pySHACL

A Python validator for SHACL.

This is a pure Python module which allows for the validation of RDF graphs against Shapes Constraint Language (SHACL) graphs. This module uses the rdflib Python library for working with RDF and is dependent on the OWL-RL Python module for OWL2 RL Profile based expansion of data graphs.

This module is developed to adhere to the SHACL Recommendation:

Holger Knublauch; Dimitris Kontokostas. Shapes Constraint Language (SHACL). 20 July 2017. W3C Recommendation. URL: https://www.w3.org/TR/shacl/ ED: https://w3c.github.io/data-shapes/shacl/

Installation

Install with PIP (Using the Python3 pip installer pip3)

$ pip3 install pyshacl

Or in a python virtualenv (these example commandline instructions are for a Linux/Unix based OS)

$ python3 -m virtualenv --python=python3 --no-site-packages .venv
$ source ./.venv/bin/activate
$ pip3 install pyshacl

To exit the virtual enviornment:

$ deactivate

Command Line Use

For command line use: (these example commandline instructions are for a Linux/Unix based OS)

$ pyshacl -s /path/to/shapesGraph.ttl -m -i rdfs -a -j -f human /path/to/dataGraph.ttl

Where

• -s is an (optional) path to the shapes graph to use
• -e is an (optional) path to an extra ontology graph to import
• -i is the pre-inferencing option
• -f is the ValidationReport output format (human = human-readable validation report)
• -m enable the meta-shacl feature
• -a enable SHACL Advanced Features
• -j enable SHACL-JS Features (if pyhsacl[js] is installed)

System exit codes are: 0 = DataGraph is Conformant 1 = DataGraph is Non-Conformant 2 = The validator encountered a RuntimeError (check stderr output for details) 3 = Not-Implemented; The validator encountered a SHACL feature that is not yet implemented.

Full CLI Usage options:

$ pyshacl -h
$ python3 -m pyshacl -h
usage: pyshacl [-h] [-s [SHACL]] [-e [ONT]] [-i {none,rdfs,owlrl,both}] [-m]
               [--imports] [--abort] [-a] [-j] [-d] [-f {human,turtle,xml,json-ld,nt,n3}]
               [-df {auto,turtle,xml,json-ld,nt,n3}]
               [-sf {auto,turtle,xml,json-ld,nt,n3}]
               [-ef {auto,turtle,xml,json-ld,nt,n3}] [-V] [-o [OUTPUT]]
               DataGraph

Run the pySHACL validator from the command line.

positional arguments:
  DataGraph             The file containing the Target Data Graph.

optional arguments:
  -h, --help            show this help message and exit
  -s [SHACL], --shacl [SHACL]
                        A file containing the SHACL Shapes Graph.
  -e [ONT], --ont-graph [ONT]
                        A file path or URL to a docucument containing extra
                        ontological information to mix into the data graph.
  -i {none,rdfs,owlrl,both}, --inference {none,rdfs,owlrl,both}
                        Choose a type of inferencing to run against the Data
                        Graph before validating.
  -m, --metashacl       Validate the SHACL Shapes graph against the shacl-
                        shacl Shapes Graph before before validating the Data
                        Graph.
  --imports             Allow import of sub-graphs defined in statements with
                        owl:imports.
  -a, --advanced        Enable support for SHACL Advanced Features.
  -j, --js              Enable support for SHACL-JS Features.
  --abort               Abort on first error.
  -d, --debug           Output additional runtime messages, including violations that didn\'t
                        lead to non-conformance.
  -f {human,turtle,xml,json-ld,nt,n3}, --format {human,turtle,xml,json-ld,nt,n3}
                        Choose an output format. Default is "human".
  -df {auto,turtle,xml,json-ld,nt,n3}, --data-file-format {auto,turtle,xml,json-ld,nt,n3}
                        Explicitly state the RDF File format of the input
                        DataGraph file. Default="auto".
  -sf {auto,turtle,xml,json-ld,nt,n3}, --shacl-file-format {auto,turtle,xml,json-ld,nt,n3}
                        Explicitly state the RDF File format of the input
                        SHACL file. Default="auto".
  -ef {auto,turtle,xml,json-ld,nt,n3}, --ont-file-format {auto,turtle,xml,json-ld,nt,n3}
                        Explicitly state the RDF File format of the extra
                        ontology file. Default="auto".
  -V, --version         Print the PySHACL version and exit.
  -o [OUTPUT], --output [OUTPUT]
                        Send output to a file (defaults to stdout).

Python Module Use

For basic use of this module, you can just call the validate function of the pyshacl module like this:

from pyshacl import validate
r = validate(data_graph,
      shacl_graph=sg,
      ont_graph=og,
      inference='rdfs',
      abort_on_error=False,
      meta_shacl=False,
      advanced=False,
      js=False,
      debug=False)
conforms, results_graph, results_text = r

Where:

• data_graph is an rdflib Graph object or file path of the graph to be validated
• shacl_graph is an rdflib Graph object or file path or Web URL of the graph containing the SHACL shapes to validate with, or None if the SHACL shapes are included in the data_graph.
• ont_graph is an rdflib Graph object or file path or Web URL a graph containing extra ontological information, or None if not required.
• inference is a Python string value to indicate whether or not to perform OWL inferencing expansion of the data_graph before validation. Options are 'rdfs', 'owlrl', 'both', or 'none'. The default is 'none'.
• abort_on_error (optional) a Python bool value to indicate whether or not the program should abort after encountering a validation error or to continue. Default is to continue.
• meta_shacl (optional) a Python bool value to indicate whether or not the program should enable the Meta-SHACL feature. Default is False.
• advanced: (optional) a Python bool value to enable SHACL Advanced Features
• js: (optional) a Python bool value to enable SHACL-JS Features (if pyshacl[js] is installed)
• debug (optional) a Python bool value to indicate whether or not the program should emit debugging output text, including violations that didn't lead to non-conformance overall. So when debug is True don't judge conformance by absense of violation messages. Default is False.

Some other optional keyword variables available available on the validate function:

• data_graph_format: Override the format detection for the given data graph source file.
• shacl_graph_format: Override the format detection for the given shacl graph source file.
• ont_graph_format: Override the format detection for the given extra ontology graph source file.
• do_owl_imports: Enable the feature to allow the import of subgraphs using owl:imports for the shapes graph and the ontology graph. Note, you explicitly cannot use this on the target data graph.
• serialize_report_graph: Convert the report results_graph into a serialised representation (for example, 'turtle')
• check_dash_result: Check the validation result against the given expected DASH test suite result.
• check_sht_result: Check the validation result against the given expected SHT test suite result.

Return value:

• a three-component tuple containing:
  • conforms: a bool, indicating whether or not the data_graph conforms to the shacl_graph
  • results_graph: a Graph object built according to the SHACL specification's Validation Report structure
  • results_text: python string representing a verbose textual representation of the Validation Report

Python Module Call

You can get an equivalent of the Command Line Tool using the Python3 executable by doing:

$ python3 -m pyshacl

Errors

Under certain circumstances pySHACL can produce a Validation Failure. This is a formal error defined by the SHACL specification and is required to be produced as a result of specific conditions within the SHACL graph. If the validator produces a Validation Failure, the results_graph variable returned by the validate() function will be an instance of ValidationFailure. See the message attribute on that instance to get more information about the validation failure.

Other errors the validator can generate:

• ShapeLoadError: This error is thrown when a SHACL Shape in the SHACL graph is in an invalid state and cannot be loaded into the validation engine.
• ConstraintLoadError: This error is thrown when a SHACL Constraint Component is in an invalid state and cannot be loaded into the validation engine.
• ReportableRuntimeError: An error occurred for a different reason, and the reason should be communicated back to the user of the validator.
• RuntimeError: The validator encountered a situation that caused it to throw an error, but the reason does concern the user.

Unlike ValidationFailure, these errors are not passed back as a result by the validate() function, but thrown as exceptions by the validation engine and must be caught in a try ... except block. In the case of ShapeLoadError and ConstraintLoadError, see the str() string representation of the exception instance for the error message along with a link to the relevant section in the SHACL spec document.

Windows CLI

Pyinstaller can be used to create an executable for Windows that has the same characteristics as the Linux/Mac CLI program. The necessary .spec file is already included in pyshacl/pyshacl-cli.spec. The pyshacl-cli.spec PyInstaller spec file creates a .exe for the pySHACL Command Line utility. See above for the pySHACL command line util usage instructions.

See the PyInstaller installation guide for info on how to install PyInstaller for Windows.

Once you have pyinstaller, use pyinstaller to generate the pyshacl.exe CLI file like so:

$ cd src/pyshacl
$ pyinstaller pyshacl-cli.spec

This will output pyshacl.exe in the dist directory in src/pyshacl.

You can now run the pySHACL Command Line utility via pyshacl.exe. See above for the pySHACL command line util usage instructions.

Compatibility

PySHACL is a Python3 library. For best compatibility use Python v3.6 or greater. Python3 v3.5 or below is not supported and this library does not work on Python v2.7.x or below.

PySHACL is now a PEP518 & PEP517 project, it uses pyproject.toml and poetry to manage dependencies, build and install.

For best compatibility when installing from PyPI with pip, upgrade to pip v18.1.0 or above.

• If you're on Ubuntu 16.04 or 18.04, you will need to run sudo pip3 install --upgrade pip to get the newer version.

Features

A features matrix is kept in the FEATURES file.

Changelog

A comprehensive changelog is kept in the CHANGELOG file.

Benchmarks

This project includes a script to measure the difference in performance of validating the same source graph that has been inferenced using each of the four different inferencing options. Run it on your computer to see how fast the validator operates for you.

License

This repository is licensed under Apache License, Version 2.0. See the LICENSE deed for details.

Contributors

See the CONTRIBUTORS file.

Citation

DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4750841

Contacts

Project Lead: Nicholas Car Senior Experimental Scientist CSIRO Land & Water, Environmental Informatics Group Brisbane, Qld, Australia nicholas.car@csiro.au http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8742-7730

Lead Developer: Ashley Sommer Informatics Software Engineer CSIRO Land & Water, Environmental Informatics Group Brisbane, Qld, Australia Ashley.Sommer@csiro.au https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0590-0131