(const DestroyAttestationIdsRequest& request,
+                               DestroyAttestationIdsResponse* response);
     void BeginOperation(const BeginOperationRequest& request, BeginOperationResponse* response);
     void UpdateOperation(const UpdateOperationRequest& request, UpdateOperationResponse* response);
     void FinishOperation(const FinishOperationRequest& request, FinishOperationResponse* response);
@@ -68,6 +70,8 @@ class TrustyKeymaster {
     ConfigureVendorPatchlevelResponse ConfigureVendorPatchlevel(
             const ConfigureVendorPatchlevelRequest& request);
     GetRootOfTrustResponse GetRootOfTrust(const GetRootOfTrustRequest& request);
+    SetAdditionalAttestationInfoResponse SetAdditionalAttestationInfo(
+            const SetAdditionalAttestationInfoRequest& request);
     GetHwInfoResponse GetHwInfo();
 
     uint32_t message_version() const { return message_version_; }
diff --git a/trusty/keymaster/include/trusty_keymaster/ipc/keymaster_ipc.h b/trusty/keymaster/include/trusty_keymaster/ipc/keymaster_ipc.h
index 09f696bb50da..721315d6f7ef 100644
--- a/trusty/keymaster/include/trusty_keymaster/ipc/keymaster_ipc.h
+++ b/trusty/keymaster/include/trusty_keymaster/ipc/keymaster_ipc.h
@@ -62,6 +62,7 @@ enum keymaster_command : uint32_t {
     KM_GET_ROOT_OF_TRUST            = (34 << KEYMASTER_REQ_SHIFT),
     KM_GET_HW_INFO                  = (35 << KEYMASTER_REQ_SHIFT),
     KM_GENERATE_CSR_V2              = (36 << KEYMASTER_REQ_SHIFT),
+    KM_SET_ADDITIONAL_ATTESTATION_INFO = (37 << KEYMASTER_REQ_SHIFT),
 
     // Bootloader/provisioning calls.
     KM_SET_BOOT_PARAMS = (0x1000 << KEYMASTER_REQ_SHIFT),
@@ -78,6 +79,8 @@ enum keymaster_command : uint32_t {
     KM_SET_ATTESTATION_IDS = (0xc000 << KEYMASTER_REQ_SHIFT),
     KM_SET_ATTESTATION_IDS_KM3 = (0xc001 << KEYMASTER_REQ_SHIFT),
     KM_CONFIGURE_BOOT_PATCHLEVEL = (0xd000 << KEYMASTER_REQ_SHIFT),
+    KM_APPEND_UDS_CERT_CHAIN = (0xe0000 << KEYMASTER_REQ_SHIFT),
+    KM_CLEAR_UDS_CERT_CHAIN = (0xe0001 << KEYMASTER_REQ_SHIFT),
 };
 
 #ifdef __ANDROID__
diff --git a/trusty/keymaster/include/trusty_keymaster/ipc/trusty_keymaster_ipc.h b/trusty/keymaster/include/trusty_keymaster/ipc/trusty_keymaster_ipc.h
index 16207e6d9843..15241f4ab355 100644
--- a/trusty/keymaster/include/trusty_keymaster/ipc/trusty_keymaster_ipc.h
+++ b/trusty/keymaster/include/trusty_keymaster/ipc/trusty_keymaster_ipc.h
@@ -22,10 +22,11 @@
 
 __BEGIN_DECLS
 
-const uint32_t TRUSTY_KEYMASTER_RECV_BUF_SIZE = 2 * PAGE_SIZE;
+const uint32_t TRUSTY_KEYMASTER_RECV_BUF_SIZE = 2 * 4096;
 const uint32_t TRUSTY_KEYMASTER_SEND_BUF_SIZE =
-        (PAGE_SIZE - sizeof(struct keymaster_message) - 16 /* tipc header */);
+        (4096 - sizeof(struct keymaster_message) - 16 /* tipc header */);
 
+void trusty_keymaster_set_dev_name(const char* device_name);
 int trusty_keymaster_connect(void);
 int trusty_keymaster_call(uint32_t cmd, void* in, uint32_t in_size, uint8_t* out,
                           uint32_t* out_size);
diff --git a/trusty/keymaster/ipc/trusty_keymaster_ipc.cpp b/trusty/keymaster/ipc/trusty_keymaster_ipc.cpp
index db1a9f40782e..c01877fe8961 100644
--- a/trusty/keymaster/ipc/trusty_keymaster_ipc.cpp
+++ b/trusty/keymaster/ipc/trusty_keymaster_ipc.cpp
@@ -36,15 +36,18 @@
 #include <trusty_keymaster/ipc/trusty_keymaster_ipc.h>
 #include <utils/Timers.h>
 
-#define TRUSTY_DEVICE_NAME "/dev/trusty-ipc-dev0"
+static const char* trusty_device_name = "/dev/trusty-ipc-dev0";
 
 static int handle_ = -1;
 
 static const int timeout_ms = 10 * 1000;
 static const int max_timeout_ms = 60 * 1000;
 
+void trusty_keymaster_set_dev_name(const char* device_name) {
+    trusty_device_name = device_name;
+}
 int trusty_keymaster_connect() {
-    int rc = tipc_connect(TRUSTY_DEVICE_NAME, KEYMASTER_PORT);
+    int rc = tipc_connect(trusty_device_name, KEYMASTER_PORT);
     if (rc < 0) {
         return rc;
     }
diff --git a/trusty/keymaster/keymint/TrustyKeyMintDevice.cpp b/trusty/keymaster/keymint/TrustyKeyMintDevice.cpp
index b696ff9316be..154597f99272 100644
--- a/trusty/keymaster/keymint/TrustyKeyMintDevice.cpp
+++ b/trusty/keymaster/keymint/TrustyKeyMintDevice.cpp
@@ -258,7 +258,11 @@ ScopedAStatus TrustyKeyMintDevice::deleteAllKeys() {
 }
 
 ScopedAStatus TrustyKeyMintDevice::destroyAttestationIds() {
-    return kmError2ScopedAStatus(KM_ERROR_UNIMPLEMENTED);
+    keymaster::DestroyAttestationIdsRequest request(impl_->message_version());
+    keymaster::DestroyAttestationIdsResponse response(impl_->message_version());
+    impl_->DestroyAttestationIds(request, &response);
+
+    return kmError2ScopedAStatus(response.error);
 }
 
 ScopedAStatus TrustyKeyMintDevice::begin(KeyPurpose purpose, const vector<uint8_t>& keyBlob,
@@ -345,4 +349,18 @@ ScopedAStatus TrustyKeyMintDevice::sendRootOfTrust(const vector<uint8_t>& /* roo
     return kmError2ScopedAStatus(KM_ERROR_UNIMPLEMENTED);
 }
 
+ScopedAStatus TrustyKeyMintDevice::setAdditionalAttestationInfo(const vector<KeyParameter>& info) {
+    keymaster::SetAdditionalAttestationInfoRequest request(impl_->message_version());
+    request.info.Reinitialize(KmParamSet(info));
+
+    keymaster::SetAdditionalAttestationInfoResponse response =
+            impl_->SetAdditionalAttestationInfo(request);
+
+    if (response.error != KM_ERROR_OK) {
+        return kmError2ScopedAStatus(response.error);
+    } else {
+        return ScopedAStatus::ok();
+    }
+}
+
 }  // namespace aidl::android::hardware::security::keymint::trusty
diff --git a/trusty/keymaster/keymint/android.hardware.security.keymint-service.trusty.rc b/trusty/keymaster/keymint/android.hardware.security.keymint-service.trusty.rc
index 389af412f4f7..0ceb58416124 100644
--- a/trusty/keymaster/keymint/android.hardware.security.keymint-service.trusty.rc
+++ b/trusty/keymaster/keymint/android.hardware.security.keymint-service.trusty.rc
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
-service vendor.keymint-trusty /vendor/bin/hw/android.hardware.security.keymint-service.trusty
+service vendor.keymint-trusty /vendor/bin/hw/android.hardware.security.keymint-service.trusty \
+                                          --dev ${ro.hardware.trusty_ipc_dev.keymint:-/dev/trusty-ipc-dev0}
     class early_hal
     user nobody
     group drmrpc
diff --git a/trusty/keymaster/keymint/android.hardware.security.keymint-service.trusty.xml b/trusty/keymaster/keymint/android.hardware.security.keymint-service.trusty.xml
index 3dc9c88ea8cf..f74d212855ab 100644
--- a/trusty/keymaster/keymint/android.hardware.security.keymint-service.trusty.xml
+++ b/trusty/keymaster/keymint/android.hardware.security.keymint-service.trusty.xml
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 <manifest version="1.0" type="device">
     <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.security.keymint</name>
-        <version>3</version>
+        <version>4</version>
         <fqname>IKeyMintDevice/default</fqname>
     </hal>
     <hal format="aidl">
diff --git a/trusty/keymaster/keymint/android.hardware.security.keymint-service.trusty_tee.cpp.rc b/trusty/keymaster/keymint/android.hardware.security.keymint-service.trusty_tee.cpp.rc
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..61ae8ae14ee0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/trusty/keymaster/keymint/android.hardware.security.keymint-service.trusty_tee.cpp.rc
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+# service started when selecting `com.android.hardware.keymint.trusty_tee.cpp` vendor apex
+service vendor.keymint-service.trusty_tee.cpp \
+  /vendor/bin/hw/android.hardware.security.keymint-service.trusty_tee.cpp \
+    --dev ${ro.hardware.trusty_ipc_dev.keymint:-/dev/trusty-ipc-dev0}
+    disabled
+    class early_hal
+    user nobody
+    group drmrpc
+    # The keymint service is not allowed to restart.
+    # If it crashes, a device restart is required.
+    oneshot
diff --git a/trusty/keymaster/keymint/service.cpp b/trusty/keymaster/keymint/service.cpp
index 14549d2b7160..583d8402416d 100644
--- a/trusty/keymaster/keymint/service.cpp
+++ b/trusty/keymaster/keymint/service.cpp
@@ -18,11 +18,13 @@
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
 #include <android/binder_manager.h>
 #include <android/binder_process.h>
+#include <getopt.h>
 
 #include <trusty_keymaster/TrustyKeyMintDevice.h>
 #include <trusty_keymaster/TrustyRemotelyProvisionedComponentDevice.h>
 #include <trusty_keymaster/TrustySecureClock.h>
 #include <trusty_keymaster/TrustySharedSecret.h>
+#include <trusty_keymaster/ipc/trusty_keymaster_ipc.h>
 
 using aidl::android::hardware::security::keymint::trusty::TrustyKeyMintDevice;
 using aidl::android::hardware::security::keymint::trusty::TrustyRemotelyProvisionedComponentDevice;
@@ -39,7 +41,58 @@ std::shared_ptr<T> addService(Args&&... args) {
     return service;
 }
 
-int main() {
+static const char* _sopts = "hD:";
+static const struct option _lopts[] = {
+        {"help", no_argument, 0, 'h'},
+        {"dev", required_argument, 0, 'D'},
+        {0, 0, 0, 0},
+};
+
+static const char* usage =
+        "Usage: %s [options]\n"
+        "\n"
+        "options:\n"
+        "  -h, --help            prints this message and exit\n"
+        "  -D, --dev name        Trusty device name\n"
+        "\n";
+
+static const char* usage_long = "\n";
+
+static void print_usage_and_exit(const char* prog, int code, bool verbose) {
+    fprintf(stderr, usage, prog);
+    if (verbose) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "%s", usage_long);
+    }
+    exit(code);
+}
+
+static void parse_options(int argc, char** argv) {
+    int c;
+    int oidx = 0;
+
+    while (1) {
+        c = getopt_long(argc, argv, _sopts, _lopts, &oidx);
+        if (c == -1) {
+            break; /* done */
+        }
+
+        switch (c) {
+            case 'D':
+                trusty_keymaster_set_dev_name(optarg);
+                break;
+
+            case 'h':
+                print_usage_and_exit(argv[0], EXIT_SUCCESS, true);
+                break;
+
+            default:
+                print_usage_and_exit(argv[0], EXIT_FAILURE, false);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+int main(int argc, char** argv) {
+    parse_options(argc, argv);
     auto trustyKeymaster = std::make_shared<keymaster::TrustyKeymaster>();
     int err = trustyKeymaster->Initialize(keymaster::KmVersion::KEYMINT_3);
     if (err != 0) {
diff --git a/trusty/keymaster/set_attestation_ids/set_attestation_ids.cpp b/trusty/keymaster/set_attestation_ids/set_attestation_ids.cpp
index e944167fad4c..dec64e19b95e 100644
--- a/trusty/keymaster/set_attestation_ids/set_attestation_ids.cpp
+++ b/trusty/keymaster/set_attestation_ids/set_attestation_ids.cpp
@@ -17,8 +17,10 @@
 #include <getopt.h>
 
 #include <string>
+#include <vector>
 
 #include <android-base/properties.h>
+#include <android-base/strings.h>
 #include <trusty_keymaster/ipc/trusty_keymaster_ipc.h>
 
 namespace {
@@ -34,14 +36,66 @@ const struct option lopts[] = {
         {"model", required_argument, nullptr, 'm'},
         {"imei", required_argument, nullptr, 'i'},
         {"meid", required_argument, nullptr, 'c'},
+        {"imei2", required_argument, nullptr, '2'},
         {0, 0, 0, 0},
 };
 
+std::string TELEPHONY_CMD_GET_IMEI = "cmd phone get-imei ";
+
+// Run a shell command and collect the output of it. If any error, set an empty string as the
+// output.
+std::string exec_command(const std::string& command) {
+    char buffer[128];
+    std::string result = "";
+
+    FILE* pipe = popen(command.c_str(), "r");
+    if (!pipe) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "popen('%s') failed\n", command.c_str());
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    while (!feof(pipe)) {
+        if (fgets(buffer, 128, pipe) != NULL) {
+            result += buffer;
+        }
+    }
+
+    pclose(pipe);
+    return result;
+}
+
+// Get IMEI using Telephony service shell command. If any error while executing the command
+// then empty string will be returned as output.
+std::string get_imei(int slot) {
+    std::string cmd = TELEPHONY_CMD_GET_IMEI + std::to_string(slot);
+    std::string output = exec_command(cmd);
+
+    if (output.empty()) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "Retrieve IMEI command ('%s') failed\n", cmd.c_str());
+        return "";
+    }
+
+    std::vector<std::string> out =
+            ::android::base::Tokenize(::android::base::Trim(output), "Device IMEI:");
+
+    if (out.size() != 1) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "Error parsing command ('%s') output '%s'\n", cmd.c_str(), output.c_str());
+        return "";
+    }
+
+    std::string imei = ::android::base::Trim(out[0]);
+    if (imei.compare("null") == 0) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "IMEI value from command ('%s') is null, skipping", cmd.c_str());
+        return "";
+    }
+    return imei;
+}
+
 std::string buf2string(const keymaster::Buffer& buf) {
     return std::string(reinterpret_cast<const char*>(buf.peek_read()), buf.available_read());
 }
 
-void print_usage(const char* prog, const keymaster::SetAttestationIdsRequest& req) {
+void print_usage(const char* prog, const keymaster::SetAttestationIdsKM3Request& req) {
     fprintf(stderr,
             "Usage: %s [options]\n"
             "\n"
@@ -55,34 +109,53 @@ void print_usage(const char* prog, const keymaster::SetAttestationIdsRequest& re
             "  -m, --model <val>          set model (default '%s')\n"
             "  -i, --imei <val>           set IMEI (default '%s')\n"
             "  -c, --meid <val>           set MEID (default '%s')\n"
+            "  -2, --imei2 <val>          set second IMEI (default '%s')\n"
             "\n",
-            prog, buf2string(req.brand).c_str(), buf2string(req.device).c_str(),
-            buf2string(req.product).c_str(), buf2string(req.serial).c_str(),
-            buf2string(req.manufacturer).c_str(), buf2string(req.model).c_str(),
-            buf2string(req.imei).c_str(), buf2string(req.meid).c_str());
+            prog, buf2string(req.base.brand).c_str(), buf2string(req.base.device).c_str(),
+            buf2string(req.base.product).c_str(), buf2string(req.base.serial).c_str(),
+            buf2string(req.base.manufacturer).c_str(), buf2string(req.base.model).c_str(),
+            buf2string(req.base.imei).c_str(), buf2string(req.base.meid).c_str(),
+            buf2string(req.second_imei).c_str());
+}
+
+void set_to(keymaster::Buffer* buf, const std::string& value) {
+    if (!value.empty()) {
+        buf->Reinitialize(value.data(), value.size());
+    }
 }
 
 void set_from_prop(keymaster::Buffer* buf, const std::string& prop) {
     std::string prop_value = ::android::base::GetProperty(prop, /* default_value = */ "");
-    if (!prop_value.empty()) {
-        buf->Reinitialize(prop_value.data(), prop_value.size());
-    }
+    set_to(buf, prop_value);
 }
 
-void populate_ids(keymaster::SetAttestationIdsRequest* req) {
+void populate_base_ids(keymaster::SetAttestationIdsRequest* req) {
     set_from_prop(&req->brand, "ro.product.brand");
     set_from_prop(&req->device, "ro.product.device");
     set_from_prop(&req->product, "ro.product.name");
     set_from_prop(&req->serial, "ro.serialno");
     set_from_prop(&req->manufacturer, "ro.product.manufacturer");
     set_from_prop(&req->model, "ro.product.model");
+    std::string imei = get_imei(0);
+    set_to(&req->imei, imei);
+}
+
+void populate_ids(keymaster::SetAttestationIdsKM3Request* req) {
+    populate_base_ids(&req->base);
+
+    // - "What about IMEI?"
+    // - "You've already had it."
+    // - "We've had one, yes. What about second IMEI?"
+    // - "I don't think he knows about second IMEI, Pip."
+    std::string imei2 = get_imei(1);
+    set_to(&req->second_imei, imei2);
 }
 
 }  // namespace
 
 int main(int argc, char** argv) {
     // By default, set attestation IDs to the values in userspace properties.
-    keymaster::SetAttestationIdsRequest req(/* ver = */ 4);
+    keymaster::SetAttestationIdsKM3Request req(/* ver = */ 4);
     populate_ids(&req);
 
     while (true) {
@@ -94,28 +167,31 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv) {
 
         switch (c) {
             case 'b':
-                req.brand.Reinitialize(optarg, strlen(optarg));
+                req.base.brand.Reinitialize(optarg, strlen(optarg));
                 break;
             case 'd':
-                req.device.Reinitialize(optarg, strlen(optarg));
+                req.base.device.Reinitialize(optarg, strlen(optarg));
                 break;
             case 'p':
-                req.product.Reinitialize(optarg, strlen(optarg));
+                req.base.product.Reinitialize(optarg, strlen(optarg));
                 break;
             case 's':
-                req.serial.Reinitialize(optarg, strlen(optarg));
+                req.base.serial.Reinitialize(optarg, strlen(optarg));
                 break;
             case 'M':
-                req.manufacturer.Reinitialize(optarg, strlen(optarg));
+                req.base.manufacturer.Reinitialize(optarg, strlen(optarg));
                 break;
             case 'm':
-                req.model.Reinitialize(optarg, strlen(optarg));
+                req.base.model.Reinitialize(optarg, strlen(optarg));
                 break;
             case 'i':
-                req.imei.Reinitialize(optarg, strlen(optarg));
+                req.base.imei.Reinitialize(optarg, strlen(optarg));
                 break;
             case 'c':
-                req.meid.Reinitialize(optarg, strlen(optarg));
+                req.base.meid.Reinitialize(optarg, strlen(optarg));
+                break;
+            case '2':
+                req.second_imei.Reinitialize(optarg, strlen(optarg));
                 break;
             case 'h':
                 print_usage(argv[0], req);
@@ -144,19 +220,34 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv) {
            "  manufacturer: %s\n"
            "  model:        %s\n"
            "  IMEI:         %s\n"
-           "  MEID:         %s\n",
-           buf2string(req.brand).c_str(), buf2string(req.device).c_str(),
-           buf2string(req.product).c_str(), buf2string(req.serial).c_str(),
-           buf2string(req.manufacturer).c_str(), buf2string(req.model).c_str(),
-           buf2string(req.imei).c_str(), buf2string(req.meid).c_str());
+           "  MEID:         %s\n"
+           "  SECOND_IMEI:  %s\n\n",
+           buf2string(req.base.brand).c_str(), buf2string(req.base.device).c_str(),
+           buf2string(req.base.product).c_str(), buf2string(req.base.serial).c_str(),
+           buf2string(req.base.manufacturer).c_str(), buf2string(req.base.model).c_str(),
+           buf2string(req.base.imei).c_str(), buf2string(req.base.meid).c_str(),
+           buf2string(req.second_imei).c_str());
+    fflush(stdout);
 
     keymaster::EmptyKeymasterResponse rsp(/* ver = */ 4);
-    ret = trusty_keymaster_send(KM_SET_ATTESTATION_IDS, req, &rsp);
+    const char* msg;
+    if (req.second_imei.available_read() == 0) {
+        // No SECOND_IMEI set, use base command.
+        ret = trusty_keymaster_send(KM_SET_ATTESTATION_IDS, req.base, &rsp);
+        msg = "SET_ATTESTATION_IDS";
+    } else {
+        // SECOND_IMEI is set, use updated command.
+        ret = trusty_keymaster_send(KM_SET_ATTESTATION_IDS_KM3, req, &rsp);
+        msg = "SET_ATTESTATION_IDS_KM3";
+    }
+    trusty_keymaster_disconnect();
+
     if (ret) {
-        fprintf(stderr, "SET_ATTESTATION_IDS failed: %d\n", ret);
-        trusty_keymaster_disconnect();
+        fprintf(stderr, "%s failed: %d\n", msg, ret);
         return EXIT_FAILURE;
+    } else {
+        printf("done\n");
+        printf("\nNOTE: device reboot may be required before changes take effect.\n");
+        return EXIT_SUCCESS;
     }
-
-    return EXIT_SUCCESS;
 }
diff --git a/trusty/keymaster/set_uds_certs/rkp_uds_cert_test.xml b/trusty/keymaster/set_uds_certs/rkp_uds_cert_test.xml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..73b7b4c30d1a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/trusty/keymaster/set_uds_certs/rkp_uds_cert_test.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+<?xml version="1.0"?>
+<PixelUdsCertificates>
+  <CertificateChain>
+    <NumberOfCertificates>3</NumberOfCertificates>
+    <Certificate format="pem">
+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
+MIIBWTCB3qADAgECAgUA3q2+7zAMBggqhkjOPQQDAwUAMBIxEDAOBgNVBAMMB0dT
+TUkxLjAwIhgPMjAyNDAxMDEwMDAwMDBaGA85OTk5MTIzMTIzNTk1OVowEjEQMA4G
+A1UEAwwHR1NNSTEuMDB2MBAGByqGSM49AgEGBSuBBAAiA2IABFsNPdsPmx2NKNiT
+7oReF36HTXjftRfGffYgPf/vEhrT7XLJ7dThkcb+OFYWYlOckdk3DRgqTNWQXsot
+UsZhwRveU8huEjOBO5+dwDiWPs+s9jSRAn5inlTqJ0YGAmdHRzAMBggqhkjOPQQD
+AwUAA2gAMGUCMQCuiJwmRWOgfWbqdSlnXfhCbphjdWc6sHelLkkM21vxQ3RZkhC2
+ERh90RA1rxB+XTgCMHZrYG3leS0PEoz5hUviv27LbBHBU6GeOzrS2e0VH0BMSNXN
+iP9Wnit+mJw58niEGw==
+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+    </Certificate>
+    <Certificate format="pem">
+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
+MIIBWTCB3qADAgECAgUA3q2+7zAMBggqhkjOPQQDAwUAMBIxEDAOBgNVBAMMB0dT
+TUkxLjAwIhgPMjAyNDAxMDEwMDAwMDBaGA85OTk5MTIzMTIzNTk1OVowEjEQMA4G
+A1UEAwwHR1NNSTEuMDB2MBAGByqGSM49AgEGBSuBBAAiA2IABFsNPdsPmx2NKNiT
+7oReF36HTXjftRfGffYgPf/vEhrT7XLJ7dThkcb+OFYWYlOckdk3DRgqTNWQXsot
+UsZhwRveU8huEjOBO5+dwDiWPs+s9jSRAn5inlTqJ0YGAmdHRzAMBggqhkjOPQQD
+AwUAA2gAMGUCMQCuiJwmRWOgfWbqdSlnXfhCbphjdWc6sHelLkkM21vxQ3RZkhC2
+ERh90RA1rxB+XTgCMHZrYG3leS0PEoz5hUviv27LbBHBU6GeOzrS2e0VH0BMSNXN
+iP9Wnit+mJw58niEGw==
+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+    </Certificate>
+    <Certificate format="pem">
+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
+MIIBWTCB3qADAgECAgUA3q2+7zAMBggqhkjOPQQDAwUAMBIxEDAOBgNVBAMMB0dT
+TUkxLjAwIhgPMjAyNDAxMDEwMDAwMDBaGA85OTk5MTIzMTIzNTk1OVowEjEQMA4G
+A1UEAwwHR1NNSTEuMDB2MBAGByqGSM49AgEGBSuBBAAiA2IABFsNPdsPmx2NKNiT
+7oReF36HTXjftRfGffYgPf/vEhrT7XLJ7dThkcb+OFYWYlOckdk3DRgqTNWQXsot
+UsZhwRveU8huEjOBO5+dwDiWPs+s9jSRAn5inlTqJ0YGAmdHRzAMBggqhkjOPQQD
+AwUAA2gAMGUCMQCuiJwmRWOgfWbqdSlnXfhCbphjdWc6sHelLkkM21vxQ3RZkhC2
+ERh90RA1rxB+XTgCMHZrYG3leS0PEoz5hUviv27LbBHBU6GeOzrS2e0VH0BMSNXN
+iP9Wnit+mJw58niEGw==
+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+    </Certificate>
+  </CertificateChain>
+</PixelUdsCertificates>
diff --git a/trusty/keymaster/set_uds_certs/set_uds_certificates.cpp b/trusty/keymaster/set_uds_certs/set_uds_certificates.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..13356a911d9d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/trusty/keymaster/set_uds_certs/set_uds_certificates.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,279 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2020 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <getopt.h>
+#include <libxml/xmlreader.h>
+#include <openssl/pem.h>
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <sys/uio.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <string>
+
+#include <trusty_keymaster/ipc/trusty_keymaster_ipc.h>
+
+static const char* _sopts = "h";
+static const struct option _lopts[] = {
+        {"help", no_argument, 0, 'h'},
+        {0, 0, 0, 0},
+};
+
+static const char* usage =
+        "Usage: %s [options] xml-file\n"
+        "\n"
+        "options:\n"
+        "  -h, --help            prints this message and exit\n"
+        "\n";
+
+static void print_usage_and_exit(const char* prog, int code) {
+    fprintf(stderr, usage, prog);
+    exit(code);
+}
+
+static void parse_options(int argc, char** argv) {
+    int c;
+    int oidx = 0;
+
+    while (1) {
+        c = getopt_long(argc, argv, _sopts, _lopts, &oidx);
+        if (c == -1) {
+            break; /* done */
+        }
+
+        switch (c) {
+            case 'h':
+                print_usage_and_exit(argv[0], EXIT_SUCCESS);
+                break;
+
+            default:
+                print_usage_and_exit(argv[0], EXIT_FAILURE);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+struct AppendUdsCertificateRequest : public keymaster::KeymasterMessage {
+    explicit AppendUdsCertificateRequest(int32_t ver = keymaster::kDefaultMessageVersion)
+        : KeymasterMessage(ver) {}
+
+    size_t SerializedSize() const override { return cert_data.SerializedSize(); }
+    uint8_t* Serialize(uint8_t* buf, const uint8_t* end) const override {
+        return cert_data.Serialize(buf, end);
+    }
+    bool Deserialize(const uint8_t** buf_ptr, const uint8_t* end) override {
+        return cert_data.Deserialize(buf_ptr, end);
+    }
+
+    keymaster::Buffer cert_data;
+};
+
+struct ClearUdsCertificateRequest : public keymaster::KeymasterMessage {
+    explicit ClearUdsCertificateRequest(int32_t ver = keymaster::kDefaultMessageVersion)
+        : KeymasterMessage(ver) {}
+
+    size_t SerializedSize() const override { return 0; }
+    uint8_t* Serialize(uint8_t* buf, const uint8_t*) const override { return buf; }
+    bool Deserialize(const uint8_t**, const uint8_t*) override { return true; };
+};
+
+struct KeymasterNoResponse : public keymaster::KeymasterResponse{
+    explicit KeymasterNoResponse(int32_t ver = keymaster::kDefaultMessageVersion)
+        : keymaster::KeymasterResponse(ver) {}
+
+    size_t NonErrorSerializedSize() const override { return 0; }
+    uint8_t* NonErrorSerialize(uint8_t* buf, const uint8_t*) const override { return buf; }
+    bool NonErrorDeserialize(const uint8_t**, const uint8_t*) override { return true; }
+};
+
+struct AppendUdsCertificateResponse : public KeymasterNoResponse {};
+struct ClearUdsCertificateResponse : public KeymasterNoResponse {};
+
+static int set_uds_cert_bin(uint32_t cmd, const void* cert_data, size_t cert_data_size) {
+    int ret;
+
+    AppendUdsCertificateRequest req;
+    req.cert_data.Reinitialize(cert_data, cert_data_size);
+    AppendUdsCertificateResponse rsp;
+
+    ret = trusty_keymaster_send(cmd, req, &rsp);
+    if (ret) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "trusty_keymaster_send cmd 0x%x failed %d\n", cmd, ret);
+        return ret;
+    }
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static int set_uds_cert_pem(uint32_t cmd, const xmlChar* pemkey) {
+    int ret;
+    int sslret;
+
+    /* Convert from pem to binary */
+    BIO* bio = BIO_new_mem_buf(pemkey, xmlStrlen(pemkey));
+    if (!bio) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "BIO_new_mem_buf failed\n");
+        ERR_print_errors_fp(stderr);
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    char* key_name;
+    char* key_header;
+    uint8_t* key;
+    long keylen;
+    sslret = PEM_read_bio(bio, &key_name, &key_header, &key, &keylen);
+    BIO_free(bio);
+
+    if (!sslret) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "PEM_read_bio failed\n");
+        ERR_print_errors_fp(stderr);
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    /* Send key in binary format to trusty */
+    ret = set_uds_cert_bin(cmd, key, keylen);
+
+    OPENSSL_free(key_name);
+    OPENSSL_free(key_header);
+    OPENSSL_free(key);
+
+    return ret;
+}
+
+static int set_uds_cert(uint32_t cmd, const xmlChar* format, const xmlChar* str) {
+    int ret;
+
+    if (xmlStrEqual(format, BAD_CAST "pem")) {
+        ret = set_uds_cert_pem(cmd, str);
+    } else {
+        printf("unsupported key/cert format: %s\n", format);
+        return -1;
+    }
+    return ret;
+}
+
+// TODO: Guard by Production Mode
+static int clear_cert_chain() {
+    int ret;
+    ClearUdsCertificateRequest req;
+    ClearUdsCertificateResponse rsp;
+
+    ret = trusty_keymaster_send(KM_CLEAR_UDS_CERT_CHAIN, req, &rsp);
+    if (ret) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "%s: trusty_keymaster_send failed %d\n", __func__, ret);
+        return ret;
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static int process_xml(xmlTextReaderPtr xml) {
+    int ret;
+    const xmlChar* element = NULL;
+    const xmlChar* element_format = NULL;
+    bool isPixelUdsCert = false;
+
+    while ((ret = xmlTextReaderRead(xml)) == 1) {
+        int nodetype = xmlTextReaderNodeType(xml);
+        const xmlChar *name, *value;
+        name = xmlTextReaderConstName(xml);
+        switch (nodetype) {
+            case XML_READER_TYPE_ELEMENT:
+                element = name;
+                element_format = xmlTextReaderGetAttribute(xml, BAD_CAST "format");
+                if (isPixelUdsCert || xmlStrEqual(name, BAD_CAST "PixelUdsCertificates")) {
+                    // The first element name must be "PixelUdsCertificates"
+                    isPixelUdsCert = true;
+                } else {
+                    fprintf(stderr, "Not a PixelUdsCertificates: \"%s\"\n", name);
+                    return -1;
+                }
+                if (xmlStrEqual(name, BAD_CAST "CertificateChain")) {
+                    ret = clear_cert_chain();
+                    if (ret) {
+                        fprintf(stderr, "%s: Clear cert chain cmd failed, %d\n", element, ret);
+                        return ret;
+                    }
+                    printf("%s: Clear cert chain cmd done\n", element);
+                }
+                break;
+            case XML_READER_TYPE_TEXT:
+                value = xmlTextReaderConstValue(xml);
+                uint32_t cmd;
+                if (xmlStrEqual(element, BAD_CAST "Certificate")) {
+                    cmd = KM_APPEND_UDS_CERT_CHAIN;
+                } else {
+                    break;
+                }
+
+                ret = set_uds_cert(cmd, element_format, value);
+                if (ret) {
+                    fprintf(stderr, "%s, format %s: Cmd 0x%x failed, %d\n", element, element_format,
+                            cmd, ret);
+                    return ret;
+                }
+                printf("%s, format %s: Cmd 0x%x done\n", element, element_format, cmd);
+                break;
+            case XML_READER_TYPE_END_ELEMENT:
+                element = NULL;
+                break;
+        }
+    }
+    return ret;
+}
+
+static int parse_and_provision_xml_file(const char* filename) {
+    int ret;
+    xmlTextReaderPtr xml = xmlReaderForFile(filename, NULL, 0);
+    if (!xml) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "failed to open %s\n", filename);
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    ret = process_xml(xml);
+
+    xmlFreeTextReader(xml);
+    if (ret != 0) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "Failed to parse or process %s\n", filename);
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+int main(int argc, char** argv) {
+    int ret = 0;
+
+    parse_options(argc, argv);
+    if (optind + 1 != argc) {
+        print_usage_and_exit(argv[0], EXIT_FAILURE);
+    }
+
+    ret = trusty_keymaster_connect();
+    if (ret) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "trusty_keymaster_connect failed %d\n", ret);
+        return EXIT_FAILURE;
+    }
+
+    ret = parse_and_provision_xml_file(argv[optind]);
+    if (ret) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "parse_and_provision_xml_file failed %d\n", ret);
+        trusty_keymaster_disconnect();
+        return EXIT_FAILURE;
+    }
+
+    return EXIT_SUCCESS;
+}
diff --git a/trusty/keymint/Android.bp b/trusty/keymint/Android.bp
index c19ebbd2663f..80e58f979bca 100644
--- a/trusty/keymint/Android.bp
+++ b/trusty/keymint/Android.bp
@@ -17,25 +17,86 @@ package {
     default_applicable_licenses: ["Android-Apache-2.0"],
 }
 
-rust_binary {
-    name: "android.hardware.security.keymint-service.rust.trusty",
+rust_defaults {
+    name: "android.hardware.security.keymint-service.rust.trusty.default",
     relative_install_path: "hw",
-    vendor: true,
-    init_rc: ["android.hardware.security.keymint-service.rust.trusty.rc"],
-    vintf_fragments: ["android.hardware.security.keymint-service.rust.trusty.xml"],
     srcs: [
-        "src/keymint_hal_main.rs"
+        "src/keymint_hal_main.rs",
     ],
     rustlibs: [
         "libandroid_logger",
         "libbinder_rs",
+        "libclap",
         "libkmr_wire",
         "libkmr_hal",
         "libtrusty-rs",
         "liblibc",
         "liblog_rust",
     ],
-    required: [
-        "android.hardware.hardware_keystore.xml",
+    prefer_rlib: true,
+}
+
+// keymint hal binary for keymint in Trusty TEE (legacy approach not using apex)
+rust_binary {
+    name: "android.hardware.security.keymint-service.rust.trusty",
+    vendor: true,
+    defaults: ["android.hardware.security.keymint-service.rust.trusty.default"],
+    init_rc: ["android.hardware.security.keymint-service.rust.trusty.rc"],
+    vintf_fragments: ["android.hardware.security.keymint-service.rust.trusty.xml"],
+    required: ["android.hardware.hardware_keystore.xml"],
+}
+
+// Keymint hal service in vendor, enabled by vendor apex.
+// This service is disabled by default and does not package a VINTF fragment.
+// This service can be enabled at boot via vendor apex:
+// - at boot, mount a vendor apex for module `com.android.hardware.keymint`
+// - have the vendor apex init.rc file to start the service when the apex is selected
+// - have the vendor apex package the vintf fragment
+rust_binary {
+    name: "android.hardware.security.keymint-service.trusty_tee",
+    vendor: true,
+    defaults: ["android.hardware.security.keymint-service.rust.trusty.default"],
+    init_rc: ["android.hardware.security.keymint-service.trusty_tee.rc"],
+    features: select(soong_config_variable("trusty_system_vm", "placeholder_trusted_hal"), {
+        true: ["nonsecure"],
+        default: [],
+    }),
+    rustlibs: [
+        "libkmr_hal_nonsecure",
+    ],
+}
+
+// Keymint hal service in system_ext, interacting with the Trusty Security VM.
+// This service is disabled by default and does not package a VINTF fragment.
+// This service can be enabled at boot via vendor apex:
+// - at boot, mount a vendor apex for module `com.android.hardware.keymint`
+// - have the vendor apex init.rc file to start the service when the apex is selected
+// - have the vendor apex package the vintf fragment
+rust_binary {
+    name: "android.hardware.security.keymint-service.trusty_system_vm",
+    system_ext_specific: true,
+    defaults: ["android.hardware.security.keymint-service.rust.trusty.default"],
+    init_rc: ["android.hardware.security.keymint-service.trusty_system_vm.rc"],
+    features: select(soong_config_variable("trusty_system_vm", "placeholder_trusted_hal"), {
+        true: ["nonsecure"],
+        default: [],
+    }),
+    rustlibs: [
+        "libkmr_hal_nonsecure",
     ],
 }
+
+// vintf fragment packaged in vendor apex
+prebuilt_etc {
+    name: "android.hardware.security.keymint-service.rust.trusty.xml",
+    sub_dir: "vintf",
+    vendor: true,
+    src: "android.hardware.security.keymint-service.rust.trusty.xml",
+}
+
+prebuilt_etc {
+    name: "android.hardware.security.keymint-service.trusty_system_vm.xml",
+    sub_dir: "vintf",
+    vendor: true,
+    src: "android.hardware.security.keymint-service.trusty_system_vm.xml",
+}
diff --git a/trusty/keymint/android.hardware.hardware_keystore.rust.trusty-keymint.xml b/trusty/keymint/android.hardware.hardware_keystore.rust.trusty-keymint.xml
deleted file mode 100644
index cd656b25703d..000000000000
--- a/trusty/keymint/android.hardware.hardware_keystore.rust.trusty-keymint.xml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,18 +0,0 @@
-<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
-<!-- Copyright 2021 The Android Open Source Project
-
-    Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-    you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-    You may obtain a copy of the License at
-
-        http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-
-    Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-    distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-    WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-    See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-    limitations under the License.
--->
-<permissions>
-  <feature name="android.hardware.hardware_keystore" version="300" />
-</permissions>
diff --git a/trusty/keymint/android.hardware.security.keymint-service.rust.trusty.rc b/trusty/keymint/android.hardware.security.keymint-service.rust.trusty.rc
index e3d94c659328..3e3f2a5c3035 100644
--- a/trusty/keymint/android.hardware.security.keymint-service.rust.trusty.rc
+++ b/trusty/keymint/android.hardware.security.keymint-service.rust.trusty.rc
@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
-service vendor.keymint.rust-trusty /vendor/bin/hw/android.hardware.security.keymint-service.rust.trusty
+service vendor.keymint.rust-trusty /vendor/bin/hw/android.hardware.security.keymint-service.rust.trusty \
+                                          --dev ${ro.hardware.trusty_ipc_dev.keymint:-/dev/trusty-ipc-dev0}
     class early_hal
     user nobody
     group drmrpc
     # The keymint service is not allowed to restart.
     # If it crashes, a device restart is required.
-    oneshot
\ No newline at end of file
+    oneshot
diff --git a/trusty/keymint/android.hardware.security.keymint-service.rust.trusty.xml b/trusty/keymint/android.hardware.security.keymint-service.rust.trusty.xml
index 3dc9c88ea8cf..f74d212855ab 100644
--- a/trusty/keymint/android.hardware.security.keymint-service.rust.trusty.xml
+++ b/trusty/keymint/android.hardware.security.keymint-service.rust.trusty.xml
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 <manifest version="1.0" type="device">
     <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.security.keymint</name>
-        <version>3</version>
+        <version>4</version>
         <fqname>IKeyMintDevice/default</fqname>
     </hal>
     <hal format="aidl">
diff --git a/trusty/keymint/android.hardware.security.keymint-service.trusty_system_vm.rc b/trusty/keymint/android.hardware.security.keymint-service.trusty_system_vm.rc
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..2e8ad008c65e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/trusty/keymint/android.hardware.security.keymint-service.trusty_system_vm.rc
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+# service started when selecting `com.android.hardware.keymint.trusty_system_vm` vendor apex
+service system.keymint-service.trusty_system_vm \
+  /system_ext/bin/hw/android.hardware.security.keymint-service.trusty_system_vm \
+  --dev ${system.keymint.trusty_ipc_dev}
+    disabled
+    user nobody
+    group drmrpc
+    # The keymint service is not allowed to restart.
+    # If it crashes, a device restart is required.
+    oneshot
+
+# TODO(b/357821690): Start the KeyMint HALs when the KeyMint VM is ready once the Trusty VM
+# has a mechanism to notify the host.
+on post-fs && property:trusty.security_vm.keymint.enabled=1 && \
+   property:trusty.security_vm.vm_cid=*
+    setprop system.keymint.trusty_ipc_dev VSOCK:${trusty.security_vm.vm_cid}:1
+    start system.keymint-service.trusty_system_vm
diff --git a/trusty/keymint/android.hardware.security.keymint-service.trusty_system_vm.xml b/trusty/keymint/android.hardware.security.keymint-service.trusty_system_vm.xml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..c35c843b6ee1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/trusty/keymint/android.hardware.security.keymint-service.trusty_system_vm.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+<manifest version="1.0" type="device">
+    <hal format="aidl" updatable-via-system="true">
+        <name>android.hardware.security.keymint</name>
+        <version>4</version>
+        <fqname>IKeyMintDevice/default</fqname>
+    </hal>
+    <hal format="aidl" updatable-via-system="true">
+        <name>android.hardware.security.secureclock</name>
+        <fqname>ISecureClock/default</fqname>
+    </hal>
+    <hal format="aidl" updatable-via-system="true">
+        <name>android.hardware.security.sharedsecret</name>
+        <fqname>ISharedSecret/default</fqname>
+    </hal>
+    <hal format="aidl" updatable-via-system="true">
+        <name>android.hardware.security.keymint</name>
+        <version>3</version>
+        <fqname>IRemotelyProvisionedComponent/default</fqname>
+    </hal>
+</manifest>
diff --git a/trusty/keymint/android.hardware.security.keymint-service.trusty_tee.rc b/trusty/keymint/android.hardware.security.keymint-service.trusty_tee.rc
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..694c9ce19653
--- /dev/null
+++ b/trusty/keymint/android.hardware.security.keymint-service.trusty_tee.rc
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+# service started when selecting `com.android.hardware.keymint.trusty_tee` vendor apex
+service vendor.keymint-service.trusty_tee \
+  /vendor/bin/hw/android.hardware.security.keymint-service.trusty_tee \
+    --dev ${ro.hardware.trusty_ipc_dev.keymint:-/dev/trusty-ipc-dev0}
+    disabled
+    class early_hal
+    user nobody
+    group drmrpc
+    # The keymint service is not allowed to restart.
+    # If it crashes, a device restart is required.
+    oneshot
diff --git a/trusty/keymint/fuzz/Android.bp b/trusty/keymint/fuzz/Android.bp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..de73db720192
--- /dev/null
+++ b/trusty/keymint/fuzz/Android.bp
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2020 The Android Open Source Project
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package {
+    default_applicable_licenses: ["Android-Apache-2.0"],
+}
+
+cc_fuzz {
+    name: "trusty_keymint_fuzzer",
+    defaults: ["trusty_fuzzer_defaults"],
+    srcs: [":trusty_tipc_fuzzer"],
+    cflags: [
+        "-DTRUSTY_APP_PORT=\"com.android.trusty.keymint\"",
+        "-DTRUSTY_APP_UUID=\"5f902ace-5e5c-4cd8-ae54-87b88c22ddaf\"",
+        "-DTRUSTY_APP_FILENAME=\"keymint_app.syms.elf\"",
+    ],
+    fuzz_config: {
+       cc: ["drysdale@google.com"],
+       componentid: 1084733,
+       hotlists: ["4271696"],
+    },
+
+    // The initial corpus for this fuzzer was derived by dumping messages from
+    // the HAL service while running the VTS tests for KeyMint.
+    corpus: ["corpus/*"],
+}
diff --git a/trusty/keymint/fuzz/corpus/keymint-reqs-821180-0 b/trusty/keymint/fuzz/corpus/keymint-reqs-821180-0
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..18fce253f004
--- /dev/null
+++ b/trusty/keymint/fuzz/corpus/keymint-reqs-821180-0
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+��
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/trusty/keymint/fuzz/corpus/keymint-reqs-82128140-0 b/trusty/keymint/fuzz/corpus/keymint-reqs-82128140-0
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..906f64003e64
--- /dev/null
+++ b/trusty/keymint/fuzz/corpus/keymint-reqs-82128140-0
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+��@
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/trusty/keymint/fuzz/corpus/keymint-reqs-82128143-0 b/trusty/keymint/fuzz/corpus/keymint-reqs-82128143-0
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..d629eaaee925
--- /dev/null
+++ b/trusty/keymint/fuzz/corpus/keymint-reqs-82128143-0
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+��Cfoo
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/trusty/keymint/fuzz/corpus/keymint-reqs-82128158-0 b/trusty/keymint/fuzz/corpus/keymint-reqs-82128158-0
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..3aa32ab1b0e2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/trusty/keymint/fuzz/corpus/keymint-reqs-82128158-0
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+��X@T�d�����%r����1:���z���7�X��$����v`�4����rc���J!Rq��3?ZD
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/trusty/keymint/fuzz/corpus/keymint-reqs-82128158-1 b/trusty/keymint/fuzz/corpus/keymint-reqs-82128158-1
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..1937534e124b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/trusty/keymint/fuzz/corpus/keymint-reqs-82128158-1
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+��X@�v�E)Y�0j�Iꄻ: �<q*��㺧
+#�}��4CT$d��"��YO���S��;	eP�
\ No newline at end of file
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diff --git a/trusty/keymint/fuzz/corpus/keymint-reqs-82183481-3 b/trusty/keymint/fuzz/corpus/keymint-reqs-82183481-3
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..f3875ac841ef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/trusty/keymint/fuzz/corpus/keymint-reqs-82183481-3
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+�4� 訢%��
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/trusty/keymint/fuzz/corpus/keymint-reqs-82184180-0 b/trusty/keymint/fuzz/corpus/keymint-reqs-82184180-0
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index 000000000000..a0a6c554c311
--- /dev/null
+++ b/trusty/keymint/fuzz/corpus/keymint-reqs-82184180-0
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+�A�
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/trusty/keymint/fuzz/corpus/keymint-reqs-82184281-0 b/trusty/keymint/fuzz/corpus/keymint-reqs-82184281-0
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index 000000000000..775bb4b5ab5e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/trusty/keymint/fuzz/corpus/keymint-reqs-82184281-0
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+�B��
\ No newline at end of file
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diff --git a/trusty/keymint/src/keymint_hal_main.rs b/trusty/keymint/src/keymint_hal_main.rs
index cfa859f6315b..a0b1d792c2b1 100644
--- a/trusty/keymint/src/keymint_hal_main.rs
+++ b/trusty/keymint/src/keymint_hal_main.rs
@@ -14,10 +14,11 @@
 // limitations under the License.
 
 //! This module implements the HAL service for Keymint (Rust) in Trusty.
+use clap::Parser;
 use kmr_hal::{
     extract_rsp, keymint, rpc, secureclock, send_hal_info, sharedsecret, SerializedChannel,
 };
-use log::{error, info};
+use log::{error, info, warn};
 use std::{
     ffi::CString,
     ops::DerefMut,
@@ -81,37 +82,77 @@ impl SerializedChannel for TipcChannel {
     }
 }
 
+#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
+struct Args {
+    /// Tipc device path
+    #[arg(short, long, default_value_t = DEFAULT_DEVICE.to_string())]
+    dev: String,
+}
+
 fn main() {
-    if let Err(e) = inner_main() {
+    if let Err(HalServiceError(e)) = inner_main() {
         panic!("HAL service failed: {:?}", e);
     }
 }
 
 fn inner_main() -> Result<(), HalServiceError> {
+    let args = Args::parse();
     // Initialize Android logging.
     android_logger::init_once(
         android_logger::Config::default()
             .with_tag("keymint-hal-trusty")
-            .with_min_level(log::Level::Info)
-            .with_log_id(android_logger::LogId::System),
+            .with_max_level(log::LevelFilter::Info)
+            .with_log_buffer(android_logger::LogId::System),
     );
     // Redirect panic messages to logcat.
     panic::set_hook(Box::new(|panic_info| {
         error!("{}", panic_info);
     }));
 
-    info!("Trusty KM HAL service is starting.");
+    if cfg!(feature = "nonsecure") {
+        warn!("Non-secure Trusty KM HAL service is starting.");
+    } else {
+        info!("Trusty KM HAL service is starting.");
+    }
 
     info!("Starting thread pool now.");
     binder::ProcessState::start_thread_pool();
 
     // Create connection to the TA
-    let connection = trusty::TipcChannel::connect(DEFAULT_DEVICE, TRUSTY_KEYMINT_RUST_SERVICE_NAME)
-        .map_err(|e| {
-            HalServiceError(format!("Failed to connect to Trusty Keymint TA because of {:?}.", e))
-        })?;
+    let connection =
+        trusty::TipcChannel::connect(args.dev.as_str(), TRUSTY_KEYMINT_RUST_SERVICE_NAME).map_err(
+            |e| {
+                HalServiceError(format!(
+                    "Failed to connect to Trusty Keymint TA at {} because of {:?}.",
+                    args.dev, e
+                ))
+            },
+        )?;
     let tipc_channel = Arc::new(Mutex::new(TipcChannel(connection)));
 
+    #[cfg(feature = "nonsecure")]
+    {
+        // When the non-secure feature is enabled, retrieve root-of-trust information
+        // (with the exception of the verified boot key hash) from Android properties, and
+        // populate the TA with this information. On a real device, the bootloader should
+        // provide this data to the TA directly.
+        let boot_req = kmr_hal_nonsecure::get_boot_info();
+        info!("boot/HAL->TA: boot info is {:?}", boot_req);
+        kmr_hal::send_boot_info(tipc_channel.lock().unwrap().deref_mut(), boot_req)
+            .map_err(|e| HalServiceError(format!("Failed to send boot info: {:?}", e)))?;
+        // When the non-secure feature is enabled, also retrieve device ID information
+        // (except for IMEI/MEID values) from Android properties and populate the TA with
+        // this information. On a real device, a factory provisioning process would populate
+        // this information.
+        let attest_ids = kmr_hal_nonsecure::attestation_id_info();
+        if let Err(e) =
+            kmr_hal::send_attest_ids(tipc_channel.lock().unwrap().deref_mut(), attest_ids)
+        {
+            error!("Failed to send attestation ID info: {:?}", e);
+        }
+        info!("Successfully sent non-secure boot info and attestation IDs to the TA.");
+    }
+
     // Register the Keymint service
     let km_service = keymint::Device::new_as_binder(tipc_channel.clone());
     let km_service_name = format!("{}/{}", KM_SERVICE_NAME, SERVICE_INSTANCE);
diff --git a/trusty/keymint/trusty-keymint-apex.mk b/trusty/keymint/trusty-keymint-apex.mk
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..7c44fbc7d34d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/trusty/keymint/trusty-keymint-apex.mk
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+#
+# Copyright (C) 2024 The Android Open-Source Project
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+#
+
+#
+# This makefile should be included by devices that choose to integrate
+# Keymint HAL via vendor apex
+
+PRODUCT_PACKAGES += \
+    android.hardware.security.keymint-service.trusty_tee.cpp \
+    android.hardware.security.keymint-service.trusty_tee \
+
+ifeq ($(findstring enabled, $(TRUSTY_SYSTEM_VM)),enabled)
+    PRODUCT_PACKAGES += \
+        android.hardware.security.keymint-service.trusty_system_vm \
+
+endif
diff --git a/trusty/keymint/trusty-keymint.mk b/trusty/keymint/trusty-keymint.mk
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..43cc186e7075
--- /dev/null
+++ b/trusty/keymint/trusty-keymint.mk
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+#
+# Copyright (C) 2024 The Android Open-Source Project
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+#
+
+#
+# This makefile should be included by devices that use Trusty TEE
+# to pull in a set of Trusty KeyMint specific modules.
+#
+# Allow KeyMint HAL service implementation selection at build time. This must be
+# synchronized with the TA implementation included in Trusty. Possible values:
+#
+# - Rust implementation for Trusty TEE
+#   export TRUSTY_KEYMINT_IMPL=rust
+# - C++ implementation (default):
+#   any other value or unset TRUSTY_KEYMINT_IMPL
+
+ifeq ($(TRUSTY_KEYMINT_IMPL),rust)
+    LOCAL_KEYMINT_PRODUCT_PACKAGE := android.hardware.security.keymint-service.rust.trusty
+
+else
+    # Default to the C++ implementation
+    LOCAL_KEYMINT_PRODUCT_PACKAGE := android.hardware.security.keymint-service.trusty
+endif
+
+PRODUCT_PACKAGES += \
+    $(LOCAL_KEYMINT_PRODUCT_PACKAGE) \
diff --git a/trusty/libtrusty-rs/Android.bp b/trusty/libtrusty-rs/Android.bp
index 4fc162b89034..e2890054c476 100644
--- a/trusty/libtrusty-rs/Android.bp
+++ b/trusty/libtrusty-rs/Android.bp
@@ -21,9 +21,10 @@ rust_library {
     crate_name: "trusty",
     vendor_available: true,
     srcs: [
-        "src/lib.rs"
+        "src/lib.rs",
     ],
     rustlibs: [
+        "liblog_rust",
         "libnix",
         "liblibc",
     ],
@@ -36,5 +37,5 @@ rust_test {
     rustlibs: [
         "libtrusty-rs",
         "liblibc",
-    ]
+    ],
 }
diff --git a/trusty/libtrusty-rs/src/lib.rs b/trusty/libtrusty-rs/src/lib.rs
index 28ea07505b0f..9237c8b050d1 100644
--- a/trusty/libtrusty-rs/src/lib.rs
+++ b/trusty/libtrusty-rs/src/lib.rs
@@ -61,12 +61,18 @@
 //! ```
 
 use crate::sys::tipc_connect;
+use log::{trace, warn};
+use nix::sys::socket;
+use std::convert::From;
 use std::ffi::CString;
 use std::fs::File;
+use std::io;
 use std::io::prelude::*;
 use std::io::{ErrorKind, Result};
 use std::os::unix::prelude::AsRawFd;
 use std::path::Path;
+use std::thread;
+use std::time;
 
 mod sys;
 
@@ -98,15 +104,99 @@ impl TipcChannel {
     /// bytes. This is handled with a panic because the service names are all
     /// hard-coded constants, and so such an error should always be indicative of a
     /// bug in the calling code.
-    pub fn connect(device: impl AsRef<Path>, service: &str) -> Result<Self> {
+    pub fn connect(device: &str, service: &str) -> Result<Self> {
+        if let Some(cid_port_str) = device.strip_prefix("VSOCK:") {
+            Self::connect_vsock(cid_port_str, service)
+        } else {
+            Self::connect_tipc(device, service)
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn connect_vsock(type_cid_port_str: &str, service: &str) -> Result<Self> {
+        let cid_port_str;
+        let socket_type;
+        if let Some(stream_cid_port_str) = type_cid_port_str.strip_prefix("STREAM:") {
+            socket_type = socket::SockType::Stream;
+            cid_port_str = stream_cid_port_str;
+        } else if let Some(seqpacket_cid_port_str) = type_cid_port_str.strip_prefix("SEQPACKET:") {
+            socket_type = socket::SockType::SeqPacket;
+            cid_port_str = seqpacket_cid_port_str;
+        } else {
+            /*
+             * Default to SOCK_STREAM if neither type is specified.
+             *
+             * TODO: use SOCK_SEQPACKET by default instead of SOCK_STREAM when SOCK_SEQPACKET is fully
+             * supported since it matches tipc better. At the moment SOCK_SEQPACKET is not supported by
+             * crosvm. It is also significantly slower since the Linux kernel implementation (as of
+             * v6.7-rc1) sends credit update packets every time it receives a data packet while the
+             * SOCK_STREAM version skips these unless the remaining buffer space is "low".
+             */
+            socket_type = socket::SockType::Stream;
+            cid_port_str = type_cid_port_str;
+        }
+
+        let [cid, port]: [u32; 2] = cid_port_str
+            .split(':')
+            .map(|v| v.parse::<u32>().map_err(|e| io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::InvalidInput, e)))
+            .collect::<Result<Vec<u32>>>()?
+            .try_into()
+            .map_err(|e| {
+                io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::InvalidInput, format!("Wrong number of args: {e:?}"))
+            })?;
+
+        trace!("got cid, port: {cid}, {port}");
+        let s = socket::socket(
+            socket::AddressFamily::Vsock,
+            socket_type,
+            socket::SockFlag::SOCK_CLOEXEC,
+            None,
+        )?;
+        trace!("got socket");
+        let sa = socket::VsockAddr::new(cid, port);
+        trace!("got sa");
+
+        //let connect_timeout = libc::timeval {tv_sec: 60, tv_usec: 0};
+        // TODO: Set AF_VSOCK/SO_VM_SOCKETS_CONNECT_TIMEOUT sockopt.
+
+        let mut retry = 10;
+        loop {
+            let res = socket::connect(s.as_raw_fd(), &sa);
+            if res.is_ok() || retry <= 0 {
+                res?;
+                break;
+            }
+            warn!("vsock:{cid}:{port} connect failed {res:?}, {retry} retries remaining");
+            retry -= 1;
+            thread::sleep(time::Duration::from_secs(5));
+        }
+        trace!("connected");
+        // TODO: Current vsock tipc bridge in trusty expects a port name in the
+        // first packet. We need to replace this with a protocol that also does DICE
+        // based authentication.
+        // `s` is a valid file descriptor because it came from socket::socket.
+        let mut channel = Self(File::from(s));
+        channel.send(service.as_bytes())?;
+        trace!("sent tipc port name");
+
+        // Work around lack of seq packet support. Read a status byte to prevent
+        // the caller from sending more data until srv_name has been read.
+        let mut status = [0; 1];
+        channel.recv_no_alloc(&mut status)?;
+        trace!("got status byte: {status:?}");
+        Ok(channel)
+    }
+
+    fn connect_tipc(device: impl AsRef<Path>, service: &str) -> Result<Self> {
         let file = File::options().read(true).write(true).open(device)?;
 
         let srv_name = CString::new(service).expect("Service name contained null bytes");
+        // SAFETY: The file descriptor is valid because it came from a `File`, and the name is a
+        // valid C string because it came from a `CString`.
         unsafe {
             tipc_connect(file.as_raw_fd(), srv_name.as_ptr())?;
         }
 
-        Ok(TipcChannel(file))
+        Ok(Self(file))
     }
 
     /// Sends a message to the connected service.
diff --git a/trusty/libtrusty/include/trusty/ipc.h b/trusty/libtrusty/include/trusty/ipc.h
index 04e84c650470..4a19692312a4 100644
--- a/trusty/libtrusty/include/trusty/ipc.h
+++ b/trusty/libtrusty/include/trusty/ipc.h
@@ -23,19 +23,21 @@
 
 /**
  * enum transfer_kind - How to send an fd to Trusty
- * @TRUSTY_SHARE:       Memory will be accessible by Linux and Trusty. On ARM it
- *                      will be mapped as nonsecure. Suitable for shared memory.
- *                      The paired fd must be a "dma_buf".
- * @TRUSTY_LEND:        Memory will be accessible only to Trusty. On ARM it will
- *                      be transitioned to "Secure" memory if Trusty is in
- *                      TrustZone. This transfer kind is suitable for donating
- *                      video buffers or other similar resources. The paired fd
- *                      may need to come from a platform-specific allocator for
- *                      memory that may be transitioned to "Secure".
- * @TRUSTY_SEND_SECURE: Send memory that is already "Secure". Memory will be
- *                      accessible only to Trusty. The paired fd may need to
- *                      come from a platform-specific allocator that returns
- *                      "Secure" buffers.
+ * @TRUSTY_SHARE:                Memory will be accessible by Linux and Trusty. On ARM it
+ *                               will be mapped as nonsecure. Suitable for shared memory.
+ *                               The paired fd must be a "dma_buf".
+ * @TRUSTY_LEND:                 Memory will be accessible only to Trusty. On ARM it will
+ *                               be transitioned to "Secure" memory if Trusty is in
+ *                               TrustZone. This transfer kind is suitable for donating
+ *                               video buffers or other similar resources. The paired fd
+ *                               may need to come from a platform-specific allocator for
+ *                               memory that may be transitioned to "Secure".
+ * @TRUSTY_SEND_SECURE:          Send memory that is already "Secure". Memory will be
+ *                               accessible only to Trusty. The paired fd may need to
+ *                               come from a platform-specific allocator that returns
+ *                               "Secure" buffers.
+ * @TRUSTY_SEND_SECURE_OR_SHARE: Acts as TRUSTY_SEND_SECURE if the memory is already
+ *                               "Secure" and as TRUSTY_SHARE otherwise.
  *
  * Describes how the user would like the resource in question to be sent to
  * Trusty. Options may be valid only for certain kinds of fds.
@@ -44,6 +46,7 @@ enum transfer_kind {
     TRUSTY_SHARE = 0,
     TRUSTY_LEND = 1,
     TRUSTY_SEND_SECURE = 2,
+    TRUSTY_SEND_SECURE_OR_SHARE = 3,
 };
 
 /**
diff --git a/trusty/libtrusty/tipc-test/tipc_test.c b/trusty/libtrusty/tipc-test/tipc_test.c
index 81c988110a5b..121837dc0ea3 100644
--- a/trusty/libtrusty/tipc-test/tipc_test.c
+++ b/trusty/libtrusty/tipc-test/tipc_test.c
@@ -22,8 +22,10 @@
 #include <unistd.h>
 #include <getopt.h>
 #define __USE_GNU
+#include <inttypes.h>
 #include <sys/mman.h>
 #include <sys/uio.h>
+#include <time.h>
 
 #include <BufferAllocator/BufferAllocatorWrapper.h>
 
@@ -31,8 +33,27 @@
 
 #define TIPC_DEFAULT_DEVNAME "/dev/trusty-ipc-dev0"
 
-static const char *dev_name = NULL;
-static const char *test_name = NULL;
+/* clang-format off */
+#define BENCH_RESULT_TPL                                    \
+"{"                                                         \
+"    \"schema_version\": 3,"                                \
+"    \"suite_name\": \"tipc\","                           \
+"    \"bench_name\": \"%s\","                               \
+"    \"results\": ["                                        \
+"        {"                                                 \
+"            \"metric_name\": \"time_micro_sec\","          \
+"            \"min\": \"%" PRId64 "\","                     \
+"            \"max\": \"%" PRId64 "\","                     \
+"            \"avg\": \"%" PRId64 "\","                     \
+"            \"cold\": \"%" PRId64 "\","                    \
+"            \"raw_min\": %" PRId64 ","                     \
+"            \"raw_max\": %" PRId64 ","                     \
+"            \"raw_avg\": %" PRId64 ","                     \
+"            \"raw_cold\": %" PRId64 ""                     \
+"        },"                                                \
+"    ]"                                                     \
+"}"
+/* clang-format on */
 
 static const char *uuid_name = "com.android.ipc-unittest.srv.uuid";
 static const char *echo_name = "com.android.ipc-unittest.srv.echo";
@@ -44,8 +65,9 @@ static const char *closer2_name = "com.android.ipc-unittest.srv.closer2";
 static const char *closer3_name = "com.android.ipc-unittest.srv.closer3";
 static const char *main_ctrl_name = "com.android.ipc-unittest.ctrl";
 static const char* receiver_name = "com.android.trusty.memref.receiver";
+static const size_t memref_chunk_size = 4096;
 
-static const char* _sopts = "hsvDS:t:r:m:b:";
+static const char* _sopts = "hsvD:S:t:r:m:b:B:";
 /* clang-format off */
 static const struct option _lopts[] =  {
     {"help",    no_argument,       0, 'h'},
@@ -56,6 +78,8 @@ static const struct option _lopts[] =  {
     {"repeat",  required_argument, 0, 'r'},
     {"burst",   required_argument, 0, 'b'},
     {"msgsize", required_argument, 0, 'm'},
+    {"test",    required_argument, 0, 't'},
+    {"bench",   required_argument, 0, 'B'},
     {0, 0, 0, 0}
 };
 /* clang-format on */
@@ -73,6 +97,7 @@ static const char* usage =
         "  -m, --msgsize size    max message size\n"
         "  -v, --variable        variable message size\n"
         "  -s, --silent          silent\n"
+        "  -B, --bench           Run as Benchmark N times\n"
         "\n";
 
 static const char* usage_long =
@@ -95,12 +120,34 @@ static const char* usage_long =
         "   send-fd      - transmit dma_buf to trusty, use as shm\n"
         "\n";
 
-static uint opt_repeat  = 1;
-static uint opt_msgsize = 32;
-static uint opt_msgburst = 32;
-static bool opt_variable = false;
-static bool opt_silent = false;
-static char* srv_name = NULL;
+struct tipc_test_params {
+    uint repeat;
+    uint msgsize;
+    uint msgburst;
+    bool variable;
+    bool silent;
+    uint bench;
+    char* srv_name;
+    char* dev_name;
+    char* test_name;
+};
+typedef int (*tipc_test_func_t)(const struct tipc_test_params*);
+
+struct tipc_test_def {
+    char* test_name;
+    tipc_test_func_t func;
+};
+
+static void init_params(struct tipc_test_params* params) {
+    params->repeat = 1;
+    params->msgsize = 32;
+    params->msgburst = 32;
+    params->variable = false;
+    params->silent = false;
+    params->bench = 0;
+    params->srv_name = NULL;
+    params->test_name = NULL;
+}
 
 static void print_usage_and_exit(const char *prog, int code, bool verbose)
 {
@@ -109,8 +156,7 @@ static void print_usage_and_exit(const char *prog, int code, bool verbose)
     exit(code);
 }
 
-static void parse_options(int argc, char **argv)
-{
+static void parse_options(int argc, char** argv, struct tipc_test_params* params) {
     int c;
     int oidx = 0;
 
@@ -120,35 +166,39 @@ static void parse_options(int argc, char **argv)
 
         switch (c) {
             case 'D':
-                dev_name = strdup(optarg);
+                params->dev_name = strdup(optarg);
                 break;
 
             case 'S':
-                srv_name = strdup(optarg);
+                params->srv_name = strdup(optarg);
                 break;
 
             case 't':
-                test_name = strdup(optarg);
+                params->test_name = strdup(optarg);
                 break;
 
             case 'v':
-                opt_variable = true;
+                params->variable = true;
                 break;
 
             case 'r':
-                opt_repeat = atoi(optarg);
+                params->repeat = atoi(optarg);
                 break;
 
             case 'm':
-                opt_msgsize = atoi(optarg);
+                params->msgsize = atoi(optarg);
                 break;
 
             case 'b':
-                opt_msgburst = atoi(optarg);
+                params->msgburst = atoi(optarg);
                 break;
 
             case 's':
-                opt_silent = true;
+                params->silent = true;
+                break;
+
+            case 'B':
+                params->bench = atoi(optarg);
                 break;
 
             case 'h':
@@ -161,32 +211,31 @@ static void parse_options(int argc, char **argv)
     }
 }
 
-static int connect_test(uint repeat)
-{
+static int connect_test(const struct tipc_test_params* params) {
     uint i;
     int echo_fd;
     int dsink_fd;
     int custom_fd;
 
-    if (!opt_silent) {
-        printf("%s: repeat = %u\n", __func__, repeat);
+    if (!params->silent) {
+        printf("%s: repeat = %u\n", __func__, params->repeat);
     }
 
-    for (i = 0; i < repeat; i++) {
-        if (srv_name) {
-            custom_fd = tipc_connect(dev_name, srv_name);
+    for (i = 0; i < params->repeat; i++) {
+        if (params->srv_name) {
+            custom_fd = tipc_connect(params->dev_name, params->srv_name);
             if (custom_fd < 0) {
-                fprintf(stderr, "Failed to connect to '%s' service\n", srv_name);
+                fprintf(stderr, "Failed to connect to '%s' service\n", params->srv_name);
             }
             if (custom_fd >= 0) {
                 tipc_close(custom_fd);
             }
         } else {
-            echo_fd = tipc_connect(dev_name, echo_name);
+            echo_fd = tipc_connect(params->dev_name, echo_name);
             if (echo_fd < 0) {
                 fprintf(stderr, "Failed to connect to '%s' service\n", "echo");
             }
-            dsink_fd = tipc_connect(dev_name, datasink_name);
+            dsink_fd = tipc_connect(params->dev_name, datasink_name);
             if (dsink_fd < 0) {
                 fprintf(stderr, "Failed to connect to '%s' service\n", "datasink");
             }
@@ -200,79 +249,75 @@ static int connect_test(uint repeat)
         }
     }
 
-    if (!opt_silent) {
+    if (!params->silent) {
         printf("%s: done\n", __func__);
     }
 
     return 0;
 }
 
-static int connect_foo(uint repeat)
-{
+static int connect_foo(const struct tipc_test_params* params) {
     uint i;
     int fd;
 
-    if (!opt_silent) {
-        printf("%s: repeat = %u\n", __func__, repeat);
+    if (!params->silent) {
+        printf("%s: repeat = %u\n", __func__, params->repeat);
     }
 
-    for (i = 0; i < repeat; i++) {
-        fd = tipc_connect(dev_name, "foo");
+    for (i = 0; i < params->repeat; i++) {
+        fd = tipc_connect(params->dev_name, "foo");
         if (fd >= 0) {
             fprintf(stderr, "succeeded to connect to '%s' service\n", "foo");
             tipc_close(fd);
         }
     }
 
-    if (!opt_silent) {
+    if (!params->silent) {
         printf("%s: done\n", __func__);
     }
 
     return 0;
 }
 
-
-static int closer1_test(uint repeat)
-{
+static int closer1_test(const struct tipc_test_params* params) {
     uint i;
     int fd;
 
-    if (!opt_silent) {
-        printf("%s: repeat = %u\n", __func__, repeat);
+    if (!params->silent) {
+        printf("%s: repeat = %u\n", __func__, params->repeat);
     }
 
-    for (i = 0; i < repeat; i++) {
-        fd = tipc_connect(dev_name, closer1_name);
+    for (i = 0; i < params->repeat; i++) {
+        fd = tipc_connect(params->dev_name, closer1_name);
         if (fd < 0) {
             fprintf(stderr, "Failed to connect to '%s' service\n", "closer1");
             continue;
         }
-        if (!opt_silent) {
+        if (!params->silent) {
             printf("%s: connected\n", __func__);
         }
         tipc_close(fd);
     }
 
-    if (!opt_silent) {
+    if (!params->silent) {
         printf("%s: done\n", __func__);
     }
 
     return 0;
 }
 
-static int closer2_test(uint repeat)
-{
+static int closer2_test(const struct tipc_test_params* params) {
     uint i;
     int fd;
 
-    if (!opt_silent) {
-        printf("%s: repeat = %u\n", __func__, repeat);
+    if (!params->silent) {
+        printf("%s: repeat = %u\n", __func__, params->repeat);
     }
 
-    for (i = 0; i < repeat; i++) {
-        fd = tipc_connect(dev_name, closer2_name);
+    for (i = 0; i < params->repeat; i++) {
+        fd = tipc_connect(params->dev_name, closer2_name);
         if (fd < 0) {
-            if (!opt_silent) {
+            if (!params->silent) {
                 printf("failed to connect to '%s' service\n", "closer2");
             }
         } else {
@@ -282,38 +327,37 @@ static int closer2_test(uint repeat)
         }
     }
 
-    if (!opt_silent) {
+    if (!params->silent) {
         printf("%s: done\n", __func__);
     }
 
     return 0;
 }
 
-static int closer3_test(uint repeat)
-{
+static int closer3_test(const struct tipc_test_params* params) {
     uint i, j;
     ssize_t rc;
     int fd[4];
     char buf[64];
 
-    if (!opt_silent) {
-        printf("%s: repeat = %u\n", __func__, repeat);
+    if (!params->silent) {
+        printf("%s: repeat = %u\n", __func__, params->repeat);
     }
 
-    for (i = 0; i < repeat; i++) {
+    for (i = 0; i < params->repeat; i++) {
         /* open 4 connections to closer3 service */
         for (j = 0; j < 4; j++) {
-            fd[j] = tipc_connect(dev_name, closer3_name);
+            fd[j] = tipc_connect(params->dev_name, closer3_name);
             if (fd[j] < 0) {
                 fprintf(stderr, "fd[%d]: failed to connect to '%s' service\n", j, "closer3");
             } else {
-                if (!opt_silent) {
+                if (!params->silent) {
                     printf("%s: fd[%d]=%d: connected\n", __func__, j, fd[j]);
                 }
                 memset(buf, i + j, sizeof(buf));
                 rc = write(fd[j], buf, sizeof(buf));
                 if (rc != sizeof(buf)) {
-                    if (!opt_silent) {
+                    if (!params->silent) {
                         printf("%s: fd[%d]=%d: write returned  = %zd\n", __func__, j, fd[j], rc);
                     }
                     perror("closer3_test: write");
@@ -329,7 +373,7 @@ static int closer3_test(uint repeat)
             if (fd[j] < 0) continue;
             rc = write(fd[j], buf, sizeof(buf));
             if (rc != sizeof(buf)) {
-                if (!opt_silent) {
+                if (!params->silent) {
                     printf("%s: fd[%d]=%d: write returned = %zd\n", __func__, j, fd[j], rc);
                 }
                 perror("closer3_test: write");
@@ -344,38 +388,36 @@ static int closer3_test(uint repeat)
         }
     }
 
-    if (!opt_silent) {
+    if (!params->silent) {
         printf("%s: done\n", __func__);
     }
 
     return 0;
 }
 
-
-static int echo_test(uint repeat, uint msgsz, bool var)
-{
+static int echo_test(const struct tipc_test_params* params) {
     uint i;
     ssize_t rc;
     size_t msg_len;
     int echo_fd = -1;
-    char tx_buf[msgsz];
-    char rx_buf[msgsz];
+    char tx_buf[params->msgsize];
+    char rx_buf[params->msgsize];
 
-    if (!opt_silent) {
-        printf("%s: repeat %u: msgsz %u: variable %s\n", __func__, repeat, msgsz,
-               var ? "true" : "false");
+    if (!params->silent) {
+        printf("%s: repeat %u: params->msgsize %u: variable %s\n", __func__, params->repeat,
+               params->msgsize, params->variable ? "true" : "false");
     }
 
-    echo_fd = tipc_connect(dev_name, echo_name);
+    echo_fd = tipc_connect(params->dev_name, echo_name);
     if (echo_fd < 0) {
         fprintf(stderr, "Failed to connect to service\n");
         return echo_fd;
     }
 
-    for (i = 0; i < repeat; i++) {
-        msg_len = msgsz;
-        if (opt_variable && msgsz) {
-            msg_len = rand() % msgsz;
+    for (i = 0; i < params->repeat; i++) {
+        msg_len = params->msgsize;
+        if (params->variable && params->msgsize) {
+            msg_len = rand() % params->msgsize;
         }
 
         memset(tx_buf, i + 1, msg_len);
@@ -405,37 +447,37 @@ static int echo_test(uint repeat, uint msgsz, bool var)
 
     tipc_close(echo_fd);
 
-    if (!opt_silent) {
+    if (!params->silent) {
         printf("%s: done\n", __func__);
     }
 
     return 0;
 }
 
-static int burst_write_test(uint repeat, uint msgburst, uint msgsz, bool var)
-{
+static int burst_write_test(const struct tipc_test_params* params) {
     int fd;
     uint i, j;
     ssize_t rc;
     size_t msg_len;
-    char tx_buf[msgsz];
+    char tx_buf[params->msgsize];
 
-    if (!opt_silent) {
-        printf("%s: repeat %u: burst %u: msgsz %u: variable %s\n", __func__, repeat, msgburst,
-               msgsz, var ? "true" : "false");
+    if (!params->silent) {
+        printf("%s: repeat %u: burst %u: params->msgsize %u: variable %s\n", __func__,
+               params->repeat, params->msgburst, params->msgsize,
+               params->variable ? "true" : "false");
     }
 
-    for (i = 0; i < repeat; i++) {
-        fd = tipc_connect(dev_name, datasink_name);
+    for (i = 0; i < params->repeat; i++) {
+        fd = tipc_connect(params->dev_name, datasink_name);
         if (fd < 0) {
             fprintf(stderr, "Failed to connect to '%s' service\n", "datasink");
             break;
         }
 
-        for (j = 0; j < msgburst; j++) {
-            msg_len = msgsz;
-            if (var && msgsz) {
-                msg_len = rand() % msgsz;
+        for (j = 0; j < params->msgburst; j++) {
+            msg_len = params->msgsize;
+            if (params->variable && params->msgsize) {
+                msg_len = rand() % params->msgsize;
             }
 
             memset(tx_buf, i + 1, msg_len);
@@ -449,23 +491,21 @@ static int burst_write_test(uint repeat, uint msgburst, uint msgsz, bool var)
         tipc_close(fd);
     }
 
-    if (!opt_silent) {
+    if (!params->silent) {
         printf("%s: done\n", __func__);
     }
 
     return 0;
 }
 
-
-static int _wait_for_msg(int fd, uint msgsz, int timeout)
-{
+static int _wait_for_msg(int fd, int timeout, const struct tipc_test_params* params) {
     int rc;
     fd_set rfds;
     uint msgcnt = 0;
-    char rx_buf[msgsz];
+    char rx_buf[params->msgsize];
     struct timeval tv;
 
-    if (!opt_silent) {
+    if (!params->silent) {
         printf("waiting (%d) for msg\n", timeout);
     }
 
@@ -479,7 +519,7 @@ static int _wait_for_msg(int fd, uint msgsz, int timeout)
         rc = select(fd + 1, &rfds, NULL, NULL, &tv);
 
         if (rc == 0) {
-            if (!opt_silent) {
+            if (!params->silent) {
                 printf("select timedout\n");
             }
             break;
@@ -501,42 +541,40 @@ static int _wait_for_msg(int fd, uint msgsz, int timeout)
         }
     }
 
-    if (!opt_silent) {
+    if (!params->silent) {
         printf("got %u messages\n", msgcnt);
     }
 
     return 0;
 }
 
-
-static int select_test(uint repeat, uint msgburst, uint msgsz)
-{
+static int select_test(const struct tipc_test_params* params) {
     int fd;
     uint i, j;
     ssize_t rc;
-    char tx_buf[msgsz];
+    char tx_buf[params->msgsize];
 
-    if (!opt_silent) {
-        printf("%s: repeat %u\n", __func__, repeat);
+    if (!params->silent) {
+        printf("%s: repeat %u\n", __func__, params->repeat);
     }
 
-    fd = tipc_connect(dev_name, echo_name);
+    fd = tipc_connect(params->dev_name, echo_name);
     if (fd < 0) {
         fprintf(stderr, "Failed to connect to '%s' service\n", "echo");
         return fd;
     }
 
-    for (i = 0; i < repeat; i++) {
-        _wait_for_msg(fd, msgsz, 1);
+    for (i = 0; i < params->repeat; i++) {
+        _wait_for_msg(fd, 1, params);
 
-        if (!opt_silent) {
-            printf("sending burst: %u msg\n", msgburst);
+        if (!params->silent) {
+            printf("sending burst: %u msg\n", params->msgburst);
         }
 
-        for (j = 0; j < msgburst; j++) {
-            memset(tx_buf, i + j, msgsz);
-            rc = write(fd, tx_buf, msgsz);
-            if ((size_t)rc != msgsz) {
+        for (j = 0; j < params->msgburst; j++) {
+            memset(tx_buf, i + j, params->msgsize);
+            rc = write(fd, tx_buf, params->msgsize);
+            if ((size_t)rc != params->msgsize) {
                 perror("burst_test: write");
                 break;
             }
@@ -545,37 +583,36 @@ static int select_test(uint repeat, uint msgburst, uint msgsz)
 
     tipc_close(fd);
 
-    if (!opt_silent) {
+    if (!params->silent) {
         printf("%s: done\n", __func__);
     }
 
     return 0;
 }
 
-static int blocked_read_test(uint repeat)
-{
+static int blocked_read_test(const struct tipc_test_params* params) {
     int fd;
     uint i;
     ssize_t rc;
     char rx_buf[512];
 
-    if (!opt_silent) {
-        printf("%s: repeat %u\n", __func__, repeat);
+    if (!params->silent) {
+        printf("%s: repeat %u\n", __func__, params->repeat);
     }
 
-    fd = tipc_connect(dev_name, echo_name);
+    fd = tipc_connect(params->dev_name, echo_name);
     if (fd < 0) {
         fprintf(stderr, "Failed to connect to '%s' service\n", "echo");
         return fd;
     }
 
-    for (i = 0; i < repeat; i++) {
+    for (i = 0; i < params->repeat; i++) {
         rc = read(fd, rx_buf, sizeof(rx_buf));
         if (rc < 0) {
             perror("select_test: read");
             break;
         } else {
-            if (!opt_silent) {
+            if (!params->silent) {
                 printf("got %zd bytes\n", rc);
             }
         }
@@ -583,15 +620,14 @@ static int blocked_read_test(uint repeat)
 
     tipc_close(fd);
 
-    if (!opt_silent) {
+    if (!params->silent) {
         printf("%s: done\n", __func__);
     }
 
     return 0;
 }
 
-static int ta2ta_ipc_test(void)
-{
+static int ta2ta_ipc_test(const struct tipc_test_params* params) {
     enum test_message_header {
         TEST_PASSED = 0,
         TEST_FAILED = 1,
@@ -603,11 +639,11 @@ static int ta2ta_ipc_test(void)
     int ret;
     unsigned char rx_buf[256];
 
-    if (!opt_silent) {
+    if (!params->silent) {
         printf("%s:\n", __func__);
     }
 
-    fd = tipc_connect(dev_name, main_ctrl_name);
+    fd = tipc_connect(params->dev_name, main_ctrl_name);
     if (fd < 0) {
         fprintf(stderr, "Failed to connect to '%s' service\n", "main_ctrl");
         return fd;
@@ -657,13 +693,12 @@ static void print_uuid(const char *dev, uuid_t *uuid)
            uuid->clock_seq_and_node[7]);
 }
 
-static int dev_uuid_test(void)
-{
+static int dev_uuid_test(const struct tipc_test_params* params) {
     int fd;
     ssize_t rc;
     uuid_t uuid;
 
-    fd = tipc_connect(dev_name, uuid_name);
+    fd = tipc_connect(params->dev_name, uuid_name);
     if (fd < 0) {
         fprintf(stderr, "Failed to connect to '%s' service\n", "uuid");
         return fd;
@@ -676,7 +711,7 @@ static int dev_uuid_test(void)
     } else if (rc != sizeof(uuid)) {
         fprintf(stderr, "unexpected uuid size (%d vs. %d)\n", (int)rc, (int)sizeof(uuid));
     } else {
-        print_uuid(dev_name, &uuid);
+        print_uuid(params->dev_name, &uuid);
     }
 
     tipc_close(fd);
@@ -684,61 +719,58 @@ static int dev_uuid_test(void)
     return 0;
 }
 
-static int ta_access_test(void)
-{
+static int ta_access_test(const struct tipc_test_params* params) {
     int fd;
 
-    if (!opt_silent) {
+    if (!params->silent) {
         printf("%s:\n", __func__);
     }
 
-    fd = tipc_connect(dev_name, ta_only_name);
+    fd = tipc_connect(params->dev_name, ta_only_name);
     if (fd >= 0) {
         fprintf(stderr, "Succeed to connect to '%s' service\n", "ta_only");
         tipc_close(fd);
     }
 
-    fd = tipc_connect(dev_name, ns_only_name);
+    fd = tipc_connect(params->dev_name, ns_only_name);
     if (fd < 0) {
         fprintf(stderr, "Failed to connect to '%s' service\n", "ns_only");
         return fd;
     }
     tipc_close(fd);
 
-    if (!opt_silent) {
+    if (!params->silent) {
         printf("%s: done\n", __func__);
     }
 
     return 0;
 }
 
-
-static int writev_test(uint repeat, uint msgsz, bool var)
-{
+static int writev_test(const struct tipc_test_params* params) {
     uint i;
     ssize_t rc;
     size_t msg_len;
     int echo_fd = -1;
-    char tx0_buf[msgsz];
-    char tx1_buf[msgsz];
-    char rx_buf[msgsz];
+    char tx0_buf[params->msgsize];
+    char tx1_buf[params->msgsize];
+    char rx_buf[params->msgsize];
     struct iovec iovs[2] = {{tx0_buf, 0}, {tx1_buf, 0}};
 
-    if (!opt_silent) {
-        printf("%s: repeat %u: msgsz %u: variable %s\n", __func__, repeat, msgsz,
-               var ? "true" : "false");
+    if (!params->silent) {
+        printf("%s: repeat %u: params->msgsize %u: variable %s\n", __func__, params->repeat,
+               params->msgsize, params->variable ? "true" : "false");
     }
 
-    echo_fd = tipc_connect(dev_name, echo_name);
+    echo_fd = tipc_connect(params->dev_name, echo_name);
     if (echo_fd < 0) {
         fprintf(stderr, "Failed to connect to service\n");
         return echo_fd;
     }
 
-    for (i = 0; i < repeat; i++) {
-        msg_len = msgsz;
-        if (opt_variable && msgsz) {
-            msg_len = rand() % msgsz;
+    for (i = 0; i < params->repeat; i++) {
+        msg_len = params->msgsize;
+        if (params->variable && params->msgsize) {
+            msg_len = rand() % params->msgsize;
         }
 
         iovs[0].iov_len = msg_len / 3;
@@ -785,39 +817,38 @@ static int writev_test(uint repeat, uint msgsz, bool var)
 
     tipc_close(echo_fd);
 
-    if (!opt_silent) {
+    if (!params->silent) {
         printf("%s: done\n", __func__);
     }
 
     return 0;
 }
 
-static int readv_test(uint repeat, uint msgsz, bool var)
-{
+static int readv_test(const struct tipc_test_params* params) {
     uint i;
     ssize_t rc;
     size_t msg_len;
     int echo_fd = -1;
-    char tx_buf[msgsz];
-    char rx0_buf[msgsz];
-    char rx1_buf[msgsz];
+    char tx_buf[params->msgsize];
+    char rx0_buf[params->msgsize];
+    char rx1_buf[params->msgsize];
     struct iovec iovs[2] = {{rx0_buf, 0}, {rx1_buf, 0}};
 
-    if (!opt_silent) {
-        printf("%s: repeat %u: msgsz %u: variable %s\n", __func__, repeat, msgsz,
-               var ? "true" : "false");
+    if (!params->silent) {
+        printf("%s: repeat %u: params->msgsize %u: variable %s\n", __func__, params->repeat,
+               params->msgsize, params->variable ? "true" : "false");
     }
 
-    echo_fd = tipc_connect(dev_name, echo_name);
+    echo_fd = tipc_connect(params->dev_name, echo_name);
     if (echo_fd < 0) {
         fprintf(stderr, "Failed to connect to service\n");
         return echo_fd;
     }
 
-    for (i = 0; i < repeat; i++) {
-        msg_len = msgsz;
-        if (opt_variable && msgsz) {
-            msg_len = rand() % msgsz;
+    for (i = 0; i < params->repeat; i++) {
+        msg_len = params->msgsize;
+        if (params->variable && params->msgsize) {
+            msg_len = rand() % params->msgsize;
         }
 
         iovs[0].iov_len = msg_len / 3;
@@ -864,23 +895,23 @@ static int readv_test(uint repeat, uint msgsz, bool var)
 
     tipc_close(echo_fd);
 
-    if (!opt_silent) {
+    if (!params->silent) {
         printf("%s: done\n", __func__);
     }
 
     return 0;
 }
 
-static int send_fd_test(void) {
+static int send_fd_test(const struct tipc_test_params* params) {
     int ret;
     int dma_buf = -1;
     int fd = -1;
     volatile char* buf = MAP_FAILED;
     BufferAllocator* allocator = NULL;
 
-    const size_t num_pages = 10;
+    const size_t num_chunks = 10;
 
-    fd = tipc_connect(dev_name, receiver_name);
+    fd = tipc_connect(params->dev_name, receiver_name);
     if (fd < 0) {
         fprintf(stderr, "Failed to connect to test support TA - is it missing?\n");
         ret = -1;
@@ -894,7 +925,7 @@ static int send_fd_test(void) {
         goto cleanup;
     }
 
-    size_t buf_size = PAGE_SIZE * num_pages;
+    size_t buf_size = memref_chunk_size * num_chunks;
     dma_buf = DmabufHeapAlloc(allocator, "system", buf_size, 0, 0 /* legacy align */);
     if (dma_buf < 0) {
         ret = dma_buf;
@@ -927,13 +958,17 @@ static int send_fd_test(void) {
     tipc_close(fd);
 
     ret = 0;
-    for (size_t skip = 0; skip < num_pages; skip++) {
-        ret |= strcmp("Hello from Trusty!", (const char*)&buf[skip * PAGE_SIZE]) ? (-1) : 0;
+    for (size_t skip = 0; skip < num_chunks; skip++) {
+        int cmp = strcmp("Hello from Trusty!",
+                         (const char*)&buf[skip * memref_chunk_size]) ? (-1) : 0;
+        if (cmp)
+            fprintf(stderr, "Failed: Unexpected content at page %zu in dmabuf\n", skip);
+        ret |= cmp;
     }
 
 cleanup:
     if (buf != MAP_FAILED) {
-        munmap((char*)buf, PAGE_SIZE);
+        munmap((char*)buf, buf_size);
     }
     close(dma_buf);
     if (allocator) {
@@ -943,6 +978,73 @@ static int send_fd_test(void) {
     return ret;
 }
 
+uint64_t get_time_us(void) {
+    struct timespec spec;
+
+    clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &spec);
+    return spec.tv_sec * 1000000 + spec.tv_nsec / 1000;
+}
+
+static const struct tipc_test_def tipc_tests[] = {
+        {"connect", connect_test},
+        {"connect_foo", connect_foo},
+        {"burst_write", burst_write_test},
+        {"select", select_test},
+        {"blocked_read", blocked_read_test},
+        {"closer1", closer1_test},
+        {"closer2", closer2_test},
+        {"closer3", closer3_test},
+        {"echo", echo_test},
+        {"ta2ta-ipc", ta2ta_ipc_test},
+        {"dev-uuid", dev_uuid_test},
+        {"ta-access", ta_access_test},
+        {"writev", writev_test},
+        {"readv", readv_test},
+        {"send-fd", send_fd_test},
+};
+
+tipc_test_func_t get_test_function(const struct tipc_test_params* params) {
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < sizeof(tipc_tests) / sizeof(tipc_tests[0]); i++) {
+        if (strcmp(params->test_name, tipc_tests[i].test_name) == 0) {
+            return tipc_tests[i].func;
+        }
+    }
+    fprintf(stderr, "Unrecognized test name '%s'\n", params->test_name);
+    exit(1);
+}
+
+static int run_as_bench(const struct tipc_test_params* params) {
+    int rc = 0;
+    int64_t min = INT64_MAX;
+    int64_t max = 0;
+    int64_t avg = 0;
+    int64_t cold = 0;
+
+    uint64_t start;
+    uint64_t end;
+
+    tipc_test_func_t test = get_test_function(params);
+
+    for (size_t i = 0; (i < params->bench + 1) && rc == 0; ++i) {
+        start = get_time_us();
+        rc |= test(params);
+        end = get_time_us();
+        int64_t t = end - start;
+
+        if (i == 0) {
+            cold = t;
+        } else {
+            min = (t < min) ? t : min;
+            max = (t > max) ? t : max;
+            avg += t;
+        }
+    }
+    avg /= params->bench;
+
+    printf(BENCH_RESULT_TPL, params->test_name, min, max, avg, cold, min, max, avg, cold);
+    return rc;
+}
+
 int main(int argc, char **argv)
 {
     int rc = 0;
@@ -950,52 +1052,25 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)
     if (argc <= 1) {
         print_usage_and_exit(argv[0], EXIT_FAILURE, false);
     }
+    struct tipc_test_params params;
+    init_params(&params);
+    parse_options(argc, argv, &params);
 
-    parse_options(argc, argv);
-
-    if (!dev_name) {
-        dev_name = TIPC_DEFAULT_DEVNAME;
+    if (!params.dev_name) {
+        params.dev_name = TIPC_DEFAULT_DEVNAME;
     }
 
-    if (!test_name) {
+    if (!params.test_name) {
         fprintf(stderr, "need a Test to run\n");
         print_usage_and_exit(argv[0], EXIT_FAILURE, true);
     }
 
-    if (strcmp(test_name, "connect") == 0) {
-        rc = connect_test(opt_repeat);
-    } else if (strcmp(test_name, "connect_foo") == 0) {
-        rc = connect_foo(opt_repeat);
-    } else if (strcmp(test_name, "burst_write") == 0) {
-        rc = burst_write_test(opt_repeat, opt_msgburst, opt_msgsize, opt_variable);
-    } else if (strcmp(test_name, "select") == 0) {
-        rc = select_test(opt_repeat, opt_msgburst, opt_msgsize);
-    } else if (strcmp(test_name, "blocked_read") == 0) {
-        rc = blocked_read_test(opt_repeat);
-    } else if (strcmp(test_name, "closer1") == 0) {
-        rc = closer1_test(opt_repeat);
-    } else if (strcmp(test_name, "closer2") == 0) {
-        rc = closer2_test(opt_repeat);
-    } else if (strcmp(test_name, "closer3") == 0) {
-        rc = closer3_test(opt_repeat);
-    } else if (strcmp(test_name, "echo") == 0) {
-        rc = echo_test(opt_repeat, opt_msgsize, opt_variable);
-    } else if (strcmp(test_name, "ta2ta-ipc") == 0) {
-        rc = ta2ta_ipc_test();
-    } else if (strcmp(test_name, "dev-uuid") == 0) {
-        rc = dev_uuid_test();
-    } else if (strcmp(test_name, "ta-access") == 0) {
-        rc = ta_access_test();
-    } else if (strcmp(test_name, "writev") == 0) {
-        rc = writev_test(opt_repeat, opt_msgsize, opt_variable);
-    } else if (strcmp(test_name, "readv") == 0) {
-        rc = readv_test(opt_repeat, opt_msgsize, opt_variable);
-    } else if (strcmp(test_name, "send-fd") == 0) {
-        rc = send_fd_test();
+    if (params.bench > 0) {
+        rc = run_as_bench(&params);
+        params.bench = 0;
     } else {
-        fprintf(stderr, "Unrecognized test name '%s'\n", test_name);
-        print_usage_and_exit(argv[0], EXIT_FAILURE, true);
+        tipc_test_func_t test = get_test_function(&params);
+        rc = test(&params);
     }
-
     return rc == 0 ? EXIT_SUCCESS : EXIT_FAILURE;
 }
diff --git a/trusty/libtrusty/trusty.c b/trusty/libtrusty/trusty.c
index f44f8b444f06..63262a0d0102 100644
--- a/trusty/libtrusty/trusty.c
+++ b/trusty/libtrusty/trusty.c
@@ -23,16 +23,161 @@
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #include <string.h>
 #include <sys/ioctl.h>
+#include <sys/socket.h>
+#include <sys/uio.h>
 #include <unistd.h>
 
+#include <linux/vm_sockets.h> /* must be after sys/socket.h */
 #include <log/log.h>
 
 #include <trusty/ipc.h>
 
+static const char* strip_prefix(const char* str, const char* prefix) {
+    size_t prefix_len = strlen(prefix);
+    if (strncmp(str, prefix, prefix_len) == 0) {
+        return str + prefix_len;
+    } else {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+}
+
+static bool use_vsock_connection = false;
+static int tipc_vsock_connect(const char* type_cid_port_str, const char* srv_name) {
+    int ret;
+    const char* cid_port_str;
+    char* port_str;
+    char* end_str;
+    int socket_type;
+    if ((cid_port_str = strip_prefix(type_cid_port_str, "STREAM:"))) {
+        socket_type = SOCK_STREAM;
+    } else if ((cid_port_str = strip_prefix(type_cid_port_str, "SEQPACKET:"))) {
+        socket_type = SOCK_SEQPACKET;
+    } else {
+        /*
+         * Default to SOCK_STREAM if neither type is specified.
+         *
+         * TODO: use SOCK_SEQPACKET by default instead of SOCK_STREAM when SOCK_SEQPACKET is fully
+         * supported since it matches tipc better. At the moment SOCK_SEQPACKET is not supported by
+         * crosvm. It is also significantly slower since the Linux kernel implementation (as of
+         * v6.7-rc1) sends credit update packets every time it receives a data packet while the
+         * SOCK_STREAM version skips these unless the remaining buffer space is "low".
+         */
+        socket_type = SOCK_STREAM;
+        cid_port_str = type_cid_port_str;
+    }
+    long cid = strtol(cid_port_str, &port_str, 0);
+    if (port_str[0] != ':') {
+        ALOGE("%s: invalid VSOCK str, \"%s\", need cid:port missing : after cid\n", __func__,
+              cid_port_str);
+        return -EINVAL;
+    }
+    long port = strtol(port_str + 1, &end_str, 0);
+    if (end_str[0] != '\0') {
+        ALOGE("%s: invalid VSOCK str, \"%s\", need cid:port got %ld:%ld\n", __func__, cid_port_str,
+              cid, port);
+        return -EINVAL;
+    }
+    int fd = socket(AF_VSOCK, socket_type, 0);
+    if (fd < 0) {
+        ret = -errno;
+        ALOGE("%s: can't get vsock %ld:%ld socket for tipc service \"%s\" (err=%d)\n", __func__,
+              cid, port, srv_name, errno);
+        return ret < 0 ? ret : -1;
+    }
+    struct timeval connect_timeout = {.tv_sec = 60, .tv_usec = 0};
+    ret = setsockopt(fd, AF_VSOCK, SO_VM_SOCKETS_CONNECT_TIMEOUT, &connect_timeout,
+                     sizeof(connect_timeout));
+    if (ret) {
+        ALOGE("%s: vsock %ld:%ld: Failed to set connect timeout (err=%d)\n", __func__, cid, port,
+              errno);
+        /* failed to set longer timeout, but try to connect anyway */
+    }
+    struct sockaddr_vm sa = {
+            .svm_family = AF_VSOCK,
+            .svm_port = port,
+            .svm_cid = cid,
+    };
+    int retry = 10;
+    do {
+        ret = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(connect(fd, (struct sockaddr*)&sa, sizeof(sa)));
+        if (ret && (errno == ENODEV || errno == ESOCKTNOSUPPORT) && --retry) {
+            /*
+             * The kernel returns ESOCKTNOSUPPORT instead of ENODEV if the socket type is
+             * SOCK_SEQPACKET and the guest CID we are trying to connect to is not ready yet.
+             */
+            ALOGE("%s: Can't connect to vsock %ld:%ld for tipc service \"%s\" (err=%d) %d retries "
+                  "remaining\n",
+                  __func__, cid, port, srv_name, errno, retry);
+            sleep(1);
+        } else {
+            retry = 0;
+        }
+    } while (retry);
+    if (ret) {
+        ret = -errno;
+        ALOGE("%s: Can't connect to vsock %ld:%ld for tipc service \"%s\" (err=%d)\n", __func__,
+              cid, port, srv_name, errno);
+        close(fd);
+        return ret < 0 ? ret : -1;
+    }
+    /*
+     * TODO: Current vsock tipc bridge in trusty expects a port name in the
+     * first packet. We need to replace this with a protocol that also does DICE
+     * based authentication.
+     */
+    ret = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(write(fd, srv_name, strlen(srv_name)));
+    if (ret != strlen(srv_name)) {
+        ret = -errno;
+        ALOGE("%s: vsock %ld:%ld: failed to send tipc service name \"%s\" (err=%d)\n", __func__,
+              cid, port, srv_name, errno);
+        close(fd);
+        return ret < 0 ? ret : -1;
+    }
+    /*
+     * Work around lack of seq packet support. Read a status byte to prevent
+     * the caller from sending more data until srv_name has been read.
+     */
+    int8_t status;
+    ret = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(read(fd, &status, sizeof(status)));
+    if (ret != sizeof(status)) {
+        ALOGE("%s: vsock %ld:%ld: failed to read status byte for connect to tipc service name "
+              "\"%s\" (err=%d)\n",
+              __func__, cid, port, srv_name, errno);
+        close(fd);
+        return ret < 0 ? ret : -1;
+    }
+    use_vsock_connection = true;
+    return fd;
+}
+
+static size_t tipc_vsock_send(int fd, const struct iovec* iov, int iovcnt, struct trusty_shm* shms,
+                              int shmcnt) {
+    int ret;
+
+    (void)shms;
+    if (shmcnt != 0) {
+        ALOGE("%s: vsock does not yet support passing fds\n", __func__);
+        return -ENOTSUP;
+    }
+    ret = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(writev(fd, iov, iovcnt));
+    if (ret < 0) {
+        ret = -errno;
+        ALOGE("%s: failed to send message (err=%d)\n", __func__, errno);
+        return ret < 0 ? ret : -1;
+    }
+
+    return ret;
+}
+
 int tipc_connect(const char* dev_name, const char* srv_name) {
     int fd;
     int rc;
 
+    const char* type_cid_port_str = strip_prefix(dev_name, "VSOCK:");
+    if (type_cid_port_str) {
+        return tipc_vsock_connect(type_cid_port_str, srv_name);
+    }
+
     fd = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(open(dev_name, O_RDWR));
     if (fd < 0) {
         rc = -errno;
@@ -54,6 +199,9 @@ int tipc_connect(const char* dev_name, const char* srv_name) {
 
 ssize_t tipc_send(int fd, const struct iovec* iov, int iovcnt, struct trusty_shm* shms,
                   int shmcnt) {
+    if (use_vsock_connection) {
+        return tipc_vsock_send(fd, iov, iovcnt, shms, shmcnt);
+    }
     struct tipc_send_msg_req req;
     req.iov = (__u64)iov;
     req.iov_cnt = (__u64)iovcnt;
diff --git a/trusty/line-coverage/Android.bp b/trusty/line-coverage/Android.bp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..36a73aada8cc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/trusty/line-coverage/Android.bp
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open-Source Project
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package {
+    default_applicable_licenses: ["Android-Apache-2.0"],
+}
+
+cc_library {
+    name: "libtrusty_line_coverage",
+    vendor_available: true,
+    srcs: [
+        "coverage.cpp",
+    ],
+    export_include_dirs: [
+        "include",
+    ],
+    shared_libs: [
+        "libbase",
+        "libext2_uuid",
+        "liblog",
+        "libdmabufheap",
+        "libtrusty",
+    ],
+}
+
diff --git a/trusty/line-coverage/coverage.cpp b/trusty/line-coverage/coverage.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..e4db59ca72c5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/trusty/line-coverage/coverage.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,187 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Sourete Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#define LOG_TAG "line-coverage"
+
+#include <BufferAllocator/BufferAllocator.h>
+#include <android-base/file.h>
+#include <android-base/logging.h>
+#include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <log/log.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <sys/mman.h>
+#include <sys/uio.h>
+#include <trusty/line-coverage/coverage.h>
+#include <trusty/line-coverage/tipc.h>
+#include <trusty/tipc.h>
+#include <iostream>
+
+#define LINE_COVERAGE_CLIENT_PORT "com.android.trusty.linecoverage.client"
+
+struct control {
+    /* Written by controller, read by instrumented TA */
+    uint64_t        cntrl_flags;
+
+    /* Written by instrumented TA, read by controller */
+    uint64_t        oper_flags;
+    uint64_t        write_buffer_start_count;
+    uint64_t        write_buffer_complete_count;
+};
+
+namespace android {
+namespace trusty {
+namespace line_coverage {
+
+using ::android::base::ErrnoError;
+using ::android::base::Error;
+using ::std::string;
+
+CoverageRecord::CoverageRecord(string tipc_dev, struct uuid* uuid)
+    : tipc_dev_(std::move(tipc_dev)),
+      coverage_srv_fd_(-1),
+      uuid_(*uuid),
+      record_len_(0),
+      shm_(NULL),
+      shm_len_(0) {}
+
+CoverageRecord::~CoverageRecord() {
+    if (shm_) {
+        munmap((void*)shm_, shm_len_);
+    }
+}
+
+volatile void *CoverageRecord::getShm() {
+    if(!IsOpen()) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "Warning! SHM is NULL!\n");
+    }
+    return shm_;
+}
+
+Result<void> CoverageRecord::Rpc(struct line_coverage_client_req* req, \
+                                  int req_fd, \
+                                  struct line_coverage_client_resp* resp) {
+    int rc;
+
+    if (req_fd < 0) {
+        rc = write(coverage_srv_fd_, req, sizeof(*req));
+    } else {
+        iovec iov = {
+                .iov_base = req,
+                .iov_len = sizeof(*req),
+        };
+
+        trusty_shm shm = {
+                .fd = req_fd,
+                .transfer = TRUSTY_SHARE,
+        };
+
+        rc = tipc_send(coverage_srv_fd_, &iov, 1, &shm, 1);
+    }
+
+    if (rc != (int)sizeof(*req)) {
+        return ErrnoError() << "failed to send request to coverage server: ";
+    }
+
+    rc = read(coverage_srv_fd_, resp, sizeof(*resp));
+    if (rc != (int)sizeof(*resp)) {
+        return ErrnoError() << "failed to read reply from coverage server: ";
+    }
+
+    if (resp->hdr.cmd != (req->hdr.cmd | LINE_COVERAGE_CLIENT_CMD_RESP_BIT)) {
+        return ErrnoError() << "unknown response cmd: " << resp->hdr.cmd;
+    }
+
+    return {};
+}
+
+Result<void> CoverageRecord::Open(int fd) {
+    struct line_coverage_client_req req;
+    struct line_coverage_client_resp resp;
+
+    if (shm_) {
+        return {}; /* already initialized */
+    }
+
+    coverage_srv_fd_= fd;
+
+    req.hdr.cmd = LINE_COVERAGE_CLIENT_CMD_OPEN;
+    req.open_args.uuid = uuid_;
+    auto ret = Rpc(&req, -1, &resp);
+    if (!ret.ok()) {
+        return Error() << "failed to open coverage client: " << ret.error();
+    }
+    record_len_ = resp.open_args.record_len;
+    shm_len_ = record_len_;
+
+    BufferAllocator allocator;
+
+    fd = allocator.Alloc("system", shm_len_);
+    if (fd < 0) {
+        return ErrnoError() << "failed to create dmabuf of size " << shm_len_
+                            << " err code: " << fd;
+    }
+    unique_fd dma_buf(fd);
+
+    void* shm = mmap(0, shm_len_, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, MAP_SHARED, dma_buf, 0);
+    if (shm == MAP_FAILED) {
+        return ErrnoError() << "failed to map memfd: ";
+    }
+
+    req.hdr.cmd = LINE_COVERAGE_CLIENT_CMD_SHARE_RECORD;
+    req.share_record_args.shm_len = shm_len_;
+    ret = Rpc(&req, dma_buf, &resp);
+    if (!ret.ok()) {
+        return Error() << "failed to send shared memory: " << ret.error();
+    }
+
+    shm_ = shm;
+
+    req.hdr.cmd = LINE_COVERAGE_CLIENT_CMD_OPEN;
+    req.open_args.uuid = uuid_;
+    ret = Rpc(&req, -1, &resp);
+    if (!ret.ok()) {
+        return Error() << "failed to open coverage client: " << ret.error();
+    }
+
+    return {};
+}
+
+bool CoverageRecord::IsOpen() {
+    return shm_;
+}
+
+Result<void> CoverageRecord::SaveFile(const std::string& filename) {
+    if(!IsOpen()) {
+        return ErrnoError() << "Warning! SHM is NULL!";
+    }
+    android::base::unique_fd output_fd(TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(creat(filename.c_str(), 00644)));
+    if (!output_fd.ok()) {
+        return ErrnoError() << "Could not open output file";
+    }
+
+    uintptr_t* begin = (uintptr_t*)((char *)shm_ + sizeof(struct control));
+    bool ret = WriteFully(output_fd, begin, record_len_ - sizeof(struct control));
+    if(!ret) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "Coverage write to file failed\n");
+    }
+
+    return {};
+}
+
+}  // namespace line_coverage
+}  // namespace trusty
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/trusty/line-coverage/include/trusty/line-coverage/coverage.h b/trusty/line-coverage/include/trusty/line-coverage/coverage.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..53901beb74bf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/trusty/line-coverage/include/trusty/line-coverage/coverage.h
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <optional>
+#include <string>
+
+#include <android-base/result.h>
+#include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <trusty/line-coverage/tipc.h>
+
+namespace android {
+namespace trusty {
+namespace line_coverage {
+
+using android::base::Result;
+using android::base::unique_fd;
+
+class CoverageRecord {
+  public:
+    CoverageRecord(std::string tipc_dev, struct uuid* uuid);
+
+    ~CoverageRecord();
+    Result<void> Open(int fd);
+    bool IsOpen();
+    Result<void> SaveFile(const std::string& filename);
+    volatile void* getShm();
+
+  private:
+    Result<void> Rpc(struct line_coverage_client_req* req, \
+                      int req_fd, \
+                      struct line_coverage_client_resp* resp);
+
+    Result<std::pair<size_t, size_t>> GetRegionBounds(uint32_t region_type);
+
+    std::string tipc_dev_;
+    int coverage_srv_fd_;
+    struct uuid uuid_;
+    size_t record_len_;
+    volatile void* shm_;
+    size_t shm_len_;
+};
+
+}  // namespace line_coverage
+}  // namespace trusty
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/trusty/line-coverage/include/trusty/line-coverage/tipc.h b/trusty/line-coverage/include/trusty/line-coverage/tipc.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..20e855cbfdb6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/trusty/line-coverage/include/trusty/line-coverage/tipc.h
@@ -0,0 +1,140 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+/* This file needs to be kept in-sync with its counterpart on Trusty side */
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <trusty/line-coverage/uuid.h>
+
+
+#define LINE_COVERAGE_CLIENT_PORT "com.android.trusty.linecoverage.client"
+
+/**
+ * enum line_coverage_client_cmd - command identifiers for coverage client interface
+ * @LINE_COVERAGE_CLIENT_CMD_RESP_BIT:     response bit set as part of response
+ * @LINE_COVERAGE_CLIENT_CMD_SHIFT:        number of bits used by response bit
+ * @LINE_COVERAGE_CLIENT_CMD_OPEN:         command to open coverage record
+ * @LINE_COVERAGE_CLIENT_CMD_SHARE_RECORD: command to register a shared memory region
+ *                                    where coverage record will be written to
+ */
+enum line_coverage_client_cmd {
+    LINE_COVERAGE_CLIENT_CMD_RESP_BIT = 1U,
+    LINE_COVERAGE_CLIENT_CMD_SHIFT = 1U,
+    LINE_COVERAGE_CLIENT_CMD_OPEN = (1U << LINE_COVERAGE_CLIENT_CMD_SHIFT),
+    LINE_COVERAGE_CLIENT_CMD_SHARE_RECORD = (2U << LINE_COVERAGE_CLIENT_CMD_SHIFT),
+    LINE_COVERAGE_CLIENT_CMD_SEND_LIST = (3U << LINE_COVERAGE_CLIENT_CMD_SHIFT),
+};
+
+/**
+ * struct line_coverage_client_hdr - header for coverage client messages
+ * @cmd: command identifier
+ *
+ * Note that no messages return a status code. Any error on the server side
+ * results in the connection being closed. So, operations can be assumed to be
+ * successful if they return a response.
+ */
+struct line_coverage_client_hdr {
+    uint32_t cmd;
+};
+
+/**
+ * struct line_coverage_client_open_req - arguments for request to open coverage
+ *                                   record
+ * @uuid: UUID of target TA
+ *
+ * There is one coverage record per TA. @uuid is used to identify both the TA
+ * and corresponding coverage record.
+ */
+struct line_coverage_client_open_req {
+    struct uuid uuid;
+};
+
+/**
+ * struct line_coverage_client_open_resp - arguments for response to open coverage
+ *                                    record
+ * @record_len: length of coverage record that will be emitted by target TA
+ *
+ * Shared memory allocated for this coverage record must larger than
+ * @record_len.
+ */
+struct line_coverage_client_open_resp {
+    uint32_t record_len;
+};
+
+/**
+ * struct line_coverage_client_send_list_resp - arguments for response to send list
+ *                                   record
+ * @uuid: UUID of TA that connected to aggregator
+ */
+struct line_coverage_client_send_list_resp {
+    struct uuid uuid;
+};
+
+/**
+ * struct line_coverage_client_send_list_resp - arguments for response to send list
+ *                                   record
+ * @index: index of the list being requested
+ */
+struct line_coverage_client_send_list_req {
+    uint32_t index;
+};
+
+/**
+ * struct line_coverage_client_share_record_req - arguments for request to share
+ *                                           memory for coverage record
+ * @shm_len: length of memory region being shared
+ *
+ * A handle to a memory region must be sent along with this message. This memory
+ * is used to store coverage record.
+ *
+ * Upon success, this memory region can be assumed to be shared between the
+ * client and target TA.
+ */
+struct line_coverage_client_share_record_req {
+    uint32_t shm_len;
+};
+
+/**
+ * struct line_coverage_client_req - structure for a coverage client request
+ * @hdr:               message header
+ * @open_args:         arguments for %COVERAGE_CLIENT_CMD_OPEN request
+ * @share_record_args: arguments for %COVERAGE_CLIENT_CMD_SHARE_RECORD request
+ * @index: arguments for %COVERAGE_CLIENT_CMD_SHARE_RECORD request
+ */
+struct line_coverage_client_req {
+    struct line_coverage_client_hdr hdr;
+    union {
+        struct line_coverage_client_open_req open_args;
+        struct line_coverage_client_share_record_req share_record_args;
+        struct line_coverage_client_send_list_req send_list_args;
+    };
+};
+
+/**
+ * struct line_coverage_client_resp - structure for a coverage client response
+ * @hdr:       message header
+ * @open_args: arguments for %COVERAGE_CLIENT_CMD_OPEN response
+ * @send_list_args: arguments for %COVERAGE_CLIENT_CMD_SHARE_RECORD response
+ */
+struct line_coverage_client_resp {
+    struct line_coverage_client_hdr hdr;
+    union {
+        struct line_coverage_client_open_resp open_args;
+        struct line_coverage_client_send_list_resp send_list_args;
+    };
+};
diff --git a/libprocessgroup/cgrouprc_format/include/processgroup/format/cgroup_file.h b/trusty/line-coverage/include/trusty/line-coverage/uuid.h
similarity index 51%
rename from libprocessgroup/cgrouprc_format/include/processgroup/format/cgroup_file.h
rename to trusty/line-coverage/include/trusty/line-coverage/uuid.h
index f1678a114e7f..187398014767 100644
--- a/libprocessgroup/cgrouprc_format/include/processgroup/format/cgroup_file.h
+++ b/trusty/line-coverage/include/trusty/line-coverage/uuid.h
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (C) 2019 The Android Open Source Project
+ * Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -16,21 +16,22 @@
 
 #pragma once
 
-#include <processgroup/format/cgroup_controller.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <string.h>
 
-namespace android {
-namespace cgrouprc {
-namespace format {
+#define UUCMP(u1, u2) if (u1 != u2) return u1 < u2
 
-struct CgroupFile {
-    uint32_t version_;
-    uint32_t controller_count_;
-    CgroupController controllers_[];
+struct uuid {
+    uint32_t time_low;
+    uint16_t time_mid;
+    uint16_t time_hi_and_version;
+    uint8_t clock_seq_and_node[8];
 
-    static constexpr uint32_t FILE_VERSION_1 = 1;
-    static constexpr uint32_t FILE_CURR_VERSION = FILE_VERSION_1;
+    bool operator<(const struct uuid& rhs) const
+    {
+        UUCMP(time_low, rhs.time_low);
+        UUCMP(time_mid, rhs.time_mid);
+        UUCMP(time_hi_and_version, rhs.time_hi_and_version);
+        return memcmp(clock_seq_and_node, rhs.clock_seq_and_node, 8);
+    }
 };
-
-}  // namespace format
-}  // namespace cgrouprc
-}  // namespace android
diff --git a/trusty/metrics/include/trusty/metrics/tipc.h b/trusty/metrics/include/trusty/metrics/tipc.h
index 66d08768452a..4c4d37df1680 100644
--- a/trusty/metrics/include/trusty/metrics/tipc.h
+++ b/trusty/metrics/include/trusty/metrics/tipc.h
@@ -39,14 +39,20 @@
  * repository. They must be kept in sync.
  */
 
-#define METRICS_PORT "com.android.trusty.metrics"
+#define METRICS_PORT "com.android.trusty.metrics.consumer"
+
+#define UUID_STR_SIZE (37)
+
+#define HASH_SIZE_BYTES 64
 
 /**
  * enum metrics_cmd - command identifiers for metrics interface
- * @METRICS_CMD_RESP_BIT:          message is a response
- * @METRICS_CMD_REQ_SHIFT:         number of bits used by @METRICS_CMD_RESP_BIT
- * @METRICS_CMD_REPORT_EVENT_DROP: report gaps in the event stream
- * @METRICS_CMD_REPORT_CRASH:      report an app crash event
+ * @METRICS_CMD_RESP_BIT:             message is a response
+ * @METRICS_CMD_REQ_SHIFT:            number of bits used by @METRICS_CMD_RESP_BIT
+ * @METRICS_CMD_REPORT_EVENT_DROP:    report gaps in the event stream
+ * @METRICS_CMD_REPORT_CRASH:         report an app crash event
+ * @METRICS_CMD_REPORT_EXIT:          report an app exit
+ * @METRICS_CMD_REPORT_STORAGE_ERROR: report trusty storage error
  */
 enum metrics_cmd {
     METRICS_CMD_RESP_BIT = 1,
@@ -54,6 +60,8 @@ enum metrics_cmd {
 
     METRICS_CMD_REPORT_EVENT_DROP = (1 << METRICS_CMD_REQ_SHIFT),
     METRICS_CMD_REPORT_CRASH = (2 << METRICS_CMD_REQ_SHIFT),
+    METRICS_CMD_REPORT_EXIT = (3 << METRICS_CMD_REQ_SHIFT),
+    METRICS_CMD_REPORT_STORAGE_ERROR = (4 << METRICS_CMD_REQ_SHIFT),
 };
 
 /**
@@ -87,17 +95,99 @@ struct metrics_resp {
     uint32_t status;
 } __attribute__((__packed__));
 
+/**
+ * struct metrics_report_exit_req - arguments of %METRICS_CMD_REPORT_EXIT
+ *                                   requests
+ * @app_id: app_id in the form UUID in ascii format
+ *          "xxxxxxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx"
+ * @exit_code: architecture-specific exit code
+ */
+struct metrics_report_exit_req {
+    char app_id[UUID_STR_SIZE];
+    uint32_t exit_code;
+} __attribute__((__packed__));
+
 /**
  * struct metrics_report_crash_req - arguments of %METRICS_CMD_REPORT_CRASH
  *                                   requests
- * @app_id_len: length of app ID that follows this structure
+ * @app_id: app_id in the form UUID in ascii format
+ *          "xxxxxxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx"
+ * @crash_reason: architecture-specific code representing the reason for the
+ *                crash
+ * @far: Fault Address Register corresponding to the crash. It is set to 0 and
+ *       not always revealed
+ * @far_hash: Fault Address Register obfuscated, always revealed
+ * @elr: Exception Link Register corresponding to the crash. It is set to 0 and
+ *       not always revealed
+ * @elr_hash: Exception Link Register obfuscated, always revealed
+ * @is_hash: Boolean value indicating whether far and elr have been ob
  */
 struct metrics_report_crash_req {
-    uint32_t app_id_len;
+    char app_id[UUID_STR_SIZE];
+    uint32_t crash_reason;
+    uint64_t far;
+    uint8_t far_hash[HASH_SIZE_BYTES];
+    uint64_t elr;
+    uint8_t elr_hash[HASH_SIZE_BYTES];
+    bool is_hash;
 } __attribute__((__packed__));
 
-#define METRICS_MAX_APP_ID_LEN 256
+enum TrustyStorageErrorType {
+  TRUSTY_STORAGE_ERROR_UNKNOWN = 0,
+  TRUSTY_STORAGE_ERROR_SUPERBLOCK_INVALID = 1,
+  TRUSTY_STORAGE_ERROR_BLOCK_MAC_MISMATCH = 2,
+  TRUSTY_STORAGE_ERROR_BLOCK_HEADER_INVALID = 3,
+  TRUSTY_STORAGE_ERROR_RPMB_COUNTER_MISMATCH = 4,
+  TRUSTY_STORAGE_ERROR_RPMB_COUNTER_MISMATCH_RECOVERED = 5,
+  TRUSTY_STORAGE_ERROR_RPMB_COUNTER_READ_FAILURE = 6,
+  TRUSTY_STORAGE_ERROR_RPMB_MAC_MISMATCH = 7,
+  TRUSTY_STORAGE_ERROR_RPMB_ADDR_MISMATCH = 8,
+  TRUSTY_STORAGE_ERROR_RPMB_FAILURE_RESPONSE = 9,
+  TRUSTY_STORAGE_ERROR_RPMB_UNKNOWN = 10,
+  TRUSTY_STORAGE_ERROR_RPMB_SCSI_ERROR = 11,
+  TRUSTY_STORAGE_ERROR_IO_ERROR = 12,
+  TRUSTY_STORAGE_ERROR_PROXY_COMMUNICATION_FAILURE = 13,
+};
+
+enum TrustyFileSystem {
+  TRUSTY_FS_UNKNOWN = 0,
+  TRUSTY_FS_TP = 1,
+  TRUSTY_FS_TD = 2,
+  TRUSTY_FS_TDP = 3,
+  TRUSTY_FS_TDEA = 4,
+  TRUSTY_FS_NSP = 5,
+};
+
+enum TrustyBlockType {
+  TRUSTY_BLOCKTYPE_UNKNOWN = 0,
+  TRUSTY_BLOCKTYPE_FILES_ROOT = 1,
+  TRUSTY_BLOCKTYPE_FREE_ROOT = 2,
+  TRUSTY_BLOCKTYPE_FILES_INTERNAL = 3,
+  TRUSTY_BLOCKTYPE_FREE_INTERNAL = 4,
+  TRUSTY_BLOCKTYPE_FILE_ENTRY = 5,
+  TRUSTY_BLOCKTYPE_FILE_BLOCK_MAP = 6,
+  TRUSTY_BLOCKTYPE_FILE_DATA = 7,
+  TRUSTY_BLOCKTYPE_CHECKPOINT_ROOT = 8,
+  TRUSTY_BLOCKTYPE_CHECKPOINT_FILES_ROOT = 9,
+  TRUSTY_BLOCKTYPE_CHECKPOINT_FREE_ROOT = 10,
+};
+
+struct metrics_report_storage_error_req {
+    enum TrustyStorageErrorType error;
+    char app_id[UUID_STR_SIZE];
+    char client_app_id[UUID_STR_SIZE];
+    uint32_t write;
+    enum TrustyFileSystem file_system;
+    uint64_t file_path_hash;
+    enum TrustyBlockType block_type;
+    uint64_t repair_counter;
+} __attribute__((__packed__));
 
-#define METRICS_MAX_MSG_SIZE                                                \
-    (sizeof(struct metrics_req) + sizeof(struct metrics_report_crash_req) + \
-     METRICS_MAX_APP_ID_LEN)
+struct metrics_msg {
+    struct metrics_req req;
+    union {
+        struct metrics_report_crash_req crash_args;
+        struct metrics_report_exit_req exit_args;
+        struct metrics_report_storage_error_req storage_args;
+    };
+} __attribute__((__packed__));
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/trusty/metrics/metrics.cpp b/trusty/metrics/metrics.cpp
index 3ac128af0fa0..d2f0b0acf073 100644
--- a/trusty/metrics/metrics.cpp
+++ b/trusty/metrics/metrics.cpp
@@ -78,9 +78,8 @@ Result<void> TrustyMetrics::HandleEvent() {
         return Error() << "connection to Metrics TA has not been initialized yet";
     }
 
-    uint8_t msg[METRICS_MAX_MSG_SIZE];
-
-    auto rc = read(metrics_fd_, msg, sizeof(msg));
+    struct metrics_msg metrics_msg;
+    int rc = read(metrics_fd_, &metrics_msg, sizeof(metrics_msg));
     if (rc < 0) {
         return ErrnoError() << "failed to read metrics message";
     }
@@ -89,23 +88,14 @@ Result<void> TrustyMetrics::HandleEvent() {
     if (msg_len < sizeof(metrics_req)) {
         return Error() << "message too small: " << rc;
     }
-    auto req = reinterpret_cast<metrics_req*>(msg);
-    size_t offset = sizeof(metrics_req);
+    uint32_t cmd = metrics_msg.req.cmd;
     uint32_t status = METRICS_NO_ERROR;
 
-    switch (req->cmd) {
+    switch (cmd) {
         case METRICS_CMD_REPORT_CRASH: {
-            if (msg_len < offset + sizeof(metrics_report_crash_req)) {
-                return Error() << "message too small: " << rc;
-            }
-            auto crash_args = reinterpret_cast<metrics_report_crash_req*>(msg + offset);
-            offset += sizeof(metrics_report_crash_req);
-
-            if (msg_len < offset + crash_args->app_id_len) {
-                return Error() << "message too small: " << rc;
-            }
-            auto app_id_ptr = reinterpret_cast<char*>(msg + offset);
-            std::string app_id(app_id_ptr, crash_args->app_id_len);
+            struct metrics_report_crash_req crash_args = metrics_msg.crash_args;
+            auto app_id_ptr = crash_args.app_id;
+            std::string app_id(app_id_ptr, UUID_STR_SIZE);
 
             HandleCrash(app_id);
             break;
@@ -121,7 +111,7 @@ Result<void> TrustyMetrics::HandleEvent() {
     }
 
     metrics_resp resp = {
-            .cmd = req->cmd | METRICS_CMD_RESP_BIT,
+            .cmd = cmd | METRICS_CMD_RESP_BIT,
             .status = status,
     };
 
diff --git a/trusty/secretkeeper/Android.bp b/trusty/secretkeeper/Android.bp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..d399bf86d005
--- /dev/null
+++ b/trusty/secretkeeper/Android.bp
@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+//
+// Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open-Source Project
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package {
+    default_applicable_licenses: ["Android-Apache-2.0"],
+}
+
+rust_binary {
+    name: "android.hardware.security.secretkeeper.trusty",
+    relative_install_path: "hw",
+    vendor: true,
+    init_rc: ["android.hardware.security.secretkeeper.trusty.rc"],
+    vintf_fragments: ["android.hardware.security.secretkeeper.trusty.xml"],
+    srcs: [
+        "src/hal_main.rs",
+    ],
+    rustlibs: [
+        "android.hardware.security.secretkeeper-V1-rust",
+        "libandroid_logger",
+        "libauthgraph_hal",
+        "libauthgraph_wire",
+        "libbinder_rs",
+        "liblibc",
+        "liblog_rust",
+        "libsecretkeeper_hal_v1",
+        "libtrusty-rs",
+    ],
+    prefer_rlib: true,
+}
+
+cc_defaults {
+    name: "trusty_secretkeeper_fuzz_defaults",
+    srcs: [":trusty_tipc_fuzzer"],
+    fuzz_config: {
+        cc: [
+            "alanstokes@google.com",
+            "drysdale@google.com",
+            "shikhapanwar@google.com",
+        ],
+        componentid: 867125,
+        // TODO: add Secretkeeper hotlist
+        // hotlists: [""],
+    },
+}
+
+cc_fuzz {
+    name: "trusty_secretkeeper_sk_fuzzer",
+    defaults: [
+        "trusty_fuzzer_defaults",
+        "trusty_secretkeeper_fuzz_defaults",
+    ],
+    cflags: [
+        "-DTRUSTY_APP_PORT=\"com.android.trusty.secretkeeper\"",
+        "-DTRUSTY_APP_UUID=\"4582bf12-1f7d-4830-9be5-36e6bd91c2c6\"",
+        "-DTRUSTY_APP_FILENAME=\"secretkeeper_app.syms.elf\"",
+    ],
+}
+
+cc_fuzz {
+    name: "trusty_secretkeeper_ag_fuzzer",
+    defaults: [
+        "trusty_fuzzer_defaults",
+        "trusty_secretkeeper_fuzz_defaults",
+    ],
+    cflags: [
+        "-DTRUSTY_APP_PORT=\"com.android.trusty.secretkeeper.authgraph\"",
+        "-DTRUSTY_APP_UUID=\"4582bf12-1f7d-4830-9be5-36e6bd91c2c6\"",
+        "-DTRUSTY_APP_FILENAME=\"secretkeeper_app.syms.elf\"",
+    ],
+}
+
+cc_fuzz {
+    name: "trusty_secretkeeper_bl_fuzzer",
+    defaults: [
+        "trusty_fuzzer_defaults",
+        "trusty_secretkeeper_fuzz_defaults",
+    ],
+    cflags: [
+        "-DTRUSTY_APP_PORT=\"com.android.trusty.secretkeeper.bootloader\"",
+        "-DTRUSTY_APP_UUID=\"4582bf12-1f7d-4830-9be5-36e6bd91c2c6\"",
+        "-DTRUSTY_APP_FILENAME=\"secretkeeper_app.syms.elf\"",
+    ],
+}
diff --git a/trusty/secretkeeper/android.hardware.security.secretkeeper.trusty.rc b/trusty/secretkeeper/android.hardware.security.secretkeeper.trusty.rc
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..3be03ad80e71
--- /dev/null
+++ b/trusty/secretkeeper/android.hardware.security.secretkeeper.trusty.rc
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+service vendor.secretkeeper.trusty /vendor/bin/hw/android.hardware.security.secretkeeper.trusty
+    class hal
+    user nobody
+    group drmrpc
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/trusty/secretkeeper/android.hardware.security.secretkeeper.trusty.xml b/trusty/secretkeeper/android.hardware.security.secretkeeper.trusty.xml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..2ac152bf274c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/trusty/secretkeeper/android.hardware.security.secretkeeper.trusty.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+<manifest version="1.0" type="device">
+    <hal format="aidl">
+        <name>android.hardware.security.secretkeeper</name>
+        <version>1</version>
+        <fqname>ISecretkeeper/default</fqname>
+    </hal>
+</manifest>
diff --git a/trusty/secretkeeper/src/hal_main.rs b/trusty/secretkeeper/src/hal_main.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..b31db13df53f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/trusty/secretkeeper/src/hal_main.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,149 @@
+//
+// Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open-Source Project
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+//! This module implements the HAL service for Secretkeeper in Trusty.
+use authgraph_hal::channel::SerializedChannel;
+use authgraph_wire::fragmentation::{Fragmenter, Reassembler};
+use secretkeeper_hal::SecretkeeperService;
+use android_hardware_security_secretkeeper::aidl::android::hardware::security::secretkeeper::ISecretkeeper::{
+    ISecretkeeper, BpSecretkeeper,
+};
+use log::{error, info};
+use std::{
+    ffi::CString,
+    fmt::Debug,
+    panic,
+    sync::{Arc, Mutex},
+};
+use trusty::DEFAULT_DEVICE;
+
+const SK_TIPC_SERVICE_PORT: &str = "com.android.trusty.secretkeeper";
+const AG_TIPC_SERVICE_PORT: &str = "com.android.trusty.secretkeeper.authgraph";
+const TIPC_MAX_SIZE: usize = 4000;
+
+static SERVICE_INSTANCE: &str = "default";
+
+/// Local error type for failures in the HAL service.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+struct HalServiceError(String);
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+struct TipcChannel {
+    channel: Arc<Mutex<trusty::TipcChannel>>,
+}
+
+impl TipcChannel {
+    fn new(channel: trusty::TipcChannel) -> Self {
+        Self { channel: Arc::new(Mutex::new(channel)) }
+    }
+}
+
+fn binderr<E: Debug>(msg: &str, e: E) -> binder::Status {
+    binder::Status::new_exception(
+        binder::ExceptionCode::TRANSACTION_FAILED,
+        Some(&CString::new(format!("Failed to {msg} via tipc channel: {e:?}",)).unwrap()),
+    )
+}
+
+impl SerializedChannel for TipcChannel {
+    // No maximum size for messages passed to `execute()` because it performs fragmentation
+    // and reassembly internally.
+    const MAX_SIZE: usize = usize::MAX;
+
+    fn execute(&self, req_data: &[u8]) -> binder::Result<Vec<u8>> {
+        // Hold lock across both request and response.
+        let mut channel = self.channel.lock().unwrap();
+        let mut pending_rsp = Reassembler::default();
+
+        // Break request message into fragments to send.
+        for req_frag in Fragmenter::new(req_data, TIPC_MAX_SIZE) {
+            channel.send(&req_frag).map_err(|e| binderr("send request", e))?;
+
+            // Every request gets a response.
+            let mut rsp_frag = Vec::new();
+            channel.recv(&mut rsp_frag).map_err(|e| binderr("receive response", e))?;
+
+            if let Some(full_rsp) = pending_rsp.accumulate(&rsp_frag) {
+                return Ok(full_rsp.to_vec());
+            }
+        }
+        // There may be additional response fragments to receive.
+        loop {
+            let mut rsp_frag = Vec::new();
+            channel.recv(&mut rsp_frag).map_err(|e| binderr("receive response", e))?;
+            if let Some(full_rsp) = pending_rsp.accumulate(&rsp_frag) {
+                return Ok(full_rsp.to_vec());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    if let Err(HalServiceError(e)) = inner_main() {
+        panic!("HAL service failed: {:?}", e);
+    }
+}
+
+fn inner_main() -> Result<(), HalServiceError> {
+    // Initialize Android logging.
+    android_logger::init_once(
+        android_logger::Config::default()
+            .with_tag("secretkeeper-hal-trusty")
+            .with_max_level(log::LevelFilter::Info)
+            .with_log_buffer(android_logger::LogId::System),
+    );
+    // Redirect panic messages to logcat.
+    panic::set_hook(Box::new(|panic_info| {
+        error!("{}", panic_info);
+    }));
+
+    info!("Trusty Secretkeeper HAL service is starting.");
+
+    info!("Starting thread pool now.");
+    binder::ProcessState::start_thread_pool();
+
+    // Create connections to the TA.
+    let ag_connection = trusty::TipcChannel::connect(DEFAULT_DEVICE, AG_TIPC_SERVICE_PORT)
+        .map_err(|e| {
+            HalServiceError(format!(
+                "Failed to connect to Trusty port {AG_TIPC_SERVICE_PORT} because of {:?}.",
+                e
+            ))
+        })?;
+    let ag_tipc_channel = TipcChannel::new(ag_connection);
+
+    let sk_connection = trusty::TipcChannel::connect(DEFAULT_DEVICE, SK_TIPC_SERVICE_PORT)
+        .map_err(|e| {
+            HalServiceError(format!(
+                "Failed to connect to Trusty port {SK_TIPC_SERVICE_PORT} because of {:?}.",
+                e
+            ))
+        })?;
+    let sk_tipc_channel = TipcChannel::new(sk_connection);
+
+    // Register the AIDL service
+    let service = SecretkeeperService::new_as_binder(sk_tipc_channel, ag_tipc_channel);
+    let service_name =
+        format!("{}/{}", <BpSecretkeeper as ISecretkeeper>::get_descriptor(), SERVICE_INSTANCE);
+    binder::add_service(&service_name, service.as_binder()).map_err(|e| {
+        HalServiceError(format!("Failed to register service {} because of {:?}.", service_name, e))
+    })?;
+
+    info!("Successfully registered Secretkeeper HAL service.");
+    info!("Joining thread pool now.");
+    binder::ProcessState::join_thread_pool();
+    info!("Secretkeeper HAL service is terminating."); // should not reach here
+    Ok(())
+}
diff --git a/trusty/stats/test/README.md b/trusty/stats/test/README.md
index 45e6af8b066b..175409e99df2 100644
--- a/trusty/stats/test/README.md
+++ b/trusty/stats/test/README.md
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 # Development Notes
 
-*    First get [repo_pull.py and gerrit.py](https://android.googlesource.com/platform/development/+/master/tools/repo_pull/) from aosp.
+*    First get [repo_pull.py and gerrit.py](https://android.googlesource.com/platform/development/+/main/tools/repo_pull/) from aosp.
 
-*    Although this repo is not currently in Trusty’s manifest, it’s sufficient to copy these two python scripts to the root of the Trusty project and run them from there. Make sure to follow the [repo_pull installation](https://android.googlesource.com/platform/development/+/master/tools/repo_pull/#installation) steps if necessary.
+*    Although this repo is not currently in Trusty’s manifest, it’s sufficient to copy these two python scripts to the root of the Trusty project and run them from there. Make sure to follow the [repo_pull installation](https://android.googlesource.com/platform/development/+/main/tools/repo_pull/#installation) steps if necessary.
 
 ## Build
 
diff --git a/trusty/stats/test/stats_test.cpp b/trusty/stats/test/stats_test.cpp
index 1edddeb5abd3..1d6eb34a6d4c 100644
--- a/trusty/stats/test/stats_test.cpp
+++ b/trusty/stats/test/stats_test.cpp
@@ -252,20 +252,20 @@ TEST_F(TrustyStatsTest, CheckAtoms) {
                     ::testing::AnyOf(::testing::Eq(TrustyAtoms::TrustyAppCrashed),
                                      ::testing::Eq(TrustyAtoms::TrustyError),
                                      ::testing::Eq(TrustyAtoms::TrustyStorageError)));
-        ASSERT_STREQ(String8(vendorAtom.reverseDomainName), "google.android.trusty");
+        ASSERT_EQ(String8(vendorAtom.reverseDomainName), "google.android.trusty");
         switch (vendorAtom.atomId) {
             case TrustyAtoms::TrustyAppCrashed:
                 ++atomAppCrashedCnt;
-                ASSERT_STREQ(String8(vendorAtom.values[0].get<VendorAtomValue::stringValue>()),
-                             "5247d19b-cf09-4272-a450-3ef20dbefc14");
+                ASSERT_EQ(String8(vendorAtom.values[0].get<VendorAtomValue::stringValue>()),
+                          "5247d19b-cf09-4272-a450-3ef20dbefc14");
                 break;
             case TrustyAtoms::TrustyStorageError:
                 ++atomStorageErrorCnt;
                 ASSERT_EQ(vendorAtom.values[0].get<VendorAtomValue::intValue>(), 5);
-                ASSERT_STREQ(String8(vendorAtom.values[1].get<VendorAtomValue::stringValue>()),
-                             "5247d19b-cf09-4272-a450-3ef20dbefc14");
-                ASSERT_STREQ(String8(vendorAtom.values[2].get<VendorAtomValue::stringValue>()),
-                             "5247d19b-cf09-4272-a450-3ef20dbefc14");
+                ASSERT_EQ(String8(vendorAtom.values[1].get<VendorAtomValue::stringValue>()),
+                          "5247d19b-cf09-4272-a450-3ef20dbefc14");
+                ASSERT_EQ(String8(vendorAtom.values[2].get<VendorAtomValue::stringValue>()),
+                          "5247d19b-cf09-4272-a450-3ef20dbefc14");
                 ASSERT_EQ(vendorAtom.values[3].get<VendorAtomValue::intValue>(), 1);
                 ASSERT_EQ(vendorAtom.values[4].get<VendorAtomValue::intValue>(), 3);
                 ASSERT_EQ(vendorAtom.values[5].get<VendorAtomValue::longValue>(),
@@ -330,13 +330,13 @@ TEST_F(TrustyMetricsCrashTest, CheckTrustyCrashAtoms) {
                     ::testing::AnyOf(::testing::Eq(TrustyAtoms::TrustyAppCrashed),
                                      ::testing::Eq(TrustyAtoms::TrustyError),
                                      ::testing::Eq(TrustyAtoms::TrustyStorageError)));
-        ASSERT_STREQ(String8(vendorAtom.reverseDomainName), "google.android.trusty");
+        ASSERT_EQ(String8(vendorAtom.reverseDomainName), "google.android.trusty");
 
         switch (vendorAtom.atomId) {
             case TrustyAtoms::TrustyAppCrashed:
                 ++atomAppCrashedCnt;
-                ASSERT_STREQ(String8(vendorAtom.values[0].get<VendorAtomValue::stringValue>()),
-                             kTrustyCrasherUuid);
+                ASSERT_EQ(String8(vendorAtom.values[0].get<VendorAtomValue::stringValue>()),
+                          kTrustyCrasherUuid);
                 atomCrashReasons.push_back(vendorAtom.values[1].get<VendorAtomValue::intValue>());
                 break;
             case TrustyAtoms::TrustyStorageError:
@@ -344,7 +344,7 @@ TEST_F(TrustyMetricsCrashTest, CheckTrustyCrashAtoms) {
                 break;
             case TrustyAtoms::TrustyError:
                 ++atomTrustyErrorCnt;
-                ASSERT_STREQ(String8(vendorAtom.values[1].get<VendorAtomValue::stringValue>()), "");
+                ASSERT_EQ(String8(vendorAtom.values[1].get<VendorAtomValue::stringValue>()), "");
                 break;
             default:
                 FAIL() << "Unknown vendor atom ID: " << vendorAtom.atomId;
diff --git a/trusty/storage/interface/include/trusty/interface/storage.h b/trusty/storage/interface/include/trusty/interface/storage.h
deleted file mode 100644
index 32916074bb67..000000000000
--- a/trusty/storage/interface/include/trusty/interface/storage.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,313 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2015-2016 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *		http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#pragma once
-
-#include <stdint.h>
-
-/*
- * Storage port names
- * @STORAGE_CLIENT_TD_PORT:     Port used by clients that require tamper and
- *                              rollback detection.
- * @STORAGE_CLIENT_TDEA_PORT:   Port used by clients that require storage before
- *                              the non-secure os has booted.
- * @STORAGE_CLIENT_TP_PORT:     Port used by clients that require tamper proof
- *                              storage. Note that non-secure code can prevent
-                                read and write operations from succeeding, but
-                                it cannot modify on-disk data.
- * @STORAGE_DISK_PROXY_PORT:    Port used by non-secure proxy server
- */
-#define STORAGE_CLIENT_TD_PORT     "com.android.trusty.storage.client.td"
-#define STORAGE_CLIENT_TDEA_PORT   "com.android.trusty.storage.client.tdea"
-#define STORAGE_CLIENT_TP_PORT     "com.android.trusty.storage.client.tp"
-#define STORAGE_DISK_PROXY_PORT    "com.android.trusty.storage.proxy"
-
-enum storage_cmd {
-	STORAGE_REQ_SHIFT = 1,
-	STORAGE_RESP_BIT  = 1,
-
-	STORAGE_RESP_MSG_ERR   = STORAGE_RESP_BIT,
-
-	STORAGE_FILE_DELETE    = 1 << STORAGE_REQ_SHIFT,
-	STORAGE_FILE_OPEN      = 2 << STORAGE_REQ_SHIFT,
-	STORAGE_FILE_CLOSE     = 3 << STORAGE_REQ_SHIFT,
-	STORAGE_FILE_READ      = 4 << STORAGE_REQ_SHIFT,
-	STORAGE_FILE_WRITE     = 5 << STORAGE_REQ_SHIFT,
-	STORAGE_FILE_GET_SIZE  = 6 << STORAGE_REQ_SHIFT,
-	STORAGE_FILE_SET_SIZE  = 7 << STORAGE_REQ_SHIFT,
-
-	STORAGE_RPMB_SEND      = 8 << STORAGE_REQ_SHIFT,
-
-	/* transaction support */
-	STORAGE_END_TRANSACTION = 9 << STORAGE_REQ_SHIFT,
-
-	STORAGE_FILE_GET_MAX_SIZE = 12 << STORAGE_REQ_SHIFT,
-};
-
-/**
- * enum storage_err - error codes for storage protocol
- * @STORAGE_NO_ERROR:           all OK
- * @STORAGE_ERR_GENERIC:        unknown error. Can occur when there's an internal server
- *                              error, e.g. the server runs out of memory or is in a bad state.
- * @STORAGE_ERR_NOT_VALID:      input not valid. May occur if the arguments passed
- *                              into the command are not valid, for example if the file handle
- *                              passed in is not a valid one.
- * @STORAGE_ERR_UNIMPLEMENTED:  the command passed in is not recognized
- * @STORAGE_ERR_ACCESS:         the file is not accessible in the requested mode
- * @STORAGE_ERR_NOT_FOUND:      the file was not found
- * @STORAGE_ERR_EXIST           the file exists when it shouldn't as in with OPEN_CREATE | OPEN_EXCLUSIVE.
- * @STORAGE_ERR_TRANSACT        returned by various operations to indicate that current transaction
- *                              is in error state. Such state could be only cleared by sending
- *                              STORAGE_END_TRANSACTION message.
- * @STORAGE_ERR_SYNC_FAILURE    indicates that the current operation failed to sync
- *                              to disk. Only returned if STORAGE_MSG_FLAG_PRE_COMMIT or
- *                              STORAGE_MSG_FLAG_POST_COMMIT was set for the request.
- */
-enum storage_err {
-	STORAGE_NO_ERROR          = 0,
-	STORAGE_ERR_GENERIC       = 1,
-	STORAGE_ERR_NOT_VALID     = 2,
-	STORAGE_ERR_UNIMPLEMENTED = 3,
-	STORAGE_ERR_ACCESS        = 4,
-	STORAGE_ERR_NOT_FOUND     = 5,
-	STORAGE_ERR_EXIST         = 6,
-	STORAGE_ERR_TRANSACT      = 7,
-	STORAGE_ERR_SYNC_FAILURE  = 8,
-};
-
-/**
- * storage_delete_flag - flags for controlling delete semantics
- */
-enum storage_file_delete_flag {
-	STORAGE_FILE_DELETE_MASK = 0,
-};
-
-/**
- * storage_file_flag - Flags to control 'open' semantics.
- * @STORAGE_FILE_OPEN_CREATE:           if this file does not exist, create it.
- * @STORAGE_FILE_OPEN_CREATE_EXCLUSIVE: causes STORAGE_FILE_OPEN_CREATE to fail if the file
- *                                      already exists. Only meaningful if used in combination
- *                                      with STORAGE_FILE_OPEN_CREATE.
- * @STORAGE_FILE_OPEN_TRUNCATE:         if this file already exists, discard existing content
- *                                      and open it as a new file. No change in semantics if the
- *                                      file does not exist.
- * @STORAGE_FILE_OPEN_MASK:             mask for all open flags supported in current protocol.
- *                                      All other bits must be set to 0.
- */
-enum storage_file_open_flag {
-	STORAGE_FILE_OPEN_CREATE             = (1 << 0),
-	STORAGE_FILE_OPEN_CREATE_EXCLUSIVE   = (1 << 1),
-	STORAGE_FILE_OPEN_TRUNCATE           = (1 << 2),
-	STORAGE_FILE_OPEN_MASK               = STORAGE_FILE_OPEN_CREATE |
-					       STORAGE_FILE_OPEN_TRUNCATE |
-					       STORAGE_FILE_OPEN_CREATE_EXCLUSIVE,
-};
-
-/**
- * enum storage_msg_flag - protocol-level flags in struct storage_msg
- * @STORAGE_MSG_FLAG_BATCH:                 if set, command belongs to a batch transaction.
- *                                          No response will be sent by the server until
- *                                          it receives a command with this flag unset, at
- *                                          which point a cumulative result for all messages
- *                                          sent with STORAGE_MSG_FLAG_BATCH will be sent.
- *                                          This is only supported by the non-secure disk proxy
- *                                          server.
- * @STORAGE_MSG_FLAG_PRE_COMMIT:            if set, indicates that server need to commit
- *                                          pending changes before processing this message.
- * @STORAGE_MSG_FLAG_POST_COMMIT:           if set, indicates that server need to commit
- *                                          pending changes after processing this message.
- * @STORAGE_MSG_FLAG_TRANSACT_COMPLETE:     if set, indicates that server need to commit
- *                                          current transaction after processing this message.
- *                                          It is an alias for STORAGE_MSG_FLAG_POST_COMMIT.
- * @STORAGE_MSG_FLAG_PRE_COMMIT_CHECKPOINT: if set, indicates that server needs to ensure
- *                                          that there is not a pending checkpoint for
- *                                          userdata before processing this message.
- */
-enum storage_msg_flag {
-    STORAGE_MSG_FLAG_BATCH = 0x1,
-    STORAGE_MSG_FLAG_PRE_COMMIT = 0x2,
-    STORAGE_MSG_FLAG_POST_COMMIT = 0x4,
-    STORAGE_MSG_FLAG_TRANSACT_COMPLETE = STORAGE_MSG_FLAG_POST_COMMIT,
-    STORAGE_MSG_FLAG_PRE_COMMIT_CHECKPOINT = 0x8,
-};
-
-/*
- * The following declarations are the message-specific contents of
- * the 'payload' element inside struct storage_msg.
- */
-
-/**
- * struct storage_file_delete_req - request format for STORAGE_FILE_DELETE
- * @flags: currently unused, must be set to 0.
- * @name:  the name of the file
- */
-struct storage_file_delete_req {
-	uint32_t flags;
-	char name[0];
-};
-
-/**
- * struct storage_file_open_req - request format for STORAGE_FILE_OPEN
- * @flags: any of enum storage_file_flag or'ed together
- * @name:  the name of the file
- */
-struct storage_file_open_req {
-	uint32_t flags;
-	char     name[0];
-};
-
-/**
- * struct storage_file_open_resp - response format for STORAGE_FILE_OPEN
- * @handle: opaque handle to the opened file. Only present on success.
- */
-struct storage_file_open_resp {
-	uint32_t handle;
-};
-
-/**
- * struct storage_file_close_req - request format for STORAGE_FILE_CLOSE
- * @handle: the handle for the file to close
- */
-struct storage_file_close_req {
-	uint32_t handle;
-};
-
-/**
- * struct storage_file_get_max_size_req - request format for
- *                                        STORAGE_FILE_GET_MAX_SIZE
- * @handle: the handle for the file whose max size is requested
- */
-struct storage_file_get_max_size_req {
-	uint32_t handle;
-};
-
-/**
- * struct storage_file_get_max_size_resp - response format for
- *                                         STORAGE_FILE_GET_MAX_SIZE
- * @max_size:   the maximum size of the file
- */
-struct storage_file_get_max_size_resp {
-	uint64_t max_size;
-};
-
-/**
- * struct storage_file_read_req - request format for STORAGE_FILE_READ
- * @handle: the handle for the file from which to read
- * @size:   the quantity of bytes to read from the file
- * @offset: the offset in the file from whence to read
- */
-struct storage_file_read_req {
-	uint32_t handle;
-	uint32_t size;
-	uint64_t offset;
-};
-
-/**
- * struct storage_file_read_resp - response format for STORAGE_FILE_READ
- * @data: beginning of data retrieved from file
- */
-struct storage_file_read_resp {
-	uint8_t data[0];
-};
-
-/**
- * struct storage_file_write_req - request format for STORAGE_FILE_WRITE
- * @handle:     the handle for the file to write to
- * @offset:     the offset in the file from whence to write
- * @__reserved: unused, must be set to 0.
- * @data:       beginning of the data to be written
- */
-struct storage_file_write_req {
-	uint64_t offset;
-	uint32_t handle;
-	uint32_t __reserved;
-	uint8_t  data[0];
-};
-
-/**
- * struct storage_file_get_size_req - request format for STORAGE_FILE_GET_SIZE
- * @handle: handle for which the size is requested
- */
-struct storage_file_get_size_req {
-	uint32_t handle;
-};
-
-/**
- * struct storage_file_get_size_resp - response format for STORAGE_FILE_GET_SIZE
- * @size:   the size of the file
- */
-struct storage_file_get_size_resp {
-	uint64_t size;
-};
-
-/**
- * struct storage_file_set_size_req - request format for STORAGE_FILE_SET_SIZE
- * @handle: the file handle
- * @size:   the desired size of the file
- */
-struct storage_file_set_size_req {
-	uint64_t size;
-	uint32_t handle;
-};
-
-/**
- * struct storage_rpmb_send_req - request format for STORAGE_RPMB_SEND
- * @reliable_write_size:        size in bytes of reliable write region
- * @write_size:                 size in bytes of write region
- * @read_size:                  number of bytes to read for a read request
- * @__reserved:                 unused, must be set to 0
- * @payload:                    start of reliable write region, followed by
- *                              write region.
- *
- * Only used in proxy<->server interface.
- */
-struct storage_rpmb_send_req {
-	uint32_t reliable_write_size;
-	uint32_t write_size;
-	uint32_t read_size;
-	uint32_t __reserved;
-	uint8_t  payload[0];
-};
-
-/**
- * struct storage_rpmb_send_resp: response type for STORAGE_RPMB_SEND
- * @data: the data frames frames retrieved from the MMC.
- */
-struct storage_rpmb_send_resp {
-	uint8_t data[0];
-};
-
-/**
- * struct storage_msg - generic req/resp format for all storage commands
- * @cmd:        one of enum storage_cmd
- * @op_id:      client chosen operation identifier for an instance
- *              of a command or atomic grouping of commands (transaction).
- * @flags:      one or many of enum storage_msg_flag or'ed together.
- * @size:       total size of the message including this header
- * @result:     one of enum storage_err
- * @__reserved: unused, must be set to 0.
- * @payload:    beginning of command specific message format
- */
-struct storage_msg {
-	uint32_t cmd;
-	uint32_t op_id;
-	uint32_t flags;
-	uint32_t size;
-	int32_t  result;
-	uint32_t __reserved;
-	uint8_t  payload[0];
-};
-
diff --git a/trusty/storage/lib/include/trusty/lib/storage.h b/trusty/storage/lib/include/trusty/lib/storage.h
index b8ddf67d871b..4335619827d0 100644
--- a/trusty/storage/lib/include/trusty/lib/storage.h
+++ b/trusty/storage/lib/include/trusty/lib/storage.h
@@ -16,8 +16,8 @@
 
 #pragma once
 
+#include <interface/storage/storage.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
-#include <trusty/interface/storage.h>
 
 #define STORAGE_MAX_NAME_LENGTH_BYTES 159
 
diff --git a/trusty/storage/proxy/Android.bp b/trusty/storage/proxy/Android.bp
index 2e97ee0fe568..f32188a22dca 100644
--- a/trusty/storage/proxy/Android.bp
+++ b/trusty/storage/proxy/Android.bp
@@ -18,10 +18,8 @@ package {
     default_applicable_licenses: ["Android-Apache-2.0"],
 }
 
-cc_binary {
-    name: "storageproxyd",
-    vendor: true,
-
+cc_defaults {
+    name: "storageproxyd.defaults",
     srcs: [
         "checkpoint_handling.cpp",
         "ipc.c",
@@ -33,6 +31,7 @@ cc_binary {
 
     shared_libs: [
         "libbase",
+        "libbinder_ndk",
         "libcutils",
         "liblog",
         "libhardware_legacy",
@@ -46,9 +45,22 @@ cc_binary {
         "libtrustystorageinterface",
         "libtrusty",
     ],
-
     cflags: [
         "-Wall",
         "-Werror",
     ],
 }
+
+cc_binary {
+    name: "storageproxyd",
+    defaults: ["storageproxyd.defaults"],
+    vendor: true,
+    // vendor variant requires this flag
+    cflags: ["-DVENDOR_FS_READY_PROPERTY"],
+}
+
+cc_binary {
+    name: "storageproxyd.system",
+    defaults: ["storageproxyd.defaults"],
+    system_ext_specific: true,
+}
diff --git a/trusty/storage/proxy/ipc.h b/trusty/storage/proxy/ipc.h
index 2e366bbb99ce..020f121619ac 100644
--- a/trusty/storage/proxy/ipc.h
+++ b/trusty/storage/proxy/ipc.h
@@ -15,8 +15,8 @@
  */
 #pragma once
 
+#include <interface/storage/storage.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
-#include <trusty/interface/storage.h>
 
 int ipc_connect(const char *device, const char *service_name);
 void ipc_disconnect(void);
diff --git a/trusty/storage/proxy/proxy.c b/trusty/storage/proxy/proxy.c
index c89c5b6fd21b..6cb72d59765f 100644
--- a/trusty/storage/proxy/proxy.c
+++ b/trusty/storage/proxy/proxy.c
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
 #include <sys/stat.h>
 #include <unistd.h>
 
+#include <android/binder_process.h>
 #include <cutils/android_filesystem_config.h>
 
 #include "checkpoint_handling.h"
@@ -40,9 +41,13 @@ static const char* ss_data_root;
 static const char* trusty_devname;
 static const char* rpmb_devname;
 static const char* ss_srv_name = STORAGE_DISK_PROXY_PORT;
+static const char* max_file_size_from;
 
 static enum dev_type dev_type = MMC_RPMB;
 
+/* List head for storage mapping, elements added at init, and never removed */
+static struct storage_mapping_node* storage_mapping_head;
+
 static enum dev_type parse_dev_type(const char* dev_type_name) {
     if (!strcmp(dev_type_name, "mmc")) {
         return MMC_RPMB;
@@ -57,17 +62,61 @@ static enum dev_type parse_dev_type(const char* dev_type_name) {
     }
 }
 
-static const char* _sopts = "hp:d:r:t:";
+static int parse_and_append_file_mapping(const char* file_mapping) {
+    if (file_mapping == NULL) {
+        ALOGE("Provided file mapping is null\n");
+        return -1;
+    }
+    char* file_mapping_dup = strdup(file_mapping);
+    if (file_mapping_dup == NULL) {
+        ALOGE("Couldn't duplicate string: %s\n", file_mapping);
+        return -1;
+    }
+    const char* file_name = strtok(file_mapping_dup, ":");
+    if (file_name == NULL) {
+        ALOGE("No file name found\n");
+        return -1;
+    }
+    const char* backing_storage = strtok(NULL, ":");
+    if (backing_storage == NULL) {
+        ALOGE("No backing storage found\n");
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    struct storage_mapping_node* new_node = malloc(sizeof(struct storage_mapping_node));
+    if (new_node == NULL) {
+        ALOGE("Couldn't allocate additional storage_mapping_node\n");
+        return -1;
+    }
+    *new_node = (struct storage_mapping_node){.file_name = file_name,
+                                              .backing_storage = backing_storage,
+                                              .next = storage_mapping_head,
+                                              .fd = -1};
+    storage_mapping_head = new_node;
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static const char* _sopts = "hp:d:r:t:m:f:";
 static const struct option _lopts[] = {{"help", no_argument, NULL, 'h'},
                                        {"trusty_dev", required_argument, NULL, 'd'},
                                        {"data_path", required_argument, NULL, 'p'},
                                        {"rpmb_dev", required_argument, NULL, 'r'},
                                        {"dev_type", required_argument, NULL, 't'},
+                                       {"max_file_size_from", required_argument, NULL, 'm'},
+                                       {"file_storage_mapping", required_argument, NULL, 'f'},
                                        {0, 0, 0, 0}};
 
 static void show_usage_and_exit(int code) {
-    ALOGE("usage: storageproxyd -d <trusty_dev> -p <data_path> -r <rpmb_dev> -t <dev_type>\n");
+    ALOGE("usage: storageproxyd -d <trusty_dev> -p <data_path> -r <rpmb_dev> -t <dev_type>  [-m "
+          "<file>] [-f <file>:<mapping>]\n");
     ALOGE("Available dev types: mmc, virt\n");
+    ALOGE("-f = Maps secure storage files like `0` and `persist/0`\n"
+          "to block devices.  Storageproxyd will handle creating the\n"
+          "appropriate symlinks in the root datapath.\n");
+    ALOGE("-m = Specifies the max size constraint for file backed storages.\n"
+          "The constraint is chosen by giving a file, this allows for passing a\n"
+          "block device for which a max file size can be queried.  File based\n"
+          "storages will be constrained to that size as well.\n");
     exit(code);
 }
 
@@ -186,6 +235,7 @@ static int proxy_loop(void) {
 static void parse_args(int argc, char* argv[]) {
     int opt;
     int oidx = 0;
+    int rc = 0;
 
     while ((opt = getopt_long(argc, argv, _sopts, _lopts, &oidx)) != -1) {
         switch (opt) {
@@ -209,6 +259,18 @@ static void parse_args(int argc, char* argv[]) {
                 }
                 break;
 
+            case 'f':
+                rc = parse_and_append_file_mapping(optarg);
+                if (rc < 0) {
+                    ALOGE("Failed to parse file mapping: %s\n", optarg);
+                    show_usage_and_exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+                }
+                break;
+
+            case 'm':
+                max_file_size_from = strdup(optarg);
+                break;
+
             default:
                 ALOGE("unrecognized option (%c):\n", opt);
                 show_usage_and_exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
@@ -224,6 +286,12 @@ static void parse_args(int argc, char* argv[]) {
     ALOGI("storage data root: %s\n", ss_data_root);
     ALOGI("trusty dev: %s\n", trusty_devname);
     ALOGI("rpmb dev: %s\n", rpmb_devname);
+    ALOGI("File Mappings: \n");
+    const struct storage_mapping_node* curr = storage_mapping_head;
+    for (; curr != NULL; curr = curr->next) {
+        ALOGI("\t%s -> %s\n", curr->file_name, curr->backing_storage);
+    }
+    ALOGI("max file size from: %s\n", max_file_size_from ? max_file_size_from : "(unset)");
 }
 
 int main(int argc, char* argv[]) {
@@ -238,8 +306,20 @@ int main(int argc, char* argv[]) {
     /* parse arguments */
     parse_args(argc, argv);
 
+    /*
+     * Start binder threadpool. At least one extra binder thread is needed to
+     * connect to the wakelock service without relying on polling. If we poll on
+     * the main thread we end up pausing for at least 1s even if the service
+     * starts faster. We set the max thread count to 0 because startThreadPool
+     * "Starts one thread, PLUS those requested in setThreadPoolMaxThreadCount,
+     * PLUS those manually requested in joinThreadPool." We only need a single
+     * binder thread to receive notifications on.
+     */
+    ABinderProcess_setThreadPoolMaxThreadCount(0);
+    ABinderProcess_startThreadPool();
+
     /* initialize secure storage directory */
-    rc = storage_init(ss_data_root);
+    rc = storage_init(ss_data_root, storage_mapping_head, max_file_size_from);
     if (rc < 0) return EXIT_FAILURE;
 
     /* open rpmb device */
diff --git a/trusty/storage/proxy/rpmb.c b/trusty/storage/proxy/rpmb.c
index 22a85a72b717..1f5d1079699d 100644
--- a/trusty/storage/proxy/rpmb.c
+++ b/trusty/storage/proxy/rpmb.c
@@ -399,6 +399,14 @@ static int send_ufs_rpmb_req(int sg_fd, const struct storage_rpmb_send_req* req,
 
     bool is_request_write = req->reliable_write_size > 0;
 
+    /*
+     * Internally this call connects to the suspend service, which will cause
+     * this service to start if not already running. If the binder thread pool
+     * has not been started at this point, this call will block and poll for the
+     * service every 1s. We need to make sure the thread pool is started to
+     * receive an async notification that the service is started to avoid
+     * blocking (see main).
+     */
     wl_rc = acquire_wake_lock(PARTIAL_WAKE_LOCK, UFS_WAKE_LOCK_NAME);
     if (wl_rc < 0) {
         ALOGE("%s: failed to acquire wakelock: %d, %s\n", __func__, wl_rc, strerror(errno));
diff --git a/trusty/storage/proxy/rpmb.h b/trusty/storage/proxy/rpmb.h
index 04bdf9a6a677..1761eecc0030 100644
--- a/trusty/storage/proxy/rpmb.h
+++ b/trusty/storage/proxy/rpmb.h
@@ -15,8 +15,8 @@
  */
 #pragma once
 
+#include <interface/storage/storage.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
-#include <trusty/interface/storage.h>
 
 #include "watchdog.h"
 
diff --git a/trusty/storage/proxy/storage.c b/trusty/storage/proxy/storage.c
index 2299481194ba..72c4e93fef16 100644
--- a/trusty/storage/proxy/storage.c
+++ b/trusty/storage/proxy/storage.c
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@
  * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
  * limitations under the License.
  */
+#include <assert.h>
 #include <cutils/properties.h>
 #include <errno.h>
 #include <fcntl.h>
@@ -39,18 +40,24 @@
 #define ALTERNATE_DATA_DIR "alternate/"
 
 /* Maximum file size for filesystem backed storage (i.e. not block dev backed storage) */
-#define MAX_FILE_SIZE (0x10000000000)
+static uint64_t max_file_size = 0x10000000000;
 
 enum sync_state {
     SS_UNUSED = -1,
-    SS_CLEAN =  0,
-    SS_DIRTY =  1,
+    SS_CLEAN = 0,
+    SS_DIRTY = 1,
+    SS_CLEAN_NEED_SYMLINK = 2,
 };
 
 static const char *ssdir_name;
 
+/* List head for storage mapping, elements added at init, and never removed */
+static struct storage_mapping_node* storage_mapping_head;
+
+#ifdef VENDOR_FS_READY_PROPERTY
+
 /*
- * Property set to 1 after we have opened a file under ssdir_name. The backing
+ * Properties set to 1 after we have opened a file under ssdir_name. The backing
  * files for both TD and TDP are currently located under /data/vendor/ss and can
  * only be opened once userdata is mounted. This storageproxyd service is
  * restarted when userdata is available, which causes the Trusty storage service
@@ -59,11 +66,29 @@ static const char *ssdir_name;
  * ports will be available (although they may block if still being initialized),
  * and connections will not be reset after this point (assuming the
  * storageproxyd service stays running).
+ *
+ * fs_ready - secure storage is read-only (due to checkpointing after upgrade)
+ * fs_ready_rw - secure storage is readable and writable
  */
 #define FS_READY_PROPERTY "ro.vendor.trusty.storage.fs_ready"
+#define FS_READY_RW_PROPERTY "ro.vendor.trusty.storage.fs_ready_rw"
 
 /* has FS_READY_PROPERTY been set? */
-static bool fs_ready_initialized = false;
+static bool fs_ready_set = false;
+static bool fs_ready_rw_set = false;
+
+static bool property_set_helper(const char* prop) {
+    int rc = property_set(prop, "1");
+    if (rc == 0) {
+        ALOGI("Set property %s\n", prop);
+    } else {
+        ALOGE("Could not set property %s, rc: %d\n", prop, rc);
+    }
+
+    return rc == 0;
+}
+
+#endif  // #ifdef VENDOR_FS_READY_PROPERTY
 
 static enum sync_state fs_state;
 static enum sync_state fd_state[FD_TBL_SIZE];
@@ -71,28 +96,107 @@ static enum sync_state fd_state[FD_TBL_SIZE];
 static bool alternate_mode;
 
 static struct {
-   struct storage_file_read_resp hdr;
-   uint8_t data[MAX_READ_SIZE];
-}  read_rsp;
+    struct storage_file_read_resp hdr;
+    uint8_t data[MAX_READ_SIZE];
+} read_rsp;
 
-static uint32_t insert_fd(int open_flags, int fd)
-{
+static uint32_t insert_fd(int open_flags, int fd, struct storage_mapping_node* node) {
     uint32_t handle = fd;
 
     if (handle < FD_TBL_SIZE) {
-            fd_state[fd] = SS_CLEAN; /* fd clean */
-            if (open_flags & O_TRUNC) {
-                fd_state[fd] = SS_DIRTY;  /* set fd dirty */
-            }
+        fd_state[fd] = SS_CLEAN; /* fd clean */
+        if (open_flags & O_TRUNC) {
+            assert(node == NULL);
+            fd_state[fd] = SS_DIRTY; /* set fd dirty */
+        }
+
+        if (node != NULL) {
+            fd_state[fd] = SS_CLEAN_NEED_SYMLINK;
+        }
     } else {
             ALOGW("%s: untracked fd %u\n", __func__, fd);
             if (open_flags & (O_TRUNC | O_CREAT)) {
                 fs_state = SS_DIRTY;
             }
     }
+
+    if (node != NULL) {
+        node->fd = fd;
+    }
+
     return handle;
 }
 
+static void clear_fd_symlink_status(uint32_t handle, struct storage_mapping_node* entry) {
+    /* Always clear FD, in case fd is not in FD_TBL */
+    entry->fd = -1;
+
+    if (handle >= FD_TBL_SIZE) {
+        ALOGE("%s: untracked fd=%u\n", __func__, handle);
+        return;
+    }
+
+    if (fd_state[handle] == SS_CLEAN_NEED_SYMLINK) {
+        fd_state[handle] = SS_CLEAN;
+    }
+}
+
+static struct storage_mapping_node* get_pending_symlink_mapping(uint32_t handle) {
+    /* Fast lookup failure, is it in FD TBL */
+    if (handle < FD_TBL_SIZE && fd_state[handle] != SS_CLEAN_NEED_SYMLINK) {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    /* Go find our mapping */
+    struct storage_mapping_node* curr = storage_mapping_head;
+    for (; curr != NULL; curr = curr->next) {
+        if (curr->fd == handle) {
+            return curr;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /* Safety check: state inconsistent if we get here with handle inside table range */
+    assert(handle >= FD_TBL_SIZE);
+
+    return NULL;
+};
+
+static int possibly_symlink_and_clear_mapping(uint32_t handle) {
+    struct storage_mapping_node* entry = get_pending_symlink_mapping(handle);
+    if (entry == NULL) {
+        /* No mappings pending */
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    /* Create full path */
+    char* path = NULL;
+    int rc = asprintf(&path, "%s/%s", ssdir_name, entry->file_name);
+    if (rc < 0) {
+        ALOGE("%s: asprintf failed\n", __func__);
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    /* Try and setup the symlinking */
+    ALOGI("Creating symlink %s->%s\n", path, entry->backing_storage);
+    rc = symlink(entry->backing_storage, path);
+    if (rc < 0) {
+        ALOGE("%s: error symlinking %s->%s (%s)\n", __func__, path, entry->backing_storage,
+              strerror(errno));
+        free(path);
+        return rc;
+    }
+    free(path);
+
+    clear_fd_symlink_status(handle, entry);
+
+    return rc;
+}
+
+static bool is_pending_symlink(uint32_t handle) {
+    struct storage_mapping_node* entry = get_pending_symlink_mapping(handle);
+    return entry != NULL;
+}
+
 static int lookup_fd(uint32_t handle, bool dirty)
 {
     if (dirty) {
@@ -107,6 +211,12 @@ static int lookup_fd(uint32_t handle, bool dirty)
 
 static int remove_fd(uint32_t handle)
 {
+    /* Cleanup fd in symlink mapping if it exists */
+    struct storage_mapping_node* entry = get_pending_symlink_mapping(handle);
+    if (entry != NULL) {
+        entry->fd = -1;
+    }
+
     if (handle < FD_TBL_SIZE) {
         fd_state[handle] = SS_UNUSED; /* set to uninstalled */
     }
@@ -247,11 +357,73 @@ static void sync_parent(const char* path, struct watcher* watcher) {
     watch_progress(watcher, "done syncing parent");
 }
 
+static struct storage_mapping_node* get_storage_mapping_entry(const char* source) {
+    struct storage_mapping_node* curr = storage_mapping_head;
+    for (; curr != NULL; curr = curr->next) {
+        if (!strcmp(source, curr->file_name)) {
+            ALOGI("Found backing file %s for %s\n", curr->backing_storage, source);
+            return curr;
+        }
+    }
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+static bool is_backing_storage_mapped(const char* source) {
+    const struct storage_mapping_node* curr = storage_mapping_head;
+    for (; curr != NULL; curr = curr->next) {
+        if (!strcmp(source, curr->backing_storage)) {
+            ALOGI("Backed storage mapping exists for %s\n", curr->backing_storage);
+            return true;
+        }
+    }
+    return false;
+}
+
+/* Attempts to open a backed file, if mapped, without creating the symlink. Symlink will be created
+ * later on the first write.  This allows us to continue reporting zero read sizes until the first
+ * write. */
+static int open_possibly_mapped_file(const char* short_path, const char* full_path, int open_flags,
+                                     struct storage_mapping_node** entry) {
+    /* See if mapping exists, report upstream if there is no mapping. */
+    struct storage_mapping_node* mapping_entry = get_storage_mapping_entry(short_path);
+    if (mapping_entry == NULL) {
+        return TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(open(full_path, open_flags, S_IRUSR | S_IWUSR));
+    }
+
+    /* Check for existence of root path, we don't allow mappings during early boot */
+    struct stat buf = {0};
+    if (stat(ssdir_name, &buf) != 0) {
+        ALOGW("Root path not accessible yet, refuse to open mappings for now.\n");
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    /* We don't support exclusive opening of mapped files */
+    if (open_flags & O_EXCL) {
+        ALOGE("Requesting exclusive open on backed storage isn't supported: %s\n", full_path);
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    /* Try and open mapping file */
+    open_flags &= ~(O_CREAT | O_EXCL);
+    ALOGI("%s Attempting to open mapped file: %s\n", __func__, mapping_entry->backing_storage);
+    int fd =
+            TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(open(mapping_entry->backing_storage, open_flags, S_IRUSR | S_IWUSR));
+    if (fd < 0) {
+        ALOGE("%s Failed to open mapping file: %s\n", __func__, mapping_entry->backing_storage);
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    /* Let caller know which entry we used for opening */
+    *entry = mapping_entry;
+    return fd;
+}
+
 int storage_file_open(struct storage_msg* msg, const void* r, size_t req_len,
                       struct watcher* watcher) {
     char* path = NULL;
     const struct storage_file_open_req *req = r;
     struct storage_file_open_resp resp = {0};
+    struct storage_mapping_node* mapping_entry = NULL;
 
     if (req_len < sizeof(*req)) {
         ALOGE("%s: invalid request length (%zd < %zd)\n",
@@ -321,14 +493,18 @@ int storage_file_open(struct storage_msg* msg, const void* r, size_t req_len,
         if (req->flags & STORAGE_FILE_OPEN_CREATE_EXCLUSIVE) {
             /* create exclusive */
             open_flags |= O_CREAT | O_EXCL;
-            rc = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(open(path, open_flags, S_IRUSR | S_IWUSR));
+
+            /* Look for and attempt opening a mapping, else just do normal open. */
+            rc = open_possibly_mapped_file(req->name, path, open_flags, &mapping_entry);
         } else {
             /* try open first */
             rc = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(open(path, open_flags, S_IRUSR | S_IWUSR));
             if (rc == -1 && errno == ENOENT) {
                 /* then try open with O_CREATE */
                 open_flags |= O_CREAT;
-                rc = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(open(path, open_flags, S_IRUSR | S_IWUSR));
+
+                /* Look for and attempt opening a mapping, else just do normal open. */
+                rc = open_possibly_mapped_file(req->name, path, open_flags, &mapping_entry);
             }
 
         }
@@ -353,23 +529,35 @@ int storage_file_open(struct storage_msg* msg, const void* r, size_t req_len,
     if (open_flags & O_CREAT) {
         sync_parent(path, watcher);
     }
-    free(path);
 
     /* at this point rc contains storage file fd */
     msg->result = STORAGE_NO_ERROR;
-    resp.handle = insert_fd(open_flags, rc);
+    resp.handle = insert_fd(open_flags, rc, mapping_entry);
     ALOGV("%s: \"%s\": fd = %u: handle = %d\n",
           __func__, path, rc, resp.handle);
 
+    free(path);
+    path = NULL;
+
+#ifdef VENDOR_FS_READY_PROPERTY
     /* a backing file has been opened, notify any waiting init steps */
-    if (!fs_ready_initialized) {
-        rc = property_set(FS_READY_PROPERTY, "1");
-        if (rc == 0) {
-            fs_ready_initialized = true;
+    if (!fs_ready_set || !fs_ready_rw_set) {
+        bool is_checkpoint_active = false;
+
+        rc = is_data_checkpoint_active(&is_checkpoint_active);
+        if (rc != 0) {
+            ALOGE("is_data_checkpoint_active() failed (%d)\n", rc);
         } else {
-            ALOGE("Could not set property %s, rc: %d\n", FS_READY_PROPERTY, rc);
+            if (!fs_ready_rw_set && !is_checkpoint_active) {
+                fs_ready_rw_set = property_set_helper(FS_READY_RW_PROPERTY);
+            }
+
+            if (!fs_ready_set) {
+                fs_ready_set = property_set_helper(FS_READY_PROPERTY);
+            }
         }
     }
+#endif  // #ifdef VENDOR_FS_READY_PROPERTY
 
     return ipc_respond(msg, &resp, sizeof(resp));
 
@@ -431,6 +619,14 @@ int storage_file_write(struct storage_msg* msg, const void* r, size_t req_len,
         goto err_response;
     }
 
+    /* Handle any delayed symlinking for this handle if any */
+    rc = possibly_symlink_and_clear_mapping(req->handle);
+    if (rc < 0) {
+        ALOGE("Failed to symlink storage\n");
+        msg->result = STORAGE_ERR_GENERIC;
+        goto err_response;
+    }
+
     int fd = lookup_fd(req->handle, true);
     watch_progress(watcher, "writing");
     if (write_with_retry(fd, &req->data[0], req_len - sizeof(*req),
@@ -477,6 +673,14 @@ int storage_file_read(struct storage_msg* msg, const void* r, size_t req_len,
         goto err_response;
     }
 
+    /* If this handle has a delayed symlink we should report 0 size reads until first write occurs
+     */
+    if (is_pending_symlink(req->handle)) {
+        ALOGI("Pending symlink: Forcing read result 0.\n");
+        msg->result = STORAGE_NO_ERROR;
+        return ipc_respond(msg, &read_rsp, sizeof(read_rsp.hdr));
+    }
+
     int fd = lookup_fd(req->handle, false);
     watch_progress(watcher, "reading");
     ssize_t read_res = read_with_retry(fd, read_rsp.hdr.data, req->size,
@@ -590,7 +794,7 @@ int storage_file_get_max_size(struct storage_msg* msg, const void* r, size_t req
             goto err_response;
         }
     } else {
-        max_size = MAX_FILE_SIZE;
+        max_size = max_file_size;
     }
 
     resp.max_size = max_size;
@@ -601,17 +805,79 @@ int storage_file_get_max_size(struct storage_msg* msg, const void* r, size_t req
     return ipc_respond(msg, NULL, 0);
 }
 
-int storage_init(const char *dirname)
-{
+int determine_max_file_size(const char* max_file_size_from) {
+    /* Use default if none passed in */
+    if (max_file_size_from == NULL) {
+        ALOGI("No max file source given, continuing to use default: 0x%" PRIx64 "\n",
+              max_file_size);
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    /* Check that max_file_size_from is part of our mapping list. */
+    if (!is_backing_storage_mapped(max_file_size_from)) {
+        ALOGE("%s: file doesn't match mapped storages (filename=%s)\n", __func__,
+              max_file_size_from);
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    ALOGI("Using %s to determine max file size.\n", max_file_size_from);
+
+    /* Error if max file size source not found, possible misconfig. */
+    struct stat buf = {0};
+    int rc = stat(max_file_size_from, &buf);
+    if (rc < 0) {
+        ALOGE("%s: error stat'ing file (filename=%s): %s\n", __func__, max_file_size_from,
+              strerror(errno));
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    /* Currently only support block device as max file size source */
+    if ((buf.st_mode & S_IFMT) != S_IFBLK) {
+        ALOGE("Unsupported max file size source type: %d\n", buf.st_mode);
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    ALOGI("%s is a block device, determining block device size\n", max_file_size_from);
+    uint64_t max_size = 0;
+    int fd = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(open(max_file_size_from, O_RDONLY | O_NONBLOCK));
+    if (fd < 0) {
+        ALOGE("%s: failed to open backing file %s for ioctl: %s\n", __func__, max_file_size_from,
+              strerror(errno));
+        return -1;
+    }
+    rc = ioctl(fd, BLKGETSIZE64, &max_size);
+    if (rc < 0) {
+        ALOGE("%s: error calling ioctl on file (fd=%d): %s\n", __func__, fd, strerror(errno));
+        close(fd);
+        return -1;
+    }
+    close(fd);
+    max_file_size = max_size;
+
+    ALOGI("Using 0x%" PRIx64 " as max file size\n", max_file_size);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+int storage_init(const char* dirname, struct storage_mapping_node* mappings,
+                 const char* max_file_size_from) {
     /* If there is an active DSU image, use the alternate fs mode. */
     alternate_mode = is_gsi_running();
 
     fs_state = SS_CLEAN;
     for (uint i = 0; i < FD_TBL_SIZE; i++) {
-        fd_state[i] = SS_UNUSED;  /* uninstalled */
+        fd_state[i] = SS_UNUSED; /* uninstalled */
     }
 
     ssdir_name = dirname;
+
+    storage_mapping_head = mappings;
+
+    /* Set the max file size based on incoming configuration */
+    int rc = determine_max_file_size(max_file_size_from);
+    if (rc < 0) {
+        return rc;
+    }
+
     return 0;
 }
 
@@ -621,17 +887,17 @@ int storage_sync_checkpoint(struct watcher* watcher) {
     watch_progress(watcher, "sync fd table");
     /* sync fd table and reset it to clean state first */
     for (uint fd = 0; fd < FD_TBL_SIZE; fd++) {
-         if (fd_state[fd] == SS_DIRTY) {
-             if (fs_state == SS_CLEAN) {
-                 /* need to sync individual fd */
-                 rc = fsync(fd);
-                 if (rc < 0) {
-                     ALOGE("fsync for fd=%d failed: %s\n", fd, strerror(errno));
-                     return rc;
-                 }
-             }
-             fd_state[fd] = SS_CLEAN; /* set to clean */
-         }
+        if (fd_state[fd] == SS_DIRTY) {
+            if (fs_state == SS_CLEAN) {
+                /* need to sync individual fd */
+                rc = fsync(fd);
+                if (rc < 0) {
+                    ALOGE("fsync for fd=%d failed: %s\n", fd, strerror(errno));
+                    return rc;
+                }
+            }
+            fd_state[fd] = SS_CLEAN; /* set to clean */
+        }
     }
 
     /* check if we need to sync all filesystems */
diff --git a/trusty/storage/proxy/storage.h b/trusty/storage/proxy/storage.h
index f29fdf2e8047..f46f78532d47 100644
--- a/trusty/storage/proxy/storage.h
+++ b/trusty/storage/proxy/storage.h
@@ -15,12 +15,20 @@
  */
 #pragma once
 
+#include <interface/storage/storage.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
-#include <trusty/interface/storage.h>
 
 /* Defined in watchdog.h */
 struct watcher;
 
+/* Is used for managing alternate backing storage, generally will be a block device. */
+struct storage_mapping_node {
+    struct storage_mapping_node* next;
+    const char* file_name;
+    const char* backing_storage;
+    int fd;
+};
+
 int storage_file_delete(struct storage_msg* msg, const void* req, size_t req_len,
                         struct watcher* watcher);
 
@@ -45,6 +53,7 @@ int storage_file_set_size(struct storage_msg* msg, const void* req, size_t req_l
 int storage_file_get_max_size(struct storage_msg* msg, const void* req, size_t req_len,
                               struct watcher* watcher);
 
-int storage_init(const char* dirname);
+int storage_init(const char* dirname, struct storage_mapping_node* head,
+                 const char* max_file_size_from);
 
 int storage_sync_checkpoint(struct watcher* watcher);
diff --git a/trusty/storage/proxy/watchdog.cpp b/trusty/storage/proxy/watchdog.cpp
index 6c09e2639685..f042fdcab45e 100644
--- a/trusty/storage/proxy/watchdog.cpp
+++ b/trusty/storage/proxy/watchdog.cpp
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
 
 #include <chrono>
 #include <cstdint>
+#include <mutex>
 #include <optional>
 #include <thread>
 #include <vector>
diff --git a/trusty/sysprops/Android.bp b/trusty/sysprops/Android.bp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..ec27f517fef7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/trusty/sysprops/Android.bp
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+sysprop_library {
+    name: "trusty-properties",
+    srcs: ["android/sysprop/trusty/security_vm.sysprop"],
+    property_owner: "Platform",
+    api_packages: ["android.sysprop.trusty"],
+    apex_available: [
+        "//apex_available:platform",
+    ],
+}
+
+rust_binary {
+    name: "trusty-properties-example",
+    srcs: ["example.rs"],
+    rustlibs: ["libtrusty_properties_rust"],
+}
diff --git a/trusty/sysprops/android/sysprop/trusty/security_vm.sysprop b/trusty/sysprops/android/sysprop/trusty/security_vm.sysprop
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..a079ecf1e37c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/trusty/sysprops/android/sysprop/trusty/security_vm.sysprop
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+# Copyright (C) 2025 The Android Open Source Project
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+# This module accesses properties regarding the Trusty VM that runs apps
+# used to provide security for the system, such as Keymint or Gatekeeper.
+
+module: "android.sysprop.trusty.security_vm"
+owner: Platform
+
+# The default Context Identifier to connect to Trusty over vsock.
+prop {
+    api_name: "vm_cid"
+    prop_name: "trusty.security_vm.vm_cid"
+    type: Integer
+    scope: Internal
+    access: Readonly
+}
+
+# Signals when a nonsecure VM is ready.
+#
+# This is used to launch dependent HALs.
+#
+# Trusty security VMs come in two flavors: non-secure and secure.
+#
+# 1. Non-secure VMs run on emulated environments like Cuttlefish, which lack
+#    pVM firmware and TEE support. Consequently, KeyMint's root-of-trust data
+#    is passed into the VM from the host's HAL, and an RPMB proxy provides
+#    secure storage.
+# 2. Secure VMs run on physical devices. Here, pVM firmware handles the
+#    transfer of root-of-trust data via DeviceTree, and a TEE provides secure
+#    storage.
+prop {
+    api_name: "nonsecure_vm_ready"
+    prop_name: "trusty.security_vm.nonsecure_vm_ready"
+    type: Boolean
+    scope: Internal
+    access: Readonly
+}
+
+# The Trusty Security VM is enabled.
+prop {
+    api_name: "enabled"
+    prop_name: "trusty.security_vm.enabled"
+    type: Boolean
+    scope: Public
+    access: Readonly
+}
+
+# KeyMint is enabled in the Trusty Security VM.
+prop {
+    api_name: "keymint_enabled"
+    prop_name: "trusty.security_vm.keymint.enabled"
+    type: Boolean
+    scope: Public
+    access: Readonly
+}
diff --git a/trusty/sysprops/api/trusty-properties-current.txt b/trusty/sysprops/api/trusty-properties-current.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..aa792fcef24f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/trusty/sysprops/api/trusty-properties-current.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+props {
+  module: "android.sysprop.trusty.security_vm"
+  prop {
+    api_name: "enabled"
+    prop_name: "trusty.security_vm.enabled"
+  }
+  prop {
+    api_name: "keymint_enabled"
+    prop_name: "trusty.security_vm.keymint.enabled"
+  }
+}
diff --git a/trusty/sysprops/api/trusty-properties-latest.txt b/trusty/sysprops/api/trusty-properties-latest.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..aa792fcef24f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/trusty/sysprops/api/trusty-properties-latest.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+props {
+  module: "android.sysprop.trusty.security_vm"
+  prop {
+    api_name: "enabled"
+    prop_name: "trusty.security_vm.enabled"
+  }
+  prop {
+    api_name: "keymint_enabled"
+    prop_name: "trusty.security_vm.keymint.enabled"
+  }
+}
diff --git a/trusty/sysprops/example.rs b/trusty/sysprops/example.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..f21e779e8a66
--- /dev/null
+++ b/trusty/sysprops/example.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+//! Example showing how to access the `trusty.security_vm.vm_cid` system property with Rust.
+
+use trusty_properties::security_vm;
+
+fn main() {
+    match security_vm::vm_cid() {
+        Ok(Some(cid)) => println!("CID: {cid}"),
+        Ok(None) => println!("CID property not set"),
+        Err(e) => println!("Error: {e:?}"),
+    }
+}
diff --git a/trusty/test/driver/Android.bp b/trusty/test/driver/Android.bp
index b813a04ccb66..3faa878a2eb6 100644
--- a/trusty/test/driver/Android.bp
+++ b/trusty/test/driver/Android.bp
@@ -23,10 +23,4 @@ python_test {
         "**/*.py",
     ],
     test_suites: ["general-tests"],
-    version: {
-        py3: {
-            embedded_launcher: true,
-            enabled: true,
-        },
-    },
 }
diff --git a/trusty/test/driver/trusty_driver_test.py b/trusty/test/driver/trusty_driver_test.py
index 608fd470f028..d86b48b60019 100644
--- a/trusty/test/driver/trusty_driver_test.py
+++ b/trusty/test/driver/trusty_driver_test.py
@@ -31,35 +31,56 @@ def WriteFile(file_path, s):
 def IsTrustySupported():
     return os.path.exists("/dev/trusty-ipc-dev0")
 
+def MatchTrustyDevice(de: os.DirEntry, suffix: str):
+    for core in ["-core", ""]:
+        candidate = f":trusty{core}{suffix}"
+        if de.name == candidate[1:]:
+            return de
+        if de.name.endswith(candidate):
+            return de
+
+    return None
+
+def FindTrustyDevice(suffix: str):
+    with os.scandir("/sys/bus/platform/devices") as it:
+        candidates = (MatchTrustyDevice(de, suffix) for de in it)
+        final = (de.name for de in candidates if de is not None)
+        return next(final)
+
 @unittest.skipIf(not IsTrustySupported(), "Device does not support Trusty")
 class TrustyDriverTest(unittest.TestCase):
     def testIrqDriverBinding(self):
-        WriteFile("/sys/bus/platform/drivers/trusty-irq/unbind", "trusty:irq")
-        WriteFile("/sys/bus/platform/drivers/trusty-irq/bind", "trusty:irq")
+        dev = FindTrustyDevice(":irq")
+        WriteFile("/sys/bus/platform/drivers/trusty-irq/unbind", dev)
+        WriteFile("/sys/bus/platform/drivers/trusty-irq/bind", dev)
 
     def testLogDriverBinding(self):
-        WriteFile("/sys/bus/platform/drivers/trusty-log/unbind", "trusty:log")
-        WriteFile("/sys/bus/platform/drivers/trusty-log/bind", "trusty:log")
+        dev = FindTrustyDevice(":log")
+        WriteFile("/sys/bus/platform/drivers/trusty-log/unbind", dev)
+        WriteFile("/sys/bus/platform/drivers/trusty-log/bind", dev)
 
     @unittest.skip("TODO(b/142275662): virtio remove currently hangs")
     def testVirtioDriverBinding(self):
-        WriteFile("/sys/bus/platform/drivers/trusty-virtio/unbind",
-                  "trusty:virtio")
-        WriteFile("/sys/bus/platform/drivers/trusty-virtio/bind",
-                  "trusty:virtio")
+        dev = FindTrustyDevice(":virtio")
+        WriteFile("/sys/bus/platform/drivers/trusty-virtio/unbind", dev)
+        WriteFile("/sys/bus/platform/drivers/trusty-virtio/bind", dev)
 
     @unittest.skip("TODO(b/142275662): virtio remove currently hangs")
     def testTrustyDriverBinding(self):
-        WriteFile("/sys/bus/platform/drivers/trusty/unbind", "trusty")
-        WriteFile("/sys/bus/platform/drivers/trusty/bind", "trusty")
+        dev = FindTrustyDevice("")
+        WriteFile("/sys/bus/platform/drivers/trusty/unbind", dev)
+        WriteFile("/sys/bus/platform/drivers/trusty/bind", dev)
 
     def testTrustyDriverVersion(self):
-        ver = ReadFile("/sys/bus/platform/devices/trusty/trusty_version")
+        dev = FindTrustyDevice("")
+        ver = ReadFile(f"/sys/bus/platform/devices/{dev}/trusty_version")
         self.assertTrue(ver.startswith("Project:"))
 
     def testUntaintedLinux(self):
-        tainted = ReadFile("/proc/sys/kernel/tainted")
-        self.assertEqual(tainted, "0")
+        tainted = int(ReadFile("/proc/sys/kernel/tainted"))
+        # Filter out the out-of-tree and unsigned module bits
+        tainted &= ~0x3000
+        self.assertEqual(tainted, 0)
 
     # stdcall test with shared memory buffers.
     # Each test run takes up to 4 arguments:
@@ -73,7 +94,8 @@ def testUntaintedLinux(self):
     # Test 10 4K shared memory objects, shared 10 times, each accessed
     # 10 times.
     def testStdCall(self):
-        test = "/sys/devices/platform/trusty/trusty:test/trusty_test_run"
+        dev = FindTrustyDevice(":test")
+        test = f"/sys/bus/platform/devices/{dev}/trusty_test_run"
         args = "0x1000 0x800000,10,2,2 0x800000,2,100,0 0x1000,10,10,10"
         WriteFile(test, args)
 
diff --git a/trusty/trusty-base.mk b/trusty/trusty-base.mk
index 1986c73e92a8..fcde61d68e77 100644
--- a/trusty/trusty-base.mk
+++ b/trusty/trusty-base.mk
@@ -22,21 +22,22 @@
 # For gatekeeper, we include the generic -service and -impl to use legacy
 # HAL loading of gatekeeper.trusty.
 
-# Allow the KeyMint HAL service implementation to be selected at build time.  This needs to be
-# done in sync with the TA implementation included in Trusty.  Possible values are:
-#
-# - Rust implementation:   export TRUSTY_KEYMINT_IMPL=rust
-# - C++ implementation:    (any other value of TRUSTY_KEYMINT_IMPL)
+ifeq ($(KEYMINT_HAL_VENDOR_APEX_SELECT),true)
+    $(call inherit-product, system/core/trusty/keymint/trusty-keymint-apex.mk)
+
+else
+    $(call inherit-product, system/core/trusty/keymint/trusty-keymint.mk)
+
+endif
 
-ifeq ($(TRUSTY_KEYMINT_IMPL),rust)
-    LOCAL_KEYMINT_PRODUCT_PACKAGE := android.hardware.security.keymint-service.rust.trusty
+ifeq ($(SECRETKEEPER_ENABLED),true)
+    LOCAL_SECRETKEEPER_PRODUCT_PACKAGE := android.hardware.security.secretkeeper.trusty
 else
-    # Default to the C++ implementation
-    LOCAL_KEYMINT_PRODUCT_PACKAGE := android.hardware.security.keymint-service.trusty
+    LOCAL_SECRETKEEPER_PRODUCT_PACKAGE :=
 endif
 
 PRODUCT_PACKAGES += \
-	$(LOCAL_KEYMINT_PRODUCT_PACKAGE) \
+	$(LOCAL_SECRETKEEPER_PRODUCT_PACKAGE) \
 	android.hardware.gatekeeper-service.trusty \
 	trusty_apploader \
 
diff --git a/fastboot/Android.mk b/trusty/trusty-storage-cf.mk
similarity index 62%
rename from fastboot/Android.mk
rename to trusty/trusty-storage-cf.mk
index cde0cb28e24f..acefd3e99857 100644
--- a/fastboot/Android.mk
+++ b/trusty/trusty-storage-cf.mk
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
-# Copyright (C) 2007 Google Inc.
+#
+# Copyright (C) 2024 The Android Open-Source Project
 #
 # Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 # you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -11,15 +12,15 @@
 # WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 # See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 # limitations under the License.
-
-LOCAL_PATH:= $(call my-dir)
-
 #
-# Package fastboot-related executables.
+
 #
+# This makefile should be included by the cuttlefish device
+# when enabling the Trusty VM to pull in the baseline set
+# of storage specific modules
+
+PRODUCT_PACKAGES += \
+	storageproxyd.system \
+	rpmb_dev.system \
+	rpmb_dev.test.system \
 
-my_dist_files := $(HOST_OUT_EXECUTABLES)/mke2fs
-my_dist_files += $(HOST_OUT_EXECUTABLES)/make_f2fs
-my_dist_files += $(HOST_OUT_EXECUTABLES)/make_f2fs_casefold
-$(call dist-for-goals,dist_files sdk,$(my_dist_files))
-my_dist_files :=
diff --git a/trusty/trusty-storage.mk b/trusty/trusty-storage.mk
index 3f263167cae3..d2bc0b18c271 100644
--- a/trusty/trusty-storage.mk
+++ b/trusty/trusty-storage.mk
@@ -14,5 +14,30 @@
 # limitations under the License.
 #
 
+#
+# Trusty TEE packages
+#
+
+# below statement adds the singleton storage daemon in vendor,
+# storageproxyd vendor interacts with the Secure Storage TA in the
+# Trustzone Trusty TEE
 PRODUCT_PACKAGES += \
 	storageproxyd \
+
+#
+# Trusty VM packages
+#
+ifeq ($(TRUSTY_SYSTEM_VM),enabled_with_placeholder_trusted_hal)
+
+# with placeholder Trusted HALs, the Trusty VMs are standalone (i.e. they don't access
+# remote Trusted HAL services) and thus require their own secure storage.
+# (one secure storage emulation for each Trusty VM - security VM, test VM and WV VM)
+# in secure mode, the secure storage is the services by Trusty in Trustzone
+# and requires a single storageproxyd in vendor.
+PRODUCT_PACKAGES += \
+	storageproxyd.system \
+	rpmb_dev.test.system \
+	rpmb_dev.system \
+	rpmb_dev.wv.system \
+
+endif
diff --git a/trusty/utils/acvp/trusty_modulewrapper.cpp b/trusty/utils/acvp/trusty_modulewrapper.cpp
index 70ffb52ec19c..817b60061004 100644
--- a/trusty/utils/acvp/trusty_modulewrapper.cpp
+++ b/trusty/utils/acvp/trusty_modulewrapper.cpp
@@ -21,15 +21,17 @@
 #include <android-base/result.h>
 #include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
 #include <errno.h>
+#include <iostream>
 #include <log/log.h>
 #include <modulewrapper.h>
 #include <openssl/span.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
 #include <sys/mman.h>
 #include <trusty/tipc.h>
 #include <unistd.h>
-#include <iostream>
+#include <algorithm>
 
 #include "acvp_ipc.h"
 
@@ -41,9 +43,6 @@ using android::base::Result;
 using android::base::unique_fd;
 using android::base::WriteFully;
 
-static inline size_t AlignUpToPage(size_t size) {
-    return (size + (PAGE_SIZE - 1)) & ~(PAGE_SIZE - 1);
-}
 
 namespace {
 
@@ -103,15 +102,12 @@ Result<void> ModuleWrapper::SendMessage(bssl::Span<const bssl::Span<const uint8_
     struct acvp_req request;
     request.num_args = args.size();
 
-    size_t total_args_size = 0;
+    int total_args_size = 0;
     for (auto arg : args) {
         total_args_size += arg.size();
     }
 
-    shm_size_ = ACVP_MIN_SHARED_MEMORY;
-    if (total_args_size > shm_size_) {
-        shm_size_ = AlignUpToPage(total_args_size);
-    }
+    shm_size_ = std::max(ACVP_MIN_SHARED_MEMORY, total_args_size);
     request.buffer_size = shm_size_;
 
     struct iovec iov = {
@@ -208,6 +204,11 @@ Result<void> ModuleWrapper::ForwardResponse() {
     return {};
 }
 
+static bool EqString(bssl::Span<const uint8_t> cmd, const char *str) {
+    return cmd.size() == strlen(str) &&
+           memcmp(str, cmd.data(), cmd.size()) == 0;
+}
+
 int main() {
     for (;;) {
         auto buffer = bssl::acvp::RequestBuffer::New();
@@ -217,17 +218,24 @@ int main() {
             return EXIT_FAILURE;
         }
 
-        ModuleWrapper wrapper;
-        auto res = wrapper.SendMessage(args);
-        if (!res.ok()) {
-            std::cerr << res.error() << std::endl;
-            return EXIT_FAILURE;
-        }
+        if (EqString(args[0], "flush")) {
+            if (!bssl::acvp::FlushBuffer(STDOUT_FILENO)) {
+                ALOGE("Could not flush the buffer to stdout\n");
+                return EXIT_FAILURE;
+            }
+        } else {
+            ModuleWrapper wrapper;
+            auto res = wrapper.SendMessage(args);
+            if (!res.ok()) {
+                std::cerr << res.error() << std::endl;
+                return EXIT_FAILURE;
+            }
 
-        res = wrapper.ForwardResponse();
-        if (!res.ok()) {
-            std::cerr << res.error() << std::endl;
-            return EXIT_FAILURE;
+            res = wrapper.ForwardResponse();
+            if (!res.ok()) {
+                std::cerr << res.error() << std::endl;
+                return EXIT_FAILURE;
+            }
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/trusty/utils/coverage-controller/Android.bp b/trusty/utils/coverage-controller/Android.bp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..e6d30d912d12
--- /dev/null
+++ b/trusty/utils/coverage-controller/Android.bp
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package {
+    default_applicable_licenses: ["Android-Apache-2.0"],
+}
+
+cc_binary {
+    name: "trusty-coverage-controller",
+    vendor: true,
+
+    srcs: ["controller.cpp"],
+    shared_libs: [
+        "libc",
+        "liblog",
+        "libbase",
+        "libdmabufheap",
+    ],
+    static_libs: [
+        "libtrusty",
+        "libtrusty_line_coverage",
+    ],
+}
diff --git a/trusty/utils/coverage-controller/controller.cpp b/trusty/utils/coverage-controller/controller.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..f5d70b16d4fa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/trusty/utils/coverage-controller/controller.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,186 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
+#include <array>
+#include <getopt.h>
+#include <inttypes.h>
+#include <memory>
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <trusty/line-coverage/coverage.h>
+#include <trusty/tipc.h>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "controller.h"
+
+#define READ_ONCE(x) (*((volatile __typeof__(x) *) &(x)))
+#define WRITE_ONCE(x, val) (*((volatile __typeof__(val) *) &(x)) = (val))
+
+namespace android {
+namespace trusty {
+namespace controller {
+
+using ::android::trusty::line_coverage::CoverageRecord;
+
+void Controller::run(std::string output_dir) {
+    connectCoverageServer();
+    struct control *control;
+    uint64_t complete_cnt = 0, start_cnt = 0, flags;
+
+    while(1) {
+        setUpShm();
+
+        for (int index = 0; index < record_list_.size(); index++) {
+            control = (struct control *)record_list_[index]->getShm();
+            start_cnt = READ_ONCE((control->write_buffer_start_count));
+            complete_cnt = READ_ONCE(control->write_buffer_complete_count);
+            flags = READ_ONCE(control->cntrl_flags);
+
+            if (complete_cnt != counters[index] && start_cnt == complete_cnt) {
+                WRITE_ONCE(control->cntrl_flags, FLAG_NONE);
+                std::string filename;
+                filename = android::base::StringPrintf("/%s.%" PRIu64 ".profraw",
+                                                    uuid_list_[index].c_str(),
+                                                    counters[index]);
+                filename.insert(0, output_dir);
+                android::base::Result<void> res = record_list_[index]->SaveFile(filename);
+                counters[index]++;
+                WRITE_ONCE(control->read_buffer_cnt, counters[index]);
+            }
+            if(complete_cnt == counters[index] &&
+                !(flags & FLAG_RUN)) {
+                flags |= FLAG_RUN;
+                WRITE_ONCE(control->cntrl_flags, flags);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+void Controller::connectCoverageServer() {
+    coverage_srv_fd = tipc_connect(TIPC_DEV, LINE_COVERAGE_CLIENT_PORT);
+    if (coverage_srv_fd < 0) {
+        fprintf(stderr, \
+                "Error: Failed to connect to Trusty coverage server: %d\n", coverage_srv_fd);
+        return;
+    }
+}
+
+void Controller::setUpShm() {
+    struct line_coverage_client_req req;
+    struct line_coverage_client_resp resp;
+    uint32_t cur_index = record_list_.size();
+    struct uuid zero_uuid = {0, 0, 0, { 0 }};
+    char uuid_str[UUID_STR_SIZE];
+    req.hdr.cmd = LINE_COVERAGE_CLIENT_CMD_SEND_LIST;
+    int rc = write(coverage_srv_fd, &req, sizeof(req));
+        if (rc != (int)sizeof(req)) {
+            fprintf(stderr, "failed to send request to coverage server: %d\n", rc);
+            return;
+    }
+
+    while(1) {
+        rc = read(coverage_srv_fd, &resp, sizeof(resp));
+        if (rc != (int)sizeof(resp)) {
+            fprintf(stderr, "failed to read reply from coverage server:: %d\n", rc);
+        }
+
+        if (resp.hdr.cmd == (req.hdr.cmd | LINE_COVERAGE_CLIENT_CMD_RESP_BIT)) {
+            if (!memcmp(&resp.send_list_args.uuid, &zero_uuid, sizeof(struct uuid))) {
+                break;
+            }
+            if(uuid_set_.find(resp.send_list_args.uuid) == uuid_set_.end()) {
+                uuid_set_.insert(resp.send_list_args.uuid);
+                sprintf(uuid_str,
+                    "%08" PRIx32 "-%04" PRIx16 "-%04" PRIx16 "-%02" PRIx8 "%02" PRIx8
+                    "-%02" PRIx8 "%02" PRIx8 "%02" PRIx8 "%02" PRIx8 "%02" PRIx8 "%02" PRIx8,
+                    resp.send_list_args.uuid.time_low,
+                    resp.send_list_args.uuid.time_mid,
+                    resp.send_list_args.uuid.time_hi_and_version,
+                    resp.send_list_args.uuid.clock_seq_and_node[0],
+                    resp.send_list_args.uuid.clock_seq_and_node[1],
+                    resp.send_list_args.uuid.clock_seq_and_node[2],
+                    resp.send_list_args.uuid.clock_seq_and_node[3],
+                    resp.send_list_args.uuid.clock_seq_and_node[4],
+                    resp.send_list_args.uuid.clock_seq_and_node[5],
+                    resp.send_list_args.uuid.clock_seq_and_node[6],
+                    resp.send_list_args.uuid.clock_seq_and_node[7]);
+                uuid_list_.push_back(uuid_str);
+                record_list_.push_back(std::make_unique<CoverageRecord>(TIPC_DEV,
+                                                                    &resp.send_list_args.uuid));
+                counters.push_back(0);
+            }
+        }
+        else {
+            fprintf(stderr, "Unknown response header\n");
+        }
+        cur_index++;
+        req.hdr.cmd = LINE_COVERAGE_CLIENT_CMD_SEND_LIST;
+        req.send_list_args.index = cur_index;
+        int rc = write(coverage_srv_fd, &req, sizeof(req));
+        if (rc != (int)sizeof(req)) {
+            fprintf(stderr, "failed to send request to coverage server: %d\n", rc);
+        }
+    }
+
+    for(int ind = 0 ; ind < record_list_.size() ; ind++) {
+        record_list_[ind]->Open(coverage_srv_fd);
+    }
+}
+
+
+}  // namespace controller
+}  // namespace trusty
+}  // namespace android
+
+int main(int argc, char* argv[]) {
+
+    std::string optarg = "";
+    do {
+        int c;
+        c = getopt(argc, argv, "o");
+
+        if (c == -1) {
+            break;
+        }
+
+        switch (c) {
+        case 'o':
+            break;
+        default:
+            fprintf(stderr, "usage: %s -o [output_directory]\n", argv[0]);
+            exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+        }
+    } while (1);
+
+    if (argc > optind + 1) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "%s: too many arguments\n", argv[0]);
+        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+    }
+
+    if (argc > optind) {
+        optarg = argv[optind];
+    }
+    if (optarg.size()==0) {
+        optarg = "data/local/tmp";
+    }
+
+    android::trusty::controller::Controller cur;
+    cur.run(optarg);
+
+    return EXIT_SUCCESS;
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/trusty/utils/coverage-controller/controller.h b/trusty/utils/coverage-controller/controller.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..841a1aeb1165
--- /dev/null
+++ b/trusty/utils/coverage-controller/controller.h
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <trusty/line-coverage/coverage.h>
+#include <array>
+#include <memory>
+#include <vector>
+#include <set>
+
+#define TIPC_DEV "/dev/trusty-ipc-dev0"
+#define TEST_SRV_PORT "com.android.trusty.sancov.test.srv"
+#define TEST_SRV_MODULE "srv.syms.elf"
+
+#define UUID_STR_SIZE (37)
+
+#define FLAG_NONE               0x0
+#define FLAG_RUN                0x1
+#define FLAG_TOGGLE_CLEAR       0x2
+
+struct control {
+    /* Written by controller, read by instrumented TA */
+    uint64_t        cntrl_flags;
+    uint64_t        read_buffer_cnt;
+
+    /* Written by instrumented TA, read by controller */
+    uint64_t        write_buffer_start_count;
+    uint64_t        write_buffer_complete_count;
+};
+
+namespace android {
+namespace trusty {
+namespace controller {
+
+class Controller {
+  public:
+    public:
+        void run(std::string output_dir);
+
+    private:
+        std::vector<std::unique_ptr<line_coverage::CoverageRecord>>record_list_;
+        std::set<struct uuid>uuid_set_;
+        std::vector<std::string>uuid_list_;
+        std::vector<uint64_t> counters;
+        int coverage_srv_fd;
+
+        void connectCoverageServer();
+        void setUpShm();
+};
+
+}  // namespace controller
+}  // namespace trusty
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/trusty/utils/rpmb_dev/Android.bp b/trusty/utils/rpmb_dev/Android.bp
index a2700876a254..2f362e8b7c68 100644
--- a/trusty/utils/rpmb_dev/Android.bp
+++ b/trusty/utils/rpmb_dev/Android.bp
@@ -15,15 +15,13 @@ package {
     default_applicable_licenses: ["Android-Apache-2.0"],
 }
 
-cc_binary {
-    name: "rpmb_dev",
-    vendor: true,
-
+cc_defaults {
+    name: "rpmb_dev.cc_defaults",
     srcs: [
         "rpmb_dev.c",
     ],
     shared_libs: [
-        "libc",
+        "libcutils",
         "liblog",
         "libcrypto",
     ],
@@ -31,7 +29,41 @@ cc_binary {
         "-Wall",
         "-Werror",
     ],
+}
+
+cc_binary {
+    name: "rpmb_dev",
+    defaults: ["rpmb_dev.cc_defaults"],
+    vendor: true,
+    host_supported: true,
     init_rc: [
         "rpmb_dev.rc",
     ],
 }
+
+cc_binary {
+    name: "rpmb_dev.system",
+    defaults: ["rpmb_dev.cc_defaults"],
+    system_ext_specific: true,
+    init_rc: [
+        "rpmb_dev.system.rc",
+    ],
+}
+
+cc_binary {
+    name: "rpmb_dev.wv.system",
+    defaults: ["rpmb_dev.cc_defaults"],
+    system_ext_specific: true,
+    init_rc: [
+        "rpmb_dev.wv.system.rc",
+    ],
+}
+
+cc_binary {
+    name: "rpmb_dev.test.system",
+    defaults: ["rpmb_dev.cc_defaults"],
+    system_ext_specific: true,
+    init_rc: [
+        "rpmb_dev.test.system.rc",
+    ],
+}
diff --git a/trusty/utils/rpmb_dev/rpmb_dev.c b/trusty/utils/rpmb_dev/rpmb_dev.c
index 0a9e6a13f59f..cee3037de103 100644
--- a/trusty/utils/rpmb_dev/rpmb_dev.c
+++ b/trusty/utils/rpmb_dev/rpmb_dev.c
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 #include "rpmb_protocol.h"
 
 #include <assert.h>
+#include <cutils/sockets.h>
 #include <errno.h>
 #include <fcntl.h>
 #include <getopt.h>
@@ -613,20 +614,24 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv) {
         return EXIT_FAILURE;
     }
 
-    cmdres_sock = socket(AF_UNIX, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
+    cmdres_sock = android_get_control_socket(socket_path);
     if (cmdres_sock < 0) {
-        ALOGE("rpmb_dev: Failed to create command/response socket: %s\n", strerror(errno));
-        return EXIT_FAILURE;
-    }
+        ALOGW("android_get_control_socket(%s) failed, fall back to create it\n", socket_path);
+        cmdres_sock = socket(AF_UNIX, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
+        if (cmdres_sock < 0) {
+            ALOGE("rpmb_dev: Failed to create command/response socket: %s\n", strerror(errno));
+            return EXIT_FAILURE;
+        }
 
-    cmdres_sockaddr.sun_family = AF_UNIX;
-    strncpy(cmdres_sockaddr.sun_path, socket_path, sizeof(cmdres_sockaddr.sun_path));
+        cmdres_sockaddr.sun_family = AF_UNIX;
+        strncpy(cmdres_sockaddr.sun_path, socket_path, sizeof(cmdres_sockaddr.sun_path));
 
-    ret = bind(cmdres_sock, (struct sockaddr*)&cmdres_sockaddr, sizeof(struct sockaddr_un));
-    if (ret < 0) {
-        ALOGE("rpmb_dev: Failed to bind command/response socket: %s: %s\n", socket_path,
-              strerror(errno));
-        return EXIT_FAILURE;
+        ret = bind(cmdres_sock, (struct sockaddr*)&cmdres_sockaddr, sizeof(struct sockaddr_un));
+        if (ret < 0) {
+            ALOGE("rpmb_dev: Failed to bind command/response socket: %s: %s\n", socket_path,
+                  strerror(errno));
+            return EXIT_FAILURE;
+        }
     }
 
     ret = listen(cmdres_sock, 1);
diff --git a/trusty/utils/rpmb_dev/rpmb_dev.rc b/trusty/utils/rpmb_dev/rpmb_dev.rc
index 9e203b89c407..33ec0f2c2ef0 100644
--- a/trusty/utils/rpmb_dev/rpmb_dev.rc
+++ b/trusty/utils/rpmb_dev/rpmb_dev.rc
@@ -1,29 +1,34 @@
 # RPMB Mock
-on post-fs-data
-    mkdir /data/vendor/ss
-    chown root system /data/vendor/ss
-    chmod 0770 /data/vendor/ss
-    rm /data/vendor/ss/rpmb_sock
-    start rpmb_mock_init
+on post-fs
+    mkdir /mnt/vendor/persist/ss 0770 root system
+    exec_start rpmb_mock_init
     start rpmb_mock
 
+on post-fs-data
+    mkdir /data/vendor/ss 0770 root system
+    symlink /mnt/vendor/persist/ss /data/vendor/ss/persist
+    chown root system /data/vendor/ss/persist
+    chmod 0770 /data/vendor/ss/persist
+
     # Storage proxy
-    start storageproxyd
+    restart storageproxyd
 
-service storageproxyd /vendor/bin/storageproxyd -d /dev/trusty-ipc-dev0 \
-        -r /data/vendor/ss/rpmb_sock -p /data/vendor/ss -t sock
-    class main
-    disabled
-    user root
+service storageproxyd /vendor/bin/storageproxyd -d ${ro.hardware.trusty_ipc_dev:-/dev/trusty-ipc-dev0} \
+        -r /dev/socket/rpmb_mock -p /data/vendor/ss -t sock
+    class early_hal
+    user system
+    group system
 
-service rpmb_mock_init /vendor/bin/rpmb_dev --dev /data/vendor/ss/RPMB_DATA --init --size 2048
+service rpmb_mock_init /vendor/bin/rpmb_dev --dev /mnt/vendor/persist/ss/RPMB_DATA --init --size 2048
     disabled
     user system
     group system
     oneshot
 
-service rpmb_mock /vendor/bin/rpmb_dev --dev /data/vendor/ss/RPMB_DATA --sock /data/vendor/ss/rpmb_sock
+service rpmb_mock /vendor/bin/rpmb_dev --dev /mnt/vendor/persist/ss/RPMB_DATA \
+                          --sock rpmb_mock
     class main
     disabled
     user system
     group system
+    socket rpmb_mock stream 660 system system
diff --git a/trusty/utils/rpmb_dev/rpmb_dev.system.rc b/trusty/utils/rpmb_dev/rpmb_dev.system.rc
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..52419ed184d8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/trusty/utils/rpmb_dev/rpmb_dev.system.rc
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+service storageproxyd_system /system_ext/bin/storageproxyd.system \
+        -d ${storageproxyd_system.trusty_ipc_dev:-/dev/trusty-ipc-dev0} \
+        -r /dev/socket/rpmb_mock_system \
+        -p /data/secure_storage_system \
+        -t sock
+    disabled
+    user system
+    group system
+
+service rpmb_mock_init_system /system_ext/bin/rpmb_dev.system \
+        --dev /mnt/secure_storage_rpmb_system/persist/RPMB_DATA --init --size 2048
+    disabled
+    user system
+    group system
+    oneshot
+
+service rpmb_mock_system /system_ext/bin/rpmb_dev.system \
+        --dev /mnt/secure_storage_rpmb_system/persist/RPMB_DATA \
+        --sock rpmb_mock_system
+    disabled
+    user system
+    group system
+    socket rpmb_mock_system stream 660 system system
+
+# storageproxyd
+on late-fs && \
+    property:trusty.security_vm.nonsecure_vm_ready=1 && \
+    property:storageproxyd_system.trusty_ipc_dev=*
+    wait /dev/socket/rpmb_mock_system
+    start storageproxyd_system
+
+
+# RPMB Mock
+on post-fs && \
+    property:trusty.security_vm.nonsecure_vm_ready=1 && \
+    property:trusty.security_vm.vm_cid=*
+    # Create a persistent location for the RPMB data
+    # (work around lack of RPMb block device on CF).
+    # file contexts secure_storage_rpmb_system_file
+    # (only used on Cuttlefish as this is non secure)
+    mkdir /metadata/secure_storage_rpmb_system 0770 system system
+    mkdir /mnt/secure_storage_rpmb_system 0770 system system
+    symlink /metadata/secure_storage_rpmb_system \
+            /mnt/secure_storage_rpmb_system/persist
+    # Create a system persist directory in /metadata
+    # (work around lack of dedicated system persist partition).
+    # file contexts secure_storage_persist_system_file
+    mkdir /metadata/secure_storage_persist_system 0770 system system
+    mkdir /mnt/secure_storage_persist_system 0770 system system
+    symlink /metadata/secure_storage_persist_system \
+            /mnt/secure_storage_persist_system/persist
+    setprop storageproxyd_system.trusty_ipc_dev VSOCK:${trusty.security_vm.vm_cid}:1
+    exec_start rpmb_mock_init_system
+    start rpmb_mock_system
+
+on post-fs-data && \
+    property:trusty.security_vm.nonsecure_vm_ready=1 && \
+    property:storageproxyd_system.trusty_ipc_dev=*
+    # file contexts secure_storage_system_file
+    mkdir /data/secure_storage_system 0770 root system
+    symlink /mnt/secure_storage_persist_system/persist \
+            /data/secure_storage_system/persist
+    chown root system /data/secure_storage_system/persist
+    restart storageproxyd_system
diff --git a/trusty/utils/rpmb_dev/rpmb_dev.test.system.rc b/trusty/utils/rpmb_dev/rpmb_dev.test.system.rc
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..c85dd12f262f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/trusty/utils/rpmb_dev/rpmb_dev.test.system.rc
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+service storageproxyd_test_vm /system_ext/bin/storageproxyd.system \
+        -d VSOCK:${trusty.test_vm.vm_cid}:1 \
+        -r /dev/socket/rpmb_mock_test_system \
+        -p /data/secure_storage_test_system \
+        -t sock
+    disabled
+    class hal
+    user system
+    group system
+
+service storageproxyd_test_vm_os /system_ext/bin/storageproxyd.system \
+        -d VSOCK:${trusty.test_vm_os.vm_cid}:1 \
+        -r /dev/socket/rpmb_mock_test_system \
+        -p /data/secure_storage_test_system \
+        -t sock
+    disabled
+    class hal
+    user system
+    group system
+
+service rpmb_mock_init_test_system /system_ext/bin/rpmb_dev.test.system \
+        --dev /mnt/secure_storage_rpmb_test_system/persist/RPMB_DATA --init --size 2048
+    disabled
+    user system
+    group system
+    oneshot
+
+service rpmb_mock_test_system /system_ext/bin/rpmb_dev.test.system \
+        --dev /mnt/secure_storage_rpmb_test_system/persist/RPMB_DATA \
+        --sock rpmb_mock_test_system
+    disabled
+    user system
+    group system
+    socket rpmb_mock_test_system stream 660 system system
+
+# RPMB Mock
+on post-fs-data
+    # Create a persistent location for the RPMB data
+    # (work around lack of RPMb block device on CF).
+    # file contexts secure_storage_rpmb_system_file
+    # (only used on Cuttlefish as this is non secure)
+    mkdir /metadata/secure_storage_rpmb_test_system 0770 system system
+    mkdir /mnt/secure_storage_rpmb_test_system 0770 system system
+    symlink /metadata/secure_storage_rpmb_test_system \
+            /mnt/secure_storage_rpmb_test_system/persist
+    # Create a system persist directory in /metadata
+    # (work around lack of dedicated system persist partition).
+    # file contexts secure_storage_persist_system_file
+    mkdir /metadata/secure_storage_persist_test_system 0770 system system
+    mkdir /mnt/secure_storage_persist_test_system 0770 system system
+    symlink /metadata/secure_storage_persist_test_system \
+            /mnt/secure_storage_persist_test_system/persist
+    # file contexts secure_storage_system_file
+    mkdir /data/secure_storage_test_system 0770 root system
+    symlink /mnt/secure_storage_persist_test_system/persist \
+            /data/secure_storage_test_system/persist
+    chown root system /data/secure_storage_test_system/persist
+    # setprop storageproxyd_test_system.trusty_ipc_dev VSOCK:${trusty.test_vm.vm_cid}:1
+    exec_start rpmb_mock_init_test_system
+    start rpmb_mock_test_system
diff --git a/trusty/utils/rpmb_dev/rpmb_dev.wv.system.rc b/trusty/utils/rpmb_dev/rpmb_dev.wv.system.rc
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..ac18f8134d47
--- /dev/null
+++ b/trusty/utils/rpmb_dev/rpmb_dev.wv.system.rc
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+service storageproxyd_wv_system /system_ext/bin/storageproxyd.system \
+        -d VSOCK:${trusty.widevine_vm.vm_cid}:1 \
+        -r /dev/socket/rpmb_mock_wv_system \
+        -p /data/secure_storage_wv_system \
+        -t sock
+    disabled
+    user system
+    group system
+
+service rpmb_mock_init_wv_system /system_ext/bin/rpmb_dev.wv.system \
+        --dev /mnt/secure_storage_rpmb_wv_system/persist/RPMB_DATA --init --size 2048
+    disabled
+    user system
+    group system
+    oneshot
+
+service rpmb_mock_wv_system /system_ext/bin/rpmb_dev.wv.system \
+        --dev /mnt/secure_storage_rpmb_wv_system/persist/RPMB_DATA \
+        --sock rpmb_mock_wv_system
+    disabled
+    user system
+    group system
+    socket rpmb_mock_wv_system stream 660 system system
+
+# RPMB Mock
+on early-boot
+    # Create a persistent location for the RPMB data
+    # (work around lack of RPMb block device on CF).
+    # file contexts secure_storage_rpmb_system_file
+    # (only used on Cuttlefish as this is non secure)
+    mkdir /metadata/secure_storage_rpmb_wv_system 0770 system system
+    mkdir /mnt/secure_storage_rpmb_wv_system 0770 system system
+    symlink /metadata/secure_storage_rpmb_wv_system \
+            /mnt/secure_storage_rpmb_wv_system/persist
+    # Create a system persist directory in /metadata
+    # (work around lack of dedicated system persist partition).
+    # file contexts secure_storage_persist_system_file
+    mkdir /metadata/secure_storage_persist_wv_system 0770 system system
+    mkdir /mnt/secure_storage_persist_wv_system 0770 system system
+    symlink /metadata/secure_storage_persist_wv_system \
+            /mnt/secure_storage_persist_wv_system/persist
+    # file contexts secure_storage_system_file
+    mkdir /data/secure_storage_wv_system 0770 root system
+    symlink /mnt/secure_storage_persist_wv_system/persist \
+            /data/secure_storage_wv_system/persist
+    chown root system /data/secure_storage_wv_system/persist
+    exec_start rpmb_mock_init_wv_system
+    start rpmb_mock_wv_system
+
+on post-fs-data && \
+    property:trusty.widevine_vm.nonsecure_vm_ready=1 && \
+    property:trusty.widevine_vm.vm_cid=*
+    start storageproxyd_wv_system
+
diff --git a/trusty/utils/trusty-ut-ctrl/Android.bp b/trusty/utils/trusty-ut-ctrl/Android.bp
index 6fc2a48d7213..dbd8016496ee 100644
--- a/trusty/utils/trusty-ut-ctrl/Android.bp
+++ b/trusty/utils/trusty-ut-ctrl/Android.bp
@@ -16,9 +16,8 @@ package {
     default_applicable_licenses: ["Android-Apache-2.0"],
 }
 
-cc_binary {
-    name: "trusty-ut-ctrl",
-    vendor: true,
+cc_defaults {
+    name: "trusty-ut-ctrl.defaults",
 
     srcs: ["ut-ctrl.c"],
     shared_libs: [
@@ -33,3 +32,15 @@ cc_binary {
         "-Werror",
     ],
 }
+
+cc_binary {
+    name: "trusty-ut-ctrl",
+    defaults: ["trusty-ut-ctrl.defaults"],
+    vendor: true,
+}
+
+cc_test {
+    name: "trusty-ut-ctrl.system",
+    defaults: ["trusty-ut-ctrl.defaults"],
+    gtest: false,
+}
diff --git a/trusty/utils/trusty-ut-ctrl/ut-ctrl.c b/trusty/utils/trusty-ut-ctrl/ut-ctrl.c
index 6cc66707e73c..31cfd4c79aae 100644
--- a/trusty/utils/trusty-ut-ctrl/ut-ctrl.c
+++ b/trusty/utils/trusty-ut-ctrl/ut-ctrl.c
@@ -95,12 +95,26 @@ enum test_message_header {
     TEST_FAILED = 1,
     TEST_MESSAGE = 2,
     TEST_TEXT = 3,
+    TEST_OPCODE_COUNT,
 };
 
+static int get_msg_len(const char* buf, int max_buf_len) {
+    int buf_len;
+    for (buf_len = 0; buf_len < max_buf_len; buf_len++) {
+        if ((unsigned char)buf[buf_len] < TEST_OPCODE_COUNT) {
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+    return buf_len;
+}
+
 static int run_trusty_unitest(const char* utapp) {
     int fd;
-    int rc;
-    char rx_buf[1024];
+    char read_buf[1024];
+    int read_len;
+    char* rx_buf;
+    int rx_buf_len;
+    int cmd = -1;
 
     /* connect to unitest app */
     fd = tipc_connect(dev_name, utapp);
@@ -110,22 +124,39 @@ static int run_trusty_unitest(const char* utapp) {
     }
 
     /* wait for test to complete */
+    rx_buf_len = 0;
     for (;;) {
-        rc = read(fd, rx_buf, sizeof(rx_buf));
-        if (rc <= 0 || rc >= (int)sizeof(rx_buf)) {
-            fprintf(stderr, "%s: Read failed: %d\n", __func__, rc);
-            tipc_close(fd);
-            return -1;
+        if (rx_buf_len == 0) {
+            read_len = read(fd, read_buf, sizeof(read_buf));
+            if (read_len <= 0 || read_len > (int)sizeof(read_buf)) {
+                fprintf(stderr, "%s: Read failed: %d, %s\n", __func__, read_len,
+                        read_len < 0 ? strerror(errno) : "");
+                tipc_close(fd);
+                return -1;
+            }
+            rx_buf = read_buf;
+            rx_buf_len = read_len;
+        }
+
+        int msg_len = get_msg_len(rx_buf, rx_buf_len);
+        if (msg_len == 0) {
+            cmd = rx_buf[0];
+            rx_buf++;
+            rx_buf_len--;
         }
 
-        if (rx_buf[0] == TEST_PASSED) {
+        if (cmd == TEST_PASSED) {
             break;
-        } else if (rx_buf[0] == TEST_FAILED) {
+        } else if (cmd == TEST_FAILED) {
             break;
-        } else if (rx_buf[0] == TEST_MESSAGE || rx_buf[0] == TEST_TEXT) {
-            write(STDOUT_FILENO, rx_buf + 1, rc - 1);
+        } else if (cmd == TEST_MESSAGE || cmd == TEST_TEXT) {
+            if (msg_len) {
+                write(STDOUT_FILENO, rx_buf, msg_len);
+                rx_buf += msg_len;
+                rx_buf_len -= msg_len;
+            }
         } else {
-            fprintf(stderr, "%s: Bad message header: %d\n", __func__, rx_buf[0]);
+            fprintf(stderr, "%s: Bad message header: %d\n", __func__, cmd);
             break;
         }
     }
@@ -133,7 +164,7 @@ static int run_trusty_unitest(const char* utapp) {
     /* close connection to unitest app */
     tipc_close(fd);
 
-    return rx_buf[0] == TEST_PASSED ? 0 : -1;
+    return cmd == TEST_PASSED ? 0 : -1;
 }
 
 int main(int argc, char** argv) {
diff --git a/watchdogd/Android.bp b/watchdogd/Android.bp
index 03882082f56c..bc7ffb656f16 100644
--- a/watchdogd/Android.bp
+++ b/watchdogd/Android.bp
@@ -2,9 +2,8 @@ package {
     default_applicable_licenses: ["Android-Apache-2.0"],
 }
 
-cc_binary {
-    name: "watchdogd",
-    recovery_available: true,
+cc_defaults {
+    name: "watchdogd_defaults",
     srcs: ["watchdogd.cpp"],
     cflags: [
         "-Wall",
@@ -16,3 +15,19 @@ cc_binary {
         misc_undefined: ["signed-integer-overflow"],
     },
 }
+
+cc_binary {
+    name: "watchdogd",
+    defaults: [
+        "watchdogd_defaults",
+    ],
+}
+
+cc_binary {
+    name: "watchdogd.recovery",
+    defaults: [
+        "watchdogd_defaults",
+    ],
+    recovery: true,
+    stem: "watchdogd",
+}