diff --git a/sqlmodel/_compat.py b/sqlmodel/_compat.py
index 230f8cc362..fb6f077cb8 100644
--- a/sqlmodel/_compat.py
+++ b/sqlmodel/_compat.py
@@ -178,6 +178,16 @@ def get_relationship_to(
         # If a list, then also get the real field
         elif origin is list:
             use_annotation = get_args(annotation)[0]
+        # If a dict, then use the value (second) type argument
+        elif origin is dict:
+            args = get_args(annotation)
+            if len(args) != 2:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    f"Dict/Mapping relationship field '{name}' has {len(args)} "
+                    "type arguments.  Exactly two required (e.g., dict[str, "
+                    "Model])"
+                )
+            use_annotation = args[1]
 
         return get_relationship_to(
             name=name, rel_info=rel_info, annotation=use_annotation
diff --git a/tests/test_attribute_keyed_dict.py b/tests/test_attribute_keyed_dict.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f39232dc92
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_attribute_keyed_dict.py
@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+import re
+from enum import Enum
+from typing import Dict, Optional
+
+import pytest
+from sqlalchemy.orm.collections import attribute_keyed_dict
+from sqlmodel import Field, Relationship, Session, SQLModel, create_engine
+
+from tests.conftest import needs_py39, needs_pydanticv2
+
+
+def test_attribute_keyed_dict_works(clear_sqlmodel):
+    class Color(str, Enum):
+        Orange = "Orange"
+        Blue = "Blue"
+
+    class Child(SQLModel, table=True):
+        __tablename__ = "children"
+
+        id: Optional[int] = Field(primary_key=True, default=None)
+        parent_id: int = Field(foreign_key="parents.id")
+        color: Color
+        value: int
+
+    class Parent(SQLModel, table=True):
+        __tablename__ = "parents"
+
+        id: Optional[int] = Field(primary_key=True, default=None)
+        children_by_color: Dict[Color, Child] = Relationship(
+            sa_relationship_kwargs={"collection_class": attribute_keyed_dict("color")}
+        )
+
+    engine = create_engine("sqlite://")
+    SQLModel.metadata.create_all(engine)
+    with Session(engine) as session:
+        parent = Parent()
+        session.add(parent)
+        session.commit()
+        session.refresh(parent)
+        session.add(Child(parent_id=parent.id, color=Color.Orange, value=1))
+        session.add(Child(parent_id=parent.id, color=Color.Blue, value=2))
+        session.commit()
+        session.refresh(parent)
+        assert parent.children_by_color[Color.Orange].parent_id == parent.id
+        assert parent.children_by_color[Color.Orange].color == Color.Orange
+        assert parent.children_by_color[Color.Orange].value == 1
+        assert parent.children_by_color[Color.Blue].parent_id == parent.id
+        assert parent.children_by_color[Color.Blue].color == Color.Blue
+        assert parent.children_by_color[Color.Blue].value == 2
+
+
+@needs_pydanticv2
+@needs_py39  # Generic `dict` requires Python 3.9+
+def test_dict_relationship_throws_on_wrong_number_of_annotation_args(clear_sqlmodel):
+    class Color(str, Enum):
+        Orange = "Orange"
+        Blue = "Blue"
+
+    class Child(SQLModel, table=True):
+        __tablename__ = "children"
+
+        id: Optional[int] = Field(primary_key=True, default=None)
+        parent_id: int = Field(foreign_key="parents.id")
+        color: Color
+        value: int
+
+    error_msg_fmt = "Dict/Mapping relationship field 'children_by_color' has {count} type arguments.  Exactly two required (e.g., dict[str, Model])"
+
+    # One type arg
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=re.escape(error_msg_fmt.format(count=1))):
+
+        class Parent(SQLModel, table=True):
+            __tablename__ = "parents"
+
+            id: Optional[int] = Field(primary_key=True, default=None)
+            children_by_color: dict[Color] = Relationship(
+                sa_relationship_kwargs={
+                    "collection_class": attribute_keyed_dict("color")
+                }
+            )
+
+    # Three type args
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=re.escape(error_msg_fmt.format(count=3))):
+
+        class Parent(SQLModel, table=True):
+            __tablename__ = "parents"
+
+            id: Optional[int] = Field(primary_key=True, default=None)
+            children_by_color: dict[Color, Child, str] = Relationship(
+                sa_relationship_kwargs={
+                    "collection_class": attribute_keyed_dict("color")
+                }
+            )