Assignment 1

README.md

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-# Statistical-IT
-Statistical IT
+fiona kanana 
+scm222-0822/2025
+
+
+
+---
+
+1. Introduction to IT & Computers
+
+Meaning of IT
+
+Information Technology (IT) refers to the use of computers, networks, software, and other electronic systems to store, process, transmit, and retrieve information.
+
+Meaning of a Computer
+
+A computer is an electronic device that accepts data, processes it according to instructions, and produces meaningful output (information).
+
+Characteristics of a Computer
+
+Speed – Performs tasks quickly.
+
+Accuracy – Produces correct results.
+
+Storage – Stores huge amounts of data.
+
+Automation – Works automatically after instructions.
+
+Versatility – Can do different tasks.
+
+
+Components of a Computer System
+
+Hardware – Physical parts (keyboard, CPU).
+
+Software – Programs and instructions.
+
+Peopleware – Users who operate computers.
+
+Data – Raw facts for processing.
+
+
+
+---
+
+2. Fundamentals of Computer Operations
+
+Basic Operations
+
+1. Input – Entering data (keyboard, mouse).
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+
+2. Processing – CPU works on data.
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+
+3. Output – Results displayed (monitor, printer).
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+
+4. Storage – Saving data for future use.
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+
+5. Control – Coordinates all operations.
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+
+
+Booting
+
+The process of starting a computer.
+
+Two types:
+
+Cold booting: Starting from off.
+
+Warm booting: Restarting when already on.
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+
+
+Computer Processing Cycle
+
+Data → Process → Information → Storage
+
+
+---
+
+3. Computer Hardware Basics
+
+Meaning
+
+Hardware refers to the physical components of a computer that you can touch.
+
+Types of Hardware
+
+1. Input Devices – Keyboard, mouse, scanner, microphone.
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+
+2. Output Devices – Monitor, printer, speakers.
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+
+3. Processing Components –
+
+CPU (Central Processing Unit): The “brain” of the computer.
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+ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit): Handles calculations and logic.
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+Control Unit: Directs all operations.
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+
+
+4. Storage Devices – Hard disk, SSD, flash drive, memory card.
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+
+5. Memory
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+Primary memory: RAM (temporary), ROM (permanent).
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+Secondary memory: Hard drive, SSD.
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+
+
+6. Motherboard – Main circuit board connecting all components.
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+
+7. Power Supply Unit – Provides power to computer parts.
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+
+
+
+---
+
+4. Computer Software Basics
+
+Meaning
+
+Software is a set of instructions that tells a computer what to do.
+
+Types of Software
+
+1. System Software
+
+Controls and manages hardware.
+Examples:
+
+Operating Systems (Windows, Linux, macOS)
+
+Utility programs (antivirus, disk cleanup)
+
+
+2. Application Software
+
+Helps users perform tasks.
+Examples:
+
+MS Word, Excel
+
+Browsers (Chrome)
+
+Media players
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+Mobile apps
+
+
+3. Programming Software
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+Tools for creating programs.
+Examples:
+
+Compilers, interpreters, editors
+
+
+
+---
+
+5. Data and Data Files
+
+Data
+
+Raw facts and figures that have no meaning until processed.
+Examples: numbers, text, symbols.
+
+Information
+
+Processed data that is meaningful and useful.
+
+Types of Data
+
+Numeric – numbers
+
+Text – letters and words
+
+Audio – sound
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+Video – moving images
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+Graphics – pictures
+
+
+Data Files
+
+A data file is a collection of stored data arranged together on a computer.
+Examples:
+
+.docx (document)
+
+.jpg (image)
+
+.mp3 (audio)
+
+
+File Organization
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+Sequential
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+Random
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+Indexed
+
+
+
+---
+
+6. Disk Storage Fundamentals
+
+Meaning
+
+Disk storage refers to secondary storage devices used to save data permanently.
+
+Types of Disk Storage
+
+1. Hard Disk Drive (HDD) – Mechanical, larger capacity.
+
+
+2. Solid State Drive (SSD) – Faster, no moving parts.
+
+
+3. Optical Disks – CD, DVD.
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+
+4. Flash Storage – USB drives, memory cards.
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+
+
+Key Terms
+
+Capacity – How much data a disk can store (GB, TB).
+
+Access Time – How fast data is retrieved.
+
+File System – How files are arranged (NTFS, FAT32).
+
+Partition – Dividing a disk into sections.
+
+
+Functions of Disk Storage
+
+Saving files
+
+Backing up data
+
+Running applications
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+Loading operating systems
+
+
+
+---
+