feat: add telecommunications pioneers, works, and institutions

src/content/institutions/att.mdx

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+---
+id: att
+type: institution
+name: AT&T
+kind: company
+era: 1885–present
+location: Dallas, Texas, USA
+domains:
+  - Telecommunications
+  - Computing
+  - Research
+edges: []
+links:
+  - label: Wikipedia
+    url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AT%26T
+  - label: Official Website
+    url: https://www.att.com/
+  - label: AT&T Archives
+    url: https://techchannel.att.com/archives
+---
+
+AT&T (American Telephone and Telegraph Company), founded in 1885 as a subsidiary of Bell Telephone Company, became the world's largest telecommunications company and one of the most important corporations in technology history. Through its Bell Labs research arm, AT&T produced foundational innovations including the transistor, Unix, C programming language, and information theory.
+
+## Origins
+
+Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone in 1876 and founded the Bell Telephone Company in 1877. In 1885, the American Telephone and Telegraph Company was incorporated as a subsidiary to build and operate long-distance telephone networks<sup><a href="#source-1">[1]</a></sup>.
+
+AT&T grew rapidly through the Bell System—a network of Bell-branded telephone companies across the United States. By 1899, AT&T had become the parent company of the entire Bell System, operating under the slogan "One Policy, One System, Universal Service."
+
+## Monopoly Era (1913-1984)
+
+In 1913, to avoid antitrust action, AT&T agreed to the Kingsbury Commitment: connecting independent telephone companies to the Bell network. In exchange, AT&T operated as a regulated monopoly for most of the 20th century.
+
+This monopoly status provided stable revenue that funded extraordinary research:
+
+### Bell Labs
+
+Bell Telephone Laboratories, established in 1925, became one of the most productive research institutions in history<sup><a href="#source-2">[2]</a></sup>:
+
+- **The Transistor** (1947): William Shockley, John Bardeen, and Walter Brattain invented the transistor, replacing vacuum tubes and enabling modern electronics
+- **Information Theory** (1948): Claude Shannon's "A Mathematical Theory of Communication" founded the mathematical study of information
+- **Unix** (1969): Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie created Unix, influencing virtually all modern operating systems
+- **C Language** (1972): Dennis Ritchie developed C, one of the most influential programming languages
+- **C++** (1979): Bjarne Stroustrup began developing C++
+
+Bell Labs researchers won nine Nobel Prizes in Physics.
+
+## Breaking the Monopoly
+
+By the 1970s, regulators and competitors challenged AT&T's monopoly. In 1982, AT&T settled an antitrust suit by agreeing to divest its local telephone operations.
+
+On January 1, 1984, the Bell System was broken up:
+
+- AT&T retained long-distance service, Bell Labs, and Western Electric manufacturing
+- Seven Regional Bell Operating Companies ("Baby Bells") took over local service
+
+## Post-Breakup Evolution
+
+After divestiture, AT&T went through multiple transformations<sup><a href="#source-3">[3]</a></sup>:
+
+- **1995**: Split off Lucent Technologies (containing Bell Labs)
+- **1996**: Acquired NCR Corporation
+- **2000s**: Struggled against competition from cable and wireless companies
+- **2005**: Acquired by SBC Communications (a Baby Bell), which took the AT&T name
+- **2006**: Acquired BellSouth, reuniting much of the original Bell System
+- **2018-2022**: Acquired and divested WarnerMedia
+
+## Technical Legacy
+
+AT&T's technical contributions extend far beyond specific inventions:
+
+### Standards Development
+
+AT&T shaped telecommunications standards that enabled global connectivity, from telephone signaling protocols to data communications standards.
+
+### The Bell System Technical Journal
+
+Published research that advanced telecommunications science worldwide.
+
+### Training and Education
+
+Bell System training programs educated generations of telecommunications engineers.
+
+## Modern AT&T
+
+Today's AT&T is the largest telecommunications company in the United States, providing:
+
+- Wireless services (AT&T Mobility)
+- Internet access (fiber and DSL)
+- Business communications services
+
+Though the monopoly is long gone and Bell Labs is now part of Nokia, AT&T remains a major force in telecommunications—a direct descendant of the company Alexander Graham Bell founded to commercialize his telephone.
+
+---
+
+## Sources
+
+1. <span id="source-1"></span>Wikipedia. ["AT&T."](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AT%26T) Company
+   history and evolution.
+2. <span id="source-2"></span>Wikipedia. ["Bell Labs."](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Labs)
+   Research achievements.
+3. <span id="source-3"></span>Britannica. ["AT&T."](https://www.britannica.com/topic/ATT) Modern
+   corporate structure.

src/content/institutions/chinese-university-of-hong-kong.mdx

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+---
+id: chinese-university-of-hong-kong
+type: institution
+name: Chinese University of Hong Kong
+kind: university
+era: 1963–present
+location: Hong Kong
+domains:
+  - Education
+  - Research
+  - Computer Science
+  - Telecommunications
+edges: []
+links:
+  - label: Wikipedia
+    url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_University_of_Hong_Kong
+  - label: Official Website
+    url: https://www.cuhk.edu.hk/
+---
+
+The Chinese University of Hong Kong (CUHK), founded in 1963, is a leading research university in Hong Kong known for its contributions to science and technology. Charles K. Kao, the Nobel Prize-winning "Father of Fiber Optics," served as Vice-Chancellor from 1987 to 1996 and helped establish the university's electronics department.
+
+## History
+
+CUHK was founded in 1963 through the federation of three existing colleges: New Asia College (founded 1949), Chung Chi College (1951), and United College (1956). It was the second university established in Hong Kong after the University of Hong Kong<sup><a href="#source-1">[1]</a></sup>.
+
+The university was founded with a mission to promote Chinese culture and provide bilingual education (Chinese and English), bridging Eastern and Western academic traditions.
+
+## Academic Structure
+
+CUHK pioneered the collegiate system in Hong Kong. Today it comprises nine colleges, each with its own identity and traditions, providing students with both the resources of a large research university and the community of smaller residential colleges.
+
+## Research Excellence
+
+CUHK has developed strong research programs across many fields:
+
+### Technology and Engineering
+
+- Fiber optics and telecommunications (pioneered by Charles Kao)
+- Computer science and artificial intelligence
+- Biomedical engineering
+
+### Medicine and Life Sciences
+
+- The Faculty of Medicine is among Asia's most prestigious
+- Strong programs in traditional Chinese medicine research
+
+### Business and Economics
+
+- CUHK Business School ranks among Asia's top business schools
+
+## Charles K. Kao's Legacy
+
+Charles Kao joined CUHK in 1970, establishing the Department of Electronics and later becoming the first Dean of Engineering. His work building the university's technical programs helped establish Hong Kong as a technology hub<sup><a href="#source-2">[2]</a></sup>.
+
+As Vice-Chancellor (1987-1996), Kao expanded the university significantly, increasing enrollment and research funding. After receiving the Nobel Prize in 2009, he and his wife founded the Charles K. Kao Foundation for Alzheimer's Disease in Hong Kong.
+
+## Modern Role
+
+With over 20,000 students and significant research output, CUHK is consistently ranked among Asia's top universities. Its strategic location in Hong Kong positions it as a bridge between Chinese academic traditions and international research communities<sup><a href="#source-3">[3]</a></sup>.
+
+---
+
+## Sources
+
+1. <span id="source-1"></span>Wikipedia. ["Chinese University of Hong
+   Kong."](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_University_of_Hong_Kong) History and structure.
+2. <span id="source-2"></span>Nobel Prize. ["Charles K. Kao –
+   Biographical."](https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2009/kao/biographical/) Kao's role at
+   CUHK.
+3. <span id="source-3"></span>CUHK. ["About
+   CUHK."](https://www.cuhk.edu.hk/english/aboutus/index.html) Modern role and achievements.

src/content/institutions/itu.mdx

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+---
+id: itu
+type: institution
+name: International Telecommunication Union
+kind: organization
+era: 1865–present
+location: Geneva, Switzerland
+domains:
+  - Telecommunications
+  - Standards
+  - International Cooperation
+edges: []
+links:
+  - label: Wikipedia
+    url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union
+  - label: Official Website
+    url: https://www.itu.int/
+  - label: ITU History
+    url: https://www.itu.int/en/history/Pages/ITUsHistory.aspx
+---
+
+The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) is the oldest international organization still in operation, founded in 1865 as the International Telegraph Union. Now a specialized agency of the United Nations, the ITU coordinates global telecommunications standards, radio spectrum allocation, and satellite orbit assignments, enabling the interconnected communications systems that span the globe.
+
+## Founding
+
+By the mid-19th century, telegraph networks were spreading rapidly across Europe, but each country used different equipment and protocols. Messages crossing borders had to be transcribed and retransmitted, causing delays and errors.
+
+On May 17, 1865, representatives from 20 European states gathered in Paris for the first International Telegraph Conference. The resulting International Telegraph Convention established<sup><a href="#source-1">[1]</a></sup>:
+
+- Morse code as the international telegraph alphabet
+- Common tariff and accounting rules
+- Protection for the secrecy of correspondence
+- The right of everyone to use international telegraphy
+
+The International Telegraph Union was created to implement these principles—the first international standards organization.
+
+## Evolution
+
+The organization expanded as telecommunications technology evolved:
+
+- **1903**: Added telephone coordination
+- **1906**: First International Radiotelegraph Convention signed in Berlin
+- **1932**: Merged telegraph and radio conventions; renamed International Telecommunication Union
+- **1947**: Became a United Nations specialized agency
+- **1992**: Restructured into current three-sector organization
+
+## Structure
+
+Today's ITU comprises three sectors<sup><a href="#source-2">[2]</a></sup>:
+
+### Radiocommunication Sector (ITU-R)
+
+Manages the global radio-frequency spectrum and satellite orbits, preventing interference between national systems. Coordinates everything from AM/FM radio to cellular networks to satellite communications.
+
+### Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T)
+
+Develops technical standards for telecommunications and ICT:
+
+- **X.509**: Digital certificates for cybersecurity
+- **H.264/AVC**: Video compression used by YouTube, Blu-ray, and video streaming
+- **G.711**: Audio coding for telephone networks
+- Thousands of other standards enabling global interoperability
+
+### Development Sector (ITU-D)
+
+Works to extend telecommunications infrastructure to developing nations and promote digital inclusion worldwide.
+
+## Key Achievements
+
+The ITU has enabled global telecommunications through:
+
+### Spectrum Coordination
+
+Radio spectrum is a finite resource. The ITU's World Radiocommunication Conferences allocate frequencies to prevent interference while ensuring all countries have access. This coordination enables:
+
+- International air travel (aviation radio)
+- Global maritime safety
+- Cellular networks that work across borders
+- Satellite TV and communications
+
+### Technical Standards
+
+ITU standards ensure that equipment from different manufacturers and different countries can communicate:
+
+- Phone calls between any two countries
+- Fax machines that work worldwide
+- Video conferencing systems that interoperate
+- Internet protocols that cross borders
+
+### Satellite Orbits
+
+Geostationary satellite positions are coordinated through the ITU to prevent signal interference and ensure equitable access for all nations<sup><a href="#source-3">[3]</a></sup>.
+
+## World Telecommunication Day
+
+May 17, the anniversary of the ITU's founding, is celebrated as World Telecommunication and Information Society Day.
+
+## Current Role
+
+With 194 member states and over 900 private-sector and academic members, the ITU continues to:
+
+- Allocate spectrum for 5G and future wireless technologies
+- Coordinate satellite launches and orbital positions
+- Develop standards for AI, IoT, and emerging technologies
+- Work toward universal broadband access
+
+The ITU's mission—ensuring that telecommunications technology benefits all of humanity—remains as relevant today as when telegraph operators gathered in Paris over 150 years ago.
+
+---
+
+## Sources
+
+1. <span id="source-1"></span>ITU. ["Overview of ITU's
+   History."](https://www.itu.int/en/history/Pages/ITUsHistory.aspx) Founding and early conventions.
+2. <span id="source-2"></span>Wikipedia. ["International Telecommunication
+   Union."](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union) Structure and
+   operations.
+3. <span id="source-3"></span>Britannica. ["International Telecommunication
+   Union."](https://www.britannica.com/topic/International-Telecommunication-Union) Role in spectrum
+   and satellite coordination.