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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<title>Ladies Learning Code - HTML + CSS</title>
<meta name="viewport" content="width=1280">
<!-- CoderDeck core and extension CSS files -->
<link rel="stylesheet" href="src/deck.js/core/deck.core.css" type="text/css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="src/deck.js/extensions/navigation/deck.navigation.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="src/deck.js/extensions/status/deck.status.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="src/deck.js/extensions/hash/deck.hash.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="src/deck.js/extensions/menu/deck.menu.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="src/css/prettify.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="src/css/deck.coder.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="src/codemirror/lib/codemirror.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="src/codemirror/theme/default.css">
<!-- Custom for LLC -->
<link href='http://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Open+Sans' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'>
<!-- <link href='http://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Istok+Web' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'>
<link href='http://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Podkova' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'> -->
<link rel="stylesheet" id='style-theme-link' href="src/css/coderdeck.css" type="text/css" >
<style type="text/css"></style>
<script type="text/javascript">
function showHint(answerContainerId) {
var preTags = document.getElementById(answerContainerId).style.display = "block";
}
</script>
</head>
<body class="deck-container">
<script type='text/coderdeck' id='coderdeck-default'>
<html>
<head>
<script src='src/jquery.min.js'>SCRIPTEND</head>
<body>CODE</body>
</html>
</script>
<script type='text/coderdeck' id='coderdeck-style-example'>
<html>
<title>test</title>
<style>CODE</style>
<body>
<h1>I'm a H1 heading</h1>
<h2>I'm a H2 heading</h2>
<p>Pargraph of text <p> here</p>
<div class='stuff'>I'm a div <div> with class "stuff"</div>
<div id='my-div'>I'm a <div> with id "my-div"</div>
</body>
</html>
</script>
<div id="presentation">
<!-- **************************************** -->
<!-- SLIDE 0: Workshop intro -->
<article class='slide slide-title'>
<div class="workshop_title">
<h1>Introduction to HTML & CSS</h1>
</div>
<div class="instructor_holder">
<h2>Your instructor today</h2>
<div>
<img src="assets/preet_avatar.jpg" width="72" height="72" alt="preet jassi" />
<h4>Preet Jassi</h4>
preet@erudianart.com
<br />
<a href="http://www.erudianart.com" target="_blank">erudianart.com</a>
<a href="http://twitter.com/erudianart" target="_blank">@erudianart</a>
</div>
<br clear="left" />
</div>
<p style="padding-top: 75px; margin-bottom: 0; font-size: 0.9em; color: #999;">
( Interactive code slides thanks to
<a href="http://cykod.github.com/CoderDeck/" target="_blank" style="color: #999;">CoderDeck</a> )
</p>
</article>
<!-- SLIDE 1: Course Outline -->
<article class='slide slide-list'>
<h2>Course Outline</h2>
<h3 style="margin-top: 1em;">Morning</h3>
<ul>
<li>Make sure your computer is setup</li>
<li>Web development breakdown</li>
<li>Dive into HTML</li>
</ul>
<h3 style="margin-top: 1em;">Afternoon</h3>
<ul>
<li>CSS basics</li>
<li>Getting your website online</li>
<li style="color: #ccc;">Upload your website</li>
</ul>
</article>
<!-- SLIDE 2: Development Environment -->
<article class='slide slide-subhead'>
<h1>Development Environment</h1>
<p>4 tools you need to get started</p>
</article>
<!-- SLIDE 3: Web Browser -->
<article class='slide slide-list'>
<h2>1. Web Browser</h2>
<p>
Choose a modern web browser that has good development tools to help make building web pages easier.
</p>
<div class="centered contains_sidebyside_icons">
<a href="https://www.google.com/chrome" target="_blank"><img src="assets/ChromeIcon.png" width="125" height="125" alt="Chrome" /></a>
<br/>
<a href="https://www.google.com/chrome" target="_blank">Google Chrome</a>
</div>
<br clear="all" />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<p class="sidenote centered">
(If you are unable to install Chrome:
<br />
install
<a href="http://www.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/new/" target="_blank">Firefox</a> <b>and</b>
<a href="http://getfirebug.com/" target="_blank">Firebug</a>
.)
</p>
</article>
<!-- SLIDE 4: Code Editor -->
<article class='slide slide-list'>
<h2>2. Code Editor</h2>
<p>Although you could write code in Notepad or TextEdit, choose a text editor with code colour highlighting and other helpful features.</p>
<p>There are many, <em>many</em> free and paid options. I recommend this one that's free to evaluate:</p>
<div class="centered contains_sidebyside_icons">
<a href="http://www.sublimetext.com" target="_blank"><img src="assets/SublimeTextIcon.jpg" width="125" height="125" alt="Sublime Text 2" /></a>
<br />
<a href="http://www.sublimetext.com/" target="_blank">Sublime Text</a>
</div>
<br clear="all" />
</article>
<!-- SLIDE 5: Hackasaurus -->
<article class='slide slide-list'>
<h2>3. Hackasaurus X-Ray Goggles</h2>
<p>
Use this bookmarklet to "inspect" any webpage and see how it's built. Click and <strong><em>drag</em></strong> the orange box into your bookmarks bar to install.
</p>
<p class="sidenote centered">
(If you can't see your bookmarks bar, use Ctrl/Cmd+Shift+B in Chrome to toggle visibility.)
</p>
<br /><br /><br />
<div class="centered contains_sidebyside_icons">
<a id="hackasaurus" href="javascript:(function(){var script=document.createElement('script');script.src='http://webxray.hackasaurus.org/webxray.js';script.className='webxray';document.head.appendChild(script);})();">X-Ray Goggles</a>
<br /><br />
(from <a href="http://hackasaurus.org/en-US/goggles/install/" target="_blank">Hackasaurus</a> by Mozilla)
</div>
<br clear="all" />
<br />
<br />
<br />
</article>
<!-- SLIDE 6: FTP -->
<article class='slide slide-list'>
<h2>4. File Transfer Program (FTP)</h2>
<p>
Do you already have your own hosted website? FTP software will let you copy the files you work on today to somewhere where the rest of the world can see them!
</p>
<div class="centered contains_sidebyside_icons">
<a href="http://cyberduck.ch/" target="_blank"><img src="assets/CyberduckIcon.png" width="125" height="125" alt="CyberDuck" /></a>
<br />
<a href="http://cyberduck.ch/" target="_blank">CyberDuck</a>
</div>
<br clear="all" />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<p class="sidenote centered">
Again, there are many, many free and paid options.
<br />
<a href="http://filezilla-project.org/" target="_blank">FileZilla</a>
is good when you're more advanced.
</p>
</article>
<!-- SLIDE 7 -->
<article class='slide slide-subhead'>
<h1>Organizing your files</h1>
<p>Websites, webpages, and file structures</p>
</article>
<!-- SLIDE 8: What is a website? -->
<article class='slide slide-list'>
<h2>What is a website?</h2>
<p>A
<span class="keyword">website</span>
is made up of many
<span class="keyword">webpages</span>.
</p>
<div class="centered">
<img src="assets/website_structure.gif" width="580" heigth="320" alt="website structure" />
</div>
</article>
<!-- SLIDE 9: What is a website? -->
<article class='slide slide-list'>
<h2>What is a website?</h2>
<p>These webpages closely match a file folder structure.</p>
<div class="centered">
<img src="assets/website_structure.gif" width="440" alt="website structure" /> <img src="assets/folder_structure-simple.png" width="362" height="152" alt="folder structure" />
</div>
</article>
<!-- SLIDE 10: What is a website? -->
<article class='slide slide-list'>
<h2>What is a website?</h2>
<p>Essentially this folder is located on a dedicated computer (also known as a <span class="keyword">server</span>) that <span class="keyword">hosts</span> websites.</p>
<div class="centered">
<img src="assets/webserver_download.png" width="738" height="531" alt="web request process" />
</div>
</article>
<!-- SLIDE 11: What is a website? -->
<article class='slide slide-list'>
<h2>Good file naming habits</h2>
<ul class="spacey_list">
<li>
Keep your file names in <strong>all lowercase</strong>.<br />
<span class="sidenote"><code>about.html</code> instead of <code>About.html</code> or <code>ABOUT.html</code></span>
</li>
<li>
Avoid <code>s p a c e s</code> in your file name. Use underscores <code>(_)</code> or dashes <code>(-)</code> instead. Dashes are generally preferred for SEO.<br />
<span class="sidenote"><code>business_hours.html</code> or <code>business-hours.html</code> instead of <code>business hours.html</code><br />
(The browser will interpret it as <code>business%20hours.html</code>)</span>
</li>
<li>
For the same reason, avoid symbols like <code># & *</code> in your file name.
</li>
<li>
Keep your file names concise, yet meaningful.<br />
<span class="sidenote"><code>about.html, contact.html</code> instead of <code>page1.html, page2.html</code></span>
</li>
</ul>
</article>
<!-- SLIDE 12 -->
<article class='slide slide-list'>
<h2>A basic webpage</h2>
<p>
A webpage is mainly built using 3 web languages:
</p>
<table width="100%">
<tr>
<td width="33%" class="centered"><strong>HTML</strong> (Hypertext Markup Language) <br>
is the markup language.</td>
<td width="33%" class="centered"><strong>CSS</strong> (Cascading Style Sheets) <br>
is the style sheet language.</td>
<td width="33%" class="centered"><strong>JavaScript</strong><br>
is the programming language.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="centered"><img src="assets/TRIAD-html.gif" width="267" height="241" alt="content layer" /></td>
<td class="centered"><img src="assets/TRIAD-css.gif" width="261" height="241" alt="Presentation Layer" /></td>
<td class="centered"><img src="assets/TRIAD-js.gif" width="274" height="241" alt="Behaviour Layer" /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="centered">It should define the <strong>content</strong>.</td>
<td class="centered">It should define the <strong>presentation</strong></td>
<td class="centered">It should define <strong>behaviour</strong>.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</article>
<!-- SLIDE 13 -->
<article class='slide slide-subhead'>
<h1>Dive into HTML</h1>
<p>The content layer</p>
<p><img src="assets/TRIAD-html.gif" width="267" height="241" alt="content layer" /></p>
</article>
<!-- SLIDE 14: HTML -->
<article class='slide slide-list'>
<h2>What is HTML?</h2>
<p>HTML was created for <span class="keyword">web browsers</span> to easily read (not humans).</p>
<p>So this makes perfect sense to a web browser:</p>
<pre class="prettyprint"><!DOCTYPE html><html><head><title></title></head><body></body></html></pre>
</article>
<!-- SLIDE 15: HTML -->
<article class='slide slide-list'>
<h2>What is HTML?</h2>
<p>Whitespace through indentation (tabs) make your more HTML human-readable.</p>
<pre class='prettyprint'><!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title> </title>
</head>
<body>
</body>
</html></pre>
<p class="sidenote">(Later on, you might also notice how automatic colour coding in your code editor helps a lot too.)</p>
</article>
<!-- SLIDE 16: HTML -->
<article class='slide slide-list'>
<h2>HTML tags</h2>
<p>The structure of a webpage is defined by HTML <span class="keyword">tags</span>. Angled brackets denote tags, like this:</p>
<p class="centered" style="font-size: 3em;"><code><tag></code></p>
<p class="centered sidenote">Think about HTML tags like the beams of a house.<br />
It's what holds up a webpage.</p>
<p class="centered"><img src="assets/house_beam.jpg" width="300" height="232" alt="house beam" /></p>
</article>
<!-- SLIDE 17: HTML -->
<article class='slide slide-list'>
<h2>HTML tags</h2>
<p>Tags typically come in <strong>pairs</strong> -- an opening tag and a closing tag with a forward slash:</p>
<p class="centered" style="font-size: 3em;"><code><tag><<span style="color:red;">/</span>tag></code></p>
<p class="sidenote">Some examples:</p>
<pre class="prettyprint" style="width: 45%; float: left;"><!DOCTYPE html>
<strong><html></strong>
<head>
<title> </title>
</head>
<body>
</body>
<strong></html></strong></pre>
<pre class="prettyprint" style="width: 45%; float: right;"><!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title> </title>
</head>
<strong><body></strong>
<strong></body></strong>
</html></pre>
<br clear="all" />
</article>
<!-- SLIDE 18: HTML -->
<article class='slide slide-list'>
<h2>HTML tags</h2>
<p>The are many different HTML tags. Each are used to add <span class="keyword"><a href="http://www.adobe.com/devnet/html5/articles/semantic-markup.edu.html" target="_blank" style="color:#B1009A;">semantics</a></span> (meaning) to the content on the as well as for structure.</p>
<p>Practice writing a <code>body</code> tag with me here:</p>
<textarea class="coder-editor coder-editor-full"></textarea>
<script type="coder-solution"><body></body></script>
</article>
<!-- SLIDE 19: HTML -->
<article class='slide slide-list'>
<h2>HTML tags</h2>
<p>Tags can be "nested" within other tags, like this:</p>
<p class="centered" style="font-size: 2.5em;"><code><tag><span style="font-size: 1.3em; color: purple;"><tag></tag></span></tag></code></p>
<p class="centered sidenote">(This relationship is often referred to using the terms "parent" node and "child" nodes.)</p>
<br />
<p class="sidenote" style="margin-bottom: 0px;">Example of basic tags needed to build a website:</p>
<ul class="sidenote">
<li><code><title></title></code> is nested between opening <code><head></code> and closing <code></head></code> tags</li>
<li><code><head></code> is the parent node and <code><title></code> is the child node.</li>
<li>Going further, <code><head></code> is also (at the same time) a child node of <code><html></code>.</li>
<li>While <code><html></code> is the always the "root" node and has <strong>no</strong> parent nodes.</li>
<li>Notice too that <code><head></code> and <code><body></code> are on the same level. They are both child nodes of <code><html></code>.</li>
</ul>
<pre class="prettyprint" style="width: 45%; float: left;"><!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<strong><title></strong> <strong></title></strong>
</head>
<body>
</body>
</html></pre>
<pre class="prettyprint" style="width: 45%; float: right;"><!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<strong><head></strong>
<title> </title>
<strong></head></strong>
<body>
</body>
</html></pre>
<br clear="all" />
</article>
<!-- SLIDE 20: HTML -->
<article class='slide slide-list'>
<h2>HTML tags</h2>
<p>Tags can be "nested" within other tags, like this:</p>
<p class="centered" style="font-size: 2.5em;"><code><tag><span style="font-size: 1.3em; color: purple;"><tag></tag></span></tag></code></p>
<p>Let's practice writing an <code>html</code> tag with a <code>head</code> and <code>body</code> tag nested inside:</p>
<textarea class="coder-editor coder-editor-full"></textarea>
<script type="coder-solution"><html>
<head>
</head>
<body>
</body>
</html></script>
<br clear="all" />
<p class="centered sidenote"><strong>Remember:</strong> The innermost tag must be closed <strong>before</strong> trying to open up a new tag.<br />
This would be incorrect: <html><head><body></html></head></body> </p>
</article>
<!-- SLIDE 21: HTML -->
<article class='slide slide-list'>
<h2>HTML tags</h2>
<p>Tags can be "nested" within other tags, like this:</p>
<p class="centered" style="font-size: 2.5em;"><code><tag><span style="font-size: 1.3em; color: purple;"><tag></tag></span></tag></code></p>
<p>Now where does the <code>title</code> tag get nested? Practice here:</p>
<textarea class="coder-editor coder-editor-full"><html>
<head>
</head>
<body>
</body>
</html></textarea>
<script type="coder-solution"><html>
<head>
<title></title>
</head>
<body>
</body>
</html></script>
<br clear="all" />
<p class="centered sidenote"><strong>Remember:</strong> The innermost tag must be closed <strong>before</strong> trying to open up a new tag.<br />
This would be incorrect: <html><head><title></html></head></title> </p>
</article>
<!-- SLIDE 22: HTML -->
<article class='slide slide-list'>
<h2>HTML in a web browser</h2>
<p>If you ever forget the basic tags needed to build a basic webpage, <a href="exercises/barebones.html"><code>exercises/barebones.html</code></a> is available to copy and use.</p>
<p>Let's open it up in our code editor!</p>
<div class="reminders"><p>Most computers are set to open <code>.html</code> files in the default web browser so <strong>right-click</strong> (Command+click or 2-finger click on Mac) and select the "<strong>open with...</strong>" option.</p></div>
</article>
<!-- SLIDE 23: HTML -->
<article class='slide slide-list'>
<h2>HTML in a web browser</h2>
<p>But remember: HTML tags are like the beams of a house -- they denote structure, not content.) </p>
<p>So if I view <a href="exercises/barebones.html" target="_blank"><code>barebones.html</code></a> in a web browser, I don't see anything interesting yet...</p>
<div class="reminders single-line"><p>If Chrome is not your default web browser, <strong>right-click</strong> and select the "<strong>open with...</strong>" option.</p></div>
</article>
<!-- SLIDE 24: HTML -->
<article class='slide slide-list'>
<h2>HTML in a web browser</h2>
<p>But I can right-click and select <strong>View Page Source</strong> to see what the HTML is to confirm that it's not a blank file.</p>
<p class="sidenote">(I suggest that you do this any time you see something you like so you can reverse-engineer it.)</p>
<p class="centered"><img src="assets/llcodedotcom_viewsource.gif" width="468" height="362" alt="view source" style="margin-right: 30px;" /></p>
</article>
<!-- SLIDE 25: HTML -->
<article class='slide slide-list'>
<h2>HTML Document Types</h2>
<p>What about the 1st line?</p>
<pre class='prettyprint'><!DOCTYPE html></pre>
<p>This is a <span class="keyword">Document Type Declaration</span> a.k.a <code>DOCTYPE</code>. This indicates to the web browser what <strong>version</strong> of HTML the file is written in. This helps the browser render the content correctly based on the rules denoted by the <code>DOCTYPE</code>.</p>
<p class="sidenote">Consider how old versions of Microsoft Office or Photoshop have problems opening files that were created in later versions of the software. For example, it could be an <a href="http://www.alistapart.com/articles/doctype/">older document type</a> like the ones below, or the newer "HTML5" one that we're using above.</p>
<pre class="prettyprint"><!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd"></pre>
<pre class="prettyprint"><!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.1//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml11/DTD/xhtml11.dtd"></pre>
</p>
</article>
<!-- SLIDE 26: HTML -->
<article class='slide slide-list'>
<h2>HTML content</h2>
<p class="sidenote">(If HTML tags are the beams of a house, you still need to put up walls for it to be liveable.)</p>
<p>The human-viewable content of a HTML tag goes in between the opening and closing tags like this:</p>
<p class="centered" style="font-size: 3em;"><code><tag><span style="color: #333;">Content</span></tag></code></p>
<pre class="prettyprint"><!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title><strong>Home</strong></title>
</head>
<body><strong>
You are currently looking at index.html.
</strong></body>
</html></pre>
</article>
<!-- SLIDE 27: HTML -->
<article class='slide slide-list'>
<h2>HTML content</h2>
<p>The human-viewable content of a HTML tag goes in between the opening and closing tags like this:</p>
<p class="centered" style="font-size: 3em;"><code><tag><span style="color: #333;">Content</span></tag></code></p>
<p>Practice writing a <code>body</code> tag with some human-viewable content here:</p>
<textarea class="coder-editor"></textarea>
<script type="coder-solution"><body>Hello!</body></script>
<br clear="all" />
</article>
<!-- SLIDE 28: HTML -->
<article class='slide slide-list'>
<h2><code><head></code> vs <code><body></code></h2>
<p>Using a copy of <code>barebones.html</code>, I'm going to edit it to answer the below questions and prepare you for the following exercise you'll do on your own time.</p>
<ul class="spacey_list">
<li>
What happens when I change the content in the <code><title></code> tag?
<div class="show-hint" onclick="javascript:showHint('title-tag'); this.style.display = 'none';">click here to show answer...</div>
<div id="title-tag" class="hint-solution">It will update the browser tab/window name.</div>
</li>
<li>
What's the difference between putting a tag in-between the <code><head></code> tag versus the <code><body></code> tag?
<div class="show-hint" onclick="javascript:showHint('head-vs-body'); this.style.display = 'none';">click here to show answer...</div>
<div id="head-vs-body" class="hint-solution"><code><head></code> is for "meta" instructions that the browser will use to render content differently such as the tab title, or the character set to use when displaying a Japanese website, or links to external CSS or JS files.<br />
<code><body></code> should be used for all the content that actually gets displayed in the main part of the web browser.</div>
</li>
</ul>
</article>
<!-- SLIDE 29: HTML -->
<article class='slide slide-list'>
<h2>Exercise #1 (15 minutes)</h2>
<ol class="spacey_list">
<li>View/open <a href="exercises/1_BASIC_HTML_WEBSITE/index.html" target="_blank"><code>exercises/1_BASIC_HTML_WEBSITE/index.html</code></a> in Chrome.</li>
<li>Make a local copy of <code>index.html</code> in the same <code>1_BASIC_HTML_WEBSITE</code> folder and rename it <code>copy.html</code>.<div class="sidenote">(This is so you can always refer back to index.html when needed.)</div></li>
<li>Open <code>copy.html</code> in Sublime Text and edit some the content within some of the opening and closing tags.</li>
<li>Make sure to save <code>copy.html</code> after changes have been made (Ctrl/Cmd+S).</li>
<li>View how <code>copy.html</code> has changed in Chrome by refreshing the webpage.</li>
<li>Explore some of the HTML tags listed on the <strong>next slide</strong> by adding them to your <code>copy.html</code>. Re-save and re-view in Chrome.</li>
</ol>
</article>
<!-- SLIDE 30: HTML -->
<article class='slide slide-list'>
<h2>Exercise #1 - Basic HTML tags</h2>
<div class="sidenote">
(Don't forget that viewable content goes in-between opening and closing tag pairs.<br />
Notice how Sublime Text will hint at you when/where you might not have closed a tag.)
</div>
<div class="cheatsheet">
<div>
<h3>Text Formatting</h3>
<code><hl></code>, <code><h2></code>, ... <code><h6></code>
- hierarchical heading levels from 1 to 6 with 1 being the most important<br />
<code><p></code> - paragraph<br />
<code><b></code> or <code><strong></code> - bold<br />
<code><i></code> or <code><em></code> - italics or emphasis<br />
</div>
<div>
<h3>Section Formatting</h3>
<code><blockquote></code> - indented block of code<br />
</div>
<div>
<h3>Input & Forms</h3>
<code><button></code> - clickable button<br />
<code><textarea></code> - multiline text area for user input<br />
</div>
</div>
<br clear="all" />
<p class="sidenote">You can practice writing some of these tags in the area below:</p>
<textarea class="coder-editor"></textarea>
<br clear="all" />
</article>
<!-- SLIDE 31: HTML -->
<article class='slide slide-list'>
<h2>Exercise #1 - Exploration Questions</h2>
<ul class="spacey">
<li>What are acceptable tags that lend well to being nested and what should never be nested?</li>
<li>How is whitespace treated? What happens when you use multiple spaces or line breaks?</li>
</ul>
</article>
<!-- SLIDE 32 -->
<article class='slide slide-subhead'>
<h1>Going deeper</h1>
<p>Get to know HTML even better</p>
</article>
<!-- SLIDE 33: HTML -->
<article class='slide slide-list'>
<h2>Void (or empty) HTML Tags</h2>
<p><span class="keyword">Void tags</span> don't format content -- instead they are used to render or embed objects in our page. These tags <strong>do not</strong> come in pairs like <code>h1</code> or <code>p</code> tags. You only type the tag once.</p>
<p>However, In some versions of HTML <span class="sidenote">(specifically XHTML... remember <code>DOCTYPE</code>?)</span> they "self-close" with a back slash (<code>/</code>) immediately before the left angled bracket (<code>></code>). In HTML5, it is not required to self close.</p>
<p>The most often used example of this is the <code><br /></code> or <code><br></code> tag used to create a <strong>line break</strong>.</p>
<pre class="prettyprint"><p>This text<br />goes over<br />several<br />lines.</p>
</pre>
<p>This text<br />goes over<br />several<br />lines.</p>
</article>
<!-- SLIDE 34: HTML -->
<article class='slide slide-list'>
<h2>Void (or empty) HTML Tags</h2>
<div class="cheatsheet">
<div>
<br />
(Remember, XTHML requires void elements to be self closed, HTML5 <code>DOCTYPE</code> accepts either syntax)<br />
<code><hr></code> or <code><hr /></code> - horizontal rule<br />
<code><br></code> or <code><br /></code> - line break<br />
<code><input></code> or <code><input /></code> - text input boxes<br />
<hr />
<code><img></code> or <code><img /></code> - an image <em>*We'll get to this one very soon.</em><br />
<code><link></code> or <code><link /></code> - define a relationship to an external resource like an external style sheets. <em>*We'll get to this one later today.</em><br />
</div>
</div>
<br clear="all" />
<p class="sidenote">Practice some of these tags below:</p>
<textarea class="coder-editor"></textarea>
</article>
<!-- SLIDE 35: HTML -->
<article class='slide slide-list'>
<h2>Quick review:</h2>
<ul>
<li><strong>HTML tags</strong> define <em>structure</em>.</li>
<li><strong>Text between opening & closing tags</strong> define <em>content</em>.</li>
<li><strong>Void HTML tags</strong> render special objects that are sometimes <em>sort of like content</em> or <em>seem structural</em> depending on the void tag.</li>
</ul>
<p>Consider the <code>img</code> tag. Not very exciting right?</p>
<textarea class="coder-editor"><p>Kicking up HTML a notch.</p>
<img />
<p>Do you agree?</p></textarea>
</article>
<!-- SLIDE 36: HTML -->
<article class='slide slide-list'>
<h2>Attributes</h2>
<p>Sometimes we need to define data that we don't see right away but is used by the browser to help render special content like hyperlinks, images, or video.</p>
<p><span class="keyword">Attributes</span> are used to provide additional information or instruction.</p>
<p class="sidenote">Here's that same <code>img</code> tag but now it's using an <strong>attribute</strong>, <code>src</code>, to tell my webpage where to find a source image:</p>
<textarea class="coder-editor coder-editor-full"><p>Kicking up HTML a notch.</p>
<img src="http://goo.gl/7eSU5" />
<p>Do you agree?</p></textarea>
<br clear="all" />
<div class="reminders single-line"><p>Remember, <code>img</code> is a void HTML tag so it's <strong>not</strong> <code><img>http://goo.gl/7eSU5</img></code></p></div>
</article>
<!-- SLIDE 37: HTML -->
<article class='slide slide-list'>
<h2>Working with images</h2>
<p>Let's look at that again: images are an example of a <span class="keyword">void tag</span> <strong>with</strong> an <span class="keyword">attribute</span>.</p>
<pre class="prettyprint"><img src="http://goo.gl/7eSU5" /></pre>
<ul>
<li><code>src</code> is the <em>attribute</em></li>
<li><code>http://goo.gl/7eSU5</code> is the <em>value</em> of that attribute<br />
<span class="sidenote">Values are typically surrounded by <em>single or double quotes</em> since occassionally values may contain spaces.</span></li>
</ul>
<p>With an <code>img</code> tag, the value of the <code>src</code> attribute tells the browser what the <em>url source</em> of our image is.</p>
</article>
<!-- SLIDE 38: HTML -->
<article class='slide slide-list'>
<h2>Working with images</h2>
<p>Tags can have more than one attribute, some are <strong>required</strong> (like <code>src</code>) and others are <strong>optional</strong>:</p>
<p><code>width</code> and <code>height</code> attributes tell the browser what dimension to <em>display</em> the image at.</p>
<p class="sidenote" style="margin-top: -15px;">(This is useful so the page doesn't jump around when loading very large images, or while on a very slow internet connection such as dial-up or 2G/3G. Also, width/height values don't necessarily have to match the image's <em>actual</em> width/height.)</p>
<hr />
<p>For example, without <code>width</code> and <code>height</code> attributes, the browser displays image at original size.</p>
<pre class="prettyprint"><img src="http://goo.gl/7eSU5" /></pre>
<img src="http://goo.gl/7eSU5" />
<hr />
<p>Now with a manipulated width and height (about 50% smaller):</p>
<pre class="prettyprint"><img src="http://goo.gl/7eSU5" width="320" height="262" /></pre>
<img src="http://goo.gl/7eSU5" width="320" height="262" />
</article>
<!-- SLIDE 39: HTML -->
<article class='slide slide-list'>
<h2>Working with images</h2>
<p>Another optional image attribute:</p>
<ul style="margin-top: -1em;">
<li><code>alt</code> is <em>alternative text</em> to display to visually impaired web visitors using screen readers. It also shows up when there's a "broken image" due to typos or moved files.<br />
<span class="sidenote">(The img tag will work without the alt attribute but it's required to be "<a href="http://validator.w3.org/"target="_blank">valid</a>" HTML markup,<br /> which is why you might see <code>alt=""</code> often used.)</span></li>
</ul>
<textarea class="coder-editor"><img
src="http://goo.gl/7eSU5"
width="160"
height="131"
alt="HTML LOLcat" /></textarea>
</article>
<!-- SLIDE 40: HTML -->
<article class='slide slide-list'>
<h2>Working with images</h2>
<p>In the <code>exercises/2_WORKING_WITH_IMAGES</code> folder, there's an <code>index.html</code> file and 3 images of various types.</p>
<div class="reminders"><p>To make your web development life easier, turn on the option to see the file extension type in Explorer (<a href="http://windows.microsoft.com/en-US/windows-vista/Show-or-hide-file-name-extensions" target="_blank">Windows instructions</a>) or Finder (<a href="http://osxdaily.com/2012/01/13/show-filename-extensions-in-mac-os-x/" target="_blank">Mac instructions</a>).</p></div>
<p>Image file type comparison:</p>
<ul style="margin-top: -1em;">
<li>
<span class="keyword">gif</span> - smaller file size when used for line art, charts, and images with minimal colour variation
</li>
<li>
<span class="keyword">jpg</span> - smaller file size when used for photographs with lots of rich colours or gradients
</li>
<li>
<span class="keyword">png</span> - larger file size but has best quality and is great for images with transparent backgrounds
</li>
</ul>
<center>
<div class="sidenote">As a gif: 600 x 247, 8kb</div>
<img src="assets/img-example-gif.gif" />
<br />
<div class="sidenote">As a jpeg: 600 x 247, 9kb</div>
<img src="assets/img-example-jpg.jpg" />
<br />
<div class="sidenote">As a png: 600 x 247, 18kb</div>
<img src="assets/img-example-png.png" />
</center>
</article>
<!-- SLIDE 41: HTML -->
<article class='slide slide-list'>
<h2>Working with images <span style="font-size: 22px;">(Group exercise - Part 1)</span></h2>
<p>Code along with me:</p>
<ol class="spacey_list">
<li>Open <a href="exercises/2_WORKING_WITH_IMAGES/index.html" target="_blank"><code>exercises/2_WORKING_WITH_IMAGES/index.html</code></a> in Sublime Text. <span class="sidenote">(It's simply a copy of <code>barebones.html</code>.)</span></li>
<li>Click on the above link to also view <code>index.html</code> in Chrome. </li>
<li>Use the <code>img</code> tag to embed an image of our fave LOL cat using <code>http://goo.gl/mod/c4cm</code> for the value of the <code>src</code> attribute.</li>
<li>Save and refresh the webpage in the browser to make sure you got it right.</li>
</ol>
<p class="centered" style="font-size: 2.5em;">This is an example of an <span class="keyword">absolute path</span>.</p>
<p>It's "fully resolved" and starts with <code>http://</code> much like typing in a url into the browser's URL bar.</p>
</article>
<!-- SLIDE 42: HTML -->
<article class='slide slide-list'>
<h2>Working with images <span style="font-size: 22px;">(Group exercise - Part 2)</span></h2>
<p>Code along with me:</p>
<ol>
<li>Return to our <code>img</code> tag in <code>index.html</code> and let's instead embed <code>llc.gif</code> which we have locally.</li>
</ol>
<p class="centered" style="font-size: 2.5em;">This is an example of a <span class="keyword">relative path</span>.</p>
<p>It's based on using the html file that you're working on as the starting point to find your image source.</p>
<p>Right now, <code>llc.gif</code> in the <strong>same folder</strong> as <code>index.html</code>.</p>
<ol start="2">
<li>Open the <a href="exercises/2_WORKING_WITH_IMAGES/images/images.html" target="_blank"><code>images.html</code></a> file in the <code>img</code> folder in Sublime Text.</li>
<li>Click on the above link to also view <code>images.html</code> in Chrome. </li>
<li>Note that there's already an <code>img</code> tag in <code>images.html</code> trying to embed <code>llc.gif</code>.</li>
</ol>
</article>
<!-- SLIDE 43: HTML -->
<article class='slide slide-list'>
<h2>Working with images <span style="font-size: 22px;">(Group exercise - Part 3)</span></h2>
<p>To write a <span class="keyword">relative path</span> that goes <strong><em>up</em></strong> a folder, start path with "<code>../</code>".</p>
<pre class="prettyprint"><img src="<strong>../</strong>llc.gif" /></pre>
<p>Code along with me:</p>
<ol class="spacey_list">
<li>Return to our <code>img</code> tag in <code>images.html</code> and add <code>../</code> infront of <code>llc.gif</code>.</li>
</ol>
<hr />
<p class="sidenote"><strong>Note:</strong> "<code>../</code>" can be used multiple times if you have many nested folders.</p>
<pre class="prettyprint"><img src="<strong>../../../../</strong>llc.gif" /></pre>
<div>How many folders does this relative path go up?</div>
<div class="show-hint" onclick="javascript:showHint('nested-img-path'); this.style.display = 'none';">click here to show answer...</div>
<div id="nested-img-path" class="hint-solution">Four.</div>
</article>
<!-- SLIDE 44: HTML -->
<article class='slide slide-list'>
<h2>Working with images <span style="font-size: 22px;">(Group exercise - Part 4)</span></h2>
<p>However, it's best practice to organize your images into its own folder to keep your website's file structure tidy.</p>
<p class="sidenote">We tend to also organize JavaScript and CSS files into their own "js" or "css" folder.</p>
<p>So let's <strong>move all of our images into the <code>images</code> folder</strong> of <code>2_WORKING_WITH_IMAGES</code>.</p>
<p>Uh oh! Now our image will be broken in <code>index.html</code> since the image is no longer in the same folder. Let's fix that...</p>
</article>
<!-- SLIDE 45: HTML -->
<article class='slide slide-list'>
<h2>Working with images <span style="font-size: 22px;">(Group exercise - Part 5)</span></h2>
<p>To write a <span class="keyword">relative path</span> that goes <strong><em>into</em></strong> a folder, start path with the <strong>folder name</strong> followed by a backslash (<code>/</code>).</p>
<pre class="prettyprint"><img src="<strong>images/</strong>llc.gif" /></pre>
<ol class="spacey_list">
<li>Return to <code>index.html</code> and add <code>images/</code> infront of <code>llc.gif</code>.</li>
</ol>
<br /><br /><br />
<hr />
<p class="sidenote">An aside: You can go into multiple nested folders:</p>
<pre class="prettyprint"><img src="<strong>folder1/folder2/folder3/</strong>llc.gif" /></pre>
</article>
<!--
Bonus: Give this file structure? How would you include the image?
<p class="sidenote">Transvering <em>over</em> to a parallel folder level would be:</p>
<pre class="prettyprint">src="../folder/images/llc.gif"</pre>
-->
<!-- SLIDE 46: HTML -->
<article class='slide slide-list'>
<h2>Hyperlinks</h2>
<p>The <code><a></code> <em>anchor</em> tag is used to tell the browser that we want to link to somewhere else on our site or on the web.</p>
<p>The <code>a</code> tag comes in pairs and the content between the opening and closing tags is what is displayed as the link text (by default it is underlined).</p>
<br />
<pre class="typ">Visit <span class="str"><a></span>Ladies Learning Code<span class="str"></a></span>.</pre>
<p>Visit <a>Ladies Learning Code</a>.</p>
<br />
<p class="sidenote">But wait! This link doesn't take me anywhere!</p>
</article>
<!-- SLIDE 47: HTML -->
<article class='slide slide-list'>
<h2>Hyperlinks</h2>
<p>We need a way of setting the URL <span class="sidenote">(e.g. <code>http://ladieslearningcode.com</code>)</span> that the browser will request when someone clicks on the link.</p>
<p>Once again, we need to use <span class="keyword">attributes</span>.</p>
<pre class="prettyprint">Visit <a <strong>href="http://ladieslearningcode.com"</strong>>Ladies Learning Code</a>.</pre>
<p>Visit <a href="http://ladieslearningcode.com" target="_blank">Ladies Learning Code</a>.</p>
<ul>
<li><code>href</code> is the <em>attribute</em></li>
<li><code>http://ladieslearningcode.com</code> is the <em>value</em> of that attribute</li>
<li>Remember, the clickable text that the user sees goes <strong>in between</strong> the opening and closing <code>a</code> tags.</li>
</ul>
</article>
<!-- SLIDE 48: HTML -->
<article class='slide slide-list'>
<h2>Exercise #2 (10-15 minutes)</h2>
<ol class="spacey_list">
<li>Continue using <code>index.html</code> from the <code>2_WORKING_WITH_IMAGES</code> folder in Sublime Text.</li>
<li>Create a text link using the <code><a></code> tag that points to "http://ladieslearningcode.com".</li>
<li>Using your knowledge of the <code><a></code> tag, try to create a <em>clickable image</em> using both the <code><img></code> and <code><a></code> tags. Clicking on the image should open up "http://ladieslearningcode.com".<br />
<span class="sidenote">(Hint: This involves nested HTML tags.)</span>
</li>
</ol>
<p class="sidenote">Make sure to save <code>index.html</code> after changes have been made (Ctrl/Cmd+S) and before confirming your edits in Chrome.</p>
</article>
<!-- SLIDE 49: HTML -->
<article class='slide slide-list'>
<h2>Getting ready for Exercise #3</h2>
<p>We're eventually aiming to have a <strong>3-page</strong> website that uses a standard 2-column webpage layout.</p>
<p class="centered"><img src="assets/2-column-webpage.png" width="703" height="411" alt="" /></p>
</article>
<!-- SLIDE 50 -->
<article class='slide slide-list'>
<h2>Getting ready for Exercise #3</h2>
<p>Code along and review with me!</p>
<p>Make a new <code>index.html</code> in the <code>exercises/website</code> folder.</p>
<ol>
<li>What's the <strong>very first line</strong> we need to type?</li>
<li>What <strong>three</strong> HTML tags should every website have?</li>
<li>What HTML tag do I need to update the browser tab with a descriptive tab name? And where does it go?</li>
</ol>
<p>Here is the start of your top navigation menu.<br /><span class="sidenote">NOTE: <code>nav</code> is an HTML5 tag that represents a section with navigation links. <!-- (Don't worry, <code><nav></code> is nothing too special but we'll use it later in CSS.) --></span></p>
<pre class="prettyprint">
<nav>
Home About Contact
</nav>
</pre>
<ol start="4">
<li>In between which tag do I paste this code since it's content that should be <strong>visible to the user</strong>?</li>
</ol>
</article>
<!-- SLIDE 51 -->
<article class='slide slide-list'>
<h2>Exercise #3 (now until lunch)</h2>
<p>On your own:</p>
<ol class="spacey_list">
<li>Eventually there will be <code>about.html</code> and <code>contact.html</code>. Use the <code><a></code> tag with a <code>href</code> attribute to link all your pages together.</li>
<li>Based on <code>index.html</code>, create those 2 new files for About and Contact in the same <code>website</code> folder as <code>index.html</code>.</li>
<li>Make sure that all your webpages have descriptive and unique <code><title></code>'s.</li>
<li>Confirm that you can click between all the pages using the navigation links. Fix them if needed.</li>
<li>Update <code>about.html</code> with a picture and bio.<br />
<span class="sidenote">(You can even try adding a YouTube video based on the notes on the next slide.)</span></li>
<li>Update <code>contact.html</code> with contact info.<br />
<span class="sidenote">(You can even try adding a Google Map.)</span></li>
<li><strong>Don't</strong> update <code>index.html</code> any more!<br/>
<span class="sidenote">We'll get to that <strong>after</strong> lunch.</span></li>
</ol>
</article>
<!-- SLIDE 52: HTML -->
<article class='slide slide-list'>
<h2>Bonus: Add video to your webpage</h2>
<p>As time goes on, it has become easier and easier to embed multimedia content into websites.</p>
<p>From YouTube, you can find an <strong>Embed Code</strong> to put into your website <span class="sidenote">(click on "Share" button below video, then "Embed")</span> and YouTube's servers do all the rest of the work via the <code>iframe</code> tag.</p>
<pre class="prettyprint"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/tlnFyjpV5Wo" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe></pre>
<iframe width="560" height="315" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/tlnFyjpV5Wo" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe>
<p>Adding a Google Map is similiar. <a href="assets/google_map_embed.jpg" target="_blank">Click here for instructional screenshot.</a></p>
</article>
<!-- SLIDE 53: HTML -->
<article class='slide slide-list'>
<h2>HTML reference</h2>
<ul class="spacey_list">
<li>Download a <a href="http://woorkup.com/2009/12/16/html5-visual-cheat-sheet-reloaded/" target="_blank">cheatsheet of HTML tags</a>. (Copy in the <code>cheatsheets</code> folder.)</li>
<li>Try looking up individual tags using the HTML sections of <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/HTML/Element" target="_blank">Mozilla's Developer Network</a> or the <a href="http://www.w3.org/community/webed/wiki/HTML/Elements" target="_blank">W3C</a> for further breakdown.</li>
<li>For further exploration, use the <a href="http://hackasaurus.org/en-US/goggles/install/" target="_blank">Hackasaurus X-Ray Goggles</a> to look at any webpage.</li>
<li>And don't forget the "view source" option of your web browser!</li>
</ul>
</article>
<!-- SLIDE 54: CSS -->
<article class='slide slide-subhead'>
<h1>CSS basics</h1>
<p>The presentation layer</p>
<p><img src="assets/TRIAD-css.gif" width="261" height="241" alt="Presentation Layer" /></p>
</article>
<!-- SLIDE 55: CSS -->
<article class='slide slide-list'>
<h2>What is CSS?</h2>
<ul>
<li>CSS = cascading style sheet</li>
<li>stylesheet language with its own syntax rules that are different from HTML</li>
<li>Separates content (i.e. text) from presentation (i.e. text colour).</li>
<li>a style sheet contains a list of rules that <em>cascade</em> and can help to reduce redundancy and save time</li>
</ul>
<p>There are three ways to include (otherwise known as <em>referencing</em>)<br /> CSS in an HTML page: inline, internal and external.</p>
</article>
<!-- SLIDE 56: CSS -->
<article class='slide slide-list'>
<h2>Inline CSS</h2>
<p>The <code>style</code> <em><strong>attribute</strong></em> can be added to any visible HTML tag. This allows us to add CSS properties directly to the element. Let's practice using using the <code>background-color</code>, <code>color</code> and <code>font-size</code> <em><strong>property</strong></em>.</p>
<textarea class='coder-editor coder-editor-full'>
<h1>Welcome!</h1>
<p>This is my website.</p>
<h1>Social Media</h1>
<p>Follow me on
<a href="http://twitter.com/christinatruong" target="_blank">Twitter</a>!
</p>
</textarea>
<script type='coder-solution'><h1 style="background-color: yellow;">Welcome!</h1>
<p style="font-size: 18px;">This is my website.</p>
<h1 style="background-color: pink;">Social Media</h1>
<p style="font-size: 18px;">Follow me on
<a href="http://twitter.com/christinatruong" target="_blank"
style="color: red;">Twitter</a>!
</p>
</script>
</article>
<!-- SLIDE 57: CSS -->
<article class='slide slide-list'>
<h2>Internal CSS using selectors</h2>
<p>Rather than using a style attribute directly in the element, a <code><style></code> tag is declared and the CSS declarations go in between these <code><style></code> tags.<p>
<p>Here's the same result but using CSS <span class="keyword">selectors</span>.</p>
<textarea class='coder-editor coder-editor-full'>
<h1>Welcome!</h1>
<p>This is my website.</p>
<h1>Social Media</h1>
<p>Follow me on
<a href="http://twitter.com/christinatruong" target="_blank">Twitter</a>!
</p>
</textarea>
<script type='coder-solution'>
<style>
h1 { background-color: black; color: white; }
p { font-size: 18apx; }
a { color: red; }
</style>
<h1>Welcome!</h1>
<p>This is my website.</p>
<h1>Social Media</h1>
<p>Follow me on
<a href="http://twitter.com/christinatruong" target="_blank">Twitter</a>!
</p>
</script>
<br />
<p>NOTE: Internal CSS should be place between the <code><head></code> tags.</p>
</article>
<!-- SLIDE 58: CSS -->
<article class='slide slide-list'>
<h2>Common CSS terms</h2>
<p><strong>Selectors</strong>: used to determine which element(s) to apply the styles to. Can target an HTML tag (i.e. <code><h1></code> for a heading), class or ID.</p>
<p><strong>Declaration blocks</strong> consists of a list of declarations (rules to follow) wrapped in curly braces <code>{ }</code>.</p>
<p>Declarations are written using CSS <code>property: value</code> pairs.</p>
<pre class="prettyprint">
selector { property: value; }
</pre>
<pre class="prettyprint">
h1 { color: blue; }
</pre>
</article>
<!-- SLIDE 59: CSS -->
<article class='slide slide-list'>
<h2>CSS selectors and properties</h2>
<p>Here's a CSS declaration dissected:</p>
<p class="centered"><img src="assets/css.png" /></p>
<ul>
<li>A <strong>basic</strong> <span class="keyword">selector</span> will match its HTML tag name. In this case, all content that is in an <code><h1></code> will have this style applied to it.<br /><span class="sidenote">(We'll get into more complex ones later.)</span></li>
<li>A <span class="keyword">property</span> is a label used to determine the type of style to be applied to
the element (like color). You can see a list of them in this <a href="http://www.cheatography.com/davechild/cheat-sheets/css2/">cheatsheet</a>.</li>
<li>The property <strong>value</strong> is specific to the property type. For example, <code>color</code> properties accept colour values like <code>blue</code> or <code>#FFFF00</code>. <code>font-size</code> properties accept units of measurements like <code>12px</code> (where "px" stands for pixels).</li>
</ul>
</article>
<!-- SLIDE 60: CSS -->
<article class='slide slide-list'>