Selenium tutorial

Installing Selenium

1. Install Java and validate that Java is installed by going to "C://ProgramFiles/Java"
   • Java 8+
   • setup Environment variables - JAVA_HOME (path to JRE)
2. Install IDE of choice (IJ or Eclipse)
3. Setup Maven project
4. Install dependencies Maven repository
   • Selenium
   • TestNG

Classes and objects used in Selenium

1. driver - as mentioned on driver setting
2. dropdown

      WebElement name = driver.findElement(By.id("ID"));
      Select dropdown =  new Select(name);

Properties file

• src/data.properties

       // data.properties
     browser=chrome
    url="rahulshettyacademy.com"
       // class
     public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
       Properties prop = new Properties();
       FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream("C:\\Users\\inani\\OneDrive\\Desktop\\Selenium\\src\\data.properties");
       prop.load(fis);
       System.out.println(prop.getProperty("browser"));
  
     //set property locally
     prop.setProperty("browser", "firefox");
     
     // set property back into file
     prop.setProperty("browser", "firefox");
  
      FileOutputStream  fos = new FileOutputStream("C:\\Users\\inani\\OneDrive\\Desktop\\Selenium\\src\\data.properties");
      prop.store(fos, null);
   }

Drivers

1. Chrome driver

   • Download chromedriver for current version of Chrome
   • Link for download

    System.setProperty("webdriver.chrome.driver", "C:\\Program Files\\Drivers\\chromedriver.exe");
    WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();

2. Firefox driver

   • Download geckodriver for current version of Firefox
   • Link for download

        System.setProperty("webdriver.gecko.driver", "C:\\Program Files\\Drivers\\geckodriver.exe");
        WebDriver driver = new FirefoxDriver();

3. Edge driver

   • Download msedgedriver for current version of Edge
   • Link for download

        System.setProperty("webdriver.edge.driver", "C:\\Program Files\\Drivers\\msedgedriver.exe");
        WebDriver driver = new EdgeDriver();

4. Chrome driver to invoke DEV tools

      ChromeDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
      DevTools devTools  = driver.getDevTools();
      // create session
      devTools.createSession();

5. Chrome headless

      // chrome headless
            ChromeOptions options = new ChromeOptions();
            options.addArguments("headless");
            //execute in Chrome driver
            System.setProperty("webdriver.chrome.driver", System.getProperty("user.dir") +"\\src\\main    \\java\\resources\\drivers\\chromedriver.exe");
            driver = new ChromeDriver(options);

Webdriver methods

1. get() - by default waits for page to load
2. navigate().to("URL") - navigate while in script

      driver.navigate().to("https://rahulshettyacademy");
      // browser back and forward
      driver.navigate().back();
      driver.navigate().forward();

3. getCurrentUrl()
4. close() and quit()
   • Close and quit are doing seeminglz the same thing but there are certain differences.
   • close() method closes only the originally opened window by selenium
   • quit() method closes ALL opened windows that are created by Selenium
5. sendKeys() - type into filed
6. click()
7. getText()
8. manage() - configurations

      // max, min, fullscreen
      driver.manage().window().maximize();
      driver.manage().deleteAllCookies() // or delete cookie with name, delete only one cookie... 

9. keyDown(Keys.KEY) - Simulate pressing the key
10. .switchTo().defaultContent(); - to switch to default content on page

Dropdown methods / Checkboxes

1. selectByIndex()
2. selectByValue() - what is the exact value of option
3. selectByVisibleText() - what we see as users
4. getFirstSelectedOption()
5. isSelected() - returns true or false

• snippet for listing all elements of list and clicking on one particular

     List<WebElement> options = driver.findElements(By.cssSelector(".ui-menu-item a"));
  
       for (WebElement option :options){
           if(option.getText().equalsIgnoreCase("India")){
               option.click();
               break;
           }
       }

• Static dropdown selection

         WebElement staticDropdown = driver.findElement(By.id("exampleFormControlSelect1"));
          Select dropdown = new Select(staticDropdown);

Selenium Relative locators

• above()
• below()
• toLeftOf()
• toRightOf()

import static org.openqa.selenium.support.locators.RelativeLocator.*;

  driver.findElement(with(By.tagName("label")).above(nameEditBox));

Selectors

ID

driver.findElement(By.id("inputUsername"));

Class name

driver.findElement(By.className("inputUsername"));

CSS Selectors

driver.findElement(By.cssSelector(".inputUsername"));
driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("#inputUsername"));
driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("#inputUsername:nth-child(5)"));
//contains text - =*

Link text - works only for tags

driver.findElement(By.linkText("Forgot your password?"));

XPath

• Install SelectorsHub plugin Download link
• //tagname[@attribute='value'][index]
• div > p -> //div/p
• bytext - //button[text()='Log Out']
• sibling to sibling -> //header/div/button/following-sibling::TAGNAME[INDEX]
• child to parent (reverse)-> //header/div/button/parent::TAGNAME[INDEX].
• second occurance of xpath -> (xpath)[2]
• parent to child -> //xpath SPACE //xpath

driver.findElement(By.cssSelector(".inputUsername"));

Actions / Child Windows / iFrames

Actions - Class that handles actions in Selenium

  // contextClick() - right click
  Actions a = new Actions(driver);
  a.moveToElement(element).contextClick().build().perform();
  a.moveToElement(element).click().keyDown(Keys.SHIFT).sendKeys("hello").doubleClick().build().perform();
  a.dragAndDrop(element, elementDestination).build().perform();

Child Windows - tabs, new windows

• switching to child windows and back

     //        how many windows is opened in Selenium - get all of them and set them in collection Set
         Set<String> windows = driver.getWindowHandles(); //[parentId, childId]
          Iterator<String> it = windows.iterator();
          String parentId = it.next(); // [0] index
          String childId = it.next(); //[1] index, for all additional we can add more variables and type       it.next();
  //        we need to switch to child window
          driver.switchTo().window(childId);

• invoking child windows

     driver.switchTo().newWindow(WindowType.TAB);
     driver.switchTo().newWindow(WindowType.WINDOW);

iFrames

 driver.switchTo().frame(driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("")));
driver.switchTo().frame(0); //by index

Assertions

TestNG assertions

1. Assert.assertEquals(actual, expected);
2. .assertFalse, .assertTrue
3. SOFT ASSERTIONS - test continues after failing until finished.

       SoftAssert soft = new SoftAssert();
       soft.assertTrue(responseCode < 400, "The link with text" + link.getText() + " is broken with code " + responseCode);
       // after all code executed, outside all loops
       soft.assertAll();

Common errors and solutions

• ALERT switching and methods

     driver.switchTo().alert();
     // .accept(), .getText(), .dismiss()  

• Synchronization in Selenium

  • Implicit Wait - set globally - wait for X seconds before failing test. If content is loaded before X seconds test continues - it does not wait for X seconds to pass first

        driver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(Duration.ofSeconds(2))

  • Explicit Wait - target specific element or scenario and set wait period

       WebDriverWait w = new WebDriverWait(driver,Duration.ofSeconds(5));
       w.until(ExpectedConditions.visibilityOfElementLocated(By.cssSelector("span.promo-info")));

  • Thread.sleep - part of Java, no actions during that time - explicit - it will wait for exactly X seconds
  • Fluent wait - keeps repeatedly finding of element at regular intervals of time until the object gets found. Webdriver Wait keeps finding element for every millisecond until object gets found. Link for information

• Change/Limit SCOPE of driver

WebElement footerDriver = driver.findElement(By.id("gf-BIG"));
// use footerDriver as regular driver

• SSL Certificate hack

        ChromeOptions options = new ChromeOptions();
        // FirefoxOptions options = new FirefoxOptions();
        options.setAcceptInsecureCerts(true);
        
        System.setProperty("webdriver.chrome.driver", "C:\\Program Files\\Drivers\\chromedriver.exe");
        WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver(options);    

• Screenshots in Selenium

        File src = ((TakesScreenshot) driver).getScreenshotAs(OutputType.FILE);
        Files.copy(src,new File("C:/Users/Ina/Desktop/screenshots/screenshot.png"));
        
        // partial screenshots of WebElements
 File file =  nameField.getScreenshotAs(OutputType.FILE);

        FileUtils.copyFile(file, new File("C:/Users/inani/OneDrive/Desktop/logo.png"));

// importujemo klase: 
import org.apache.commons.io.FileUtils;
import java.io.File;
import org.openqa.selenium.OutputType;

• Scan all links and check if there are any broken ones

        List<WebElement> links = driver.findElements(By.cssSelector("li[class='gf-li'] a"));
        SoftAssert soft = new SoftAssert();
        for (WebElement link : links) {

            String url = link.getAttribute("href");
            HttpURLConnection conn = (HttpURLConnection) new URL(url).openConnection();
            conn.setRequestMethod("HEAD");
            conn.connect();
            int responseCode = conn.getResponseCode();
            soft.assertTrue(responseCode < 400, "The link with text" + link.getText() + " is broken with code " + responseCode);

        }
        soft.assertAll();

• Get height and width of element

   nameField.getRect().getDimension().getWidth()

Selenium Grid TODO

Smart proxy server that makes running tests in parallel on multiple machines

• Documentation
• Download JAR - Selenium Server(Grid)
• To start hub - bash java -jar selenium-server-<version>.jar hub
• Check webdrivers - bash java -jar selenium-server-4.1.2.jar node --detect-drivers true

CDP - Chrome DevTools Protocol

• Link
• Selenium methods wrap CDP protocols to grant access to Chrome DevTools directly from automated tests
• java driver.send();

POM

Explanation behind this method - collect all objects referred to one page and put them in one file. After that make Test cases and take necessary items from those object files.

1. Page Object Classes - Define objects and make contructor for current Object Class. Then return all those in separate functions

    // Object Model  
    WebDriver driver;
   
    public RediffLoginPage(WebDriver driver) {
        this.driver = driver;
       // if Page Factory is used bellow line is necessary
       PageFactory.initElements(driver, this);
    }
    
    By username = By.id("login1");
    
    public WebElement EmailId(){
        return driver.findElement(username);
    }

      // Class
     //  define drivers as usual
     RediffLoginPage rdLogin = new RediffLoginPage(driver);
    access all methods via rdLogin

2. Page Factory

      @FindBy(id = "login1")
      WebElement username;
   
      public WebElement homeLink(){
        return  username;
    }

3. New method for POM - cleaner way.

Framework steps from scratch

1. Create Maven project
   • create from archetype - quickstart
   • install dependencies TestNG and Selenium
2. Make packages in main/java
   • pageObjects
   • resources
3. Make main/resources/base class and data.properties file inside resources
4. In all classes in test folder add extends base
5. Add testng.xml and import it into maven pom.xml
6. Add log4j for logging
7. Add listeners for screenshots on fail

      public class Listeners implements ITestListener {
      }

   • Link for TestNg Wiki