My Python Studies

My Studies Following Angela Yu's Course. 100 different projects will be built.

All projects are available listed at the end of this Readme.

"Our brain is for thinking, not for storing"

Python Primitive Data Types

1. Strings
2. Integers
3. Floats
4. Booleans

Main Functions

• PRINT = print()
• PRINT FORMATTED (f-Strings)= print(f"I am {age} years old")
• INPUT = input() (Obs.: the input will always be a String)
• LENGTH = len()
• TO INT = int()
• TO STR = str()
• TO FLOAT = float()
• TO BOOLEAN = bool()
• COUNT - count()
  • Return the number of times the value appears in the list.

#Counts how many times '9' appears in the list
points = [1, 4, 2, 9, 7, 8, 9, 3, 1]

x = points.count(9)

• ROUND A NUMBER = round(number, ndigits)
• CONVERT TO LOWERCASE = .lower() (Example: input().lower())
• CONVERT FIRST LETTERS TO CAPITAL LETTERS = .title() (Example: input().title())
• Lists - fruits = [item1, item2]
• ADD ONE ITEM IN A LIST = .append() (Example: states_of_usa.append("New Jersey"))
• ADD SOME ITEMS IN A LIST = .extend() (Example: states_of_usa.extend(["Georgia","Connecticut"]))
  • List x Array = A List is more flexible and can have multiple types of data (int, str, float, etc). An array is more restricted and can only have one type of data.

#Indentation is crucial in Python for conditionals
if condition:
    do this
else:
    do this

#Indentation is crucial in Python for conditionals
if condition:
    do this
elif another condition:
    do this
else:
    do this

• FOR LOOPS - There are 2 types of 'for' loops: 'for' using lists and 'for' using range

1. FOR LISTS

for item in list_of_items:
    #do something
    #for the 'item', we give a name for a single item

2. RANGE - range(a, b, c)
   • Creates a range from 'a' to 'b' (obs.: NOT INCLUDING the last number 'b'). Has to be used in conjunction with another function.
   • 'c' is optional. Is a "step" function that will jump characters from the number you input in.
     • Example: range(1, 10, 3) - It will steps 3 by 3. Result will be: 1, 4, 7, 10

• FOR LOOP WITH RANGE

for number in range(a, b)
    print(number)

• SUM - sum()
  • Get the sum from a List
• MAX - max()
  • Get the maximum value from a List
• def - Defining Functions
  • Functions Documentation

def my_function():
    #Do this
    #Then do this
    #Finally do this

• Functions with Inputs
  • In the example below something is the Parameter, and it's value inputted is Argument (the value of data)

def my_function(something):
    #Do this with something
    #Then do this
    #Finally do this

• Functions with Multiple Inputs

def my_function(a, b, c):
    #Do this with 'a'
    #Then do this with 'b'
    #Finally do this 'c'

• Functions with Outputs
  • Functions which allows you to have an output once the function is completed.

def my_function():
    result = 3 * 2

    return result

• WHILE LOOP

while something_is_true:
    #do something repeatedly

• FOR LOOP x WHILE LOOP:
  • FOR LOOPS: Really good when you need to iterate over something and you need to do something with EACH THING that you're iterating over.
  • WHILE: Good to just simply wants to carry out a functionality until a certain condition.
    • While loops are more dangerous, due to possible Infinite Loops.
• try and except

  • try - This is where you write the code that could potentially raise an exception.

  • except - If an error occurs in the try block, the program jumps here to handle the error instead of crashing.

  • Example 1: Handling Division by Zero python

#Example 1: Handling Division by Zero
try:
    result = 10 / 0  # This will cause a ZeroDivisionError
except ZeroDivisionError:
    print("You can't divide by zero!")

• Example 2: Catching Multiple Exceptions You can handle different errors with multiple except blocks:

#Example 2: Catching Multiple Exceptions
try:
    number = int("abc")  # This will cause a ValueError
except ValueError:
    print("That's not a valid number!")
except ZeroDivisionError:
    print("You can't divide by zero!")

• Example 3: Generic Exception Handling

If you’re unsure which exception might occur, you can catch all exceptions with a generic except:

#Example 3: Generic Exception Handling
try:
    risky_code()
except Exception as e:
    print(f"An error occurred: {e}")

Mathematical Operators

• ADDITION: +
• ADDITION OF ACTUAL VALUE: +=
• SUBTRACTION: -
• SUBTRACTION OF ACTUAL VALUE: -=
• MULTIPLICAÇÃO: *
• DIVISÃO: / (sempre vai ser 'float')
• DIVISÃO: // (remove todas as casas após a vírgulas, vira um 'int')
• POTENCIAÇÃO: **
• REMAINDER: % (Check the remainder, how many is remaining after that division)
• MODULO EQUALS - %=

Conditional Operators

• AND - and
• OR - or
• NOT - not

Comparison Operators

Operator	Meaning
>	Greater Than
<	Less Than
>=	Greater than or Equal to
<=	Less than or Equal to
==	Equal to
!=	Not Equal to

Dictionaries

• Structure - Key: Value

empty_dictionary = {}

Main Libraries Used

• random - Randomisation
  • RANDOM CHOICE ON A LIST = random.choice(list_name)
  • RANDOM INTEGER = random.randint(a, b) Range from 'a' to 'b'
  • RANDOM FLOAT INTERVAL = random.uniform(a, b) Range from 'a' to 'b'
  • RANDOM FLOAT 0 TO 1 = random.random() Range from 0 to 1
  • RANDOM SHUFFLE - random.shuffle(list_name) Shuffles the order of the list
• os - Operational System
  • Clear terminal (example for Windows)

  from os import system
  system("cls")

• logging - Logging

  import logging
  
  logging.debug("Debug")
  logging.info("Info")
  logging.warning("Warning")
  logging.error("Error")
  logging.critical("Critical")

Useful Tips and Links

• Easy Debugger - Python Tutor
• Easy Debugger - Thonny
• ASCII Art Generator
• Another ASCII Art Generator
• Emojipedia
• PyPI - Python Package Index

Projects

Beginner

1. Band Name Generator
   • Printing, Commenting, Debugging, String Manipulation and Variables
2. Tip Calculator
   • Data Types, Numbers, Operations, Type Conversion, f-string
3. Treasure Island - Game
   • Conditional Statements, Logical Operators, Code Blocks and Scope
4. Rock-Paper-Scissors - Game
   • Randomization and Python Lists
5. Password Generator
   • For Loops, Range and Code Block
6. Escaping the Maze - Reeborg's World
   • Functions, Code Blocks and While Loops
7. Hangman Project
   • Flow Chart Programming
8. Caesar Cipher
   • Functions with Inputs, Parameters and Arguments
9. Blind Auction Program
   • Dictionaries & Nesting
10. Calculator App
    • Functions with Outputs
11. Blackjack Game
12. Number Guessing Game
    • Scope: Local Scope and Global Scope
13. Debugging
14. Higher or Lower

Intermediate

15. Coffee Machine Project
16. OOP Coffee Machine Project
    • OOP - Object Oriented Programming
17. Quiz Game
    • Creating Classes...+++