diff --git a/.github/workflows/release.yaml b/.github/workflows/release.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..112a177
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/release.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+on:
+ push:
+ paths-ignore:
+ - ".github/**"
+ - "!.github/workflows/release.yaml"
+ branches:
+ - master
+name: đ Deploy website on push
+jobs:
+ web-deploy:
+ name: đ Deploy
+ runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+ steps:
+ - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+ with:
+ fetch-depth: 0
+ submodules: true
+ - uses: actions/setup-python@v5
+ with:
+ python-version: 3.x
+ - run: echo "cache_id=$(date --utc '+%V')" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+ - uses: actions/cache@v4
+ with:
+ key: mkdocs-material-${{ env.cache_id }}
+ path: .cache
+ restore-keys: |
+ mkdocs-material-
+ - run: pip install -r requirements.txt
+ # - run: cd mkdocs-theme-pagerduty && python3 setup.py install
+ - run: mkdocs build --clean
+ - name: đ Sync files
+ uses: SamKirkland/FTP-Deploy-Action@v4.3.5
+ with:
+ server: ${{ secrets.FTPS_SERVER }}
+ username: ${{ secrets.FTPS_USERNAME }}
+ password: ${{ secrets.FTPS_PASSWORD }}
+ protocol: ftps
+ port: 21
+ local-dir: site/
+ server-dir: opsguides/postmortems/
diff --git a/docs/culture/accountability.md b/docs/culture/accountability.md
index 0a73f8a..f55b185 100644
--- a/docs/culture/accountability.md
+++ b/docs/culture/accountability.md
@@ -1,21 +1,21 @@
---
cover:
-description: A successful postmortem process is based on a culture of honesty, learning, and accountability. Culture change requires management buy-in, but you can lead culture change no matter your role. This guide describes common challenges faced in building a culture of continuous learning through postmortems and strategies for overcoming these challenges.
+description: æåããããšããĸãŧãã ãããģãšã¯ãčĒ åŽããåĻįŋããããĻčĒŦæč˛ŦäģģãŽæåãĢåēãĨããĻããžããæåãŽå¤éŠãĢã¯įĩåļéŖãŽčŗåãåŋ
čĻã§ãããããĒããŽåŊšå˛ãĢéĸãããæåãŽå¤éŠããĒãŧããããã¨ãã§ããžããããŽãŦã¤ãã§ã¯ãããšããĸãŧãã ãéããįļįļįåĻįŋãŽæåãæ§į¯ããéãĢį´éĸããä¸čŦįãĒčǞéĄã¨ãããããå
æãããããŽæĻįĨãĢã¤ããĻčĒŦæããžãã
---

-Information sharing and transparency also support an environment that cultivates accountability. A common challenge to effective postmortems is that, after analyzing the incident and creating action items to prevent recurrence, information sharing to increase transparency is never done.
+æ
å ąå
ąæã¨éææ§ã¯ãčĒŦæč˛Ŧäģģīŧaccountabilityīŧãč˛ãį°åĸããĩããŧãããžããããšããĸãŧãã ãŽåšæãäŊæ¸ãããããããčǞéĄã¨ããĻãã¤ãŗãˇããŗããåæãåįēãé˛ããããŽãĸã¯ãˇã§ãŗãĸã¤ãã ãäŊæããåžãéææ§ãéĢãããããŽæ
å ąå
ąæãčĄãããĒããã¨ããããžãã
-Start by setting a policy for when postmortem action items should be completed. At PagerDuty, high-priority action items needed to prevent a Sev-1 incident from recurring should be completed within 15 days after an incident. Action items from a Sev-2 incident should be addressed within 30 days. Communicate this expectation to all of engineering and make sure it is documented for future reference.
+ãžããããšããĸãŧãã ãŽãĸã¯ãˇã§ãŗãĸã¤ãã ããã¤åŽäēããšãããŽããĒãˇãŧãč¨åŽããžããPagerDutyã§ã¯ãSev-1ã¤ãŗãˇããŗããŽåįēãé˛ããŽãĢåŋ
čĻãĒéĢåĒå
åēĻãŽãĸã¯ãˇã§ãŗãĸã¤ãã ã¯ãã¤ãŗãˇããŗãåž15æĨäģĨå
ãĢåŽäēããåŋ
čĻããããžããSev-2ã¤ãŗãˇããŗããããŽãĸã¯ãˇã§ãŗãĸã¤ãã ã¯30æĨäģĨå
ãĢ寞åĻããåŋ
čĻããããžããããŽæåž
å¤ãã¨ãŗã¸ããĸãĒãŗã°įĩįšå
¨äŊãĢäŧããå°æĨįãĢãåį
§ã§ããããææ¸åããĻãã ããã
-For action items to get done, they must have clear owners. Because we are an Agile and DevOps shop, the cross-functional teams responsible for the affected service are also responsible for implementing improvements expected to reduce the likelihood of failure. Engineering leadership helps clarify what parts of the system each team owns and sets expectations for which teams own new development and operational improvements. Ownership designations are communicated across the organization so all teams understand who owns what and ownership gaps can be identified. **As always, document this information for future reference and new hires.** Any uncertainty about ownership of an incident's action items are discussed in the postmortem meeting with representatives for all teams that may own the action item.
+ãĸã¯ãˇã§ãŗãĸã¤ãã ãåŽčĄããããããĢã¯ãæįĸēãĒãĒãŧããŧãåŋ
čĻã§ããį§ããĄã¯ãĸã¸ãŖã¤ãĢã¨DevOpsãŽįĩįšã§ãããããåŊąéŋãåãããĩãŧããšãæ
åŊããæ¨Ēæããŧã ããéåŽŗãŽå¯čŊæ§ãæ¸ããã¨čĻčžŧãžããæšåãŽåŽčŖ
ãæ
åŊããžããã¨ãŗã¸ããĸãĒãŗã°ãŽãĒãŧããŧéŖã¯ãåããŧã ããˇãšãã ãŽãŠãŽé¨åãææããĻããããæįĸēãĢããæ°čĻéįēã¨é፿šåãæ
åŊããããŧã ãĢ寞ããæåž
å¤ãč¨åŽããžãããĒãŧããŧãˇãããŽæåŽã¯įĩįšå
¨äŊãĢäŧããããčǰãäŊãææããĻãããŽããããšãĻãŽããŧã ãįč§ŖãããĒãŧããŧãˇãããŽčĒčãĢãŽãŖãããããã°įšåŽã§ãããããĢããžãã**äžãĢããŖãĻãæ°ããĢããŧã ãĢå ãããĄãŗããŧãŽãããĢãå°æĨįãĢãåį
§ã§ããããããŽæ
å ąãææ¸åããĻãã ããã**ã¤ãŗãˇããŗããŽãĸã¯ãˇã§ãŗãĸã¤ãã ãŽãĒãŧããŧãˇãããĢä¸įĸēåŽãĒã¨ãããããã°ãããšããĸãŧãã ããŧããŖãŗã°ãĢãããĻããĸã¯ãˇã§ãŗãĸã¤ãã ãææããå¯čŊæ§ãŽããããšãĻãŽããŧã ãŽäģŖčĄ¨č
ã¨ãŽéã§č°čĢããžãã
-We have also seen improved accountability for completing action items by involving the leaders responsible (product managers and engineering managers) for prioritizing a team's work in the postmortem meeting. Product managers are responsible for defining a good customer experience. Incidents cause a poor customer experience. Engage product managers in postmortem discussions by explaining that it will provide a wider picture of threats to customer experience and ideas on how to improve that experience. Doing so gives engineering a chance to explain the importance of these action items so that product managers will prioritize the work accordingly. Similarly, getting engineering leadership more involved in postmortem discussions gives them a better understanding of system weaknesses to inform how and where they should invest technical resources. Sharing this context with the leaders that prioritize work allows them to support the team's effort to quickly complete high-priority action items from incident analysis.
+ãžããããŧã ãŽäŊæĨãŽåĒå
é äŊäģããæ
åŊãããĒãŧããŧīŧãããã¯ããããŧã¸ãŖãŧã¨ã¨ãŗã¸ããĸãĒãŗã°ãããŧã¸ãŖãŧīŧãããšããĸãŧãã ããŧããŖãŗã°ãĢåå ããããã¨ã§ããĸã¯ãˇã§ãŗãĸã¤ãã ãŽåŽäēãĢ寞ããčĒŦæč˛Ŧäģģãåä¸ããžãããããã¯ããããŧã¸ãŖãŧãĢã¯ããã饧åŽĸäŊé¨ãåŽįžŠããč˛Ŧäģģããããžããã¤ãŗãˇããŗãã¯éĄ§åŽĸäŊé¨ãæĒåãããžããããšããĸãŧãã ãŽč°čĢãĢãããã¯ããããŧã¸ãŖãŧãĢåå ããĻãããã饧åŽĸäŊé¨ãĢ寞ããč
å¨ã¨ããŽäŊé¨ãæšåããæšæŗãĢã¤ããĻããåēãčĻįšãæäžããĻããããžãããããĢããŖãĻãã¨ãŗã¸ããĸãĒãŗã°ã¯ããããŽãĸã¯ãˇã§ãŗãĸã¤ãã ãŽéčĻæ§ãčĒŦæãããããã¯ããããŧã¸ãŖãŧããããĢåŋããĻäŊæĨãŽåĒå
é äŊãäģãããã¨ãã§ããžããåæ§ãĢãããå¤ããŽã¨ãŗã¸ããĸãĒãŗã°ãŽãĒãŧããŧéŖãããšããĸãŧãã ãŽč°čĢãĢåå ããããã¨ã§ãæčĄãĒãŊãŧãšããŠãã¸ãŠãŽãããĢæčŗããšãããŽå¤æãĢã¤ãĒãããããĒããˇãšãã ãŽåŧąįšãĢéĸããįč§Ŗãæˇąãããã¨ãã§ããžããããŽæčãäŊæĨãŽåĒå
é äŊäģããčĄããĒãŧããŧã¨å
ąæãããã¨ã§ãã¤ãŗãˇããŗãåæããįēįããéĢåĒå
åēĻãŽãĸã¯ãˇã§ãŗãĸã¤ãã ãčŋ
éãĢåŽäēã§ãããããããŧã ãŽåãįĩãŋãæ¯æ´ã§ããžãã
-Finally, ensure postmortem action items are discoverable and regularly viewed. Document postmortem action items as you would any other task. The list of action items from an incident analysis should not only live in your postmortem document. Open tickets in your task management tool, within the project of the team that will own the action item, so it can be viewed alongside all other planned work. We label all tickets with the severity level (Sev-1, Sev-2, etc.) and a date tag (YYYYMMDD) so we can easily query tickets that came from specific incidents and build reporting for the number of open tickets from major incidents.
+æåžãĢãããšããĸãŧãã ãŽãĸã¯ãˇã§ãŗãĸã¤ãã ãčĻã¤ãããããåŽæįãĢįĸēčĒã§ãããããĢããĻãããžããããšããĸãŧãã ãŽãĸã¯ãˇã§ãŗãĸã¤ãã ãäģãŽãŋãšã¯ã¨åæ§ãĢææ¸åããžããããã¤ãŗãˇããŗãåæããįēįãããĸã¯ãˇã§ãŗãĸã¤ãã ãŽãĒãšãã¯ãããšããĸãŧãã ãŽææ¸ãĢãŽãŋč¨čŧããĻããã ãã§ã¯ååã§ã¯ãããžããããŋãšã¯įŽĄįããŧãĢã§ããąããããĒãŧããŗãããĸã¯ãˇã§ãŗãĸã¤ãã ãææããããŧã ãŽããã¸ã§ã¯ãå
ãĢé
įŊŽããĻãäģãĢãč¨įģãããããšãĻãŽäŊæĨã¨ä¸įˇãĢ襨į¤ēã§ãããããĢããžããããšãĻãŽããąãããĢé大åēĻãŦããĢīŧSev-1ãSev-2ãĒãŠīŧã¨æĨäģãŋã°īŧYYYYMMDDīŧãäģããĻãįšåŽãŽã¤ãŗãˇããŗããããŽããąããã厚æãĢį
§äŧããé大ãĒã¤ãŗãˇããŗãčĩˇįšã§ãĒãŧããŗããĻããããąãããŽæ°ãŽãŦããŧããäŊæã§ãããããĢããžãã
-!!! info "Key Takeaways"
- - Set a policy for postmortem action items: e.g. 15 days for Sev-1 action items, 30 days for Sev-2 action items.
- - Clarify ownership of postmortem action items.
- - Engage the leaders that prioritize work.
- - Open tickets for postmortem action items in your work management ticketing system.
+!!! info "éčĻãĒãã¤ãŗã"
+ - ããšããĸãŧãã ãŽãĸã¯ãˇã§ãŗãĸã¤ãã ãŽããĒãˇãŧãč¨åŽãããã¨īŧäžãã°ãSev-1ãĸã¯ãˇã§ãŗãĸã¤ãã ã¯15æĨäģĨå
ãSev-2ãĸã¯ãˇã§ãŗãĸã¤ãã ã¯30æĨäģĨå
ã
+ - ããšããĸãŧãã ãŽãĸã¯ãˇã§ãŗãĸã¤ãã ãŽãĒãŧããŧãˇãããæįĸēãĢãããã¨ã
+ - äŊæĨãŽåĒå
é äŊäģããčĄããĒãŧããŧãåå ããããã¨ã
+ - ããšããĸãŧãã ãŽãĸã¯ãˇã§ãŗãĸã¤ãã ãŽããąãããããŋãšã¯įŽĄįãˇãšãã ã§ãĒãŧããŗãããã¨ã
diff --git a/docs/culture/blameless.md b/docs/culture/blameless.md
index 907c55b..783ed08 100644
--- a/docs/culture/blameless.md
+++ b/docs/culture/blameless.md
@@ -1,56 +1,55 @@
---
cover:
-description: A successful postmortem process is based on a culture of honesty, learning, and accountability. Culture change requires management buy-in, but you can lead culture change no matter your role. This guide describes common challenges faced in building a culture of continuous learning through postmortems and strategies for overcoming these challenges.
+description: æåããããšããĸãŧãã ãããģãšã¯ãčĒ åŽããåĻįŋããããĻčĒŦæč˛ŦäģģãŽæåãĢåēãĨããĻããžããæåãŽå¤éŠãĢã¯įĩåļéŖãŽčŗåãåŋ
čĻã§ãããããĒããŽåŊšå˛ãĢéĸãããæåãŽå¤éŠããĒãŧããããã¨ãã§ããžããããŽãŦã¤ãã§ã¯ãããšããĸãŧãã ãéããĻįļįļįãĒåĻįŋãŽæåãæ§į¯ããéãĢį´éĸããä¸čŦįãĒčǞéĄã¨ãããããå
æãããããŽæĻįĨãĢã¤ããĻčĒŦæããžãã
---

-As IT professionals, we understand that failure is inevitable in complex systems. **How we respond to failure when it occurs matters.** In _[The Field Guide to Understanding Human Error](https://www.amazon.com/Field-Guide-Understanding-Human-Error/dp/0754648265)_, Sidney Dekker describes two views on human error: 1) the old view, which asserts that peopleâs mistakes cause failure, and 2) the new view, which treats human error as a symptom of a systemic problem. The old view ascribes to âthe bad apple theory,â which believes that removing bad actors will prevent failure. This view attaches an individual's character to their actions, assuming negligence or bad intent leads to the error.
+æ
å ąæčĄãŽãããã§ããˇã§ããĢã¨ããĻãį§ããĄã¯č¤éãĒãˇãšãã ã§ã¯éåŽŗãéŋããããĒããã¨ãįč§ŖããĻããžãã**éčĻãĒãŽã¯ãéåŽŗãįēįããæãĢãŠã寞åŋãããã§ãã** _[The Field Guide to Understanding Human Error](https://www.amazon.com/Field-Guide-Understanding-Human-Error/dp/0754648265)_ ãŽä¸ã§ãSidney Dekkerã¯ããĨãŧããŗã¨ãŠãŧãĢéĸãã2ã¤ãŽčĻæšãčĒŦæããĻããžãīŧ1īŧå¤ãčĻæšã§ã¯ãäēēã
ãŽããšãéåŽŗãŽåå ã§ããã¨ãã2īŧæ°ããčĻæšã§ã¯ãããĨãŧããŗã¨ãŠãŧããˇãšãã įãĒåéĄãŽįįļã¨ããĻæąããžããå¤ãčĻæšã§ã¯ãč
ãŖããĒãŗã´įčĢããŽãããĢãæãžãããĒãčĄããããäēēãåãé¤ãã°éåŽŗãé˛ããã¨äŋĄããããĻããžããããŽčĻæšã¯åäēēãŽæ§æ ŧãåŊŧããŽčĄåãĢįĩãŗã¤ããéå¤ąãæĒæãã¨ãŠãŧãĢã¤ãĒããã¨æŗåŽããĻãããŽã§ãã
-An organization that follows this old view of human error may respond to an incident by finding the careless individual who caused the incident so they can be reprimanded. **This impulse to blame and punish has the unintended effect of disincentivizing the knowledge sharing required to prevent future failure.** Engineers will hesitate to speak up when incidents occur for fear of being blamed. This silence increases overall mean time to acknowledge, mean time to resolve, and exacerbates the impact of incidents.
+ããĨãŧããŗã¨ãŠãŧãĢéĸããå¤ãčĻæšãĢåžãįĩįšã§ã¯ã䏿ŗ¨æãĢããŖãĻã¤ãŗãˇããŗããåŧãčĩˇãããåäēēãåąč˛Ŧããããã¨ããããžãã**ããŽãããĢééŖãčĄãįŊ°ãããã¨ã¸ãŽčĄåã¯ãå°æĨãŽéåŽŗãé˛ãä¸ã§åŋ
čĻãĒįĨčå
ąæãåύããã¨ããäēæããŦåŊąéŋããããããžãã** ã¨ãŗã¸ããĸã¯ééŖããããã¨ãæããĻãã¤ãŗãˇããŗããįēįããéãĢįēč¨ãããã¨ãããããã§ããããããŽæ˛éģã¯ã¤ãŗãˇããŗããŽåšŗåįĸēčĒæéīŧMTTAīŧãåšŗåč§ŖæąēæéīŧMTTRīŧãåĸå ãããã¤ãŗãˇããŗããŽåŊąéŋãæĒåãããžãã
-For the postmortem process to result in learning and system improvements, the new view of human error must be followed. In complex systems of software development, a variety of conditions interact to lead to failure. **The goal of the postmortem is to understand what systemic factors led to the incident and identify actions that can prevent this kind of failure from recurring.** A blameless postmortem stays focused on _how_ a mistake was made instead of _who_ made it. This is a crucial mindset leveraged by many leading organizations (such as Etsy, a pioneer for [blameless postmortems](https://codeascraft.com/2012/05/22/blameless-postmortems/)) for ensuring postmortems have the right tone, empowering engineers to give truly objective accounts of what happened by eliminating the fear of punishment.
+ããšããĸãŧãã ãããģãšãåĻįŋã¨ãˇãšãã æšåãĢã¤ãĒãããããĢã¯ãããĨãŧããŗã¨ãŠãŧãĢéĸããæ°ããčĻæšãĢåžãåŋ
čĻããããžãããŊãããĻã§ãĸéįēãĢãããč¤éãĒãˇãšãã ã§ã¯ãæ§ã
ãĒæĄäģļãį¸äēäŊį¨ããĻéåŽŗãåŧãčĩˇãããžãã**ããšããĸãŧãã ãŽįŽįã¯ãã¤ãŗãˇããŗããŽįēįãĢã¤ãĒããŖããˇãšãã įčĻå ãįč§ŖããããŽį¨ŽãŽéåŽŗãåįēãããŽãé˛ããããŽãĸã¯ãˇã§ãŗãįšåŽãããã¨ã§ãã** ããŦãŧã ãŦãšīŧééŖãŽãĒãīŧãĒããšããĸãŧãã ã¯ããčǰããããšãį¯ãããã§ã¯ãĒããããŠãŽãããĢãããšãįēįããããĢįĻįšãåŊãĻãžããããã¯ãå¤ããŽå
é˛įãĒįĩįšīŧäžãã°[ããŦãŧã ãŦãšãĒããšããĸãŧãã ](https://codeascraft.com/2012/05/22/blameless-postmortems/)ãŽãã¤ãĒããĸã§ããEtsyīŧãæ´ģį¨ããĻããéčĻãĒãã¤ãŗããģããã§ãããįŊ°ãĢ寞ããææãæé¤ãããã¨ãĢãããåŽéãĢäŊãčĩˇããŖãããã¨ãŗã¸ããĸãįãŽæåŗã§åŽĸčĻŗįãĒčĒŦæãã§ãããããĢããããšããĸãŧãã ãéŠåãĒããŧãŗã§čĄããããã¨ãäŋč¨ŧããžãã
+## ãĒãããŦãŧã īŧééŖīŧãæčãããã¨ãéŖãããŽã
+įļįļįæšåãŽæåãæããã¨ã¯į°Ąåã§ãããåĻįŋãĢæąããããééŖãŽãĒãįļæ
ãŽåŽčˇĩã¯éŖããã§ããäēæããŦãã¨ãįēįããéåŽŗãŽæ§čŗĒã¯ãčĒãã¨äēēéãįč§Ŗããåύãã¨ãĒããããĒååŋãæããžããæ
å ąãåĻįããéãĢãäēēéãŽåŋã¯įĄæčãŽããĄãĢãˇã§ãŧããĢãããåããžããä¸čŦįãĒįĩé¨åãéŠį¨ãããã¨ã§ãåŋã¯æŖįĸēãããããŋã¤ã ãĒãŧããĢæéŠåããããŽã§ãããããčǤãŖãįĩčĢãįãŋåēãå ´åãããã¯čĒįĨãã¤ãĸãšã¨åŧã°ããžãã
-## Why Being Blame Aware is Hard
-It is easy to agree that we want a culture of continuous improvement, but it is difficult to practice the blamelessness required for learning. The unexpected nature of failure naturally leads humans to react in ways that interfere with our understanding of it. When processing information, the human mind unconsciously takes shortcuts. By applying general rules-of-thumb, the mind optimizes for timeliness over accuracy. When this produces an incorrect conclusion, it is a cognitive bias.
+[J. Paul Reed](https://techbeacon.com/blameless-postmortems-dont-work-heres-what-does)ã¯ãééŖããåžåãäŊįžä¸åš´ããŽé˛åįįĨįĩįįŠåĻãĢããŖãĻé
įˇãããĻãããããããŦãŧã ãŦãšãĒããšããĸãŧãã ã¯įĨ芹ã ã¨ä¸ģåŧĩããĻããžããããŽåžåãįĄčĻããããåŽå
¨ãĢæé¤ãããã¨ããããããã¨ã¯ä¸å¯čŊã§ãããããŦãŧã ãĸãĻã§ãĸīŧééŖãæčããīŧãã§ãããã¨ãŽæšãįįŖįã§ãã**į§ããĄãŽãã¤ãĸãšãæčãããã¨ã§ãããããįēįããæãĢčåĨããäšãčļããåãįĩãŋãčĄããã§ãããã** äģĨä¸ã§ã¯ããã¤ããŽãã¤ãĸãšãĢã¤ããĻč§ĻããžãããčŠŗį´°ãĢã¤ããĻã¯ãããšããĸãŧãã ãåŽæŊããéãĢæčããšãčĒįĨãã¤ãĸãšãĢã¤ããĻãŽ[Lindsay Holmwood](http://fractio.nl/2015/10/30/blame-language-sharing/)ãŽč¨äēããčĒãŋãã ããã
-[J. Paul Reed](https://techbeacon.com/blameless-postmortems-dont-work-heres-what-does) argues the blameless postmortem is a myth because the tendency to blame is hardwired through millions of years of evolutionary neurobiology. Ignoring this tendency or trying to eliminate it entirely is impossible. It is more productive to be âblame aware.â **By being aware of our biases, we will be able to identify when they occur and work to move past them.** We touch upon some of the biases below, but for more details, read [Lindsay Holmwood's](http://fractio.nl/2015/10/30/blame-language-sharing/) article on the cognitive biases we must be aware of when performing postmortems.
+**[åēæŦį帰åąã¨ãŠãŧīŧfundamental attribution errorīŧ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_attribution_error)**ã¯ãäēēã
ãŽčĄåããåŊŧããŽįļæŗã§ã¯ãĒãæ§æ ŧãåæ ããããŽã§ããã¨äŋĄããåžåã§ããããã¯ããĨãŧããŗã¨ãŠãŧãŽå¤ãčĻæšã襨ããéåŽŗã䏿ŗ¨æã§įĄčŊãĒæĒãäēēįŠãŽãããĢããžããįŽčãĒãã¨ãĢãį§ããĄã¯čĒåčĒčēĢãŽčĄåãčĒŦæããéãĢã¯ãčĒåãŽæ§æ ŧã§ã¯ãĒãįļæŗãĢããŖãĻčĒŦæããåžåããããžããããŽãããĢäģč
ãééŖããåžåã¨æĻããĢã¯ãåäēēãåãŖãå
ˇäŊįãĒčĄåã§ã¯ãĒããįļæŗįãĒåå ã¸æåŗįãĢåæãŽįĻįšãåŊãĻããã¨ã§ãã
-**[Fundamental attribution error](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_attribution_error)** is the tendency to believe that what people do reflects their character rather than their circumstances. This describes the old view of human error, assigning responsibility for a failure to bad actors who are careless and incompetent. Ironically, we tend to explain our own actions by our context, not our personality. Combat this tendency to blame by intentionally focusing the analysis on situational causes rather than discrete actions individuals took.
+ããä¸ã¤ãŽåēãčĻãããčĒįĨãã¤ãĸãšã¯**įĸēč¨ŧãã¤ãĸãšīŧconfirmation biasīŧ**ã§ãããã¯æĸåãŽäŋĄåŋĩãåŧˇåããæ
å ąãåĨŊãåžåã§ããææ§ãĒæ
å ąãĢį´éĸããã¨ãį§ããĄã¯ãããæĸåãŽäģŽåŽãæ¯æããæšæŗã§č§ŖéããåžåããããžããããĨãŧããŗã¨ãŠãŧãŽå¤ãčĻæšã¨įĩãŋåãããã¨ãããŽãã¤ãĸãšã¯ããšããĸãŧãã ãĢã¨ãŖãĻåąéēã§ãããĒããĒããããã¯č
ãŖããĒãŗã´ãééŖãããã¨ããæĩããĢã¤ãĒããããã§ããåäēēãĢč˛Ŧäģģãããã¨ããäģŽåŽã§ãĸãããŧãããã¨ãå寞ãŽč¨ŧæ ããããĢãããããããããŽäŋĄåŋĩãæ¯æããæšæŗãæĸããĻããžãã§ãããã
-Another pervasive cognitive bias is **confirmation bias**, which is the tendency to favor information that reinforces existing beliefs. When presented with ambiguous information, we tend to interpret it in a way that supports our existing assumptions. When combined with the old view of human error, this bias is dangerous for postmortems because it seeks to blame the bad apple. When approaching the analysis with the assumption that an individual is at fault, you will find a way to support that belief despite evidence to the contrary.
+įĸēč¨ŧãã¤ãĸãšã¨æĻããããĢãčĒŋæģãŽéį¨ã§éãŽįĢå ´ãã¨ãäģŖåŧč
ãäģģåŊãããã¨ãHolmwoodã¯ææĄããĻããžãããã ããéãŽįĢå ´ãã¨ãäģŖåŧč
ãĢããŖãĻåĻåŽæ§ã寞įĢæ§ãããããããã¨ãĢã¯æŗ¨æããĻãã ããããžããäģãŽããŧã ããčǰããæããĻãåŊŧããŽåŋãĢæĩŽããļããããčŗĒåãããĻããããã¨ã§ãįĸēč¨ŧãã¤ãĸãšãĢ寞æãããã¨ãã§ããžãããããĢãããããŧã ãåŊįļã¨čãããããĢãĒãŖãĻããčĒŋæģãŽæšåæ§ãæãããĢãĒããžãã
-To combat confirmation bias, Holmwood suggests appointing someone to play devilâs advocate to take contrarian viewpoints during investigations. Be cautious of introducing negativity or combativeness with a devilâs advocate. You can also counter confirmation bias by inviting someone from another team to ask any and all questions that come to their mind. This will help surface lines of inquiry the team has learned to take for granted.
+**åžįĨæĩãã¤ãĸãšīŧhindsight biasīŧ**ã¯ã夿ãåŊĸäŊããããĢäē蹥ãæãåēãéãŽč¨æļãŽæĒãŋãŽä¸į¨Žã§ããįĩæãįĨãŖãĻããã¨ãåŊæã¯ãããä翏ŦããåŽĸčĻŗįãĒæ šæ ããģã¨ããŠãžãã¯å
¨ããĒããŖããĢãããããããããŽäē蹥ã厚æãĢä翏Ŧå¯čŊã ãŖãã¨čĻãĒããĻããžãããĄã§ããį§ããĄã¯ãã°ãã°ãčĒåčĒčēĢãããããčĻãããããĒããããã§åēæĨäēãæãåēããžããäžãã°ãã¤ãŗãˇããŗããŽåå ãåæããĻããäēēãããããčĩˇããã¨ãäēæããĻããã¨äŋĄããå ´åãæããããžããããŽãã¤ãĸãšãäŊįžããã¨ãããŧã å
ãŽé˛åžĄã¨åčŖãæããããžãããHolmwoodã¯ãåžįĨæĩãã¤ãĸãšãéŋãããããĢãäē蹥ãäēčĻãŽčĻŗįšããčĒŦæãããã¨ãææĄããĻããžããããĒããĄãŋã¤ã ãŠã¤ãŗåæãã¤ãŗãˇããŗãįēįåãŽæįšããå§ããč§ŖæąēããéįŽãããŽã§ã¯ãĒããåãĢé˛ããããĢãããŽã§ãã
-**Hindsight bias** is a type of memory distortion where we recall events to form a judgment. Knowing the outcome, it is easy to see the event as being predictable despite there having been little or no objective basis for predicting it. Often, we recall events in a way to make ourselves look better. An example is when a person analyzing the causes of an incident believes they knew it would happen like that. Enacting this bias can lead to defensiveness and division within a team. Holmwood suggests avoiding the hindsight bias by explaining events in terms of foresight instead. Start your timeline analysis at a point before the incident and work your way forward instead of backward from resolution.
+æŗ¨æããšãããä¸ã¤ãŽä¸čŦįãĒãã¤ãĸãšã¯**[åĻåŽæ§ãã¤ãĸãšīŧnegativity biasīŧ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negativity_bias)**ã§ããããã¯ãåĻåŽįãĒæ§čŗĒãŽããŽãŽãģãããä¸įĢįãžãã¯č¯åŽįãĒæ§čŗĒãŽããŽããããäēēãŽį˛žįĨįļæ
ãĢ大ããĒåŊąéŋãä¸ããã¨ããæĻåŋĩã§ããį¤žäŧį夿ãĢéĸããį įŠļã§ã¯ãäģč
ãĢ寞ããå°čąĄãĢãããĻãåĻåŽįãĒæ
å ąãã¨ãĻã¤ããĒã大ããĒåŊąéŋãä¸ãããã¨ãį¤ēãããĻããžããããã¯ãč
ãŖããĒãŗã´įčĢããã¤ãžãįĩįšå
ãĢéåŽŗãŽč˛Ŧäģģãč˛ ããšãåĨŊãžãããĒãäēēįŠãããã¨ããäŋĄåŋĩãĢéĸéŖããĻããžããį įŠļã¯ãžããäēēã
ãåĻåŽįãĒįĩæãäģãŽäēēãŽæåŗãĢããããŽã ã¨ããå¯čŊæ§ããä¸įĢįãããŗč¯åŽįãĒįĩæãããéĢããã¨ãį¤ēããĻããžããããããžããé大ãĒã¤ãŗãˇããŗããčĒŦæãããããĢåäēēãŽæ§æ ŧãééŖããåžåãčĒŦæããĻããžãã
-Another common bias to be aware of is **[negativity bias](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negativity_bias)**. This is the notion that things of a more negative nature have a greater effect on oneâs mental state than those of neutral or even positive nature. Research on social judgments has shown negative information disproportionately impacts a personâs impression of others. This relates to the âbad apple theory,â the belief that there are negative actors in your organization to blame for failures. Studies have also shown people are more likely to attribute negative outcomes to the intentions of another person than neutral and positive outcomes. This also explains our tendency to blame individualsâ characters to explain a major incident.
+åŽéãĢã¯ãįŠäēãããžããããã¨ãŽæšããããžããããĒããã¨ãããå¤ããŽã§ãããį§ããĄã¯åĻåŽįãĒåēæĨäēãĢįĻįšãåŊãĻãããŽéčĻæ§ãåŧˇčĒŋããåžåããããžããã¤ãŗãˇããŗããåĻåŽįãĒåēæĨäēã¨ããĻįĻįšãåŊãĻãčĒåŧĩããå
éĸåãããã¨ã¯ãåŖĢæ°ãäŊä¸ãããįãå°Ŋãįåįž¤ãæãå¯čŊæ§ããããžããã¤ãŗãˇããŗããåĻįŋãŽæŠäŧã¨ããĻåæ§į¯ãã寞åŋã§ããžã寞åĻãããäēæãčĒŦæãããã¨ãåŋããĒããããĢãããã¨ã§ãčĻįšãŽããŠãŗãšãåãŖãĻãããžãããã
-In reality, things go right more often than they go wrong, but we tend to focus on and magnify the importance of negative events. Focusing on, exaggerating, and internalizing incidents as negative events can be demoralizing and lead to burnout. Reframing incidents as learning opportunities and remembering to describe what was handled well in your response can help balance perspective
+### čĒįĨãã¤ãĸãš
-### Cognitive Biases
-
-| Bias | Definition | Countermeasure |
+| ãã¤ãĸãš | åŽįžŠ | 寞į |
|---|---|---|
-| Fundamental attribution error | What people do reflects their character rather than their circumstances. | |Intentionally focus the analysis on situational causes rather than discrete actions individuals took. |
-| Confirmation bias | Favoring information that reinforces existing positions. | Appoint someone to play devilâs advocate to take contrarian viewpoints during investigations. |
-| Hindsight bias | Seeing the incident as inevitable despite there having been little or no objective basis for predicting it because we know the outcome. | Explain events in terms of foresight instead. Start your timeline analysis at a point before the incident, and work your way forward instead of backward from resolution. |
-| Negativity bias | Things of a more negative nature have a greater effect on oneâs mental state than neutral or even positive things. | Reframe incidents as learning opportunities, and remember to describe what was handled well in incident response. |
+| åēæŦį帰åąã¨ãŠãŧ | äēēã
ãŽčĄåãĢã¯åŊŧããŽįļæŗã§ã¯ãĒãæ§æ ŧãåæ ãããĻããããŽã¨ãŋãĒãã | |åæãåäēēãåãŖãå
ˇäŊįãĒčĄåã§ã¯ãĒããįļæŗįãĒåå ãĢæåŗįãĢįĻįšãåŊãĻãã |
+| įĸēč¨ŧãã¤ãĸãš | æĸåãŽįĢå ´ãåŧˇåããæ
å ąãåĨŊãã | čĒŋæģãŽéį¨ã§éãŽįĢå ´ãŽäģŖåŧč
ãäģģåŊããã |
+| åžįĨæĩãã¤ãĸãš | įĩæãįĨãŖãĻããããããããä翏ŦããåŽĸčĻŗįãĒæ šæ ããģã¨ããŠãžãã¯å
¨ããĒããŖããĢãããããããã¤ãŗãˇããŗããéŋããããĒããŖãã¨ãŋãĒãã | äē蹥ãäēčĻãŽčĻŗįšããčĒŦæããããŋã¤ã ãŠã¤ãŗåæãã¤ãŗãˇããŗããŽåãŽæįšããå§ããč§ŖæąēããéįŽãããŽã§ã¯ãĒããåãĢé˛ãã |
+| åĻåŽæ§ãã¤ãĸãš | ããåĻåŽįãĒæ§čŗĒãŽããŽããä¸įĢįãžãã¯č¯åŽįãĒããŽããããäēēãŽį˛žįĨįļæ
ãĢ大ããĒåŊąéŋãä¸ããã | ã¤ãŗãˇããŗããåĻįŋãŽæŠäŧã¨ããĻåæ§į¯ããã¤ãŗãˇããŗã寞åŋã§ããžãåĻįããããã¨ãčĒŦæãããã¨ãåŋããĒããããĢããã |
-We all have these cognitive biases that can lead to distorted views of events and damage team relationships if gone unchecked. It is important to be aware of these tendencies so we can acknowledge bias when it occurs. By making postmortems a collaborative process, teams can work as a group to identify blame and then constantly dig deeper in the analysis.
+į§ããĄå
¨åĄãããããŽčĒįĨãã¤ãĸãšãæãŖãĻããĻãčĻéããããã¨äēčąĄãŽæĒãã čĻæšãĢã¤ãĒããŖãããããŧã ãŽéĸäŋãæãĒãŖããããå¯čŊæ§ããããžããããããŽåžåãæčãããã¨ã§ããã¤ãĸãšãįēįããæãĢčĒčãããã¨ãéčĻã§ããããšããĸãŧãã ãå
ąåãããģãšãĢãããã¨ã§ãããŧã ã¯ã°ãĢãŧãã¨ããĻééŖãįšåŽããåæãããæˇąãæãä¸ãããã¨ãã§ããžãã
-## How to Cultivate a Blameless (or Blame-Aware) Culture
-Acknowledging blame and working past it is easier said than done. What behaviors can we adopt to move towards a blameless culture? Holmwood eloquently writes about the importance of the words we use to minimize blame and maximize learning. He urges us to ask âwhatâ questions (e.g., âWhat did you think was happening?â and âWhat did you do next?â Asking âwhatâ questions grounds the analysis in the big-picture contributing factors to the incident.
+## ããŦãŧã ãŦãšīŧãžãã¯ééŖãæčããīŧæåããŠãŽãããĢč˛ãã
+ééŖãčĒčãããããäšãčļãããã¨ã¯ãč¨ãã¯æãčĄãã¯éŖãã§ããããŦãŧã ãŦãšãĒæåãĢåããĻãŠãŽãããĒčĄåãã¨ãã°ããã§ããããīŧHolmwoodã¯ãééŖãæå°éãĢæããåĻįŋãæå¤§åãããããĢäŊŋį¨ããč¨čãŽéčĻæ§ãĢã¤ããĻéåŧãĢæ¸ããĻããžããåŊŧã¯ãäŊãã¨ããčŗĒåīŧäžãã°ããäŊãčĩˇããĻããã¨æããžãããīŧããæŦĄãĢäŊãããžãããīŧãīŧãããããäŋããĻããžãããäŊãã¨ããčŗĒåããããã¨ã§ãã¤ãŗãˇããŗããĢå¯ä¸ãã大ããĒčĻå ãĢåæãŽåēį¤ãįŊŽããžãã
-In his article â[The Infinite Hows](https://www.oreilly.com/ideas/the-infinite-hows),â John Allspaw encourages us to ask âhowâ questions because they get people to describe (at least some of) the conditions that allowed an event to take place. Holmwood also notes that âhowâ questions can help clarify technical details, distancing people from the actions they took. Avoid asking âwhyâ questions because it forces people to justify their actions, attributing blame.
+åŊŧãŽč¨äēã[The Infinite Hows](https://www.oreilly.com/ideas/the-infinite-hows)ããŽä¸ã§ãJohn Allspawã¯ããŠãŽãããĢãã¨ããčŗĒåãããããå§ããĻããžãããĒããĒãããããã¯äēēã
ãĢåēæĨäēãčĩˇãããã¨ãå¯čŊãĢããæĄäģļīŧå°ãĒãã¨ãããã¤ãīŧãčĒŦæãããããã§ããHolmwoodããžããããŠãŽãããĢãã¨ããčŗĒåãæčĄįãĒčŠŗį´°ãæįĸēãĢããäēēã
ãåŊŧããåãŖãčĄåããčˇéĸãįŊŽããããŽãĢåŊšįĢã¤ã¨ææããĻããžããããĒããã¨ããčŗĒåã¯éŋããĻãã ããããĒããĒããããã¯äēēã
ãĢčĒåãŽčĄåãæŖåŊåãããééŖã帰ãããã¨ãĢãĒãããã§ãã
-[Crucial Accountability](https://www.vitalsmarts.com/crucial-accountability-training/) offers a helpful framework for approaching difficult conversations about unmet expectations that can be applied to postmortems when emotions run high. When analyzing failure, we may fall into victim, villain, and helpless stories that propel emotions and attempt to justify our worst behaviors. You can move beyond blame by telling the rest of the story. Consider your and othersâ roles in the problem. Ask yourself why a reasonable, rational, and decent person may have taken the action that seems to have caused the incident. This thinking will help turn attention to the multiple systemic factors that led to the incident.
+[Crucial Accountability](https://www.vitalsmarts.com/crucial-accountability-training/)ã§ã¯ãæåž
ã¨įžåŽãŽä¸ä¸č´ãĢéĸããéŖããäŧ芹ãĢãĸãããŧããããŽãĢåŊšįĢã¤ããŦãŧã ã¯ãŧã¯ãæäžãããĻãããææ
ãéĢãžããããĒããšããĸãŧãã ãĢãéŠį¨ã§ããžããéåŽŗãåæããéãį§ããĄã¯ææ
ãé§ãįĢãĻãææĒãŽčĄåãæŖåŊåãããã¨ããčĸĢåŽŗč
ãæĒåŊšãįĄåãĒįŠčĒãĢéĨãå¯čŊæ§ããããžããįŠčĒãŽæŽããŽé¨åãčĒããã¨ã§ãééŖãäšãčļãããã¨ãã§ããžããåéĄãĢããããããĒãčĒčēĢã¨äģč
ãŽåŊšå˛ãčæ
ŽããĻãã ãããåįįã§įæ§įã§č¯čãŽããäēēããã¤ãŗãˇããŗããŽåå ã¨ãĒãŖããããĢčĻããčĄåãåãŖãįįąãčĒåããĻãã ãããããŽæčã¯ãã¤ãŗãˇããŗããĢã¤ãĒããŖã褿°ãŽãˇãšãã įčĻå ãĢæŗ¨æãåãããŽãĢåŊšįĢãĄãžãã
-Even when you have made a best effort to remain blameless, it is possible someone may still become defensive during a postmortem meeting if they feel they are being blamed. When this happens, work to restore mutual purpose and mutual respect so a productive discussion can continue. Restore mutual purpose by reiterating that the goal of the postmortem is to understand what systemic factors lead to the incident and collaboratively identify actions that can reduce failure moving forward. Often, people act out defensively when they feel their character is being attacked. Restore mutual respect by contrasting. Say what you did not intend (âI did not mean to imply youâre bad at your job.â) contrasted with what you do intend (âI meant to inquire to the situational factors that would lead any responder to take that action.â) Refocus your inquiry away from individual motivation, which implies blame. Abstracting to an inspecific responder also encourages other responders to contribute more suggestions as to what could have contributed to the system failure.
+æåãŽåĒåãããĻããŦãŧã ãŦãšã§ãããã¨ããĻããããšããĸãŧãã ããŧããŖãŗã°ä¸ãĢčǰããééŖãããĻããã¨æããã¨ãäēēã¯é˛åžĄįãĢãĒãå¯čŊæ§ããããžãããããčĩˇããŖãå ´åãįįŖįãĒč°čĢãįļãããããĢäēããŽįŽįæčã¨å°éãå垊ããããåĒããĻãã ãããããšããĸãŧãã ãŽįŽįã¯ã¤ãŗãˇããŗããĢã¤ãĒããŖããˇãšãã įčĻå ãįč§Ŗããå°æĨãŽéåŽŗãæ¸ãããããŽãĸã¯ãˇã§ãŗãå
ąåã§įšåŽãããã¨ã ã¨åįĸēčĒãããã¨ã§ãį¸äēãŽįŽįæčãå垊ããžãããã°ãã°ãäēēã
ã¯čĒåãŽæ§æ ŧãæģæãããĻããã¨æããã¨é˛åžĄįãĢčĄåããžãã寞æ¯ãããã¨ã§į¸äēãŽå°éãå垊ããžããããĒããæåŗããĒããŖããã¨īŧãããĒããäģäēã䏿ã ã¨č¨ãã¤ããã¯ãããžããã§ãããīŧã¨ãããĒããæåŗãããã¨īŧãäģģæãŽå¯žåŋč
ãããŽčĄåãåããããĒįļæŗįčĻå ãå°ããã¤ããã§ãããīŧã寞æ¯ãããĻãã ãããééŖãæį¤ēããåäēēãŽåæŠããã¯ãčĒŋæģãŽįĻįšãé¸ãããĻãã ãããįšåŽãããĻããĒã寞åŋč
ãĢæŊ蹥åãããã¨ã§ããˇãšãã éåŽŗãĢå¯ä¸ããå¯čŊæ§ãŽãããã¨ãĢã¤ããĻãäģãŽå¯žåŋč
ãããå¤ããŽææĄãčĄãããããĒããžãã
-!!! info "Key Takeaways"
- - Ask âwhatâ and âhowâ questions rather than âwhoâ or âwhy.â
- - Consider multiple and diverse perspectives.
- - Ask yourself why a reasonable, rational, and decent person may have taken a particular action.
- - When inquiring about a human action, abstract to an inspecific responder. Anyone could have made the same mistake.
- - Restore mutual purpose and mutual respect by contrasting what you did not intend with what you do intend.
+!!! info "éčĻãĒãã¤ãŗã"
+ - ãčǰããããĒããã§ã¯ãĒãããäŊããããŠãŽãããĢãã¨ããčŗĒåãããã
+ - 褿°ãŽå¤æ§ãĒčĻįšãčæ
Žããã
+ - åįįã§įæ§įã§č¯čãŽããäēēãįšåŽãŽčĄåãåãŖãįįąãčĒåããã
+ - äēēéãŽčĄåãĢã¤ããĻå°ããéãįšåŽãããĻããĒã寞åŋč
ãĢæŊ蹥åãããčǰã§ãåãããšãį¯ãå¯čŊæ§ãããã
+ - ããĒããæåŗããĒããŖããã¨ã¨æåŗãããã¨ã寞æ¯ããããã¨ã§ãį¸äēãŽįŽįã¨å°éãå垊ããã
diff --git a/docs/culture/introduce.md b/docs/culture/introduce.md
index eccdd35..1a1d0e3 100644
--- a/docs/culture/introduce.md
+++ b/docs/culture/introduce.md
@@ -1,31 +1,31 @@
---
cover:
-description: A successful postmortem process is based on a culture of honesty, learning, and accountability. Culture change requires management buy-in, but you can lead culture change no matter your role. This guide describes common challenges faced in building a culture of continuous learning through postmortems and strategies for overcoming these challenges.
+description: æåããããšããĸãŧãã ãããģãšã¯ãčĒ åŽããåĻįŋããããĻčĒŦæč˛ŦäģģãŽæåãĢåēãĨããĻããžããæåãŽå¤éŠãĢã¯įĩåļéŖãŽčŗåãåŋ
čĻã§ãããããĒããŽåŊšå˛ãĢéĸãããæåãŽå¤éŠããĒãŧããããã¨ãã§ããžããããŽãŦã¤ãã§ã¯ãããšããĸãŧãã ãéããįļįļįåĻįŋãŽæåãæ§į¯ããéãĢį´éĸããä¸čŦįãĒčǞéĄã¨ãããããå
æãããããŽæĻįĨãĢã¤ããĻčĒŦæããžãã
---

-Whether you're introducing postmortems as an entirely new practice at your organization or working to improve an existing process, culture change is hard. No matter your role, the first step to introducing a new process is getting buy-in from leadership and individual contributors because, often, bottom-up changes are more successful than top-down mandates from management.
+ããšããĸãŧãã ãįĩįšãĢå
¨ãæ°ããåŽčˇĩã¨ããĻå°å
Ĩããå ´åã§ããæĸåãŽãããģãšãæšåããå ´åã§ãããĢãĢããŖãŧãŽå¤éŠã¯éŖããããŽã§ããããĒããŽåŊšå˛ãĢéĸããããæ°ãããããģãšãå°å
ĨããæåãŽãšãããã¯ããĒãŧããŧãˇããã¨åã
ãŽč˛ĸįŽč
ããčŗåãåžããã¨ã§ãããĒããĒããå¤ããŽå ´åãããã ãĸãããŽå¤åã¯įĩåļéŖãããŽãããããĻãŗãŽæį¤ēãããæåããå¯čŊæ§ãéĢãããã§ãã
-To practice blameless postmortems and encourage a culture of continuous improvement, you need commitment from leadership that no individuals will be reprimanded in any way after an incident.
+ééŖãŽãĒãīŧããŦãŧã ãŦãšãĒīŧããšããĸãŧãã ãåŽčˇĩããįļįļįæšåãŽæåãäŋé˛ãããããĢã¯ãã¤ãŗãˇããŗãåžãĢåäēēãäŊãããŽåŊĸã§åąč˛Ŧããããã¨ã¯ãĒãã¨ãããĒãŧããŧãˇãããããŽãŗããããĄãŗããåŋ
čĻã§ãã
-To convince management to support a shift to blameless analysis, clarify how blame is harmful to the business and explain the business value of blamelessness. For instance, punishing individuals for "causing" incidents discourages people from speaking up when problems occur for fear of being blamed. This silence will increase the mean time to acknowledge incidents, mean time to resolve, and, ultimately, exacerbate the impact of incidents. Organizations can rapidly improve the resilience of their systems and increase the speed of innovation by eliminating the fear of blame and encouraging collaborative learning.
+įĩåļéŖãŽį´åžãåžãĒããééŖãŽãĒãåæã¸ãŽčģĸæãé˛ãããããĢã¯ãééŖããã¸ããšãĢãŠãŽãããĢæåŽŗã§ããããæįĸēãĢããééŖããĒãįļæ
ãŽãã¸ããšäžĄå¤ãčĒŦæããžããããäžãã°ãã¤ãŗãˇããŗãããåŧãčĩˇããããåäēēãįŊ°ããã¨ãäēēã¯ééŖããããã¨ãæããĻåéĄãįēįããã¨ããĢįēč¨ãčēčēããžããããŽæ˛éģã¯ã¤ãŗãˇããŗããŽåšŗåįĸēčĒæéīŧMTTAīŧãåšŗåč§ŖæąēæéīŧMTTRīŧãåĸå ãããæįĩįãĢã¯ã¤ãŗãˇããŗããŽåŊąéŋãæĒåãããžããįĩįšã¯ãééŖãĢ寞ããææãæé¤ããååįãĒåĻįŋãåĨ¨åąãããã¨ã§ããˇãšãã ãŽå垊åãčŋ
éãĢåä¸ãããã¤ãããŧãˇã§ãŗãŽãšããŧããä¸ãããã¨ãã§ããžãã
-It may sound silly, but when selling a new blameless postmortem process to management, avoid blaming them for blaming others. Acknowledge that practicing blamelessness is difficult for everyone. Teams can help hold each other accountable by calling each other out when blame is observed in response to failure. Ask leadership if they will be receptive to receiving that feedback if and when they accidentally suggest blame after an incident.
+åĨåĻãĢčããããããããžããããįĩåļéŖãĢééŖãŽãĒãããšããĸãŧãã ãããģãšãåŖ˛ãčžŧãéãĢã¯ãéåģãĢäģč
ãééŖãããã¨ã§įĩåļéŖãééŖãããã¨ã¯éŋããĻãã ãããããŦãŧã ãŦãšãåŽčˇĩãããã¨ã¯čǰãĢã¨ãŖãĻãéŖãããã¨ãčĒčããžããããããŧã ã¯ãã¤ãŗãˇããŗãåžãĢééŖãčĻãããå ´åããäēããĢč˛ŦäģģãæãĄãææãããã¨ãã§ããžãããĒãŧããŧéŖãã¤ãŗãˇããŗãåžãĢčǤãŖãĻééŖãããįēč¨ãããå ´åãããŽããŖãŧãããã¯ãåãå
ĨããææãããããŠãããå°ããĻãã ããã
-A verbal commitment from management to refrain from punishing people for causing incidents is an important start to introducing blameless postmortems, but that alone will not eliminate the fear of blame. Once you have leadership support, you will also need buy-in from the individual contributors who will be performing postmortem analysis. Share that you have commitment from management that no one will be punished after an incident. Because the tendency to blame is not unique to managers, explain to the team why blame is harmful to trust and collaboration. Agree to work together to become more blame-aware and kindly call each other out when blame is observed.
+ã¤ãŗãˇããŗããåŧãčĩˇããããã¨ã§äēēã
ãįŊ°ããĒãã¨ããįĩåļéŖãããŽåŖé ã§ãŽãŗããããĄãŗãã¯ãééŖãŽãĒãããšããĸãŧãã ãå°å
ĨããéčĻãĒįŦŦ䏿Šã§ãããããã ãã§ã¯ééŖã¸ãŽææãæé¤ãããĢã¯ä¸ååã§ãããĒãŧããŧãˇãããŽæ¯æãåžãããããšããĸãŧãã åæãåŽčĄããåã
ãŽč˛ĸįŽč
ãããčŗåãåžãåŋ
čĻããããžããã¤ãŗãˇããŗãåžãĢčǰãįŊ°ããããĒãã¨ããįĩåļéŖãããŽãŗããããĄãŗããå
ąæããĻãã ããããããĻãééŖãäŋĄé ŧã¨ååãĢæåŽŗã§ããįįąãããŧã ãĢčĒŦæããžããããééŖãããæčããééŖãčĻŗå¯ãããã¨ããĢãäēããĢåĒããææãããã¨ãĢååãããã¨ãĢåæããĻãã ããã
-When Google studied their teams to learn what behaviors made groups successful, they found that psychological safety was the most critical factor for a team work well together. Harvard Business School professor Amy Edmondson defines psychological safety as "a sense of confidence that the team will not embarrass, reject, or punish someone for speaking up." A sense of safety makes people feel comfortable enough to share information about incidents, which allows for deeper analysis and results in learnings that improve the resilience of your systems.
+Googleããããŧã ãĢ寞ããį įŠļãčĄãã°ãĢãŧããæåãããčĄåãåĻãã ã¨ããããŧã ãããžãååãããããŽæãéčĻãĒčĻį´ ã¯åŋįįåŽå
¨æ§ã§ãããã¨ãããããžãããããŧããŧããģãã¸ããšãģãšã¯ãŧãĢãŽææAmy Edmondsonã¯ãåŋįįåŽå
¨æ§ããčǰããįēč¨ããã¨ããĢããŧã ãæĨå
ĨãããããæįĩļããããįŊ°ãããããĒãã¨ããčĒäŋĄãã¨åŽįžŠããĻããžããåŽå
¨ãŽæčĻã¯ãã¤ãŗãˇããŗããĢéĸããæ
å ąãå
ąæãããŽãĢååãĒåŋãŽäŊčŖãäēēã
ãĢä¸ãããããĢããŖãĻããæˇąãåæãå¯čŊãĢãĒãããˇãšãã ãŽå垊åãåä¸ãããåĻãŗãĢã¤ãĒãããžãã
-Google found that high-performing teams with strong psychological safety share two key behaviors. First, these teams demonstrate conversational turn-taking. Team members speak in roughly the same proportion. When everyone is able to share their perspective, the collective intelligence of the group increases. Second, good teams have high social sensitivity or empathy. Successful teams are able to sense when someone is feeling upset or left out based on nonverbal cues.
+Googleã¯ãåŋįįåŽå
¨æ§ãŽéĢããã¤ãããŠãŧããŗãšããŧã ãĢå
ąéãã2ã¤ãŽéčĻãĒčĄåããããã¨ãįēčĻããžããããžããããããŽããŧã ã§ã¯åå č
ãŋããĒãĢäŧ芹ãŽé åēãåãŖãĻããžããããŧã ãĄãŗããŧã¯ãģãŧåãå˛åã§čŠąããžããå
¨åĄãčĒåãŽčĻįšãå
ąæã§ããã¨ããã°ãĢãŧããŽéåįĨãåĸå ããžããįŦŦäēãĢãããããŧã ã¯éĢãį¤žäŧįæåæ§ãžãã¯å
ąæãæãŖãĻããžããæåããããŧã ã¯ãéč¨čĒįãĒæããããĢåēãĨããĻčǰããåæēãããåãæŽããããããĻãããã¨ãæãã¨ããã¨ãã§ããžãã
-These behaviors and the resulting sense of psychological safety can be encouraged by modeling vulnerability. A manager at Google found his team was able to find ways to work better together after doing an ice-breaker activity in which everyone shared something personal about themselves. The manager started by telling the team about his struggle with cancer, which helped everyone else feel more comfortable sharing something. Creating emotional bonds within a team leads to greater psychological safety and higher performance.
+ããããŽčĄåã¨įĩæã¨ããĻãŽåŋįįåŽå
¨æ§ãŽæčĻã¯ãåŧąãŋããĸããĢåãããã¨ã§åĨ¨åąãããã¨ãã§ããžããGoogleãŽãããŧã¸ãŖãŧã¯ãå
¨åĄãčĒåčĒčēĢãĢã¤ããĻäŊãåäēēįãĒãã¨ãå
ąæãããĸã¤ãšããŦãŧãĢãŧæ´ģåãããåžãããŧã ãããč¯ãååããæšæŗãčĻã¤ãããã¨ãã§ãããã¨ãĢæ°ãĨããžããããããŧã¸ãŖãŧã¯ããã¨ãŽéããĢã¤ããĻããŧã ãĢ芹ããã¨ããå§ãããããäģãŽå
¨åĄãããåŋĢéŠãĢå
ąæãããã¨ãåŠããžãããããŧã å
ã§ææ
įãĒįĩãäŊããã¨ã¯ããã大ããĒåŋįįåŽå
¨æ§ã¨éĢããããŠãŧããŗãšãĢã¤ãĒãããžãã
-Culture change does not happen overnight. Iteratively introduce new practices to the organization by starting small, sharing successful results of experimenting with new practices, and slowly expanding those practices across teams. You can start experimenting with blameless postmortems within a single team. To get started, use our ["How to Write a Postmortem"](../how_to_write/writing.md) guide to share tips.
+ãĢãĢããŖãŧãŽå¤åã¯ä¸å¤ãĢããĻčĩˇããããŽã§ã¯ãããžãããæ°ããåŽčˇĩãįĩįšãĢå垊įãĢå°å
ĨãããĢã¯ãå°ããå§ããæ°ããåŽčˇĩãåŽé¨ããæåįĩæãå
ąæããããããŽåŽčˇĩãããŧã éã§åžã
ãĢæĄå¤§ããĻãããžãããžãã¯ãåä¸ãŽããŧã å
ã§ééŖãŽãĒãããšããĸãŧãã ãŽåŽé¨ãå§ããã¨ããã§ããããå§ãããĢã¯ãį§ããĄãŽ[ãããšããĸãŧãã ãŽæ¸ãæšã](../how_to_write/writing.md)ãŦã¤ããäŊŋį¨ããĻããŗããå
ąæããĻãã ããã
-It is also easy to start practicing blameless postmortems by analyzing smaller incidents before tackling major ones. Doing postmortems for smaller incidents allows the team to develop the skill of deeper system analysis that goes beyond how people contributed to an incident. This also helps protect individuals while everyone is practicing blameless culture as people may revert to blame, but the impact on the individual will be less than if that same mistake happens with a more critical incident.
+ãžããããå°ããĒã¤ãŗãˇããŗããŽããšããĸãŧãã ãåŽčˇĩãããã¨ããå§ãããŽãããã§ããããå°ããĒã¤ãŗãˇããŗããŽããšããĸãŧãã ãčĄããã¨ã§ãããŧã ã¯ã¤ãŗãˇããŗãã¸ãŽåã
äēēãŽč˛ĸįŽãĢįãžãããããæˇąããˇãšãã åæãŽãšããĢãéĢãããã¨ãã§ããžããããã¯ãžããå
¨åĄãééŖãŽãĒãæåãåŽčˇĩããĻããéãåã
äēēãäŋčˇãããŽãĢãåŊšįĢãĄãžããäēēã
ã¯ééŖãĢæģãŖãĻããžããã¨ããããããããžããããåãå¤ąæãããé大ãĒã¤ãŗãˇããŗãã§čĩˇããŖãå ´åããããåäēēã¸ãŽåŊąéŋã¯å°ãĒããĒããžãã
-!!! info "Key Takeaways"
- - Sell the business value of blamelessness: faster incident resolution, more resilient systems, more time for innovation
- - Commit to kindly calling each other out when blame is observed
- - Start with a single team
- - Start with smaller incidents
+!!! info "éčĻãĒãã¤ãŗã"
+ - ééŖãŽãĒãįļæ
īŧããŦãŧã ãŦãšīŧãŽãã¸ããšäžĄå¤ãåŖ˛ãčžŧããã¨īŧããčŋ
éãĒã¤ãŗãˇããŗãč§Ŗæąēãããå垊åãŽãããˇãšãã ãã¤ãããŧãˇã§ãŗãŽãããŽæéãŽåĸå
+ - ééŖãčĻŗå¯ãããã¨ããĢãäēããĢåĒããææãããã¨ãį´æãããã¨
+ - åä¸ãŽããŧã ããå§ãããã¨
+ - ããå°ããĒã¤ãŗãˇããŗãããå§ãããã¨
diff --git a/docs/culture/sharing.md b/docs/culture/sharing.md
index 1935859..f733f82 100644
--- a/docs/culture/sharing.md
+++ b/docs/culture/sharing.md
@@ -1,27 +1,27 @@
---
cover:
-description: A successful postmortem process is based on a culture of honesty, learning, and accountability. Culture change requires management buy-in, but you can lead culture change no matter your role. This guide describes common challenges faced in building a culture of continuous learning through postmortems and strategies for overcoming these challenges.
+description: æåããããšããĸãŧãã ãããģãšã¯ãčĒ åŽããåĻįŋããããĻčĒŦæč˛ŦäģģãŽæåãĢåēãĨããĻããžããæåãŽå¤éŠãĢã¯įĩåļéŖãŽčŗåãåŋ
čĻã§ãããããĒããŽåŊšå˛ãĢéĸãããæåãŽå¤éŠããĒãŧããããã¨ãã§ããžããããŽãŦã¤ãã§ã¯ãããšããĸãŧãã ãéããįļįļįåĻįŋãŽæåãæ§į¯ããéãĢį´éĸããä¸čŦįãĒčǞéĄã¨ãããããå
æãããããŽæĻįĨãĢã¤ããĻčĒŦæããžãã
---

-You can scale culture through sharing.1 People want to share their successes, and when people see something thatâs going well, they want to replicate that success. It may seem counterintuitive to share incident reports because it seems like youâre sharing a story of failure rather than success. The truth is, practicing blameless postmortems leads to success because it enables teams to learn from failure and improve systems to reduce the prevalence of failure. Framing incidents as learning opportunities with concrete resulting improvements rather than a personal failure also increases morale, which increases employee retention and productivity.
+į§ããĄã¯ãå
ąæãéããĻæåãåēãããã¨ãã§ããžãã1äēēã
ã¯čĒåãŽæåãå
ąæãããã¨æããäŊããããžãããŖãĻãããŽãčĻãã¨ãããŽæåãåįžãããã¨æããžããã¤ãŗãˇããŗããŦããŧããå
ąæãããã¨ã¯ãå¤ąæãŽčŠąãå
ąæããĻãããããĢčĻãããããį´æãĢåãããããããžããããããŠãåŽéã¯ãééŖãŽãĒãīŧããŦãŧã ãŦãšãĒīŧããšããĸãŧãã ãŽåŽčˇĩãããæåãĢã¤ãĒãããžãããĒããĒããããŧã ã¯å¤ąæããåĻãŗãå¤ąæãŽįēįãæ¸ãããããĢãˇãšãã ãæšåãããã¨ãã§ããããã§ããã¤ãŗãˇããŗããåäēēįãĒå¤ąæã§ã¯ãĒããå
ˇäŊįãĒæšåãããããåĻįŋãŽæŠäŧã¨ããĻäŊįŊŽãĨãããã¨ã§ããĸãŠãĢãåä¸ããåžæĨåĄãŽåŽįįã¨įįŖæ§ãéĢãžããžãã
-**Sharing the results of postmortems has two main benefits:**
-1. It increases system knowledge across the organization.
-1. It reinforces a blameless culture.
+**ããšããĸãŧãã ãŽįĩæãå
ąæãããã¨ãĢã¯2ã¤ãŽä¸ģãĒåŠįšããããžãīŧ**
+1. įĩįšå
¨äŊãŽãˇãšãã įĨčãåĸãããžãã
+1. ééŖãŽãĒãīŧããŦãŧã ãŦãšãĒīŧæåãåŧˇåããžãã
-By sharing learnings from incident analysis, you help the entire organization learn, not just the affected teams responsible for remediation. PagerDuty sends completed postmortems via email to an âIncident Reportsâ distribution list that includes all of engineering, product, and support, as well as all Incident Commanders (who may not be in any of those departments.) This widens system knowledge for everyone involved in incident response.
+ã¤ãŗãˇããŗãåæãããŽåĻãŗãå
ąæãããã¨ã§ãåŊąéŋãåããäŋŽåžŠãæ
åŊããããŧã ã ãã§ãĒããįĩįšå
¨äŊãåĻãšããããĢããžããPagerDutyã¯åŽäēããããšããĸãŧãã ããã¤ãŗãˇããŗããŦããŧããé
å¸ãĒãšããéããĻã¨ãŗã¸ããĸãĒãŗã°ããããã¯ãããĩããŧããŽããšãĻããããŗããšãĻãŽã¤ãŗãˇããŗããŗããŗããŧīŧåčŋ°ãŽé¨éãŽããããĢãåąããĻããĒãå¯čŊæ§ããããžãīŧãĢãĄãŧãĢã§éäŋĄããžãããããĢãããã¤ãŗãˇããŗã寞åŋãĢéĸããããšãĻãŽäēēãŽãˇãšãã įĨčãåēãããžãã
-We encourage teams to learn postmortem best practices from each other by hosting a community of experienced postmortem writers available to review postmortems before they are shared more widely. This ensures blameless analysis through feedback and coaching while postmortems are being written.
+į§ããĄã¯ãããšããĸãŧãã ãåēãå
ąæãããåãĢãŦããĨãŧãčĄããããããįĩé¨čąå¯ãĒããšããĸãŧãã äŊæč
ãŽãŗããĨãããŖãä¸ģåŦãããã¨ã§ãããšããĸãŧãã ãŽããšãããŠã¯ããŖãšãããŧã ãäēããĢåĻãšããããĢãããã¨ãåĨ¨åąããĻããžãããããĢãããããšããĸãŧãã ãæ¸ãããĻããéãĢããŖãŧãããã¯ã¨ãŗãŧããŗã°ãéããĻééŖãŽãĒãåæãã§ãããããĢãĒããžãã
-We also schedule all postmortem meetings on a shared calendar. This calendar is visible to the entire company, and anyone is welcome to join. This gives engineering teams the opportunity to learn from each other on how to practice blamelessness and deeply analyze incident causes. It also makes clear that incidents are not shameful failures that should be kept quiet.
+ãžããããšãĻãŽããšããĸãŧãã ããŧããŖãŗã°ãå
ąæãĢãŦãŗããŧãĢãšãąã¸ãĨãŧãĢããĻããžããããŽãĢãŦãŗããŧã¯äŧį¤žå
¨äŊãĢå
ŦéãããĻãããčǰã§ãåå ãããã¨ãã§ããžãããããĢãããã¨ãŗã¸ããĸãĒãŗã°ããŧã ã¯ããŦãŧã ãŦãšãåŽčˇĩããã¤ãŗãˇããŗããŽåå ãæˇąãåæããæšæŗãĢã¤ããĻäēããĢåĻãļæŠäŧãåžãããžãããžããã¤ãŗãˇããŗãã¯é ããĻãããšãæĨããããå¤ąæã§ã¯ãĒããã¨ãæãããĢããžãã
-Being transparent about system failure reinforces a culture of blamelessness. When postmortems are shared, teams will see that individuals are not blamed or punished for incidents. This will reduce the fear of speaking up when issues inevitably occur. Creating a culture where information can be confidently shared leads to a culture of continuous learning in which teams can work together to design improvements.
+ãˇãšãã ãŽéåŽŗãĢã¤ããĻéææ§ãæã¤ãã¨ã¯ãééŖãŽãĒãæåãåŧˇåããžããããšããĸãŧãã ãå
ąæãããã¨ãããŧã ã¯ã¤ãŗãˇããŗããĢ寞ããĻåäēēãééŖããããįŊ°ãããããããĒããã¨ãįĨããžãããããĢãããåéĄãįēįããã¨ããĢįēč¨ãããã¨ã¸ãŽææãčģŊæ¸ãããžããčĒäŋĄãæãŖãĻæ
å ąãå
ąæã§ããæåãäŊããã¨ã¯ãããŧã ãååããĻæšåãč¨č¨ã§ããįļįļįåĻįŋãŽæåãĢã¤ãĒãããžãã
-!!! info "Key Takeaways"
- * Create a community of experienced postmortem writers to review postmortem drafts and spread best practices.
- * Schedule postmortem meetings on a shared calendar, open for any interested parties to listen and learn.
- * Email completed postmortems to all teams involved in incident response to share learning and reinforce blamelessness.
+!!! info "éčĻãĒãã¤ãŗã"
+ * įĩé¨čąå¯ãĒããšããĸãŧãã äŊæč
ãŽãŗããĨãããŖãäŊããããšããĸãŧãã ãŽããŠããããŦããĨãŧããããšãããŠã¯ããŖãšãåēããžãã
+ * ããšããĸãŧãã ããŧããŖãŗã°ãå
ąæãĢãŦãŗããŧãĢãšãąã¸ãĨãŧãĢããéĸåŋãŽããäēēãĒãčǰã§ãčããĻåĻãļãã¨ãã§ãããããĢããžãã
+ * åŽäēããããšããĸãŧãã ãã¤ãŗãˇããŗã寞åŋãĢéĸããããšãĻãŽããŧã ãĢãĄãŧãĢã§éããåĻãŗãå
ąæãééŖãŽãĒãįļæ
ãåŧˇåããžãã
---
-1. Puppetâs [2018 State of DevOps Report](https://puppet.com/resources/whitepaper/state-of-devops-report) tells us operationally mature organizations adopt practices that promote sharing.
+1. PuppetãŽ[2018åš´DevOpsãŦããŧã](https://puppet.com/resources/whitepaper/state-of-devops-report)ãĢããã¨ãéį¨įãĢæįããįĩįšã¯å
ąæãäŋé˛ããåŽčˇĩãæĄį¨ããĻããžãã
diff --git a/docs/how_to_write/effective_postmortems.md b/docs/how_to_write/effective_postmortems.md
index 948c98a..d9cd1a5 100644
--- a/docs/how_to_write/effective_postmortems.md
+++ b/docs/how_to_write/effective_postmortems.md
@@ -1,21 +1,21 @@
---
cover:
-description: Here are concrete steps for producing a postmortem document. You will learn the most important information to include in the postmortem, how to collect and present that information, and how to conduct an effective analysis that results in system improvements.
+description: åšæįãĒããšããĸãŧãã ææ¸ãäŊæãããããŽå
ˇäŊįãĒãšããããį´šäģããžããããšããĸãŧãã ãĢåĢãããšãæãéčĻãĒæ
å ąãããŽæ
å ąãŽåéã¨æį¤ēæšæŗããããĻãˇãšãã æšåãĢã¤ãĒããåšæįãĒåæãŽåŽæŊæšæŗãåĻãŗãžãã
---

-Writing detailed and accurate postmortems allows you to learn quickly from mistakes and improve systems and processes for everyone. This guide lists some of the things we do to make sure our postmortems are effective.
+čŠŗį´°ã§æŖįĸēãĒããšããĸãŧãã ãäŊæãããã¨ã§ãããšããčŋ
éãĢåĻãŗãå
¨åĄãŽãããĢãˇãšãã ã¨ãããģãšãæšåãããã¨ãã§ããžããããŽãŦã¤ãã§ã¯ãåšæįãĒããšããĸãŧãã ãäŊæãããããĢį§ããĄãčĄãŖãĻãããã¨ãããã¤ãį´šäģããžãã
-## Do
-- Make sure the timeline is an accurate representation of events.
-- Define any technical lingo/acronyms you use that newcomers may not understand.
-- [Separate what happened from how to fix it](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TqaFT-0cY7U).
-- Write follow-up tasks that are actionable, specific, and bounded in scope.
-- [Discuss how the incident fits into our understanding of the health and resiliency of the services affected](https://www.pagerduty.com/blog/postmortem-understand-service-reliability/).
+## ããšããã¨
+- ãŋã¤ã ãŠã¤ãŗãĢåēæĨäēãæŖįĸēãĢ襨įžãããĻãããã¨ãįĸēčĒãããã¨ã
+- æ°ããåå ããäēēãįč§Ŗã§ããĒãå¯čŊæ§ãŽããå°éį¨čĒãįĨčĒãåŽįžŠãããã¨ã
+- [äŊãčĩˇãããã¨ãããããŠãäŋŽæŖããããåããĻčãããã¨](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TqaFT-0cY7U)ã
+- ããŠããŧãĸãããŋãšã¯ã¯ãåŽčĄå¯čŊã§å
ˇäŊįãã¤į¯å˛ãéåŽãããããŽãĢãããã¨ã
+- [ã¤ãŗãˇããŗãã¨ãåŊąéŋãåãããĩãŧããšãŽåĨå
¨æ§ã¨å垊åãĢéĸããčĒåããĄãŽįč§Ŗãį
§ããåããããŠãŽãããĢåč´ããããč°čĢãããã¨](https://www.pagerduty.com/blog/postmortem-understand-service-reliability/)ã
-## Do Not
-- Use the word "outage" unless it really was an outage. Accurately reflect the impact of an incident. Outage is usually too broad a term to use. It can lead customers to think the product was fully unavailable when that likely was nowhere near the case.
-- Change details or events to make things "look better." Be honest in postmortems, otherwise they lose their effectiveness.
-- Name and shame someone. Keep postmortems blameless. If someone deployed a change that broke things, it's not their fault. Everyone is collectively responsible for building a system that allowed them to deploy a breaking change.
-- Blame "human error." Very rarely is the mistake "rooted" in a human performing an action. There are often several contributing factors (the script the human ran didn't have rate limiting, the documentation was out of date, etc.) that can and should be addressed.
-- Only point out what went wrong. Drill down to the underlying causes of the issue.
\ No newline at end of file
+## ããšãã§ãĒããã¨
+- æŦåŊãĢåæĸããĻããĒãéãããåæĸīŧoutageīŧãã¨ããč¨čãäŊŋããĒããããĢããã¤ãŗãˇããŗããŽåŊąéŋãæŖįĸēãĢåæ ããããã¨ããåæĸãã¯é常ãäŊŋį¨ãããĢã¯åēãããį¨čĒã§ãã饧åŽĸãĢčŖŊåãåŽå
¨ãĢåŠį¨ã§ããĒããĒãŖãã¨æãããå¯čŊæ§ããããžãããåŽéãĢã¯ããã§ã¯ãĒããã¨ããģã¨ããŠã§ãã
+- ãããč¯ãčĻããããããĢčŠŗį´°ãåēæĨäēã夿´ããĒããã¨ãããšããĸãŧãã ã§ã¯æŖį´ã§ãããã¨ãéčĻã§ããããĒãã¨ããŽåšæãå¤ąãããžãã
+- įšåŽãŽäēēãåæãã§ééŖããĒããã¨ãããšããĸãŧãã ã¯ééŖãŽãĒãããŽãĢããžããããčǰããåéĄãåŧãčĩˇãã夿´ããããã¤ããå ´åãããã¯ããŽäēēãŽč˛Ŧäģģã§ã¯ãããžãããį ´åŖįãĒ夿´ããããã¤ã§ãããˇãšãã ãæ§į¯ãããã¨ãĢ寞ããĻãå
¨åĄãå
ąåã§č˛Ŧäģģãč˛ ãŖãĻããžãã
+- ãããĨãŧããŗã¨ãŠãŧããééŖããĒããã¨ãããšãäēēéãŽčĄåãĢãæ šãããĻããããã¨ã¯ãģã¨ããŠãããžãããå¤ããŽå ´åãããã¤ããŽčĻå īŧäēēéãåŽčĄãããšã¯ãĒãããĢãŦãŧããĒããããŽå¯žåŋããĒããŖãããããĨãĄãŗããå¤ããŖãããĒãŠīŧãéĸäŋããĻããžããããŽãããĒäēæãĢã¯å¯žåĻãããã¨ãã§ãããžã寞åĻããšãã§ãã
+- äŊãééãŖãĻãããã ããææããĒããã¨ãåéĄãŽæ šæŦįãĒåå ãæãä¸ããžãããã
diff --git a/docs/how_to_write/writing.md b/docs/how_to_write/writing.md
index 60a380c..9c1d4e2 100644
--- a/docs/how_to_write/writing.md
+++ b/docs/how_to_write/writing.md
@@ -1,274 +1,274 @@
---
cover:
-description: Here are concrete steps for producing a postmortem document. You will learn the most important information to include in the postmortem, how to collect and present that information, and how to conduct an effective analysis that results in system improvements.
+description: ããšããĸãŧãã ææ¸ãäŊæãããããŽå
ˇäŊįãĒãšããããį´šäģããžããããšããĸãŧãã ãĢåĢãããšãæãéčĻãĒæ
å ąãããŽæ
å ąãŽåéã¨æį¤ēæšæŗããããĻãˇãšãã æšåãĢã¤ãĒããåšæįãĒåæãŽåŽæŊæšæŗãåĻãŗãžãã
---

-Below are the steps involved in performing a postmortem at a high level. Below are the details of how to perform each step.
+äģĨä¸ã¯ãæĻčĻãŦããĢã§ãŽããšããĸãŧãã åŽæŊãŽãšãããã§ããåãšããããŽåŽæŊæšæŗãŽčŠŗį´°ãäģĨä¸ãĢį¤ēããžãã
-1. Create a new postmortem for the incident.
-1. Schedule a postmortem meeting within the required timeframe for all required and optional attendees on the "Incident Postmortem Meetings" shared calendar.
-1. Populate the incident timeline with important changes in status/impact and key actions taken by responders.
- - For each item in the timeline, include a metric or some third-party page where the data came from.
-1. Analyze the incident.
- - Identify superficial and root causes.
- - Consider technology and process.
-1. Open any follow-up action tickets.
-1. Write the external messaging.
-1. Ask for review.
-1. Attend the postmortem meeting.
-1. Share the postmortem.
+1. ã¤ãŗãˇããŗããŽæ°ããããšããĸãŧãã ãäŊæããã
+1. ãã¤ãŗãˇããŗãããšããĸãŧãã ããŧããŖãŗã°ãå
ąæãĢãŦãŗããŧãĢãåŋ
é ãããŗäģģæãŽåå č
ãŽãããĢãåŋ
čĻãĒæéæ å
ã§ããšããĸãŧãã ããŧããŖãŗã°ããšãąã¸ãĨãŧãĢããã
+1. ãšããŧãŋãš/åŊąéŋãŽéčĻãĒå¤åã¨ã寞åŋč
ãåãŖãä¸ģčĻãĒãĸã¯ãˇã§ãŗãã¤ãŗãˇããŗããŋã¤ã ãŠã¤ãŗãĢč¨å
Ĩããã
+ - ãŋã¤ã ãŠã¤ãŗãŽåé
įŽãĢã¤ããĻãããŧãŋãŽåēæã¨ãĒããĄããĒã¯ãšãžãã¯ãĩãŧãããŧããŖãŽããŧã¸ãåĢããã
+1. ã¤ãŗãˇããŗããåæããã
+ - 襨éĸįãĒåå ã¨æ šæŦįãĒåå ãįšåŽããã
+ - æčĄã¨ãããģãšãŽä¸Ąæšãčæ
Žããã
+1. ããŠããŧãĸãããĸã¯ãˇã§ãŗãŽããąãããäŊæããã
+1. å¤é¨åããĄããģãŧã¸ãäŊæããã
+1. ãŦããĨãŧãäžé ŧããã
+1. ããšããĸãŧãã ããŧããŖãŗã°ãĢåå ããã
+1. ããšããĸãŧãã ãå
ąæããã
-## Owner Responsibilities
-At the end of a major incident call, or very shortly after, the [Incident Commander](https://response.pagerduty.com/training/incident_commander/) selects one responder to own the postmortem. The selected owner will be notified directly by the Incident Commander. Writing the postmortem will ultimately be a collaborative effort, but selecting a single owner will help ensure it gets done.
+## ãĒãŧããŧãŽč˛Ŧäģģ
+é大ãĒã¤ãŗãˇããŗã寞åŋãŽįĩäēæããžãã¯ããŽį´åžãĢã[ã¤ãŗãˇããŗããŗããŗããŧ](https://response.pagerduty.co.jp/training/incident_commander/)ã¯å¯žåŋč
ãŽä¸äēēãããšããĸãŧãã ãŽãĒãŧããŧã¨ããĻé¸åēããžããé¸åēããããĒãŧããŧã¯ã¤ãŗãˇããŗããŗããŗããŧããį´æĨéįĨãåããžããããšããĸãŧãã ãŽäŊæã¯æįĩįãĢã¯å
ąåäŊæĨã¨ãĒããžãããåä¸ãŽãĒãŧããŧãé¸åēãããã¨ã§įĸēåŽãĢåŽäēããããã¨ãã§ããžãã
-The owner of a postmortem is responsible for the following:
+ããšããĸãŧãã ãŽãĒãŧããŧã¯äģĨä¸ãŽč˛Ŧäģģãč˛ ããžãīŧ
-- Scheduling the postmortem meeting on the shared calendar and inviting the relevant people (this should be scheduled within 3 calendar days for a Sev-1 and 5 business days for a Sev-2).
-- Investigating the incident, pulling in whoever is needed from other teams to assist in the investigation.
-- Ensuring the page is updated with all of the necessary content. See our [Template](../resources/post_mortem_template.md) for what should be included.
-- Creating follow-up tickets. (The owner is only responsible for creating the tickets, not following them up to resolution).
-- Reviewing the postmortem content with appropriate parties before the meeting, and running through the topics at the postmortem meeting (the Incident Commander will "run" the meeting and keep the discussion on track, but you will likely be doing most of the talking).
-- Communicating the results of the postmortem internally.
+- å
ąæãĢãŦãŗããŧãĢããšããĸãŧãã ããŧããŖãŗã°ããšãąã¸ãĨãŧãĢããéĸéŖããäēēã
ãæåž
ããīŧSev-1ãŽå ´åã¯3æĨäģĨå
ãSev-2ãŽå ´åã¯5åļæĨæĨäģĨå
ãĢãšãąã¸ãĨãŧãĢããåŋ
čĻããããžãīŧã
+- ã¤ãŗãˇããŗããčĒŋæģããčĒŋæģãĢåŋ
čĻãĒäģãŽããŧã ãŽãĄãŗããŧãæéããã
+- ããŧã¸ãĢåŋ
čĻãĒããšãĻãŽãŗãŗããŗããæ´æ°ãããĻãããã¨ãįĸēčĒãããåĢãããšãå
厚ãĢã¤ããĻã¯[ããŗããŦãŧã](../resources/post_mortem_template.md)ãåį
§ããĻãã ããã
+- ããŠããŧãĸããããąãããäŊæããīŧãĒãŧããŧã¯ããąãããŽäŊæãŽãŋč˛Ŧäģģãč˛ ããč§Ŗæąēãžã§ãŽããŠããŧãĸããã¯č˛Ŧäģģå¤ã§ãīŧã
+- äŧč°åãĢéŠåãĒéĸäŋč
ã¨ããšããĸãŧãã ãŽå
厚ããŦããĨãŧããããšããĸãŧãã ããŧããŖãŗã°ã§ãããã¯ãé˛čĄããīŧã¤ãŗãˇããŗããŗããŗããŧãäŧč°ããéåļãããč°čĢãčģéãĢäšããžãããããĒããæãå¤ã芹ããã¨ãĢãĒãã§ãããīŧã
+- ããšããĸãŧãã ãŽįĩæãį¤žå
ãĢäŧããã
-The owner of a postmortem creates the postmortem document and updates it with all relevant information.
+ããšããĸãŧãã ãŽãĒãŧããŧã¯ããšããĸãŧãã ææ¸ãäŊæããéĸéŖããããšãĻãŽæ
å ąãæ´æ°ããžãã
-## Administration
+## įŽĄį

-1. Create the document.
-2. Add all responders to it.
-3. Schedule the meeting.
+1. ææ¸ãäŊæããã
+2. ããšãĻãŽå¯žåŋč
ãčŋŊå ããã
+3. äŧč°ããšãąã¸ãĨãŧãĢããã
-If not already done by the Incident Commander, the postmortem owner's first step is to create a new, empty postmortem for the Incident. Go through the history in Slack to identify the responders and add them to the page so they can help populate the postmortem. Include the Incident Commander and Scribe as well. Add a link to the incident call recording.
+ãžã ã¤ãŗãˇããŗããŗããŗããŧãåŽæŊããĻããĒãå ´åãããšããĸãŧãã ãĒãŧããŧãŽæåãŽãšãããã¯ãã¤ãŗãˇããŗããŽãããŽæ°ããįŠēãŽããšããĸãŧãã ãäŊæãããã¨ã§ããSlackãŽåąĨæ´ãįĸēčĒããĻ寞åŋč
ãįšåŽããåŊŧããĢããšããĸãŧãã ãŽäŊæãæäŧãŖãĻãããããããĢããŧã¸ãĢčŋŊå ããžããã¤ãŗãˇããŗããŗããŗããŧã¨æ¸č¨åŽãčļŗããžããããã¤ãŗãˇããŗã寞åŋãŽãŦãŗãŧããŖãŗã°ã¸ãŽãĒãŗã¯ãčŋŊå ããžãã
-Next, schedule the postmortem meeting for 30 minutes to an hour, depending on complexity of the incident. Scheduling the meeting at the beginning of the process helps ensure the postmortem is completed within the SLA. **The meeting should be scheduled within 3 calendar days for a Sev-1 and 5 business days for a Sev-2.** Don't worry about finding the best time for all attendees. The priority is to schedule within this timeframe and attendees should adjust their schedules accordingly. At PagerDuty, we schedule all postmortem meetings on a shared "Incident Postmortem Meetings" calendar so they are easily discoverable for any interested parties across the organization.
+æŦĄãĢãã¤ãŗãˇããŗããŽč¤éããĢåŋããĻ30åãã1æéãŽããšããĸãŧãã ããŧããŖãŗã°ããšãąã¸ãĨãŧãĢããžãããããģãšãŽæåãĢäŧč°ããšãąã¸ãĨãŧãĢãããã¨ã§ãSLAå
ãĢããšããĸãŧãã ãåŽäēãããã¨ãįĸēäŋããžãã**äŧč°ã¯Sev-1ãŽå ´åã¯3æĻæĨäģĨå
ãSev-2ãŽå ´åã¯5åļæĨæĨäģĨå
ãĢãšãąã¸ãĨãŧãĢããåŋ
čĻããããžãã**ããšãĻãŽåå č
ãĢã¨ãŖãĻæéŠãĒæéãčĻã¤ãããã¨ãåŋé
ããåŋ
čĻã¯ãããžãããåĒå
äēé
ã¯ããŽæéæ å
ãĢãšãąã¸ãĨãŧãĢãããã¨ã§ãããåå č
ã¯ãããĢåŋããĻãšãąã¸ãĨãŧãĢãčĒŋæ´ããåŋ
čĻããããžããPagerDutyã§ã¯ãããšãĻãŽããšããĸãŧãã ããŧããŖãŗã°ããã¤ãŗãˇããŗãããšããĸãŧãã ããŧããŖãŗã°ãå
ąæãĢãŦãŗããŧãĢãšãąã¸ãĨãŧãĢããįĩįšå
¨äŊã§éĸåŋãŽããäēēã
ãį°ĄåãĢčĻã¤ãããããããĢããĻããžãã
-Invite the following people to the postmortem meeting:
+ããšããĸãŧãã ããŧããŖãŗã°ãĢã¯äģĨä¸ãŽäēēã
ãæåž
ããžãīŧ
-- Always
- - The [incident commander](https://response.pagerduty.com/training/incident_commander/).
- - The incident commander shadowee (if there was one).
- - [Service owners](https://response.pagerduty.com/training/subject_matter_expert/) involved in the incident.
- - Key engineer(s)/responders involved in the incident.
- - Engineering manager for impacted systems.
- - Product manager for impacted systems.
-- Optional
- - [Customer liaison](https://response.pagerduty.com/training/customer_liaison/) (only for Sev-1 incidents).
+- åŋ
é
+ - [ã¤ãŗãˇããŗããŗããŗããŧ](https://response.pagerduty.co.jp/training/incident_commander/)ã
+ - ã¤ãŗãˇããŗããŗããŗããŧããˇãŖããŧã¤ãŗã°ããĻããæ
åŊč
īŧããå ´åīŧã
+ - ã¤ãŗãˇããŗããĢéĸä¸ãã[ãĩãŧããšãĒãŧããŧ](https://response.pagerduty.co.jp/training/subject_matter_expert/)ã
+ - ã¤ãŗãˇããŗããĢéĸä¸ããä¸ģčĻãĒã¨ãŗã¸ããĸ/寞åŋč
ã
+ - åŊąéŋãåãããˇãšãã ãŽã¨ãŗã¸ããĸãĒãŗã°ãããŧã¸ãŖãŧã
+ - åŊąéŋãåãããˇãšãã ãŽãããã¯ããããŧã¸ãŖãŧã
+- äģģæ
+ - [ãĢãšãŋããŧãĒã¨ãžãŗ](https://response.pagerduty.co.jp/training/customer_liaison/)īŧSev-1ã¤ãŗãˇããŗããŽå ´åãŽãŋīŧã
-PagerDuty postmortems have a "Status" field that indicates where in our process the postmortem currently is. Here's a description of the values and how we use them.
+PagerDutyãŽããšããĸãŧãã ãĢã¯ãããšããĸãŧãã ãįžå¨ãããģãšãŽãŠãŽæŽĩéãĢããããį¤ēãããšããŧãŋãšãããŖãŧãĢãããããžããäģĨä¸ã¯ãå¤ãŽčĒŦæã¨äŊŋ፿šæŗã§ãã
-| Status | Description |
+| ãšããŧãŋãš | čĒŦæ |
|-|-|
-| **Draft** | Indicates that the content of the postmortem is still being worked on. |
-| **In Review** | The content of the postmortem has been completed, and is ready to be reviewed during the postmortem meeting. |
-| **Reviewed** | The meeting is over and the content has been reviewed and agreed upon.
If there is an "External Message", the Customer Support team will take the message and update our status page as appropriate. |
-| **Closed** | No further actions are needed on the postmortem (outstanding issues are tracked in JIRA).
If no "External Message", you can skip straight to this once the meeting is over.
If there's an "External Message", then the Support team will update it to this status once the message is posted. |
+| **ããŠãã** | ããšããĸãŧãã ãŽå
厚ããžã äŊæĨä¸ã§ãããã¨ãį¤ēããžãã |
+| **ãŦããĨãŧä¸** | ããšããĸãŧãã ãŽå
厚ãåŽæããããšããĸãŧãã ããŧããŖãŗã°ã§ãŽãŦããĨãŧãŽæēåãã§ããĻãããã¨ãį¤ēããžãã |
+| **ãŦããĨãŧæ¸ãŋ** | äŧč°ãįĩäēããå
厚ããŦããĨãŧããåæããããã¨ãį¤ēããžãã
ã寞å¤ãĄããģãŧã¸ããããå ´åããĢãšãŋããŧãĩããŧãããŧã ããĄããģãŧã¸ãåããéŠåãĢãšããŧãŋãšããŧã¸ãæ´æ°ããžãã |
+| **ã¯ããŧãē** | ããšããĸãŧãã ãĢéĸãããããĒããĸã¯ãˇã§ãŗã¯åŋ
čĻãĒãįļæ
ã§ãīŧæĒč§ŖæąēãŽåéĄã¯JIRAã§čŋŊ补ãããžãīŧã
ã寞å¤ãĄããģãŧã¸ãããĒãå ´åãäŧč°įĩäēåžãĢããŽãšããŧãŋãšãĢį´æĨį§ģčĄã§ããžãã
ã寞å¤ãĄããģãŧã¸ããããå ´åããĩããŧãããŧã ããĄããģãŧã¸ãæį¨ŋããåžãĢããŽãšããŧãŋãšãĢæ´æ°ããžãã |
-## Create a Timeline
+## ãŋã¤ã ãŠã¤ãŗãŽäŊæ

-Begin by focusing on the timeline. Document the facts of what happened during the incident. Avoid evaluating what should or should not have been done and coming to conclusions about what caused the incident. Presenting only the facts here will help avoid blame and supports a deeper analysis. Note the incident may have started before responders became aware of it and began the response effort. The timeline includes important changes in status/impact and key actions taken by responders. To avoid hindsight bias, start your timeline at a point before the incident and work your way forward instead of backwards from resolution.
+ãžããŋã¤ã ãŠã¤ãŗãĢįĻįšãåŊãĻãžããã¤ãŗãˇããŗãä¸ãĢčĩˇããäēåŽãææ¸åããžããäŊãããšãã ãŖãããäŊãããšãã§ãĒããŖãããã¤ãŗãˇããŗããŽåå ã¯äŊãã¨ããŖãčŠäžĄã¯éŋããĻãã ãããããã§äēåŽãŽãŋãæį¤ēãããã¨ã§ãééŖãéŋããããæˇąãåæãããããããžãããžãã¤ãŗãˇããŗãã¯ã寞åŋč
ãæ°ãĨããĻ寞åŋãéå§ããåãĢå§ãžãŖãĻããå¯čŊæ§ããããã¨ãĢæŗ¨æããĻãã ããããŋã¤ã ãŠã¤ãŗãĢã¯ãšããŧãŋãš/åŊąéŋãŽéčĻãĒå¤åã¨å¯žåŋč
ãåãŖãä¸ģčĻãĒãĸã¯ãˇã§ãŗãåĢããžããåžįĨæĩãã¤ãĸãšãéŋããããããŋã¤ã ãŠã¤ãŗã¯ã¤ãŗãˇããŗãįēįåãŽæįšããå§ããč§ŖæąēããéįŽãããŽã§ã¯ãĒããæįŗģåãĢæ˛ŋãŖãĻé˛ããĻãã ããã
-Review the incident log in Slack to find key decisions made and actions taken during the response effort. Also include information the team didn't know during the incident that, in hindsight, you wish you would have. Find this additional information by looking at monitoring, logs, and deployments related to the affected services. You'll take a deeper look at monitoring during the analysis step, but start here by adding key events related to the incident, and include changes to incident status and the impact to the timeline.
+SlackãŽã¤ãŗãˇããŗããã°ãįĸēčĒããĻã寞åŋä¸ãĢčĄãããéčĻãĒæąēåŽããĸã¯ãˇã§ãŗãčĻã¤ããžããåžããčããã¨įĨãŖãĻãããããŖããããŠããã¤ãŗãˇããŗãä¸ãĢã¯įĨããĒããŖãæ
å ąãåĢããžããããããŽãããĒčŋŊå æ
å ąã¯ãåŊąéŋãåãããĩãŧããšãĢéĸéŖãããĸããŋãĒãŗã°ããã°ããããã¤ãįĸēčĒããã¨čĻã¤ãããã¨ãã§ããžãããĸããŋãĒãŗã°ãĢã¤ããĻã¯åæãŽæŽĩéã§į˛žæģããžããããžãã¯ã¤ãŗãˇããŗããĢéĸéŖããéčĻãĒã¤ããŗãããŋã¤ã ãŠã¤ãŗãĢčŋŊå ããã¤ãŗãˇããŗããŽãšããŧãŋãšã¨åŊąéŋãŽå¤åãåĢããĻãã ããã
-For each item in the timeline, identify a metric or some third-party page where the data came from. This helps illustrate each point clearly and ensures you remain rooted in fact rather than opinions. This could be a link to a monitoring graph, a log search, a tweet, etc.âanything that shows the data point you're trying to illustrate in the timeline.
+ãŋã¤ã ãŠã¤ãŗãŽåé
įŽãĢã¤ããĻãããŧãŋãŽåēæã¨ãĒããĄããĒã¯ãšãžãã¯ãĩãŧãããŧããŖãŽããŧã¸ãįšåŽããžãããããĢããåãã¤ãŗããæįĸēãĢčĒŦæãããæčĻã§ã¯ãĒãäēåŽãĢåēãĨããĻãããã¨ãäŋč¨ŧãããžããããã¯ãĸããŋãĒãŗã°ã°ãŠãã¸ãŽãĒãŗã¯ããã°æ¤į´ĸãXãŽããšããããŽäģãŋã¤ã ãŠã¤ãŗã§čĒŦæãããã¨ããĻããããŧãŋãã¤ãŗããį¤ēãããŽã§ããã°äŊã§ãæ§ããžããã
-!!! info "Key Takeaways"
- * Stick to the facts.
- * Include changes to incident status and impact.
- * Include key decisions and actions taken by responders.
- * Illustrate each point with a metric.
+!!! info "éčĻãĒãã¤ãŗã"
+ * äēåŽãĢåŋ åŽã§ãããã¨ã
+ * ã¤ãŗãˇããŗããŽãšããŧãŋãšã¨åŊąéŋãŽå¤åãåĢãããã¨ã
+ * 寞åŋč
ãčĄãŖãéčĻãĒæąēåŽã¨ãĸã¯ãˇã§ãŗãåĢãããã¨ã
+ * åãã¤ãŗãããĄããĒã¯ãšã§čĒŦæãããã¨ã
-## Document Impact
+## åŊąéŋãŽææ¸å

-Impact should be described from a few perspectives:
+åŊąéŋã¯ããã¤ããŽčĻŗįšããčĒŦæããåŋ
čĻããããžãīŧ
-- How long was the impact visible? In other words, what was the length of time users/customers were affected?
- - Note the length of impact may differ from the length of the response effort. Impact may have started some time before it was detected and incident response began.
-- How many customers were affected?
- - Support may need a list of all affected customers so they can reach out individually.
-- How many customers wrote or called support about the incident?
-- What functionality was affected and how severely?
- - Quantify impact with a business metric specific to your product. For PagerDuty this includes event submission, delayed processing, slow notification delivery, etc.
+- åŊąéŋãįēįããĻããæéã¯ãŠããããã§ããīŧč¨ãæããã°ããĻãŧãļãŧ/饧åŽĸãåŊąéŋãåããæéãŽéˇãã¯ãŠããããã§ããīŧ
+ - åŊąéŋãŽéˇãã¯å¯žåŋäŊæĨãŽéˇãã¨ã¯į°ãĒãå ´åããããã¨ãĢæŗ¨æããĻãã ãããåŊąéŋã¯ãåéĄãæ¤åēãããĻã¤ãŗãˇããŗã寞åŋãéå§ãããåãĢãã§ãĢå§ãžãŖãĻããå¯čŊæ§ããããžãã
+- äŊäēēãŽéĄ§åŽĸãåŊąéŋãåããžãããīŧ
+ - ãĩããŧãã¯ãåŊąéŋãåããããšãĻãŽéĄ§åŽĸãŽãĒãšããåŋ
čĻã¨ããå ´åããããååĨãĢéŖįĩĄãåããã¨ããããžãã
+- äŊäēēãŽéĄ§åŽĸãã¤ãŗãˇããŗããĢã¤ããĻãĩããŧããĢéŖįĩĄããžãããīŧ
+- ãŠãŽæŠčŊããŠãŽį¨åēĻåŊąéŋãåããžãããīŧ
+ - čŖŊåãĢįšåãããã¸ããšãĄããĒã¯ãšã§åŊąéŋãåŽéåããžããPagerDutyãŽå ´åããããĢã¯ã¤ããŗãéäŋĄãåĻįãŽé
åģļãéįĨé
äŋĄãŽé
åģļãĒãŠãåĢãžããžãã
-## Analyze the Incident
+## ã¤ãŗãˇããŗããŽåæ

-Now that you have an understanding of what happened during the incident, look further back in time to find the contributing factors that led to the incident. Technology is a complex system with a network of relationships (organizational, human, technical) that is continuously changing.
+ã¤ãŗãˇããŗãä¸ãĢäŊãčĩˇããããįč§ŖãããããããĢæéããããŽãŧãŖãĻã¤ãŗãˇããŗããĢã¤ãĒããŖãčĻå ãæĸããžãããã¯ããã¸ãŧã¯ãįļįļįãĢå¤åããéĸäŋãŽãããã¯ãŧã¯īŧįĩįšįãäēēįãæčĄįīŧãäŧ´ãč¤éãĒãˇãšãã ã§ãã
-In his paper, "[How Complex Systems Fail](http://web.mit.edu/2.75/resources/random/How%20Complex%20Systems%20Fail.pdf)," Dr. Richard Cook says that because complex systems are heavily defended against failure, it is a unique combination of apparently innocuous failures that join to create catastrophic failure. Furthermore, because overt failure requires multiple faults, attributing a "root cause" is fundamentally wrong. **There is no single root cause of major failure in complex systems, but a combination of contributing factors that together lead to failure.** The postmortem owner's goal in analyzing the incident is not to identify the root cause, but to understand the multiple factors that created an environment where this failure became possible.
+ãĒããŖãŧããģã¯ãã¯ååŖĢãŽčĢæã[How Complex Systems Fail](http://web.mit.edu/2.75/resources/random/How%20Complex%20Systems%20Fail.pdf)ããĢããã°ãč¤éãĒãˇãšãã ã¯éåŽŗããåŧˇãé˛åžĄãããĻãã䏿šãä¸čĻįĄåŽŗãĒåéĄãįŦčĒãĢįĩãŋåãããŖãįĩæãåŖæģ
įãĒéåŽŗãåŧãčĩˇãããžãããããĢãæįŊãĒéåŽŗãĢã¯č¤æ°ãŽæŦ éĨãåŋ
čĻãĒããããæ šæŦåå ããįšåŽãããã¨ã¯æ šæŦįãĢééãŖãĻããžãã**č¤éãĒãˇãšãã ãŽå¤§ããĒéåŽŗãĢã¯åä¸ãŽæ šæŦåå ã¯ãĒããéåŽŗãå¯čŊãĢãĒãį°åĸãäŊãåēã褿°ãŽčĻå ãŽįĩãŋåããããããžãã**ããšããĸãŧãã ãĒãŧããŧãŽã¤ãŗãˇããŗãåæãŽįŽæ¨ã¯æ šæŦåå ãįšåŽãããã¨ã§ã¯ãĒããããŽéåŽŗãåŧãčĩˇãããå¯čŊæ§ãŽãã褿°ãŽčĻå ãįč§Ŗãããã¨ã§ãã
-Cook also says the effort to find the "root cause" does not reflect an understanding of the system, but rather the cultural need to blame specific, localized forces for events. Blamelessness is essential for an effective postmortem. **An individual's action should never be considered a root cause.** Effective analysis goes deeper than human action. In the cases where someone's mistake did contribute to a failure, it is worth anonymizing this in your analysis to avoid attaching blame to any individual. Assume any team member could have made the same mistake. According to Cook, "all practitioner actions are actually gambles, that is, acts that take place in the face of uncertain outcomes."
+ã¯ãã¯ã¯ãžãããæ šæŦåå ããčĻã¤ããåĒåã¯ãˇãšãã ãŽįč§Ŗãåæ ããããŽã§ã¯ãĒãããããįēįããåēæĨäēãĢ寞ããĻįšåŽãŽåąæįãĒåãééŖããæåįãĒåŋ
čĻæ§ãåæ ããĻããã¨čŋ°ãšãĻããžããééŖããĒããã¨ã¯åšæįãĒããšããĸãŧãã ãĢã¨ãŖãĻä¸å¯æŦ ã§ãã**åäēēãŽčĄåãæ šæŦåå ã¨čĻãĒããããšãã§ã¯æąēããĻãããžããã**åšæįãĒåæã§ã¯ãäēēéãŽčĄåãããæˇąãã¨ãããžã§æãä¸ããčĄããžããčǰããŽããšãéåŽŗãĢå¯ä¸ããå ´åãåæãĢãããĻã¯åäēēã¸ãŽééŖãéŋãããããĢãããåŋååããæåŗããããžãããŠãŽããŧã ãĄãŗããŧãåãããšãį¯ãå¯čŊæ§ãããã¨äģŽåŽããžããããã¯ãã¯ãĢããã°ããããããåŽåæ
åŊč
ãŽčĄåã¯åŽãŽã¨ãããŽãŖãŗããĢã§ãããä¸įĸēåŽãĒįĩæãĢį´éĸããĒããčĄãããčĄįēã§ããã
-The postmortem owner should start their analysis by looking at the monitoring for the affected services. Search for irregularities like sudden spikes or flatlining when the incident began and leading up to the incident. Include any commands or queries used to look up data, graph images, or links from monitoring tooling alongside this analysis so others can see how the data was gathered. If there is not monitoring for this service or behavior, make building monitoring an action item for this postmortem. More on [writing action items](#followup) below.
+ããšããĸãŧãã ãĒãŧããŧã¯ãåŊąéŋãåãããĩãŧããšãŽãĸããŋãĒãŗã°ãčĒŋæģãããã¨ããåæãå§ãããšãã§ããã¤ãŗãˇããŗããå§ãžãŖãæįšã¨ããŽåãĢãįĒįļãŽãšãã¤ã¯ãããŠãããŠã¤ãŗããĒããŖããį°å¸¸ãæĸããžããããŧãŋããŠãŽãããĢåéãããããäģãŽäēēãįĸēčĒã§ãããããĢãããŧãŋãæ¤į´ĸãããããĢäŊŋį¨ãããŗããŗããã¯ã¨ãĒãã°ãŠãįģåããĸããŋãĒãŗã°ããŧãĢãããŽãĒãŗã¯ãããŽåæã¨ä¸įˇãĢãžã¨ããĻãã ãããããŽãĩãŧããšãåäŊãĢ寞ãããĸããŋãĒãŗã°ããĒãå ´åã¯ããĸããŋãĒãŗã°ãŽæ§į¯ãããŽããšããĸãŧãã ãŽãĸã¯ãˇã§ãŗãĸã¤ãã ã¨ããĻããžããããäģĨä¸ãŽ[ãĸã¯ãˇã§ãŗãĸã¤ãã ãŽäŊæ](#followup)ã§čŠŗããčĒŦæããžãã
-!!! warning "Importance of Monitoring"
- Puppet's 2018 State of DevOps Report highlights making monitoring configurable by the team operating the service as a foundational practice for successful DevOps. Empowering teams to define, manage, and share their own measurement of performance contributes to a culture of continuous improvement.
+!!! warning "ãĸããŋãĒãŗã°ãŽéčĻæ§"
+ PuppetãŽ2018åš´DevOpsãŦããŧãã¯ããĩãŧããšãéį¨ããããŧã ããĸããŋãĒãŗã°ãč¨åŽã§ãããããĢãããã¨ããæåããDevOpsãŽåēæŦįãĒåŽčˇĩã§ãããã¨ãåŧˇčĒŋããĻããžããããŧã ãčĒåããĄãŽãããŠãŧããŗãšæ¸ŦåŽãåŽįžŠãįŽĄįãå
ąæã§ãããããĢãããã¨ã¯ãįļįļįæšåãŽæåãĢč˛ĸįŽããžãã
-Another helpful strategy for targeting what caused an incident is reproducing it in a non-production environment. Experiment by modifying variables to isolate the phenomenon. If you modify or remove some input does the incident still occur?
+ã¤ãŗãˇããŗããŽåå ãįšåŽããããä¸ã¤ãŽæåšãĒæĻįĨã¯ãæŦįĒäģĨå¤ãŽį°åĸã§ã¤ãŗãˇããŗããåįžãããã¨ã§ããįžčąĄãŽåãåããčĄãããããĢ夿°ã夿´ããĻåŽé¨ãčĄããžããå
ĨåãŽä¸é¨ã夿´ãžãã¯åé¤ããå ´åãããžã ã¤ãŗãˇããŗãã¯įēįããžããīŧ
-This level of analysis will uncover the superficial causes of the incident. Next, ask why the system was designed in a way to make this possible. Why did those design decisions seem to be the best decisions at the time? Answering these questions will help you uncover root causes.
+ããŽãŦããĢãžã§åæãčĄãã¨ãã¤ãŗãˇããŗããŽčĄ¨éĸįãĒåå ãæãããĢãĒããžããæŦĄãĢãããŽãããĒäē蹥ãįēįãããåŊĸã§ãˇãšãã ãč¨č¨ããã违ãå°ããžãããĒããåŊæããããŽč¨č¨å¤æãæč¯ãŽæąēåŽã ã¨æããããŽã§ããããīŧããããŽčŗĒåãĢįããĻããã¨ãæ šæŦåå ãæãããĢãããŽãĢã¤ãĒãããžãã
-Here are some questions to help the postmortem owner identify the class of a particular problem:
+äģĨä¸ã¯ãããšããĸãŧãã ãĒãŧããŧãįšåŽãŽåéĄãŽį¨ŽéĄãįšåŽãããŽãĢåŊšįĢã¤čŗĒåã§ãīŧ
-- Is it an isolated incident or part of a trend?
-- Was this a specific bug, a failure in a class of problem we anticipated, or did it uncover a class of issue we did not architecturally anticipate?
-- Was there work the team chose not to do in the past that contributed to this incident?
-- Research if there were any similar or related incidents in the past. Does this incident demonstrate a larger trend in your system?
-- Will this class of issue get worse/more likely as you continue to grow and scale the use of the service?
+- ããã¯åįŦãŽã¤ãŗãˇããŗãã§ãããããã¨ãį´čŋããįēįããĻããããŽãŽä¸é¨ã§ããīŧ
+- ããã¯įšåŽãŽãã°ãäēæŗãããį¨ŽéĄãŽéåŽŗã ãŖããããžããĸãŧããã¯ããŖįãĢäēæŗããĻããĒããŖãåéĄãŽį¨ŽéĄãæãããĢããžãããīŧ
+- éåģãĢããŧã ããããĒããã¨ã鏿ããäŊæĨã§ãããŽã¤ãŗãˇããŗããĢå¯ä¸ããããŽã¯ãããžãããīŧ
+- éåģãĢéĄäŧŧãžãã¯éĸéŖããã¤ãŗãˇããŗããããŖãããŠãããčĒŋæģããžããããŽã¤ãŗãˇããŗãã¯ããˇãšãã ãŽãã大ããĒį¯å˛ãŽåžåãį¤ēãããŽã§ããīŧ
+- ãĩãŧããšãŽäŊŋį¨ãįļįļįãĢæéˇããæĄå¤§ãããĢã¤ããĻãããŽį¨ŽãŽåéĄã¯æĒå/ããįēįãããããĒããžããīŧ
!!! tip
- At PagerDuty, we have a separate process for analyzing larger trends across multiple incidents to inform technical and organizational planning. Learn more in our guide on [Operational Reviews](http://reviews.pagerduty.com).
+ PagerDutyã§ã¯ãæčĄįãããŗįĩįšįãĒč¨įģãĢæ
å ąãæäžãããããĢã褿°ãŽã¤ãŗãˇããŗããĢæ¸Ąããã大ããĒį¯å˛ãŽåžåãåæãããããŽåĨãŽãããģãšããããžããčŠŗį´°ã¯[éį¨ãŦããĨãŧ](http://reviews.pagerduty.com)ãĢéĸãããŦã¤ãããčϧãã ããã
-Though it may not be a root cause, consider the process in your analysis. Did the way that people collaborate, communicate, and/or review work contribute to the incident? This is also an opportunity to evaluate and improve the incident response process. Consider what worked well and didn't work well within the incident response process during the incident.
+æ šæŦåå ã§ã¯ãĒããããããžããããåæãĢãããĻã¯ãããģãšãčæ
ŽããĻãã ãããäēēã
ãååãããŗããĨããąãŧãˇã§ãŗãåããäŊæĨããŦããĨãŧããæšæŗãã¤ãŗãˇããŗããĢå¯ä¸ããžãããīŧããã¯ãžããã¤ãŗãˇããŗã寞åŋãããģãšãčŠäžĄãæšåããæŠäŧã§ããããžããã¤ãŗãˇããŗãä¸ãŽå¯žåŋãããģãšã§äŊãããžããããäŊãããžããããĒããŖãããčããĻãŋãĻãã ããã
-Write a summary of the findings in the postmortem. The team may find further learnings and identify additional causes through discussion in the meeting, but the owner should do as much pre-work and documentation as possible to ensure a productive discussion.
+ããšããĸãŧãã ãĢčĒŋæģįĩæãŽčĻį´ãæ¸ããžããããŧã ã¯äŧč°ã§ãŽč°čĢãéããĻãããĒãåĻãŗãčĻã¤ããčŋŊå ãŽåå ãįšåŽãããããããžãããããĒãŧããŧã¯įįŖįãĒč°čĢãįĸēäŋãããããĢå¯čŊãĒéãäēåäŊæĨã¨ææ¸åãčĄãããžãããã
-### Questions to Ask
-Below is a non-exhaustive list to help stimulate deep analysis. Ask "how" and "what" questions rather than "who" or "why" to discourage blame and encourage learning.
+### čŗĒåé
įŽ
+äģĨä¸ã¯ãæˇąãåæãäŋé˛ãããããŽãĒãšãã§ããééŖãéŋããåĻįŋãäŋé˛ãããããĢããčǰãããããĒããã§ã¯ãĒããããŠãŽãããĢããäŊããã¨ããčŗĒåãããĻãã ããã
- | Cues |
+ æããã |
- - What were you focusing on?
- - What was not noticed?
- - What differed from what was expected?
+ - äŊãĢæŗ¨įŽããĻããžãããīŧ
+ - äŊãčĻčŊã¨ãããĻããžãããīŧ
+ - äēæŗã¨į°ãĒãŖãĻãããŽã¯äŊã§ãããīŧ
|
- | Previous Knowledge/Experience |
+ éåģãŽįĨč/įĩé¨ |
- - Was this an anticipated class of problem or did it uncover a class of issue that was not architecturally anticipated?
- - What expectations did participants have about how things were going to develop?
- - Were there similar incidents in the past?
+ - ããã¯äēæŗãããåéĄãŽį¨ŽéĄã§ããããããã¨ããĸãŧããã¯ããŖä¸äēæŗãããĻããĒããŖãåéĄãŽį¨ŽéĄãæãããĢããžãããīŧ
+ - åå č
ã¯äēæ
ãŽé˛åąãĢã¤ããĻãŠãŽãããĒæŗåŽãæãŖãĻããžãããīŧ
+ - éåģãĢéĄäŧŧããã¤ãŗãˇããŗãã¯ãããžãããīŧ
|
- | Goals |
+ įŽæ¨ |
- - What goals governed your actions at the time?
- - How did time pressure or other limitations influence choices?
- - Was there work the team chose not to do in the past that could have prevented or mitigated this incident?
+ - åŊæãŽããĒããŽčĄåãæ¯é
ããĻããįŽæ¨ã¯äŊã§ãããīŧ
+ - æéįåļį´ãããŽäģãŽåļéã鏿ãĢãŠãŽãããĒåŊąéŋãä¸ããžãããīŧ
+ - éåģãĢããŧã ãčĄããĒããã¨ã鏿ããäŊæĨã§ãããŽã¤ãŗãˇããŗãã鞿ĸãžãã¯čģŊæ¸ã§ããããŽã¯ãããžãããīŧ
|
- | Assessment |
+ čŠäžĄ |
- - What mistakes (for example, in interpretation) were likely?
- - How did you view the health of the services involved prior to the incident?
- - Did this incident teach you something that should change views about this service's health?
+ - ãŠãŽãããĒããšīŧäžãã°ãč§ŖéãĢãããīŧãčĩˇããããããŖãã§ããīŧ
+ - ã¤ãŗãˇããŗãįēįåãĢãéĸéŖãããĩãŧããšãŽåĨå
¨æ§ããŠãŽãããĢčĻãĻããžãããīŧ
+ - ããŽã¤ãŗãˇããŗãã¯ãããŽãĩãŧããšãŽåĨå
¨æ§ãĢéĸããčĻæšãå¤ãããšãäŊããæããĻãããžãããīŧ
|
- | Taking Action |
+ čĄå |
- - How did you judge you could influence the course of events?
- - What options were taken to influence the course of events? How did you determine that these were the best options at the time?
- - How did other influences (operational or organizational) help determine how you interpreted the situation and how you acted?
+ - ãŠãŽãããĢäēæ
ãŽæĩããĢåŊąéŋãä¸ããããã¨å¤æããžãããīŧ
+ - äēæ
ãŽæĩããĢåŊąéŋãä¸ãããããĢãŠãŽãããĒ鏿čĸãåãããžãããīŧããããåŊæãŽæåãŽé¸æčĸã§ããã¨ããŠãŽãããĢ夿ããžãããīŧ
+ - äģãŽåŊąéŋīŧéį¨ä¸ãžãã¯įĩįšä¸īŧããįļæŗãŽč§ŖéãčĄåãŽæąēåŽãĢãŠãŽãããĢåŊšįĢãĄãžãããīŧ
|
- | Help |
+ æ¯æ´ |
- - Did you ask anyone for help?
- - What signal brought you to ask for support?
- - Were you able to contact the people you needed to contact?
+ - čǰããĢåŠããæąããžãããīŧ
+ - ãŠãŽãããĒåĨæŠã§äģãŽäēēã¸ãĩããŧããæąããžãããīŧ
+ - éŖįĩĄããåŋ
čĻãŽããäēēã
ãĢéŖįĩĄãããã¨ã¯ã§ããžãããīŧ
|
- | Process |
+ ãããģãš |
- - Did the way that people collaborate, communicate, and/or review work contribute to the incident?
- - What worked well in your incident response process and what did not work well?
+ - äēēã
ãååãããŗããĨããąãŧãˇã§ãŗãåããäŊæĨããŦããĨãŧããæšæŗãã¤ãŗãˇããŗããĢå¯ä¸ããžãããīŧ
+ - ã¤ãŗãˇããŗã寞åŋãããģãšã§ä¸æãããŖããã¨ã¨ä¸æããããĒããŖããã¨ã¯äŊã§ããīŧ
|
-!!! info "Key Takeaways"
- * Find contributing factors, not the root cause.
- * Focus on the system, not the humans.
- * Look for anomalies in monitoring.
- * Reproduce and experiment in a non-production environment.
- * Don't forget to review your processes.
+!!! info "éčĻãĒãã¤ãŗã"
+ * æ šæŦåå ã§ã¯ãĒããå¯ä¸čĻå ãčĻã¤ãããã¨ã
+ * äēēéã§ã¯ãĒãããˇãšãã ãĢįĻįšãåŊãĻããã¨ã
+ * ãĸããŋãĒãŗã°ãŽį°å¸¸ãæĸããã¨ã
+ * æŦįĒäģĨå¤ãŽį°åĸã§åįžãåŽé¨ãããã¨ã
+ * ãããģãšãŽãŦããĨãŧãåŋããĒããã¨ã
-## Follow-Up Actions
+## ããŠããŧãĸãããĸã¯ãˇã§ãŗ

-After identifying what caused the incident, ask what needs to be done to prevent this from happening again. Based on your analysis, you may also have proposals to reduce the occurrence of this class of problem, rather than this specific incident from recurring.
+ã¤ãŗãˇããŗããŽåå ãįšåŽããåžããããåãŗčĩˇãããĒããããĢãããããĢäŊãããåŋ
čĻãããããčããžããåæãĢåēãĨããĻãããŽįšåŽãŽã¤ãŗãˇããŗãã§ã¯ãĒããããŽį¨ŽãŽåéĄãŽįēįãæ¸ãããããŽææĄããããããããžããã
-It may not be possible (or worth the effort) to completely eliminate the possibility of this same incident or a similar incident from happening again, so also consider how you can improve detection and mitigation of future incidents. Does the team need better monitoring and alerting around this class of problem so they can respond faster in the future? If this class of incident does happen again, how can the team decrease the severity or duration? Remember to identify any actions that can make the incident response process better, too. Go through the incident history in Slack to find any to-do items raised during the incident and make sure these are documented as tickets as well. (At this phase, you are only opening tickets. There is no expectation that tasks will be completed before the postmortem meeting.)
+åãã¤ãŗãˇããŗããéĄäŧŧãŽã¤ãŗãˇããŗããåãŗįēįããå¯čŊæ§ãåŽå
¨ãĢæé¤ãããã¨ã¯ä¸å¯čŊīŧãžãã¯åĒåãĢå¤ããĒãīŧãããããĒããŽã§ãå°æĨãŽã¤ãŗãˇããŗããŽæ¤åēã¨čģŊæ¸ããŠãŽãããĢæšåã§ããããčæ
ŽããĻãã ãããããŽį¨ŽãŽåéĄãĢ寞ããĻã¯ããč¯ããĸããŋãĒãŗã°ã¨ãĸãŠãŧããåŋ
čĻã§ãå°æĨããčŋ
éãĢããŧã ã寞åŋã§ãããããĢããåŋ
čĻããããžããīŧããŽį¨ŽãŽã¤ãŗãˇããŗããåãŗįēįããå ´åãããŧã ã¯ãŠãŽãããĢé大åēĻã寞åŋæéãæãããã¨ãã§ããžããīŧã¤ãŗãˇããŗã寞åŋãããģãšãæšåãããããŽãĸã¯ãˇã§ãŗãįšåŽãããã¨ãåŋããĒãã§ãã ãããSlackãŽã¤ãŗãˇããŗãåąĨæ´ãįĸēčĒããĻãã¤ãŗãˇããŗãä¸ãĢæčĩˇãããããšãĻãŽToDoãĸã¤ãã ãčĻã¤ããããããããąããã¨ããĻææ¸åãããĻãããã¨ãįĸēčĒããĻãã ãããīŧããŽæŽĩéã§ã¯ãããąãããäŊæããã ãã§ããããšããĸãŧãã ããŧããŖãŗã°ãŽåãĢãŋãšã¯ãåŽäēãããåŋ
čĻã¯ãããžãããīŧ
-Create tickets for all proposed follow-up actions in your task management tool. Label all tickets with their severity level and date tags so they can be easily found and reported in the ticketing system. Provide as much context and proposed direction on the tickets as you can so the team's product owner will have enough information to prioritize the task against other work and the eventual assignee will have enough information to complete the task.
+ææĄãããããšãĻãŽããŠããŧãĸãããĸã¯ãˇã§ãŗãŽããąããããŋãšã¯įŽĄįããŧãĢã§äŊæããžããããšãĻãŽããąãããĢé大åēĻãŦããĢã¨æĨäģãŋã°ãäģããĻãããąãããˇãšãã ã§į°ĄåãĢčĻã¤ããĻå ąåã§ãããããĢããžããããŧã ãŽãããã¯ããĒãŧããŧãäģãŽäŊæĨã¨æ¯čŧããĻãŋãšã¯ãŽåĒå
é äŊãäģãããŽãĢååãĒæ
å ąããããæįĩįãĒæ
åŊč
ããŋãšã¯ãåŽäēãããŽãĢååãĒæ
å ąãåžããããããããąãããĢã§ããã ãå¤ããŽãŗãŗãããšãã¨ææĄãããæšåæ§ãæäžããĻãã ããã
-In the _;login:_ magazine article, "[Postmortem Action Items: Plan the Work and Work the Plan](https://www.usenix.org/system/files/login/articles/login_spring17_09_lunney.pdf)," John Lunney, Sue Lueder, and Betsy Beyer write about how Google writes postmortem action items to ensure they are completed quickly and easily. They advise all action items to be written as actionable, specific, and bounded.
+_;login:_ ããŦã¸ãŗãŽč¨äēã[Postmortem Action Items: Plan the Work and Work the Plan](https://www.usenix.org/system/files/login/articles/login_spring17_09_lunney.pdf)ãã§ãJohn LunneyãģSue LuederãģBetsy Beyerã¯ãGoogleãããšããĸãŧãã ãŽãĸã¯ãˇã§ãŗãĸã¤ãã ãčŋ
éãã¤į°ĄåãĢåŽäēããããããĢãŠãŽãããĢæ¸ããĻããããčĒŦæããĻããžããåŊŧãã¯ããšãĻãŽãĸã¯ãˇã§ãŗãĸã¤ãã ãåŽčĄå¯čŊãå
ˇäŊįããã¤į¯å˛ãéåŽãããããŽã¨ããĻæ¸ããã¨ãå§ããĻããžãã
-- **Actionable:** Phrase each action item as a sentence starting with a verb. The action should result in a useful outcome.
-- **Specific:** Define each action item's scope as narrowly as possible, making clear what is in and out of scope.
-- **Bounded:** Word each action item to indicate how to tell when it is finished, as opposed to open-ended or ongoing tasks.
+- **åŽčĄå¯čŊīŧ** åãĸã¯ãˇã§ãŗãĸã¤ãã ãåčŠã§å§ãžãæã¨ããĻ襨įžããžãããĸã¯ãˇã§ãŗã¯æį¨ãĒįĩæããããããããĢããžãã
+- **å
ˇäŊįīŧ** åãĸã¯ãˇã§ãŗãĸã¤ãã ãŽį¯å˛ãã§ããã ãįãåŽįžŠããį¯å˛å
ã¨į¯å˛å¤ãæįĸēãĢããžãã
+- **į¯å˛ãéåŽįīŧ** åãĸã¯ãˇã§ãŗãĸã¤ãã ãããĒãŧããŗã¨ãŗããžãã¯įļįļįãĒãŋãšã¯ã§ã¯ãĒãããã¤įĩäēããããį¤ēããããĢ襨įžããžãã
-| Poorly Worded | Better |
+| ä¸éŠåãĒčĄ¨įž | ããč¯ãčĄ¨įž |
|-|-|
-| Investigate monitoring for this scenario. | **Actionable:** Add alerting for all cases where this service returns >1% errors. |
-| Fix the issue that caused the outage. | **Specific:** Handle invalid postal code in user address form input safely. |
-| Make sure engineer checks that database schema can be parsed before updating. | **Bounded:** Add automated presubmit check for schema changes. |
+| ããŽãˇããĒãĒãŽãĸããŋãĒãŗã°ãčĒŋæģããã | **åŽčĄå¯čŊīŧ** ããŽãĩãŧããšã>1%ãŽã¨ãŠãŧãčŋãããšãĻãŽãąãŧãšãŽãĸãŠãŧããčŋŊå ããã |
+| åæĸãåŧãčĩˇãããåéĄãäŋŽæŖããã | **å
ˇäŊįīŧ** ãĻãŧãļãŧãĸããŦãšããŠãŧã å
ĨåãŽįĄåšãĒéĩäžŋįĒåˇãåŽå
¨ãĢåĻįããã |
+| ã¨ãŗã¸ããĸãæ´æ°åãĢããŧãŋããŧãšãšããŧããč§Ŗæã§ãããã¨ãįĸēčĒãããããĢããã | **į¯å˛ãéåŽįīŧ** ãšããŧã夿´ãŽčĒåäēåéäŋĄãã§ãã¯ãčŋŊå ããã |
-Source: _;login:_ Spring 2017 Vol. 42, No. 1.
+åēå
¸: _;login:_ Spring 2017 Vol. 42, No. 1.
-If there are any proposed follow-up actions that need discussion before tickets can be created, make a note to add these items to the postmortem meeting agenda. These may be proposals that need team validation or clarification. Discussing these items in the meeting will help decide how best to proceed.
+ããąãããäŊæããåãĢč°čĢãåŋ
čĻãĒããŠããŧãĸãããĸã¯ãˇã§ãŗãŽææĄãããå ´åã¯ãããããŽé
įŽãããšããĸãŧãã ããŧããŖãŗã°ãŽč°éĄãĢčŋŊå ãããĄãĸãäŊæããžããããå ´åãĢããŖãĻã¯ããŧã ãŽæ¤č¨ŧãæįĸēåãåŋ
čĻãĒææĄãããããžãããäŧč°ã§ããããŽé
įŽãč°čĢããã¨ããŠãŽãããĢé˛ãããŽãæåããæąēåŽãããŽãĢåŊšįĢã¤ã§ãããã
-Be careful with creating too many tickets. Only create tickets that are P0/P1s; i.e., tasks that absolutely should be dealt with. There will be some trade-offs here, and that's fine. Sometimes the ROI isn't worth the effort that would go into performing an action that may reduce the recurrence of the incident. When that is the case, it is worth documenting that decision in the postmortem. Understanding why the team is choosing not to perform an action helps avoid learned helplessness.
+ããžããĢãå¤ããŽããąãããäŊæããĒããããĢæŗ¨æããĻãã ãããP0/P1ãŽãŋãšã¯ãã¤ãžãįĩļ寞ãĢ寞åĻããšããŋãšã¯ãŽãŋãäŊæããžãããããããĢã¯ããããããŦãŧããĒããįēįãããã¨ããããžãããããã¯åéĄãããžãããã¨ããĢã¯ãã¤ãŗãˇããŗããŽåįēãæ¸ããå¯čŊæ§ãŽãããĸã¯ãˇã§ãŗãåŽčĄãããããĢåŋ
čĻãĒå´åãĢ寞ããĻãROIãčĻåããĒããąãŧãšããããžããããŽå ´åããããŽæąēåŽãããšããĸãŧãã ãĢææ¸åããĻãã䞥å¤ããããžããããŧã ããĸã¯ãˇã§ãŗãåŽčĄããĒããã¨ã鏿ããįįąãįč§ŖãããŽã¯ãããŖããã¨ãåŊšãĢįĢããĒããŖããŽã§ã¯ãĒããã¨ããįĄåæãéŋãããŽãĢãåŊšįĢã¤ã§ãããã
-Note the person who creates the ticket is not responsible for completing it. Tickets are opened under the projects for the teams that own the affected service. At least one representative for all teams that will be responsible for a follow-up action are invited to the postmortem meeting.
+ããąãããäŊæããäēēčĒčēĢããããåŽäēããč˛Ŧäģģãč˛ ãããã§ã¯ãĒããã¨ãĢæŗ¨æããžããããããąããã¯åŊąéŋãåãããĩãŧããšãææããããŧã ãŽããã¸ã§ã¯ãã§ãĒãŧããŗãããžããããŠããŧãĸãããĸã¯ãˇã§ãŗãŽč˛Ŧäģģãč˛ ãããšãĻãŽããŧã ãŽäģŖčĄ¨č
ãå°ãĒãã¨ã1äēēãããšããĸãŧãã ããŧããŖãŗã°ãĢæåž
ããžãã
-!!! info "Key Takeaways"
- * What needs to be done to reduce the likelihood of this, or a similar, incident from happening again?
- * How can you detect this type of incident sooner?
- * How can you decrease the severity or duration of this type of incident?
- * Write actionable, specific, and bounded tasks.
+!!! info "éčĻãĒãã¤ãŗã"
+ * ããŽã¤ãŗãˇããŗããéĄäŧŧãŽã¤ãŗãˇããŗããåįēããå¯čŊæ§ãæ¸ãããããĢãäŊãããåŋ
čĻããããžããīŧ
+ * ããŽį¨ŽãŽã¤ãŗãˇããŗããããæŠãæ¤åēãããĢã¯ãŠãããã°ããã§ããīŧ
+ * ããŽį¨ŽãŽã¤ãŗãˇããŗããŽé大åēĻã寞åŋæéããŠãŽãããĢæãããã¨ãã§ããžããīŧ
+ * åŽčĄå¯čŊãå
ˇäŊįããã¤į¯å˛ãéåŽããããŋãšã¯ãæ¸ããã¨ã
-## Write External Messaging
+## 寞å¤ãĄããģãŧã¸ãŽäŊæ

-The goal of external messaging is to build trust by giving customers enough information about what happened and what you're doing about it, without giving away proprietary information about your technology and organization. There are parts of your internal analysis that primarily benefit the internal audience and do not need to be included in your external postmortem.
+寞å¤ãĄããģãŧã¸ãŽįŽįã¯ãæčĄãįĩįšãĢéĸããįŦčĒæ
å ąãæãããã¨ãĒããäŊãčĩˇããŖããŽãããããĢ寞ããĻäŊãããĻãããŽããĢã¤ããĻ饧åŽĸãĢååãĒæ
å ąãæäžãããã¨ã§äŋĄé ŧãį¯ããã¨ã§ããå
é¨åæãŽä¸é¨ã¯ä¸ģãĢå
é¨ãŽčĒč
ãĢåŠįãããããããŽã§ãå¤é¨ãŽããšããĸãŧãã ãĢåĢããåŋ
čĻã¯ãããžããã
-The external postmortem is a summarized and sanitized version of the information used for the internal postmortem. External postmortems include these three sections:
+å¤é¨ããšããĸãŧãã ã¯ãå
é¨ããšããĸãŧãã ãĢäŊŋį¨ãããæ
å ąãčĻį´ããæ´įããããŽã§ããå¤é¨ããšããĸãŧãã ãĢã¯äģĨä¸ãŽ3ã¤ãŽãģã¯ãˇã§ãŗãåĢãžããžãīŧ
-1. **Summary:** Two to three sentences that summarize the duration of the incident and the observable customer impact.
-1. **What Happened:**
- - Summary of cause(s).
- - Summary of customer-facing impact during the incident.
- - Summary of mitigation efforts during the incident.
-1. **What Are We Doing About This:** Summary of action items.
+1. **čĻį´īŧ** ã¤ãŗãˇããŗããŽæéã¨čĻŗæ¸Ŧå¯čŊãĒ饧åŽĸã¸ãŽåŊąéŋãčĻį´ãã2ã3æã
+1. **äŊãčĩˇãããīŧ**
+ - åå ãŽčĻį´ã
+ - ã¤ãŗãˇããŗãä¸ãŽéĄ§åŽĸåãåŊąéŋãŽčĻį´ã
+ - ã¤ãŗãˇããŗãä¸ãŽįˇŠååĒåãŽčĻį´ã
+1. **ãããĢ寞ããĻäŊãããĻãããīŧ** ãĸã¯ãˇã§ãŗãĸã¤ãã ãŽčĻį´ã
->Tip: Avoid using the word "outage" unless it really was a full outageâuse the word "incident" or "service degradation" instead. Customers generally see "outage" and assume the worst.
+>ããŗãīŧæŦåŊãĢåŽå
¨ãĒåæĸã§ãĒãéãããåæĸīŧoutageīŧãã¨ããč¨čãäŊŋį¨ãããã¨ã¯éŋããĻãã ãããäģŖãããĢãã¤ãŗãˇããŗãããžãã¯ããĩãŧããšäŊä¸ãã¨ããč¨čãäŊŋį¨ããĻãã ããã饧åŽĸã¯ä¸čŦįãĢãåæĸããčĻãĻææĒãŽäēæ
ãæŗåŽããžãã
-Note that at this point, the external postmortem is drafted language that should not be sent or published. It needs to be reviewed during the postmortem meeting before being sent out.
+ããŽæįšã§ãå¤é¨ããšããĸãŧãã ã¯ãžã éäŋĄãžãã¯å
Ŧéããšãã§ã¯ãĒãããŠããã§ãããã¨ãĢæŗ¨æããĻãã ãããéäŋĄåãĢããšããĸãŧãã ããŧããŖãŗã°ã§ãŦããĨãŧããåŋ
čĻããããžãã
-## Postmortem Review
+## ããšããĸãŧãã ãŦããĨãŧ

-At PagerDuty, we have a community of experienced postmortem writers available to review postmortems for style and content. This avoids wasted time during the meeting. We post a link to the postmortem into Slack to receive feedback at least 24 hours before the meeting is scheduled.
+PagerDutyã§ã¯ããšãŋã¤ãĢã¨å
厚ãĢéĸããããšããĸãŧãã ãŽãŦããĨãŧãĢæ´ģį¨ã§ããįĩé¨čąå¯ãĒããšããĸãŧãã äŊæč
ãŽãŗããĨãããŖããããžãããããĢãããäŧč°ä¸ãŽįĄé§ãĒæéãæ¸ãããžããäŧč°ããšãąã¸ãĨãŧãĢãããå°ãĒãã¨ã24æéåãĢãSlackã¸ããšããĸãŧãã ã¸ãŽãĒãŗã¯ãæį¨ŋããĻããŖãŧãããã¯ãåãåããžãã
-Here are some of the things we look for:
+äģĨä¸ã¯ãį§ããĄãä¸ģãĢįĸēčĒããäēæã§ãīŧ
-- Does it provide enough detail?
-- Rather than just pointing out what went wrong, does it drill down to the underlying causes of the issue?
-- Does it separate "What happened?" from "How to fix it"?
-- Do the proposed action items make sense? Are they well-scoped enough?
-- Is the postmortem well-written and understandable?
-- Does the external message resonate well with customers or is it likely to cause outrage?
+- ååãĒčŠŗį´°ãæäžããĻããžããīŧ
+- äŊãééãŖãĻããããææããã ãã§ãĒããåéĄãŽæ šæŦįãĒåå ãæãä¸ããĻããžããīŧ
+- ãäŊãčĩˇãããīŧãã¨ããŠãäŋŽæŖãããããåããĻããžããīŧ
+- ææĄããããĸã¯ãˇã§ãŗãĸã¤ãã ã¯æåŗããããžããīŧååãĢį¯å˛ãéåŽãããĻããžããīŧ
+- ããšããĸãŧãã ã¯éŠåãĢæ¸ãããįč§Ŗå¯čŊã§ããīŧ
+- 寞å¤ãĄããģãŧã¸ã¯éĄ§åŽĸãŽå
ąæãåžãããããĒå
厚ã§ãããããã¨ãåæãåŧãčĩˇããå¯čŊæ§ããããžããīŧ
-Reviewing a postmortem isn't about nitpicking typos (but do make sure the external message isn't littered with spelling and grammatical errors). It's about providing constructive feedback on valuable changes to a postmortem to get the most benefit from them.
+ããšããĸãŧãã ãŽãŦããĨãŧã¯čǤåčąåãį´°ããææãããã¨ã§ã¯ãããžããīŧãã ãã寞å¤ãĄããģãŧã¸ãĢãšããĢãææŗã¨ãŠãŧããĒããã¨ãįĸēčĒããĻãã ããīŧãéčĻãĒãŽã¯ãããšããĸãŧãã ããæå¤§ãŽåŠįãåžããããĢãããšããĸãŧãã ãĢ䞥å¤ãã夿´ãå ãããããŽåģēč¨įãĒããŖãŧãããã¯ãæäžãããã¨ã§ãã
diff --git a/docs/index.md b/docs/index.md
index add0f8e..30edaf6 100644
--- a/docs/index.md
+++ b/docs/index.md
@@ -1,42 +1,42 @@

-Performing postmortems after incidents is how you learn what you're doing right, where you could improve, and most importantly, how to avoid making the same mistakes again and again. Well-designed postmortems allow your teams to iteratively improve your infrastructure and incident response process.
+ã¤ãŗãˇããŗãįēįåžãĢããšããĸãŧãã ãåŽæŊããã¨ãäŊãããžãããŖããŽãããŠããæšåã§ãããŽãããããĻæãéčĻãĒãã¨ã¨ããĻãåãčǤããįš°ãčŋããĒããããŽæšæŗãåĻãšãžããéŠåãĢč¨č¨ãããããšããĸãŧãã ãčĄãã°ãããŧã ã¯ã¤ãŗããŠãšããŠã¯ããŖã¨ã¤ãŗãˇããŗã寞åŋãããģãšãæŽĩéįãĢæšåã§ããã§ãããã
-The postmortem concept is well known in the technology industry, but it can be difficult for newer individuals, teams, and organizations to adopt the cultural nuances required for effective postmortems. This guide will teach you how to build a culture of continuous learning, the most important components to include in your analysis, and how to conduct effective postmortem meetings.
+ããšããĸãŧãã ãŽæĻåŋĩã¯ãã¯ããã¸ãŧæĨįã§ã¯ããįĨãããĻããžãããåšæįãĒããšããĸãŧãã ãĢæąããããæåįããĨãĸãŗãšããåäēēãããŧã ãįĩįšãæ°ããĢåãå
ĨãããŽã¯éŖãããã¨ããããããžããããŽãŦã¤ãã§ã¯ãįļįļįãĒåĻįŋãŽæåãæ§į¯ããæšæŗãåæãĢåĢãããšãæãéčĻãĒčĻį´ ããããĻåšæįãĒããšããĸãŧãã ããŧããŖãŗã°ãåŽæŊããæšæŗãĢã¤ããĻčĒŦæããžãã
-## Who Is This For?
-This resource is for on-call practitioners who want to iteratively learn from incidents affecting their team and for managers who want to cultivate a culture of learning in their organization.
+## å¯žčąĄč
+ããŽãĒãŊãŧãšã¯ãããŧã ãĢåŊąéŋãä¸ããã¤ãŗãˇããŗãããæŽĩéįãĢåĻãŗãããĒãŗãŗãŧãĢæ
åŊč
ããįĩįšå
ãĢåĻįŋãŽæåãč˛ãŋãããããŧã¸ãŖãŧãå¯žčąĄã¨ããĻããžãã
-## What Is Covered?
-### What Is a Postmortem?
-The who, what, when, and why of [postmortems](what_is.md).
+## å
厚
+### ããšããĸãŧãã ã¨ã¯
+[ããšããĸãŧãã ](what_is.md)ãčǰããäŊãããã¤ããĒãčĄããŽãã
-### Blameless Culture
-A successful postmortem process is based on a culture of honesty, learning, and accountability. Culture change requires management buy-in, but you can lead culture change no matter your role. This section describes common challenges in building a culture of continuous learning through postmortems, and strategies for overcoming them.
+### ééŖãŽãĒãīŧããŦãŧã ãŦãšãĒīŧæå
+æåããããšããĸãŧãã ãããģãšã¯ãčĒ åŽããåĻįŋããããĻčĒŦæč˛ŦäģģãŽæåãĢåēãĨããĻããžãããĢãĢããŖãŧãŽå¤éŠãĢã¯įĩåļéŖãŽčŗåãåŋ
čĻã§ãããããĒããŽåŊšå˛ãĢãããæ¨é˛ããĻãããã¨ã¯å¯čŊã§ããããŽãģã¯ãˇã§ãŗã§ã¯ãããšããĸãŧãã ãéããĻįļįļįãĒåĻįŋãŽæåãæ§į¯ãããĢãããŖãĻãŽä¸čŦįãĒčǞéĄã¨ãããããå
æãããããŽæĻįĨãĢã¤ããĻčĒŦæããžãã
-- [The Blameless Postmortem](culture/blameless.md)
-- [How to Introduce Postmortems](culture/introduce.md)
-- [Information Sharing](culture/sharing.md)
-- [Accountability](culture/accountability.md)
+- [ééŖãŽãĒãīŧããŦãŧã ãŦãšãĒīŧããšããĸãŧãã ](culture/blameless.md)
+- [ããšããĸãŧãã ãŽå°å
Ĩæšæŗ](culture/introduce.md)
+- [æ
å ąå
ąæãŽãããã](culture/sharing.md)
+- [čĒŦæč˛ŦäģģãŽčããã](culture/accountability.md)
-### How to Write a Postmortem
-You will learn what information to include in the postmortem, how to collect and present that information, and how to conduct an effective analysis that results in system improvements.
+### ããšããĸãŧãã ãŽæ¸ãæš
+ããšããĸãŧãã ãĢåĢãããšãæ
å ąãããŽæ
å ąãŽåéã¨æį¤ēæšæŗããããĻãˇãšãã ãŽæšåãĢã¤ãĒããåšæįãĒåæãŽåŽæŊæšæŗãĢã¤ããĻåĻãŗãžãã
-- [Step by Step](how_to_write/writing.md)
-- [Tips for Effective Postmortems](how_to_write/effective_postmortems.md)
+- [æŽĩéãčŋŊãŖãããšããĸãŧãã ãŽæ¸ããã](how_to_write/writing.md)
+- [åšæįãĒããšããĸãŧãã ãŽãããŽããŗã](how_to_write/effective_postmortems.md)
-### Postmortem Meetings
-How to conduct productive [postmortem meetings](meeting.md).
+### ããšããĸãŧãã ããŧããŖãŗã°
+įįŖįãĒ[ããšããĸãŧãã ããŧããŖãŗã°](meeting.md)ãŽåŽæŊæšæŗãč§ŖčĒŦããžãã
-### Additional Resources
+### čŋŊå ãĒãŊãŧãš
-- [Template](resources/post_mortem_template.md)
-- [Checklist](resources/checklist.md)
-- [Analysis Questions](resources/analysis.md)
-- [Examples](resources/examples.md)
-- [Further Reading](resources/reading.md)
+- [ããŗããŦãŧã](resources/post_mortem_template.md)
+- [ãã§ãã¯ãĒãšã](resources/checklist.md)
+- [åæãĢãããŖãĻãŽčŗĒå](resources/analysis.md)
+- [åŽčˇĩäž](resources/examples.md)
+- [åčæįŽ](resources/reading.md)
-### License
-This documentation is provided under the Apache License 2.0. In plain English that means you can use and modify this documentation and use it both commercially and for private use. However, you must include any original copyright notices, and the original LICENSE file.
+### ãŠã¤ãģãŗãš
+ããŽãããĨãĄãŗãã¯Apache License 2.0ãŽä¸ã§æäžãããĻããžããåšŗããč¨ãã°ãããŽãããĨãĄãŗããäŊŋį¨ãããŗäŋŽæŖããåæĨįãĢãåäēēįãĢãäŊŋį¨ãããã¨ãã§ããžãããã ããå
ãŽčäŊæ¨ŠčĄ¨į¤ēã¨å
ãŽLICENSEããĄã¤ãĢãåĢããåŋ
čĻããããžãã
-Whether you are a PagerDuty customer or not, we want you to have the ability to use this documentation internally at your own company. You can view the source code for all of this documentation on our GitHub account, feel free to fork the repository and use it as a base for your own internal documentation.
+PagerDutyãŽãåŽĸæ§ã§ããããŠãããĢéĸããããããŽãããĨãĄãŗããčĒį¤žå
ã§ãæ´ģį¨ããã ãããã¨čããĻããžããããŽãããĨãĄãŗããŽãŊãŧãšãŗãŧãã¯ããšãĻåŊį¤žãŽGitHubãĸãĢãĻãŗãã§é˛čϧã§ãããĒãã¸ããĒãããŠãŧã¯ããĻįŦčĒãŽå
é¨ãããĨãĄãŗããŽããŧãšã¨ããĻäŊŋį¨ãããã¨ãã§ããžãã
diff --git a/docs/meeting.md b/docs/meeting.md
index 33b95a7..8fb8adf 100644
--- a/docs/meeting.md
+++ b/docs/meeting.md
@@ -1,140 +1,139 @@
---
cover:
-description: After you have completed the written postmortem, follow up with a meeting to discuss the incident. The purpose of this meeting is to deepen the postmortem analysis through direct communication and to get buy-in for action items.
+description: ææ¸åãããããšããĸãŧãã ãåŽäēããåžãã¤ãŗãˇããŗããĢã¤ããĻč°čĢãããããŽããŧããŖãŗã°ãčĄããžããããŽããŧããŖãŗã°ãŽįŽįã¯ãį´æĨįãĒãŗããĨããąãŧãˇã§ãŗãéããĻããšããĸãŧãã åæãæˇąãããĸã¯ãˇã§ãŗãĸã¤ãã ã¸ãŽčŗåãåžããã¨ã§ãã
---

-## Purpose
-After you have completed the written postmortem, follow up with a meeting to discuss the incident. **The purpose of this meeting is to deepen the postmortem analysis through direct communication and to get buy-in for action items.** The asynchronous production of the written postmortem helps the team start learning from the incident, but having a conversation leads to deeper learning. Furthermore, having a meeting scheduled to discuss the written postmortem creates [accountability](culture/accountability.md) for the postmortem to be completed in a timely manner. Using this time to discuss action items also helps ensure that those tasks will be completed.
+## įŽį
+ææ¸åãããããšããĸãŧãã ãåŽäēããåžãã¤ãŗãˇããŗããĢã¤ããĻč°čĢãããããŽããŧããŖãŗã°ãčĄããžãã**ããŽããŧããŖãŗã°ãŽįŽįã¯ãį´æĨįãĒãŗããĨããąãŧãˇã§ãŗãéããĻããšããĸãŧãã åæãæˇąãããĸã¯ãˇã§ãŗãĸã¤ãã ã¸ãŽčŗåãåžããã¨ã§ãã** ææ¸åãããããšããĸãŧãã ãŽéåæįãĒäŊæã¯ããŧã ãã¤ãŗãˇããŗãããåĻãŗå§ãããŽãĢåŊšįĢãĄãžãããäŧ芹ãæã¤ãã¨ã§ããæˇąãåĻãŗãĢã¤ãĒãããžãããããĢãææ¸åãããããšããĸãŧãã ãĢã¤ããĻč°čĢãããããŽããŧããŖãŗã°ããšãąã¸ãĨãŧãĢãããã¨ã§ãããšããĸãŧãã ããŋã¤ã ãĒãŧãĢåŽäēãããããŽ[čĒŦæč˛Ŧäģģīŧaccountabilityīŧ](culture/accountability.md)ãįãžããžããããŽããŧããŖãŗã°ã§ãĸã¯ãˇã§ãŗãĸã¤ãã ãĢã¤ããĻč°čĢãããã¨ã§ãããããŽãŋãšã¯ãįĸēåŽãĢåŽäēããããæ¯æ´ããžãã
-An anti-pattern for the postmortem meeting is to be overly focused on the immediate concerns documented in the written postmortem. Avoid filling the meeting time by simply reading through each section of the document. The best use of this time is to take a step back from the detailed analysis to better understand the systemic factors that led to the incident.
+ããšããĸãŧãã ããŧããŖãŗã°ãŽãĸãŗãããŋãŧãŗã¯ãææ¸åãããããšããĸãŧãã ãĢč¨čŧãããį´æĨįãĒæ¸åŋĩäēé
ãĢéåēĻãĢįĻįšãåŊãĻããã¨ã§ãããããĨãĄãŗããŽåãģã¯ãˇã§ãŗãåãĢčĒãŋä¸ãããã¨ãĢããŧããŖãŗã°æéãäŊŋããŽã¯éŋããĻãã ãããããŽæéãæãæåšãĢäŊŋãæšæŗã¯ãčŠŗį´°ãĒåæãã䏿ŠåŧããĻãã¤ãŗãˇããŗããĢã¤ãĒããŖããˇãšãã įčĻå ãããč¯ãįč§Ŗãããã¨ã§ãã
-Some teams make use of the [Retrospective Prime Directive](http://retrospectivewiki.org/index.php?title=The_Prime_Directive) to set the tone for the meeting and serve as a regular reminder of the goals. It can be a helpful tool to anchor the discussion and provide a clean slate to start a retrospective, postmortem, or post-incident review.
+ä¸é¨ãŽããŧã ã¯ãããŧããŖãŗã°ãŽåēčĒŋãč¨åŽããįŽįãåŽæįãĢæãčĩˇãããããĢ[ãŦãããšãã¯ããŖããģããŠã¤ã ãģããŖãŦã¯ããŖã](http://retrospectivewiki.org/index.php?title=The_Prime_Directive)ãæ´ģį¨ããĻããžããããã¯ããŦãããšãã¯ããŖããããšããĸãŧãã ããžãã¯ããšãã¤ãŗãˇããŗããŦããĨãŧãå§ãããããŽįŊį´ãŽįļæ
ãæäžããč°čĢãŽåēį¤ã¨ãĒãåŊšįĢã¤ããŧãĢã¨ãĒããžãã
>
- "Regardless of what we discover, we understand and truly believe that everyone did the best job they could, given what they knew at the time, their skills and abilities, the resources available, and the situation at hand."
- --Norm Kerth, Project Retrospectives: A Handbook for Team Review
+ ãį§ããĄãäŊãįēčĻãããã¨ããããŽæįšã§įĨãŖãĻãããã¨ããšããĢã¨čŊåãåŠį¨å¯čŊãĒãĒãŊãŧãšããããĻį´éĸããĻããįļæŗãčæ
Žããã°ãčǰããæåãå°Ŋãããã¨įč§ŖããĻäŋĄããĻããžããã
+ --Norm KerthčãProject Retrospectives: A Handbook for Team Reviewã
-**The most important outcome of the postmortem meeting is buy-in for the action plan.** This is an opportunity to discuss proposed [action items](how_to_write/writing.md), brainstorm other options, and gain consensus among team leadership. Sometimes the ROI of proposed action items is not great enough to justify the work or postmortem action items must be delayed for other priorities. The postmortem meeting is a time to discuss these difficult decisions and make clear what work will and will not be done, as well as the expected implications of those choices.
+**ããšããĸãŧãã ããŧããŖãŗã°ãŽæãéčĻãĒææã¯ããĸã¯ãˇã§ãŗããŠãŗã¸ãŽčŗåã§ãã** ããã¯ææĄããã[ãĸã¯ãˇã§ãŗãĸã¤ãã ](how_to_write/writing.md)ãĢã¤ããĻč°čĢããäģãŽé¸æčĸãĢã¤ããĻããŦã¤ãŗãšããŧããŗã°ããããŧã ãĒãŧããŧãˇããéã§ãŗãŗãģãŗãĩãšãåžãæŠäŧã§ããã¨ããĢã¯ãææĄããããĸã¯ãˇã§ãŗãĸã¤ãã ãŽæčŗå¯žåšæãäŊæĨãæŖåŊåãããģãŠå¤§ãããĒãå ´åããäģãŽåĒå
äēé
ãããšããĸãŧãã ãŽãĸã¯ãˇã§ãŗãĸã¤ãã ãĢæ¯ãšãĻé
ãããĒããã°ãĒããĒãå ´åããããžããããšããĸãŧãã ããŧããŖãŗã°ã¯ãããããŽéŖããæąēæãĢã¤ããĻč°čĢãããŠãŽäŊæĨãčĄãããŠãŽäŊæĨãčĄããĒããŽãããããĻããããŽé¸æãĢããŖãĻäēæŗãããåŊąéŋãæįĸēãĢããæéã§ãã
-Whereas the written postmortem is intended to be shared widely in the organization, the primary audience for the postmortem meeting is the teams directly involved with the incident. This meeting gives the team a chance to align on what happened, what to do about it, and how they will communicate about the incident to internal and external stakeholders.
+ææ¸åãããããšããĸãŧãã ã¯įĩįšå
ã§åēãå
ąæããããã¨ãæåŗããĻããžãããããšããĸãŧãã ããŧããŖãŗã°ãŽä¸ģãĒå¯žčąĄč
ã¯ã¤ãŗãˇããŗããĢį´æĨéĸããŖãããŧã ã§ããããŽããŧããŖãŗã°ã¯ãããŧã ãäŊãčĩˇããŖããŽãããããĢã¤ããĻäŊãããšããããããĻã¤ãŗãˇããŗããĢã¤ããĻå
é¨ãããŗå¤é¨ãŽãšããŧã¯ããĢããŧãĢãŠãŽãããĢäŧããããĢã¤ããĻčĒčãåãããæŠäŧãæäžããžãã
!!! tip
- Send a link to the postmortem document to meeting attendees 24 hours before the meeting. Though the postmortem does not need to be complete when it is sent to the attendees, it should be finished before the postmortem meeting. It is still worth sending an incomplete postmortem to meeting attendees in advance so they can start reading through the document.
-
- This will help you avoid wasting time in the meeting simply reading through the document. Remember the purpose of the meeting is to have an in-depth conversation about what caused the incident and how to prevent it in the future, not to review the document. The postmortem meeting is also an opportunity to clarify any questions about what happened and what the team plans to do to prevent it from happening again. Encourage attendees to ask any and all questions to help everyone get on the same page
- and help the team consider new perspectives for their analysis.
-
-## Agenda
-Here is a sample agenda for the meeting:
-
-1. **Postmortem owner** summarizes incident causes and timeline. **Facilitator** leads discussion:
- - What were the larger cultural and structural factors that lead to the incident? **How did we get here?**
-1. **Postmortem owner** summarizes proposed follow-up action items. **Facilitator** leads discussion:
- - Is the team **confident** this plan will reduce the likelihood of this incident recurring?
- - **What more or different work might be needed?**
- - Will team leadership (Engineering Manager, Product Manager, Tech Lead, etc.) **commit** to prioritizing these action items?
-1. **Customer liaison** summarizes customer impact.
- - Provide any new context about customer reaction to the incident.
- - Review and approve external communication drafted in the postmortem.
-
-## Who Participates
-The postmortem owner invites the following people to the postmortem meeting. Below is more detail about the role each plays in the discussion.
-
-- Always
- - The [incident commander](https://response.pagerduty.com/training/incident_commander/).
- - The incident commander is responsible for coordinating the response. During the postmortem meeting the incident commander can provide valuable feedback on the incident response effort and process improvements.
- - The incident commander shadowee (if there was one).
- - This person may have served as the [scribe](https://response.pagerduty.com/training/scribe/) or [deputy](https://response.pagerduty.com/training/deputy/). The deputy incident commander is responsible for adding necessary responders to the call and updating internal stakeholders outside of the incident response call. The deputy can provide valuable feedback on the response effort and the ease or difficulty of communicating with additional responders and stakeholders during incident response.
- - [Service owners](https://response.pagerduty.com/training/subject_matter_expert/) and other key engineers involved in the incident.
- - On-call service owners and other engineers that responded to the incident are the experts of the affected services. During the postmortem meeting they can provide historical context about how the systems were built, cultural context about what was happening with the team leading up the incident, and proposals for what work would reduce the likelihood of this incident recurring.
- - Productive postmortem discussions will include engineers with in-depth knowledge of the part of the system that their team owns. If the engineer(s) that responded to the incident are newer to the team, it will be helpful to include more experienced engineers from their team in the postmortem meeting.
- - Engineering manager for impacted systems.
- - The manager responsible for the teams that responded to the incident attends the postmortem meeting to inform their staffing and technical investment decisions
- - Product manager for impacted systems.
- - Product managers attend postmortem meetings to understand the effect incidents have on their customers' experience. For postmortem action items to be prioritized and completed, it is critical to engage product managers in this discussion of the importance and scope of proposed follow-up tasks.
-- Optional (Only Sev-1 incidents)
- - [Customer liaison](https://response.pagerduty.com/training/customer_liaison/).
- - The customer liaison can speak to customers' reactions to the incident. They need to understand the team's decision on action items so they can finalize and send external messaging.
-
-## Facilitation
-### What Is Facilitation
-The facilitator's role in the postmortem meeting is different from the other participants. The facilitator does not voice their own ideas in the meeting; instead, they encourage the group to speak up and keep the discussion on track. The postmortem owner, the incident commander, or any other meeting attendee that played an active role during the incident are the ones who need to contribute to the discussion and should not also be responsible for facilitating.
-
-The facilitator:
-
-- Encourages people to speak up and makes sure that everyone is heard.
-- Clarifies insights and challenges the team with questions.
-- Helps the team see different perspectives and different options.
-- Keeps everyone on time and on track. Cuts off tangents and stops people from dominating the entire meeting.
-- Speaks as little as possible. Remember to guide the discussion, but do not take over the meeting.
-
-The facilitator does not:
-
-- Make decisions.
-- Take sides. If the facilitator takes sides, team members might feel attacked and might stop contributing to the meeting.
- - Comment on what people say, even if they are trying to give positive feedback. It may make the speaker feel validated, but it might also make the others feel worse about what they have to say or discourage them from contributing something.
-
-### Who Should Facilitate
-Good facilitators tend to have a high level of emotional intelligence and can easily read non-verbal cues to understand how people are feeling. They use this sense to cultivate an environment where everyone is comfortable speaking. Agile coaches and project managers are often skilled facilitators. At PagerDuty, we have a guild of confident facilitators who coach individuals interested in learning how to facilitate. When searching for individuals in your organization to help facilitate postmortem meetings, look for people with these core competencies:
-
-- Can read non-verbal cues to assess how people are feeling in the room and spot who might have something to say.
-- Can paraphrases what is said to clarify for self and others.
-- Can ask open questions to stimulate deeper thinking.
-- Is comfortable interrupting when discussion gets off track or when someone dominates the discussion.
-- Can redirect conversation to focus on goals.
-- Can keep track of time and give time reminders.
-- Can drive discussion to decision-making and action items.
-
-Postmortem meeting facilitators do not need to be experts in the affected systems. Facilitators do not need to be well-versed in the content of the discussion. Remember, the facilitator does not contribute their own opinions to the discussion, but works to get others to speak. The meeting attendees that were involved with the incident response are the experts on the incident, and the facilitator will ask the right questions to encourage those experts to share information with the group.
-
-Your facilitator should, however, be familiar with the postmortem process and the goals of the postmortem meeting so they can guide the group discussion to achieve those goals. Postmortem meeting facilitators must have a strong understanding of [blamelessness](culture/blameless.md) so they can help the group avoid blaming speech in the meeting.
-
-## Facilitation Tips
-The postmortem meeting facilitator helps the team dig deeper into their analysis, [avoid blame](culture/blameless.md), and get buy-in for their action items. Common challenges for the postmortem meeting are being overly focused on the written postmortem and succumbing to the tendency to blame individuals for system failure. Below are tips on how to run effective postmortem meetings and how to handle awkward situations when they arise.
-
-**Housekeeping**
-
-- Set ground rules at the beginning of the meeting.
- - Set the expectation that everyone should speak but no-one should hog the conversation.
- - Remind the group that we practice blameless postmortems.
-- Establish a safe word for when the conversation gets off track.
- - If a team member notices the conversation is getting off-topic they can say the safe word and have the team re-evaluate the usefulness of the discussion. At PagerDuty, some teams use the acronym ELMO which stands for "Enough, let's move on." This takes pressure off the facilitator alone to interrupt when discussion gets off-topic.
-- Share the agenda so the team is clear on what is on- and off-topic.
-- Use a timer to timebox.
- - You can timebox each agenda item. Presenting a timer makes everyone aware of the time limit and reduces the need for the facilitator to interrupt for time.
-- Present the postmortem document from your laptop onto the TV so everyone can see.
-
-[**How to avoid blame:**](culture/blameless.md)
-
-- Remind the team at the start of the meeting and/or when blame occurs during the meeting that we have agreed to practice blameless postmortems and call each other out when blame occurs.
-- Look out for and avoid "who" or "why" questions, which limit analysis and imply blame. Instead ask "what" and "how" questions, such as:
- - "What did you think was happening?"
- - "What did you do next?"
- - "How did that action make sense at the time?"
-- When inquiring about a human action, abstract to an non-specific responder. Remind the team anyone could have made the same mistake.
- - "What could have led any responder to take that action?"
-
-**What to do when the conversation is getting off-topic:**
-
-- The facilitator's job is to keep the team on track and will need to interrupt to remind the team of the meeting goals by asking if it is valuable to continue with a topic or if it can be taken offline.
- - "Sorry to interrupt, but this topic seems unrelated to the goals of this meeting, do we want to go back to the original topic or continue with this discussion?"
-- Timebox agenda items. Once the time is done they can vote if they want to keep talking for another few minutes.
-
-**What to do when one person is dominating the meeting:**
-
-- Say upfront that participation from everyone is important. Explain the facilitator's responsibilities so they won't be offended if they are asked to stop talking or speak up. Pay attention to how much people are talking throughout the meeting.
-- "I wasn't able to hear what the first person was saying."
-- Act as a mediator and call out when people are getting interrupted: "Hold that thought â I want to make sure Shari has a chance to finish"
-
-**If a team member has not said anything, how do you get them to contribute:**
-
-- "Let's go around the room and hear from everyone"
-- "What's stood out for you so far?"
-- "What else might we need to consider?"
-
-**How to stimulate analysis:**
-
-- Ask open questions, no questions that can be answered with "yes" or "no."
-- Reference our [analysis questions](resources/analysis.md). The team may have asked themselves these questions as they were preparing the written postmortem. Asking some of these in the meeting will encourage new, collaborative thinking.
+ ããŧããŖãŗã°ãŽ24æéåãĢããšããĸãŧãã ãããĨãĄãŗããŽãĒãŗã¯ãåå č
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ãĢéäŋĄãããæįšã§åŽæããĻããåŋ
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+
+ ãããĢãããããŧããŖãŗã°ã§åãĢææ¸ãčĒãŋä¸ãããããĢæéãįĄé§ãĢãããã¨ãéŋããããžããããŧããŖãŗã°ãŽįŽįã¯ãã¤ãŗãˇããŗããŽåå ã¨å°æĨãããé˛ãæšæŗãĢã¤ããĻæˇąãäŧ芹ããããã¨ã§ãããææ¸ããŦããĨãŧãããã¨ã§ã¯ãĒããã¨ãčĻããĻãããĻãã ãããããšããĸãŧãã ããŧããŖãŗã°ã¯ãäŊãčĩˇããŖããŽãããããĻãããåãŗčĩˇãããŽãé˛ããããĢããŧã ã§äŊãããããĢéĸããįåįšãæãããĢããæŠäŧã§ããããžããå
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+
+## ãĸã¸ã§ãŗã
+ããŧããŖãŗã°ãŽãĩãŗããĢãĸã¸ã§ãŗãã¯äģĨä¸ãŽéãã§ãīŧ
+
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+ - **ãŠãŽãããĒčŋŊå ãžãã¯į°ãĒãäŊæĨãåŋ
čĻãĒå¯čŊæ§ããããžããīŧ**
+ - ããŧã ãĒãŧããŧãˇããīŧã¨ãŗã¸ããĸãĒãŗã°ãããŧã¸ãŖãŧããããã¯ããããŧã¸ãŖãŧãããã¯ãĒãŧããĒãŠīŧã¯ããããŽãĸã¯ãˇã§ãŗãĸã¤ãã ãåĒå
ãããã¨ã**į´æ**ããžããīŧ
+1. **ãĢãšãŋããŧãĒã¨ãžãŗ**ã饧åŽĸã¸ãŽåŊąéŋãčĻį´ããžãã
+ - ã¤ãŗãˇããŗããĢ寞ãã饧åŽĸãŽååŋãĢã¤ããĻãæ°ããĒãŗãŗãããšããæäžããžãã
+ - ããšããĸãŧãã ã§čĩˇčãããå¤é¨ãŗããĨããąãŧãˇã§ãŗå
厚ããŦããĨãŧããæŋčĒããžãã
+
+## åå č
+ããšããĸãŧãã æ
åŊč
ã¯ãããšããĸãŧãã ããŧããŖãŗã°ãĢäģĨä¸ãŽäēēã
ãæåž
ããžããäģĨä¸ã¯ãåčĒãč°čĢã§æããåŊšå˛ãĢã¤ããĻãŽčŠŗį´°ã§ãã
+
+- åŋ
é åå
+ - [ã¤ãŗãˇããŗããŗããŗããŧ](https://response.pagetduty.co.jp/training/incident_commander/)ã
+ - ã¤ãŗãˇããŗããŗããŗããŧã¯å¯žåŋãŽčĒŋæ´ãæ
åŊããžããããšããĸãŧãã ããŧããŖãŗã°ã§ã¯ãã¤ãŗãˇããŗããŗããŗããŧã¯ã¤ãŗãˇããŗã寞åŋãŽåãįĩãŋã¨ãããģãšæšåãĢã¤ããĻ貴éãĒããŖãŧãããã¯ãæäžã§ããžãã
+ - ã¤ãŗãˇããŗããŗããŗããŧãŽãˇãŖããŧã¤ãŗã°ãããĻããäēēīŧããå ´åīŧã
+ - ããŽäēēã¯[æ¸č¨åŽ](https://response.pagetduty.co.jp/training/scribe/)ãžãã¯[坿æŽåŽ](https://response.pagetduty.co.jp/training/deputy/)ãåããå¯čŊæ§ããããžãã坿æŽåŽã¯ãåŋ
čĻãĒ寞åŋč
ããŗãŧãĢãĢčŋŊå ããã¤ãŗãˇããŗã寞åŋãŗãŧãĢå¤ãŽå
é¨ãšããŧã¯ããĢããŧãæ´æ°ããč˛Ŧäģģããããžãã坿æŽåŽã¯å¯žåŋãŽåãįĩãŋã¨ãã¤ãŗãˇããŗã寞åŋä¸ãĢčŋŊå ããã寞åŋč
ããšããŧã¯ããĢããŧã¨ãŽãŗããĨããąãŧãˇã§ãŗãĢéĸããããããããŖãéĸãéŖãããŖãéĸãĢã¤ããĻ貴éãĒããŖãŧãããã¯ãæäžã§ããžãã
+ - ã¤ãŗãˇããŗããĢéĸããŖã[ãĩãŧããšãĒãŧããŧ](https://response.pagetduty.co.jp/training/subject_matter_expert/)ã¨äģãŽä¸ģčĻãĒã¨ãŗã¸ããĸã
+ - ãĒãŗãŗãŧãĢãŽãĩãŧããšãĒãŧããŧã¨ã¤ãŗãˇããŗããĢ寞åŋããäģãŽã¨ãŗã¸ããĸã¯ãåŊąéŋãåãããĩãŧããšãŽå°éåŽļã§ããããšããĸãŧãã ããŧããŖãŗã°ã§ã¯ããˇãšãã ããŠãŽãããĢæ§į¯ãããããĢã¤ããĻãŽæ´å˛įãŗãŗãããšããã¤ãŗãˇããŗããĢčŗããžã§ãŽããŧã ã§čĩˇããĻãããã¨ãĢã¤ããĻãŽæåįãŗãŗãããšãããããĻããŽã¤ãŗãˇããŗããŽåįēãŽå¯čŊæ§ãæ¸ãããããĢãŠãŽãããĒäŊæĨãåŋ
čĻããĢã¤ããĻãŽææĄãæäžã§ããžãã
+ - įįŖįãĒããšããĸãŧãã ãŽč°čĢãĢã¯ãããŧã ãææãããˇãšãã ãŽé¨åãĢã¤ããĻæˇąãįĨčãæã¤ã¨ãŗã¸ããĸãåĢãžããžããã¤ãŗãˇããŗããĢ寞åŋããã¨ãŗã¸ããĸãæ°ããããŧã ãĄãŗããŧã§ããå ´åã¯ãåãããŧã ãŽããįĩé¨čąå¯ãĒã¨ãŗã¸ããĸãĢããšããĸãŧãã ããŧããŖãŗã°ã¸åå ããĻãããã¨åšæįã§ãã
+ - åŊąéŋãåãããˇãšãã ãŽã¨ãŗã¸ããĸãĒãŗã°ãããŧã¸ãŖãŧã
+ - ã¤ãŗãˇããŗããĢ寞åŋããããŧã ãæ
åŊãããããŧã¸ãŖãŧã¯ããšãŋããé
įŊŽã¨æčĄæčŗãŽæąēåŽãĢæ
å ąãæäžãããããĢããšããĸãŧãã ããŧããŖãŗã°ãĢåå ããžãã
+ - åŊąéŋãåãããˇãšãã ãŽãããã¯ããããŧã¸ãŖãŧã
+ - ãããã¯ããããŧã¸ãŖãŧã¯ãã¤ãŗãˇããŗãã饧åŽĸäŊé¨ãĢä¸ããåŊąéŋãįč§ŖãããããĢããšããĸãŧãã ããŧããŖãŗã°ãĢåå ããžããããšããĸãŧãã ãŽãĸã¯ãˇã§ãŗãĸã¤ãã ãåĒå
ãåŽäēãããããĢã¯ãææĄãããããŠããŧãĸãããŋãšã¯ãŽéčĻæ§ã¨į¯å˛ãĢã¤ããĻãŽããŽč°čĢãĢãããã¯ããããŧã¸ãŖãŧãéĸä¸ããããã¨ãéčĻã§ãã
+- äģģæåå īŧSev-1ã¤ãŗãˇããŗããŽãŋīŧ
+ - [ãĢãšãŋããŧãĒã¨ãžãŗ](https://response.pagetduty.co.jp/training/customer_liaison/)ã
+ - ãĢãšãŋããŧãĒã¨ãžãŗã¯ã¤ãŗãˇããŗããĢ寞ãã饧åŽĸãŽååŋãĢã¤ããĻ芹ããã¨ãã§ããžããåŊŧãã¯å¤é¨ãĄããģãŧã¸ãæįĩåããĻéäŋĄã§ãããããĢããĸã¯ãˇã§ãŗãĸã¤ãã ãĢéĸããããŧã ãŽæąēåŽãįč§Ŗããåŋ
čĻããããžãã
+
+## ããĄãˇãĒããŧãˇã§ãŗ
+### ããĄãˇãĒããŧãˇã§ãŗã¨ã¯
+ããšããĸãŧãã ããŧããŖãŗã°ãĢãããããĄãˇãĒããŧãŋãŧãŽåŊšå˛ã¯ãäģãŽåå č
ã¨ã¯į°ãĒããžããããĄãˇãĒããŧãŋãŧã¯ããŧããŖãŗã°ã§čĒåãŽãĸã¤ããĸã襨æãããäģŖãããĢã°ãĢãŧããįēč¨ããč°čĢãčģéãĢäšããããäŋããžããããšããĸãŧãã æ
åŊč
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ã¯ãč°čĢãĢč˛ĸįŽããåŋ
čĻããããããĄãˇãĒããŧãˇã§ãŗãŽč˛Ŧäģģãč˛ ããšãã§ã¯ãããžããã
+
+ããĄãˇãĒããŧãŋãŧãčĄããã¨īŧ
+
+- äēēã
ãįēč¨ããããäŋããå
¨åĄãŽåŖ°ãĢčŗãåžãããããããĢããžãã
+- æ´å¯ãæįĸēãĢããããŧã ãĢčŗĒåãæããããžãã
+- ããŧã ãį°ãĒãčĻįšã¨į°ãĒã鏿čĸãĢįŽãåããããããäŋããžãã
+- å
¨åĄãæééããĢč°čĢãé˛ããčģéãĢäšããããĢããžãã芹ãŽčąįˇãé˛ããįšåŽãŽäēēã
ãããŧããŖãŗã°å
¨äŊãæ¯é
ãããŽãæĸããžãã
+- ã§ããã ãå°ãĒã芹ããžããč°čĢãå°ããã¨ãåŋĩé ãĢãããĒãããããŧããŖãŗã°ãäšãŖåããĒããããĢæŗ¨æããĻãã ããã
+
+ããĄãˇãĒããŧãŋãŧãčĄããĒããã¨īŧ
+
+- æąēåŽãä¸ããã¨ã
+- čǰããŽčŠãæã¤ãã¨ãããĄãˇãĒããŧãŋãŧãįšåŽãŽå´ãĢã¤ãã¨ãããŧã ãĄãŗããŧã¯æģæãããĻããã¨æããããŧããŖãŗã°ã¸ãŽč˛ĸįŽãããããããããžããã
+ - äēēã
ãč¨ããã¨ãĢãŗãĄãŗããããŽã¯ããã¨ããããč¯åŽįãĒããŖãŧãããã¯ãä¸ããæåŗã ãŖãã¨ããĻãéŋããžãããã芹č
čĒčēĢã¯č¯åŽæãæãããããããžããããäģãŽäēēããããã¨čĒåãããããč¨ããã¨ãããã¨ãĢã¤ããĻæĒãæããããč˛ĸįŽãããã¨ãæãã¨ãŠãžãŖãããããã¨ãĢã¤ãĒãããããããžããã
+
+### čǰãããĄãˇãĒããŧãããšãã
+åĒããããĄãˇãĒããŧãŋãŧã¯é常ãéĢåēĻãĒææ
įįĨæ§ãæãĄãäēēã
ããŠãŽãããĢæããĻããããįč§ŖãããããĢéč¨čĒįãĒæãããã厚æãĢčĒãŋåããã¨ãã§ããžããåŊŧãã¯ããŽæčĻãäŊŋãŖãĻãčǰãã芹ããããį°åĸãč˛ãŋãžãããĸã¸ãŖã¤ãĢãŗãŧããããã¸ã§ã¯ããããŧã¸ãŖãŧã¯ãã°ãã°įᎴããããĄãˇãĒããŧãŋãŧã§ããPagerDutyã§ã¯ãããĄãˇãĒããŧãˇã§ãŗãŽåĻįŋãĢčåŗãŽããåäēēããŗãŧãããčĒäŋĄãŽããããĄãˇãĒããŧãŋãŧãŽãŽãĢãããããžããįĩįšå
ã§ããšããĸãŧãã ããŧããŖãŗã°ãŽããĄãˇãĒããŧããæäŧãåäēēãæĸãéãĢã¯ãããããŽãŗãĸãŗãŗãããŗãˇãŧãæã¤äēēãæĸããĻãã ããīŧ
+
+- é¨åąãŽä¸ã§äēēã
ããŠãŽãããĢæããĻããããčĻåŽããéč¨čĒįãĒæããããčĒãŋåãŖãĻč¨ããããã¨ãããäēēãčĻã¤ãããã¨ãã§ããã
+- čĒåčĒčēĢã¨äģãŽäēēãŽãããįēč¨å
厚ãæįĸēãĢãĒããããĢč¨ãæãããã¨ãã§ããã
+- ããæˇąãæčãåēæŋãããããĢããĒãŧããŗãĒčŗĒåããããã¨ãã§ããã
+- č°čĢãčąįˇããã¨ãããžãã¯čǰããč°čĢãæ¯é
ããã¨ããĢ䏿ãããã¨ãĢæ
ŖããĻããã
+- äŧ芹ãįŽæ¨ãĢåããŖãĻãããããĢæšåčģĸæãããã¨ãã§ããã
+- æéãčŋŊ补ããæéãŽéįĨãä¸ãããã¨ãã§ããã
+- č°čĢãå°ããæææąēåŽã¨ãĸã¯ãˇã§ãŗãĸã¤ãã ã¸įšãããã¨ãã§ããã
+
+ããšããĸãŧãã ããŧããŖãŗã°ãŽããĄãˇãĒããŧãŋãŧã¯ãåŊąéŋãåãããˇãšãã ãŽå°éåŽļã§ããåŋ
čĻã¯ãããžãããããĄãˇãĒããŧãŋãŧã¯č°čĢãŽå
厚ãĢį˛žéããĻããåŋ
čĻã¯ãããžãããããĄãˇãĒããŧãŋãŧã¯č°čĢãĢčĒåãŽæčĻãč˛ĸįŽãããŽã§ã¯ãĒããäģãŽäēēã芹ãããäŋããã¨ãåŋããĒãã§ãã ãããã¤ãŗãˇããŗã寞åŋãĢéĸããŖãããŧããŖãŗã°åå č
ãã¤ãŗãˇããŗããŽå°éåŽļã§ãããããĄãˇãĒããŧãŋãŧã¯ããããŽå°éåŽļãã°ãĢãŧãã¨æ
å ąãå
ąæããããäŋãčŗĒåãããžãã
+
+ããããããĄãˇãĒããŧãŋãŧã¯ããšããĸãŧãã ãããģãšã¨ããšããĸãŧãã ããŧããŖãŗã°ãŽįŽæ¨ãĢį˛žéããĻãããšãã§ããããĢããã°ãĢãŧãč°čĢãããããŽįŽæ¨éæãĢå°ããã¨ãã§ããžããããšããĸãŧãã ããŧããŖãŗã°ãŽããĄãˇãĒããŧãŋãŧã¯ã[ééŖãŽãĒããã¨īŧããŦãŧã ãŦãšīŧ](culture/blameless.md)ãĢã¤ããĻããŖããããįč§ŖãæãŖãĻããåŋ
čĻããããã°ãĢãŧããããŧããŖãŗã°ã§ééŖãŽč¨čãéŋãããããããĢããžãã
+
+## ããĄãˇãĒããŧãˇã§ãŗãŽããŗã
+ããšããĸãŧãã ããŧããŖãŗã°ãŽããĄãˇãĒããŧãŋãŧã¯ãããŧã ãåæãããæˇąãæãä¸ãã[ééŖãéŋã](culture/blameless.md)ãĒããããĸã¯ãˇã§ãŗãĸã¤ãã ã¸ãŽčŗåãåžããããããĢããžããããšããĸãŧãã ããŧããŖãŗã°ãŽä¸čŦįãĒčǞéĄã¯ãææ¸åãããããšããĸãŧãã ãĢéåēĻãĢįĻįšãåŊãĻããã¨ã¨ããˇãšãã éåŽŗãŽč˛ŦäģģãåäēēãĢ帰ããåžåãĢåąãããã¨ã§ããäģĨä¸ã¯ãåšæįãĒããšããĸãŧãã ããŧããŖãŗã°ãåŽæŊããæšæŗã¨ãįēįããå ´åãŽåäģãĒįļæŗãŽå¯žåĻæšæŗãĢéĸããããŗãã§ãã
+
+**æēåäēé
**
+
+- ããŧããŖãŗã°ãŽåé ã§ãĢãŧãĢãč¨åŽããžãã
+ - å
¨åĄãįēč¨ããšãã ããčǰãäŧ芹ãįŦå ããšãã§ã¯ãĒãã¨ããæåž
å¤ãč¨åŽããžãã
+ - ããŦãŧã ãŦãšãĒããšããĸãŧãã ãåŽčˇĩããĻãããã¨ããæšããĻã°ãĢãŧããĢčĒčããĻããããžãã
+- äŧ芹ãčąįˇããå ´åãŽãģãŧãã¯ãŧããįĸēįĢããžãã
+ - ããŧã ãĄãŗããŧãäŧ芹ããããã¯ããå¤ããĻãããã¨ãĢæ°ãĨããå ´åããģãŧãã¯ãŧããč¨ãŖãĻãããŧã ãĢč°čĢãŽæį¨æ§ãåčŠäžĄããããã¨ãã§ããžããPagerDutyã§ã¯ãä¸é¨ãŽããŧã ã¯ãELMOãã¨ããé åčĒãäŊŋį¨ããĻããžããããã¯ãEnough, let's move onīŧååã§ããæŦĄãĢé˛ãŋãžãããīŧããæåŗããžãããããĢãããč°čĢããããã¯ããå¤ããã¨ããĢ䏿ããããŦããˇãŖãŧãããĄãˇãĒããŧãŋãŧã ããč˛ ãåŋ
čĻããĒããĒããžãã
+- ãĸã¸ã§ãŗããå
ąæããĻãããŧã ãäŊããããã¯ãĢåĢãžããäŊãåĢãžããĒãããæįĸēãĢããžãã
+- ãŋã¤ããŧãäŊŋį¨ããĻæéãåļéããžãã
+ - åãĸã¸ã§ãŗãé
įŽãŽæéãåļéã§ããžãããŋã¤ããŧã襨į¤ēãããã¨ã§ãå
¨åĄãæéåļéãčĒčããããĄãˇãĒããŧãŋãŧãæéãŽãããĢ䏿ããåŋ
čĻæ§ãæ¸ããžãã
+- ããšããĸãŧãã ãããĨãĄãŗããããĒããŽãŠãããããããTVãĢ襨į¤ēããĻãå
¨åĄãčĻããããããĢããžãã
+
+[**ééŖãéŋããæšæŗīŧ**](culture/blameless.md)
+
+- ããŧããŖãŗã°ãŽéå§æããããŗ/ãžãã¯ããŧããŖãŗã°ä¸ãĢééŖãįēįããå ´åãĢãããŦãŧã ãŦãšãĒããšããĸãŧãã ãåŽčˇĩãããã¨ãĢåæããĻãããã¨ããããĻééŖãįēįããå ´åãĢãäēããĢææãããã¨ãããŧã ãĢæãåēããĻããããžãã
+- åæãŽå¯čŊæ§ãįããééŖãæį¤ēãããããĒãčǰãããžãã¯ããĒããã¨ããčŗĒåã¯éŋããããæŗ¨æããĻãã ãããäģŖãããĢãäŊãããããŠãŽãããĢãã¨ããčŗĒåãããžãīŧ
+ - ãäŊãčĩˇããĻããã¨æããžãããīŧã
+ - ãæŦĄãĢäŊãããžãããīŧã
+ - ãããŽčĄåã¯ããŽæįšã§ãŠãŽãããĢįãĢããĒãŖãĻããžãããīŧã
+- äēēéãŽčĄåãĢã¤ããĻå°ããã¨ããįšåŽãããĻããĒã寞åŋč
ãĢæŊ蹥åããžããčǰã§ãåãããšãį¯ãå¯čŊæ§ããããã¨ãããŧã ãĢæãåēãããžãã
+ - ããŠãŽãããĒčĻå ãĢããŖãĻ寞åŋč
ãããŽčĄåãåãå¯čŊæ§ãįããžãããīŧã
+
+**äŧ芹ããããã¯ããå¤ããĻããå ´åãŽå¯žåĻæŗīŧ**
+
+- ããĄãˇãĒããŧãŋãŧãŽäģäēã¯ããŧã ãčģéãĢäšããĻãããã¨ã§ããããããã¯ãįļãããã¨ã䞥å¤ããããããžãã¯ãĒããŠã¤ãŗã§åãä¸ãããã¨ãã§ããããå°ãããã¨ã§ãããŧããŖãŗã°ãŽįŽæ¨ãããŧã ãĢæãåēããĻããããä¸éŠåãĒãããã¯ã䏿ããåŋ
čĻããããžãã
+ - ãįŗã荺ãããžããããããŽãããã¯ã¯ããŽããŧããŖãŗã°ãŽįŽæ¨ã¨éĸäŋãĒãããã§ããå
ãŽãããã¯ãĢæģããžãããããã¨ãããŽč°čĢãįļããžããīŧã
+- ãĸã¸ã§ãŗãé
įŽãŽæéãåļéããžããæéãįĩããŖããããããĢæ°åé芹ãįļããããŠãããŽæįĨ¨ãčĄããžãã
+
+**ä¸äēēãããŧããŖãŗã°ãæ¯é
ããĻããå ´åãŽå¯žåĻæŗīŧ**
+
+- å
¨åĄãŽåå ãéčĻã§ãããã¨ãæåãĢč¨ããžããããĄãˇãĒããŧãŋãŧãŽč˛ŦäģģãčĒŦæããĻã芹ããŽãããããããĢé ŧãžããããįēč¨ãããããĢé ŧãžãããããĻãæ°åãåŽŗããĒããããĢããžããããŧããŖãŗã°å
¨äŊãéããĻãäēēã
ããŠãã ã芹ããĻããããĢæŗ¨æãæããžãã
+- ãæåãŽäēēãč¨ãŖãĻãããã¨ãčãããžããã§ãããã
+- äģ˛äģč
ã¨ããĻčĄåããäēēã
ã䏿ãããĻããã¨ããĢææããžãīŧãããŽčããããŖããäŋįããĻãã ãã â Shariã芹ãįĩããæŠäŧãįĸēäŋãããã¨æããžãã
+
+**ããŧã ãĄãŗããŧãäŊãč¨ãŖãĻããĒãå ´åããŠãŽãããĢč˛ĸįŽããããīŧ**
+
+- ãé¨åąãä¸å¨ããĻãŋãĒããå
¨åĄããæčĻãčããžãããã
+- ããããžã§ã§įŽįĢãŖããã¨ã¯äŊã§ããīŧã
+- ãäģãĢčæ
Žããšããã¨ã¯äŊããããžããīŧã
+
+**åæãåēæŋããæšæŗīŧ**
+
+- ãĒãŧããŗãĒčŗĒåãããžãããã¯ãããžãã¯ãããããã§įããããčŗĒåã¯ããžããã
+- [åæãŽčŗĒå](resources/analysis.md)ãåį
§ããĻãã ããããããããã¨ããŧã ã§ã¯æĸãĢãææ¸åãããããšããĸãŧãã ãæēåããéãĢããããŽčŗĒåãčĒåããĻãããããããžãããããŧããŖãŗã°ã§æšããĻããŽããĄãŽããã¤ããŽé
įŽãå°ãããã¨ã§ãåčĒŋįã§æ°ããæčãäŋããžãããã
diff --git a/docs/next_steps.md b/docs/next_steps.md
index 9762d00..5d8598c 100644
--- a/docs/next_steps.md
+++ b/docs/next_steps.md
@@ -1,63 +1,63 @@
---
cover:
-description: Now that you have learned how to create a postmortem, let's take a look at how to create one in the PagerDuty application.
+description: ããšããĸãŧãã ãŽäŊææšæŗãåĻãã ã¨ããã§ãPagerDutyãĸããĒãąãŧãˇã§ãŗã§ããšããĸãŧãã ãäŊæããæšæŗãčĻãĻãŋãžãããã
---

-## Create a Report in PagerDuty
+## PagerDutyã§ãŦããŧããäŊæãã
-If you are using PagerDuty for incident management, we strongly encourage you to take advantage of our postmortems feature. This allows you to associate incidents and other data within PagerDuty with your report, which will help with timeline generation and allow you to write a more comprehensive report. Note that only non-stakeholders can create, modify, and/or delete postmortems. (For a matrix of user permissions, please see our [support page](https://support.pagerduty.com/docs/user-roles) and refer to the postmortems line items.)
-### Create the Report
+ã¤ãŗãˇããŗãįŽĄįãĢPagerDutyãäŊŋį¨ããĻããå ´åã¯ãããšããĸãŧãã æŠčŊãæ´ģį¨ãããã¨ãåŧˇããå§ãããžãããããĢãããPagerDutyå
ãŽã¤ãŗãˇããŗããããŽäģãŽããŧãŋããŦããŧããĢéĸéŖäģãããã¨ãã§ãããŋã¤ã ãŠã¤ãŗãŽįæãĢåŊšįĢãĄãããå
æŦįãĒãŦããŧããäŊæãããã¨ãã§ããžããStakeholderäģĨå¤ãŽããŧãĢãŽæšãŽãŋãããšããĸãŧãã ãŽäŊæã夿´ããããŗ/ãžãã¯åé¤ãčĄãããã¨ãĢæŗ¨æããĻãã ãããīŧãĻãŧãļãŧ樊éãŽãããĒãã¯ãšãĢã¤ããĻã¯ã[ãĩããŧãããŧã¸](https://support.pagerduty.com/main/lang-ja/docs/user-roles)ãåį
§ããããšããĸãŧãã īŧPostmortemīŧãŽé
įŽãįĸēčĒããĻãã ãããīŧ
+### ãŦããŧããäŊæãã
-To create a postmortem from an incident, you can select the (resolved) incident and click the New Postmortem Report button:
+ã¤ãŗãˇããŗãããããšããĸãŧãã ãäŊæãããĢã¯ãīŧč§Ŗæąēæ¸ãŋãŽīŧã¤ãŗãˇããŗãã鏿ãããNew Postmortem Reportãããŋãŗãã¯ãĒãã¯ããžãīŧ

-Alternatively, you can create a postmortem from the catalog, by either going to Incidents -> Postmortems or directly to `yoursubdomain.pagerduty.com/postmortems`. From there, you click New Report:
+ãžãã¯ããĢãŋãã°ããããšããĸãŧãã ãäŊæãããã¨ãã§ããžãããIncidentsãâãPostmortemsããĢį§ģåããããį´æĨ`yoursubdomain.pagerduty.com/postmortems`ãĢãĸã¯ãģãšããžãããããããNew Reportããã¯ãĒãã¯ããžãīŧ

-If you're creating a postmortem report from the catalog, you'll need to associate the incident after you start the report. If you include the estimated start and/or end times, the PagerDuty app will limit the possible incidents associated with that report to incidents that happened in that timeframe.
+ãĢãŋãã°ããããšããĸãŧãã ãŦããŧããäŊæããå ´åã¯ããŦããŧããéå§ããåžãĢã¤ãŗãˇããŗããéĸéŖäģããåŋ
čĻããããžããæ¨åŽéå§æéãįĩäēæéãåĢããã¨ãPagerDutyãĸããĒã¯ããŽæéæ å
ãĢįēįããã¤ãŗãˇããŗããĢéĸéŖãããŦããŧããĢå¯žčąĄį¯å˛ãåļéããžãã

-Regardless of whether you created a report from an incident or the catalog, you can add additional incidents using the timeframe or incident number for situations where multiple incidents apply to a single report.
+ã¤ãŗãˇããŗããããŦããŧããäŊæãããããĢãŋãã°ããäŊæããããĢéĸãããã褿°ãŽã¤ãŗãˇããŗããåä¸ãŽãŦããŧããĢéŠį¨ãããįļæŗã§ã¯ãæéæ ãžãã¯ã¤ãŗãˇããŗãįĒåˇãäŊŋį¨ããĻčŋŊå ãŽã¤ãŗãˇããŗããčŋŊå ã§ããžãã
-The PagerDuty app will create a timeline to appear in the postmortem based on the in-app events:
+PagerDutyãĸããĒã¯ããĸããĒå
ãŽã¤ããŗããĢåēãĨããĻããšããĸãŧãã ãĢ襨į¤ēããããŋã¤ã ãŠã¤ãŗãäŊæããžãīŧ

-If you have integrated with Slack or another data source, that information will also appear in the Available Data on the left. You can choose which items to add or remove using the arrows in the center.
+SlackãããŽäģãŽããŧãŋãŊãŧãšã¨įĩąåããĻããå ´åãããŽæ
å ąãåˇĻå´ãŽãAvailable DataīŧåŠį¨å¯čŊãĒããŧãŋīŧããĢ襨į¤ēãããžããä¸å¤ŽãŽįĸå°ãäŊŋį¨ããĻããŠãŽé
įŽãčŋŊå ãžãã¯åé¤ãããã鏿ã§ããžãã
-After you've completed the timeline, you will need to write in the Analysis. This section has several subsections. Some of the default subsections are Overview, What Happened, and Resolution:
+ãŋã¤ã ãŠã¤ãŗãåŽäēããåžãåæãč¨å
Ĩããåŋ
čĻããããžããããŽãģã¯ãˇã§ãŗãĢã¯ããã¤ããŽãĩããģã¯ãˇã§ãŗããããžãããããŠãĢããŽãĩããģã¯ãˇã§ãŗãĢã¯ãOverviewīŧæĻčĻīŧãããWhat happenedīŧäŊãčĩˇããŖããīŧãããResolutionīŧč§ŖæąēīŧããĒãŠããããžãīŧ

-Once you have the information you would like in the report, click Save & View Report. This will save the report in the Draft state (the report will also autosave in the Draft state). The states available for the postmortem report are: Draft, In Review, Reviewed, and Closed. You can edit the status by clicking on the report from the Postmortem Catalog and using the Status drop down menu, which is located at the top of the page:
+ãŦããŧããĢåĢãããæ
å ąãæãŖããããSave & View Reportããã¯ãĒãã¯ããžãããããĢãããŦããŧãããDraftīŧ䏿¸ãīŧãįļæ
ã§äŋåãããžãīŧãŦããŧãã¯ãDraftãįļæ
ã§čĒåäŋåãããžãīŧãããšããĸãŧãã ãŦããŧãã§åŠį¨å¯čŊãĒįļæ
ã¯īŧDraftīŧ䏿¸ãīŧãIn ReviewīŧãŦããĨãŧä¸īŧãReviewedīŧãŦããĨãŧæ¸ãŋīŧãClosedīŧã¯ããŧãēīŧã§ããããšããĸãŧãã ãĢãŋãã°ãããŦããŧããã¯ãĒãã¯ããããŧã¸ä¸é¨ãĢãããšããŧãŋãšããããããĻãŗãĄããĨãŧãäŊŋį¨ããĻããšããŧãŋãšãᎍéã§ããžãīŧ

-## Addenda
-### External Access
-You can export your postmortem report to a PDF at any stage. This is primarily used if there are reviewers not in the PagerDuty app or if there is a different, centralized tool for the company for others to view the final report. To save as a PDF, simply select the report from the Postmortem Catalog and click the Save as PDF button:
+## čŖčļŗ
+### å¤é¨ãĸã¯ãģãš
+ããšããĸãŧãã ãŦããŧãã¯ãŠãŽæŽĩéã§ãPDFãĢã¨ã¯ãšããŧãã§ããžããããã¯ä¸ģãĢãPagerDutyãĸããĒãĢããĒããŦããĨãĸãŧãããå ´åããäģãŽäēēãæįĩãŦããŧããé˛čϧãããããŽäŧį¤žãŽä¸å
åãããããŧãĢãããå ´åãĢäŊŋį¨ãããžããPDFã¨ããĻäŋåãããĢã¯ãããšããĸãŧãã ãĢãŋãã°ãããŦããŧãã鏿ãããSave as PDFãããŋãŗãã¯ãĒãã¯ããã ãã§ãīŧ

-### Customizations
-We strongly recommend that you modify the default report template to fit your company's needs. This can involve adding or removing sections, changing wording to match common language, or modifying the clarifying text in each section so that it communicates what is needed.
+### ãĢãšãŋãã¤ãē
+ãããŠãĢããŽãŦããŧãããŗããŦãŧããäŧį¤žãŽããŧãēãĢåãããĻ夿´ãããã¨ãåŧˇããå§ãããžãããããĢã¯ããģã¯ãˇã§ãŗãŽčŋŊå ãåé¤ãå
ąéč¨čĒãĢåãããæč¨ãŽå¤æ´ããžãã¯åãģã¯ãˇã§ãŗãŽčĒŦæãããšããåŋ
čĻãĒãã¨ãäŧãããããĢ夿´ãããã¨ãåĢãžããžãã
-If you would like to add, edit, or remove sections you can do so under Settings in the Postmortem Catalog:
+ãģã¯ãˇã§ãŗãčŋŊå ãᎍéããžãã¯åé¤ãããå ´åã¯ãããšããĸãŧãã ãĢãŋãã°ãŽč¨åŽã§čĄããã¨ãã§ããžãīŧ

-You can Edit sections by clicking on the gear for the appropriate section. You can also click Add Section at the bottom of the template to add a completely new section:
+éŠåãĒãģã¯ãˇã§ãŗãŽãŽãĸãã¯ãĒãã¯ããĻãģã¯ãˇã§ãŗãᎍéã§ããžãããžããããŗããŦãŧããŽä¸é¨ãĢãããAdd Sectionããã¯ãĒãã¯ããĻããžãŖããæ°ãããģã¯ãˇã§ãŗãčŋŊå ãããã¨ãã§ããžãīŧ

-Changes will only apply to postmortem reports moving forwardâthey will not apply to reports that have already been created.
-For some guidance for what questions and clarifying information to put on your questions, take a look at the [Analysis Questions section](https://postmortems.pagerduty.com/resources/analysis/) under the Resources for this guide.
+夿´ã¯äģåžãŽããšããĸãŧãã ãŦããŧããĢãŽãŋéŠį¨ãããžããæĸãĢäŊæããããŦããŧããĢã¯éŠį¨ãããžããã
+čŗĒåãčĒŦææ
å ąããŠãŽãããĢč¨åŽããããŽãŦã¤ããŗãšãĢã¤ããĻã¯ãããŽãŦã¤ããŽ[åæãŽčŗĒå](https://postmortems.pagerduty.co.jp/resources/analysis/)ãģã¯ãˇã§ãŗãåį
§ããĻãã ããã
-If at any point you'd like to start again from the default template, you can reset the template. To revert to the original default sections, click on the Reset Template button at the top of your Report Template. You will be prompted in a pop-up menu to Reset Template or Cancel.
+ãã¤ã§ããããŠãĢããŽããŗããŦãŧãããåéãããå ´åã¯ãããŗããŦãŧãããĒãģããã§ããžããå
ãŽãããŠãĢããģã¯ãˇã§ãŗãĢæģããĢã¯ããŦããŧãããŗããŦãŧããŽä¸é¨ãĢãããReset Templateãããŋãŗãã¯ãĒãã¯ããžããããããĸãããĄããĨãŧã§ããŗããŦãŧãããĒãģããããããããŖãŗãģãĢããããŽé¸æãäŋãããžãã
-### Navigating Between Reports and Associated Incidents
-Currently, the only way to see an incident associated with a report is to open the report and look at the incidents that have been added to it. You cannot currently view a report by navigating to an incident to see an associated report.
+### ãŦããŧãã¨éĸéŖã¤ãŗãˇããŗãéãŽããã˛ãŧãˇã§ãŗ
+įžå¨ããŦããŧããĢéĸéŖäģããããã¤ãŗãˇããŗããįĸēčĒããå¯ä¸ãŽæšæŗã¯ããŦããŧããéããĻčŋŊå ãããã¤ãŗãˇããŗããįĸēčĒãããã¨ã§ããįžå¨ãã¤ãŗãˇããŗããĢį§ģåããĻéĸéŖãããŦããŧãã襨į¤ēãããã¨ã¯ã§ããžããã
diff --git a/docs/resources/analysis.md b/docs/resources/analysis.md
index 21aa59d..8e1ecd7 100644
--- a/docs/resources/analysis.md
+++ b/docs/resources/analysis.md
@@ -1,80 +1,80 @@
---
cover:
-description: Questions to ask to stimulate deep postmortem analysis.
+description: ããšããĸãŧãã åæãæˇąãããããŽčŗĒåäēé
ã
---

-Inspired by Gary Kleinâs debriefing questions in Sidney Dekkerâs *The Field Guide To Understanding Human Error*, below is a non-exhaustive list to help stimulate deep analysis. Ask âhowâ and âwhatâ questions, rather than âwhoâ or âwhy,â to discourage blame and encourage learning.
+Sidney DekkerãŽčæ¸ãThe Field Guide To Understanding Human ErrorããĢæ˛čŧãããĻããGary KleinãŽãããĒãŧããŖãŗã°čŗĒåãåčãĢäŊæããããæˇąãåæãäŋããããŽčŗĒåãĒãšãīŧįļ˛įž
įã§ã¯ãããžããīŧãį´šäģããžãããčǰãããããĒããã§ã¯ãĒããããŠãŽãããĢããäŊããã¨ããčŗĒåãäŊŋããã¨ã§ãééŖãéŋããåĻįŋãäŋé˛ããžãã
-[Download as a PDF](../assets/pdf/PostmortemAnalysisQuestions.pdf).
+[PDFã¨ããĻããĻãŗããŧã](../assets/pdf/PostmortemAnalysisQuestions.pdf)ã
- | Cues |
+ æããã |
- - What were you focusing on?
- - What was not noticed?
- - What differed from what was expected?
+ - äŊãĢæŗ¨įŽããĻããžãããīŧ
+ - äŊãčĻčŊã¨ãããĻããžãããīŧ
+ - äēæŗã¨į°ãĒãŖãĻãããŽã¯äŊã§ãããīŧ
|
- | Previous Knowledge/Experience |
+ éåģãŽįĨč/įĩé¨ |
- - Was this an anticipated class of problem or did it uncover a class of issue that was not architecturally anticipated?
- - What expectations did participants have about how things were going to develop?
- - Were there similar incidents in the past?
+ - ããã¯äēæŗãããåéĄãŽį¨ŽéĄã§ããããããã¨ããĸãŧããã¯ããŖä¸äēæŗãããĻããĒããŖãåéĄãŽį¨ŽéĄãæãããĢããžãããīŧ
+ - åå č
ã¯äēæ
ãŽé˛åąãĢã¤ããĻãŠãŽãããĒæŗåŽãæãŖãĻããžãããīŧ
+ - éåģãĢéĄäŧŧããã¤ãŗãˇããŗãã¯ãããžãããīŧ
|
- | Goals |
+ įŽæ¨ |
- - What goals governed your actions at the time?
- - How did time pressure or other limitations influence choices?
- - Was there work the team chose not to do in the past that could have prevented or mitigated this incident?
+ - åŊæãŽããĒããŽčĄåãæ¯é
ããĻããįŽæ¨ã¯äŊã§ãããīŧ
+ - æéįåļį´ãããŽäģãŽåļéããããĒããŽé¸æãĢãŠãŽãããĒåŊąéŋãä¸ããžãããīŧ
+ - éåģãĢããŧã ãčĄããĒãã¨æąēåŽããäŊæĨã§ãããŽã¤ãŗãˇããŗãã鞿ĸãžãã¯čģŊæ¸ã§ããããŽã¯ãããžãããīŧ
|
- | Assessment |
+ čŠäžĄ |
- - What mistakes (for example, in interpretation) were likely?
- - How did you view the health of the services involved prior to the incident?
- - Did this incident teach you something that should change views about this serviceâs health?
+ - ãŠãŽãããĒããšīŧäžãã°ãč§ŖéãĢãããīŧãčĩˇããããããŖãã§ããīŧ
+ - ã¤ãŗãˇããŗãįēįåãĢãéĸéŖãããĩãŧããšãŽåĨå
¨æ§ããŠãŽãããĢčĻãĻããžãããīŧ
+ - ããŽã¤ãŗãˇããŗãããããĩãŧããšãŽåĨå
¨æ§ãĢéĸããčĻæšãå¤ãããšãäŊããåĻãšãžãããīŧ
|
- | Taking Action |
+ čĄå |
- - How did you judge you could influence the course of events?
- - What options were taken to influence the course of events? How did you determine that these were the best options at the time?
- - How did other influences (operational or organizational) help determine how you interpreted the situation and how you acted?
+ - äēæ
ãŽæĩããĢ寞ãããŠãŽãããĢåŊąéŋãä¸ããããã¨å¤æããžãããīŧ
+ - äēæ
ãŽæĩããĢåŊąéŋãä¸ããä¸ã§ãŠãŽãããĒ鏿čĸãåããžãããīŧããããåŊæãŽæåãŽé¸æčĸã§ããã¨ããŠãŽãããĢ夿ããžãããīŧ
+ - äģãŽåŊąéŋīŧéį¨ä¸ãžãã¯įĩįšä¸īŧããįļæŗãŽč§ŖéãčĄåãŽæąēåŽãĢãŠãŽãããĢåŊšįĢãĄãžãããīŧ
|
- | Help |
+ æ¯æ´ |
- - Did you ask anyone for help?
- - What signal brought you to ask for support?
- - Were you able to contact the people you needed to contact?
+ - čǰããĢåŠããæąããžãããīŧ
+ - ãŠãŽãããĒãˇã°ããĢãčĩˇįšãĢãããĒãã¯ãĩããŧããæąããžãããīŧ
+ - éŖįĩĄããåŋ
čĻãŽããäēēã
ãĢéŖįĩĄãåããã¨ã¯ã§ããžãããīŧ
|
- | Process |
+ ãããģãš |
- - Did the way that people collaborate, communicate, and/or review work contribute to the incident?
- - What worked well in your incident response process and what did not work well?
+ - äēēã
ãååãããŗããĨããąãŧãˇã§ãŗãåããäŊæĨããŦããĨãŧããæšæŗãã¤ãŗãˇããŗããĢå¯ä¸ããžãããīŧ
+ - ã¤ãŗãˇããŗã寞åŋãããģãšã§ä¸æãããŖããã¨ã¨ä¸æããããĒããŖããã¨ã¯äŊã§ããīŧ
|
diff --git a/docs/resources/checklist.md b/docs/resources/checklist.md
index a20bb35..1bd7b48 100644
--- a/docs/resources/checklist.md
+++ b/docs/resources/checklist.md
@@ -1,14 +1,13 @@
---
cover:
-description: A checklist for performing a postmortem.
+description: ããšããĸãŧãã åŽæŊãĢãããŖãĻãŽãã§ãã¯ãĒãšãã§ãã
---

+ããšããĸãŧãã ãåŋ
čĻãĒã¤ãŗãˇããŗãīŧSev-1ãžãã¯Sev-2ã¤ãŗãˇããŗãīŧæ¯ãĢãããšããĸãŧãã åŽæŊãŽåãšããããŽãĩããŋãšã¯ãæã¤ããąããããŗããŦãŧããã¯ããŧãŗããžãããããĢãããããšããĸãŧãã äŊæãĢãããããŧã ãŽå
ąåäŊæĨãæ¯æ´ããããšããĸãŧãã ããŧããŖãŗã°ãžã§ãŽé˛æãå¯čĻåããžãã
-For each incident that requires a postmortem (Sev-1 or Sev-2 incidents), we clone a ticket template that has subtasks for each step of performing a postmortem. This helps a team collaborate on creating the postmortem and provides visibility on progress leading up to the postmortem meeting.
+äģĨä¸ã¯ãããšããĸãŧãã ãåŽčĄãããããĢåŋ
čĻãĒãšãããã§ãã
-Below are the steps involved in performing a postmortem at a high level.
-
-[Download as a PDF](../assets/pdf/PostmortemChecklist.pdf).
+[PDFã¨ããĻããĻãŗããŧã](../assets/pdf/PostmortemChecklist.pdf).

diff --git a/docs/resources/examples.md b/docs/resources/examples.md
index 132cfe4..aac8d8d 100644
--- a/docs/resources/examples.md
+++ b/docs/resources/examples.md
@@ -1,11 +1,10 @@
---
cover:
-description: Examples of postmortems.
+description: ããšããĸãŧãã ãŽåčäžã§ãã
---

-
-Here are some examples of postmortems from other companies as a reference,
+äģĨä¸ã¯ãäģį¤žã§åŽæŊãããĻããããšããĸãŧãã ãŽåčäžã§ãīŧ
* [Stripe](https://support.stripe.com/questions/outage-postmortem-2015-10-08-utc)
* [LastPass](https://blog.lastpass.com/2015/06/lastpass-security-notice.html/comment-page-2/)
diff --git a/docs/resources/post_mortem_template.md b/docs/resources/post_mortem_template.md
index 1699e92..6d7467a 100644
--- a/docs/resources/post_mortem_template.md
+++ b/docs/resources/post_mortem_template.md
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
---
cover:
-description: This is a standard template we use for postmortems at PagerDuty. Each section describes the type of information you will want to put in that section.
+description: PagerDutyãŽããšããĸãŧãã ã§åŠį¨ãããĻããæ¨æēããŗããŦãŧãã§ããåãģã¯ãˇã§ãŗãĢãŠãŽãããĒæ
å ąãå
ĨåããããčĒŦæãããĻããžãã
---

-This is a standard template we use for postmortems at PagerDuty. Each section describes the type of information you will want to put in that section.
+PagerDutyãŽããšããĸãŧãã ã§åŠį¨ãããĻããæ¨æēããŗããŦãŧãã§ããåãģã¯ãˇã§ãŗãĢãŠãŽãããĒæ
å ąãå
ĨåããããčĒŦæãããĻããžãã
-[Download](../assets/pdf/PostmortemTemplate.pdf) as a PDF to start using with your team.
+PDFã¨ããĻ[ããĻãŗããŧã](../assets/pdf/PostmortemTemplate.pdf)ããããŧã ã§äŊŋãŖãĻãŋãžãããã
---

diff --git a/docs/resources/reading.md b/docs/resources/reading.md
index b370347..e912662 100644
--- a/docs/resources/reading.md
+++ b/docs/resources/reading.md
@@ -1,28 +1,29 @@
---
cover:
-description: This is a collection of additional reading on the topic of incident response that we've found useful.
+description: ã¤ãŗãˇããŗã寞åŋãŽãããã¯ãšãĢãããĻåčã¨ãĒãčŋŊå ãŽčĒãŋįŠä¸čϧã§ãã
+
---

-## Creating a Blameless Culture
-### Books
+## ããŦãŧã ãŦãšãĒæåãŽé¸æ
+### æ¸įą
* [The Field Guide to Understanding Human Error](https://www.amazon.com/Field-Guide-Understanding-Human-Error/dp/0754648265) (Sidney Dekker)
* [Crucial Accountability](https://www.amazon.com/Crucial-Accountability-Resolving-Expectations-Commitments/dp/0071829318) (Kerry Patterson, Joseph Grenny, Ron McMillan, Al Switzler, David Maxfield)
-### Articles
+### č¨äē
* [Blame. Language. Sharing.](http://fractio.nl/2015/10/30/blame-language-sharing/) (Lindsay Holmwood)
-### Talks
+### čŦæŧ
* "[Three analytical traps in accident investigation](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TqaFT-0cY7U)" (Johan Bergstrom)
* "[Two views on Human Error](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rHeukoWWtQ8)" (Johan Bergstrom)
* [Advanced PostMortem Fu and Human Error 101 (Velocity 2011)](http://www.slideshare.net/jallspaw/advanced-postmortem-fu-and-human-error-101-velocity-2011) (John Allspaw)
-## How to Analyze Incidents
-### Articles
+## ã¤ãŗãˇããŗããŽåææšæŗ
+### č¨äē
* [The Infinite Hows](https://www.oreilly.com/ideas/the-infinite-hows) (John Allspaw)
-### Documents
+### ææ¸
* [Postmortem Action Items: Plan the Work and Work the Plan](https://www.usenix.org/system/files/login/articles/login_spring17_09_lunney.pdf) (John Lunney, Sue Lueder, and Betsy Beyer)
-## Process and Mechanics of Postmortems and Retrospectives
+## ããšããĸãŧãã ãŽæ¯ãčŋããŽãããģãšã¨äģįĩãŋ
* [The Agile Retrospective Wiki](http://retrospectivewiki.org/index.php?title=Agile_Retrospective_Resource_Wiki)
diff --git a/docs/what_is.md b/docs/what_is.md
index e6eed42..a6faa62 100644
--- a/docs/what_is.md
+++ b/docs/what_is.md
@@ -1,42 +1,42 @@
---
cover:
-description: The basics of Postmortems. Why postmortems are important, when they should be done, and who is responsible for the postmortem.
+description: ããšããĸãŧãã ãŽåēæŦãããšããĸãŧãã ãéčĻãĒįįąããã¤åŽæŊããšããããããĻčǰãããšããĸãŧãã ãŽč˛Ŧäģģč
ããĢã¤ããĻã
---

-> What went wrong and how do we learn from it?
+> äŊãééãŖãĻãããŽãããããĻããããäŊãåĻãļãŽãīŧ
-A postmortem (or post-mortem) is a process intended to help you learn from past incidents. It typically involves a blame-free analysis and discussion soon after an event has taken place. An artifact is produced that includes a detailed description of exactly what went wrong in order to cause the incident, along with a list of steps to take in order to prevent a similar incident from occurring again in the future. An analysis of how effective your incident response process itself was during the incident should also be included in the discussion. The value of postmortems comes from helping institutionalize a culture of continuous improvement.
+ããšããĸãŧãã īŧãžã㯠post-mortemīŧã¯ãéåģãŽã¤ãŗãˇããŗãããåĻãļãã¨ãįŽįã¨ãããããģãšã§ããé常ãã¤ãŗãˇããŗãįēįåžãããĢééŖãŽãĒãåæã¨ããŖãšãĢããˇã§ãŗãčĄããžããã¤ãŗãˇããŗããŽåå ã¨ãĒãŖãå
ˇäŊįãĒåéĄįšãŽčŠŗį´°ãĒčĒŦæã¨ãå°æĨåæ§ãŽã¤ãŗãˇããŗããįēįãããŽãé˛ããããŽæé ãĒãšããåĢãææįŠãäŊæãããžããã¤ãŗãˇããŗã寞åŋãããģãščĒäŊãã¤ãŗãˇããŗãä¸ãĢãŠãã ãåšæįã ãŖãããŽåæãč°čĢãĢåĢãããšãã§ããããšããĸãŧãã ãŽäžĄå¤ã¯ãįļįļįæšåãŽæåãåļåēĻåãããŽãĢåŊšįĢã¤ãã¨ãĢãããžãã
-Organizations may refer to the postmortem process in slightly different terms:
+įĩįšãĢããŖãĻã¯ãããšããĸãŧãã ãããģãšãå°ãį°ãĒãį¨čĒã§åŧãļãã¨ããããžãīŧ
-- Learning Review
-- After-Action Review
-- Incident Review
-- Incident Report
-- Post-Incident Review
-- Root Cause Analysis (or RCA)
+- ãŠãŧããŗã°ãŦããĨãŧ
+- ãĸããŋãŧãĸã¯ãˇã§ãŗãŦããĨãŧ
+- ã¤ãŗãˇããŗããŦããĨãŧ
+- ã¤ãŗãˇããŗããŦããŧã
+- ããšãã¤ãŗãˇããŗããŦããĨãŧ
+- æ šæŦåå åæīŧRCAīŧ
-## Why Do Postmortems
-During incident response, the team is 100% focused on restoring service. They cannot (and should not) be wasting time and mental energy thinking about how to do something optimally or performing a deep dive on what caused the incident. That's why postmortems are essentialâthey provide an opportunity to reflect once the issue is no longer impacting users. **The postmortem process drives focus, instills a culture of learning, and identifies opportunities for improvement that otherwise would be lost.**
+## ãĒãããšããĸãŧãã ãčĄããŽã
+ã¤ãŗãˇããŗã寞åŋä¸ãããŧã ã¯100īŧ
ãĩãŧããšãŽåžŠæ§ãĢéä¸ããĻããžããæéŠãĒæšæŗãčããããã¤ãŗãˇããŗããŽåå ãæˇąãæãä¸ããããããããĢæéã¨į˛žįĨįã¨ããĢãŽãŧãįĄé§ãĢãããã¨ã¯ã§ããžããīŧããããšãã§ããããžããīŧãããŽããããšããĸãŧãã ã¯ä¸å¯æŦ ã§ããĻãŧãļãŧãĢåŊąéŋããåéĄãč§ŖæļãããåžãĢæ¯ãčŋããŽæŠäŧãæäžããžãã**ããšããĸãŧãã ãããģãšã¯įĻįšãįĩããåĻįŋãŽæåã鏿ããããã§ãĒããã°å¤ąãããĻããžãæšåãŽæŠäŧãįšåŽããžãã**
-Without a postmortem, you fail to recognize what you're doing right, where you could improve, and, most importantly, how to avoid making the same mistakes in the future. Conducting an effective postmortem allows you to learn quickly from your mistakes and improve your systems and processes. A well-designed, blameless postmortem allows teams to continuously learn, serving as a way to iteratively improve your infrastructure and incident response process. Be sure to write detailed and accurate postmortems in order to get the most benefit out of them.
+ããšããĸãŧãã ãčĄããĒããã°ãäŊãããžãããŖãĻãããŽãããŠããæšåã§ãããŽãããããĻæãéčĻãĒãã¨ãĢãå°æĨåãčǤããéŋããæšæŗãčĒčã§ããžãããåšæįãĒããšããĸãŧãã ãåŽæŊããã°ãããšããčŋ
éãĢåĻãŗããˇãšãã ã¨ãããģãšãæšåãããã¨ãã§ããžããéŠåãĢč¨č¨ãããããŦãŧã ãŦãšīŧééŖãŽãĒãīŧãĒããšããĸãŧãã ã¯ãããŧã ãįļįļįãĢåĻįŋããã¤ãŗããŠãšããŠã¯ããŖã¨ã¤ãŗãˇããŗã寞åŋãããģãšãæŽĩéįãĢæšåããæšæŗã¨ããĻæŠčŊããžããããšããĸãŧãã ããæå¤§éãŽåŠįãåžããããĢã¯ãčŠŗį´°ã§æŖįĸēãĒããšããĸãŧãã ãäŊæãããããĢããžãããã
-## When to Do a Postmortem
-**Do a postmortem for every major incident** (Sev-2/1). This includes **any time incident response is triggered**âeven if it is later discovered that severity was actually lower, it was a false alarm, or it quickly recovered without intervention. A postmortem should not be neglected in these cases because it is still an opportunity to review what did and did not work well in the incident response process. If the incident should not have triggered incident response, it is worthwhile understanding why it did so monitoring can be tuned to avoid unnecessarily triggering incident response in the future. Doing this analysis and follow-up action will help prevent alert fatigue going forward.
+## ãã¤ããšããĸãŧãã ãčĄããšãã
+**ããšãĻãŽé大ãĒã¤ãŗãˇããŗãīŧSev-2/1īŧãĢ寞ããĻããšããĸãŧãã ãåŽæŊããĻãã ãã**ããããĢã¯**ã¤ãŗãˇããŗã寞åŋãįēåãããããšãĻãŽå ´å**ãåĢãžããžããåžãĢé大åēĻãåŽéãĢã¯äŊããŖããã¨ã夿ããå ´åããčĒ¤å ąã ãŖãå ´åããžãã¯äģå
ĨãĒãã§čŋ
éãĢå垊ããå ´åã§ããŖãĻãåŽæŊããžããããããŽãąãŧãšã§ãããšããĸãŧãã ãæ ããšãã§ã¯ãããžããããĒããĒããã¤ãŗãˇããŗã寞åŋãããģãšã§äŊãããžããããäŊãããžããããĒããŖãããįĸēčĒããæŠäŧã ããã§ããã¤ãŗãˇããŗããã¤ãŗãˇããŗã寞åŋãįēåããšãã§ãĒããŖãå ´åããĒãįēåããããŽããįč§Ŗããå°æĨãä¸åŋ
čĻãĢã¤ãŗãˇããŗã寞åŋãįēåããĒããããĢãĸããŋãĒãŗã°ãčĒŋæ´ãããã¨ã䞥å¤ããããžããããŽåæã¨ããŠããŧãĸãããĸã¯ãˇã§ãŗãčĄããã¨ã§ãäģåžãŽãĸãŠãŧãį˛ããé˛ããŽãĢåŊšįĢãĄãžãã
-Postmortems are done shortly after the incident is resolved, while the context is still fresh for all responders. Just as resolving a major incident becomes top priority when it occurs, completing the postmortem is prioritized over planned work. Completing the postmortem is the final step of your incident response process. Delaying the postmortem delays key learning that will prevent the incident from recurring.
+ããšããĸãŧãã ã¯ã¤ãŗãˇããŗããč§Ŗæąēãããį´åžãããšãĻãŽå¯žåŋč
ãĢã¨ãŖãĻãŗãŗãããšããŽč¨æļã鎎æãĒããĄãĢčĄãããžããé大ãĒã¤ãŗãˇããŗããįēįããæãĢããŽč§ŖæąēãæåĒå
äēé
ãĢãĒããŽã¨åæ§ãĢãããšããĸãŧãã ãŽåŽäēã¯č¨įģãããäŊæĨãããåĒå
ãããžããããšããĸãŧãã ãŽåŽäēã¯ã¤ãŗãˇããŗã寞åŋãããģãšãŽæįĩãšãããã§ããããšããĸãŧãã ãé
ãããã¨ãã¤ãŗãˇããŗããŽåįēãé˛ããããŽéčĻãĒåĻįŋãé
ããžãã
-**PagerDuty's internal policy for completing postmortems is 3 calendar days for a Sev-1 and 5 business days for a Sev-2.** Because scheduling a time when everyone is available can be difficult, the expectation is people will adjust their calendars to attend the postmortem meeting within this timeframe.
+**PagerDutyãŽį¤žå
ããĒãˇãŧã§ã¯ãSev-1ãŽå ´åã¯3æĻæĨäģĨå
ãSev-2ãŽå ´åã¯5åļæĨæĨäģĨå
ãĢããšããĸãŧãã ãåŽäēãããã¨ãĢãĒãŖãĻããžãã** å
¨åĄãåå ã§ããæéãčĒŋæ´ãããŽãéŖããå ´åããããããããŽæéå
ãĢããšããĸãŧãã ããŧããŖãŗã°ãĢåå ã§ããããäēåŽãčĒŋæ´ãããã¨ãæåž
ãããĻããžãã
-## Who Is Responsible for the Postmortem
-At the end of a major incident call, or very shortly after, the [Incident Commander](https://response.pagerduty.com/training/incident_commander/) selects and directly notifies one responder to own the postmortem. Note that the postmortem owner is not solely responsible for completing the postmortem themselves. **Writing a postmortem is a collaborative effort** and should include everyone involved in the incident response. While engineering will lead the analysis, the postmortem process should involve management, customer support, and business communications teams. The postmortem owner coordinates with everyone who needs to be involved to ensure it is completed in a timely manner.
+## čǰãããšããĸãŧãã ãŽč˛Ŧäģģč
ã
+é大ãĒã¤ãŗãˇããŗããŗãŧãĢãŽįĩäēæããžãã¯ããŽį´åžãĢã[ã¤ãŗãˇããŗããŗããŗããŧ](https://response.pagerduty.co.jp/training/incident_commander/)ã¯ä¸äēēãŽå¯žåŋč
ãé¸ãŗãããšããĸãŧãã ãæ
åŊããããį´æĨéįĨããžããããšããĸãŧãã ãŽæ
åŊč
ãåįŦã§ããšããĸãŧãã ãåŽäēããč˛Ŧäģģãč˛ ãããã§ã¯ãĒããã¨ãĢæŗ¨æããĻãã ããã**ããšããĸãŧãã ãŽäŊæã¯å
ąåäŊæĨã§ãã**ãã¤ãŗãˇããŗã寞åŋãĢéĸããŖãå
¨åĄãåĢãããšãã§ããã¨ãŗã¸ããĸãĒãŗã°ãåæããĒãŧããã䏿šã§ãããšããĸãŧãã ãããģãšãĢã¯įĩåļéŖããĢãšãŋããŧãĩããŧãããã¸ããšãŗããĨããąãŧãˇã§ãŗããŧã ãéĸä¸ããžããããšããĸãŧãã ãŽæ
åŊč
ã¯ããŋã¤ã ãĒãŧãĢåŽäēãããããĢéĸä¸ããåŋ
čĻãŽããããšãĻãŽäēēã¨čĒŋæ´ããžãã
-It is important to designate a single owner to avoid the bystander effect. If you ask all responders or a team to do the postmortem, you risk everyone assuming someone else is doing it, and therefore, no one does. When selecting an owner you may choose a single individual who meets any of the following criteria:
+åčĻŗč
åšæãéŋãããããĢãåä¸ãŽæ
åŊč
ãæåŽãããã¨ãéčĻã§ããããšãĻãŽå¯žåŋč
ãããŧã ãĢããšããĸãŧãã ãäžé ŧããã¨ãčǰããäģãŽčǰããããŖãĻããã¨æãčžŧãŋãįĩæįãĢčǰããããĒããĒãšã¯ããããžããæ
åŊč
ãé¸ãļéãĢã¯ãäģĨä¸ãŽåēæēãŽãããããæēããåäēēãé¸ãļãã¨ãã§ããžãīŧ
-- Took a leadership role investigating during the incident
-- Performed a task that led to stabilizing the service
-- Was the primary on-call responder for the most heavily affected service
-- Manually triggered the incident to initiate incident response
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-Doing the postmortem is not a punishment, and the owner is not the person that "caused" the incident. Effective postmortems are blameless. In complex systems there is never a single cause, but a combination of factors that lead to failure. The owner is simply an accountable individual who performs select administrative tasks, follows up for information, and drives the postmortem to completion. Writing the postmortem will ultimately be a collaborative effort, but selecting a single owner to orchestrate this collaboration helps ensure it is done.
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diff --git a/mkdocs.yml b/mkdocs.yml
index b037a74..63e2d17 100644
--- a/mkdocs.yml
+++ b/mkdocs.yml
@@ -2,10 +2,10 @@
site_name: PagerDuty Postmortem Documentation
site_description: A collection of information about the PagerDuty postmortem process and industry best practices. This guide will teach you how to build a culture of continuous learning, the most important components to include in your analysis, and how to conduct effective postmortem meetings.
site_author: PagerDuty, Inc.
-site_url: https://postmortems.pagerduty.com/
+site_url: https://www.pagerduty.co.jp/ops-guides/postmortems/
# Repository
-repo_url: https://github.com/pagerduty/postmortem-docs
+repo_url: https://github.com/pagerduty/postmortem-docs-ja
# Copyright
copyright: 'Copyright © PagerDuty, Inc.'