diff --git a/pallas-codec/src/utils.rs b/pallas-codec/src/utils.rs
index cb2eec8c1..a74a1f333 100644
--- a/pallas-codec/src/utils.rs
+++ b/pallas-codec/src/utils.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ use minicbor::{
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use std::{borrow::Cow, str::FromStr};
 use std::{
-    collections::HashMap,
+    collections::{HashMap, BTreeSet},
     fmt,
     hash::Hash as StdHash,
     ops::{Deref, DerefMut},
@@ -712,7 +712,7 @@ where
 ///
 /// Optional 258 tag (until era after Conway, at which point is it required)
 /// with a vec of items which should contain no duplicates
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone, PartialOrd, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone, PartialOrd, Serialize, Deserialize, Ord)]
 pub struct Set<T>(Vec<T>);
 
 impl<T> Set<T> {
@@ -806,6 +806,35 @@ impl<T> NonEmptySet<T> {
     }
 }
 
+pub trait BusinessInvariants {
+    /// Checks that the business invariants for this type hold.
+    fn validate_data(&self) -> bool;
+}
+
+impl<T: BusinessInvariants> BusinessInvariants for Option<T> {
+    fn validate_data(&self) -> bool
+    {
+        self.as_ref().is_none_or(|x| x.validate_data())
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: Ord> BusinessInvariants for &NonEmptySet<T> {
+    /// The inner vec is nonempty and contains no duplicates.
+    fn validate_data(&self) -> bool
+    {
+        let mut seen = BTreeSet::new();
+        !self.0.is_empty() && self.0.iter().all(|item| seen.insert(item))
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: Ord> BusinessInvariants for NonEmptySet<T> {
+    /// The inner vec is nonempty and contains no duplicates.
+    fn validate_data(&self) -> bool
+    {
+        (&self).validate_data()
+    }
+}
+
 impl<T> Deref for NonEmptySet<T> {
     type Target = Vec<T>;
 
diff --git a/pallas-primitives/src/alonzo/model.rs b/pallas-primitives/src/alonzo/model.rs
index 9e4c32bfc..ff9c0d652 100644
--- a/pallas-primitives/src/alonzo/model.rs
+++ b/pallas-primitives/src/alonzo/model.rs
@@ -314,7 +314,7 @@ pub struct TransactionBody {
     pub network_id: Option<NetworkId>,
 }
 
-#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize, Encode, Decode, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone)]
+#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize, Encode, Decode, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone, PartialOrd, Ord)]
 pub struct VKeyWitness {
     #[n(0)]
     pub vkey: Bytes,
@@ -323,7 +323,7 @@ pub struct VKeyWitness {
     pub signature: Bytes,
 }
 
-#[derive(Encode, Decode, Serialize, Deserialize, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone)]
+#[derive(Encode, Decode, Serialize, Deserialize, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone, PartialOrd, Ord)]
 #[cbor(flat)]
 pub enum NativeScript {
     #[n(0)]
@@ -384,7 +384,7 @@ pub struct RedeemerPointer {
 , attributes : bytes
 ] */
 
-#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize, Encode, Decode, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone)]
+#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize, Encode, Decode, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone, PartialOrd, Ord)]
 pub struct BootstrapWitness {
     #[n(0)]
     pub public_key: Bytes,
diff --git a/pallas-primitives/src/conway/model.rs b/pallas-primitives/src/conway/model.rs
index 2d84fb862..73b2250f4 100644
--- a/pallas-primitives/src/conway/model.rs
+++ b/pallas-primitives/src/conway/model.rs
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ pub use crate::{
     PlutusScript, PolicyId, PoolKeyhash, PoolMetadata, PoolMetadataHash, Port, PositiveCoin,
     PositiveInterval, ProtocolVersion, RationalNumber, Relay, RewardAccount, ScriptHash, Set,
     StakeCredential, TransactionIndex, TransactionInput, UnitInterval, VrfCert, VrfKeyhash,
+    BusinessInvariants,
 };
 
 use crate::BTreeMap;
@@ -49,7 +50,7 @@ pub type Withdrawals = BTreeMap<RewardAccount, Coin>;
 
 pub type RequiredSigners = NonEmptySet<AddrKeyhash>;
 
-#[derive(Encode, Decode, Serialize, Deserialize, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone)]
+#[derive(Encode, Decode, Serialize, Deserialize, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone, PartialOrd, Ord)]
 #[cbor(flat)]
 pub enum Certificate {
     #[n(0)]
@@ -152,7 +153,7 @@ pub enum Language {
 #[deprecated(since = "0.31.0", note = "use `CostModels` instead")]
 pub type CostMdls = CostModels;
 
-#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize, Encode, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone)]
+#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize, Encode, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone, PartialOrd, Ord)]
 #[cbor(map)]
 pub struct CostModels {
     #[n(0)]
@@ -195,7 +196,7 @@ impl<'b, C> minicbor::Decode<'b, C> for CostModels {
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize, Encode, Decode, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone)]
+#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize, Encode, Decode, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone, PartialOrd, Ord)]
 #[cbor(map)]
 pub struct ProtocolParamUpdate {
     #[n(0)]
@@ -271,7 +272,7 @@ pub struct Update {
     pub epoch: Epoch,
 }
 
-#[derive(Encode, Decode, Serialize, Deserialize, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone)]
+#[derive(Encode, Decode, Serialize, Deserialize, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone, PartialOrd, Ord)]
 pub struct PoolVotingThresholds {
     #[n(0)]
     pub motion_no_confidence: UnitInterval,
@@ -285,7 +286,7 @@ pub struct PoolVotingThresholds {
     pub security_voting_threshold: UnitInterval,
 }
 
-#[derive(Encode, Decode, Serialize, Deserialize, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone)]
+#[derive(Encode, Decode, Serialize, Deserialize, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone, PartialOrd, Ord)]
 pub struct DRepVotingThresholds {
     #[n(0)]
     pub motion_no_confidence: UnitInterval,
@@ -377,6 +378,17 @@ pub struct TransactionBody<'a> {
 #[deprecated(since = "1.0.0-alpha", note = "use `TransactionBody` instead")]
 pub type MintedTransactionBody<'a> = TransactionBody<'a>;
 
+impl BusinessInvariants for TransactionBody<'_> {
+    fn validate_data(&self) -> bool
+    {
+        self.certificates.validate_data() &&
+            self.collateral.validate_data() &&
+            self.required_signers.validate_data() &&
+            self.reference_inputs.validate_data() &&
+            self.proposal_procedures.validate_data()
+    }
+}
+
 #[derive(Encode, Decode, Serialize, Deserialize, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone)]
 #[cbor(index_only)]
 pub enum Vote {
@@ -398,7 +410,7 @@ pub struct VotingProcedure {
     pub anchor: Option<Anchor>,
 }
 
-#[derive(Encode, Decode, Serialize, Deserialize, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone)]
+#[derive(Encode, Decode, Serialize, Deserialize, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone, PartialOrd, Ord)]
 pub struct ProposalProcedure {
     #[n(0)]
     pub deposit: Coin,
@@ -410,7 +422,7 @@ pub struct ProposalProcedure {
     pub anchor: Anchor,
 }
 
-#[derive(Encode, Decode, Serialize, Deserialize, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone)]
+#[derive(Encode, Decode, Serialize, Deserialize, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone, PartialOrd, Ord)]
 #[cbor(flat)]
 pub enum GovAction {
     #[n(0)]
@@ -441,7 +453,7 @@ pub enum GovAction {
     Information,
 }
 
-#[derive(Encode, Decode, Serialize, Deserialize, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone)]
+#[derive(Encode, Decode, Serialize, Deserialize, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone, PartialOrd, Ord)]
 pub struct Constitution {
     #[n(0)]
     pub anchor: Anchor,
@@ -506,7 +518,7 @@ pub use crate::alonzo::VKeyWitness;
 
 pub use crate::alonzo::NativeScript;
 
-#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize, Encode, Decode, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone)]
+#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize, Encode, Decode, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone, PartialOrd, Ord)]
 pub struct ExUnitPrices {
     #[n(0)]
     pub mem_price: RationalNumber,
@@ -617,6 +629,19 @@ pub struct WitnessSet<'b> {
 #[deprecated(since = "1.0.0-alpha", note = "use `WitnessSet` instead")]
 pub type MintedWitnessSet<'b> = WitnessSet<'b>;
 
+impl BusinessInvariants for WitnessSet<'_> {
+    fn validate_data(&self) -> bool
+    {
+        self.vkeywitness.validate_data() &&
+            self.native_script.validate_data() &&
+            self.bootstrap_witness.validate_data() &&
+            self.plutus_v1_script.validate_data() &&
+            self.plutus_data.validate_data() &&
+            self.plutus_v2_script.validate_data() &&
+            self.plutus_v3_script.validate_data()
+    }
+}
+
 #[derive(Serialize, Deserialize, Encode, Decode, Debug, PartialEq, Clone)]
 #[cbor(map)]
 pub struct PostAlonzoAuxiliaryData {
@@ -720,6 +745,14 @@ pub struct Tx<'b> {
     pub auxiliary_data: Nullable<KeepRaw<'b, AuxiliaryData>>,
 }
 
+impl BusinessInvariants for Tx<'_> {
+    fn validate_data(&self) -> bool
+    {
+        self.transaction_body.validate_data() &&
+            self.transaction_witness_set.validate_data()
+    }
+}
+
 #[deprecated(since = "1.0.0-alpha", note = "use `Tx` instead")]
 pub type MintedTx<'b> = Tx<'b>;
 
diff --git a/pallas-primitives/src/lib.rs b/pallas-primitives/src/lib.rs
index 03269ff5c..5301a6410 100644
--- a/pallas-primitives/src/lib.rs
+++ b/pallas-primitives/src/lib.rs
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ pub use pallas_codec::codec_by_datatype;
 
 pub use pallas_codec::utils::{
     Bytes, Int, KeepRaw, KeyValuePairs, MaybeIndefArray, NonEmptySet, NonZeroInt, Nullable,
-    PositiveCoin, Set,
+    PositiveCoin, Set, BusinessInvariants,
 };
 pub use pallas_crypto::hash::Hash;
 
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ pub type DnsName = String;
 
 pub type Epoch = u64;
 
-#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize, Encode, Decode, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone, Copy)]
+#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize, Encode, Decode, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone, Copy, PartialOrd, Ord)]
 pub struct ExUnits {
     #[n(0)]
     pub mem: u64,
@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ pub enum NonceVariant {
     Nonce,
 }
 
-#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize, Encode, Decode, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone)]
+#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize, Encode, Decode, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone, PartialOrd, Ord)]
 #[cbor(transparent)]
 pub struct PlutusScript<const VERSION: usize>(pub Bytes);
 
@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ pub type PolicyId = Hash<28>;
 
 pub type PoolKeyhash = Hash<28>;
 
-#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize, Encode, Decode, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone)]
+#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize, Encode, Decode, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone, PartialOrd, Ord)]
 pub struct PoolMetadata {
     #[n(0)]
     pub url: String,
@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ pub type PositiveInterval = RationalNumber;
 
 pub type ProtocolVersion = (u64, u64);
 
-#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone)]
+#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone, PartialOrd, Ord)]
 pub struct RationalNumber {
     pub numerator: u64,
     pub denominator: u64,
@@ -202,7 +202,7 @@ impl<C> minicbor::encode::Encode<C> for RationalNumber {
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone)]
+#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone, PartialOrd, Ord)]
 pub enum Relay {
     SingleHostAddr(Option<Port>, Option<IPv4>, Option<IPv6>),
     SingleHostName(Option<Port>, DnsName),
diff --git a/pallas-validate/src/phase1/conway.rs b/pallas-validate/src/phase1/conway.rs
index 6f4dbc185..9698b9575 100644
--- a/pallas-validate/src/phase1/conway.rs
+++ b/pallas-validate/src/phase1/conway.rs
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ use crate::utils::{
 use pallas_addresses::{ScriptHash, ShelleyAddress, ShelleyPaymentPart};
 use pallas_codec::{
     minicbor::{encode, Encoder},
-    utils::{Bytes, KeepRaw},
+    utils::{BusinessInvariants, Bytes, KeepRaw},
 };
 use pallas_primitives::{
     babbage,
@@ -38,6 +38,7 @@ pub fn validate_conway_tx(
 ) -> ValidationResult {
     let tx_body: &TransactionBody = &mtx.transaction_body.clone();
     let size: u32 = get_conway_tx_size(mtx).ok_or(PostAlonzo(UnknownTxSize))?;
+    check_data_business_invariants(mtx)?;
     check_ins_not_empty(tx_body)?;
     check_all_ins_in_utxos(tx_body, utxos)?;
     check_tx_validity_interval(tx_body, block_slot)?;
@@ -56,6 +57,14 @@ pub fn validate_conway_tx(
     check_script_data_hash(tx_body, mtx, utxos, network_magic, network_id, block_slot)
 }
 
+fn check_data_business_invariants(mtx: &Tx) -> ValidationResult {
+    if mtx.validate_data() {
+        Ok(())
+    } else {
+        Err(PostAlonzo(BrokenBusinessInvariant))
+    }
+}
+
 // The set of transaction inputs is not empty.
 fn check_ins_not_empty(tx_body: &TransactionBody) -> ValidationResult {
     if tx_body.inputs.is_empty() {
diff --git a/pallas-validate/src/utils/validation.rs b/pallas-validate/src/utils/validation.rs
index 35816739e..491fdac60 100644
--- a/pallas-validate/src/utils/validation.rs
+++ b/pallas-validate/src/utils/validation.rs
@@ -409,6 +409,9 @@ pub enum PostAlonzoError {
 
     #[error("invalid script integrity hash")]
     ScriptIntegrityHash,
+
+    #[error("transaction data does not satisfy business/CDDL invariant")]
+    BrokenBusinessInvariant,
 }
 
 pub type ValidationResult = Result<(), ValidationError>;