diff --git a/.gdbinit b/.gdbinit
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cb7b385
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.gdbinit
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+set osabi none
+target remote 127.0.0.1:1234
+symbol-file ./src/kitty.elf
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/Makefile b/src/Makefile
index ac921a6..f65e89e 100644
--- a/src/Makefile
+++ b/src/Makefile
@@ -7,11 +7,21 @@ OBJ = ${C_SOURCES:.c=.o} ${ASM_SOURCES:.asm=.o}
 CFLAGS = -ffreestanding -fno-stack-protector -z execstack -no-pie -fno-pic
 
 ifeq ($(OS),Windows_NT)
-  host_os = windows
-  SHELL = cmd
-  CC = x86_64-elf-gcc
-  GDB = x86_64-elf-gdb
-  LD = x86_64-elf-ld
+  UNAME_S := $(shell uname -s)
+  ifeq ($(UNAME_S),MSYS_NT-10.0-22631)
+  	$(info MSYS2 detected)
+    host_os = linux
+    CC = gcc
+    GDB = gdb
+    LD = ld
+  else
+    $(info Windows detected)
+    host_os = windows
+    SHELL = cmd
+    CC = x86_64-elf-gcc
+    GDB = x86_64-elf-gdb
+    LD = x86_64-elf-ld
+  endif
 else
   UNAME_S := $(shell uname -s)
   ifeq ($(UNAME_S),Linux)
@@ -84,7 +94,7 @@ endif
 
 debug: os-image.bin kitty.elf # TODO needs work, change it so that a variable is added for break points
 #ifeq ($(host_os),windows)
-	qemu-system-x86_64 -s -S -fda os-image.bin
+	qemu-system-x86_64 -s -S -d int -fda os-image.bin
 #else ifeq ($(host_os),linux)
 #	qemu-system-x86_64 -s -S -fda os-image.bin &
 #endif
diff --git a/src/cpu/cpu_options.h b/src/cpu/cpu_options.h
index 4412373..4e88591 100644
--- a/src/cpu/cpu_options.h
+++ b/src/cpu/cpu_options.h
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
  *
  * Other defined variables in this file are for use with processor-specific compilation.
  *
- * All other CPU preprocessor definitions (for use in cpu cpu code) should be put in its corresponding header file.
+ * All other CPU preprocessor definitions (for use in cpu code) should be put in its corresponding header file.
  */
 
 #if CPU == 1 // x86_64 Processors
diff --git a/src/cpu/x86_64/gdt.asm b/src/cpu/x86_64/gdt.asm
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b29e7ee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/cpu/x86_64/gdt.asm
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+; Access bits
+PRESENT        equ 1 << 7
+USER           equ 3 << 5
+NOT_SYS        equ 1 << 4
+EXEC           equ 1 << 3
+DC             equ 1 << 2
+RW             equ 1 << 1
+ACCESSED       equ 1 << 0
+
+; Flags bits
+GRAN_4K       equ 1 << 7
+SZ_32         equ 1 << 6
+LONG_MODE     equ 1 << 5
+global GDT
+GDT: ; 64 bit GDT, taken from https://wiki.osdev.org/Setting_Up_Long_Mode ; CC0 Licensing (Public Domain)
+    .Null: equ $ - GDT
+        dq 0
+    .Code: equ $ - GDT
+        dd 0xFFFF                                   ; Limit & Base (low, bits 0-15)
+        db 0                                        ; Base (mid, bits 16-23)
+        db PRESENT | NOT_SYS | EXEC | RW            ; Access
+        db GRAN_4K | LONG_MODE | 0xF                ; Flags & Limit (high, bits 16-19)
+        db 0                                        ; Base (high, bits 24-31)
+    .Data: equ $ - GDT
+        dd 0xFFFF                                   ; Limit & Base (low, bits 0-15)
+        db 0                                        ; Base (mid, bits 16-23)
+        db PRESENT | NOT_SYS | RW                   ; Access
+        db GRAN_4K | SZ_32 | 0xF                    ; Flags & Limit (high, bits 16-19)
+        db 0                                        ; Base (high, bits 24-31)
+    .UserCode: equ $ - GDT
+        dd 0xFFFF                                   ; Limit & Base (low, bits 0-15)
+        db 0                                        ; Base (mid, bits 16-23)
+        db PRESENT | USER | NOT_SYS | EXEC | RW ; 0xFA     ; Access
+        db GRAN_4K | LONG_MODE | 0xF                ; Flags & Limit (high, bits 16-19)
+        db 0                                        ; Base (high, bits 24-31)
+    .UserData: equ $ - GDT
+        dd 0xFFFF                                   ; Limit & Base (low, bits 0-15)
+        db 0                                        ; Base (mid, bits 16-23)
+        db PRESENT | USER | NOT_SYS | RW ;0xF2 ;             ; Access
+        db GRAN_4K | SZ_32 | 0xF                    ; Flags & Limit (high, bits 16-19)
+        db 0                                        ; Base (high, bits 24-31)
+    .TSS: equ $ - GDT
+        dq 0x0000000000000000
+        dq 0x0000000000000000
+    .Pointer:
+        dw $ - GDT - 1
+        dq GDT
diff --git a/src/cpu/x86_64/gdt.h b/src/cpu/x86_64/gdt.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9583ab5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/cpu/x86_64/gdt.h
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+//
+// Created by AIDAN on 9/26/2024.
+//
+
+#ifndef KITTY_GDT_H
+#define KITTY_GDT_H
+
+#include "stdint.h"
+
+struct global_descriptor_table {
+    uint64_t null;
+    uint64_t code;
+    uint64_t data;
+    uint64_t user_code;
+    uint64_t user_data;
+    uint32_t tss_0;
+    uint32_t tss_1;
+    uint32_t tss_2;
+    uint32_t tss_3;
+    uint16_t size;
+    uint64_t offset;
+}__attribute__ ((packed));
+
+extern struct global_descriptor_table GDT;
+
+#endif //KITTY_GDT_H
diff --git a/src/cpu/x86_64/idt.c b/src/cpu/x86_64/idt.c
index d662175..b7e4495 100644
--- a/src/cpu/x86_64/idt.c
+++ b/src/cpu/x86_64/idt.c
@@ -2,288 +2,36 @@
 // Created by AIDAN on 2/23/2024.
 //
 
+#include <stdbool.h>
 #include "idt.h"
 #include "../../driver/video/vga.h"
 #include "../../util/ascii.h"
 #include "port.h"
+#include "../../kernel/memory.h"
 
-static struct {
-    uint16_t size; // One less than the size (max entry number, entries start at 0)
-    uint64_t offset; // address of the IDT
-}__attribute__((packed)) idt_descriptor;
 
 
-/*
- * IDT is of a fixed length with 256 entries. sowwy :3;
- */
-static struct {
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_0;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_1;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_2;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_3;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_4;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_5;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_6;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_7;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_8;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_9;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_10;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_11;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_12;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_13;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_14;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_15;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_16;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_17;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_18;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_19;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_20;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_21;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_22;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_23;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_24;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_25;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_26;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_27;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_28;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_29;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_30;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_31;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_32;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_33;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_34;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_35;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_36;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_37;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_38;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_39;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_40;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_41;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_42;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_43;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_44;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_45;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_46;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_47;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_48;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_49;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_50;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_51;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_52;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_53;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_54;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_55;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_56;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_57;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_58;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_59;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_60;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_61;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_62;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_63;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_64;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_65;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_66;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_67;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_68;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_69;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_70;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_71;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_72;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_73;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_74;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_75;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_76;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_77;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_78;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_79;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_80;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_81;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_82;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_83;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_84;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_85;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_86;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_87;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_88;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_89;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_90;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_91;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_92;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_93;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_94;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_95;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_96;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_97;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_98;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_99;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_100;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_101;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_102;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_103;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_104;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_105;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_106;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_107;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_108;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_109;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_110;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_111;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_112;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_113;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_114;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_115;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_116;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_117;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_118;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_119;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_120;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_121;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_122;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_123;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_124;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_125;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_126;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_127;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_128;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_129;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_130;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_131;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_132;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_133;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_134;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_135;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_136;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_137;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_138;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_139;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_140;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_141;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_142;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_143;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_144;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_145;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_146;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_147;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_148;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_149;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_150;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_151;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_152;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_153;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_154;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_155;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_156;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_157;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_158;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_159;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_160;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_161;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_162;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_163;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_164;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_165;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_166;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_167;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_168;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_169;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_170;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_171;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_172;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_173;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_174;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_175;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_176;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_177;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_178;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_179;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_180;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_181;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_182;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_183;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_184;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_185;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_186;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_187;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_188;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_189;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_190;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_191;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_192;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_193;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_194;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_195;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_196;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_197;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_198;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_199;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_200;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_201;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_202;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_203;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_204;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_205;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_206;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_207;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_208;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_209;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_210;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_211;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_212;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_213;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_214;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_215;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_216;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_217;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_218;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_219;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_220;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_221;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_222;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_223;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_224;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_225;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_226;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_227;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_228;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_229;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_230;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_231;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_232;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_233;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_234;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_235;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_236;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_237;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_238;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_239;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_240;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_241;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_242;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_243;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_244;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_245;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_246;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_247;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_248;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_249;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_250;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_251;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_252;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_253;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_254;
-    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_255;
-}__attribute((aligned(0x10))) __attribute__((packed)) idt; // if you complain about the IDT code, you will be banned from contributing to the kitty kernel project.
-
 /*
  * Map a given IDT gate descriptor entry to its corresponding function (Interrupt vector to interrupt function)
  */
 
-void modify_descriptor_entry(interrupt_gate_descriptor* gate_descriptor, void* function) {
+void modify_descriptor_entry(interrupt_gate_descriptor* gate_descriptor, void* function, bool callable_from_userspace) {
     (*gate_descriptor).offset_bits_0_15 = ((uint64_t) (function)) & 0xFFFF;
     (*gate_descriptor).selector = (uint16_t) 0x08; // code is the 2nd GDT entry, see boot sector
     (*gate_descriptor).ist_offset = 0x00;
-    (*gate_descriptor).type_dpl_present = 0x8E;
+    uint8_t type_dpl_present = 0x00;
+    if (callable_from_userspace) {
+        type_dpl_present = 0xE0;
+    } else {
+        type_dpl_present = 0x80;
+    }
+    bool trap_gate = false; // may be a parameter in the future
+    if (trap_gate) {
+        type_dpl_present |= 0x0F;
+    } else {
+        type_dpl_present |= 0x0E;
+    }
+    (*gate_descriptor).type_dpl_present = type_dpl_present;
     (*gate_descriptor).offset_bits_16_31 = ( (uint64_t) (function) >> 16) & 0xFFFF;
     (*gate_descriptor).offset_bits_32_63 = ( (uint64_t) (function) >> 32) & 0xFFFFFFFF;
     (*gate_descriptor).zeroes = 0;
@@ -336,263 +84,263 @@ void set_pic_offset() {
 void init_idt() {
     // Volume 3 Chapter 6.10
     idt_descriptor.offset = (uint64_t) &idt;
-    idt_descriptor.size = 255 * 8 - 1;
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_0, isr_0);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_1, isr_1);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_2, isr_2);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_3, isr_3);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_4, isr_4);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_5, isr_5);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_6, isr_6);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_7, isr_7);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_8, isr_8);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_9, isr_9);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_10, isr_10);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_11, isr_11);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_12, isr_12);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_13, isr_13);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_14, isr_14);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_15, isr_15);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_16, isr_16);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_17, isr_17);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_18, isr_18);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_19, isr_19);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_20, isr_20);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_21, isr_21);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_22, isr_22);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_23, isr_23);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_24, isr_24);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_25, isr_25);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_26, isr_26);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_27, isr_27);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_28, isr_28);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_29, isr_29);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_30, isr_30);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_31, isr_31);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_32, isr_32);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_33, isr_33);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_34, isr_34);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_35, isr_35);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_36, isr_36);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_37, isr_37);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_38, isr_38);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_39, isr_39);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_40, isr_40);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_41, isr_41);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_42, isr_42);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_43, isr_43);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_44, isr_44);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_45, isr_45);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_46, isr_46);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_47, isr_47);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_48, isr_48);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_49, isr_49);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_50, isr_50);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_51, isr_51);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_52, isr_52);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_53, isr_53);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_54, isr_54);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_55, isr_55);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_56, isr_56);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_57, isr_57);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_58, isr_58);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_59, isr_59);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_60, isr_60);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_61, isr_61);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_62, isr_62);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_63, isr_63);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_64, isr_64);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_65, isr_65);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_66, isr_66);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_67, isr_67);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_68, isr_68);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_69, isr_69);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_70, isr_70);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_71, isr_71);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_72, isr_72);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_73, isr_73);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_74, isr_74);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_75, isr_75);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_76, isr_76);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_77, isr_77);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_78, isr_78);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_79, isr_79);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_80, isr_80);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_81, isr_81);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_82, isr_82);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_83, isr_83);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_84, isr_84);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_85, isr_85);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_86, isr_86);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_87, isr_87);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_88, isr_88);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_89, isr_89);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_90, isr_90);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_91, isr_91);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_92, isr_92);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_93, isr_93);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_94, isr_94);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_95, isr_95);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_96, isr_96);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_97, isr_97);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_98, isr_98);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_99, isr_99);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_100, isr_100);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_101, isr_101);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_102, isr_102);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_103, isr_103);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_104, isr_104);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_105, isr_105);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_106, isr_106);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_107, isr_107);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_108, isr_108);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_109, isr_109);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_110, isr_110);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_111, isr_111);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_112, isr_112);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_113, isr_113);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_114, isr_114);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_115, isr_115);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_116, isr_116);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_117, isr_117);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_118, isr_118);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_119, isr_119);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_120, isr_120);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_121, isr_121);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_122, isr_122);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_123, isr_123);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_124, isr_124);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_125, isr_125);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_126, isr_126);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_127, isr_127);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_128, isr_128);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_129, isr_129);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_130, isr_130);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_131, isr_131);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_132, isr_132);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_133, isr_133);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_134, isr_134);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_135, isr_135);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_136, isr_136);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_137, isr_137);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_138, isr_138);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_139, isr_139);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_140, isr_140);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_141, isr_141);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_142, isr_142);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_143, isr_143);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_144, isr_144);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_145, isr_145);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_146, isr_146);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_147, isr_147);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_148, isr_148);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_149, isr_149);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_150, isr_150);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_151, isr_151);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_152, isr_152);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_153, isr_153);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_154, isr_154);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_155, isr_155);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_156, isr_156);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_157, isr_157);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_158, isr_158);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_159, isr_159);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_160, isr_160);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_161, isr_161);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_162, isr_162);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_163, isr_163);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_164, isr_164);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_165, isr_165);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_166, isr_166);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_167, isr_167);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_168, isr_168);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_169, isr_169);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_170, isr_170);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_171, isr_171);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_172, isr_172);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_173, isr_173);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_174, isr_174);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_175, isr_175);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_176, isr_176);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_177, isr_177);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_178, isr_178);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_179, isr_179);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_180, isr_180);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_181, isr_181);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_182, isr_182);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_183, isr_183);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_184, isr_184);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_185, isr_185);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_186, isr_186);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_187, isr_187);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_188, isr_188);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_189, isr_189);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_190, isr_190);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_191, isr_191);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_192, isr_192);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_193, isr_193);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_194, isr_194);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_195, isr_195);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_196, isr_196);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_197, isr_197);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_198, isr_198);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_199, isr_199);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_200, isr_200);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_201, isr_201);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_202, isr_202);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_203, isr_203);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_204, isr_204);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_205, isr_205);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_206, isr_206);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_207, isr_207);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_208, isr_208);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_209, isr_209);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_210, isr_210);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_211, isr_211);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_212, isr_212);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_213, isr_213);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_214, isr_214);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_215, isr_215);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_216, isr_216);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_217, isr_217);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_218, isr_218);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_219, isr_219);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_220, isr_220);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_221, isr_221);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_222, isr_222);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_223, isr_223);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_224, isr_224);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_225, isr_225);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_226, isr_226);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_227, isr_227);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_228, isr_228);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_229, isr_229);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_230, isr_230);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_231, isr_231);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_232, isr_232);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_233, isr_233);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_234, isr_234);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_235, isr_235);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_236, isr_236);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_237, isr_237);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_238, isr_238);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_239, isr_239);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_240, isr_240);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_241, isr_241);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_242, isr_242);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_243, isr_243);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_244, isr_244);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_245, isr_245);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_246, isr_246);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_247, isr_247);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_248, isr_248);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_249, isr_249);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_250, isr_250);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_251, isr_251);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_252, isr_252);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_253, isr_253);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_254, isr_254);
-    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_255, isr_255);
+    idt_descriptor.size = 255 * 16 - 1;
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_0, isr_0, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_1, isr_1, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_2, isr_2, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_3, isr_3, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_4, isr_4, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_5, isr_5, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_6, isr_6, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_7, isr_7, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_8, isr_8, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_9, isr_9, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_10, isr_10, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_11, isr_11, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_12, isr_12, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_13, isr_13, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_14, isr_14, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_15, isr_15, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_16, isr_16, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_17, isr_17, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_18, isr_18, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_19, isr_19, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_20, isr_20, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_21, isr_21, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_22, isr_22, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_23, isr_23, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_24, isr_24, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_25, isr_25, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_26, isr_26, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_27, isr_27, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_28, isr_28, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_29, isr_29, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_30, isr_30, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_31, isr_31, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_32, isr_32, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_33, isr_33, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_34, isr_34, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_35, isr_35, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_36, isr_36, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_37, isr_37, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_38, isr_38, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_39, isr_39, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_40, isr_40, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_41, isr_41, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_42, isr_42, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_43, isr_43, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_44, isr_44, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_45, isr_45, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_46, isr_46, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_47, isr_47, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_48, isr_48, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_49, isr_49, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_50, isr_50, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_51, isr_51, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_52, isr_52, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_53, isr_53, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_54, isr_54, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_55, isr_55, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_56, isr_56, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_57, isr_57, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_58, isr_58, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_59, isr_59, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_60, isr_60, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_61, isr_61, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_62, isr_62, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_63, isr_63, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_64, isr_64, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_65, isr_65, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_66, isr_66, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_67, isr_67, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_68, isr_68, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_69, isr_69, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_70, isr_70, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_71, isr_71, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_72, isr_72, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_73, isr_73, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_74, isr_74, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_75, isr_75, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_76, isr_76, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_77, isr_77, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_78, isr_78, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_79, isr_79, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_80, isr_80, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_81, isr_81, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_82, isr_82, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_83, isr_83, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_84, isr_84, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_85, isr_85, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_86, isr_86, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_87, isr_87, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_88, isr_88, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_89, isr_89, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_90, isr_90, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_91, isr_91, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_92, isr_92, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_93, isr_93, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_94, isr_94, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_95, isr_95, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_96, isr_96, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_97, isr_97, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_98, isr_98, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_99, isr_99, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_100, isr_100, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_101, isr_101, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_102, isr_102, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_103, isr_103, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_104, isr_104, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_105, isr_105, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_106, isr_106, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_107, isr_107, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_108, isr_108, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_109, isr_109, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_110, isr_110, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_111, isr_111, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_112, isr_112, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_113, isr_113, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_114, isr_114, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_115, isr_115, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_116, isr_116, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_117, isr_117, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_118, isr_118, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_119, isr_119, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_120, isr_120, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_121, isr_121, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_122, isr_122, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_123, isr_123, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_124, isr_124, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_125, isr_125, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_126, isr_126, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_127, isr_127, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_128, isr_128, true);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_129, isr_129, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_130, isr_130, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_131, isr_131, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_132, isr_132, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_133, isr_133, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_134, isr_134, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_135, isr_135, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_136, isr_136, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_137, isr_137, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_138, isr_138, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_139, isr_139, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_140, isr_140, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_141, isr_141, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_142, isr_142, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_143, isr_143, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_144, isr_144, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_145, isr_145, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_146, isr_146, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_147, isr_147, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_148, isr_148, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_149, isr_149, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_150, isr_150, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_151, isr_151, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_152, isr_152, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_153, isr_153, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_154, isr_154, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_155, isr_155, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_156, isr_156, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_157, isr_157, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_158, isr_158, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_159, isr_159, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_160, isr_160, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_161, isr_161, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_162, isr_162, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_163, isr_163, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_164, isr_164, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_165, isr_165, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_166, isr_166, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_167, isr_167, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_168, isr_168, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_169, isr_169, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_170, isr_170, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_171, isr_171, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_172, isr_172, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_173, isr_173, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_174, isr_174, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_175, isr_175, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_176, isr_176, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_177, isr_177, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_178, isr_178, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_179, isr_179, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_180, isr_180, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_181, isr_181, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_182, isr_182, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_183, isr_183, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_184, isr_184, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_185, isr_185, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_186, isr_186, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_187, isr_187, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_188, isr_188, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_189, isr_189, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_190, isr_190, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_191, isr_191, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_192, isr_192, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_193, isr_193, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_194, isr_194, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_195, isr_195, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_196, isr_196, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_197, isr_197, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_198, isr_198, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_199, isr_199, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_200, isr_200, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_201, isr_201, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_202, isr_202, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_203, isr_203, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_204, isr_204, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_205, isr_205, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_206, isr_206, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_207, isr_207, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_208, isr_208, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_209, isr_209, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_210, isr_210, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_211, isr_211, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_212, isr_212, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_213, isr_213, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_214, isr_214, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_215, isr_215, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_216, isr_216, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_217, isr_217, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_218, isr_218, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_219, isr_219, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_220, isr_220, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_221, isr_221, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_222, isr_222, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_223, isr_223, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_224, isr_224, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_225, isr_225, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_226, isr_226, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_227, isr_227, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_228, isr_228, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_229, isr_229, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_230, isr_230, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_231, isr_231, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_232, isr_232, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_233, isr_233, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_234, isr_234, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_235, isr_235, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_236, isr_236, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_237, isr_237, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_238, isr_238, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_239, isr_239, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_240, isr_240, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_241, isr_241, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_242, isr_242, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_243, isr_243, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_244, isr_244, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_245, isr_245, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_246, isr_246, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_247, isr_247, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_248, isr_248, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_249, isr_249, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_250, isr_250, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_251, isr_251, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_252, isr_252, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_253, isr_253, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_254, isr_254, false);
+    modify_descriptor_entry(&idt.entry_255, isr_255, false);
     set_pic_offset();
     asm volatile("lidt %0" : : "m" (idt_descriptor));
     asm volatile("sti");
@@ -714,11 +462,17 @@ void control_protection_exception_interrupt() {
 int count_interrupts;
 
 void timer_interrupt() {
-    char number[12];
+    char* number = kmalloc(sizeof(char) * 12);
     count_interrupts += 1;
-    from_int(count_interrupts, number);
+    decimal_from_int32(count_interrupts, number);
     write_string_at(vga3_color(VGA3_GREEN, VGA3_BLACK), "Timer", 15, 17);
     write_string_at(vga3_color(VGA3_WHITE, VGA3_BLACK), number, 30, 17);
+    free(number);
+}
+
+// 128
+void system_call() {
+    write_string_at(vga3_color(VGA3_GREEN, VGA3_BLACK), "System Call", 18, 18);
 }
 
 
@@ -727,8 +481,9 @@ void timer_interrupt() {
  */
 
 void unmapped_or_reserved_interrupt(uint64_t interrupt_vector) {
-    char number[12];
-    from_int((int) interrupt_vector, number);
+    char* number = kmalloc(sizeof(char[12]));
+    decimal_from_int32((int) interrupt_vector, number);
     write_string_at(vga3_color(VGA3_GREEN, VGA3_BLACK), "Unmapped", 15, 17);
     write_string_at(vga3_color(VGA3_WHITE, VGA3_BLACK), number, 30, 17);
+    free(number);
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/cpu/x86_64/idt.h b/src/cpu/x86_64/idt.h
index c2d184d..77a54e8 100644
--- a/src/cpu/x86_64/idt.h
+++ b/src/cpu/x86_64/idt.h
@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@
 
 void init_idt();
 
-
 /*
  * The descriptor structure for an interrupt gate, used in the IDT. Intel Manual Volume 3 Chapter 6.11
  */
@@ -29,6 +28,275 @@ struct interrupt_gate_descriptor {
     uint32_t zeroes;
 }__attribute__((packed));
 
+typedef struct interrupt_gate_descriptor interrupt_gate_descriptor;
+
+/*
+ * IDT is of a fixed length with 256 entries. sowwy :3;
+ */
+static struct {
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_0;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_1;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_2;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_3;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_4;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_5;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_6;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_7;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_8;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_9;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_10;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_11;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_12;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_13;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_14;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_15;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_16;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_17;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_18;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_19;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_20;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_21;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_22;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_23;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_24;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_25;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_26;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_27;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_28;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_29;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_30;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_31;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_32;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_33;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_34;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_35;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_36;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_37;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_38;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_39;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_40;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_41;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_42;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_43;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_44;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_45;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_46;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_47;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_48;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_49;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_50;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_51;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_52;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_53;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_54;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_55;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_56;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_57;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_58;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_59;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_60;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_61;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_62;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_63;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_64;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_65;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_66;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_67;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_68;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_69;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_70;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_71;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_72;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_73;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_74;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_75;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_76;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_77;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_78;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_79;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_80;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_81;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_82;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_83;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_84;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_85;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_86;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_87;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_88;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_89;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_90;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_91;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_92;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_93;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_94;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_95;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_96;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_97;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_98;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_99;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_100;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_101;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_102;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_103;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_104;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_105;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_106;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_107;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_108;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_109;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_110;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_111;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_112;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_113;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_114;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_115;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_116;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_117;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_118;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_119;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_120;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_121;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_122;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_123;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_124;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_125;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_126;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_127;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_128;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_129;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_130;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_131;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_132;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_133;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_134;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_135;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_136;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_137;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_138;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_139;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_140;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_141;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_142;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_143;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_144;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_145;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_146;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_147;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_148;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_149;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_150;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_151;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_152;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_153;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_154;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_155;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_156;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_157;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_158;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_159;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_160;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_161;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_162;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_163;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_164;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_165;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_166;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_167;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_168;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_169;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_170;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_171;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_172;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_173;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_174;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_175;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_176;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_177;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_178;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_179;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_180;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_181;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_182;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_183;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_184;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_185;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_186;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_187;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_188;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_189;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_190;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_191;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_192;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_193;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_194;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_195;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_196;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_197;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_198;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_199;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_200;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_201;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_202;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_203;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_204;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_205;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_206;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_207;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_208;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_209;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_210;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_211;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_212;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_213;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_214;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_215;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_216;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_217;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_218;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_219;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_220;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_221;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_222;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_223;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_224;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_225;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_226;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_227;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_228;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_229;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_230;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_231;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_232;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_233;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_234;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_235;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_236;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_237;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_238;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_239;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_240;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_241;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_242;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_243;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_244;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_245;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_246;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_247;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_248;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_249;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_250;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_251;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_252;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_253;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_254;
+    interrupt_gate_descriptor entry_255;
+}__attribute((aligned(0x10))) __attribute__((packed)) idt; // if you complain about the IDT code, you will be banned from contributing to the kitty kernel project.
+
+static struct {
+    uint16_t size; // One less than the size (max entry number, entries start at 0)
+    uint64_t offset; // address of the IDT
+}__attribute__((packed)) idt_descriptor;
+
 /*
  * The Interrupt Service Routines (ISRs) defined in the interrupts.asm file.
  * Each corresponds to the Interrupt Descriptor Table (IDT) entry in idt.c
@@ -290,6 +558,4 @@ extern void isr_253();
 extern void isr_254();
 extern void isr_255();
 
-typedef struct interrupt_gate_descriptor interrupt_gate_descriptor;
-
 #endif //KITTY_IDT_H
diff --git a/src/cpu/x86_64/interrupts.asm b/src/cpu/x86_64/interrupts.asm
index 961adf0..245e1c6 100644
--- a/src/cpu/x86_64/interrupts.asm
+++ b/src/cpu/x86_64/interrupts.asm
@@ -172,7 +172,7 @@ isr_unmapped 124
 isr_unmapped 125
 isr_unmapped 126
 isr_unmapped 127
-isr_unmapped 128
+isr_complete 128, system_call
 isr_unmapped 129
 isr_unmapped 130
 isr_unmapped 131
diff --git a/src/cpu/x86_64/tss.c b/src/cpu/x86_64/tss.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4e64411
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/cpu/x86_64/tss.c
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+//
+// Created by AIDAN on 9/17/2024.
+//
+
+#include "tss.h"
+#include "../../kernel/memory.h"
+#include "gdt.h"
+
+void setup_tss(task_state_segment* tss) {
+    tss->io_map_base_address = (uint16_t) sizeof (task_state_segment);
+    uint64_t address = (uint64_t) tss;
+    GDT.tss_0 = ((uint32_t) sizeof (task_state_segment) & 0xFFFF) | ((address & 0xFFFF) << 16);
+    GDT.tss_1 = (((address) >> 16) & 0xFF) | 0x8000 | 0x0900 | ((uint32_t)sizeof (task_state_segment) & 0x000F0000) | (address & 0xFF000000);
+    GDT.tss_2 = address >> 32;
+    GDT.tss_3 = 0;
+    asm volatile("lgdt %0" : : "m" (GDT.size));
+    asm inline volatile ("mov $0x28, %ax");
+    asm inline volatile ("ltr %ax");
+}
+
+void set_kernel_stack(task_state_segment* tss, uint64_t stack_address) {
+    tss->ist7 = stack_address;
+    tss->ist6 = stack_address;
+    tss->ist5 = stack_address;
+    tss->ist4 = stack_address;
+    tss->ist3 = stack_address;
+    tss->ist2 = stack_address;
+    tss->ist1 = stack_address;
+    tss->rsp0 = stack_address;
+    tss->rsp1 = stack_address;
+    tss->rsp2 = stack_address;
+
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/cpu/x86_64/tss.h b/src/cpu/x86_64/tss.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..919b06f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/cpu/x86_64/tss.h
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+//
+// Created by AIDAN on 9/17/2024.
+//
+
+#ifndef KITTY_TSS_H
+#define KITTY_TSS_H
+
+#include "stdint.h"
+
+/*
+ * Task State Segment (TSS) Setup
+ *
+ * The kitty kernel uses software multitasking and a single TSS to
+ * switch between ring 3 and ring 0. Since scheduling can (although it might not now)
+ * run during a system call (the current process can switch) and a second
+ * system call from a different process can switch back to ring 0, the kernel
+ * stack pointer in this TSS must be updated when switching processes.
+ *
+ */
+
+
+struct task_state_segment {
+    uint32_t reserved_0;
+    uint64_t rsp0;
+    uint64_t rsp1;
+    uint64_t rsp2;
+    uint64_t reserved_1;
+    uint64_t ist1;
+    uint64_t ist2;
+    uint64_t ist3;
+    uint64_t ist4;
+    uint64_t ist5;
+    uint64_t ist6;
+    uint64_t ist7;
+    uint64_t reserved_2;
+    uint16_t reserved_3;
+    uint16_t io_map_base_address;
+} __attribute__ ((packed));
+
+typedef struct task_state_segment task_state_segment;
+
+//const tss_base_address = &tss;
+//
+//const tss_limit = sizeof(tss) - 1;
+
+void setup_tss(task_state_segment* tss);
+
+void set_kernel_stack(task_state_segment* tss, uint64_t stack_address);
+
+#endif //KITTY_TSS_H
diff --git a/src/cpu/x86_64/usermode.asm b/src/cpu/x86_64/usermode.asm
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..853c22e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/cpu/x86_64/usermode.asm
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+[bits 64]
+function:
+    int 0x80
+    ;mov [0x8000], byte 15
+    jmp $
+; returning from this causes a page fault??? what is even happening...
+extern set_kernel_stack
+global enter_usermode
+enter_usermode:
+    mov ax, 0x20 | 3
+    mov ds, ax
+    mov es, ax
+    mov fs, ax
+    mov gs, ax
+
+    mov rax, rsp
+    push 0x20 | 3
+    push rax
+    pushfq
+    push 0x18 | 3
+    push function
+    ;mov rsi, rsp
+    ;call set_kernel_stack
+    ;jmp set_kernel_stack
+    iretq
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/cpu/x86_64/usermode.h b/src/cpu/x86_64/usermode.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5adfcd8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/cpu/x86_64/usermode.h
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+//
+// Created by AIDAN on 9/26/2024.
+//
+
+#ifndef KITTY_USERMODE_H
+#define KITTY_USERMODE_H
+
+extern void enter_usermode(task_state_segment* tss);
+
+#endif //KITTY_USERMODE_H
diff --git a/src/kernel/kitty.c b/src/kernel/kitty.c
index 6f62a71..5b6f861 100644
--- a/src/kernel/kitty.c
+++ b/src/kernel/kitty.c
@@ -6,16 +6,26 @@
 #include "kitty.h"
 #include "../driver/video/vga.h"
 #include "../cpu/cpu_options.h"
+#include "memory.h"
 #ifdef x86_64
 #include "../cpu/x86_64/idt.h"
+#include "../cpu/x86_64/tss.h"
+#include "../cpu/x86_64/usermode.h"
 #endif
 
 void kitty() {
     // Perform initial setup for CPUs
 #ifdef Intel_CPU
-    write_string(vga3_color(VGA3_CYAN, VGA3_RED),"Starting the Kitty Kernel...");
+    write_string(vga3_color(VGA3_CYAN, VGA3_RED),"Welcome to the Kitty Kernel");
+    task_state_segment *tss = (task_state_segment*) kmalloc(sizeof (task_state_segment));
+    void* stack_bottom = kmalloc(8096);
+    void* stack_top = stack_bottom + 8096;
+    set_kernel_stack(tss, (uint64_t) stack_top);
+    setup_tss(tss);
     init_idt();
     write_string_at(VGA3_WHITE, "idt loaded", 0,15);
+    free(kmalloc(1));
+    enter_usermode(tss);
 #endif
 #ifdef ARM_CPU
 
diff --git a/src/kernel/memory.c b/src/kernel/memory.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..083325f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/kernel/memory.c
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+//
+// Created by AIDAN on 8/19/2024.
+//
+
+#include "memory.h"
+
+char * free_base_address = (char *) 0x10000;
+char * kmalloc(uint64_t type_size) {
+    char * address = free_base_address;
+    free_base_address += type_size;
+    return address;
+}
+
+char * kzmalloc(uint64_t type_size) {
+    char * address = free_base_address;
+    free_base_address += type_size;
+    return address;
+}
+
+
+char * kamalloc(uint64_t type_size, uint64_t array_size) {
+    char * address = free_base_address;
+    free_base_address += type_size * array_size;
+    return address;
+}
+
+char * kzamalloc(uint64_t type_size, uint64_t array_size) {
+    char * address = free_base_address;
+    // zero the memory TODO verify that this actually works...
+    for (uint64_t i = 0; i < (type_size * array_size); i++) {
+        *(free_base_address + i) = 0;
+    }
+    free_base_address += type_size * array_size;
+    return address;
+}
+
+void free(char* mem_address) {
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/kernel/memory.h b/src/kernel/memory.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..65435af
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/kernel/memory.h
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+//
+// Created by AIDAN on 8/19/2024.
+//
+
+#ifndef KITTY_MEMORY_H
+#define KITTY_MEMORY_H
+#include "stdint.h"
+
+/*
+ * Kernel Memory Allocation Functions:
+ *
+ * All kernel memory allocation functions have the suffix "malloc", which stands for memory allocate.
+ * The following prefix characters (added in the order they appear here) determines the type of allocation to take place:
+ *
+ * "k" - Allocate kernel memory.
+ * "z" - Zero the memory to be allocated.
+ * "a" - Allocate an array.
+ *
+ * Parameters:
+ *
+ * "type_size" determines the size of the type in bytes.
+ * "array_size" determines the size of the array. Memory to be allocated is multiplied by type_size.
+ */
+
+char * kmalloc(uint64_t type_size);
+char * kamalloc(uint64_t type_size, uint64_t array_size);
+char * kzamalloc(uint64_t type_size, uint64_t array_size);
+void free(char* mem_address);
+#endif //KITTY_MEMORY_H
diff --git a/src/util/ascii.c b/src/util/ascii.c
index a580584..ed3bb5a 100644
--- a/src/util/ascii.c
+++ b/src/util/ascii.c
@@ -3,9 +3,10 @@
 //
 
 #include "ascii.h"
+#include <stdint.h>
 
 
-void from_int(int n, char dest[12]) {
+void decimal_from_int32(int32_t n, char dest[12]) {
     char str[12];
     int i, sign;
     if ((sign = n) < 0) n = -n;
@@ -19,6 +20,23 @@ void from_int(int n, char dest[12]) {
 
     dest[i] = '\0';
 
+    int j;
+    for(j = 0; j < i; j++) {
+        dest[j] = str[i - 1 - j];
+    }
+}
+
+void decimal_from_uint64(uint64_t n, char dest[20]) {
+    char str[20];
+    int i;
+    i = 0;
+    do {
+        str[i++] = n % 10 + '0';
+    } while ((n /= 10) > 0);
+    str[i] = '\0';
+
+    dest[i] = '\0';
+
     int j;
     for(j = 0; j < i; j++) {
         dest[j] = str[i - 1 - j];
diff --git a/src/util/ascii.h b/src/util/ascii.h
index 2b1dc62..cd7ee92 100644
--- a/src/util/ascii.h
+++ b/src/util/ascii.h
@@ -4,11 +4,12 @@
 
 #ifndef KITTY_ASCII_H
 #define KITTY_ASCII_H
-
+#include <stdint.h>
 /*
  * From int takes an int argument n, destination array which must be at least length 12.
  */
 
-void from_int(int n, char dest[12]);
+void decimal_from_int32(int32_t n, char dest[12]);
 
+void decimal_from_uint64(uint64_t n, char dest[20]);
 #endif //KITTY_ASCII_H
diff --git a/src/x86-boot/boot-sect.asm b/src/x86-boot/boot-sect.asm
index 2f80b33..d91a452 100644
--- a/src/x86-boot/boot-sect.asm
+++ b/src/x86-boot/boot-sect.asm
@@ -208,33 +208,36 @@ jump_to_long_mode:
     mov ecx, 4096
     rep stosd
     mov edi, cr3
-    mov dword [edi], 0x2003
+    mov dword [edi], 0x2007
     add edi, 0x1000
-    mov dword [edi], 0x3003
+    mov dword [edi], 0x3007
     add edi, 0x1000
-    mov dword [edi], 0x4003
+    mov dword [edi], 0x4007
     add edi, 0x1000
-    mov ebx, 0x00000003
+    mov ebx, 0x000000007
     mov ecx, 512
 
+
 map_first_two_MB:
     mov DWORD [edi], ebx
     add ebx, 0x1000
     add edi, 8
     loop map_first_two_MB
 
-enable_PAE_paging: ;PAE specifically
-    mov eax, cr4
+enable_PAE_paging:
+    mov eax, cr4 ; CR4 5th bit is PAE
     or eax, 1 << 5
     mov cr4, eax
 
 enable_paging:
-    mov ecx, 0xC0000080
+    mov ecx, 0xC0000080 ; This is the IA32_EFER MSR
     rdmsr
-    or eax, 1 << 8
+    or eax, 1 << 8 ; Enable LME (IA-32e Mode), enabling 4-level paging
     wrmsr
-    mov eax, cr0
+    mov eax, cr0 ; CR0 31st bit is PG (enable paging)
     or eax, 1 << 31
+    ; write protection disable
+    and eax, 0b11111111111111101111111111111111
     mov cr0, eax
 lgdt [GDT.Pointer]
 jmp GDT.Code:kernel_64
@@ -251,6 +254,11 @@ GRAN_4K       equ 1 << 7
 SZ_32         equ 1 << 6
 LONG_MODE     equ 1 << 5
 
+; the following code populates the first 512 bytes of the drive
+times 510-($-$$) db 0		; for 510 bytes minus the beginning of file, write 0
+dw 0xAA55			; magix number
+SECTOR_TWO_BEGINS:
+
 GDT: ; 64 bit GDT, taken from https://wiki.osdev.org/Setting_Up_Long_Mode ; CC0 Licensing (Public Domain)
     .Null: equ $ - GDT
         dq 0
@@ -273,9 +281,6 @@ GDT: ; 64 bit GDT, taken from https://wiki.osdev.org/Setting_Up_Long_Mode ; CC0
         dw $ - GDT - 1
         dq GDT
 
-; the following code populates the first 512 bytes of the drive
-times 510-($-$$) db 0		; for 510 bytes minus the beginning of file, write 0
-dw 0xAA55			; magix number
 LOAD_TEXT:
     db 0xA, 0xD,0xA, 0xD,'   [ ] Default Drive',0xA, 0xD,'   [ ] Floppy Drive',0xA, 0xD,'   [ ] Hard Drive',0xA, 0xD
     db ' _                    ',0xA, 0xD
@@ -287,7 +292,7 @@ LOAD_TEXT:
 jump_to_kernel:
     call 0x8000 ; jump to our kernel :), this probably isn't right
 
-[BITS 64]
+[BITS 64] ; might have to modify this in the future to perform a far return.
 kernel_64:
     cli
     mov ax, GDT.Data
@@ -301,4 +306,4 @@ kernel_64:
 CODE_SEG equ gdt_code - gdt_start
 DATA_SEG equ gdt_data - gdt_start
 
-times 512-($-LOAD_TEXT) db 0
\ No newline at end of file
+times 512-($-SECTOR_TWO_BEGINS) db 0
\ No newline at end of file