Proper support for more sensor parameters of GC0308

[mback2k]

Description

Add proper support for sensor image and effect settings: This includes contrast, brightness, saturation, sharpness, white-balance, gain & exposure levels and special effects.

Additionally read current setting values on sensor initialization and fix incomplete error handling and use defined values.

Related

Motivated and driven by esphome/esphome#9496 in order to fully support m5stack AtomS3R-CAM with ESPHome.

Testing

Tested locally via ESPHome (see PR above) on m5stack AtomS3R-CAM.

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Checklist

Before submitting a Pull Request, please ensure the following:

• 🚨 This PR does not introduce breaking changes.
• All CI checks (GH Actions) pass.
• Documentation is updated as needed.
• Tests are updated or added as necessary.
• Code is well-commented, especially in complex areas.
• Git history is clean — commits are squashed to the minimum necessary.