Graphics training split and updates

mk/graphics.mk

@@ -2,8 +2,23 @@ GRAPHICS_SLIDES = \
 		first-slides \
 		about-us \
 		course-information \
-		graphics-theory \
-		graphics-hardware \
-		graphics-software \
+		graphics-theory-image \
+		graphics-theory-color \
+		graphics-theory-layout-formats \
+		graphics-theory-pixel-drawing \
+		graphics-theory-pixel-operations \
+		graphics-hardware-overview \
+		graphics-hardware-pipelines \
+		graphics-hardware-display-devices \
+		graphics-hardware-display-interfaces \
+		graphics-hardware-render \
+		graphics-hardware-system \
+		graphics-software-stack-overview \
+		graphics-software-linux-tty \
+		graphics-software-linux-fbdev \
+		graphics-software-linux-drm \
+		graphics-software-userspace-x \
+		graphics-software-userspace-wayland \
+		graphics-software-userspace-mesa \
 		last-slides \
 		graphics-extra

slides/first-slides/paul-kocialkowski.tex

@@ -1,12 +1,18 @@
 \begin{frame}{Paul Kocialkowski}
+  \begin{itemize}
+  \item Embedded Linux engineer and trainer at {\bf Bootlin} from 2018 to 2023
+  \item Contracting trainer for {\bf Bootlin} since 2024
+  \item Open-source contributor
     \begin{itemize}
-	\item Embedded Linux engineer and trainer at {\bf Bootlin}
-              since 2018
-	\item {\bf Linux kernel}: multiple contributions to the graphics
-	      and video pipelines in the mainline kernel, in particular
-	      on Allwinner and Broadcom ARM SoCs.
-	\item Living in {\bf Toulouse}, France
-	\item \code{paul@bootlin.com}
+    \item Contributor to the \textbf{cedrus} Allwinner Video Engine V4L2 driver
+    \item Contributor to the \textbf{sun6i-csi} Allwinner video capture V4L2 driver
+    \item Author of the \textbf{sun6i-isp} and \textbf{sun6i-mipi-csi2} Allwinner video capture V4L2 drivers
+    \item Author of the \textbf{ov5648} and \textbf{ov8865} camera sensor V4L2 drivers
+    \item Contributor to the \textbf{sun4i-drm} and \textbf{vc4} DRM drivers
+    \item Author of the \textbf{logicvc-drm} DRM driver
+    \item Author of the \textbf{Understanding the Linux Graphics Stack} training
     \end{itemize}
-    {\small \url{https://bootlin.com/company/staff/paul-kocialkowski/}}
+  \item Living in {\bf Toulouse}, south-west of France
+  \end{itemize}
+  {\small \url{https://bootlin.com/company/staff/paul-kocialkowski/}}
 \end{frame}

slides/graphics-hardware-display-devices/graphics-hardware-display-devices.tex

@@ -0,0 +1,152 @@
+\subsection{Display Devices}
+
+\begin{frame}{Visual display technologies generalities}
+  \begin{itemize}
+  \item Pixel data is pushed from the display interface to a visible surface\\
+  \textit{using a dedicated controller on the display device}
+  \item Pixels are split into 3 color cells (R-G-B)
+    \begin{itemize}
+    \item The human eye naturally merges light from the 3 cells
+    \end{itemize}
+  \item Pixel frames are displayed as (physical) arrays of color cells
+  \item Smooth sequences require at least 24 fps, more is usually best
+  \end{itemize}~
+
+  \begin{minipage}[b]{0.45\textwidth}
+    \centering
+    \includegraphics[height=6.5em]{slides/graphics-hardware-display-devices/pixel-array.jpg}\\
+    \textit{\small Pixel color cells on a LCD TN panel}
+  \end{minipage}
+  \hfill
+  \begin{minipage}[b]{0.45\textwidth}
+    \centering
+    \includegraphics[height=6.5em]{slides/graphics-hardware-display-devices/pixel-array-text.jpg}\\
+    \textit{\small A pixel array displaying text}
+  \end{minipage}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}{CRT display technology}
+  \begin{itemize}
+  \item Color \textbf{cathode-ray tubes} (CRTs), since the 1950s:
+    \begin{itemize}
+    \item Using electron beams to excite a phosphorescent screen
+    \item Beams are guided by magnetic deflection
+    \item One beam for each color with increased intensity for increased luminosity
+    \item High energy consumption
+    \item High contrast, low response time (\(1-10~\mu s\))
+    \item Other issues: monitor size, burn-in (screensavers), remnant magnetic field (degaussing), high voltages and magnetic fields
+    \end{itemize}
+  \end{itemize}
+
+  \begin{center}
+  \includegraphics[height=8em]{slides/graphics-hardware-display-devices/crt-color.png}
+  \end{center}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}{Plasma display panels technology}
+  \begin{itemize}
+  \item \textbf{Plasma display panels} (PDPs), since the 1990s-2000s:
+    \begin{itemize}
+    \item Using gas cells brought to plasma state to strike light-emitting phosphor
+    \item Flat array of cells, scales to large surfaces
+    \item Medium energy consumption (depends on luminance)
+    \item High contrast, low response time (\(\leq 1~\mu s\))
+    \item Other issues: burn-in
+    \item Gradually being \textbf{deprecated} in favor of other flat-panel technologies
+    \end{itemize}
+  \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}{LCD display technology}
+  \begin{itemize}
+  \item \textbf{Liquid crystal displays} (LCDs) using \textbf{Thin-film-transistors} (TFT):
+    \begin{itemize}
+    \item Using the electrically-controlled alignment of crystal structures to block light
+    \item Does not emit light: needs an always-on backlight source (usually LEDs)
+    \item Low energy consumption (depends on backlight)
+    \item Medium to low contrast, medium response time (\(1-10~ms\))
+    \item \textbf{Twisted nematic} (TN): limited color quality and viewing angles, since the 1980s
+    \item \textbf{In-plane switching} (IPS): improved color and viewing angles, since the 2000s
+    \end{itemize}
+  \end{itemize}
+
+  \begin{center}
+  \includegraphics[height=6em]{slides/graphics-hardware-display-devices/lcd-ips-shape.jpg}\\
+  \textit{\small Chevron shapes that improve the viewing angle on IPS LCDs}
+  \end{center}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}{OLED display technology}
+  \begin{itemize}
+  \item \textbf{Organic light-emitting diodes} (OLEDs), since 2010:
+    \begin{itemize}
+    \item Using organic compounds (carbon-based) to emit light as R-G-B LEDs
+    \item Allows flat and flexible surfaces, with a large viewing angle
+    \item Low energy consumption
+    \item Very high contrast, low response time (\(1-10~\mu s\))
+    \item Issues: burn-in, independent cells aging, affected by UV light
+    \item Rapidly becoming \textbf{very popular} and used
+    \end{itemize}
+  \end{itemize}
+
+  \begin{center}
+  \includegraphics[height=8em]{slides/graphics-hardware-display-devices/oled-display.jpg}\\
+  \textit{\small A flexible OLED display panel}
+  \end{center}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}{EPD display technology}
+  \begin{itemize}
+  \item \textbf{Electrophoretic displays} (EPDs), since the 2000s:
+    \begin{itemize}
+    \item Using black and white electrically-charged ink-like particles in oil\\
+    \textit{e.g. positive charge for black and negative for white}
+    \item Electric fields attract one or the other color with current flow\\
+    \textit{the particles stay in place after they were moved}
+    \item Using incident light, does not emit light itself
+    \item Very low consumption (only for changes)
+    \item Very high response time (\(100~ms\)) and ghosting
+    \end{itemize}
+  \end{itemize}~
+
+  \begin{minipage}[b]{0.45\textwidth}
+    \centering
+    \includegraphics[height=6.5em]{slides/graphics-hardware-display-devices/e-reader.jpg}\\
+    \textit{\small An e-reader with an EPD display}
+  \end{minipage}
+  \hfill
+  \begin{minipage}[b]{0.45\textwidth}
+    \centering
+    \includegraphics[height=6.5em]{slides/graphics-hardware-display-devices/epd-detail.jpg}\\
+    \textit{\small Detail of an EPD display}
+  \end{minipage}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}{Display panels integration and monitors}
+  \begin{itemize}
+  \item Panels come with a dedicated \textbf{controller} to:
+    \begin{itemize}
+    \item Decode pixels from the display interface
+    \item Electrically control the color cells of the panel
+    \end{itemize}
+  \item Panels can be used \textbf{standalone}, usually with:
+    \begin{itemize}
+    \item A single simple display interface
+    \item No standardized connector, weak and short cables
+    \item Only native dimensions supported and little to no configuration
+    \end{itemize}
+  \item Or they can be \textbf{integrated in monitors}, usually with:
+    \begin{itemize}
+    \item More complex and multiple display interfaces
+    \item Standardized connectors, external cables
+    \item Configuration (buttons and UI overlay), multiple dimensions
+    \end{itemize}
+  \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}{Display panels integration and monitors (illustrated)}
+  \begin{center}
+  \includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{slides/graphics-hardware-display-devices/display-panel.jpg}\\
+  \textit{\small A display panel used standalone with an embedded board}
+  \end{center}
+\end{frame}