walkerke · williambdean · Oct 5, 2025 · Oct 5, 2025 · Oct 5, 2025 · Oct 5, 2025
diff --git a/.github/workflows/pre-commit.yaml b/.github/workflows/pre-commit.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+---
+name: pre-commit
+
+on:
+  pull_request:
+  push:
+    branches: [main]
+
+jobs:
+  checks:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/setup-python@v6
+      - uses: pre-commit/action@v3.0.1
diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
@@ -141,4 +141,3 @@ checklink/cookies.txt
 
 # .gitconfig is now autogenerated
 .gitconfig
-
diff --git a/.jupyter/desktop-settings.json b/.jupyter/desktop-settings.json
@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
 {
   "pythonPath": "/home/kyle/anaconda3/envs/tigris/bin/python"
-}
+}
diff --git a/.jupyter/desktop-workspaces/default-37a8.jupyterlab-workspace b/.jupyter/desktop-workspaces/default-37a8.jupyterlab-workspace
@@ -1 +1 @@
-{"data":{"layout-restorer:data":{"main":{"dock":{"type":"tab-area","currentIndex":1,"widgets":["notebook:docs/03-data-utilities.ipynb","notebook:Untitled.ipynb"]},"current":"notebook:Untitled.ipynb"},"down":{"size":0,"widgets":[]},"left":{"collapsed":false,"current":"filebrowser","widgets":["filebrowser","running-sessions","@jupyterlab/toc:plugin","extensionmanager.main-view"]},"right":{"collapsed":true,"widgets":["jp-property-inspector","debugger-sidebar"]},"relativeSizes":[0.17988593974175035,0.8201140602582496,0]},"file-browser-filebrowser:cwd":{"path":""},"notebook:docs/03-data-utilities.ipynb":{"data":{"path":"docs/03-data-utilities.ipynb","factory":"Notebook"}},"notebook:Untitled.ipynb":{"data":{"path":"Untitled.ipynb","factory":"Notebook"}}},"metadata":{"id":"default"}}
+{"data":{"layout-restorer:data":{"main":{"dock":{"type":"tab-area","currentIndex":1,"widgets":["notebook:docs/03-data-utilities.ipynb","notebook:Untitled.ipynb"]},"current":"notebook:Untitled.ipynb"},"down":{"size":0,"widgets":[]},"left":{"collapsed":false,"current":"filebrowser","widgets":["filebrowser","running-sessions","@jupyterlab/toc:plugin","extensionmanager.main-view"]},"right":{"collapsed":true,"widgets":["jp-property-inspector","debugger-sidebar"]},"relativeSizes":[0.17988593974175035,0.8201140602582496,0]},"file-browser-filebrowser:cwd":{"path":""},"notebook:docs/03-data-utilities.ipynb":{"data":{"path":"docs/03-data-utilities.ipynb","factory":"Notebook"}},"notebook:Untitled.ipynb":{"data":{"path":"Untitled.ipynb","factory":"Notebook"}}},"metadata":{"id":"default"}}
diff --git a/.pre-commit-config.yaml b/.pre-commit-config.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+---
+ci:
+  autofix_prs: false
+
+repos:
+  - repo: https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit
+    rev: v0.13.3
+    hooks:
+      - id: ruff-check
+        args: [--fix, --exit-non-zero-on-fix]
+      - id: ruff-format
+  - repo: https://github.com/pre-commit/pre-commit-hooks
+    rev: v6.0.0
+    hooks:
+      - id: debug-statements
+      - id: trailing-whitespace
+      - id: end-of-file-fixer
+      - id: check-yaml
+      - id: check-toml
+      - id: check-added-large-files
diff --git a/LICENSE b/LICENSE
@@ -4,4 +4,4 @@ Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
 
 The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
 
-THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
diff --git a/MANIFEST.in b/MANIFEST.in
@@ -1,2 +1,2 @@
 include pygris/internals/*.csv
-include requirements.txt
+include requirements.txt
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 ## pygris
 
-__pygris__ is a Python package to help users access US Census Bureau TIGER/Line and cartographic boundary shapefiles and load them into Python as GeoDataFrames.  The goal of the package is to make it simple to access US Census geographic data; data can be acquired with a single function for a given geography (e.g. `tracts()` for Census tracts) along with a few options.  
+__pygris__ is a Python package to help users access US Census Bureau TIGER/Line and cartographic boundary shapefiles and load them into Python as GeoDataFrames.  The goal of the package is to make it simple to access US Census geographic data; data can be acquired with a single function for a given geography (e.g. `tracts()` for Census tracts) along with a few options.
 
-The package is a general port of the [R __tigris__ package](https://github.com/walkerke/tigris) with a few modifications.  The framework of and philosophy behind the __tigris__ package is covered in [Chapter 5 of my book, _Analyzing US Census Data: Methods, Maps and Models in R_](https://walker-data.com/census-r/census-geographic-data-and-applications-in-r.html).  
+The package is a general port of the [R __tigris__ package](https://github.com/walkerke/tigris) with a few modifications.  The framework of and philosophy behind the __tigris__ package is covered in [Chapter 5 of my book, _Analyzing US Census Data: Methods, Maps and Models in R_](https://walker-data.com/census-r/census-geographic-data-and-applications-in-r.html).
 
 Install __pygris__ from PyPI with the following command:
 

diff --git a/docs/01-basic-usage.ipynb b/docs/01-basic-usage.ipynb
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@
    "source": [
     "import pygris\n",
     "\n",
-    "ny_roads = pygris.roads(state = \"NY\", county = \"New York\")\n",
+    "ny_roads = pygris.roads(state=\"NY\", county=\"New York\")\n",
     "\n",
     "ny_roads.plot()"
    ]
@@ -100,19 +100,20 @@
     }
    ],
    "source": [
-    "from pygris import counties\n",
     "import matplotlib.pyplot as plt\n",
     "\n",
+    "from pygris import counties\n",
+    "\n",
     "# Get the default TIGER/Line file for counties in Michigan\n",
-    "mi_tiger = counties(state = \"MI\", cache = True)\n",
+    "mi_tiger = counties(state=\"MI\", cache=True)\n",
     "\n",
     "# Get the cartographic boundary file with cb = True\n",
-    "mi_cartographic = counties(state = \"MI\", cb = True, cache = True)\n",
+    "mi_cartographic = counties(state=\"MI\", cb=True, cache=True)\n",
     "\n",
     "# Plot the two side-by-side to compare them\n",
-    "fig, ax = plt.subplots(ncols = 2)\n",
-    "mi_tiger.plot(ax = ax[0])\n",
-    "mi_cartographic.plot(ax = ax[1])\n",
+    "fig, ax = plt.subplots(ncols=2)\n",
+    "mi_tiger.plot(ax=ax[0])\n",
+    "mi_cartographic.plot(ax=ax[1])\n",
     "\n",
     "ax[0].set_title(\"TIGER/Line\")\n",
     "ax[1].set_title(\"Cartographic\")"

diff --git a/docs/02-geometries.ipynb b/docs/02-geometries.ipynb
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@
    "source": [
     "from pygris import states\n",
     "\n",
-    "us = states(cb = True, resolution = \"20m\")\n",
+    "us = states(cb=True, resolution=\"20m\")\n",
     "\n",
     "us.plot()"
    ]
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@
     }
    ],
    "source": [
-    "us_shifted = shift_geometry(us, position = \"outside\", preserve_area = True)\n",
+    "us_shifted = shift_geometry(us, position=\"outside\", preserve_area=True)\n",
     "\n",
     "us_shifted.plot()"
    ]
@@ -175,14 +175,16 @@
     "import geopandas as gp\n",
     "from matplotlib import pyplot as plt\n",
     "\n",
-    "fbi_offices = gp.read_file(\"https://gist.githubusercontent.com/walkerke/a9211114fcbbe74cb04e3a6720b17d09/raw/085ca1d5dad7b37b45b0bdb5e16c160c4fb0bc37/fbi-offices.geojson\")\n",
+    "fbi_offices = gp.read_file(\n",
+    "    \"https://gist.githubusercontent.com/walkerke/a9211114fcbbe74cb04e3a6720b17d09/raw/085ca1d5dad7b37b45b0bdb5e16c160c4fb0bc37/fbi-offices.geojson\"\n",
+    ")\n",
     "\n",
     "fbi_rescaled = shift_geometry(fbi_offices)\n",
     "\n",
     "fig, ax = plt.subplots()\n",
     "\n",
-    "us_rescaled.plot(ax = ax, color = \"grey\")\n",
-    "fbi_rescaled.plot(ax = ax, color = \"black\")"
+    "us_rescaled.plot(ax=ax, color=\"grey\")\n",
+    "fbi_rescaled.plot(ax=ax, color=\"black\")"
    ]
   },
   {
@@ -395,9 +397,9 @@
     }
    ],
    "source": [
-    "from pygris import tracts \n",
+    "from pygris import tracts\n",
     "\n",
-    "king_tracts = tracts(state = \"WA\", county = \"King\", cb = True, cache = True)\n",
+    "king_tracts = tracts(state=\"WA\", county=\"King\", cb=True, cache=True)\n",
     "\n",
     "king_tracts.explore()"
    ]
@@ -614,7 +616,7 @@
    "source": [
     "from pygris.utils import erase_water\n",
     "\n",
-    "king_tiger = tracts(\"WA\", \"King\", cb = False, cache = True)\n",
+    "king_tiger = tracts(\"WA\", \"King\", cb=False, cache=True)\n",
     "\n",
     "king_erased = erase_water(king_tiger)\n",
     "\n",

diff --git a/docs/03-data-utilities.ipynb b/docs/03-data-utilities.ipynb
@@ -27,16 +27,13 @@
    "source": [
     "from pygris.data import get_census\n",
     "\n",
-    "us_youth_sahie = get_census(dataset = \"timeseries/healthins/sahie\",\n",
-    "                            variables = \"PCTUI_PT\",\n",
-    "                            params = {\n",
-    "                                \"for\": \"county:*\",\n",
-    "                                \"in\": \"state:*\",\n",
-    "                                \"time\": 2019,\n",
-    "                                \"AGECAT\": 4\n",
-    "                            }, \n",
-    "                            return_geoid = True, \n",
-    "                            guess_dtypes = True)"
+    "us_youth_sahie = get_census(\n",
+    "    dataset=\"timeseries/healthins/sahie\",\n",
+    "    variables=\"PCTUI_PT\",\n",
+    "    params={\"for\": \"county:*\", \"in\": \"state:*\", \"time\": 2019, \"AGECAT\": 4},\n",
+    "    return_geoid=True,\n",
+    "    guess_dtypes=True,\n",
+    ")"
    ]
   },
   {
@@ -167,22 +164,19 @@
     }
    ],
    "source": [
-    "from pygris import counties \n",
-    "from pygris.utils import shift_geometry\n",
     "from matplotlib import pyplot as plt\n",
     "\n",
-    "us_counties = counties(cb = True, resolution = \"20m\", cache = True, year = 2019)\n",
+    "from pygris import counties\n",
+    "from pygris.utils import shift_geometry\n",
+    "\n",
+    "us_counties = counties(cb=True, resolution=\"20m\", cache=True, year=2019)\n",
     "us_counties_rescaled = shift_geometry(us_counties)\n",
     "\n",
-    "us_counties_merged = us_counties_rescaled.merge(us_youth_sahie, on = \"GEOID\")\n",
+    "us_counties_merged = us_counties_rescaled.merge(us_youth_sahie, on=\"GEOID\")\n",
     "\n",
-    "us_counties_merged.plot(\n",
-    "    column = \"PCTUI_PT\",\n",
-    "    cmap = \"viridis\",\n",
-    "    figsize = (8, 6)\n",
-    ")\n",
+    "us_counties_merged.plot(column=\"PCTUI_PT\", cmap=\"viridis\", figsize=(8, 6))\n",
     "\n",
-    "plt.title(\"% uninsured under age 19 by county, 2019\")\n"
+    "plt.title(\"% uninsured under age 19 by county, 2019\")"
    ]
   },
   {
@@ -353,7 +347,7 @@
    "source": [
     "from pygris.data import get_lodes\n",
     "\n",
-    "tx_od = get_lodes(state = \"TX\", year = 2022, lodes_type = \"od\", cache = True)\n",
+    "tx_od = get_lodes(state=\"TX\", year=2022, lodes_type=\"od\", cache=True)\n",
     "\n",
     "tx_od.head()"
    ]
@@ -523,8 +517,14 @@
     }
    ],
    "source": [
-    "tx_od_tract = get_lodes(state = \"TX\", year = 2022, lodes_type = \"od\", cache = True,\n",
-    "                  return_geometry = True, agg_level = \"tract\")\n",
+    "tx_od_tract = get_lodes(\n",
+    "    state=\"TX\",\n",
+    "    year=2022,\n",
+    "    lodes_type=\"od\",\n",
+    "    cache=True,\n",
+    "    return_geometry=True,\n",
+    "    agg_level=\"tract\",\n",
+    ")\n",
     "\n",
     "tx_od_tract.head()"
    ]
@@ -865,9 +865,12 @@
    "source": [
     "tcu_ids = [\"48439104203\", \"48439104301\"]\n",
     "\n",
-    "tcu_origins = tx_od_tract.loc[(tx_od_tract['w_geocode'].isin(tcu_ids)) & (tx_od_tract['h_geocode'].str.slice(stop = 5) == \"48439\")]\n",
+    "tcu_origins = tx_od_tract.loc[\n",
+    "    (tx_od_tract[\"w_geocode\"].isin(tcu_ids))\n",
+    "    & (tx_od_tract[\"h_geocode\"].str.slice(stop=5) == \"48439\")\n",
+    "]\n",
     "\n",
-    "tcu_origins.explore(column = \"S000\")"
+    "tcu_origins.explore(column=\"S000\")"
    ]
   },
   {

diff --git a/docs/04-geocoding.ipynb b/docs/04-geocoding.ipynb
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@
    "source": [
     "from pygris.geocode import geocode\n",
     "\n",
-    "geocode(address = \"1600 Pennsylvania Ave NW, Washington DC\")"
+    "geocode(address=\"1600 Pennsylvania Ave NW, Washington DC\")"
    ]
   },
   {
@@ -282,7 +282,9 @@
     }
    ],
    "source": [
-    "geocode(address = \"1600 Pennsylvania Ave NW, Washington DC\", as_gdf = True).explore(marker_type = \"marker\")"
+    "geocode(address=\"1600 Pennsylvania Ave NW, Washington DC\", as_gdf=True).explore(\n",
+    "    marker_type=\"marker\"\n",
+    ")"
    ]
   },
   {
@@ -349,7 +351,7 @@
    "source": [
     "from pygris.geocode import geolookup\n",
     "\n",
-    "geolookup(longitude = -98.90629, latitude= 32.75639)"
+    "geolookup(longitude=-98.90629, latitude=32.75639)"
    ]
   },
   {
@@ -437,14 +439,17 @@
    ],
    "source": [
     "import pandas as pd\n",
+    "\n",
     "from pygris.geocode import batch_geocode\n",
     "\n",
     "my_addresses = pd.DataFrame(\n",
-    "    {\"building\": [\"Chrysler Building\", \"Empire State Building\", \"Flatiron Building\"],\n",
-    "     \"address\": [\"405 Lexington Ave\", \"20 W 34th St\", \"175 5th Ave\"],\n",
-    "     \"city\": \"New York\",\n",
-    "     \"state\": \"New York\",\n",
-    "     \"zip\": [\"10174\", \"10018\", \"10010\"]}\n",
+    "    {\n",
+    "        \"building\": [\"Chrysler Building\", \"Empire State Building\", \"Flatiron Building\"],\n",
+    "        \"address\": [\"405 Lexington Ave\", \"20 W 34th St\", \"175 5th Ave\"],\n",
+    "        \"city\": \"New York\",\n",
+    "        \"state\": \"New York\",\n",
+    "        \"zip\": [\"10174\", \"10018\", \"10010\"],\n",
+    "    }\n",
     ")\n",
     "\n",
     "my_addresses"
@@ -583,9 +588,15 @@
     }
    ],
    "source": [
-    "my_points = batch_geocode(my_addresses, id_column = \"building\",\n",
-    "                          address = \"address\", city = \"city\", state = \"state\",\n",
-    "                          zip = \"zip\", as_gdf = True)\n",
+    "my_points = batch_geocode(\n",
+    "    my_addresses,\n",
+    "    id_column=\"building\",\n",
+    "    address=\"address\",\n",
+    "    city=\"city\",\n",
+    "    state=\"state\",\n",
+    "    zip=\"zip\",\n",
+    "    as_gdf=True,\n",
+    ")\n",
     "\n",
     "my_points"
    ]
@@ -789,8 +800,7 @@
     }
    ],
    "source": [
-    "\n",
-    "my_points.explore(marker_type = \"marker\")"
+    "my_points.explore(marker_type=\"marker\")"
    ]
   },
   {
@@ -1019,8 +1029,9 @@
    "source": [
     "from pygris import tracts\n",
     "\n",
-    "capitol_tracts = tracts(state = \"TX\", cb = True,\n",
-    "                        subset_by = {\"1100 Congress Ave., Austin, TX 78701\": 5000})\n",
+    "capitol_tracts = tracts(\n",
+    "    state=\"TX\", cb=True, subset_by={\"1100 Congress Ave., Austin, TX 78701\": 5000}\n",
+    ")\n",
     "\n",
     "capitol_tracts.explore()"
    ]
@@ -1240,7 +1251,10 @@
    "source": [
     "import pandas as pd\n",
     "\n",
-    "union_tracts_list = [tracts(cb = True, state = x, subset_by = {\"2501 Seaport Dr, Chester, PA 19013\": 10000}) for x in ['DE', 'PA', 'NJ']]\n",
+    "union_tracts_list = [\n",
+    "    tracts(cb=True, state=x, subset_by={\"2501 Seaport Dr, Chester, PA 19013\": 10000})\n",
+    "    for x in [\"DE\", \"PA\", \"NJ\"]\n",
+    "]\n",
     "\n",
     "union_tracts = pd.concat(union_tracts_list)\n",
     "\n",

diff --git a/docs/index.md b/docs/index.md
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 # Introduction
 
-__pygris__ is a Python package to help users access US Census Bureau TIGER/Line and cartographic boundary shapefiles and load them into Python as GeoDataFrames.  The goal of the package is to make it simple to access US Census geographic data; data can be acquired with a single function for a given geography (e.g. `tracts()` for Census tracts) along with a few options.  
+__pygris__ is a Python package to help users access US Census Bureau TIGER/Line and cartographic boundary shapefiles and load them into Python as GeoDataFrames.  The goal of the package is to make it simple to access US Census geographic data; data can be acquired with a single function for a given geography (e.g. `tracts()` for Census tracts) along with a few options.
 
-The package is a general port of the [R __tigris__ package](https://github.com/walkerke/tigris) with a few modifications.  The framework of and philosophy behind the __tigris__ package is covered in [Chapter 5 of my book, _Analyzing US Census Data: Methods, Maps and Models in R_](https://walker-data.com/census-r/census-geographic-data-and-applications-in-r.html).  
+The package is a general port of the [R __tigris__ package](https://github.com/walkerke/tigris) with a few modifications.  The framework of and philosophy behind the __tigris__ package is covered in [Chapter 5 of my book, _Analyzing US Census Data: Methods, Maps and Models in R_](https://walker-data.com/census-r/census-geographic-data-and-applications-in-r.html).
 
 Install __pygris__ from PyPI with the following command:
 

diff --git a/mkdocs.yml b/mkdocs.yml
@@ -2,11 +2,11 @@ site_name: pygris
 site_url: https://walker-data.com/pygris
 repo_url: https://github.com/walkerke/pygris
 
-theme: 
+theme:
   name: material
-  palette: 
+  palette:
     primary: black
-  icon: 
+  icon:
     repo: fontawesome/brands/github
   logo: img/tiger_map_small.png
   favicon: img/tiger_map_small.png
Original file line number	Diff line number	Diff line change
Expand Up		@@ -141,4 +141,3 @@ checklink/cookies.txt

		# .gitconfig is now autogenerated
		.gitconfig
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		@@ -1 +1 @@
		{"data":{"layout-restorer:data":{"main":{"dock":{"type":"tab-area","currentIndex":1,"widgets":["notebook:docs/03-data-utilities.ipynb","notebook:Untitled.ipynb"]},"current":"notebook:Untitled.ipynb"},"down":{"size":0,"widgets":[]},"left":{"collapsed":false,"current":"filebrowser","widgets":["filebrowser","running-sessions","@jupyterlab/toc:plugin","extensionmanager.main-view"]},"right":{"collapsed":true,"widgets":["jp-property-inspector","debugger-sidebar"]},"relativeSizes":[0.17988593974175035,0.8201140602582496,0]},"file-browser-filebrowser:cwd":{"path":""},"notebook:docs/03-data-utilities.ipynb":{"data":{"path":"docs/03-data-utilities.ipynb","factory":"Notebook"}},"notebook:Untitled.ipynb":{"data":{"path":"Untitled.ipynb","factory":"Notebook"}}},"metadata":{"id":"default"}}
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Expand Up		@@ -4,4 +4,4 @@ Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of

		The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.

		THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
		THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.