diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index fe25669..9a2720e 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -341,6 +341,27 @@ version = "0.2.4"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "460fbee9c2c2f33933d720630a6a0bac33ba7053db5344fac858d4b8952d77d5"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "csv"
+version = "1.3.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "acdc4883a9c96732e4733212c01447ebd805833b7275a73ca3ee080fd77afdaf"
+dependencies = [
+ "csv-core",
+ "itoa",
+ "ryu",
+ "serde",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "csv-core"
+version = "0.1.12"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "7d02f3b0da4c6504f86e9cd789d8dbafab48c2321be74e9987593de5a894d93d"
+dependencies = [
+ "memchr",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "dirs"
 version = "6.0.0"
@@ -1139,6 +1160,45 @@ dependencies = [
  "tempfile",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "ndarray"
+version = "0.16.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "882ed72dce9365842bf196bdeedf5055305f11fc8c03dee7bb0194a6cad34841"
+dependencies = [
+ "matrixmultiply",
+ "num-complex",
+ "num-integer",
+ "num-traits",
+ "portable-atomic",
+ "portable-atomic-util",
+ "rawpointer",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "ndarray-stats"
+version = "0.6.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "17ebbe97acce52d06aebed4cd4a87c0941f4b2519b59b82b4feb5bd0ce003dfd"
+dependencies = [
+ "indexmap",
+ "itertools",
+ "ndarray",
+ "noisy_float",
+ "num-integer",
+ "num-traits",
+ "rand 0.8.5",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "noisy_float"
+version = "0.2.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "978fe6e6ebc0bf53de533cd456ca2d9de13de13856eda1518a285d7705a213af"
+dependencies = [
+ "num-traits",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "num-bigint"
 version = "0.4.6"
@@ -1373,6 +1433,15 @@ version = "1.11.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "f84267b20a16ea918e43c6a88433c2d54fa145c92a811b5b047ccbe153674483"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "portable-atomic-util"
+version = "0.2.4"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "d8a2f0d8d040d7848a709caf78912debcc3f33ee4b3cac47d73d1e1069e83507"
+dependencies = [
+ "portable-atomic",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "potential_utf"
 version = "0.1.3"
@@ -1468,6 +1537,9 @@ dependencies = [
  "approx",
  "chrono",
  "criterion",
+ "csv",
+ "ndarray",
+ "ndarray-stats",
  "plotters",
  "pyo3",
  "rand 0.9.2",
diff --git a/Cargo.lock.MSRV b/Cargo.lock.MSRV
index 9aaf23a..9a2720e 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock.MSRV
+++ b/Cargo.lock.MSRV
@@ -34,9 +34,9 @@ checksum = "4b46cbb362ab8752921c97e041f5e366ee6297bd428a31275b9fcf1e380f7299"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "anstyle"
-version = "1.0.11"
+version = "1.0.13"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "862ed96ca487e809f1c8e5a8447f6ee2cf102f846893800b20cebdf541fc6bbd"
+checksum = "5192cca8006f1fd4f7237516f40fa183bb07f8fbdfedaa0036de5ea9b0b45e78"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "approx"
@@ -107,9 +107,9 @@ checksum = "46c5e41b57b8bba42a04676d81cb89e9ee8e859a1a66f80a5a72e1cb76b34d43"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "bytemuck"
-version = "1.23.2"
+version = "1.24.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "3995eaeebcdf32f91f980d360f78732ddc061097ab4e39991ae7a6ace9194677"
+checksum = "1fbdf580320f38b612e485521afda1ee26d10cc9884efaaa750d383e13e3c5f4"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "byteorder"
@@ -131,9 +131,9 @@ checksum = "37b2a672a2cb129a2e41c10b1224bb368f9f37a2b16b612598138befd7b37eb5"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "cc"
-version = "1.2.37"
+version = "1.2.41"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "65193589c6404eb80b450d618eaf9a2cafaaafd57ecce47370519ef674a7bd44"
+checksum = "ac9fe6cdbb24b6ade63616c0a0688e45bb56732262c158df3c0c4bea4ca47cb7"
 dependencies = [
  "find-msvc-tools",
  "shlex",
@@ -155,7 +155,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "js-sys",
  "num-traits",
  "wasm-bindgen",
- "windows-link 0.2.0",
+ "windows-link 0.2.1",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -187,18 +187,18 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "clap"
-version = "4.5.47"
+version = "4.5.49"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "7eac00902d9d136acd712710d71823fb8ac8004ca445a89e73a41d45aa712931"
+checksum = "f4512b90fa68d3a9932cea5184017c5d200f5921df706d45e853537dea51508f"
 dependencies = [
  "clap_builder",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "clap_builder"
-version = "4.5.47"
+version = "4.5.49"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "2ad9bbf750e73b5884fb8a211a9424a1906c1e156724260fdae972f31d70e1d6"
+checksum = "0025e98baa12e766c67ba13ff4695a887a1eba19569aad00a472546795bd6730"
 dependencies = [
  "anstyle",
  "clap_lex",
@@ -206,9 +206,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "clap_lex"
-version = "0.7.5"
+version = "0.7.6"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "b94f61472cee1439c0b966b47e3aca9ae07e45d070759512cd390ea2bebc6675"
+checksum = "a1d728cc89cf3aee9ff92b05e62b19ee65a02b5702cff7d5a377e32c6ae29d8d"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "color_quant"
@@ -341,6 +341,27 @@ version = "0.2.4"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "460fbee9c2c2f33933d720630a6a0bac33ba7053db5344fac858d4b8952d77d5"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "csv"
+version = "1.3.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "acdc4883a9c96732e4733212c01447ebd805833b7275a73ca3ee080fd77afdaf"
+dependencies = [
+ "csv-core",
+ "itoa",
+ "ryu",
+ "serde",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "csv-core"
+version = "0.1.12"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "7d02f3b0da4c6504f86e9cd789d8dbafab48c2321be74e9987593de5a894d93d"
+dependencies = [
+ "memchr",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "dirs"
 version = "6.0.0"
@@ -359,7 +380,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "libc",
  "option-ext",
  "redox_users",
- "windows-sys 0.61.0",
+ "windows-sys 0.61.2",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -384,9 +405,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "dwrote"
-version = "0.11.4"
+version = "0.11.5"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "20c93d234bac0cdd0e2ac08bc8a5133f8df2169e95b262dfcea5e5cb7855672f"
+checksum = "9e1b35532432acc8b19ceed096e35dfa088d3ea037fe4f3c085f1f97f33b4d02"
 dependencies = [
  "lazy_static",
  "libc",
@@ -422,7 +443,7 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "39cab71617ae0d63f51a36d69f866391735b51691dbda63cf6f96d042b63efeb"
 dependencies = [
  "libc",
- "windows-sys 0.61.0",
+ "windows-sys 0.61.2",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -442,15 +463,15 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "find-msvc-tools"
-version = "0.1.1"
+version = "0.1.4"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "7fd99930f64d146689264c637b5af2f0233a933bef0d8570e2526bf9e083192d"
+checksum = "52051878f80a721bb68ebfbc930e07b65ba72f2da88968ea5c06fd6ca3d3a127"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "flate2"
-version = "1.1.2"
+version = "1.1.4"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "4a3d7db9596fecd151c5f638c0ee5d5bd487b6e0ea232e5dc96d5250f6f94b1d"
+checksum = "dc5a4e564e38c699f2880d3fda590bedc2e69f3f84cd48b457bd892ce61d0aa9"
 dependencies = [
  "crc32fast",
  "miniz_oxide",
@@ -602,19 +623,19 @@ checksum = "335ff9f135e4384c8150d6f27c6daed433577f86b4750418338c01a1a2528592"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "libc",
- "wasi 0.11.1+wasi-snapshot-preview1",
+ "wasi",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "getrandom"
-version = "0.3.3"
+version = "0.3.4"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "26145e563e54f2cadc477553f1ec5ee650b00862f0a58bcd12cbdc5f0ea2d2f4"
+checksum = "899def5c37c4fd7b2664648c28120ecec138e4d395b459e5ca34f9cce2dd77fd"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "libc",
  "r-efi",
- "wasi 0.14.7+wasi-0.2.4",
+ "wasip2",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -648,19 +669,20 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "half"
-version = "2.6.0"
+version = "2.7.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "459196ed295495a68f7d7fe1d84f6c4b7ff0e21fe3017b2f283c6fac3ad803c9"
+checksum = "6ea2d84b969582b4b1864a92dc5d27cd2b77b622a8d79306834f1be5ba20d84b"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "crunchy",
+ "zerocopy",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "hashbrown"
-version = "0.15.5"
+version = "0.16.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "9229cfe53dfd69f0609a49f65461bd93001ea1ef889cd5529dd176593f5338a1"
+checksum = "5419bdc4f6a9207fbeba6d11b604d481addf78ecd10c11ad51e76c2f6482748d"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "heck"
@@ -935,9 +957,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "indexmap"
-version = "2.11.3"
+version = "2.11.4"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "92119844f513ffa41556430369ab02c295a3578af21cf945caa3e9e0c2481ac3"
+checksum = "4b0f83760fb341a774ed326568e19f5a863af4a952def8c39f9ab92fd95b88e5"
 dependencies = [
  "equivalent",
  "hashbrown",
@@ -988,9 +1010,9 @@ checksum = "00810f1d8b74be64b13dbf3db89ac67740615d6c891f0e7b6179326533011a07"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "js-sys"
-version = "0.3.78"
+version = "0.3.81"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "0c0b063578492ceec17683ef2f8c5e89121fbd0b172cbc280635ab7567db2738"
+checksum = "ec48937a97411dcb524a265206ccd4c90bb711fca92b2792c407f268825b9305"
 dependencies = [
  "once_cell",
  "wasm-bindgen",
@@ -1004,18 +1026,18 @@ checksum = "bbd2bcb4c963f2ddae06a2efc7e9f3591312473c50c6685e1f298068316e66fe"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "libc"
-version = "0.2.175"
+version = "0.2.177"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "6a82ae493e598baaea5209805c49bbf2ea7de956d50d7da0da1164f9c6d28543"
+checksum = "2874a2af47a2325c2001a6e6fad9b16a53b802102b528163885171cf92b15976"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "libloading"
-version = "0.8.8"
+version = "0.8.9"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "07033963ba89ebaf1584d767badaa2e8fcec21aedea6b8c0346d487d49c28667"
+checksum = "d7c4b02199fee7c5d21a5ae7d8cfa79a6ef5bb2fc834d6e9058e89c825efdc55"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
- "windows-targets 0.53.3",
+ "windows-link 0.2.1",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1064,9 +1086,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "memchr"
-version = "2.7.5"
+version = "2.7.6"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "32a282da65faaf38286cf3be983213fcf1d2e2a58700e808f83f4ea9a4804bc0"
+checksum = "f52b00d39961fc5b2736ea853c9cc86238e165017a493d1d5c8eac6bdc4cc273"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "memoffset"
@@ -1100,7 +1122,7 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "78bed444cc8a2160f01cbcf811ef18cac863ad68ae8ca62092e8db51d51c761c"
 dependencies = [
  "libc",
- "wasi 0.11.1+wasi-snapshot-preview1",
+ "wasi",
  "windows-sys 0.59.0",
 ]
 
@@ -1138,6 +1160,45 @@ dependencies = [
  "tempfile",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "ndarray"
+version = "0.16.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "882ed72dce9365842bf196bdeedf5055305f11fc8c03dee7bb0194a6cad34841"
+dependencies = [
+ "matrixmultiply",
+ "num-complex",
+ "num-integer",
+ "num-traits",
+ "portable-atomic",
+ "portable-atomic-util",
+ "rawpointer",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "ndarray-stats"
+version = "0.6.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "17ebbe97acce52d06aebed4cd4a87c0941f4b2519b59b82b4feb5bd0ce003dfd"
+dependencies = [
+ "indexmap",
+ "itertools",
+ "ndarray",
+ "noisy_float",
+ "num-integer",
+ "num-traits",
+ "rand 0.8.5",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "noisy_float"
+version = "0.2.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "978fe6e6ebc0bf53de533cd456ca2d9de13de13856eda1518a285d7705a213af"
+dependencies = [
+ "num-traits",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "num-bigint"
 version = "0.4.6"
@@ -1372,6 +1433,15 @@ version = "1.11.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "f84267b20a16ea918e43c6a88433c2d54fa145c92a811b5b047ccbe153674483"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "portable-atomic-util"
+version = "0.2.4"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "d8a2f0d8d040d7848a709caf78912debcc3f33ee4b3cac47d73d1e1069e83507"
+dependencies = [
+ "portable-atomic",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "potential_utf"
 version = "0.1.3"
@@ -1467,6 +1537,9 @@ dependencies = [
  "approx",
  "chrono",
  "criterion",
+ "csv",
+ "ndarray",
+ "ndarray-stats",
  "plotters",
  "pyo3",
  "rand 0.9.2",
@@ -1482,9 +1555,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "quote"
-version = "1.0.40"
+version = "1.0.41"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "1885c039570dc00dcb4ff087a89e185fd56bae234ddc7f056a945bf36467248d"
+checksum = "ce25767e7b499d1b604768e7cde645d14cc8584231ea6b295e9c9eb22c02e1d1"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
 ]
@@ -1551,7 +1624,7 @@ version = "0.9.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "99d9a13982dcf210057a8a78572b2217b667c3beacbf3a0d8b454f6f82837d38"
 dependencies = [
- "getrandom 0.3.3",
+ "getrandom 0.3.4",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1613,9 +1686,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "regex"
-version = "1.11.2"
+version = "1.12.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "23d7fd106d8c02486a8d64e778353d1cffe08ce79ac2e82f540c86d0facf6912"
+checksum = "843bc0191f75f3e22651ae5f1e72939ab2f72a4bc30fa80a066bd66edefc24d4"
 dependencies = [
  "aho-corasick",
  "memchr",
@@ -1625,9 +1698,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "regex-automata"
-version = "0.4.10"
+version = "0.4.13"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "6b9458fa0bfeeac22b5ca447c63aaf45f28439a709ccd244698632f9aa6394d6"
+checksum = "5276caf25ac86c8d810222b3dbb938e512c55c6831a10f3e6ed1c93b84041f1c"
 dependencies = [
  "aho-corasick",
  "memchr",
@@ -1636,15 +1709,15 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "regex-syntax"
-version = "0.8.6"
+version = "0.8.8"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "caf4aa5b0f434c91fe5c7f1ecb6a5ece2130b02ad2a590589dda5146df959001"
+checksum = "7a2d987857b319362043e95f5353c0535c1f58eec5336fdfcf626430af7def58"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "reqwest"
-version = "0.12.23"
+version = "0.12.24"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "d429f34c8092b2d42c7c93cec323bb4adeb7c67698f70839adec842ec10c7ceb"
+checksum = "9d0946410b9f7b082a427e4ef5c8ff541a88b357bc6c637c40db3a68ac70a36f"
 dependencies = [
  "base64",
  "bytes",
@@ -1713,14 +1786,14 @@ dependencies = [
  "errno",
  "libc",
  "linux-raw-sys",
- "windows-sys 0.61.0",
+ "windows-sys 0.61.2",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "rustls"
-version = "0.23.31"
+version = "0.23.32"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "c0ebcbd2f03de0fc1122ad9bb24b127a5a6cd51d72604a3f3c50ac459762b6cc"
+checksum = "cd3c25631629d034ce7cd9940adc9d45762d46de2b0f57193c4443b92c6d4d40"
 dependencies = [
  "once_cell",
  "rustls-pki-types",
@@ -1740,9 +1813,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "rustls-webpki"
-version = "0.103.6"
+version = "0.103.7"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "8572f3c2cb9934231157b45499fc41e1f58c589fdfb81a844ba873265e80f8eb"
+checksum = "e10b3f4191e8a80e6b43eebabfac91e5dcecebb27a71f04e820c47ec41d314bf"
 dependencies = [
  "ring",
  "rustls-pki-types",
@@ -1785,7 +1858,7 @@ version = "0.1.28"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "891d81b926048e76efe18581bf793546b4c0eaf8448d72be8de2bbee5fd166e1"
 dependencies = [
- "windows-sys 0.61.0",
+ "windows-sys 0.61.2",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1819,9 +1892,9 @@ checksum = "d767eb0aabc880b29956c35734170f26ed551a859dbd361d140cdbeca61ab1e2"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "serde"
-version = "1.0.224"
+version = "1.0.228"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "6aaeb1e94f53b16384af593c71e20b095e958dab1d26939c1b70645c5cfbcc0b"
+checksum = "9a8e94ea7f378bd32cbbd37198a4a91436180c5bb472411e48b5ec2e2124ae9e"
 dependencies = [
  "serde_core",
  "serde_derive",
@@ -1851,18 +1924,18 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "serde_core"
-version = "1.0.224"
+version = "1.0.228"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "32f39390fa6346e24defbcdd3d9544ba8a19985d0af74df8501fbfe9a64341ab"
+checksum = "41d385c7d4ca58e59fc732af25c3983b67ac852c1a25000afe1175de458b67ad"
 dependencies = [
  "serde_derive",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "serde_derive"
-version = "1.0.224"
+version = "1.0.228"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "87ff78ab5e8561c9a675bfc1785cb07ae721f0ee53329a595cefd8c04c2ac4e0"
+checksum = "d540f220d3187173da220f885ab66608367b6574e925011a9353e4badda91d79"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
@@ -1933,19 +2006,19 @@ checksum = "67b1b7a3b5fe4f1376887184045fcf45c69e92af734b7aaddc05fb777b6fbd03"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "socket2"
-version = "0.6.0"
+version = "0.6.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "233504af464074f9d066d7b5416c5f9b894a5862a6506e306f7b816cdd6f1807"
+checksum = "17129e116933cf371d018bb80ae557e889637989d8638274fb25622827b03881"
 dependencies = [
  "libc",
- "windows-sys 0.59.0",
+ "windows-sys 0.60.2",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "stable_deref_trait"
-version = "1.2.0"
+version = "1.2.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "a8f112729512f8e442d81f95a8a7ddf2b7c6b8a1a6f509a95864142b30cab2d3"
+checksum = "6ce2be8dc25455e1f91df71bfa12ad37d7af1092ae736f3a6cd0e37bc7810596"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "statrs"
@@ -2025,31 +2098,31 @@ checksum = "df7f62577c25e07834649fc3b39fafdc597c0a3527dc1c60129201ccfcbaa50c"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "tempfile"
-version = "3.22.0"
+version = "3.23.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "84fa4d11fadde498443cca10fd3ac23c951f0dc59e080e9f4b93d4df4e4eea53"
+checksum = "2d31c77bdf42a745371d260a26ca7163f1e0924b64afa0b688e61b5a9fa02f16"
 dependencies = [
  "fastrand",
- "getrandom 0.3.3",
+ "getrandom 0.3.4",
  "once_cell",
  "rustix",
- "windows-sys 0.61.0",
+ "windows-sys 0.61.2",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "thiserror"
-version = "2.0.16"
+version = "2.0.17"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "3467d614147380f2e4e374161426ff399c91084acd2363eaf549172b3d5e60c0"
+checksum = "f63587ca0f12b72a0600bcba1d40081f830876000bb46dd2337a3051618f4fc8"
 dependencies = [
  "thiserror-impl",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "thiserror-impl"
-version = "2.0.16"
+version = "2.0.17"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "6c5e1be1c48b9172ee610da68fd9cd2770e7a4056cb3fc98710ee6906f0c7960"
+checksum = "3ff15c8ecd7de3849db632e14d18d2571fa09dfc5ed93479bc4485c7a517c913"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
@@ -2087,7 +2160,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "mio",
  "pin-project-lite",
  "socket2",
- "windows-sys 0.61.0",
+ "windows-sys 0.61.2",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -2102,9 +2175,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "tokio-rustls"
-version = "0.26.2"
+version = "0.26.4"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "8e727b36a1a0e8b74c376ac2211e40c2c8af09fb4013c60d910495810f008e9b"
+checksum = "1729aa945f29d91ba541258c8df89027d5792d85a8841fb65e8bf0f4ede4ef61"
 dependencies = [
  "rustls",
  "tokio",
@@ -2225,9 +2298,9 @@ checksum = "17f77d76d837a7830fe1d4f12b7b4ba4192c1888001c7164257e4bc6d21d96b4"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "typenum"
-version = "1.18.0"
+version = "1.19.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "1dccffe3ce07af9386bfd29e80c0ab1a8205a2fc34e4bcd40364df902cfa8f3f"
+checksum = "562d481066bde0658276a35467c4af00bdc6ee726305698a55b86e61d7ad82bb"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "unicode-ident"
@@ -2296,15 +2369,6 @@ version = "0.11.1+wasi-snapshot-preview1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "ccf3ec651a847eb01de73ccad15eb7d99f80485de043efb2f370cd654f4ea44b"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "wasi"
-version = "0.14.7+wasi-0.2.4"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "883478de20367e224c0090af9cf5f9fa85bed63a95c1abf3afc5c083ebc06e8c"
-dependencies = [
- "wasip2",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "wasip2"
 version = "1.0.1+wasi-0.2.4"
@@ -2316,9 +2380,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "wasm-bindgen"
-version = "0.2.101"
+version = "0.2.104"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "7e14915cadd45b529bb8d1f343c4ed0ac1de926144b746e2710f9cd05df6603b"
+checksum = "c1da10c01ae9f1ae40cbfac0bac3b1e724b320abfcf52229f80b547c0d250e2d"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "once_cell",
@@ -2329,9 +2393,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "wasm-bindgen-backend"
-version = "0.2.101"
+version = "0.2.104"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "e28d1ba982ca7923fd01448d5c30c6864d0a14109560296a162f80f305fb93bb"
+checksum = "671c9a5a66f49d8a47345ab942e2cb93c7d1d0339065d4f8139c486121b43b19"
 dependencies = [
  "bumpalo",
  "log",
@@ -2343,9 +2407,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "wasm-bindgen-futures"
-version = "0.4.51"
+version = "0.4.54"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "0ca85039a9b469b38336411d6d6ced91f3fc87109a2a27b0c197663f5144dffe"
+checksum = "7e038d41e478cc73bae0ff9b36c60cff1c98b8f38f8d7e8061e79ee63608ac5c"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "js-sys",
@@ -2356,9 +2420,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "wasm-bindgen-macro"
-version = "0.2.101"
+version = "0.2.104"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "7c3d463ae3eff775b0c45df9da45d68837702ac35af998361e2c84e7c5ec1b0d"
+checksum = "7ca60477e4c59f5f2986c50191cd972e3a50d8a95603bc9434501cf156a9a119"
 dependencies = [
  "quote",
  "wasm-bindgen-macro-support",
@@ -2366,9 +2430,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "wasm-bindgen-macro-support"
-version = "0.2.101"
+version = "0.2.104"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "7bb4ce89b08211f923caf51d527662b75bdc9c9c7aab40f86dcb9fb85ac552aa"
+checksum = "9f07d2f20d4da7b26400c9f4a0511e6e0345b040694e8a75bd41d578fa4421d7"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
@@ -2379,18 +2443,18 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "wasm-bindgen-shared"
-version = "0.2.101"
+version = "0.2.104"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "f143854a3b13752c6950862c906306adb27c7e839f7414cec8fea35beab624c1"
+checksum = "bad67dc8b2a1a6e5448428adec4c3e84c43e561d8c9ee8a9e5aabeb193ec41d1"
 dependencies = [
  "unicode-ident",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "web-sys"
-version = "0.3.78"
+version = "0.3.81"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "77e4b637749ff0d92b8fad63aa1f7cff3cbe125fd49c175cd6345e7272638b12"
+checksum = "9367c417a924a74cae129e6a2ae3b47fabb1f8995595ab474029da749a8be120"
 dependencies = [
  "js-sys",
  "wasm-bindgen",
@@ -2434,7 +2498,7 @@ version = "0.1.11"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "c2a7b1c03c876122aa43f3020e6c3c3ee5c05081c9a00739faf7503aeba10d22"
 dependencies = [
- "windows-sys 0.61.0",
+ "windows-sys 0.61.2",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -2445,22 +2509,22 @@ checksum = "712e227841d057c1ee1cd2fb22fa7e5a5461ae8e48fa2ca79ec42cfc1931183f"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "windows-core"
-version = "0.62.0"
+version = "0.62.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "57fe7168f7de578d2d8a05b07fd61870d2e73b4020e9f49aa00da8471723497c"
+checksum = "b8e83a14d34d0623b51dce9581199302a221863196a1dde71a7663a4c2be9deb"
 dependencies = [
  "windows-implement",
  "windows-interface",
- "windows-link 0.2.0",
- "windows-result 0.4.0",
- "windows-strings 0.5.0",
+ "windows-link 0.2.1",
+ "windows-result 0.4.1",
+ "windows-strings 0.5.1",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "windows-implement"
-version = "0.60.0"
+version = "0.60.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "a47fddd13af08290e67f4acabf4b459f647552718f683a7b415d290ac744a836"
+checksum = "053e2e040ab57b9dc951b72c264860db7eb3b0200ba345b4e4c3b14f67855ddf"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
@@ -2469,9 +2533,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "windows-interface"
-version = "0.59.1"
+version = "0.59.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "bd9211b69f8dcdfa817bfd14bf1c97c9188afa36f4750130fcdf3f400eca9fa8"
+checksum = "3f316c4a2570ba26bbec722032c4099d8c8bc095efccdc15688708623367e358"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
@@ -2486,9 +2550,9 @@ checksum = "5e6ad25900d524eaabdbbb96d20b4311e1e7ae1699af4fb28c17ae66c80d798a"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "windows-link"
-version = "0.2.0"
+version = "0.2.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "45e46c0661abb7180e7b9c281db115305d49ca1709ab8242adf09666d2173c65"
+checksum = "f0805222e57f7521d6a62e36fa9163bc891acd422f971defe97d64e70d0a4fe5"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "windows-registry"
@@ -2512,11 +2576,11 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "windows-result"
-version = "0.4.0"
+version = "0.4.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "7084dcc306f89883455a206237404d3eaf961e5bd7e0f312f7c91f57eb44167f"
+checksum = "7781fa89eaf60850ac3d2da7af8e5242a5ea78d1a11c49bf2910bb5a73853eb5"
 dependencies = [
- "windows-link 0.2.0",
+ "windows-link 0.2.1",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -2530,11 +2594,11 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "windows-strings"
-version = "0.5.0"
+version = "0.5.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "7218c655a553b0bed4426cf54b20d7ba363ef543b52d515b3e48d7fd55318dda"
+checksum = "7837d08f69c77cf6b07689544538e017c1bfcf57e34b4c0ff58e6c2cd3b37091"
 dependencies = [
- "windows-link 0.2.0",
+ "windows-link 0.2.1",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -2557,11 +2621,20 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "windows-sys"
-version = "0.61.0"
+version = "0.60.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "f2f500e4d28234f72040990ec9d39e3a6b950f9f22d3dba18416c35882612bcb"
+dependencies = [
+ "windows-targets 0.53.5",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "windows-sys"
+version = "0.61.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "e201184e40b2ede64bc2ea34968b28e33622acdbbf37104f0e4a33f7abe657aa"
+checksum = "ae137229bcbd6cdf0f7b80a31df61766145077ddf49416a728b02cb3921ff3fc"
 dependencies = [
- "windows-link 0.2.0",
+ "windows-link 0.2.1",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -2582,19 +2655,19 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "windows-targets"
-version = "0.53.3"
+version = "0.53.5"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "d5fe6031c4041849d7c496a8ded650796e7b6ecc19df1a431c1a363342e5dc91"
+checksum = "4945f9f551b88e0d65f3db0bc25c33b8acea4d9e41163edf90dcd0b19f9069f3"
 dependencies = [
- "windows-link 0.1.3",
- "windows_aarch64_gnullvm 0.53.0",
- "windows_aarch64_msvc 0.53.0",
- "windows_i686_gnu 0.53.0",
- "windows_i686_gnullvm 0.53.0",
- "windows_i686_msvc 0.53.0",
- "windows_x86_64_gnu 0.53.0",
- "windows_x86_64_gnullvm 0.53.0",
- "windows_x86_64_msvc 0.53.0",
+ "windows-link 0.2.1",
+ "windows_aarch64_gnullvm 0.53.1",
+ "windows_aarch64_msvc 0.53.1",
+ "windows_i686_gnu 0.53.1",
+ "windows_i686_gnullvm 0.53.1",
+ "windows_i686_msvc 0.53.1",
+ "windows_x86_64_gnu 0.53.1",
+ "windows_x86_64_gnullvm 0.53.1",
+ "windows_x86_64_msvc 0.53.1",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -2605,9 +2678,9 @@ checksum = "32a4622180e7a0ec044bb555404c800bc9fd9ec262ec147edd5989ccd0c02cd3"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "windows_aarch64_gnullvm"
-version = "0.53.0"
+version = "0.53.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "86b8d5f90ddd19cb4a147a5fa63ca848db3df085e25fee3cc10b39b6eebae764"
+checksum = "a9d8416fa8b42f5c947f8482c43e7d89e73a173cead56d044f6a56104a6d1b53"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "windows_aarch64_msvc"
@@ -2617,9 +2690,9 @@ checksum = "09ec2a7bb152e2252b53fa7803150007879548bc709c039df7627cabbd05d469"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "windows_aarch64_msvc"
-version = "0.53.0"
+version = "0.53.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "c7651a1f62a11b8cbd5e0d42526e55f2c99886c77e007179efff86c2b137e66c"
+checksum = "b9d782e804c2f632e395708e99a94275910eb9100b2114651e04744e9b125006"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "windows_i686_gnu"
@@ -2629,9 +2702,9 @@ checksum = "8e9b5ad5ab802e97eb8e295ac6720e509ee4c243f69d781394014ebfe8bbfa0b"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "windows_i686_gnu"
-version = "0.53.0"
+version = "0.53.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "c1dc67659d35f387f5f6c479dc4e28f1d4bb90ddd1a5d3da2e5d97b42d6272c3"
+checksum = "960e6da069d81e09becb0ca57a65220ddff016ff2d6af6a223cf372a506593a3"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "windows_i686_gnullvm"
@@ -2641,9 +2714,9 @@ checksum = "0eee52d38c090b3caa76c563b86c3a4bd71ef1a819287c19d586d7334ae8ed66"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "windows_i686_gnullvm"
-version = "0.53.0"
+version = "0.53.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "9ce6ccbdedbf6d6354471319e781c0dfef054c81fbc7cf83f338a4296c0cae11"
+checksum = "fa7359d10048f68ab8b09fa71c3daccfb0e9b559aed648a8f95469c27057180c"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "windows_i686_msvc"
@@ -2653,9 +2726,9 @@ checksum = "240948bc05c5e7c6dabba28bf89d89ffce3e303022809e73deaefe4f6ec56c66"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "windows_i686_msvc"
-version = "0.53.0"
+version = "0.53.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "581fee95406bb13382d2f65cd4a908ca7b1e4c2f1917f143ba16efe98a589b5d"
+checksum = "1e7ac75179f18232fe9c285163565a57ef8d3c89254a30685b57d83a38d326c2"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "windows_x86_64_gnu"
@@ -2665,9 +2738,9 @@ checksum = "147a5c80aabfbf0c7d901cb5895d1de30ef2907eb21fbbab29ca94c5b08b1a78"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "windows_x86_64_gnu"
-version = "0.53.0"
+version = "0.53.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "2e55b5ac9ea33f2fc1716d1742db15574fd6fc8dadc51caab1c16a3d3b4190ba"
+checksum = "9c3842cdd74a865a8066ab39c8a7a473c0778a3f29370b5fd6b4b9aa7df4a499"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "windows_x86_64_gnullvm"
@@ -2677,9 +2750,9 @@ checksum = "24d5b23dc417412679681396f2b49f3de8c1473deb516bd34410872eff51ed0d"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "windows_x86_64_gnullvm"
-version = "0.53.0"
+version = "0.53.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "0a6e035dd0599267ce1ee132e51c27dd29437f63325753051e71dd9e42406c57"
+checksum = "0ffa179e2d07eee8ad8f57493436566c7cc30ac536a3379fdf008f47f6bb7ae1"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "windows_x86_64_msvc"
@@ -2689,9 +2762,9 @@ checksum = "589f6da84c646204747d1270a2a5661ea66ed1cced2631d546fdfb155959f9ec"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "windows_x86_64_msvc"
-version = "0.53.0"
+version = "0.53.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "271414315aff87387382ec3d271b52d7ae78726f5d44ac98b4f4030c91880486"
+checksum = "d6bbff5f0aada427a1e5a6da5f1f98158182f26556f345ac9e04d36d0ebed650"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "wio"
@@ -2792,9 +2865,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "zeroize"
-version = "1.8.1"
+version = "1.8.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "ced3678a2879b30306d323f4542626697a464a97c0a07c9aebf7ebca65cd4dde"
+checksum = "b97154e67e32c85465826e8bcc1c59429aaaf107c1e4a9e53c8d8ccd5eff88d0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "zerotrie"
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index e139a1d..19cb024 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -34,6 +34,9 @@ rand = "0.9.2"
 rand_distr = "0.5.1"
 rayon = "1.10.0"
 statrs = "0.18.0"
+ndarray = "0.16.1"
+ndarray-stats = "0.6.0"
+csv = "=1.3.1"
 reqwest = { version = "0.12.23", features = ["json"] }
 serde = "1.0.219"
 serde-aux = "4.7.0"
diff --git a/examples/portfolio_optimization.rs b/examples/portfolio_optimization.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..41e3597
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/portfolio_optimization.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+use quantrs::portfolio::{Portfolio, ReturnsCalculation};
+
+#[warn(unused_variables)]
+fn main() {
+    let data_path = "/Users/moneymaker/Downloads/ETFprices.csv";
+    let risk_free_rate = 0.01; // 1%
+    let expected_return = 0.1; // 10%
+    let returns_calc = ReturnsCalculation::Log;
+    let portfolio = Portfolio::new(data_path, risk_free_rate, expected_return, returns_calc);
+
+    println!("{}", portfolio);
+}
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index 41bc264..20f755e 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -41,6 +41,7 @@ mod macros {
 pub mod data;
 pub mod fixed_income;
 pub mod options;
+pub mod portfolio;
 
 pub use fixed_income::*;
 pub use options::*;
diff --git a/src/portfolio.rs b/src/portfolio.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2f03767
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/portfolio.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+//! Module for Portfolio Optimization techniques
+
+pub use mean_variance::{Portfolio, ReturnsCalculation};
+
+mod mean_variance;
diff --git a/src/portfolio/mean_variance.rs b/src/portfolio/mean_variance.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5f979e1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/portfolio/mean_variance.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,180 @@
+//! Module implementing Mean-Variance Portfolio Optimization
+//!
+//! Current Support:
+//! - Portfolio struct to hold assets, mean returns, covariance matrix
+//! - Calculation of mean returns and covariance matrix from CSV data
+//! - Support for Simple and Log returns calculation methods
+//!
+//! Next Steps:
+//! - Implement optimization algorithms (e.g., Markowitz optimization)
+
+use csv::ReaderBuilder;
+use ndarray::{s, Array2, Axis};
+use ndarray_stats::CorrelationExt;
+use std::fmt;
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub enum ReturnsCalculation {
+    Simple,
+    Log,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+/// Struct representing a portfolio of assets.
+pub struct Portfolio {
+    /// List of asset tickers in the portfolio.
+    tickers: Vec<String>,
+    /// Mean returns of the assets.
+    mean_returns: Vec<f64>,
+    /// Covariance matrix of the asset returns.
+    covariance_matrix: Array2<f64>,
+    /// Risk-free rate for the market
+    risk_free_rate: f64,
+    /// Expected return for the portfolio
+    expected_return: f64,
+    /// Method used to calculate returns (Simple or Log)
+    returns_calculation: ReturnsCalculation,
+    /// Weights of the assets in the portfolio (if calculated)
+    /// None if not yet calculated
+    weights: Option<Vec<f64>>,
+    /// Internal storage of returns data
+    _returns: Array2<f64>,
+}
+
+impl Portfolio {
+    pub fn new(
+        data_path: &str,
+        risk_free_rate: f64,
+        expected_return: f64,
+        returns_calc: ReturnsCalculation,
+    ) -> Self {
+        // Read data from CSV file given file path
+        let mut rdr = ReaderBuilder::new()
+            .has_headers(true)
+            .from_path(data_path)
+            .expect("Failed to read CSV file");
+
+        // Extract tickers from headers
+        let tickers: Vec<String> = rdr
+            .headers()
+            .expect("Failed to read headers")
+            .iter()
+            .map(|s| s.to_string())
+            .collect();
+
+        // Read records and parse to f64, defaulting to 0.0 on parse failure
+        let records: Vec<Vec<f64>> = rdr
+            .records()
+            .map(|result| {
+                result
+                    .expect("Failed to read record")
+                    .iter()
+                    .map(|s| s.parse::<f64>().unwrap_or(0.0))
+                    .collect()
+            })
+            .collect();
+
+        let n = tickers.len();
+        let m = records.len();
+
+        // Create ndarray from records to store prices
+        let prices = Array2::from_shape_vec((m, n), records.into_iter().flatten().collect())
+            .expect("Failed to create prices array");
+
+        // Calculate returns based on specified method
+        let returns = match returns_calc {
+            ReturnsCalculation::Simple => Self::calculate_simple_returns(&prices),
+            ReturnsCalculation::Log => Self::calculate_log_returns(&prices),
+        };
+
+        // Calculate mean returns
+        let mean_returns = returns.mean_axis(Axis(0)).unwrap().to_vec();
+
+        // Calculate covariance matrix
+        // Using unbiased estimator (N-1 in denominator) for sample covariance
+        // ddof = 1.
+        // If you want population covariance, use ddof = 0
+        // Transpose of returns is used as ndarray-stats expects variables in rows
+        let covariance_matrix = returns
+            .t()
+            .cov(1.0)
+            .expect("Failed to compute covariance matrix");
+
+        Self {
+            tickers,
+            mean_returns,
+            covariance_matrix,
+            risk_free_rate,
+            expected_return,
+            returns_calculation: returns_calc,
+            weights: None,
+            _returns: returns,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Function to calculate log returns
+    fn calculate_log_returns(prices: &Array2<f64>) -> Array2<f64> {
+        let log_prices = prices.mapv(|x| x.ln());
+        let log_returns = &log_prices.slice(s![1.., ..]) - &log_prices.slice(s![..-1, ..]);
+        log_returns.to_owned()
+    }
+
+    /// Function to calculate simple returns
+    fn calculate_simple_returns(prices: &Array2<f64>) -> Array2<f64> {
+        let simple_returns =
+            (&prices.slice(s![1.., ..]) - &prices.slice(s![..-1, ..])) / prices.slice(s![..-1, ..]);
+        simple_returns.to_owned()
+    }
+}
+
+/// Implement Display trait for pretty-printing the Portfolio
+impl fmt::Display for Portfolio {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        writeln!(f, "Portfolio")?;
+        writeln!(f, "Tickers: {:?}", self.tickers)?;
+        writeln!(f, "Risk-Free Rate: {:.4}", self.risk_free_rate)?;
+        writeln!(f, "Expected Return: {:.4}", self.expected_return)?;
+        writeln!(f, "Returns Calculation: {}", self.returns_calculation)?;
+        writeln!(f, "Weights: {:?}", self.weights)?;
+
+        // Print mean returns as percentages
+        writeln!(f, "\nMean Returns (%):")?;
+        for (i, &mean_return) in self.mean_returns.iter().enumerate() {
+            writeln!(f, "{:>8}: {:>8.4}%", self.tickers[i], mean_return * 100.0)?;
+        }
+
+        // Print covariance matrix in a readable format
+        writeln!(
+            f,
+            "\nCovariance Matrix ({} x {}):",
+            self.covariance_matrix.nrows(),
+            self.covariance_matrix.ncols()
+        )?;
+        // Print header with ticker names
+        write!(f, "         ")?; // spacing for row labels
+        for ticker in &self.tickers {
+            write!(f, "{:>10}", ticker)?;
+        }
+        writeln!(f)?;
+
+        // Print each row with ticker name as label
+        for (i, row) in self.covariance_matrix.outer_iter().enumerate() {
+            write!(f, "{:>8} ", self.tickers[i])?; // row label
+            for value in row {
+                write!(f, "{:>10.6}", value)?;
+            }
+            writeln!(f)?;
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+/// Implement Display trait for ReturnsCalculation enum
+impl fmt::Display for ReturnsCalculation {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        match self {
+            ReturnsCalculation::Simple => write!(f, "Simple"),
+            ReturnsCalculation::Log => write!(f, "Log"),
+        }
+    }
+}