[C++] Build failure with Boost 1.89.0

[lahwaacz]

Describe the bug, including details regarding any error messages, version, and platform.

When we build the arrow package for Arch Linux, we get this error due to Boost 1.89.0:

CMake Error at /usr/lib/cmake/Boost-1.89.0/BoostConfig.cmake:141 (find_package):
  Could not find a package configuration file provided by "boost_system"
  (requested version 1.89.0) with any of the following names:

    boost_systemConfig.cmake
    boost_system-config.cmake

  Add the installation prefix of "boost_system" to CMAKE_PREFIX_PATH or set
  "boost_system_DIR" to a directory containing one of the above files.  If
  "boost_system" provides a separate development package or SDK, be sure it
  has been installed.
Call Stack (most recent call first):
  /usr/lib/cmake/Boost-1.89.0/BoostConfig.cmake:262 (boost_find_component)
  cmake_modules/ThirdpartyToolchain.cmake:310 (find_package)
  cmake_modules/ThirdpartyToolchain.cmake:1282 (resolve_dependency)
  CMakeLists.txt:523 (include)


-- Configuring incomplete, errors occurred!

This is because Boost 1.89.0 made boost_system header only (see boostorg/system@7a495bb) so projects that attempt to link against this component fail to build. Note that boost_system has been header-only since Boost 1.69 (December 2018), see https://www.boost.org/doc/libs/1_89_0/libs/system/doc/html/system.html#changes_in_boost_1_69.

Component(s)

C++