Laboratory work and projects for the DH2323 course at KTH Royal Institute of Technology.
Focused on the transition from 2D pixel plotting to 3D coordinate systems.
- Linear Interpolation — Numerical and vector interpolation to generate smooth color gradients across the viewport.
- Starfield Simulation — Real-time animation of 3D points moving toward a pinhole camera.
- Perspective Projection — Mapping 3D coordinates
(x, y, z)to 2D screen coordinates(u, v)using focal length and aspect ratio calculations.
A CPU-based raytracer designed to render 3D scenes by tracing light paths from the camera into the environment.
- Geometry Engine — Scenes modeled using triangular surfaces with pre-computed normals.
- Ray-Triangle Intersection — Solving the linear system
Ax = bvia matrix inversion to find the exact hit point(t, u, v). - Camera System — Interactive movement with
3×3rotation matrices for Y-axis yaw. - Lighting Model:
- Direct Illumination — Lambertian reflectance based on the dot product between surface normals and light direction vectors.
- Shadow Rays — Secondary rays cast from intersection points to the light source to detect occlusions.
- Indirect Illumination — Constant ambient term approximation to simulate light bounces.
Focus on real-time rendering using rasterization, transitioning from ray-based rendering to scanline-based triangle filling.
- Wireframe Rendering — Projection of 3D triangles onto screen space for structural validation.
- Triangle Rasterization — Filling triangles using row-wise interpolation between edges.
- Depth Buffer (Z-buffer) — Visibility handling using inverse depth (
1/z) comparisons. - Shading Models:
- Per-Vertex Illumination — Lighting computed at vertices and interpolated.
- Per-Pixel Illumination — Lighting computed per fragment for higher accuracy.
- Perspective-Correct Interpolation — Attributes interpolated using
1/zto avoid distortion caused by perspective projection.
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